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', | | d * ; |-# : #| |} & iſ!!}}. º k ſlº | | | |im."º ##|| | # %"as-Hºl; #####||# §§ *|| slºgº † ſº: jº:#| || * ..."; º - i; !'; "I : • I ſ: | | | t | l i,j} º º º: º -º- §§§ºi!!}; - t | : * §º ſ §§§§|º :||iſ Nº. º º t &- g i º º Ø sºft\{l}}-s: º f t º ; *:: §º º! .º º º ſº §§ jº ºš # } ill; ji 'º ji Aſ ºf ſº | ||3: | §ſ $ |; § ºãº d # i ſºil > | # i. | ſº §º ;: sº § r º º º º l º - gº & ſ iſ”; t -- tºº C º #! fºr |N& º: | d ſº §ºliº º | | ſ |iº | D º t t [] º |º | | i i # § l | | # º i t º º º | º º º | º | { º | | | º º * º § til º º fº 2 * ºr ºº. illºtſ , , . { § tº ! {{#ſ j. Jºlº j : º ºº: "Fºº { Wºº," |||||}} ; , , §, *i. . º. º º : i. - > # f : & Eſº'; # ... ſº |l\SMEſ...}}####|i.º. ººliº 1887 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. An Official Publication Compiled by the COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, Under Authority Granted by the Territorial Législature, CONTAINING DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS AND GENERAL INFORMATION RE- LATING TO THE SOIL, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS ; ADVANTAGES AND DEVELOPMENT—AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, COM- MERCIAL, AND MINERAL–THE GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHIY OF THE TIERRITORY. The Vacant Public Lands - AND HOW TO OBTAIN THEMI; TOGETHER WITH , DIAGRAMS, STATEMENTS, TABLES AND SUMMARIES SHOWING THE PRODUCTS AND PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY AND OF EACH COUNTY, SEPARATELY. TERRITORY of pakoTA: DEPARTMENT OF IM M I GRATION AND STATISTICS. -* * P. F. McCLURE, co M M Issio NER, FI ER RE. * * *------------------------ -- ----- Y SIOUX FALLS, DAIKOTA : ARGUS-LEADER COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1887. (-cº a OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF DAKOTA, 1887. OFFICE. NAME. MANNER OF SELECTION. ADDRESS, SALARY. Governor....................................... Louis K. Church........................... By the President................... & e a s is e º e º a s = • Bismarck......... $2,600 per annum. l'elegate to Congress..................... O. S. Gifford................................. By the People ....................................Cantoll ............ 5,000 “ § { Secretary....................................... M. L. McCormack........................ By the President ........................ * * * * * * * * Bismarck........ 1,800 per annum and fees. U. S. Marshal................................ D. W. Maratta .............................. “ “. ................................ Fargo............... 200 “ § { & & t ſt U. S. District Attorney ................. John E. Carland........................... # , '' ................................ Hismarck......... 250 “ { { & & { { Surveyor General.......................... Maris Taylor................................ 4 4 “. ................................ Huron ............ 2,000 per annum. Treasurer ...................................... J. W. Raymond .......... & s e º ºs e º a s g g g º f * * By the Governor................................. Bismarck ........ 2,000 “ { { Auditor.......................................... James A. Ward ............................. $ $ “ ................................. “. ......... 1,000 per annum and fees. Attorney General.......................... C. F. Templeton.................... * g º gº tº s v § { § { ................................. Fargo .............. 2,500 per annum, Commissioner of Imruigration...... P. F. McClure .............................. € $ { { ................................. Pierre ............ 2,000 ‘’ § { j Supt. Public Instruction .............. Fugene A. Dye ............ tº 9 º' tº e º tº $ tº tº º e º gº º Aº { { “. ............................. .... Mellette ......... 2,500 “ & ſº Ass’t Supt. Public Instruction ..... Frank A. Wilson........................... tº 4 “ ........................... ......Bathgate......... 1,500 “ tº g $ 4 { { { { “. ..... George A. McFarland .................. § { f : tº º gº tº º is g g g tº e º 'º º e º tº • * e s s a tº º e º ºs e º ſº tº e Scotland ......... 1,500 “ & 4 - | A. Griggs, (chairman) ..... “ & t * * * * * g º e º & w tº g º s tº e g º y º gº tº e º e º 'º g º 'º tº a Ş. Forks... }% & 4 & & & g tº º Abraham Boyntoll........................ & £ “ ................................. ell DOX ... . . . . . . . . ,000 “ • & Railroad Commissioners........... | N. T. Smith ................................... & “. ................................. Huron ............ 2,000 “ . . |- s !. J. *; $º Ş...] tº 4 tº tº º ſº tº ſº e & 6 s tº e a ſº by the Commissioners...... Bismarck........ 1,500 “ { { ‘JI; 3 -H * * * ſ E. S. Tyler, (northern district) ..... By the Governor................................. Fargo .............. 2,000 * * * { * * Public Examiners.................. .. i ( , N. Harris, (southern district)... " & 4 ................................. Aberdeen........ 2,000 “ { { *ºne-...}. G. ; Frederick A. Spafford, (president) “ “ ...............................-- Flaudreau ...... No salary. —t- - G] Territorial Board of Health...... Geo. W. Moody, (vice president). “ “ . .................................Huron........ * * * * * { { Af ! Geo. D. Swaine, (superintendent) “ & 4 * * * * * * * * * * * g º is tº ſº * † tº & g º ºs º ſº º & & e º tº º º Wahpetoll ...... 500 per annum. % Adjutant General......................... .N. N. Tyner........... ºf tº gº ºn tº is º is ºf w & tº a s is ſº g g tº gº ... “ § { * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fargo .............. ,500 “ £ 6 Territorial Veterinary Surgeon ...J. C. Alloway................................ “ “. ......................... ........Grand Forks... 2,500 “ . “ - TJNITED STATES LAND OFFICERS. - Register........................................Jno. A. Rea '...~...........................By the President ...............................Bismarck ....... Fees not to exceed $3,000 per annuin. “. ...... .....................~~........ B. C. Tiffany................................. “ " .............................. Grand Forks.... & a t f * * * (; ; “. ........................….............H. W. Lord.................................... “ { { . .............................. "evils Lake.... & v. § { * { “. ........................................M. F. Battelle .............................. “ " ............................... Fargo .............. & & & 4 § { s 1 s & .......................................,N. H. Harris.................................. “ £ 6 tº $ sº & & G & tº º tº s tº s º g g g g g g g g º ºs e a tº tº e s tº Aberdeen......... & ſt § { & 6 § { & 4 ........................................J. S. McFarland........................... | 6 “. ............................... H nrolm............. & 8 “ . . . 4 & “. ........................................M. W. Sheafe ........ p s g g g º e s ∈ s is ºr e º sº s e s e º º ºs e a { % & & tº s s & s e is is a g s & a tº e º a a tº & tº ſº s tº # * * * * * Watertown...... * { 4 { * { , “ . “. ........................................Hughes East................................. & & # £ f is s tº g is s & tº e g º & º * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Yankton ......... § { * { tº # * * * * § { ........................................Geo. B. Everitt.............................. § { § { * * * * * * * * * * s s e º e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Mitchell ......... tº £ & # & 4 & # . i & * * g º is g g g g g e s is a we sº a s is º y º gº tº ................J. R. Whiteside ............................. & £ “. ............................... Deadwood....... £ 4 f : { { • * * Receiver......... g & s & sº e s is ſº a tº sº tº is is sº * * * * ..........D. W. Hutchinson........................ ſ & “ ............. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bismal clº-........ { { 4 & { { - 4 & & ſº tº t e tº g º a * g g g º g º g º 'º g g g g g º is tº tº & & E 4 tº * g º 'º g º º $ tº W. J. Anderson............................. ( & & 4 * tº º ºs º ºs e º & tº * * * * * * * * * * * s is s a s a s e º a Grand Forks... . “ & 4 & g - 4 & { { ........................................S. S. Smith......... w = w w ... • , s s s a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * t & “ ...............................Devils Lake..... { { f : § { & 4 .. “. ............................ tº ſº gº tº e º 'º a g g g ſº Frank S. De Mers.......................... { { é & * G & º is e º s we w is s m e º sº is a s a s is e º e g g g as a s. Fargo .............. & & { { § { § { . & & tº ſº gº ºf a y g º me s tº ses • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * L. A. Burke.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g º º gº is is & 4 & 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g g g g g we e s ºf Aberdeen ........ £ a a & f : 1 *. “ ................. º gº tº º gº º $ tº gº & tº ºf 9 º' ºr tº $ tº gº w w a E. W M3 iller .......... * G is a s e s is tº e is * tº º tº $ g º is º is a s £ 6 4 $ tº # * * * * * * * * * s is tº s º ºr e º s tº º is a gº tº tº tº gº tº a Huron............ a 4 & 4 § { “ . “. .......................... tº gº is sº e s tº ......D. T. Bramble .............................. $$. 4 & ............................... Watertown...... é & “ * { , “ . -- * ou-lo- = 3 mm * * - OFFICIAL DIRECTORY-UNITED STATES LAND OFFICERS–CoNTINUED. - x. OFFICE. NAME. MANNER OF SELECTION. A DDRESS. - SALARY. . * , . . . . . . Receiver...........................------------- F. M. Ziebach............................... By the President................................. Yankton ......... Fees not to exceed $3,000 per annum. ‘. . “ .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” --- “...' Theodore Singiser........................ “ " ................................ Mitchell.......... t ( & & - * … * . . . . . ." “. .............................. . . . . . . .” John LaFabre .............................. % t “ ......................... ..... Deadwood, ...... tº º t iſ { { “ . . . .” - THE JUDICIARY. ... " " -: ief Justice................................. Bartlett Tripp.............................. By the PTCsident................................ Yankton.......... $3,000 per annum. -- *:::::: Justice........................... C. S. Palmer ................................. ( & “ ............................... Sioux Falls..... “ # * N * º . . . . . a t & 4 ..........................W. H. Francis............................... tº ſ # 4 - * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e a s p s > * * * * * * * * * * Bismarck......... “ t wº < .# fºr ...º. 4 & “. .......................... W. B. McConnell ......................... tº a " ............................... Fargo ............. t 4 tº º :, ; gº £ 4 ‘' .......................... C. M. Thomas................................ 4 & " ............................... Deadwood ...... 4 & { { *::::: … tº . . & 6 4 ( a s a s g g g g w it s = * * * * w e º ºr e º w w w a James Spencer............................... ( & “ . .............................. Huron............. ( & • * sº e: …; =rs Clerk of the Supreme Court..........J. H. C. Young.............................. By the Court....................................... Yankton.......... Fees. s: < * , BOARD OF A GRICULTURE, IST DISTRICT. - -* : ( , ; President.......................................C. A. Bºiss.....…...…..............…. By the County Agricultural Society...Aberdeen.......No salary. f $3 . . . . Secretary.................... a w w w w e s = e < * * * * * * * * * W. F. T. Bushnell ........................ 4 º' * { * * 4 4 ... Huron.............S200 per annum. OC . . . Treasurer.......................................John E. Bennett........................... ( & $ 1. & 4 “. ...Clar's............... { * { { * . . . . . . . J. V. White .......... ........................ & 4 i & { { " ..Lodi.................No salary. . . . . . . . ." S. W. Jones..................................... “ * { 4 & { { ..Parker............ 4 & - - ". C. A. Paddock............................... £ i * { * * $ t ..Ty11dall ..... * * * * * * £ tº - L. C. Winslow .............................. & ſº 4 * & 4 “. ..Sioux Falls...... £ 4 - . . . . . . Theo's David ................................ “ t { t “. ..Mitchell........... R & t - S. H. J. Patterson.............................. “ ſ ( * { “. ..Madison.......... * { - - º's Chas. Keith................................... “ { * f : “. ...Volga............... 6 ſ - - . . . . .” A. W. Page.................................... 4 * & & A “. ...Bruad land....... * * . . . . H. P. Packard............................... '" & 4 * { “. ...Redfield........... * { . . . . L. H. Iley...................................... “ & ſº § { * { ..Faulktoll ........ & & . . . . E. C. Garvin............................... ... “ 4 * 4 “. ...Bltint .............. $ t * * . . Alonzo Wardall............................. & I & * * & 6 ..Twin Bruuks... * * . . J. W. Hoit...................................... $ 4 4 * { { * { ...Aberdeen ........ 4 4 G. C. Boland.................................. * { 1 & • { 4 4 ..Buffalo Gap..... tº s *** BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 2ND DISTRICT, - President ....................................” S. G. Roberts ................................. By the Governor............................ ..Fargo............... No salary. * “A Secretary ........................... . . . . . . . . .” E. M. Prouty ................................. By the Board.................................... Grand Forks.....S200 per annum. SS - Treasurer....................................” Geo. E. Bowers..... ......................... “ " ................................. ." Hillsboro ......... 1 t t S- O- W. E. Purcell.................................By the Governor............................ ..Wahpeton...... ...No Salary. \ Geo. B. Vallandigham.................. 4 { " ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Vall v. City......, { { SS. O) ~ John De Groat .............................. * { " .............................. Hillsboro........... t 4 Halvor Tharaldson ....................... tº 4 '' ...... ºf w w is ſº a s a e s tº w w w a w w tº 4 a. ....Grand Forks...... t 4 E. E. Daily.................................... & ºr “. ............................. ..Minto................. ( & f H. L. Norton................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • { " .............................. Pembilia............ t & - -. Geräld Pierce................................ 4 & $ 4 '.......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Bismarck........... '" F. W. Smith................................... By the Board ................................... Pierce county... { { ACE NOWLEDGMENTS. Credit is due A. T. Andreas, compiler of Andreas' Historical Atlas of Dakota ; Dr. T. C. Duncan, editor of the United States Medical Investiga- tor, Chicago, and publisher of Several pamphlets descriptive of Dakota ; Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago, publishers of the Bankers’ Directory; O. H. Holt, compiler of “Dakota, 1885;” and to the newspapers generally throughout the Territory for much of the data contained in this work. * Thanks are also returned to the county auditors, clerks and treasurers; city clerks and postmasters; ministers, colleges, organizations and individ- uals, on whom (owing to the lack of any efficient law governing the collec- tion and compilation of the statistics of the Territory), the compiler has depended for favors and assistance in obtaining local information. INTRODUCTORY-DAKOTA IN 1887. THE PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY DURING THE PAST YEAR. The Territory has had another year of wonderful growth in population and wealth. The reports from all Sections tell of a decided increase of im- migration as compared with the same date of last year, and that the rush of newcomers has kept well up to the average of previous seasons. As a mat- ter of course the localities along the line of the railway extensions, and the districts having large areas of the public domain subject to entry under the homestead and pre-emption laws, are receiving the greatest number of settlers. Generally speaking, the people who go West to find homes are those of limited means, either having met with reverses or else just making a start in life, and are attracted to a new country by the cheapness of the lands. Therefore it is quite to be expected, so long as there remains land to be had for the asking, with just as rich soil, just as nutritious pasturage as that of the older settled regions, the larger percent. of the home-seek- ers will flow into those counties where the whistle of the locomotive is never heard or where the sound is a reverberation from the distance. Then, too, Dakota's past development assures the newcomer that, no matter how great the extent of virgin Soil surrounding him to-day, to- morrow he will be on the confines of a thrifty village, with schools, churches, and a busy, bustling, Western town at his very door. . - The Right Rev. William H. Hare, missionary bishop of southern Dakota, writing to the New York Herald, tells in graphic words of the rapid growth of new communities in the Territory. The bishop says: “Language cannot exaggerate the rapidity with which these communi- ties are built up, You may stand ankle deep in the short burnt grass of an uninhabited wilderness—next month a mixed train will glide over the waste and stop at Some point where the railway has decided to locate a town. Men, women and children will jump out of the cars, and their chat- tels will be tumbled out after them. From that moment the building be- gins. The courage and faith of these pioneers are something extraordi- nary. Their spirit seems to rise above all obstacles. I have ridden into a Dakota valley and pitched my tent. After my supper, lolling upon my buffalo robe, I have looked around and seen nothing but a wolf that looked t 8 RESOURCEs of DAkota. - - down from a hillinto the valley to see who the intruder was. When I vis- ited that valley the next year, I saw a long train of Pullman palace cars. In that same trip I camped on the flat bottomland near the Missouri river. There was no sign of civilization there but a log hut with a mud roof. It was the home of a Frenchman who had married an Indian woman. With- in the year I revisited the spot and saw a town. It has increased since to 2,000.” The county of this year, the name of which is learned only by consult- ing the map, may next harvest contribute to the world's food-supply a mil- lion bushels of wheat of the finest grade known to the markets of the globe. • - - I.MMI(#RATION. The building westward through the northern counties of Dakota of the St. Paul, Minneapolís and Manitoba railroad, and the construction by this and the Northern Pacific railway companies of numerous north and south feeders have turned a great tide of immigration toward the splendid agri- guiltural and stock Iands of the Mouse river, Turtle Mountains, Devils Lake and other regions thereby made easily accessible. This, together with the largest crop ever harvested in many sections of northern Dakota, has made it almost impossible to keep pace with the development géing on in the districts named. A few of the more westerly counties, having scarcely a single inhabitant at the beginning of the year, are now well populated with thrifty farm.crs and residents of the towns which have grown up literally in a day. The increased activity in the line of railway building through the central portion of the Territory, and the fine crops gathered by the farmers there, together with a cousiderable quantity of land remaining vacant in many of the counties adjacent to the Missouri river, have attracted a large number of people to these localities. Early in the spring a large colony of Settlers, coming direct from Ver- mont and New England points, located in Hettinger county, about twenty- five miles south of the Northern Pacific railway. Although this colony decided upon a location in an unsurveyed and almost unexplored county, nevertheless its members have already established a town, erected com- fortablo homes and harvested an abundant crop. Their successful venture insures for the future a heavy immigration to the large area of vacantlands of the west Missouri country—cspecially from the New England and Mid- dle states. The Red River valley in the north and all the counties of older Dakota in the south, centraſ and cast, with their large number of growing and prosperous cities, have Iong since reached that stage of stability, wealth and independence which insures a constant and ever-increasing ratio of added population and improvement. Here the Splendidly developed farms and busy towns, full of enterprise, rivalry and life, give one the im- pression of living in a state of many years' growth, rather than in a Terri- tory of youthful age. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . 9 The completion last year of a line of railway to Rapid City and the cer- tainty of the addition, at an early date, of other railway facilities, has re- Sulted in a marked growth of the varied interests of the Black Hills coun- try by placing that hitherto isolated section in better communication with the Eastern world. Nature has certainly lavished her gifts upon that area of Dakota, known as the Black Hills, with a generous hand, and it but re- imains for man to enact his small part in order to developliere the richest, grandest region in all the Union. What with the productive soil of her valleys and foothills, the splendid pasturage and excellent protection fur- mished her herds of cattle, sheep and other stock, and her inex- haustible Supply of precious minerals, iron, tin, mica, Salt, coal, gyp- sum, asbestos, petroleum and other valuable deposits. the saying that the Blagº Hills might be walled in by an impassablo barrier and still be self- Supporting, is almost a truism, - During the year ending June 30, 1887, 2,067,281 acres of the public do- main in IDakota were newly filed on, and our population at that time, based on careful estimates, having the business transacted by the several United States land offices in the Territory as a foundation, amounted to very nearly 570,000. As Dakota's immigration this year averages about 7,000 new- comers each month, it is easy to see that we shall have, by the end of December, 1887, a population of quite 000,000. In addition to the annual rush of seckers after free land, there have been, throughout the Territory—especially in those sections where the supply of Government land is pretty well exhausted—an unusual number of pur- chasers of cheap deeded lands. In many of the counties having railroads, School houses, flourishing towns and the other advantages of old Settled communities, deeded land is to be had at a small advance over what it cost the original settler for improvements and Government fees. Owing to the rapid advance in the market value of TJakota realty, these opportunities of obtaining good deeded lands at so low a price, cannot last a great while longer, and discreet investors will accept them wherever offered. The agricultural, manufacturing, commercial and mining interests are all receiving their share of the wealth of investment that has been pouring into the Territory for several years past, and the outlook generally may be considered a very happy one. CROPS OF THE YEAR. And now that the season is ended, the farmers of every locality, be it north, central or south Dakota, the Black Hills or the Red River valley, all are more than gratified with Nature's kind return of a bountiful harvest. The farmer's vocation, as well as other callings, is not always attended with success, and the glorious hopes of spring and summer ofttimes end only in a disappointment of the expected harvest. And especially has this been true of the year 1887 in many localities of the West and TNorthwest, where the most disastrous failures known for years are the sole record of a sum- mer’s labor and toil on the part of the farmer. Dakota, however, adds another to her annual records of marvel vests, and comes before the world with the grandest yield ever cred any state of the Union. The snows of the winter placed the ground in ex- w cellent shape for spring work; plowing, seeding, harrowing, and the various farming operations followed from the first of March with little or no interruption from bad weather; April showers vivified and nourished the germ and the warm summer days of May and June strengthened and matured its growth, and July and August saw the weather propitious for har- vesting and the final operations of saving and housing the crop. It now remains but to state that the thresher has proved the truth of ourásser- tions made earlier in the season, viz.: that Dakota's wheat crop harvéºted in 1887 not only exceeds any previous record of this grand Territoryń the record of any state of the Union, but will amount to one-sever the entire crop of the United States in 1886. As for corn, no one in the years past could have even harbored a hope that the Territory would ever be able to herald forth a yield in any one season exceeding 20,000,000 bushels of that crop. But such is a fact, and with the probability, too, of increasing that amount "considerably if the splendid condition and mag- nificent showing of this crop continue to the close of the harvest season. Barley, oats, rye, flax, buckwheat aid vegetables never promised better, and taking the average throughout the length and breadth of the Terri- tory, Dakota, in all lier wonderful career, never produced the equal of the crops of 1887. - - There may be localities where the lack of moisture at the proper time or other unfavorable circumstances, has resulted in unsatisfactory returns to the farmer ; but, when we consider the vast surface of the Territory, equaling in extent the combined area of all of New England, together with the states of New York and Pennsylvania, it can never be expected a season will be so generally favorable as to resultin a perfect crop to every county. There has been comparatively little damage from hail or other disastrous storms, and no loss whatever from ravages by chinch bugs. For the whole Territory the yield of the Grops for 1887 is far above the average of any previous season, and this occurring in a year of quite general misfortune to farmers elsewhere, is certain to insure to Dakota an era of greater pro- gress, wider ſame and heavier immigration than ever before. - TIII. GROWTII OF DAKOTA CITIES AND TOWNS. …’ ! . The growth of Dakota towns is simply marvelous. The oldest resident, one who has long been accustomed to the push and activity of western life, ran scarcely keep pacé with the changes at present occurring about him. 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UII popuolxo Joſſ]...Inj III]s 5uſoq 0.18 souſ put ‘soºtu 103°F Köp-o, ö)ox{eq Jo of boſſut peoIIIBI oth 5upſetu ‘1881 “Krenueſ Jo 1s.III on to Kronſ Lioſ, ou, Jo ſpoto oth on IGF’g out, on poppe uood oAur Mobil polo[dutoo Jo Boſſu perpuntſ uoAos utún otout ‘possed 10A qou şſ 5uſpInq KūAIR.I. Joy Uſostos ot, Uijnotſ.I., JO pagouſ od On 19A SI ‘sop! -III) by KBAIIb. [buloſ).Ippu Jo Suoſ) bloodixò º nounſAA put, ‘Souloſo duſIppeAs Jo polsøApp eq 0} U3nOUIo pIO UIAO) tº]ox{t}(I W IIB UIQUI, oupſ, no on 1&luto, -]g spuſ up 19XIBUI-duur Injo.Ito 18OUI out, ozznd Kouſ, ‘lobinuoo Iopun put polooſord Sioulo put polo[dutoo Ápûorſe oSoul ‘suoſsuolzo Kpaſſe.1 Ioſ sy g ‘SNOISNSILXSI CIVOłITIVºI 12 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. of completing the same by the first of November of the present year. The Chicago and Northwestern has extended and is operating its road between Faulkton, Faulk county, and Gettysburg, Potter county, and in- tends filling in, this season, the gap between Verndon and Groton, in Brown county. r The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul has completed a road from Lake Preston, Kingsbury county, to Bristol, Day county, and has ironed the grade of last season, ſrom Roscoe, in Edmunds county, to a point several miles beyond Hillsview, in McPherson county. This company also has in view the extension, through the Lake Traverse Indian reser- vation, of the branch line now constructed sixteen miles northwest from Wilmot, Roberts county. The grade of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, finished in 1886, between Salem, McCook county, and Mitchell, Davison county, is now ironed, and in operation. In the Black Hills, the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley railway company is extending its road from Rapid City, Pennington county, to Sturgis, Lawrence county, and promises to run regular trains to the latter place before the expiration of the year. - The Minneapolis and Pacific will be in operation from Ransom, Sargent county, through to Monango, Dickey county, by November 1, 1887, when still another connection will be finished between the railway systems oc- cupying the northern and southern territories. This extension, (the Minneapolis and Pacific), is already completed as far west as Oakes, Dickey county, and connects there with the Northern Pacific, leading north, and the Chicago and Northwestern reaching South. The Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern, with its terminals at Watertown, in Codington county, and Sioux Falls, Minnehaha county, seems to rest in contented mood for the present. The Illinois Central has a large force at work grading a line from Chero- kee, Iowa, to Sioux Falls, Minnehaha county, and will make its first ap- pearance on this, the most interesting battle-ground of rival railway cor- porations, within the course of a few months. - The Aberdeen, Bismarck and Northwestern has a grade finished from Aberdeen, Brown county, to Bismarck, Burleigh county, which, when ironcol, (and this will be done early in 1888), will furnish the first contin- uous line, uniting north and south Dakota. - The Duluth, Watertown and Pacific, (an extension of the St. Paul; Minneapolis and Manitoba), has graded a road between Watertown, in Codington county, and Huron, Beadle county, with the expectation of completing and ironing the same at an early date. This company—the Manitoba–is also pushing toward completion the grade of an extension from Willmar, Minnesota, to Sioux Falls, Minnehaha county, Dakota. + k “K. * * f t : RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 13 The line is to be graded to Sioux Falls before the close of the building Season, and ironed early in the spring of 1888. The grade of the Forest City and Watertown road will be finished this year, between Forest City and Hoven, Potter county, and the work of ironing and completing the track will be begun next season. * The mileage of newly constructed road in Dakota, as undertaken by each company, to be completed in 1887, is given below: t Miles of new Name of company. road constr'd *. II]. Northern Pacific railway: - Grand Forks to Pembina............................................... 96 La Moure to Edgely....................................................... 21— 117 St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway: Minot to Ft. Buford....................................................... 142 Rugby Junction to Bottineau......................................... 38 Park River to Langdon................................................ * 40 Rutland to Eilendale............................................... 49 Minnesota line to Watertown......................................... 46— 315 Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railway: Salem to Mitchell......................................................... 33— 33 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway: Bristol to Lake Preston................................................. 73 Wilmot extension......................................................... 10 Roscoe to Eureka.......................................................... 26— 109 Chicago and Northwestern railway: ; Faulkton to Gettysburg.................................................| 44 Verndon to Groton........................................................ 14— 58 Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley railway: Rapid City to Sturgis..................................................... 25— 25 Minneapolis and Pacific railway: Ransom to Monango...................................................... 59— 59 _Total miles of newly constructed road in 1887............. 716 And the total mileage of each company in the Territory, on the comple- tion of these extensions, will be as follows: Miles of road Name of company. in operation. Black Hills and Fort Pierre railway.................................... 15 Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern railway.............: * 83 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway...........................: 1,155 Chicago and Northwestern railway............................. * * * - - - - - e.: 761 Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Qmaha railway.............. * 8S Fremont, Tºlkhorn and Missouri Valley railway.................... º 11() Minneapolis and Pacific railway.......................................... i 8S - St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway........................ 1,037 Northern Pacific railway........................................'• * * * * - - - - - - - - 83 Minneapolis and St. Louis railway....................................... | 40 Total miles of railroad in 1887.................................... 4,207 14 ~ RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . ." . . The following roads have been graded, but probably will not be ironed. *- until 1888: * -- - * - Miles of road ºl, * * * t Name of company. graded. • * ~~~~~ *-* -- ~~~~ *-* -as-s-s-s-s-s-s-s $ | Aberdeen, Bismarck and Northwestern railway: From Aberdeen, Brown county, to Bismarck, Burleighi COunty ..... * G tº e g º tº º e * * is e º is is s a sº . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Duluth, Watertown and Pacific railway: : From Watertown, Codington county, to Huron, Beadle County .......... # * tº e º & q' e e º º * c e º ſº e º a s tº £ tº • * * * * * * * * * * tº tº e º 'º ºf we & © tº $ tº ºn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Forest City and Watertown railway: t From Forest City to Hoven, Potter county.....................' 30 Duluth and Willmar railway: t From Willmar, Minnesota, to Sioux Falls, Minnehaha; county, Dakota. Graded in Dakota........................... 23 Illinois Central railway: From Cherokee, Iowa, to Sioux Falls, Minnehaha coun- ty, Dakota. Graded in Dakota......................... tº $ tº ſº e º ſº tº tº º 16 Total miles of road graded in 1887, but not ironed...... 301 Before the expiration of the year 1887 there will have been added to the railroad mileage of the Territory in a single season, close to one thous- and miles of new track and to what extent during the coming year Dakota will be interlaced with the iron thread of steam communication it is utterly impossible to predict, though it is quite safe to say that it will more than double the mileage built in 1887. Dakota now has more miles of completed railroad than either California, Tennessee, Nebraska, Virginia, North Carolina, Colorado, Arkansas, Alabama, or Georgia; twice as many miles as either Massachusetts, South Carolina, Florida, New Jersey, Mississippi, or Kentucky; more than three times the railway mileage of either Maine, Maryland, West Virginia, Louisiana or Oregon; more than four times as many miles of railway as either New Iſampshire, Vermont or Connecticut; thirteen times the railway mileage of Delaware, and twenty times that of Rhode Island. M.A.N.U FACTORIES. A commendable interest is being displayed by many towns in the en- couragement of manufactories. Flour mills, creameries, tow mills, pack- ing houses, wagon and carriage factories, broom factories, brick, terra cotta and stone works, plow factories, foundries, polishing works and other industries are scattered everywhere throughout the Territory and constantly increasing in numbers. The field of manufacturing is a new one for Dakota and one capable of illimitable development. With an inexhaustible supply of ch eap fuel underlying every section of the north and west, with natural gas actually discovered, with artesian wells fur- nishing power for small factories at literally no expense, and the splendid water power of favored localties; with gold, silver, iron, lead, copper, tin, mica, salt, gypsum, asbestos, petroleum and many other deposits in ad- dition to the different varieties of valuable building and ornamental stones, it would be strange indeed if capital did not step in to assist in º slopment of such magnificent resources. The wonder is that the opportunities for building up prosperous manufactories as presented by a aber of localities have been so long neglected. However the Territory is to be congratulated from the fact that the present year witnesses the in- cauguration of an increased interest in this new source of wealth, and the hastening forward of the day when many of our food supplies and articles of commerce will have the imprint of a home factory. . . . . LIVE STOCK. - } - The stock interests are growing quite as rapidly as other branches of industry. The natural grasses of Dakota possess nutritious and strength producing qualities not excelled in all the world, and the stock-raiser has fifty million acres of such kind of forage on which to feed his flocks. Every year notes a marked improvement in the quality of the stock bred and numerous herds have now at their head, leaders with as fine a pedigree as is recorded in the herd-books of the country. In the older counties a large acreage is planted to corn, oats, etc., and an ever increas- ing attention is given to the raising of the best grades of improved stock. - IN CONCLUSION. It is apparent therefore that the year 1887 has recorded an era of great prosperity for Dakota. The yield of the crops has been such as to astonish the world; the cities and villages are vying with each other in growth and development; manufactories and public enterprises are being fostered everywhere, the great railway corporations of the West are in a constant strife to obtain vantage ground in the Territory and a flood of immigra- tion is rapidly covering the vacant area of Government lands. The confidence displayed by cautious Eastern capitalists in the invest- ment of their fortunes in Dakota bonds, in Dakota lands, in railway ex- tensions, manufactories and public improvements, should convince the most skeptical that the Territory is fast assuming her position of the wealthiest, most populous, most prosperous empire of the Northwest. In order to spread broadcast reliable information concerning the op- portunities offered by the Territory for the acquirement of a home on the finest agricultural land in the world, amid a cultured, moral and refined people, where there are schools, churches and all the advantages enjoyed by the most civilized and progressive communities, this official pamphlet has been published under authority conferred by the Territorial Legisla- ture. In its pages will be found rather an extended description of those matters which are thought to be of interest to home-seekers and inves- tors, and, while it has been hastily written and compiled under the dis- advantage of a worse than useless law governing the gathering and compi- lation of statistics, yet the facts as set forth are fairly and truthfully stated and with a desire to belittle rather than to exaggerate or deceive. *. ...” * * - 16 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. HISTORICAL. **, *. FIRST LEGISLATION BY CONGRESS. Dakota (Indian name signifying leagued, confederated), was a part of the Territory purchased in 1803 of France by President Thomas Jefferson for the sum of $16,000,000. October 1, 1803 that part of the new purchase lying south of Arkansas was formed into the “Territory of Orleans.” The remaining portion—which included the present states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, part of Colorado and the territories of Dakota, Montana, the Indian Territory and a portion of Wyoming, -became the District of Louisiana, and the governing power was vested in the governor and judges of what was then designated “Indiana Territory.” July 1, 1805, by act of Congress “District” of Louisiana was designated as the “Territory” of the same name and the legislative power placed in the hands of a governor and three judges who were named by the Presi- dent and Senate of the United States. December 7, 1812, the name of the Territory was again changed, this time to “Territory of Missouri” and the power—limited in extent was granted the people residing therein, to elect a legislative body. . The Territory of Michigan was created by act of June 28, 1834 and in- cluded that part of Dakota lying east of the Missouri and White Earth rivers, in addition to the present states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa and Minnesota. July 3, 1836, Congress established the Territory of Wisconsin which in- clude J the eastern half of Dakota. The Territory of Iowa was organized June 12, 1838, and a part of Dakota was contained within its boundaries. March 3, 1849, Minnesota Territory was established which covered the eastern part of Dakota. - Until the organization of Nebraska Territory May 30, 1854, of which it became a part, that portion of Dakota lying west of the Missouri and White Earth rivers was known as “Mandan Territory.” From May 11, 1858, the date when Minnesota became a state, up toº, Organization of a territorial form of government, April 2, 1861, Dakota was without legal name or existence.. A bill (S. 475) “To organize the Territory of Dakota, and for other pur- poses” was introduced, on leave, in the Senate by Hon. Graham N. Fitch, December 20, 1858, and referred to the Committee on Territories. The committee was, on February 8, 1859, discharged from further consideration of the bill. . . . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 17 _** A bill (S. 555) “To provide temporary governments for the Territories of Dakota and Arizona, and to create the office of Surveyor-general in the Territory of Arizona,” was reported from the Committee on Territories, Senate, by Hon. James S. Green, February 4, 1859. No action thereon was taken by the Senate. A bill (S. 562) “To provide a temporary government for the Territory of Dakota, and to create the office of Surveyor-general therein, was re- ported from Committee on Territories, Senate, by Hon. James S. Green February 14, 1861; passed that house February 26; passed the House of Representatives March 1, and was signed by President Buchanan, March 2, 1861. President Lincoln soon after appointed the Territorial officers and, on May 27, 1801, the date of the commencement of civil history in Dakota, Governor William Jayne arrived at Yankton to enter upon the discharge of his duties. March 2, 1863, (12 stats. p. 701), an act was passed by Congress prescribing the qualifications and powers of the governor and regulating his power of veto. May 26, 1864, (13 stats. p. 92), a part of the Territory of Idaho was tem- porarily incorporated with and made a part of Dakota. April 28, 1870, (14 stats. p. 93), the boundary line between Dakota Terri- tory and the state of Nebraska was re-defined. February 17, 1873, (17 stats. p. 464), the western boundary of Dakota Territory was re-adjusted, and a detached portion of the Territory, under former erroneous definition was attached to the Territory of Montana. LEGISLATION IN REGARD TO THE ADMISSION OF TIII: TERRITORY AS A STATE. A constitutional convention, composed of delegates from nearly every county in Dakota, South of the 46th parallel, assembled at Sioux Falls on the 4th of September, 1883, for the purpose of drafting a constitution for a proposed new State. The constitution was submitted to the people(south of the 46th parallel), on the 3d of November of that year and adopted by a majority of 5,522 in a total vote of 19,150. Pursuant to an act of the Territorial Legislature approved March 9, 1885, a second constitutional convention, composed of delegates representing counties south of the 46th parallel, met at Sioux Falls, September 8, 1885, framed a second constitution, which was submitted to the people (South of the 46th parallel), November 3, of that year and was adopted by a ma- jority of 18,561 in a total vote cast of 31,791. At the same time there were elected members of the Legislature, state officers and a member of Con- gress, and, subsequently, the members elect of the Legislature of the pro- posed new State met and selected two United States senators. By an act of the last Territorial Legislature, approved March 11, 1887, the question of the division of Dakota is to be submitted to a vote of the people of the entire Territory at a special election November 8, of the present year, (1887.) - Following is an exhibit of the various measures introduced in Congress (since the forty-fifth session), having in view the division, the admission as a whole, and the division and admission of the south half of Dakota. Date. Jan'y 7, 1880. Dec. 6, 1880 ...... T)ec. 19, 188: ..... Dec. 19, 1881 ..... Feb’y 16, 1882... Feb'y 25, 1882. Dec. 11, 1883 ..... Feb’y 4, 1884..... Dec. 21, 1885..... Jal)'y 7, 1886..... Jan'y 11, 1886... Feb'y 8, 1886..... March 29, 1886. April 26, 1886... May 3, 1886 ...... Dec. 13, 1886 .... Jan'y 28, 1885.... Feb'y 9, 1886..... By Whom. G. G. j - - - | Bennett........ Dakot ... W. W. Grout......... ;Vermont ...... | ..Wm. M. Springer. Benj. T. Frederick, Iowa. O. S. Gifford Anthony Joseph ... Wm. M. Springer... Wm. D. Hill.......... O e tº g º & e º s ∈ & Wm. M. Springer. C. S. Baker............ Illinois Senate Bill............ a Referred to Committee on Territories. b Reported ou favorably by Committee on Territories. Placed on calendar. MEASURES INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE. { { | * { R. F. Pettigrew..... “ { { | & 4 J. C. Burrows........ Michigan ..... J. R. Raymond......"Dakota......... Martin Maginnis...}Montana....... § {} ºr Illinois......... New York..... tº e g g g º is is tº e º s s e s is tº e s ∈ & a s is a sº tº º e s s e s s s e a # 8 e g is is w is e º m e º 'º s 5 No. Of Bill. Title Of Bill. ...H. R. 3225........ la *...” of Dakota, south of 46th parallel and establishment of Territory of Pembina. ** 6512........ a Admission With Out division. “ 1889........ ja, Establishing Territory of North Dakota, (north 46th parallel.) 1886........ Q Admission of Dakota, south of 46 parallel. ... . 4456....... b Substitute for II. R. 1886, admission of Dakota south of 46th parallel. " ‘‘ 4672..... ºb iºte for H. R. 1889, establishing Territory of North Dakota, uorth 46th paraſ ſel. ...} ‘‘ 1681........ c Establishing Territory North Dakota. º “ 4660........ º Authorizing the people of Dakota to form a constitution. e e sº § { 635 * & tº º º g º & |C { % $ 8 * { { { & 4 ...' ‘‘ 2820........ c Admission of Dakota south of 46th parallel. “ 3759........ c Dividing the Territory on the Missouri river. c Authorizing the people of Dakota to form a constitution. § { { { § { { { t & & e a * { 737.6 * * * * * * * * ! C ‘‘ 7377........ 'd # º division of the Territory, and the establishment of the Territory of North - &l R () tal. ..., “ $120........ e Authorizing the people of Dakota to form a constitution. ... “ 8472....:... d IEstablishing Territory of North Dakota. - ... ‘‘ 10225........ & To enable the people of Dakota, Montana, Washington and New Mexico to form constitutions and State governments. ... S. 1682........ f To enable people of Dakota south of 46th parallel to form a constitution and | | State government and for the admission of the State into the Union. S. 967........ 'g Admission of Dakota south 46th parallel. c Read twice and referred to Committee on Territories. d May 25, 1886, reported back from the Committee on Territories, adversely. e May 25, 1886, reported back from the Committee on Territories favorably and placed on calendar, f Rec ived from the Senate, referred to House Committee on Territories. - g Received from the Senate, referred to House Committee on Territories, reported back (Mr. Wm. M. Springer of Illinois) May 25, 1886 adversely. 3. MEASURES INTRODUCED IN THE SENATE. * | -------------- Dale. By Wholm. ---------- ------ - Dec. 8, 1880......A. S. Paddock....... Nebraska......... S. March 22, 1880. S. J. Kirkwood...... Iowa. ............... § Dec. 15, 1881....}.A. Saunders ......... Nebraska......... & £ Dec. 6, 1881...... {W. Windom........... ‘Minnesota ...... s & § { # * : £ & * & March 20, 1882. A. Saunders......... Nebraska......... # , Jan'y 29, 1884... Angus Cameron.... Wisconsin....... * Feb'y 4, 1884 ... g & { { t Feb'y 18, 1884. Benj. Harrison...... Indiana .......... “ Feb'y 29, 1884... s & : { { • { { { Dec. 15, 1885..... 4 & : { { 4 & f : 4 £ Jan'y 11, 1886... . . a Referred to committee on Territories. b April 5, 1882. C Passed the Senate Dec. 16, 1884. No. Of Bill. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº & e º 'º a s & & º ºs º º tº gº & & ) is is tº & tº sº e e * e & e s sº º º sº º is sº º tº e º gº is e a gº is s a º is tº e º sº e º ºr e º ºs e is a e e a s = e g º ºs e s e as gº is e º 'º º ºs e º sº e º is & e s is s & 4 is a e º 'º a & sº gº tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Title of Bill. a Authorizing the people of Dakota to form a constitution. a Establishing the Territory of Pembina (north of 46th parallel.) { % { % & 4 & 4 6 & Cl, a Establishing the Territory of North Dakota (north of 46th parallel.) a Admission of Dakota south of 46th parallel. - a To enable the people of Dakota, to form a State government. - b Substitute for Senate bills 112, 157. Admission of Dakota, south of 46th parallel. , & Establishing the Territory of North Dakota. --- a To enable the people of Dakota to form a constitution. a. Admission of Dakºta (south of 46th parallel.) * * * * * g e º e º e s tº d Reported back by committee on Territories, adversely. e Passed the Senate Feb’y 5, 1886. Yeas 32; nays 22; not voting 22. government and for the admission of said State into the Union. d Admission of Dakota south of 46th parallel. 'e Substitute for S. 578– providing for the admission of Dakota south of 46th parallel. - Reported on favorably by committee on Territories. Placed on calendar. Yeas 34; nays 28; not voting 14. c Enable the people of Dakota south of 46th pārallel to form a constitution and State . § 20. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. governors AND DELEGATEs. - The following is a list of the governors of Dakota appointed by the President of the United States, with the terms served by each: William Jayne, 1861-63; Newton Edmunds, 1863–66; Andrew J. Faulk, 1866–69; John A. Burbank, 1869–74; John L. Pennington, 1874–78; William A. How- ard, 1878–80; N. G. Ordway, 1880–84; Gilbert A. Pierce, 1884–87; and Louis K. Church, the present executive, appointed February, 1887. - Thé Territory since its organization has been represented in Congress by the following named delegates: J. B. S. Todd, 1862–64; W. F. Bur- leigh, 1864–69; S. L. Spink, 1869–71; M. K. Armstrong, 1871–75; J. P. Kid- der, 1875–79; G. G. Bennett, 1879–81; R. F. Pettigrew, 1881–83; John B. Raymond, 1883–85; and Oscar S. Gifford, the present incumbent, elected in 1884 and re-elected in 1886. SESSIONS OF THE TERRITORIAL INEGISLATURE. The first session of the Territorial Legislature met at Yankton, March 17, 1862. At first the sessions of the Legislature were annual, but by act of Congress in 1869 they were made biennial, and the sessions limited in duration to sixty days. Seventeen sessions have been held in all. The Territory is apportioned into twenty council and legislative districts represented by twenty-four councilmen and forty-eight representatives, being the maximum number of districts, councilmen and representatives permitted to the Territory under the act of Congress approved March 3, 1885. Yankton was the capitol of the Territory until 1883, when a capitol Commission appointed at the preceding session of the Legislature located the seat of government at Bismarck. EARLY IIISTORY OF THE TERRITORY. *The first well authenticated account of the Missouri river region, lying beyond the borders of the present state of Missouri, is found in the jour- nals of the expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark, under the patronage of President Jefferson’s administration in 1804–5–6. This expedition, though it gave very little scientific information touching the great valley of the Missouri, nevertheless furnished the most reliable and interesting account of the country, its inhabitants and wild game, that had then been given to the public. It also gave a very correct idea of the great river and its affluents, and was no doubt instrumental in hastening the more perfect exploration and settlement of the country. It also gave a fresh impetus to the fur trade, and pioneered the way for numerous forts and trading posts. The great British and American fur companies were the first civilized people to occupy the Territory of Dakota. The earliest of these to establish posts on the upper Missouri river was the Missouri fur company, organized at St. Louis, Mo., in 1808. At the head of this com- pany was Manuel Lisa, a Spanish gentleman, and it is likely that some of * The authority for this and following statements regarding early explorations in the Northwest is Andrews’ Historica] Atlas of Dakota. The Lakeside Press, Chicago. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 21 the Choteau family were also connected with it. The company established trading posts in Dakota about 1808-10. - The American fur company, of which John Jacob Astor was president, was chartered in 1809. The Northwestern, another fur company, and the American were consolidated in 1811. During the war between Great Britain and the United States, 1812-15, business was wholly suspended. The Great Pacific company was organized after the war by Mr. Astor, and business operations were resumed by all the companies, whose employees penetrated all parts of the present Territory of Dakota, excepting the Black Hills. The oldest fur company in America was the Hudson Bay company, which was chartered by King Charles II in 1670. About 1811 Lord Sel- kirk, a Scottish nobleman, was granted by this company a large tract of land lying on both sides of the Red River of the North, and extending as far south as the mouth of the Red Lake river. Lord Selkirk built a fort at Pembina, a short distance south of the pres- ent International line, about 1812. f The first settler in this region was a French trader, who settled at Pem- bina about 1780. The authority for this statement is Mr. Keating, the historian of Major Long's expedition, which visited the locality in 1823 and found the trader still living there. This was the first actual settle- ment by white men within the present limits of Dakota. Lord Selkirk's fort remained at Pembina until 1823, when finding it was on the American side of the boundary, it was torn down and mostly removed to the British side. The Columbia fur company was organized in 1822 among individuals formerly in the employ of the Hudson Bay company. Their principal establishment, or trading post, was on Lake Traverse at the head of the Red River, where Major Long found them in 1823. The Northwest and Hudson Bay companies, under a consolidated arrangement made in 1821, explored and trafficked on the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. - In 1826, a company called the Rocky Mountain fur company, began sending trading expeditions up the Missouri river. In 1832 the old Amer- ican fur company of John Jacob Astor became the dominant company in the Northwest. Under this company Forts Cedar, George, Lookout and others were constructed, and the fur trade became a permanent business in the Missouri valley. Several trading houses were also erected on the Dakota (James) river by a company of which J. Rencontre was a member. About 1829, Pierre Choteau of St. Louis, built Fort Pierre on the west bank of the Missouri, Some four miles above the present site. The first steamers to ascend the upper Missouri, as near as can be as- certained, were the Yellowstone and Assiniboine, which came up under the conduct of Pierre Choteau, about 1830. Previous to this the business of the river had been carried on in canoes and barges, or pirogues. WJLOXIV (I HO SGI, )}I) OSGISI 33 xnors Ju optuſ stºw Bloxle(I (LIOUI]nos uſ luloutoillos \tº \duro)]l; siſtſ of [J, w ‘pouoput:([b StºA ool'Id out) II ou A ‘888ſ [I]till no IOOT 1.100ſ plotſ uo KT upºnde) .Ito A yºu] Jo ounſ (II poſinooo put poloo, o Stºw (ſoſ (IA ‘Iſèputyſ 1,10] Jo olts out) polooſes out 138L Jo juſlds ouſ] uſ |n(I ‘998L uſ Áou.It H [º.ſouef) Aq popdnooo St. A ‘u Itºſ.ſo (ſuitºuſ) Itou ‘nox100 [ ],10. Il)[() ‘Āſo:3p}}} ].I.O.I 0) puttu tuo,) SIU (I) IAA jul (Aouito. 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OUAA ‘ūOAT [oſtIt(I]t’N ([º.ſoul of) p.It?AIolju) uſe] deſ) olòA UIopped xo sºuth 3(1) Attu (IUIOoo V Jolu (A out] IO) podium.) -Ue Kou(1 0.19UIAA ‘ol.IoI.L. 1.IOI Ol IOAI.I onlúIcI ou ) (U.O.IJ pou).It UI ‘Āou.It?II 'S 'A Teiouor) topun uouſ 003'ſ Jo ooto souls politiſh t ‘ggs Jo II'ſ oth u I 9.In]t'Isidoſ º loso UI -Up W ou uſ eaſyû][Ioso.Idol ouo put utout Iſouino.) OAl O) pollſ]UIo loſ.I]s [p [[o -UInoo Ulix IS OUI) 3UI)n][]SUO) pull; ‘Lo’Aſ.I I.In OSSIIAI otl) pul; [nbcI )S UIoo Aloq âu (Al Uloºo..I out, III: 3U IIoA00 <ino.) tº ONIt:(I ‘soſ).Uluo) output Oluſ A.I.01ſ.I.Io] qbū1 popſ App ‘(IOAII. I.InoSSIN ou! Jo 1stºo blox{tºGI Jo II* ottiſ] ouſ] ]ly populſo -UI Uſoſ (IAA) ‘ĀIO)I.I.I.O.L tº]OSout. IIAI Jo O.Ill)uſsºoſ ouſ) Ibo.V out IUS out] uſ ‘ou II enosauuſ IN oUI) put; IOAI.I Xinois 519 ouſ] Uloo Aloq àUIIAI K.I]UIno.) Jo dII]s ou! KIIt'ſ]ubjSqns 5up.IOAoo “olò “Söup(0.0.1% ‘ngo.Iput ICI ‘SII* I Xnois JO Soyo out) 3UI ſpin[ouſ ‘ox{t}| otloys 319|| Jo opps so AAU]nos ouſ) pull: To A.I Xmoſs 319 ouſ, JO XIIIt?q qJøI ou 3UOIt: K.I]tillo.) Jo loº.I) tº put thosoutſ IIA uſ tropio.I 23.It I tº popoo subſpur I ou Uſoſ UAA Aq ‘IgSI uſ Xmoſs op ostoAlt. I, Jo Kyuo.[] otſ, qu StºA ‘Sutºppu I Xıloſs out) Jo pouyu)([0 tº ox!t (I up put[ ]s.Ig ouſ], * J, NGINCITIJALGIS Al,S3 IIJI - “So ſubduto, Ill] tºo.I.5 out) Act Iolluſ ot|] put; ‘quotuu.IøAOE) Soyºls polyu I) oq, Āq pousſd?]So Iotti.IOJ ot]—s]SO(I juſptº.I] A[1..It'd putt, A.Ib][[[UI AT].It'd oro.W potLSIIC[b]so 181ſ Ju s]sod pub s].Ioy out.I. ‘.I.O.A.I I.InoSSIIAI all! 3uoſº ÁIIBd ſoul IId ‘s]ujod. Aubuli ll: $1,10] Jo uomon.I]suo,) ouſ) Áq p.18A101ſt AIOSOL) poAOILO) ‘808I st: ALI tºo st: ‘JoAI.I orgu NIJO (Innou oup) AOIoq ‘XIIºIO ).I.O.I. Jº Sod tº polispiquºso nuouTulio Aoy) solºs polyun ouſ.I. 'smolotunu OroA suoſpod No oniº IId put AIB|IIIUU ontºp quTI] (UOICI If SI (Iſ A.I]tillo) out) popsiA ‘IO) tourſ -9p Utºppu I Snoutſtj ouſ, ‘u Hluº) 'pop.1009.I dj.I.) ou Jo Junoo, tº poleontroup]nt. IIoA out sº orouſ, Timot[] ‘ox{t'I SIIAo(I polis A put urbons Ionuţ oul popuoo -St. OAbū ol prºs orb put: ‘JoA.I (soutſ) tºoxIt (I ou 1 Jo Août A or ) on put -Ie AO possed oououſ] UIO.I] put ‘t’)ox{*CT Uſ lugod ouos on S.IouTuols s, Kued -UIOO Inj QUI) (IO [InoSSTIN OU) populoost; 1900ſ N put; lutouto.I.I (538 [ UI RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 23 Falls, in the fall of 1856, by an organization called the Western town com- pany, of Dubuque, Iowa. The men who ventured to commence a settle- ment were ordered off by the Indians, and returned to Sioux City, Iowa. In December following a second attempt was made by members of the same company, who took possession of 320 acres of land around the falls. In May 1857, other representatives of the company again visited Sioux Falls, and began the erection of a small stone house near the upper fall. About the same time the Dakota land company, chartered by the Min- nesota legislature, made a claim to 320 acres of land immediately south of the land held by the Western land company. The members of the Dakota land company left St. Paul in a steamer, in May 1857, and pro- ceeding to New Ulm on the Minnesota river, traveled thence overland to Bakota, striking the Big Sioux river in Brookings county, where they lo- - cated the town of Medary, named for the governor of Minnesota. Jour- neying down the river they located and named Flandreau, in honor of Judge Flandreau, of St. Paul, and then pushed on to Sioux Falls, where they located land, as before stated, and named the place Sioux Falls City. In July of that year an uprising of the Sioux Indians compelled the - evacuation of all the settlements on the Sioux river. * In December 1857, the governor of Minnesota appointed the first offi cers of Big Sioux county, now constituting the county of Minnehaha Dakota. - - In June 1858, the Indians a second time drove the settlers out of the upper valley of the Sioux. On the 19th of April, 1858, a treaty was negotiated, by which the Yank- tonnais tribe of Sioux Indians ceded all their lands east of the Missouri river excepting the present reservation in Charles Mix county. From this date settlers came in Tapidly, especially in the region border- ing on the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers. The autumn of 1862 witnessed the bloody outbreak of the Sioux Indians, which resulted in the dreadful massacre at New Ulm, Minnesota. The inhabitants of all the settlements in southern Dakota fled to Yankton, abandoning their crops, herds and dwellings, in their haste to reach a place of refuge. The outbreak proved to be of short duration, and the settlers soon began to return to their homes. In 1861 the War Department authorized the governor of the Territory to raise two companies of volunteers for the war. These two companies officered by Captains Nelson Miner and William Tripp were stationed the , following winter among the settlements of southern Dakota. In the summer of 1863 an organization known as the “New York col- ony” was effected at Syracuse, New York, which delegated Hon. James S. Foster, now of Mitchell, to personally visit the West and select locations for the colony. In accordance with Mr. Foster's recommendations, about one hundred families left New York in the spring of 1864, and settled at various points in the Missouri valley between the Big Sioux river and Bon Homme, southern Dakota. * , * * 24 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. The assessed valuation of the Territory in 1865 had grown to $158,963. During the years 1867–8 the population of the Territory increased rap- idly, and many new colonies were organized. A railroad was completed. to Sioux City, Iowa, near the Dakota line, in 1868, and the rush of immi- gration which followed was so great that at the close of that year, the population of the Territory was estimated at 12,000. By the treaty of April 29, 1868 the Sioux were re-located on their pres- ent reservation west of the Missouri—and troubles with the Indians, which had so often threatened the early settlements east of the river with extinction, were forever at an end. The first telegraph line in the Territory was built from Sioux City to Yankton in 1870. Railway construction was carried on extensively in 1872, and in 1873, the Sioux City and Yankton road was completed to the latter place. In 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills by General Custer's ex- pedition. Under an agreement with the Sioux Indians, ratified February 28, 1877, the Black Hills country was relinquished to the United States and immediately taken posession of by a throng of hardy pioneers, miners and ranchers. - The growth and development of Dakota during the decade since 1877, as fully detailed in the statistical tables and comparisons making up the succeeding pages of this pamphlet, forms one of the most marvelous epochs in the history of the settlement of the West. , , * $ * - * - * A GEOGRAPHY OF DAKOTA Dakota is situated between the meridians of 96° 25' and 104° 5' longi- tude west from Greenwich, and between the parallels of 42° 28′ and 49° north latitude, and is located on the northern line of the Republic, about midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Its extreme length north and south approximates 430 miles, and east and west 385 miles. An official work on the public domain, published in 1883, by authority of Congress, estimates the present area of Dakota at 150,932 square miles or 96,596,480 acres, Dakota is greater in area than either the kingdoms of Norway, Great Britain and Ireland, or Italy; more than twice the size of either England and Wales, or Turkey in Europe; over four times the size of Portugal and nearly five times greater than Ireland or Scotland, and would make ten \ Denmarks or Belgium 8. The distance from Yankton, on the southeast boundary, in a straight line to Pembina, on the northern boundary, is nearly as far as from Chi- cago to Memphis, or from New York to Raleigh, N. C., or from Washing- ton to Ottawa, Ont. ** To better comprehend the vastness of Dakota's landed possessions, it may be stated that the states of Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vērmont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Delaware, Maryland and Massachusetts could all be placed within her boundaries, and yet there would be room for another state as large as Massachusetts, which, if added, would still leave a place for two additional states the size of Connecticut, and with these added, there remains room for two more Delawares and six Districts of Columbia—and still the area of Takota would not be covered. 26 TESOURCES OF DARKOTA. 1 TEXAS, ... 262,290 167,865,600 TABLE SHOWING THE AREA OF DAIN OTA In comparison with that of each state and territory of the Union. RANK. STATES. SQUART, MILES. ACTRES. 48 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 60 38,400 47 RHODE ISLAND 1,085 694,400 46 DELAWARE, 1,960 1,254,400 45 CONNECTICUT, 4,845 3,100,800 44 NEW JERSEY, 7,455 4,771,200 43 MASSACHUSETTS, 8,040 5,145,600 42 NEW HAMPSHIRE, T9,005 5,763,200 41 VERMONT, H 9, 135 5,846,400 40 MARYLAND, 9,860 6,310,400 39 WEST VIRGINIA, 24,645 15,772,800 38 MAINE, 29,595 19,132,800 37 SOUTH CAROLINA, | T30,170 19,308,800 36 INDIANA, 35,910 22,982,400 35 KENTUCKY, 40,000 25,600,000 34 VIRGINIA, 40,125 25,680,000 33 OHIO, 40,760 26,086,400 32 TENNESSEE, | 3 || 41,750 26,720,000 31 PENNSYLVANIA, 44,985 28,790,400 30 LOUISIANA, 29,068,800 29 MISSISSIPPI, 29,657,200 28 NEW YORK, 30,476,800 27 NORTH CATOLINA, 31,091,200 26 ALABAMA, 32,985,600 25 ARKANSAS, 33,948,800 24 FLORIDA, 34,713,600 23 WISCONSIN, 34,848,000 22 IOWA, 35,504,000 21 ILLINOIS, 35,840,000 20 MICHIGAN, 36,755,200 19 (#EORGIA, 37,747,200 18 WASHINGTON TER., 42,803,200 17 MISSOURI, 43,990,400 T6 INDIAN TER, 44,691,200 15 NEBRASKA, 48,758,400 14 MINNESOTA, 50,091.200 13 KANSAS, 52,288,000 12 UTAH, 52,601,600 11 IDAHO, 53, J5,600 10 OREGON, 60,518,400 9 WYOMING, 62,448,000 8 Color ADO, 66,332,800 T7 NEVADA, 70,233,600 6 ARIZONA, 72,268,800 5 NEw MExico, w 78,874,400 T 4 MONTANA, r 92,998,400 3 DAKOTA, 96,596,48o 2 CALIFORNIA, 99,827,200 ... f' RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 27 - COMPARATIVE TABLE Showing the area of Dakota in square miles as also that of Some of the Foreign Governments. Rank Government. ------- - - ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Square Miles. 1 M ONACO, 6 2 ANDORRA, 198 3 MONTENEGRO, 1,770 4 BELGIUM, I1,373 5 EASTERN TOUMELIA, 13,500 6 I) ENMARK, 14,553 7 switzeri,AND, . 15,233 8 GREECE, 19,941 9 NETHERLANDs, 20,527 10 servia, 20,850 11 BUL.GARIA, 24, 360 12 Bosni, 28, 125 13 II&ELAND, --- 31,874 14 PORTUGAL, 36,510 15 IROUMANIA, 45,642 16 ENGLAND & warlºs, - 4 - 58,320 17 turrey IN Europ1: . --- 62,028 18 ITALY * * * * * . . 114,296 19 GT. BRIT. & IRELAND, . . . . . . . 120,879 20 NORWAY, m 122, 280 21 DA KOTA, T15o,932 22 SWEDEN, 168,042 23 SPAIN, T177,781 24 FRANCE, 204,091 25 ºrMAN EMI. . . . . . . " " : * * * * *. 212,091 26 Austri.AN EM. º. 240,943 TOTPOGRAPHIY. The general topography of the Territory is that of a vast undulating plain, which covers about four-fifths of its surface. The great Plateau du Coteau du Missouri, of the French explorers, occupies a belt traversing the Territory diagonally from the northwest to the southeast. This is not the high dividing ridge that it was formerly supposed to be, but simply a vast elevated plain, occasionally broken by low hills. A somewhat simi- lar plateau, but much less in extent, lies between the Minnesota line and the valley of the James river. The country west of the Missouri river, (the largest part of which is contained within the boundaries of Indian reservations), has much the same character, although more broken by hills and buttes, and with the advantage of a greater number of streams, which are fringed with con- siderable timber. “Topographically Dakota may be divisible into two parts—eastern and western. The portion west and northwest of the Missouri river is undu- * . . y 28 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. lating. As we approach the southwest line it is rugged and mountainous. Here are found the rich mineral lands of the Black Hills. , The great portion east of the Missouri, or the settled, cultivated part of Dakota is chiefly a vast plateau or plain, generally with but little native timber. The surface is Smooth, even on the undulating portions, is cov- ered with a luxuriant growth of grass, and abounds in lakes and rivers, many more than are apparent on the maps. Strange as it may seem, the lakes are often on the highest grounds. This abundance of moisture would suggest Swamps, but a team can be driven anywhere at all seasons, regardless of established roads. The lakes are chiefly where the water does not drain off. Again, the marsh wire-grass is not met, only the up- land varieties, chiefly the bunch, blue-joint and the buffalo grasses. Like the pampas of South America, the lands furnished an abundance of graz- ing for the vast herds of buffalo that roamed over Dakota, but a few years ago. A boulder here and there on the Surface is encountered; otherwise there are no rocks or strata of rocks apparent, even on deep digging, with the exception of one or two localities. The surface soil is composed of two or three feet of black loam (humus), then several feet of brown, clayey, gravelly soil, (hard pan). Beneath that, pockets of gravel and sand are met, and finally a layer of deep-blue clay is encountered, some- times many feet in thickness, and again gravel and Sand. In some cases well-diggers have come across the stumps of trees (cedar) thirty feet be- low the surface. The Water in Some of the lakes and rivers is slightly al- kaline, and occasionally even brackish. Hard water is generally due to the large proportion of carbonate of lime, but, in addition to this, Dakota soil water, (when alkaline), contains Sulphate of Soda, Sulphate of mag- nesia, sulphate of lime, and common Salt, all of which give it a brackish taste. The soil, however, for this very reason, is peculiarly adapted to the growth of wheat, for which Dakota has become so famous.”—[“Dakota From a Scientific View''; Dr. T. C. Duncan, Chicago. MOUNTAINS ANI) IIII, LS. Properly speaking, there are only two mountainous regions in Dakota, known as the Black Hills and Turtle Mountain. The Black Hills, located in the extreme southwestern part of the Territory, cover an area. In Da- kota equal to about 40 by 80 miles, or equivalent to 3,200 square miles. The Turtle Mountains of Bottineau and Rolette counties in the far northern portion of the Territory are a range of high hills dignified by the name of mountains, rising a few hundred feet above the prairies. They cover an area of about 20x40 miles or 800 Square miles. The highest point of the Black Hills, Harney Peak, reaches an altitude of 8,200 feet above the sea, and the average elevation of the Hills region is nearly 6,000 feet, or from 2,500 to 4,700 feet above the surrounding plains. The Turtle Mountains are surmounted by only one or two high peaks— notably, Butte St. Paul and Bear Butte, which are elevated Some 700 feet above the surrounding country, and 2,300 feet above the Sea. t - ** • ' , 3. \ RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 29 Both the Black Hills and Turtle Mountains are covered with a consid- erable growth of timber, the former principally with pine and the latter with oak, aspen, birch, etc. The Wessington and Ree Hills in Hand county, are quite prominent elevations, as are also the Bijou Hills in Brule county. GEOI, O.G.Y. The geological structure of Dakota covers a wide range of formations, from the Archaean of the Black Hills to the fresh water Tertiary and Quartenary of the great plains, and the Missouri valley. Scientists Say that Dakota lay directly in the path of a great continental glacier, which in its passage eroded and ground down the loftiest mountains and the flintiest of rocks and carried the debris, according to its composition and specific gravity, to greater or less distances. This erosion of the ancient rocks and mountains must have been enormous to have produced such a vast accumulation of drift material, as is found overlaying the plains of Dakota. Professor Denton, of Massachusetts, a distinguished geologist, has aptly described the causes which led to the formation of the deep and rich soil of the Red River valley in the following words: “When the cold of the glacial period gave place to the present climate, the indications are that the change took place instantaneously, and the great ice sheet then cov- ering this northern region—in Some places a mile or more in jhickness— was’’ (by a new inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit), “Suddenly introduced to a temperate climate. Melting in the hot sum- mer suns, it produced a flood, the effects of which are observable to the geologist, from north Minnesota to the Gulf. But such a body of ice melted not in one or a dozen Summers. For many years lay the greatice- field to the north, preventing the passage of Waters in the direction the general slope of t. 10 country here would have led them, and thus, as far south as the slope of the land would permit, a lake existed. At the bottom of the lake, mud was continually being deposited, produced by the ground down Silurian, Devonian and Cretaceous beds lying to the north, over which the ice still for many years continued to move, bearing masses of their earthy substances. Boulders, gravel, etc., are covered deep be- neath the lake mud, and that mud is now the Soil of the country, admi- rably adapted to the production of grain best fitted to build up the physi- cal system of man.” And,as the soil of this section is the drift and alluvial deposit of glacial action, just so was the Soil of the great Missouri plateau, the James river valley, and, in fact, every foot of the Territory formed. The granitic boulders carried down by glacial streams from the Archaen regions of Minnesota and Canada are found cropping out along the slopes of the bluffs bordering the James and east bank of the Missouri rivers, and are frequently discovered in boring wells 40, 60 and 100 feet beneath the surface, giving some idea of the depth of the drift deposit. Through- out the country east of the Missouri, these granitic boulders are common; ‘WLOXIV CI TO SGIOSIſ) OSGI?I 09: w ‘Sluorpo.15uſ [boſuould louno put “IO.I. Jo 10.Inu(dTus ‘S][BS “[goo loop.Ioduſ Jo sophylubnb poupºluo) upopula ‘spoſiod K.It'ſ][9J, put Snoooºo.10 out, Jo Sxſoo.I dri-puno.13 out, uto.1] ‘lītd 1130.15 Uſ ‘poa Ilop Ulooq Setſ ‘polºušoidu I SI SU ſºld tº Oxft:(I out) Jo Iſos out, Uſoſuſ A UI); A Hºlt, oùJ, 'stubo.I]s out) Jo jury) no out) Act IJO potiſt;..il) Uood oat;UI SIoyºA osot|A Kolū; A HInossy IN ouſ, Jo ox{*I quo.13 out) soloſso ({ ‘poºrod quúl ooliſs pongpºo oAttſ Sox{tº Iontºw-tso.Iſ ItioAoS 113tſ, oſquqord oqnb oste § I putſ oun polio Aoo oop 5uſAoul-KIAoſs Jo Josuuſt 1st A ouſ) 00UIS ºno quo Ulood IIb oAbū SUTtºo.I]s JotL]o put I.InoSSIJN out) Jo SAOIUA OUIJ, “looj pubsnoun [BioAoS UIovo.I Suloſsolo put Säumlino our orouſ A ‘Uloſio.I HIIII X[O'GIEL out, up trooq set[ ]ooljo so] tºo.13 ouT, Iolt M 5upAOU Jo uoſ), tº ouſ) Act poſiod [8 ſould oul ooliſs pogſpout Kūt;0.15 trooq Sull K.I.Olſ.I.IoI, ou, Jo libd AIOAO TOAO 90ty.Ins ouT, 'poſtºodde supe[d thox{t}(I Oul put uttooo out) on JJo poſſibo 0.19A tos put[uſ quo.13 spun Jo S.Ioyt AA out, ‘SUIbo.I]s ouſ] Jo Sãuſ]]ll.) doop ouſ, KCI ‘Āſīuombosqns ‘oſquily put sno.Iod ‘jos KII*.Iou of O.It (IoIUIAA ‘Suopygu.Toj K.It'ſ]..I.O.I. pUIt Snoooºo..I.O out, Jo SXLoo.I pozi.IoAInd put poltii; –9]uſsip out, UUIO.I] ouſto quouTypos spuſL ‘SIo) tº A-peoul II OUI) pulmoſt SX1001 où, din ŠuſpUIII3 S.Loyotl: u.Iouſ).IOut oup, Kol potti.Ioj quoulſpos out, ULA op 5uſ -3UIIq ‘Surgo.I]s [out]o put; IInoSSIJN out] poMoU Uſoſt A (15uo.III] ‘bos put IIIſ quo.13 tº KQ poro Aoo uood oAbū ol posoddins sº thox{t}(I ‘Āt:At 5u IIIout S 3A plog-ooſ 1st A out, oſſu A ‘SAup [tºyot:(3-)sod out) du HImp ‘poſiod [o]*I tº q W ... 'So II UI 00I UIbuIl O.IOUT JO (Ilptºo.ICI tº poſio.A.O.) UIQUI). Kou() but “[InoSSIIAI OUT JO [9A0I quoso.Id ouſ] Ubu, Iouſ3PUI looj ()0g pools oAtºq 18th (UI SIO16A out] ‘blox{t}(IJO (IOI).Iod quuſ, IoMo possed oAbū ol stop|noCI IOJI tºos tº polquioso.1 UIoun S.IoluA osot|A ‘To A.I. I.Inoss, IN out) (IAAOp 5u Isstid SãIo(ſ -oop 3upygopſ Kot poddolp oie A ‘XIo.ſºulsig Jo Astro A.I]unoo out, JoAO polo) -quos osotſ, put ‘(p $osso.I.) ogroud (Liouſ].ION out) oiouſA gluossIIN out) Itou) “Utºputº IN JO "SOAA STITU out) uo SJap[noq ouſ I, ºſsW U.[out].IOU StºA UIbuIl odoul Áut poſiod [epot (3 out, jug Inp oor UniM polo Aoo lou sh;A ‘suoſio.I uſu) Unotu U3TUI ot!) Up 10ſooxo ‘Solºs populſh ouſ] Jo J.Ltd (IIolsoA ouſ I, ‘Slspºo (IOI)0t: Taſonſ; Jo Suontoppuſ Iou Jip Jo ownso A ou ‘sopſoo-I on on to AIKIt Gord pub “Soſſ UI Kyūšyo IOI p.IgAlsoA SIUſ) puo Kogi put ‘pod do.[p put; Sox{to ooſ UiO pontop trooq puu Koul odou A sluouduſ) ||Tip Tsuſ oth punoj I ‘Moutºutsºl it IITIOSSIN ou.) Jo 180A SoLIUI 00I 'JoAII Uloo.1%) out Jo KoſſbA out) ULI 'Suttºo.I.18 ou, Jo spoq pub SKoIIBA out, up ATuo punoy out, put SIUUI oth utoſ) Iboddesſp Áou, poulºu ooutºsºp out) \tº III, ‘So A old oA St. Loquinu put ozºs III Šupusſ -upuupp onſz').It nb put SSgou: ‘olyuu.[3 Jo stopſnoq putſ ow. “ogot', I u.[out].ION out Jo ouſt oun uo isoA solul Kaxis anoqū doj JoAſ, IrmossIIN out, uto. I, : SAOIIoy St: ‘IoA.I. I.InoSSIIA out) Jo So A UIOI) ot; It'ſ oblą Jo stroneoſpur où Jo ooutºſtoddesſp Ibnpuiā oth Joss tods uoluo(I Joid . ‘pull OJ OC O.) SI rep[noq & lotl tube.I]s out] SSOIob Aſolºſpoutulſ oyſ'A ‘sozſs III; Jo stopſnoq (In M pou.A.O.I.O 9.It IoAIT out, Ol quoobſpb SIII Uſ ouſ, ‘IIlloSSIIA out) JO MUIt?q Qseo out, Uto ‘o.Lou A ‘eitoki Yû pont.I]suoulop AIqſ).IOJ &IoA SI Adoo (I) SIUL ‘ĀIO)11.10ſ, out) Jo Juul urolsto ouſ) on tº Aouros pouguo,) StºA uoplot: Tºpoeţă nºun 5uſAous ‘Taunosolſt, Iboddesſp ‘sorſuſ poipunui, tº Jo ooutºsp tº uſup/W ‘ĀII bug pub ‘oz Is Uſ ioſſeurs but JoAoy O.Ib Aoû4 JøAIT out) Jo so.A RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 31 Some have a theory that the coal of the Tertiary formation once ex- tended over nearly the whole of Dakota, and that it has been burned out, leaving the Soil impregnated as now found. This theory is not well sup- ported, however, by tangible evidence. *The natural history of the peculiar formation of Dakota is, as near as geologists can now unravel the mystery of the continent formation, Sup- posed to be as follows: The infant continent of North America, as it rose above the primeval waters, was supposed to be in the shape of a rough triangle, with one extremity reaching beyond Winnipeg and the other away off beyond Quebec, while the junction was about the union of lakes Superior and Huron; at least the oldest discovered, or Laurentian rocks, are along those lines. As the portions to the South and west rose grad- ually out of the prehistoric ocean, we can understand that this section contained the wealth of the early sediment. ‘Geologists have arrived at the conclusion that the entire area of the United States and territories was, during the lower Silurian age,the bed of a comparatively shallow sea.” —[Winchell.] Finally the Rocky mountains and the Alleghenies were thrown up, walling in the glaciers that Subsequently plowed down from Wºma-a-aa-ºº-º-º-, -º-º-º: , “asiº, ...-->e',w,"*, *.*.*.*.*.*.*::-------, -,-,-aa-ºº-º-º-º-º. cºases. the upheaved north, grinding off the fertile portions of the new continent and depositing this with other drift over this Dakota region, which would account for the trees being buried under clay, gravel, sand, soil and other . debris. This whole Mississippi Valley was, as it is sup; c3 sq., again sub- merged at the close of the glacial era, and again to rise, and was, until quite recently, a series of shallow lakes. At least that is the recent view of the origin of the many prairies. Into these lakes the water of the sur- rounding country was drained. The sediment, broken rocks, glacial de- bris, and rank vegetation of the long ages, gave a saline character to these lake waters. Where they were shut in, like Salt Lake, they became more brackish than the ocean. “Sea Water may be regarded as the accumula- tion of all the surface drainings of the earth.”—[Brand's Chemistry.] Dakota, at this time, was undoubtedly a Vast lake, with, at present, unde- fined limits. It doubtless extended from the north to the extreme south of the Territory, even into Iowa and Nebraska, and from central Minne- sota, on the east, to the Missouri river or beyond. This vast lake received the wealthy washings from virgin land all around, until finally the water became decidedly brackish. The Saline ingredients underwent many changes, but much was deposited in the sediment at the bottom. It is well known that water, especially the Saline, forms a precipitate. The lake began to overflow and the Dakota, or James river, to the south, and the Red River to the north, drained this vast expanse, and luxurious grasses took possession of this lake bed with its heavy deposit of organic matter, and it became the home of the buffalo, Indians and prairie fires. * “Dakota. From a Scientific Point of View”; Dr. T. C. Duncan, Chicago. ~! f , Af • *- , - A * * * - ... • & * , - - , & ...” * * * } . . . . . . 32 § RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. SOIL. • The Department of Agriculture, Washington, during the year 1885, in- vestigated at some length the chemical composition of different soils, with reference to their fertility, and believing the agriculturist will find in the chemist's report a fund of information about soils in genieral, and especi- ally as regards the kinds of crops adapted to the prairie soil of Dakota, Space is given to the following summary: The chemical composition of the soil, when taken in connection with its physical state and the climatic condition of the locality, is a guide to scientific agriculture, which cannot be neglected. All Soils are the results of the natural disintegration of the rocks by atmospheric agencies, mingled with decayed vegetable and animal matter in greater or less proportion. Soil is a mixture of sand, either quartzose or feldspathic, clay, carbonate of lime and humus, or organic matter, and on the preponderence of one or more of these constituents the usual classification of Soils are based. Whatever their composition and texture, soils are, from a geological standpoint, mainly of two sorts, soils of disintegration and soils of trans- port. Under the former are comprehended such as arise from the Waste and decay of the immediately underlying rocks, the limestones, trap, granites, and the like, together with a certain admixture of vegetable and animal debris, and which are directly influenced in their composition, texture and drainage by the nature of the subjacent rocks from which they are derived; under the latter are embraced all drift and alluvial materials, such as Sand, shingly debris, miscellaneous silt and clay, which have been worn from other rocks by atmospheric agencies and trans- ported to their existing positions by winds, waters or ancient glacier actions. All exposed rocks break up, in course of time, under the continued, action of atmospheric agencies, however hard or refractory they may be. From the hardest granites, basalts and lavas to the softest limestones and marls, all are undergoing this disintegration and the soils to which they give rise will vary in depth, composition and texture, according to the softness and mineral character of the rocks and the length of time they have been subjected to these agencies. The rocks of which feldspar is RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 33 * one of the constituents are the origins of the clays and potash, which are met with in all arable soils. Feldspar is a silicate of aluminium and potassium, which in disintegration forms a clay or silicate of aluminium, and a silicate of potassium. The primitive and igneous rocks yield soils rich in potash and the fossiliferous rocks those rich in phosphoric acid. From an agricultural standpoint, the soil, which is the natural storehouse and laboratory whence plants derive their supply of food, should present different qualities which, according as they are more or less developed, exert a considerable influence upon its fertility; it should be firm enough to afford a proper degree of support for the plants that grow on it and yet loose enough to allow the delicate fibers of the rootlets to extend them- selves in all directions in search of the food of which they are in need. It must be of Such a texture as to allow the free access of air, without which plants cannot live; and it must be close enough to retain, for a considerable time, the water which falls on it, and yet porous enough to allow the excess to drain away. In this respect the nature of the subsoil and the depth of the surface soil are both important. When a soil rests immediately upon a bed of rocks or gravel, it will naturally be dryer than when it rests on clay or marl. On the other hand, a clay Subsoil may be of great advantage to a sandy soil, by enabling it to retain moisture longer in dry weather. Those soils are best adapted to agriculture which consist of a mixture of sand with a moderate quantity of clay and a little vegetable matter. The ammonia floating in the atmosphere is continually being washed into the soil, carried into, it by the rains. The clay, oxide of iron, and the organic matter contained in the soils, perform the important function of absorp- tion. This property of clay may be one of the reasons why clay lands are more suitable to wheat than are sandy soils.'. The amount of moisture re- tained by a soil, is generally in direct ratio to its contents of organic matter and its state of division.} : A proper degree of fineness in the parti- cles of the soil is very important to obtain, especially if it is subjected to drought. During dry weather plants require a soil that is both retentive and absorptive of atmospheric moisture and that soil which has this faculty will evidently raise a more vigorous growth than one without it. The materials which are most influential in soils may be arranged in the following order, when this condition of retaining moisture is considered: —Organic matter, marls, clays, loams and Sands. •. The action of rain carries the soluble ingredients which the plants re- quire to their roots and supplies them with the necessary moisture. The soil however, must be permeable enough to let the excess water drain away. - - The amount of food taken from the soil by wheat is given in the follow- ing table from the “Chemistry of the Farm”: - - • . 34 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. # - WHEAT. - - The weight and average composition of wheat in pounds, per acre (R. Warrington). - TT Weight of 4. re; ) – **4 crop– Ž : QD * 2: H sp- C Q) P- r- Q) rººf * (a º: ſ: -4 2. tſ) gase º e QX 4 yºu - C — 3 | < || "… q} | c. 3. E & +. c: ; ;4 | c. 3 || 3 ob | 3 || 3 C) P. º --> rºl ~ || rº 3. ač * •r- --> 2-4 C • *t d O O •r-4 *- .º. ~! T. § -ſ; ſº H | 2 | dº | AA || 0 | H | P: ſh; i Ö Ú2 W - Lbs | Lbs Lºuis LbS Lbs|Lbs Lºlius'Lºs Lbs| Lbs. Wheat, grain (30 bushels).......{ 1,810 | 1,530 || 31 33 2.7. 9 .9| 1.0|| 3.7 14.3 ſº .7 . ...) Straw .......... : 3158|2653|168|12 || 5.118.2 2.5||9.2|4-0|| 8.4|17|110.6 Total crop .....................[4,958||4185189'ſ 457.827.93.410.27.7'22.7l 1.9l 111.1 -X- 3& % 3& -X- + % In general, we may say that cereal crops apparently possess a capac- ity for feeding on silicates not enjoyed by other crops, and contain a less amount of nitrogen than either the root or leguminous crops; neverthe- less they respond the most readily to nitrogenous manures. The amount of phosphoric acid is the most constant of all the constituent of crops, being concentrated in the grain. The root crops contain a large amount of potash, and are the most exhausting to the soil in consequence; they take up more nitrogen than do the cereals, besides other ash constituents, as phosphoric acid. Leguminous crops contain about twice as much ni- trogen as do the cereals, and the potash and lime occurs in large propor- tions. Silica is nearly absent. They respond most readily to potash TY18, Ilúl I*G.S. The growth of forests is far less oxhausting to a soil than are most Ordi- nary farm Crops, especially where the leaves from the trees are left to manure the ground by their decay. Soil consists of an organic and of an inorganic or mineral part, the for- mer derived from the decay of plant-life for many ages, together with the dung and remains of animals, and the latter arising from the weathering of the rocks. The organic matter varies in different soils, being most deficient in Sandy Soils and poor clays, and even in very fertile lands occurring only in small quantities. In the famous black soil of Russia, which is found in the provinces of the Ural mountains, and in those that border them, it varies from 5 to 12 per cent. In some of our own prairie soils the amount is nearly as high. In leaf mold it occurs considerably higher, and in peat more than 50 per cent., very often. From its dark color it is a good ab- sorbent of heat, its own specific heat being much above that of the Soil generally. It is hygroscopic and greatly increases the water-holding power of Sandy soils; besides, it has the power of absorbing and retaining ammoniacal salts. By its decomposition it forms a source of carbonic acid, which is readily absorbed by plant-life. The mechanical condition of a Soil i8 much improved by its preserca when in moderate quantities, but when present in excessive amount it acts injuriously by deoxidizing ferric RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 35 salts, and in other ways. [Versuchs Stationen Organ, vol. xiv. pp. 248– 300.] - - The inorganic or mineral portions of the soil is, with the addition of alumina, composed of the same substances as make up the inorganic por- tion of plants, and which form their ashes when burnt. The mineral soil- constituents include the following substances: Silica, SiO2. - Potash, K2O. Alumina, Al2O3. * Soda, Na2O. Lime carbonate, CaCO3. Magnesia, MgO. . Ferric oxide, Fe2O3. Chlorine, Cl. Phosphoric acid, P206 Sulphurig acid, SO3 (Phosphoric anhydride.) (Sulphuric anhydride.) These exist in very different proportions in different soils. The first three, sand, clay and lime, represent more than 90 per cent. of the sub- stance of most soils, and as one or the other predominates the soil is said to be sandy, clayey, or calcareous. The most active constituents of the soil, phosphoric acid, and the two alkalies, potash and Soda, occur in very small quantities, as do the other and less important constituents, mag- nesia, chlorine, and sulphuric acid. Silica exists in different proportions in various soils, mostly in an insol- uble state, and that, most largely, in the poorest Sandy soils; fertile soils contain generally a very small quantity of it in a soluble form. Sandy soils contain from 70 to 90 per cent. of silica; even stiff clay soils from 60 to 70 per cent.; and calcareous or lime soils and marls from 20 to 30 per cent. - Its value, as a source of plant food, consists in being in the form of solu- ble silicates. In its insoluble state, like quartz sand, its action is nearly mechanical, making the soil lighter for cultivation. Those soils, derived from rocks of which feldspar is one of the constituents, will contain some silica in a soluble form, whilst those derived from quartzose rocks will contain it in the insoluble state. The hydrated silica, in the analyses, represents that which is gradually available for plant food. Alumina, or clay, is a silicate of aluminium, and it is derived from the disintegration of feldspathic rocks and other similar silicates; if absolutely pure it would furnish nothing for plant food; as, however, this is seldom the case, it furnishes a supply of potash frequently in considerable quan- tities. Clay has the important property of absorbing and retaining phos- phoric acid, ammonia, potash, lime, and other substances necessary for plant food. Clay soils contain on an average from 6 to 10 per cent. of alumina. In sandy Soils it varies from 1 to 4 per cent., and in marls, cal- careous soils, and vegetable molds from 1 to 6 per cent. The presence of alumina in the Soil is purely mechanical, as it is never found in the mineral portions of plants, and the larger the precentage of it present the more difficult the Soil becomes to cultivate, offering a great- er or less resistance to the implements of tillage. The lime or calcareous matter generally occurring in the state of carbon- ate varies in soils from about 90 per cent, and under in limestones and 2 * \ 36 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. marls, to mere traces in some other soils. Clays and loams generally con- tain from 1 to 3 per cent. Of the carbonate. Less than one per cent, may be regarded as a defective quantity. In the lighest sandy soils the per- centage of lime should not fall below .100, in clay loams not below .250, and in heavy clay soils not below .500. Where a soil is deficient in lime, the little there is of it is present in combination with the organic acids, . and is more abundant on the surface than in the subsoil. It preserves the particles of clay in a separate coagulated condition, and thus allows them to exercise their absorbent powers on various salts, which other- wise would escape their action. It also promotes the decomposition of vegetable matter and the formation of nitrates in the soil. Most green crops are often subject to disease when grown on soils defi- cient in lime, even when they have been well manured. Up to a certain stage, the cereal or other crops appear to thrive well, but as the season advances they sustain a check and yield a poor harvest. This is espec- ially the case in poor sandy Soils, and a good dose of lime or marl, followed by barnyard manure or guano, has a most beneficial effect. By this means the valuable portion of the manure or guano, the ammonia, pot- ash, and phosphoric acid, are retained in the land, whilst the others com- bine with the lime and are gradually washed out. Ferric oacide is found in all soils, and causes the reddish color so very common in a great many of them. To its presence is chiefly due the re- tention of the phosphoric acid, an insoluble basic phosphate of iron being produced. On its state of oxidation depends its favorable influence on the soil, that of ferric, sesqui or peroxide, better known as the red rust of iron, being the most suitable. In its less perfectly oxidized forms, which are, however, soluble in organic acids that exist very often in the subsoil, it becomes peroxidized on exposure to the air. Its action is both physical and chemical. The preference of farmers for “red land” arises from their experience of its beneficial action in the soil. From 1.5 to 4 per cent. of ferric oxide is ordinarily found in soils but slightly timited. Ordinary ferruginous loams vary from 3.5 to 7 per cent.; highly colored “red lands” have from 7 to 12 per cent., and occasionally 20 per cent. and more. The efficiency of the ferric oxide depends upon its mechanical condition; when incrusting the grains of sand or occurring as nodules, whilst the chemical analysis may show a large percentage of it present, it exerts little or no influence upon the soil, but when in a state of fine division these advantages are realized. Soils containing a large percentage of ferric oxide have generally a low percentage of organic matter, but, notwithstanding, are, as a rule, very fer- tile. In clay lands, especially, its presence is very beneficial as tending to make them easier for tillage; its color tends to the absorption of heat and of oxygen. Such soils, however, suffer from floods or bad drainage, the ferric oxide becoming reduced under such circumstances to the ferrous 8tate. Phosphoric acid is contained in all good Boils, but in very. Small quantities OFFICIAL MAP OF SOUTH DAKOTA. ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF IMMIGRATION AND sºn, Tistics. 5 100°FROM 6 107e 7 | º | | h! | Fort Yates Zºº | S T A || / // ſº -------. . . . . . ...— ... "...?. LXXVIII (ſ) | B o R E M A. " - - D. º C AIM - º Zland tº wº º Z. Gr *2. .. *. o º - --- - 9 GREENwich. MI C II IO O LoNGITUDE 8 west *. 999 S | H. D 2 Lºſ |LXXVII Grace. Lºlli Lºl!! Dº! § LX|| LXXV LXX||||LXXll * LXX| || 1 5) Iºs LM 7th Tr º G | Eagleºhim. Fºr T I IN C. 127 126 's Walley!' ſ Oslner & Butte - win Buttes º Marked Butte (P \| * Igor f º A- 2. - º º Thunder B Thunder c ºve" Patched Skin B fi : * † : Hovey 5th --~~ſ aregº * V ** | DMore a Fu t | | W # E S E # / A T / 0 W º: Y A T T W 2 Virgin Bu 5 & / W D / For Bennetº. - S Fort Sully 2, *. * *. º º Cºre eº; Avoid ºve” EPierre Coulson Fort Cº- º | N & y P R A T T --- T. "sary JP-2 . * * * * º *2. OF TR Parallel T 7777,777777777. A S H I N T O | Standard I H A B - LXXX __North, Y E R | Age | | R. E. s" Nºrth Dakota w iobrara standard I -- - W - Lake "/" - B | R U. | Ployd A. & R U L = º | - - º tº lºſſ . LXXVII LXXW LXXIV |LXX|| | twº Wººs - ſº. Tº t. W. - *N 102 DAVISON ----- flo 101 E. º Dºwl tºll iſ tº LWill º | LXII LXV h º o º - º Hillside A S 40 G. 39 T_- - P R. I P A / O ºf - V A T "...la is tº go tºy º ºr To BE __- OPENED / - | For *~ *. Lº - º" sº 3.2 | The ATY Fort Rangai or 1889 * T. O. ------- co, ºf Nº. - Ž *A* - - - - C. - - - c ermiſſion º " Bºule North - ban - º, Jam: - I º R 107° R 104° | 102° 7 - LoNGITUDE 8 west Idºnia º F-Jº º Y. 1. 9 GREENwich. 100° FROM | 989 13 - -- [4 - THIS MAP HAS BEEN CORRECTED TO JUNE 1st, 1889. COMING INTO THE UNION FOUR HUNDRED. THOUSAND STRONG GREAT OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEN AND MONEY IN FARMING, STOCK-RAISING, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND ALL commercial PURsults. Send for full and official information to F. H. HACERTY, Commissioner of Immigration, ABERDEEN, DAK. - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA.- . 3. when compared with the other principal ingredients, and exists in com- bination with lime, iron, and alumina, phosphate of lime being its most common form. In general, even in the most fertile soils, it is found in very minute quantities, on an average less than one-half per cent.; in clay lands this may rise to 1 per cent. Its value in fertilizers depends on its state of combination, whether it is soluble and immediately available for plant food as the Superphosphates, or slowly soluble like the lime phos- phates,forming a reserve store of food for the future. It occurs in all soils that have been formed from such rocks as the granites, gneisses, lime stones, and dolomites, which contain it without exception; volcanic soils possess it in large quantities, whilst alluvial soils and those lands that are periodically swept by floods, are much poorer. Soils containing less than .05 per cent. of it will be sterile and unfertile, as a general rule, unless accompanied by a large amount of lime. Potash.-All soils suitable for cultivation contain potash in an available form, arising from the disintegration of feldspathic and other rocks. In the majority of cases the natural supply of the Soil is sufficient to furnish to the plants the potash of which they are in need; a soil containing .125 per cent. should furnish potash enough for a century, without its being necessary to add to the manures used on Such soils any Salt of potash. Besides this available potash, the soil often contains very considerable quantities of this element which the acids do not attack, and which form the reserve for the future supply of the plants. The quantity of potash varies in the different soils from the merest traces up to 1 and 2 per cent. Sandy and peaty soils and marls are gen- erally deficient in this alkali, whilst soils rich in alumina are, with some exceptions, also rich in potash. It exists in the soil in combination with silica, forming a silicate which is somewhat soluble in water. Heavy elay soils and clayey loams, vary from .8 to .5 per cent. ; lighter loams, froni .45 to .30 per cent.; sandy loams, below 3 per cent, and sandy soils of great depth may contain less than .1 per cent., consistently with fertility, de- pending on the amounts of lime and phosphoric acid with which it is as- sociated. A high percentage of potash in a Soil seems capable of making up for a low percentage of lime, and, conversely, a soil very rich in lime and phosphoric acid may be very fertile notwithstanding a low percent- age of potash. The average annual consumption of potash for raising crops is 45 pounds per acre, or about .002 per cent. º Soda.-This is a less important constituent in soil than potash, and unless near the sea coast is present in even Smaller quantities. Under the form of common salt, however, its presence is a cause of sterility in the soil when it exceeds .10 per cent. in quantity. Magnesia is found in all fertile soils, in different proportions, often amounting to a mere trace. In the majority of cases the percentage of magnesia is greater than that of the lime, but it does not seem capable of performing, to any appreciable extent the general function of lime in soil improvement. 38 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. • Sulphuric acid and chlorime occur very sparingly in most soils. From .02 to .04 per cent. of the former seems to be adequate to most soils. There does not exist any affinity between the quantities of lime and magnesia contained in soils and those of potash and of phosphoric acid. Nitrogen and Nitrates.—The natural sources of nitrogen in crops are the nitrates and ammonia Salts, which are Seldom present in large quantities, and should be used on or generated in the soil as rapidly as crops require them. The process of nitrification, whereby inert or unassimilable nitro- gen becomes converted into nitric acid, is thus of great importance to agriculturists. This is due to a minute bactarium present in all soils, whereby the humus and ammonia are oxidized and the nitrogen con- verted into nitric acid. This process does not take place unless the soil is moist and has ſree access of air, and Some base, generally lime, is pres- ent, with which the nitric acid can combine. Nitrification is thus most active in Summer, and ceases, apparently, in winter. In carrying on these investigations by the National Department of Ag- riculture, samples of thirty different Soils, taken from widely separated areas of the United States, were completely analyzed by the chemist, and three of these samples were of prairie soils from Dakota. The result of . the analysis of the samples from Dakota is given in full below: ANALYSIs of Ti(IVEE SAMPLES OF AIR-DRIRD DAKOTA SOILs. (By Edgar Richards, Chemist U. S. Department of Agriculture) ~& 8 ºz. As º ºs- - -- 2--~ * ~ **- - -º- ºr-- ~~~ * ~ * * * * *----e. * Samples. Component parts. * -- *-* -º-º: º ºrº-º- ºr w - - No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Percentage of: Hygroñcopic moisture................................... 6.275 7,800 7.700 Insolublo Bilica.......................................... 53.415 || 39.555 1Iydrated Silica............. . . . . . . . . . . 3 s a 4 s • * * * * * * * * * s • * 69,335 | 13.620 21.215 Soluble silica............................................. .490 .460 .485 Sesquioxide of iron Fe2O3........................... 4,096 || 4.608 3.264 Aluminia, Al2O3:......................................... 7.952 9,930 7.382 Phosphoric acid, P4O6................................ .112 ..I 12 .224 Lime, CaO................................................... .848 .852 3,898 Magnesia, MgO ............................................j .868. 1,535 | 2.007 fºotash, Kºć.............................................. .720 . .725 .745 §ia, Nađ............................................. .945 .640 | 1,550 Sulphuric acid, SOa.....................................: .120 .077 .163 Chlorine, Cl................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...} .027 .053 .078 Carbonic acid, COa....................................... .220 .104 2.530 Volatile and Organic matter.......................... 8.905 6,171 || 10.175 Total.........................….... 100.913 100.102 || 100.971 --- Nitrogen, Nº. * g g { } {} ºr a... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------ ...........! .324 i .179 414 The analysis leads to the following conclusions: - First. The remarkable adaptability of Dakota Soils to readily imbibe and retain moisture. Of all the samples analyzed by the chemist only one RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 39 exceeded in the percentage of hygroscopic moisture the lowest amount obtained from either of the Dakota soils, " .. , t Second. That, as regards silica in its soluble state, (and in this way only isit valuable as a source of plant food), the Dakota soils rank third on the list of the thirty samples analyzed, and are, therefore, particularly wéll adapted to the raising of cereal crops, which possess in a marked degree the capacity for feeding on silicates. And the same is true of the per- centage shown of hydrated silica, which represents that which is grad- ually availabie for plant food. Third. It contains the average of 4 per cent. of ferric oxide, valuable, because to its presence is chiefly due the retention of phosphoric acid, and because it tonds to make clay lands easier of tillage. Fourth. In the percentage of alumina or clay in the soil, the samples from Dakota, containing an average of Over 8 per cent., are again third on the list. Its presence is valuable as furnishing a supply of potash and be- cause it has the important property of absorbing and retaining phosphoric acid, ammonia, potash, lime, and other substances necessary for plant food. The chemist declares the light clay soil, containing from 6 to 10 per cent. of alumina, the best for Wheat. Fifth. It shows an abundant supply of phosphoric acid which the chemist says, “in general, even in the most fertile soils, is found in very minute quantities.” The percentage of phosphoric acid found in sample No. 3, is exceeded in but one of all the Soils analyzed. Sixth. The chemist lays down the rule that the percentage of lime in clay loams should not fall below .250 and in heavy clay soils not below .500. The analysis of the samples from Dakota, shows nearly double the last amount in all three instances, and in the case of Sample No. 3 it ranks first on the entire list as regards the percentage of lime. Seventh. It will be observed that the percentage of potash varies only slightly in the Dakota samples and is ample for all time to come. The chemist remarks that a soil containing .125 per cent. Should furnish potash for a century, and that high per cent. of potash makes up for a low per- centage of lime. The Dakota Samples show a percentage of potash of .720–, .725–, and .745. respectively. t Eighth. The analysis shows that the amount of nitrogen in the Dakota soil is very large, and agrees closely in the three samples and that it is rich enough in this necessary soil constituent for the continued raising of abundant crops. Two of the samples of prairie soils rank in this re- spect, third on the list analyzed. Ninth. The prairie soils contain a percentage of humus, or organic matter, greater than twenty-five out of the thirty Samples analyzed. The smallest percentage of humus obtained from an analysis of the three samples was, 6.171 and the greatest 10,175, whilst the famous black soil of . - the Ural mountains in Russia, contains but five to twelve per cent. In the most fertile of soils of this country, vegetable humus occurs only in small quantities. It is hygroscopic, i. e. greatly increases the water hold- 40 --- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. ** ing power of soils and enables them to withstand prolonged drought, be- sides furnishing våluable food supply for the growing plants. w To sum up, we find that the Territory is covered with a rich dark drift or alluvial loam, from one to four feet deep, underlayed with a clay sub- soil having the properties of holding moisture to a wonderful degree, which is given out as needed by the growing crops; that it contains an in- exhaustible supply of the most important Soil constituents, as Soluble silica, lime, potash, soda, phosphoric acid, nitrogen and vegetable humus, and will produce for a life time abundant crops under favorable climatic conditions, and that the soil of Dakota varies but little in the different localities. It would seem that it contains the proper percentage of plant constituents to give it the peculiar chemical composition requisite for producing cereals the richest in albuminoids and the life Sustaining pro- perties, for, by Government analysis, it has also been determined that Da- kota wheat and corn take the first rank as regards the percentage of albuminoids and nitrogen of any grown in the United States. It would further appear that Dakota Soil is a mixture of sand and clay in the proper proportions to bring about the ready absorption of the rainfall, and to cause the soil to be easily pulverized. The clay subsoil, also of the drift formation, is of inexhaustible depth and quite as fertile as the top soil. Through the effect of deep winter freezing and the rising of the moisture in the spring, the rich natural fertilizers of the subsoil are constantly being mixed with the top-soil, replacing those taken by the crops and thus assuring the farmers of Dakota in the possession of a soil, which is as nearly inexhaustible as any on the face of the globe. The fertility of the sub-soil has been practically demonstrated by growing on it alone, the most luxuriant vegetable growth. In addition to the Government analysis referred to, a section of Dakota soil was some time ago Subjected to a chemical analysis by Dr. A. P. Aitken, of Edinburgh, Scotland, analyst to the Grain Exchange of that city, who pronounced it the most interesting soil he had ever investigated. Ho particularly dwells upon the texture being such, as to permit of the rapid using of moisture from beneath, and declares that he demonstrated it by experiment, to be capable of raising water eighteen inches one day, “thus showing” as he says, “its suitability to withstand drought.” With regard to its fertility, he continues, “the amount of salts, soluble in water, is naturally greatest in the upper layer of the section submitted to him, but that the very slight diminution in the quantity of soluble salts in the lowest layer from that contained in the middle layer, indicates that even at great depth the Soil may be comparitively well supplied with salts, soluble in water, and immedietely available for the use of crops.” And also, as an important feature of the soil, the proportion of phosphoric acid, potash and lime actually increases with the depth, so that, as the superficial layer becomes exhausted, its fertaility will be replenished by stores of nourishment from beneath. The editor of the United States Med- $º: RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 41 ical Investigator of Chicago, himself a scientist who has given much time and thought to the study of the soils, writes as follows of Dakota: “The lands east of the Mississippi have had their saline ingredients washed ont and carried away to the ocean or under ground, and are now being tapped at Saginaw and other salt works. Dakota retains her valua- ble saline soil ingredients, chiefly, I judge, on account of the deep loam, numerous irregular strata of clay, and the level character of the surface. Some of it is undoubtedly being carried off by the many rivers, and more will be when cultivation becomes general. There is a current theory that the saline ingredients are chiefly due to the periodical prairie fires that have swept over the land, depositing an ash which, being absorbed, gives to the water its brackish character. That is true to a certain extent, yet I am of the opinion that the fires, like the washings of the water, les- sen rather than increase the amount of these peculiar Soda Soil ingredi- ents. The saline character is rather due, as We have intimated, to the sediment deposited from decomposed inorganic material in the ages lang syne. “The soil is evidently a glacial drift deposit, and, like portions of Switzer- land, is filled with vegetable matter many feet deep. There are no dis- tinct layers of either clay, sand or gravel. What the rock deposit beneath is, will be interesting to find out. “The soil will prove inexhaustible, and when the surface is unproductive deep sub-soil plowing will rejuvenate it by bringing to the surface valua- ble saline soil. The rolling land will therefore prove as valuable as the lower levels, while the low swales can be rendered productive by drain- ing or boring for several feet down. The fact that pockets of sand, gravel, clay and alluvial deposit are mixed, and that stumps of trees are found thirty feet below the surface, shows that the soil is something wonderful. It will interest students of geology, and those interested in continent formation, to visit this wonderful country. “When we come to study the soil water of Dakota, we shall see that this soil composition is undoubtedly very favorable to absorption and reten- tion of moisture. Sulphuric acid, it is well known to all chemists, absorbs moisture rapidly from the air. An open vial partially filled with sul- phuric acid will soon absorb enough water from the air to overflow the vial. Salt also absorbs moisture from the air. With these facts before him, the agricultural chemist would not be surprised that the soil, rich in the Sulphates and containing salts, would absorb and retain such moisture. “The fact that many of the lakes are in the higher regions would seem to indicate that the moisture is largely absorbed from the atmosphere. Soils which attract aerial moisture are found to contain sand, finely di- vided clay, carbonate of lime, and organic matter, all so lightly bound to- gether as to permit of the perfect access of air to a considerable depth. (Griffith's Chemistry of the Four Seasons.) Another thing which may 42 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. partially account for the moisture is the clouds hang low over a treeless, level country, which greatly favors precipitation. -X- % * % * * “The lightness and porosity of the freshly upturned soil of Dakota is a marvel to one who would expect sogginess from the luxuriant growth of grass. This lightness suggests sand and shallowness, but we see that it is a Salient feature of rich land. Nature has pursued a conservative course toward Dakota, enabling her to hoard her wealth, and her citizens should bear this ever in mind, so as to increase the treasury of this won- derful country. It will be years yet before this land will need enriching. There is no region that I know of with so generally rich a soil.” - The adaptability of the soil to readily absorb moisture is observed when one considers the splendid condition of our prairie roads, which are al- ways passable even after the heaviest of rain storms. They are never muddy and heavy, as results during the long rainy season of the Eastern States. Nearly the entire surface of the Territory consists of arable lands, with an easily tilled, rich, and productive soil, such as has been described. No clearing of trees or removing of stumps is necessary. The land lies open, in broad, fertile expanses awaiting the plow and the work of culti- vation. - …” REsources oF DAKOTA. 43 CLIMATE OF DAKOTA. Scarcely anything connected with Dakota is the subject of greater mis- conception than its climate. When one talks of a removal to Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin or Iowa, the climate of those prosperous and old settled states is not thought to offer an insurmountable objection; but the very moment Dakotais mentioned, whose boundaries are practically within the same latitudes as the states named, we are told of long dreary win- ters, terrible blizzards, and disastrous cyclones. It is difficult to under- stand in what manner the climate of the Territory came to be so misrepre- sented to our Eastern neighbors; certainly there never existed greater ignorance than is sometimes displayed, by the remarks of people and the press of the East, on the weather of Dakota. However, each year peo- ple are hearing more and more about the Territory; they are consulting the maps and weather reports, and the truth is gradually becoming known. They see that Dakota is in the same latitude as many of the most prosperous and well-to-do states of the Union; that many of her towns are no father north than the villages of Vermont, New Hampshiro, northern Iowa and New York, and that every one of hor cities compares favorably, in location, with those in the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Dakota contains millions of acres of land in identically the Same latitude as a portion of the great and flourishing state of Iowa, which state forms a part of the eastern boundary of the Territory, and millions of acres in a more Southern latitude than any within the state of Minnesota. Even if latitude were the only cause to determine the character of climate, Dakota is as favorably located as many of the states of the Union. But scientific investigation has demonstrated the fact that latitude is not the one factor that regulates the severity of the winter months. A number of cities located in the same latitude have a difference in their mean temperature for January, of from 12° to 75°, all brought about by the temperimg influences of streams of equatorial warmth, which are dis- tributed through the ocean currents. Great Britain would scarcely be habitable were it not for her proximity to these warm. ocean currents. The isothermal line (that is an imaginary line passing through points having the same mean annual temperature), of 40°-50° mean annual tem- perature, passes through the wheat countries of Russia, Austria and France, and, in the United States, runs westward through Tſarrisburg, 44 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - *~. Cleveland and Chicago, turns northward to St. Paul, and passes westward north of the northern boundary line of Dakota and Montana. The sudden trend of the isothermal line northward following the course of the Mis- Souri river, marks its meeting with the warm Japan currents known as “Chinook. winds,” which flow from the tropical waters of the Indian ocean, along the costs of Asia and Japan, through the Pacific ocean, and are finally distributed over the territories of Washington, Montana, and Takota, sensibly tempering the climate of the entire Northwest. The atmosphere is dry and devoid of any humidity during the winter months, and therefore it never penetrates and chills as does the damp at- mosphere of the Atlantic states. It is a fact borne out by the assertions of all the residents of the Territory, hailing, as they do, from all sections of the United States, that the winters of Dakota are no more severe and cause less suffering and inconvenience, than the Winters of the New Eng- land or Western states. The thermometer occasionally registers a very low temperature, and probably this is the cause of so much inexcusable mis- conception in regard to our climate; but the reader is assured that a tem- perature of 40° below zero, an exceptionally cold day of the winter, has no more terrors for a Dakotaian, than has the “norther ” of Texas or the daily snow storms of New England for the residents of those localities. The winters are cold, it is true, but the air is dry, pure and full of in- vigoration; and with every respiration one feels that he is drinking from the mythical spring of perpetual youth. Less snowfalls in Dakota during the winter than in the states east and south of us. As a general rule there is scarcely enough snow to make good sleighing. . The railroads of the Territory are very much less obstructed from snow than in any other lo- cality of the same latitude. Occasionally, Dakota is visited with unusually Severe weather, accompanied by a greater amount of snowfall, as was true during the winter of 1886–7; but such extreme visitations are the rare oc- currences that happen even to the most favored sections of the globe. The most disagreeable and uncomfortable days of the winter are not those indicated by the lowest temperature, as our Eastern friends would imagine. It is only when the wind blows strong from the northwest, full of fine par- ticles of snow, that the Dakotaian thinks of housing himself because of the inclemency of the weather. These storms, popularly known as bliz- zards, are quite severe, but fortunately are rare, and are always followed by days brighter and more Sunshiny if possible, than those of the stand- ard for this season of the year. The records of the National Weather Bureau prove the assertion that, in the winter months, Dakota enjoys more sunny days, (days when persons and teams are comfortable out of doors), than any of the states of the East. • The autumn is a delightful season, and is generally prolonged far into December; set cold weather rarely visiting us till after the holidays. The sudden breaking up of the winters is a very noticeable feature of Dakota weather. There is nome of that intermittent warfare between Boreas and the sun, resulting in a prolonged visitation of rain and wind, alternate RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 45. freezing and thawing, so common in the Eastern states, and dreaded al- ways as the most disagreeable season of the year. The winter breaks in March, usually, and is followed immediately by the warm, Sunny days of summer. Seeding and farm operations generally begin in the latter part of March, or early in April, and are seldom inter- rupted by the return of frost or snow. Occasionally, in the southern por- tion of the Territory, seeding is begun as early as February, and the fall plowing continued as late as December. There is little question but that the cultivation of the soil, the planting of trees, and the improvements of civilization, have already had a marked effect on the climate of Dakota. Some of the oldest settlers insist that, even within their time, these changes have been very decided, and that seeding is now begun a month earlier than formerly. The summer time is characterized by warm days and cool nights. Da- kota has established her claim to many advantages when the question of a home is being considered, and none is more universally admitted than her beautiful evenings and cool, pleasant nights. The day may have been a little too warm to be comfortable; the winds high and stormy, but at night all is calm and peaceful, and the tired laborer or weary invalid never fails of finding rest in the delightful hours of the cool, slumber- giving night season. In reality the pure, exhilarating, healthful climate of Dakota is one of the enchantments by means of which she holds irre- sistibly within her grasp, those who have enjoyed a residence within her boundaries, be it never so short. The visitor, who has once drunk deep draughts of this prairie oxygen, is under the charmer's spell, and can never again content himself to live without the Territory. The story of the prodigal’s return was never more truthfully represented than by those of our people who, having earned a competency, attempt to become reconciled to the old home in the East. The effort invariably ends in miserable failure and a return to the delightful climate of Dakota. This fact alone ought to be a sufficient argument to remove any doubts the reader may entertain in regard to our weather, Of cyclones and like disastrous storms, the people of Dakota have no fear. The investigations of the United States Signal Service declare us to be without the cyclone belt. Each year's record tells of death-dealing cyclones, of terrible floods, of forest fires, of drought and of earthquakes in neighboring states, and yet no one thinks of maligning those sections of the Union by oft repeated exaggerations of their misfortunes. But let Dakota be visited by the least of these disasters and there would fol- low such an outpouring of misrepresentation, topped with glaring head- lines, as would move the very world for sympathy. When the truth in regard to Dakota's climate shall become widely known, she will need no louder songs sung in her praise than will then be uttered by her present ignorant detractors. Intelligently investigated and understood, the healthfulness of the climate offers the strongest and weightiest of all in- ducements for settlement in our midst. 46 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. TABLES OF WEATHER REPORTS. Through the kind co-operation of the Chief Signal Officer, United States Army, nine stations of the United States Signal Service furnish each month to the Commissioner of Immigration, Dakota, a summary of their observa- tions. These stations are located as follows: Locality. Latitude. Longitude. Missouri Valley: / / / / // Yankton..................................................... 42 45 97 3 Huron........................................................ * 44 21 98 90 Fort Sully.................................................. 44 30 101 44 Extreme Northwest: - Moorhead.................................................. 46 51 96 50 St. Vincent............................................ . . . . 49 00 97 00 Fort Totten................ p e < e < e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 47 57 98 57 Bismarck................................................... 46 48 103 58 Fort Buford................................................ 48 30 100 38 Northern Slope: Deadwood.................................................. 44, 23 103 43 In addition to the data obtained from these regular reports this office has had the advantage, in preparing the weather statistics published in this volume, of consulting the most complete and elaborate set of Dakota weather records ever before compiled, covering, as they do, some thirty widely separated stations in the Territory and extending over a period, in some instances, of fifteen years. These valuable weather records were transcribed expressly for this work, under the direction of General Greely, Chief Signal Officer, Washington, from the original reports, filed in the War Department, of the post surgeons of all the Government posts estab- . . lished in Dakota since 1872; the reports of the various signal stations main- tained from time to time in the Territory, and the reports of Several vol- untary observers. - From these official and reliablé reports the following weather tables have been prepared with much labor and care. º, MEAN TEMPERATURE. - The mean monthly and annual temperature in Pakota for the periods and localities named below. | | . #328 || als 5 5 || 5 ||##| || Period d b > f : * h .* - --> t eriod cover s Stations. # 3 # - aii #| # 5 §§ od covered by reports -: - - * * } } I * - Y -> - = | # #| 5 * # | E. # # 3 # § 3 ; # (Dates inclusive.) * r l cº T. p | Q) * º | 5 || 3 || 3 | #| #| 5 | #| 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 | # 3333 | 9 || 8 || 3 || 9 is 3 Tº 2 is 1.2 . ... ." is *: Ft. Abercrombie..... -1.0 5.1'13 5'40.5'60.3 67.173.369.8'60.042.519.812.1' 37.2 July, 1874 to Oct., 1877. Record of post surgeon. (In . . . *...*::::::: ; ###############: ######| || '**'...i. & a p ºn. (Incomplete) exandria.............. 39 7.625.8 42.9 51.6 65.6 79.6 69.4 58.8 45.0;32. 1 (15.4 40.0 || April 1882 to Feb. 1884. “ voluntary Observer. Ft. Bennett.............. 9.3 15 1. 29.243 & 56.5 67.6 71.4 70.6 60.1 46.1|30.918.3 43.6 | Öğ. 1880 to Nov. 1885. £ 4 signal ..º er Bismarck ...... ......... 4 § 11.1 22.240.6 55.2 63.8 63.8 67.5 55.8 #3.6 ##|}}} 89.4 || Oct. 1874 to date. & £ • & - ; º … 3.211.5 23.9 $1.2 54.2 63.2 69.5 67.5 #####$!!...i 3.7 || July '74 to date. Record of p. s. prior to Jan. '79, sig. ser, since. #º • e º e º e - w tº s & s tº ſº e 21.0 ###. 39.9 49 8 59.7 65.3 ##########. #! | Jan. 1878 to date. . . ." signal serviee * • * * * * * * * * * * s e s at a ~ * * * * e s a e s 12.1 16 3 28.6 45.6 59.4 69.8 73.8 73.6 61.2 48.6 29.5'14.8, 44.7 || “ 1879 to May 1884. S. Hººj; ; ;#####################| || nº ºn. iower Brule Agency, 13.6% 733.543.1 #3 & #7% A.0 63.646.6%iš20.8, 46.2 || $º ºt, i.ec. 1878. Record of just surgeon ; ...}}}}}}} 31 142.5 55.2 65.5 72.0 71.2 §§ §§§ 44.5 || July is is ſo date. t & * . e orris Oll................. ; 17 8 14.4 26 5 45.5 66.5 72.0 ...... 180.0 69.0 - 5.5 2: i ------ D •c. 878 to A ) pil 1882. * { volun. Observer. IIl ###". i7 3.33.7 ± 5.53.6 73.273.9 º;;º | }.º.º. º. i. un. er. (Incomplete.) l . ........ ...... —5. I 1.3 13.6 35 4 52.762. 1 67.3 64.2 52.2 38. . 1; 4.5 34. ! M * * ... b{, G CO l’ * # fºliº *:: #: §§§§ 6.6%.4 #56 is 6 º #: ####| º; . }º Record of º and signal service, • lººk A. W., Wºº' - e s e a se e º 'º - a • we e s tº e a l .5 1 8 24.3 44.1 58.2 66.5 76.0 72 . () . . - 5. ().20.8% 41. | . . . 4 : ., 1878. “ & Richardtop ............. 0.4. 9.5.23.740.3 ; 4,643 66.365.3 55.8|46.7 29.0 11.5|| 39.0 March isº" { { voluntary observer. Ft. Seward * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1.8 6.0; 12.837.6 56.7159.7 70.7,67.6 ; : ; 17.1 11.3, 35.1 } July 1874 | O Allg 1877 Record Of post surgeon # ºssº..… 33 3321,542 #47 ºg #: 24.88.0 38.8 || $ºt jºg to da e.”" . . sº su-e-vº. #. A. tºyenson........... 38 9 6 19.7 38.8 53.5 63.0.69.966.2 54.3 41.6 23.3 9.9 36.8 July 1874 to May 1883. Record of p.s. to Feb. 1879, sig ser, to 1883. #. i.• s s & e s - e - e < e s a s sº łł 2 *:::::: #: ######## #: § ;: May 1872 to date. Record of signal service and post surgeon. • Qi tº 11...... .... . . . ; -1... ; , p.2, 1 b, a 34.8 pº. . I, 68.5, 60.0 00. - .4 . . . o. º Julv 1874 to date. “ p. s to Jan, 1884 signal service since. -Vermillion............... 5. • * 7 63.2"............... 2.5 48.337.0 27. () iſ ...... . ! ;: in ſº * * Af v * #ºlº; ######| || || ºf ºººººººº "º"). Webster. e tº e s s a g + c 4 º' s is sº is s a tº 1.3 9.0125.1 42.5 57.3 19.3 ſº $3.1 50.1 : 1 12-5, 42.0 li juiſe is82 to date. Record of voluntary observer. Yankton . ................ 14.119 929.945 4 59.5 68.5 73.571.8 61.3 49.4 32.2 20.4"| 45.5 April 1873 to date. i. ſ. si nal service. Ft. Yates s is a e º sº e s º w w e s sº e s s e 3.8 11.52.3 44.1 97.3 68.7 72.7 70.0 59.2 44.9 28.6 12.8 41 .6 Jan. 1882 to date. { % signal Service and post surgeon. º º; –40, 4.5'19.3 39.8 54.6 64.7 67.5 63 8 55.8 43.8 24.6, 9.0 37.0 Meall mont nry all r ; : ! . 4. annual tempera- ! 3.812.92.242.588.763.871.889.658,845.727.7 15.6 41.5 *Observations taken at Lead City from June to October, in- ture for Te-ritory ) | | | | | | | ! ; | clusive, 1878. NotE: The latest observations included in the abova calculations are those of December, 1886. 5 ,” Y - - - - 3 & - w - - - § - - t * - - 3. - - - * * * * - *. 48 RESOURCES OF DARCOTA. - - f * From the above table it will be seen that January is the coldest month | in the year in Dakota, and July the warmest. The weather is six degrees; warmer in February than January and nearly three degrees warmer in December than in January or February. The average temperature of of the three winter months in Dakota, covering a long period of years, is 11.8°. For the spring months the average temperature is 41.1°–or about the mean annual temperature of the Territory. In March the weather is nearly 12 degrees warmer than the preceding month, April 18 degrees warmer than March, and May 14 degrees warmer than April. The average temperature during the summer time is 69.1°. In June the weather grows Warmer by 9 degrees, and in July the maximum temperature of the season is reached, viz.: 71.8°. During August the thermometer begins to fall, and the average temperature of this month is 2 degrees and a fraction below that of July. The average temperáture during the fall is 3 degrees higher than during the three months of spring, viz.: 44.1°. In September the thermometer averages 10.8° lower than in August, October 13.1° below September, and November 18° lower than October. The following table, wherein the average state of the weather in Dakota, based on observations covering a period of fifteen years, is compared with the monthly and annual mean temperature of one of the New England and one of the Western states, shows that in no month of the year does the weather average so cold in Dakota as in either Minnesota or New Hampshire: t ": e H # 3 || # º: º' * | 2 | 3 || 3 || = #| 3 || 3 | * & # a £ | 3 || 3 || * #| 3 || 3 | H | *, * | *, É, 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || : 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 $ ſº | 3 | ºf = | # | # 1 + | } | dº | 2 | f || = O O O O O O ... O O O O O O O Dakota................... 6.8|12.9|24,242.556.765.871.869.658.845.727.7|15.6||41.5 Minnesota..............| 3.2.10.220.538.5:52.863.0|66.265.856.0|44.125.5||11.6||38.1 New Hampshire..... 6.1. 8.8 9.620.ſ 34.244.3|46.747.2|42.630.217.211.3||26.5 OCTOBER. TABLE SHOWING THE MEAN MONTHJY TEMPERATURE IN DAKOTA SINCE 1872 For the six months beginning with October and ending with March, at the several localities named below, ! | : - | f i | | ! . . . . . Mean tempera- Stations. 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 - 1885 1885 iure for month - : I : | # } | } | ! at each locality. O O O O . O O O | O O O | O O O o O . O Ft. Abercrombie...............................l.........'......... 47.9 45.3 38.8 38.0 |.........'......... '.…'… |......... ......... ......... ......... '......... ! 42.5 Ft. A. Lincoln........ .................................... |......... | 50.2 44.6 44.3 46.7 || 41.5 50.0 45.1 39.6 45.0 38.8 45.9 43.6 47.8 44.9 Alexandria............ ...........................!......... !.....…. |º]… º.º.º.º. ; * * * * * * * * * |ºg. | 473 , ſº ... ........ 45.0 Ft. Bennett................................................ !. ; e is e s is is a s a i s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '… 46.2 43.8 48.1 42.8 50.6 45.0 ...'...... 46.1 Bismarck ................................................... * * * s gº is ſº º ºr | 45.5 42.6 41.0 .42.9 40.2 || 48.8 42.5 40.5 45.3 40.4 46.5 43.0 47.3 43.6 Ft. Bu'ord ........................................................... 47.3 44.5 40.5 33.7 370 45.3 ſili | 38.6 14.0 38.6 43.5 £3.5 44.3 43.0 Deadwood .........................................l......... |…'…l…… 89.4 |......... 42 2 39.9 44.5 40.1 49.5 45.2 47.7 43.6 Ft. Hale...................................................... !......... '…l.…. …..…. 57.2 45.5 46.9 50.6 43.0 ......... ......... '.........: 48.6 Huron ........................................ ......l......... |~~ '.................. '• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '......... 44.8 48.9 43.9 49.6 43.2 50.7 46.8 Lower Brule Agency.........................|.........}......... |......... 49.4 45.8 44.4 46.8 ......... '…'…l.….….'… … ! ........ 46.6 Ft. Meade................................................... ... '.........'.................. ......... . . . . . . . . . . | 53.6 ± 47.6 ſ 12.7 ſº. 6 (39.9 18.7 13.3 : 3.} 46.5 Morriston ..........................................l......... '.…. '........................... ......... '......... '… '• . . . . . . . 54.0 ......... ......... ......... ......... '......... 54.0 Olivet ................................................'......... !.…. '…l.…. '......... 45 i || 47.0 35'ſ 43.9 A73 || 50 g . . . '......... i. 48.8 Pembina ........................................... '......... | 85.8 # 6 3.7 ||37 | }. # 44; 39.9 ; ; Hºgg. 86.1 ......... 38.6 45.4 | 38.9 Ft. Randall ........... ........................... '…'… 50.7 50.1 47.0 44.9 49.0 59.8 47.5 48.8 53.2 46.1 : 54.4 48.4 55.4 . 50, 5 Ft. Rice ............................................. |… tº º & a º e º 'º gº ' 49.2 45.8 41.6 45.8 40.7 ......... .........'......... ......... i...........;;…. !......... ‘...…. 44.6 Richardton ....................................... ; : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '......... ......... '......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........; 46.2 48.9 45.1 || 46.7 Ft. Seward........................................ '......... ... 44.4 |40.5 !! # 2..…. º:::::: '......... '......... ...;;…...::::::: ‘.........'......... '......... '......... | 41.7 Ft. Sisseton........................................ e = * * * * * * * '… ". . . . . . . . ." . . . . . . . . . 40.2 ......... 39 5 62 6 41 5 40.1 .. 45.5 40.2 46.8 42.6 49.1 . 44.8 Ft. Stevenson.................................... … 44.8 42.2 40 6 40.8 38.7 ° 45.7 40.7 38.1 42.5 .................. !......... ......... I 41.6 Ft. Sully............................................ 52.3 42.1 50.9 48.9 40.9 45.0 47.6 66.6 46.7 45.9 50.1 44.0 , 52.9, 47.7 33.0 48, 9 Ft. Totten..........................................'......... ....... 45.3 40.1 39.4 41.6 40.6 48 6 || 41.0 || 36.4 43.9 40.1 42.6 39.8 46.0 42.0 Vermillion..................................................'......... ......... '......... ......... ......... i... . . . . . . . .......... '......... }......... '......... ................... 48.8 ......... 48.8 Wºldsworth........................................l.................. 46.2 || 42.0 .................. |.…. '......... ‘......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . º: '…'… w 44.1 Webster .............................................!.................. i.................. .................. | " . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . . . '......... … &# 45.4 3.3 45.3 51.1 50, 1 Yankton...................................................... 46.5 49.8 47.2 45.2 46.9 47.8 58.9 46.0 || 48.8 53.0 46.0 53.9 46.8 5.3 49.4 Fu. Yates............................................'.........!......... !---...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ '• . . . . . . . . !...….. '......... 45.0 39.2 47.7 48.9 48.6 || 44.9 Fargo (Moorhead)..............................!........................... !......... { * * * * * * * * * '......... '......... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '… 45.8 40.0 44.3 40.6 48.4 | 48.8 Mean temp. each year for Territory ||—|| –––. | -——- ——- ——|--|--|------- ! . by months; and mean ñºly 52.8 41.5 47.3 44.4 41.7 48.8 42.2 58.7 | 48.8 48.0 47.8 41.5 48.5 44.6 48.6 : 45.7 temp. cove ing period of years... " i | | ! | -------- | } g z NOVEMIBIBR. TABLE SHOWING THE MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE–CONTINUED. i : i t | | - : ; ; Mean tempera- Stations, 1872 1873 187 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 | ture for month | ! | i | i | | i | . | at each locality. O || O o o o o o o o o o 'º Ft. Abercrombie................................l.........l......... Žs 1$7 183 lººkº.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.d.º.º.º.º.º. 19.3 Ft. A. Lincoln ............................................'......... 23.0 20.0 24.1 32.0 37.1 24.2 17.6 23.6 28.1 24.5 27.6 30.0 24.7 . 25.9 Alexa"dria ......................................................... |… … '......... '......... '......... !...…. '......... ‘......... 82.9 || 31.3 ......... !......... ......... 32, 1 Ft. Bennett .......................................l.................. '......... '.…. |… '......... lºgº. 22.7 30.4 30.9 30.4 31.7 33.6 ......... 30.9 Bismarck ............................................................ 17.7 | 16.8 20.2 29.6 36.6 28.6 19.6 , 24.7 27.3 26.1 29.0 30.8 24.8 25.5 Ft. Buford .................................................. 16.2 16.0 21.6 37.6 || 3 || || 3 || ||... . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; #9 #3 25.6 Dea Wood ..................................................'......... !......... . . . . . . . . . !.........'......... 37.2 82.9 20.9 30.9 32.3 | 84.2 36.1 : 41.0 29.3 32.8 Ft. Hale......................................................'......... ‘.......s. |......... |......... '.................. 31.5 21.6 80.2 || 32.3 || 31.8 ......... ......... ......... } 29,5 Huron …...................................................'......... • * * * * * * * * | & "A" ... • * - - - - - - - '… gº..................' 28.2 80.9 || 31.4 31.2 80.0 27.0 | 29.8 Jower Brule Agency .......................................... '.…. | 26.2 26.6 31.6 37.5 * * * * * * * * * !......... ......... …]… ...….'......... .........' 30.5 Ft. Meade ................................................... , - - - - - - - - - ‘......... '......... ......... '.................. 85.6 20.1 34.0 80.1 33.5 87.0 40.2, 80.6 32,6 Morriston ................................................... '......... '......... .........'............................ … '......... 85.5 i.........l......... '…'…'… 35.5 livet.... ...........................................'......... '..…. !.…. !......... ‘......... 80.1 86.9 31.8 21.1 29.8 31.1 |................... !.…. … | 80.0 £emºbiº;.…....….................[…] 16 2 4.4 1.4 #3 33.3 #9 28.3 #3 14.2 ......... 16.7 23.6 26.0 | 18.9 19.1 Ft. Randall.......................................l. ........ i......... 32.1 28.6 30.0 33.2 40.3 83.8 22.8 33.1 | 84.2 35.8 35.5 86.8 32.3 82.9 Ft. Rice...................................................... ......... 21.4 20.5 25.4 32.5 ......... '… |.…. '.........l......... [... ......'.........'.........'......... | 2ö. () Richardton .......................................l......... '......... ! . . . . . . . . . " * * * * * * * * * |…}.................. i......... !......... .........l.........] ......... 30.1 31.9 | 25.1 29.0 Ft. Seward.................................................. ......... 18.0 15.0 i 18.3 .................. '......... !......... ........., I • * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 1 Ft. Sisseton ....................................... .........'..................'…}… !.….! 25.5 | 18.5 22.1 25.6 26.9 27.2 28.4 24.4 24.8 Ft. Stevenson ....................................}......... .......... 17.3 15.5 20.0 27.0 85.4 27.0 19.3 i.21.9 26.0 |......... '.........'.........]......... 23.3 Ft. Stilly............................................ 24.5 35.1 26.2 24.4 28.3 31.9 39.3 : 31.8 21.1 29.6 || 31.4 || 32.5 34.2 33.5 30.0 80.8 Ft. Totten..........................................!.................. 15.0 13.0 | 16.7 25.9 83.9 23.2 15.4 18.3 25.2 20.9 24.6 26.0 | 19.8 21.4 Vermillion .......................................'......... .......... !......... ;......... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... '......... i.........'..................'......... ; 35.0 i 39.0 |......... 37, () Wadsworth ................................................ , - - - - - - - - - | 19.8 Tiš.8 .................. '......... !......... |. '.................. '..................'.................. 19.3 Webster ..................................................... • - - - - - - - ! - - - - - - - - - … i.........'......... ; :::::::: '......... '...…. '......... 33.3 33.0 34.9 31.4 23.0 31.1 Yankton............................................ [......... 86.4 30.5 26.1 27.2 31.6 88.9 34.7 23.5 | 82.4 #9 34.8 #3 $4.3 $9. 32.2 Ft. Yates ..........................................'......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !.........'......... '................... '.........'......... 27.7 27.5 29.2 31.8 || 26.9 28.6 Fargo (Moorhead) ............................. '......... .........---------- '......... '...i. |… … '…' … 25.2 23.2 25.8 27.8 21.7 24.6 Mean temp each year for Territory ) |--|--|--|--|-- T |— — . — * * - by months; and mean monthly $ 24.5 29.2 21.1 19.4 22.4 80.7 36.4 29.2 19.8 | 27.2 29.8 28.7 30.9 32.6 25.9 27.7 temp. covering period of years .. ) | | | } | | § 54 #|+|||“suba& go por lød ºuſſº.Aoo ºd tu?! 9. | 0'91 | gºgI , L'93 | 9 || || 8’I | 8，81 | Vºz| 8° 1, į 6，04ÁIųnuou ugºtų įgūtº suņuou! &q —||——--, — ）|—||X4O1țiu º J, J OJ J 80.\ \[õgº d U19) (It?? 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H CN P-4 | | L'8 || 6:03 || 0:03 ; 0:08 , 8º8 ; • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •8°88° 0%|Ź, ‘Z| || r- Z ’8 | g º II į 8 °6 | 8 "ZZ ; 9°Z • • • • • • • • • ' • • ► • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • H • § ø ± ø § ù •• • ! • • • • • • • • • + • • • • • • § → • ' • • • • • • • • • T-4 ~}. ES- OO r-i į ∞ș w • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ¶ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ź.8 + + → • • • • • • g”8Z , 6 '08| | ł • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 GS. . -H : c w w. • • • • • • • { & w & • ș • • • • º * s * g * g s & e W • • • } • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ; • • • • • • • • • ! } 9 " II º 3 *0- • • • • • • • • • • • • $’ſ， | | | | |ß · {/, '0 ĮĮg || 9:18 | g[ g] | ········· |!, "ZT8 *()| ſ ········ | 0° Og1. ^ OI| * * { } | } | | | | | i- ſº C Cº. T-4 cc ºh Gº º CN cic: oo ºf r is r-, -iodos tº tº rºtºcic, cio, 3:5, 33333 CN, CN r-ţ r-4 + • • • • • • • g • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • | | | | || |ſ:8.19，8%）, 9:8） | 3·ſz | sºgg , 9’IL ! | | ș • • • • • • • • Þ ºgg • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ! » • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •··········································tto isputoſt • • • • • • • • • + • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • ! = * * • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •ºp 80 JN}）{ 6 " LÓ• • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • b • • • • • • • • •· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Kottoſ; y�[n.IſI.(9 AAOTI ········· || 0-0g || … ·····|-- gºgº | 6 ‘gº’ ! & '8I | }, '9'I· ſääſſä，*********, ********* 6. řI Į L'ºz # 6 : II | * s - º 1，• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •· · · · · · · · · · ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • § → • • • • • • • • ! » º ^• • • • • • • § € * * * * • • • • ！! % • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •(I.O.Itſ H. ae }| RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. w- tº- “R CO ºf r-i Q OO CN CO CSI CN CŞı lab - Oo Aao to c Go CO OC c ºxo so ºf CO C CO | | | | ! } | | { | { | | ! { l.8 · 8I || 9° 91 | 6| '#·š···|.***...*..*…; † # # # # # # # į rot | gºg- !！!！!！!!！!！!！!！!！··············aruſſi }*9Ģº 9?, į 8 ’97, º 9 “Z& ! !,’ LI| 8 · 9I ſy ‘6I···································|························································ - poow puºq '8I| ģ-jº | §§ ' Żºłº į Š šº | &# # # # # ##º | §§ 6 ſi | Lºtz | zºor i gºzz | +-gr || ………|…|…………………………………… õiðjäſſä ‘ŞIZ * ſ;Z ’84 , 0 ºg§ * þI | Z “ZI|I’9Z | 6，8 | Z * I - || 9 ºf I i I'64 i Øſº9 | 1. ‘OZ | 8 ºg I！·········································· Mouetusțg ~* ŞI1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •† ‘69°6'I-8°04|6 * 08I-II··················|·········H··················• • • • • • • • •·················- - - - - - - … • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •ļņºtt i 19%,''}}[ ;ºg I|·········|··················0” LI|8' 8I|………Ź”TÄ （TÄTÄ "TÄÄ• • • • • • • • •]]• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •u țJput;ſººſ V -Źſ | $3）.'， # !! Ț ț）. ȚĮ Į 0'JI ŽŽŽ.）, g（3.i. 9?）. ¿¿.*）$|$$ || $1! } && ! !!8! [...]] [[{{{9?!!! !! Jy 3：ſ · *3I, ! ' oo ' ; oOo į o o , oO|o |†?|0.4L0 și| o|O0! QUUĽOl0.190ĮV ‘’ļJI ·······Ã¡¡¡Boot qobº |||||||{|||||- 18 ſiiſ ſă-șiți îõi || 9881 | gºgI , №881 ſ ºssi i ZSSI , ISSI : 0881 | 6181 · 8181 | 1181 | 918I gſ.81 | #181 | 8181 | 2181 |‘SUIOļļºņS åınjë 19đutøff ubøTN|||||!{ {·į{}||| *CISIONILNOO-GIMIQLVÆGIÐINGIL XTHLNOJN NV GIW GIHL ĐNIAAOHS GĒTĀVĪ ~ ~~--°{{{HºĪTWIÐHORFICI • • 52 JAIN.U.A.R.Y. TABLE SHOWING THE MIEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE-CONTINUED. for the month at . Mean temperature each locality...... 1887 1886 * £) 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 188 1877 1873 1874 1875 1876 ! . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. O ） • • • • • • • • • T • T • ， ， ， ， • T • （， `- T（ （ （ （ （ （ （ （, ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， • *** Cº CO O， cº <+ m^ <！ cº | lº § §&&: : : : : : : _^ , ， ， ?-, • • • r. Ją Dº - FEBRUARY. * TABLE SHOWING THE MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE–CoNTINUED. Stations. q) +? ' →{ ± & !|} £3} ~5~rſ�|· 233E ??}} Řăș| №gº??????????????????????? |? ©• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •� maes op tº iſºs o o co «o cºn eo o - č#5 § 5 ğ# } Q9 ， Q)| ă___|___ …-…--~ -…- .---&----+ … ---- « ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~* * • • • •~~** ~ ~ ~ ~-*---- ſ>; : : : «o o <ſ : «o : : : : ： : : : : : : : * ;º ſº ſº CC)O •�● ● » « » º .T. & & * & * º *• .� & ，3 Cº) uſò uſò • CYS) • • •+---+ » +=} | p=-{ §3: : : : J j ++ : : : : : i : : : : : : : ： :+ : | | : : ： ： :wo : • c\, r−+ c^ \ c\ ！ ! ! !| r={; ; ; ; ;į . ]y r-4 || C^: Oo <+ ++ co o， co <> <> :o) :: ： :uſ) CY№ < C №-cºq cºq <++ c) | +---+ 38O : uae oš ºd tº <ſºos cºi cae : <ſ :(~ : : : ae cº no o！=+ b^- C CN | < > ſ=ſ.r=\ r=-{r-+ +-+ +-+ .: i-ſ :++ :u r-i.ſ-º ſ-º r={}={ *— ——————— ——. --'--' — .- - ~---- CN; co ; d. – + 1^ Go tº : c： ; — — \~> ; ; ; c ） IC， I º C; 33O : œö : <ři oš oš ºeſ -i : : r-i os cº cºś cº : : : : a） cº maš• • H • <ſ> | ► y={:+-+ +-+ CN +--+ .: : cºſì r-+ +-+ .: : :r-+: +-+r-+ ©: oºoo o sº oo ; ; cº ſº º cº ; ; ; º cº − tº $ $ $ c } } | c O : ºs<ſì cºi + <# : ; <ſ : cº º rºč : : : — cºi ~º uºs; ： ;~ ! %3-+ +-+ CNĮ CNA: cºq : cº! 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TABLE SHOWING THE MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE–CoNCLUDED. t | . . : ! h º | | : : Mean temperature Stations. 1878 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882° 1883 1884 1885; 1886 1887, for the nonth at i | i - + i t i : it each locality. | | | ; i - } - Ft. Abercrombie .............................. '.......'....... 134 161 ; 16.9 ....................................................................." 18°5 Ft. A. Lincoln................................... '......... --------- 15.6 13.8 20.2 : 40.1 24.0 15.9 24.3 20.5 20.6 18.5 23.4 23.8 ......... 21.7 = Alexandrin. ....................................... '… … !...….. … '......... '......... '• • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - … 25.8 ......... '.........'......... * * * * * * * * * 25.8 Ft. Pennett. ...................................... '......... … … … 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ......... ......... 24.3 81.9 29.8 27.5 32.7 ......... |-º-º: 29.2 Bismarck .......................................... '… ......... 15.1 12.2 : 19.0 40.2 24.2 19.4 23.5 22.1 21.4 19.7 25.7 24.2 24.9 22.4 Ft. Buford ........................................ … , - . . . . . . . . . 15.6 13.4 21.1 : 37.9 23.3 18.0 27.4 23.2 22.1 : 19.6 28.7 26.2 27.0 23.8 Deadwood ........................................ '…….… 37.5 84.8 25.7 32.0 31.6 32.5 27.5 33.1 : 29.6 86.5 32.1 Ft Hale............................................. !......... ......... … '......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 36.1 26.3 ; 21.8 32.7 27.9 27.6 ......... '• • . . . . . . . ! - - - - - - - - - 28.6 *uron ............................................... '......... ......... ......... … '......... '.........'.........'......... … 80.0 27.5 25.7 80.0 26.6 80.5 28.4 Lower Brule Agen C. ........................ '......... '......... |......... | 18.9 24.4 43.5 '......... ......... ‘...…. ......... .........'......... '......... '• . . . . . . . . ‘......... } 28.9 F. Mead.............................................. º. 3.; 33.3','º','!'}éâ’’īāºši. 31.1 Morriston.......................................... '.…. !......... !......... !.….. !......... ......... '•' ....... --------- 26.5 ................... !...….....…......... lº. 26.5 Olivet ............................................... !… '.................. ......... i......... 42.1 ! 35.5 28.8 19.9 32.0 '.................. '......... '......... … | 31.7 Pembina........................................... 12.5, 10.8 11.4 6.8, 8.6, 36.0 15.9 8.4 18.3 : 13.9 8.6 8.3 14.4 || 16.9 16.1 13.8 Ft. Randall....................................... '......... … 25.3 23.0 29.2 44.8 88.2 80.8 22.9 85.9 31.6 29.8 34.6 80.0 ......... | 31.3 Ft. Rice “.......................................... .......... … 17.9 15.7 22.7 ° 41.0 ........................... .........!. * - - - - - - e. ‘.........i. 24.3 Richardton....................................... '......... '......... !......... |…. | - - - - - - - - ºf… |--------- 20.8 25.6 24.7 : ........ ! 28.7 Ft. Seward ....................................... |~~~ … | 12.9 10.0 #3-4 lºgº. '… '….. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '-----------------........... '......... 12.8 Ft. Sisseton.........................................'................ | “...”3 '… 15.1 88.9 25.2 18.2 18.2 ; 20.4 18.3 17.1 22.7 23.4 . 21.8 Ft. Stevenson.................................... [... '• . . . . . . . . 14.8 12.8 15.8 88.4 18.5 15.5 23.8 20.4 17.8 .................. '......... ;-- ‘...... 19.7 Ft. Sully............................................ 82.4 27.7 22.3 13.3 23.8 44.5 33.6 23.3 22.4 $2.4 30.9 27.2 34.9 28.7 …, t 28.9 Ft. Totten ......................................... - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . ; 10.9 9.2 : 11.6 37.8 19.6 12.5 20.6 15.4 11.6 13.3 17.7 17.5 19.0 16.7 Vermillion ....................................... |-----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '............…. '....…. ......... !......... ‘................... |......... .......... { w w ł w w w w e & 29.0 ......... ; 29.0 Wadsworth ......................................................... 15.4, 18.0 ......... '......... i......... i.…. … º '.....….'.........'......... ; : 14.2 Webster ............................................ '................... !.....…. … !.…..... i....…. '......... , sº * * * * * * * * '......... '......... 25.4 18.8 27.6 28.6 . | 25, 1 Yankton............................................ !.........: 80.8 28.8 20.0 26.6 43.5 36.4 30.9 22.5 34.4 29.5 29.9 33.2 23.1 : 34.4 30.2 Ft. Yates .......................................... |.…. |......... * = • * * * * * * * ! --------. '......... --------. ......... ‘. . . . . . . . . ........., 25.7 24.8 21.1 27.8 26.9 ......... }} 25.3 Fargo (Moorhead)............................. '......... !----..... i....…. '......... i.…. !......... |......... !......... 18.8 19.4 14.1 14.7 22.5 28.9 22.0 19.3 Mean temp each year for Territory) f | ; — — . ! * } —— - | "— ! ----|-- by mouths; and mean º 22.4 23.1 | 16.5 13.9 19.3 40.4 i 28.3 21.9 23.6 26.6 23.6 21.9 27.4 ; 25.8 26.8 24.2 temp. covering period of years... { i - | : } t { - - t w NOTE–Im the preceding tables the months of October, November and December include observations to the close of the year 1886; the months of January, February and March include the weather observations (as iar as reported) for 1887. 2- * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 55 The following interesting facts are gathered from the foregoing records: January and February, 1875, were the coldest months experienced in the Territory during a period of fifteen years. The years 1878 and 1880 were remarkable for an average temperature in January but a few degrees be- low the usual weather of the month of March. In 1876 we had the coldest March in fifteen years, and 1878 the warmest. December, 1879, was the coldest December covering the same period, and 1877 the warmest. In 1875 we had the severest weather for November, 1878 the mildest. The month of October in Dakota is noted for the wonderful evenness of its temperature, there having been a variation since 1872 of but eight de- grees above and four degrees and a fraction below the average mean for this month. - The average temperature of the weather in Dakota for the six months beginning with October of one year and ending with March of the next, for the fourteen seasons since 1872, has been as follows: ** 1872-3................................ 25.5° 1880-1,............................... 18.0° 1873-4................................ 22.0 1881-2................................26.8 1874-5................................ 15.0 1882-3................................ 21.1 1875-6 ............................... 19.5 | 1883–4......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 1876–7................................ 20.8 1884-5................................ 20.6 1877-8................................ 32.0 1885–6................ Tº e e s a e s w = e º 'º e s e e 24.0 1878-9................................ 23.9 1886-7................................ 17.9 1879–80.............................. 23.7 Mean average for fifteen years.............................................21.8 The winters of 1874–5 and 1886–7 were the coldest, and the winter of 1877–8 the mildest during the period covered by these observations. TABLE SHOWING DEPTII of sNow.FALL IN INCHES, IN DAKOTA, During the winter m \nths of 1883–7, as compared with some of the states. (Compiled from the records of the United States Signal Service.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - -- --- - SH 1 December, January, February, . É 5 1886. 1887. 1877. #: . States. ### Snowfall Snowfall Snowfall || E3 29: in inches. in inches. in inches. 3 Ú/2 - H -- Dakota......................... 9.8 21.0 17.0 47.8 New York.................... 15.7 23.9 16.1 55.7 Connecticut.................. 18.8 25.4 16.3 60.5 Michigan...................... 17.6 21.5 21.9 61.() Massachusetts.............. 19.7 25.3 18.9 63.9 , Maine .......................... 24.5 28.7 32.8 | 86.0 New Hampshire............ 27.9 28.3 29.8 S6.() Vermont............... .* s a s e e a 21.5 31.1 34.6 87.2 Notwithstanding the fact that the winter of 1886–7 was one of the coldest in the history of the Territory, and was noted for the unusual number of its Snow Storms, yet the Government records show that less snow fell in Dakota during that season than in many of the states of the East, the snow- fall in some of the states being nearly double that of Dakota. 5ſ; RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Amid the states of the Union none takes higher rank in wealth and com- mercial importance than New York, Connecticut, Michigan and Massa- chusetts, notwithstanding the occurrence in each, during the winter months, of occasional heavy snow storms. Dakota, with the richest agri- cultural lands in the world, and undeveloped mineral and manufactur- ing resources of the greatest magnitude, with a more favorable climate than these wealthy and prosperous commonwealths, will continue in the line of rapid growth and development, such as has marked the beginning of her history, until she has reached her rightful position of the firstState in importance in the Northwest. UNMEITEI) SN () W. Table showing depth of unmelted snow on the ground in Dakota at the end of the Month of March, 1887, as compared with some of the states, (Compiled from re ords of the United States Signal Service.) | }} } Inches.| Inches. Inches. --- - --- " – - - - - - - - - - - Dakota ............ 1.0 Michigan......... 4.8 ||New York......... 12.9 Minnesota ... ... 2.0 iſ Pennsylvania. .. 6.3 N ew Hampshire 17.0 !ºwa ............... | 3: Massachusetts. I2.0 Connecticut...... 26.0 Wisconsin........] 3.3 |Min. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12.3 || Vermont........... 35.2 The spring season opens early and without that lingering hesitancy which causes so much misery and discomfort in other places. In proof of this one has only to compare the amount of snow remaining on the ground in Dakota at the end of March, after the severe winter of 1886–7, (the second coldest season in fifteen years), with other localties, as shown by the pre- ceding table. CLEAR, FAIR AND CLOUDY DAYS IN DAKOTA. Table showing the number of clear, fair and cloudy days in Dakota during each month of the year 1886, as shown by observations at the U. S. Signal Service Stations in the Territory. January. || Fobruary. March. April. May. June. stations || # e à à 3. § # : | | | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 : ; ; ; ; 3 : ; ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; 3 º || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 8 || 3 |& || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 O } ºr O ||O || ſº | C ||O | Prº | C || O ºr |O || O | Prº || O || O || R. O iſNo No. No. iſ No No. No.I. No No.[No.ſ No. [No. [Noſ. No. (No. No. iiNo.INo. No Yankton....|| 8 || 15| 8 || 12 12| 4 || 0 | 10| 12|| 10| 13| 7 22, 1|| 12| 15| 3 IDeadwood. || 14! 14 § 13| 11 4|| 9 || 14 8, 15|| 7 || 12 16|| 3 || 18| 10| 2 Huron ...... 8, 18| 5 || 6, 17| 5 || 4 16 1 9| 12| 9 8| 20, 3|| 15, 10, 5 Ft. Sully....}}.....!............ | 6, 13 g|...............||......]...]... - a w tº a s e : * * * * - - - - - - - - - 12| 18| 0 Bismarčk...|| 9, 17| 5 || 7 16 5|| 9, 11 11|| 12 10| 8 || 11 18| 2 | 7| 20 3 Ft. Buford. || 3: 21 7 || 2: 16| 10|| 4 || 16 11|| 12| 11 7 5] 17 9 4| 17 9 Ft. Totte In...|| 12| 14 5|| 6 || 14 8| | |0 # 9|| 12; 7| 11 || 10! 18, 8|| 10! 15 5 A wn. .| * º . |Fº º .* 10. *ººº| Wis p º 3sº RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 57 CLEAR, FAIR AND CLOUDY DAYS IN DAKOTA-Continued. July. August. September. || October. || November.|| December. Stations. º, * 2. 2. 2, :- H 'E || k} | . . . 'E || tº 'C | f : "C : . . . . "C t . . . . "C º $–t d cº $–4 2. : gº 2-3 || cº $- F; ; ; c3 t— 3 iſ cº $—s ~ 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 | < || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 3. 3 || 3 O | Pº O || O | H | C || 5 | H | C || C F | C | O | ſ= | C || C | Pº O | No. (No. [No.HNo.INo.ſ Nofino. No. in o, No. No. No||No. No. No!, No. No. No Yankton....|| 12 17| 2 || 10, 17| 4|| 14 10| 6 || 16 10| 5 || 11 13 6|| 9 13; 9 Deadwood. || 17; 9 5 || 21| 10| 0 || 19| 9| 2 | 19: 8| 4 || 12| 12 6; 9| 20: 2 Huron ...... 13| 15| 3 || 10| 18, 3}} 10| 15|| 5 | 18, 9} 4} 10| 12: 81; 10 18; 3 Ft. Sully....||...... | a tº g g º sº i..... 18; 11! 2: ......!......l.....!!......!......l. ...!'......'......!.. ... [......}...... * = ± 6 & Bismarck...|| 14; 16|| 1 || 11 17| 3 || II 17| 2 | 16; 11; 4|| 10; 14| 6 || 9, 18; 4 Ft. ºld. 5 24| 2 || ii. 17 § 9; 13 3 | "g 14 § 7, 16 4; 6 13ſ 7 Ft. Totten...]; 14 16| 1 || 15 16 OH 13 12 5 9, 11 11|| 13 12 5' 7, 20 4 avenwºº zºº ** **** sº ... } , , | | iſ | No country in the world can compare with Dakota in the way of clear, bright, sunshiny weather. Three hundred and two days of the year 1886 (and during 1886 we had more disagreeable weather than for many years previous)? were classed by the observers as either fair or clear,leaving but sixty-three days, or an average of only five to each month, which could be called cloudy or stormy. These were distributed throughout the four seasons as follows: winter, 17 cloudy or stormy days; spring, 22; sum- mer, 8; fall, 16. C() MI’ARATI \' lº TABLIC, Table showing the number of clear, fair and cloudy days in Dakota during the year 1886, in comparison with some of the states. (Compiled from the records of the U. S. Signal () lice.) Cloudy Clear Fair T. Days. Days. Days. Total. No. No. No. No. Dakota.................. ................... 62.9 126.7 175.4 ) ............ Nebraska.................................. | ($7.0 124.() 174.0 . . ............ Rhode Island............................. 81.8 122.2 161.0 ||............ Kansas...................................... | 83.7 135.0 146.3 ||............ Minnesota............................ .....: 97.2 106.0 161.8 ............ Illinois...................................... 102.4 115.4 147.2 i ! ............ Connecticut....... * * * * * * g tº e º 'º gº tº a 6 g º º # = e º ºr g | 103.3 113.3 148.4 | | ............ Wisconsin................................ | 109.1 96.8 159.1 | | ............ Iowa...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is e º 'º e º 'º a º e g º a s e º g 118.() 93.3 153.7 365.() Pennsylvania............................. 118.8 1()(3.2 140.0 | | ............ Massachusetts........................... 128.() | ()3.0 134.0 | | ............ Indiana..................................... 128.1 94.5 142.4 | | ............ Maine...... .................... * * * * * * * * * * * * 129.5 92.8 143.2 | | ............ Ohio.......................................... T 30.8 90.4 143.8 | | ............ Michigan...................... tº º ºr r * g e º 'º e º 'º' 135.3 83.1 : 146.6 || ............ New York................................. 153.5 76.1 : 135.4 | | ............ New Hampshire........................ 163.6 79.2 : 122.2 J ............ PRECIPITATION. The average monthly and annual precipitation (rainfall and melted Snow), in Dakota, for the periods and localities named below. | : . & ! = E & ... • } 5 5 || 5 || 2:3 | & * ... r. ... ' - . . . . . $ = c = } Period covered by reports. Stations : as • | # Tº ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . . *e. w | 3 || 5 || 5 | = . . . ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; 5 || 5 || 3:3: 5 : * : E g à £ # #| § : § | 3 # - 5, (Dates inclusive.) 3 || 3 || 5 | # # = | = . . . ; # 3 || 3 | ##33. in. in. in. in. in. 131, in . in. In in. 11 in in . " º Ft. Abercrombie...... 0.50 0.09 0.63 1.70 I 801.73 1.79 2.18 1.85 0 37 0.60'0 52 13 76 July 1874 to Oct. 1877. Record of post surgeon. (Incomplete.) Ft. A. Lincoln ......... 0.44 0. 64 0.84 2 30 2.45 2.96 1.75 2 14 0 801.04 () 49 0 79 16.95 July 1874 to date. * { * * * { Ales andria............... 0.28 1.07 1.12 3.86 3.474.20 5.26 3 20 1,182 41 0.400 8 30 54 March 1883 to Feb, 1884. “ Voluntary Observer. Ft. Bennett .............. 0.73 0.641 0, 2.20 2.58 3.97 2.17 221 1.240 69 0.29 0.45 17 85 i (ºct. 1880 to Nov. 1885. § { Signal serivee. Bismarck................. 0.54 0.64 1.05 2.78 2.91 3.40 2.28 2 60 1.24 J 19 0 750 77 20, 10 , () ct. 1874 to date. s & tº e { { Ft. Buford............. 0.55 0.45 0.50 1.28 2 32 2.79 1 75 1620. 72 0.960 49 0 65 13 91 July 1874 to date. Record of p. s prior to Jan. 1879, s. s. since. Deadwood................ 1.04 1.26 1 99 5.024.70 3.69 2.33 2 12 1.88 1841 85 1 50 28 23 | , an 1878 to date, £ a signal service.* Firesteel .................. 0.55 0 28 5.18 2. 12. 3.87 2.92 4 38 2 92 3.10.1.000, 780 32 27 60 Feb. 1875 to June 1877. Record of voluntary observer. Ft. Hºle ................... 0.39.1.09 0.97 1.43 3.00 3.71 2 39 2 52 0 702 32 0 , 50 49 19 62 Jan. 1879 to May 1834. { { post surgeon. Huron...................... 0.21'0.3t 0.70 2.72 3.734. 144 323 371 851 86 0 66 0 39 23 65 if July 1881 to date. * { signal service. Lower Brule Agency 0.20 Q. 18,0.82 I-8; 1.8, 1803 272 91; 919 tº Q 34 Q 79 13.1% | Sept. 1875 to Dec. 1878. “ post SurgColl. Ft. Meade. .............. 0.71.0.561. 18 2.80 4.48 2.7:1 98|| 82 0.490 730 51 0 49 19.22 July 1879 to d: te. * { { % • { - Morriston ........... ..... 0.58.1.281.36.2 174.264.69.4513 442,171.97 Q 52 1 04 || 31 03 || July 1877 to July 1884. “ voluntary observer, Olivet ...................... 0.841. 14:0.942.51 4.864.57.2 933 02:2 142 30 0.34 1 26 26.56 || June 1877 to Nov. 1882. “ § º < * Pembina .... -.......... 0.460.761.001.59 2.9, 3.7812 532 341.521.671 42 0.99 21.91 | July 1874 to date. tº ſº post surgeon and signal service. Ft. Ralldall ... ........... 0.44 Öğli. 5; 2.74 4.36 5.183 673 0212.391 830 à 1 83 28 93 || July 1874 to date, § { & & { { Ft. Rice.................... 0.24:1.2211.04 8.60 4, 15 2.64 1 51 1 10 1.391 24 0 900 73, 15.01 || July 1874 to Oct. 1878. “ & { { (Incomplete.) Richardton .............{1.500.87, 1.00 3.41 2.65 4.206 98 3 53 1 300 830 93 0 97|| 28. 17 || Feb, 1884 to date. s { voluntary observer. Ft. Seward............. 0.050.110.89 1.15 3.23 3.37 87 1.781 57 0 65 008 Q 10|| 15 08 || July 1874 to Aug. 1877. “ post Surgeon, Ft. Sisseton .......... ... '0.37;0.401.05 2.14 2.63 3.58 3.46 2.37 1.37 1 990 61 §§ 17 23 iſ Sept. 1876 to date. * { & 8 * { Ft. Stevenson ........... 0.870.441.09 1.34 2.33 4. 131 702 911 40 0.960 49 043; 19 11 || July 1874 to May 1883. “ p. S., to Feb. 1879, s. s. to 1883, Ft. Sully...................'0,420.88,0.72 1.95 2.77 3.423 06 2.13 094 0 630 48 0 59|| 17 39 || July 1874 to date. { * signal service and post surgeon. Vermillion............... .96,0.40.1.30 2.97 1.69 2.88 2.35 387 218 1 #8 1 35 Q 52; 19 19 || Jan 1884 to date. # * voluntary oliserver (Incomplete) Ft. Wadsworth: ; 0.458 2.65 2.35 2 26 1871 95 4 12 1 33 1 631 45 2 19; 25.73 July 1874 to Aug. 1876. “ post Surgeon. Webster....................1.5852.89 2.46 4.87 6. 18.7.24 6 30 2.533 18 4 34 1862 11 || 44 61 || June 1882 to date. & B Vo unitary observer. Yankton................... 0 560.821.29 3.394.454 81 3 74 3.052 93 1.66 0 67 0.72; 28.43 April 1813 to date. § { Signal Service. Ft Yates.................. 0.340.230.46 1.84 1.51 3.342 571 87 0.750 50 0.32 0 57|| 14.27 | Jan. 1882 to date. & - ſº tº # 4 and post surgeon Fargo (Moorhead) ... 0.730.920.80 2.39 2.97.4 374 85 3 42.1 95.2 77 1.:2 0.78, 27.17 Jan. 1881 to date. { { $ $ Ft. Tºº 0.570.90 1.59 2,708.402 402 87.1.031 39 0 68 0 62. 18, 34 Ju y 1874 to date. § { p. S. to Jan. 1884, sig. Ser. Singe. Mean monthly and ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — . —— - - annual jº. ! 0.7.0.72128250 3.208.648.102,651.591,470.71,0.81. 22.35 *Observations taken at Lead City from June to Oct. inc., 1878. tion for Territory.. | | | | | : | e NoTE : The latest observations included in the above calculations are those of December, 1886. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 59 Beginning with January, in Dakota, the month of the year when the least moisture is precipitated, there is a slight increase of snowfall in February, which is nearly doubled in quantity by the rain and snowfall of March. In April the average rainfall is 2.50 inches, or twice the depth of moisture falling in the preceding month. This is increased 30 per cent. in May, the average precipitation of the month being 3.20 inches, while in June, at just the time the rainfall is most needed to benefit the growing crops in this region of late harvests, the maximum precipitation during any single month of the year is reached, averaging 3.64 inches. During the last half of the year the amount of moisture precipitated each month lessens in about the same ratio as it increases during the first half. By seasons we have the following result: In the winter months the total precipitation averages 2.25 inches; in the Spring, 6.96 inches; in the sum- mer, 9.39 inches, and in the fall 3.77 inches. APRIL. TABLE SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION (RAINFALL), IN DAKOTA During the growing months, covering a period of years, at the several localities, as named below. - y -- ! | Mean rainfall for Stations. 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 | the month for i - ! i | i | . | each locality. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in in. Ft. Abercrombie........................................ [......... -º-º: '......... 1.70 |........ : • * * * * * * * * : - - - - - - - - - ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ‘.........] .........'.........l......... ! --------. | 1.70 Ft. A. Lincoln................................. ‘.........!......... 1.95 1.54 || 4.42 2.15 ......... 1.75 0.60 3.20 2.40 | 1.88 4.00 | 1.44 i.........}. 2.30 Alexandria......................................' ........l.................. .........l.........]-.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4.42 3.30 |.................. • * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . ; 3.86 F. Bennett.......................................' .......l.................. . .........l.........!-----------....... ... 0 93 3.04 2.82 2.35 | 1.84 i...... …! 2. 20 Bismarck .................................. ...... '......... [...------. 4.22 2.77 | 1.32 5.71 2.60 3.65 | 1.02 || 3.56 1 57 2 20 8.21 | 1.49 : 1.52 : 2.68 Ft. Buford................ .................... ..…. ........ 1 83 0.10 0.13 | 1.85 2 75 0.74 || 1 34 || 0.94 0 48 | 1.30 | 1.71 2.25 1.09 1.27 Deadwood ............................................... … [… 8 77 7.69 1.57 2.05 || 7 31 5.69 2.29 3.11 6 72 6.47 | 5. 17 Firesteel..........................................'......... - - - - - - - - - | 2.00 1.65 || 2.60 |......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '-----------------------...-H......... }......... º 2.08 Ft. Hale........................... .................................. i.-------> ---------|- . . . . . . . . . . . . -----. 1.50 0.42 || 0 60 2.04 1.94 2.07 .................. [......... | 1.43 Huron....................................... … [.........]… |......... " * - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - } • * * * * * * * * : * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.18 2. 14 2.70 | 1.06 3.52 3.72 2.89 lower Brule Agency....................... & e g º º a 9 º' & 4 * * * * * * * * '......... 0.18 2.00 || 3,44 ................... w tº e º e º & as s º is a s & tº i.........'......... * * * * * * * : * * * * * s é º & { 1.86 Ft. Meade.......................................l-................ ! - - - - - - - - - …l…]… 0.75 | 1.10 || 4 77 4.50 5.04 1.30 2.17 ......... 2.80 Morriston.................................................. ...................'......... 4 90 1, 20 | 1.70 | 1.00 4.30 2.70 || 3.60 i.................. ! - - - - - - - - - 2.77 Olivet ............................................. ......... ---------! ---------' . . . . . . . . . ] --------- 4.96 i 1 20 | 0.31 || 2 45 || 3.64 ......... }......... ! -------- . ......." 2.51 Pembina.......................................... 0.27 0.15 0 47 || 0 49 || 0 68 || 5 78 0.34 0.59 || 0 70 0.50 | 1.67 1.86 5.90 2.85 | 1.48 1, 58 Ft. Randall .................................... * * g e g º ºs º g : * * * * * * * * * | 1.60 2.07 || 4.35 | 6 30 2 42 1.07 || 2.05 || 3.40 | 1.70 | 2.80 || 1 78 || 3.89 |......... 2.74 Ft Rice............................................!.........l......... | 3.8 0.21 |......... 7.28 ...------|---------|---------|..................................... ................. 3. 60 Richardton............... ....... ......................................... '… • * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * '......... s = e º 'º e s is a tº e º 'º e º 'º is ºs I e º e s a e s e a | * * * * * * * * * 4.02 3.80 2.40 |......... 3.41 Ft. Seward................................................l......... 0 30 2.28 0.93||......... !..................l......... tº e º ºs e º 'º º 'º 3 º' gº e º ºs º ºs º g '.....…. * = < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * 1.15 Ft. Sisseton. .............. .................... .........l.................. …: 1.74 || 3:09 | 1.30 -::::::: 1.80 || 2 46 1.12 1.26 | 1.83 || 3.06 |......... 2.14 Ft. Stevenson...................................'.........'......... 0.26 1.80 || 0 99 || 0 69 2.67 66 ( 0.60 8.25 i 1.44 '.........}, ................ }......... 1.32 Ft. Sully ......................................... 1.06 || 0.21 | 1.60 1.07 || 4.14 3.91 1.20 1.71 1.00 2 56 2 68 0.14 2.38 || 3.62 ......... 1.95 Rt. Totten........................................................ 1.54 0.42 0.47 5.19 0.14 0.62 0.30 2.40 || 1 71 2.38 3.07 || 0.85 0.63 1.52 Vermillion ......................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * | * is a tº e s e e g | ................. * * * * * ...... [......... 3.42 1.89 || 8.60 | 2.97 Ft. Wadsworth ..................................................i.2.78 1.92 |......... |......... '• . . . . .--- • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - , , . . . . . . . . !---------!......... [...------. ! - - - - - - - - - 2.35 Webster........................................... . . . . . . . . . . s a e s s a s a s : * * * * * * * * * i....…..........'......... …... ; : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.71 8 73 6.33 7.72 .......... 4.87 Yankton.................. ........ .............. 2.00 0.24 5.26 0.97 5.99 5.14, 0.37 0.40 2.49 2.98 5.71 5.73 5.08 5.12 2.45 3.33 Ft. Yates ......................................... |......... [......... ;--------. i.....----|- ........ ......... “....... ..........…;;.. 2.00 || 0.98 1,50 | 1.92 2.80 ........ 1.84 Fargo (Moorhead),............----------.... ;.........] ...-------|--------- |.........].................. . . . ...... . ......... 0.77 1.69 1.65 1 28 8.48 5.49 2.45 2.39 Average monthly rainfall º | - : — — — — — — !----|--|--— * Territory for years named .......... | 1 0.20 2.09 | 1.21 || 2.25 4,74 ; 1.97 | 1.13 1. 19 3.13 2.40 .58 2.98 || 3.44 | 2.47 2.50 t š MAY. TABLE SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION.—CONTINUED. * \ ; --- . # Mean rainfall 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1888 1884 1885, 1886 1887 it for month for t ſ | | ... each locality in. in. | in. ill. in. in. in. in. 1 in. in. in. in. 'i Ft. Abercrombie........................ ......... [.... ...!......... 3-17 | 0.20 2.08 |.... ...i.........: ........!......... * . Ft. A. Lincoln...................... ..... * a tº $ is a s g g :::::::::::::: . O. . . . . . . Stations. 1872 | ! : 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 | ! | ill. * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * Alexandria ........................ ..... * * * * * * * * * Ft. Bennett.......... ................... • • , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bismarck................................... * * * * g g g g : * * * * * * * e º sº as a s & & 4 º' Wºº º e Ft. Buford................................. * * * * * * g a i = * s w = e : a e º s e º e º is 1.39 4.00 4.50 2. Deadwood............................................. .....] ........'......... * * * * * * * a e º 'º e º a tº º s 7. - FireSteel ............................. ..... s e g is a ºn is a º f * * * * * * * * * º: 4.00 3.00 || 4.60 --------|-º-º: * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *& s * ſ i ; | | ; i* igº & :ſº tº i : |* º i i :Ö * * * * * * * s e < * * I w tº e º e s is a tº # s & e º e s a s & º e a * * * * * * * * * * * * s & s ' s & a & 3 is tº e º e º 'º 8 3 9 2 } 5 4. ; ; º * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * s a s s = * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * Lower Brule Agency ..................................................... 0.28 3.16 | 1.98 ...... .. * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * a tº gº tº Pt. Meade.....................................................................'.........l.................. ........ i.........! 3.80 Morriston .... ........... ............................... Olivet .................. ............... ........ [......... Pembina ..................................l......... : 2.16 1.51 : 2 4 8 i : : © 9 0 1 0 0 8 : l : : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i Ft. Sisseton.......................... [.................. Ft. Stevenson ....................... § tº & © tº $ tº º º | t , - . . . . . . . s & = & e s a # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * c e s = e i e º s e s a m + “. . . . . ; Ft. Seward........................................' ..... . ......... 2.57 5.15 1.97 ......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g. ‘.................. “. . . . . . 70 ºš * * * * * * * * { 70 2.75 1.57 ji 17 | 2.28 Ft. Sully ...................................] 2.98 3. Ft. Totten............ ......... s e º a s º a s gº ~~~~. Yermillion … ..........…..….................. Ft. Wadsworth.......................... ...... . . . ...... . ......... 3.06 Öſ Webster ................................... ......... * | * * * * * * * * * * s • * * * * * * * * * * * 35' 633 ......} Yankton....................................]... ..... 6.98 | 2.59 2. | 5 4.01 || 3.39 1.78 | 1.92 '......... | 2.27 2.5l 2.57 : ; 1. 5 {D. 8 5 7 * Average monthly rainfall for 1 –– T----- T--- ſ | Territory for years named..... ſ 2.98 4.10 | 3.05 2.51 i 3. 83 4.22 3.05 || 3.99 || 3.87 4.22 | 3.00 || 3.8% 8 2 0 * . * 2 JUNE. TABLE SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION.—CONTINUED. | 3 | | ; | : - . . : ! | | Mean rainfall Stations. 1872 1878 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 for mouth for ; | ! i. ; | | : | ! i : i | i | cºach locality. 1n. in 1I] il). 1 11 1 l) . I lll 11) , I'll 11] | 1 l) I Il in. in in. in. in. Ft. Abercrombie................................. '......... | in. | 2.96 || 0:50 |.......................]. ...l....... ‘...... . . . ...... ... ...... ... 1.78 Ft. A Lincoln...........................................'...... 8.04 0.84 5.42 1.18 4.40 | 1.54 2.27 3.39 3.42 5.16 8.20 2.20 |........ 2.96 Alexandria.......................... ..... [.................. ......... |…}… ! - - - - - - - - - ......... .........'......... .......' 386 4.55 i........................l.….... 4.20 Ft. Bennett. ............. . . ...... . . . . ......... |.........…. i.…. v.'.................................... 3.07 4.06 3.99 8.10 5.62 ... .............. 3.97 Bismarck . . . . . . . . .......................]............... º ... 3.92 || 1:24 4.60 2.78 4.97 || 2 32 4.11 3 88 3.84 3 63 2 39 2.03 0.85 | 8. 20 Ft. Buford........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------' . . . . . . . . . i.........'......... | 3.46 1.75 2.ół 3. iś 335 5.46 3.44 | 1.87 0.97 0.99 6.05 0.93 3.25 2.82 Dead Wood...... .......................... ..................….. '…l… '.…. 1.81 4.67 8.83 8.04 5.78 5.6 2.51 4.83 2.00 2.16 54 - Firesteel.................................. ... ......'......... --------- 8.95 2.40 2.40 ......... .................. ......... !.........!......... '... . . . . . . . . . .-----. !......... [...... --. 92 Ft. Hale................................ . . . * : * * * * * * * * * |.…. .........}.................. |… ... ....... 4.04 || 4.58 4.56 8.22 2.17 ......' ........'...... . ......... 71 Huron ....................................... •- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '...… ....….'.....:::::::::::::: ...-----|-- ...... .........; 5.86 4.83 3.18 5.43 : 1.90 8.98 11 Lower Brule Ag Incy............... [......... |..........… |...------ 3.02 1.17 1 22 ......... ~~~~}…l……'…l…” 80 Ft. Meade ............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .........i.........i..................'..................! 4 68 2 66 : 5.47 | 1.56 0.48 ; 3.88 0.90 ......... 73 Morristoll .................. ...............'......... '… .........!..................'........., 8.40 4.75 | 6.90 6.30 4.59 8.90 8.10 ... ....... .........}.........' 69 Olivºt......................................... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................; 3:14 3.39 585 603 || 2.82 6.69 ............................. l 57 Pembina .................................'.........: 2.90 3.45 8 83 : 3.43 9.85 8.57 3.90 4.98 || 3.10 ; 3.84 1.26 ... ..... 1.95 : 3 60 4.15 || 81 Ft. Randall............ . . . . .............. .........'......... ......... 12.82 1.86 6 60 7 80 3.25 4.80 8.15 4.40 5.00 4.31 6.16 2.02 ......... | 18 Ft. Rice ...... .... * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.42 | 1.29 5.07 3.78 .................. .........' ..... . . [.........l......... * * * * * * * * * .i. 64 Richardton................................i.........'.........l.................. “…l............….!…i.…” ‘. . . . . . [… 6.00 | 8.80 2.80 . . ; 20 Ft. Seward.................................'.........'.........'......... |3.65 i ſã 3.34 ......... ‘.........' .................'.........'.........'...... ... | | # Ft. Sisseton ...... ....................... [.........l......... '.........' …..…. ...------- 2.00 : 4 50 F.C. Stevenson ........................... * * * * * * * * * | * is tº a 4 m sº a s | - - - - - - - 5 gº Ft. Sully............ ..................... 2.84 3 28 6.24 ; • * * * * * * * * : . . . . . . . . . ; * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , i i i 2.36 4.25 1.76 1. 9 & 3.24 2.88 9 Ft Totten ............ .................... [......... 6.25 | 1. 10 ; 5.12 2.90 3 90 88 0 | 1.42 2.50 34; 37; 5.57 7 Vermillion ................................l......... …]…l.º.º. • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s s : * 4 = 4s & s º a $. 3.20 2.55 ...... . . . . 88 Ft. Wadsworth.................... .....!......... .........i.........: 2.22 1.52 i.........'.........l.........i.................. .........'..................'.... .....'…'…... " 87 Webster ...... ..... ....................... ......... ...] gji || 3 is "fio;"| 7.33 || 5 § 4.99 || 3.5i 8.45 1.94 8.88 8.91 ......... . . ; Yankton....................................}. * * * * * * 4.59 | 6.65 5 § 1 3 1 8 5 0 7 7 8 3 5 8 4 4 9 9 3 5 1 4. :* 7tº s 4 4 0 i : ; 2 9 0 3 0 7 2 4. 8 Ft. Yates.................................. is is a tº dº is e º º i = e g is e g º ºs e ! • e s s a s e s s : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & º º ſº tº s & $ & tº a $ tº e s tº $ e : * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * e 2.59 1.01 * 8 2.20 -:::::::: 34 * Fargo (Moorhead). ...................]......... ... .........…. “…l....…..........'. ........l......... , - - - - - - - - 5.59 5.43 2.32 1.84 7.92 3.71 8.77 37 Average monthly rainfall for ––|—||—||—||—|| w -----------,-] -** sº- Territory for years i.e.; 2.34 8.57 5.45 | 4.32 | 1.95 | 4.51 | 3.44 4.60 4.06 || 8.70 4.42 8.01 || 3.38 4.54 2.73 8.23 8.64 § TABLE SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION-Contisued. ; : \ Mean rain fall | 1882 1883 1884 1885 | ; 1886 1887 | for month for | each locality. | i in. in. I. ill. in. in. in. in. in. 1.29 0.82 | 1.10 4.45 - | .4 | Ft. Abercrombie.......................l.........l......... '…l.….... ...l...…. ... …l.….…. [… Ft. A. Lincoln...... ......... ........!........ [.........: 0.05 | Alexandria ............... ............. [......... ... ... ...'.........! j-..... . . ... ..... . . . ......|. Ft. Bennett..................... ........l......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |…; Bismarck ......... ......... ...............l......... … i., ºr 4.3% . Ft. Huford............. ................ [.................. 0.24, 1.48 0. 6 tº e < * - - - - - 2.45 4 | l * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * : * * * *-* : * * * * | *-* * *.*.*.* " a e s is e a se e : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * | * a a w = < * * * * * * * * * * * i JULY. tº ! } ; t | 3. Isis isſ, 1878 1879 1880 1874 } | Stations. 1872 1873 1 8 7 5 1 88 1 in. ill. Deadwood............ ........... ........ ... ......l........i. Firesteel ............................................. “…i. - - - Ft. Hale................... ..................l......... . . ...... |......... '... ... ... - Huron ................................. ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower Brule Agency.... .........] .......|......... Ft. Mead......... .........................l......... [.........' ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * - Morriston...... . . . . . . . . ....................... ºlis • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1.60 10.20 5. (10 1.80 2.4() - - - - - * * * t C. - 1 s s 2 0 4 Olivet. .................. ...... . . . . ......! . . . . . . . . . . Pembina ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * - 1.47 - º Ft. Randall................................l.........l......... 2.71 0.7 Ft. Rice ..................... ......... ..... [........ [... “....! p Richardton .......... ... ......... ......l........ [......... ! r Ft. Seward......... ............. ....... [......... * * * * * * 0.97 0.87 2.9. | * - a º 'º 4 tº e º e s tº º a º H & e º 'º s e º a tº a s & e s a º a e º 'º e s s a tº e º 'º - * * * * * * Ft. Sisseton. ... ............ ............!.........l......... Ft. Stevenson...... .....................}......... , - - - - - - - - - Ft. Sully......... ............... . . . . . 6.48 / 1.86 0.67 Ft. Totten...... ....... .................l................ 0.98 Vermillion......... .... ........... ...... [.........'......... tº a 4 tº s v e º 'º I º s º a s is tº s Ft. adsworth...................... • * ~ * * - Yankton. ............. ...... ............l......... 1.59 3 84 5.53 Pt. Yates. .................... ........... [.........'......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...'...... . . . * Fargo (Moorhead) ..................... [......... ‘......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '…'.…. … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.97 4.92 4, 57 7.32 Average monthly rainfall for — — — — : -* r Territory for years jiàº; 6.48, 1.64 1.16 | 1.60 ; : : - * * ;5 9 4 6 2 • * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * , s a “ . . * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * | * * * . * * * * * * * > *J • * * * * * * ... I a • * * * * * * * * * * s a s e º a tº e º f * * * * * * * i aw a 4 a. s. ss e s - a 1 5 () S 6 () ]] & º ºi- -: §i 3 (; 8 () 8 3 2 () T 0i 5: 5 4 0 6 4 0 : *s- 2 7 7 2. 6 3 4 7 5 2 1 0 4 2 8 3 1 () § AUGUST. TAB I, E SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION.—CONTINUED. Stations. Ft. Abercrombie. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . Ft. A. Lincoln.... . . . . . . . Alexandria. . . . . . . . Ft. Bennett . . . . . . . . º : : Bismarck ......... . . . . Ft. Huford Deadwood * * * * * * * e º sº tº sº. Firesteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........'...... Ft. Hale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huron . . . . Lower Rrule Agency.......... Ft. Meade . . . . . . Morriston.... . . . . . . Olivet . . . Pembina. Richardton . . . Ft. Seward * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , s s = } = w is a s Ft. Rice. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * Ft. Susseton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Ft. Stevenson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ft. Sully . . . . . . . . . . Ft. Totten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermillion . . . . . . . . . . F#, Wadswor, h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Webster..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average monthly rain & faii for Territory for years named. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fargo (Moorhead). .. * * : * s } • , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = a s s = e s e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g g g g * } = * * * * e s a * * * * * * * * * * | * * * s * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = < e º s 2.26 3.05 3.95 ... 335 2.55 ...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * s is º e < * is * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * *s a • { w = e < * * 2.89 6.55. ; * * * * * * ** * * * * * 8 s tº e s tº * * * * * * * * * * * * , tº a º y º as º e º & # 8 tº * * * * * * * * * 1880 & e º g º º e s sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is tº g : * * * * * tº e º s is g º 'º º ; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s & & a , a e s ∈ º & s = | 1881 | 1882 i I} 2 i • - - - - - - - - : * * * * * * * * * 1.58 2.77 8.87 4.01 | 1884 gº & e * • * * * * * * * * : 1885 1886 1887 l | | ill. in inj in * * * * * * * g e i e tº gº tº º e º is g * | | • I • * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , * * * * is is º º & R s a g º º ſº a º * * * * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a tº gº tº s & a sº e s tº º tº e º º s sº * * * * * * * * * * * is 2.19 2.78 -- | is s \ } s Mean rainfall . for month for each locality. in 2. i8 2.14 1.82 G 44 *esºggg&**&gsg***º 2 6 5 —z- RESOURCES OF DARKOTA. 65 80° I c - - - c → c < H clic cici - c, -, -, -, -, H & - º º - - - tº e * 3: SKS 3333 ES: Es:$33.35;S. S. 33 S. S. & 33.33 ES: Sº sº. 33.35%; Sº 9ț¢ "I 69 °T Zgº T 8Z * I 66° 0 68° Z. 61, º 0 Z6° 0 I8 °T Z!,’ 0 gț**8 J#.ſ. 18* 0 ¿Q. .9%. Į. Ģ0 * # .9$.8. Qſ Q. 6gº I º ， ， ） → • § € œ • • • • • • 98° 0 ºu! 0% "Z ÞZ * 0 08° ; .8%.8. 10° 8 8I’0 .##.ſ. ...º.ſ. ĢĻĢ, 98 "Z QËſ) 34.Q. Į93. 06° 0 9Ż ‘0 † I’0 .#ž.ł. ZZ " 0 • • • • • • • • • ºu! 69° Z. †6’I 8Z, * 0 șŽĖ Į. Z8* I .ſk.9. .4%. Ž. 1993. ¿Q:9. | 8@ : 0 .9%. Į. • • • • • • • • • 66’I ggº 0 Þ8 'Z 89:9） 08° Z. ºu! IĢ*Z. ț0* 0 86 º 8 |84|8. 08° į #I'0 80° 0 99°Z 3$.ſ. 09* I ,8€9. 06° T. Q9.ſ. 89°I. 34.Q. II°0 ZZ “O †0* 0 08° 0 89’I ()Zº 0 ºu! 8Z * I I8’ () 1,0 ° 0 99:9. g8’ 0 10’ I OI’Z .39.J. 09* 0 08° I |18* 0 09“ Į %. Q. 98’ 0 .93.9. 8Z * 0 98“ Z †/, ' [ ZO’I 1,9° 0 89|| ºu! Į9:8. 9ff; *?, 09°Z 80' L. .96.8. 96 * 8 Zgº Z Þ8 · 9 08° 8 QQ.ſ. II '8 .9$. ſ. 08” I 8gº 0 9Z * I ¿3. gŻ "Z • • • • • • • § € º q ! 36:9. 88° 0 ZI” 0 90° 0 88，8. 0Z ’0 01, "I „Șg:0. .QQ. Q. QQ. Q. 08° 0 †0’I 34.Q. 0I’I * UIT Ź83. 08” I 99 ' 0 .łk.ſ. 98* 0 8I º L 19 " I 06 * I Źſ:9. 9§. Q. 38° 0 00' 0 .#0.9. �O BI?! *TI Į 38:ſ. OI º I 1,6 * 0 .{Q.ſ. 90° 8 0!,’ Z 96 " I 99 "Z .9%. Į. ¿Q. .ł9.9. Off′ 0 «• • • • • • • • • · KąțIBOOL q989 IOĮ qļūOULI JOJ [[ſeguȚ8 I UIť9IN 988 I g881 #88I 888I Z88|| Ț88I 088I 6/8I 9!,’ I Zſ; * I 9!,’ I 860 || Iz’0 ý · · · · · · · · · ·， paurou s 189Á IOJ KJO?!…I • • • • • • • • • ///, ‘9 gŻ, ‘I ºu! {{Iſ. 6I’0 ††) * 0 0% ‘Z .98.9. 80 ° 0 0Į“ Z 0ý ‘I ††” I 9! 3 Ź8. g8* 0 J.J.9 § ø • • • • • • • QOBIĄ 0ý“† 98′Z, | | • • • • • • • • • .9%） ș. 80’I 60 * ſ; 33:ſ. .9$.ſ. ez’I gj; * 8 ¿Q. #0.8） Qų. Ž. 90° I J9. g. ■ OŤ， I gj; * 0 ºu! ºu! 88. g. ¿Q3. IZ ' Z 68° 0 įg:0. ¿Q3. 8Z, ‘I 01, º 8 ¿Q. .0$.ſ. .Qg]. 8; * 0 88.ſ. gÞ* 0 08’I ºu! ¿8:ſ. 39. Q. Z6’I 34.Q. #8:Q. 34.Q. 60° 0 9J, * 0 ‘UI! } ！ Ł • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1,0 °0 • • • • ¿Q|9.||3||9. g6 * I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ! » • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ł • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • į • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • § € ſe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • + • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • J • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • g • • • • • • • • • ºu!ºu! | -19, I, Joſ į ſėjų įg I KĻUȚquotu 93，340AV • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •(pºbºſq 100 IN)o3.ſt3）（[ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •········søyt，"4） I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •UIOſ x[UI? 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From the above table we find that the total rainfall in Dakota for the five months beginning with April and ending with August, for sixteen years from and including 1872, has been as follows: 1872............................. 14.69 inches. 1880............................. 16.21 inches. 1873............................. 13.20 “ 1881............................. 13.78 { { 1874............................. 12.63 & & 1882............................. 15.47 “ 1875............................. 13.89 ( & 1883............................. 14.21 { { 1876............................. 13.27 & C 1884............................. 15.97 & 4 1877............................. 14.74 “ 1885............................. 15.90 { { 1878............................. 17.72 & 4 1886............................. 12.57 ( & 1879...... ...................... 15.85 ( & 1887............................. 15.01 ( & of rainfall throughout the Territory—the undoubted result of the tilling of the soil, the planting of trees, the building of railroads, and other changes brought about by the settlement of the country. The average rainfall during the growing Season in Dakota (April to Augustinclusive), for sixteen years, from 1872 to 1887, has been 14.70 inches. The rainfall covering this period of each year for the first five years from 1871 in every instance fell below the average of 14.70 inches, and for the eleven seasons since 1876— the date when active settlement of the Territory really began—the quan- tity of rainfall has constantly exceeded this average, with but three ex- ceptions. Dividing this record of six months' rainfall into periods of eight years, we have the following result: The rainfall (five months of the year) from 1872 to 1879, inclusive, aver- aged 14.50 inches. - * The rainfall (five months of the year) from 1880 to 1887, inclusive, aver- aged 14.89 inches. The quantity of rainfall during the last eight years of the period ex- ceeded that of the first half by a yearly average of 0.39 of an inch. A study of the records of Dakota's weather verifies the assertion made by Scientists that the breaking up of the prairies, the growing of forests and the settlement of a country not only modify its climate, but lead to a certain and constant increase in the annual rainfall. $ RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. 67 HEALTH FULNESS OF THE CLJ MATE. Dakota's climate, although the thermometer during the winter months sometimes registers considerable coldness, is dry, pure, healthful and in- vigorating, and possesses all the good qualities of the climate of Colorado, without the light, highly rarified air of a mountainous altitude, which is so dangerous to those who have long suffered from lung troubles. The climate, the year around, is especially favorable to pulmonary, bronchial and malarial diseases, and is a builder-up of physical and mental strength and not a detractor from it, as is true of the wet, damp and changeable weather of other localities, and the poisoned atmosphere of all densely populated cities. The invalid, harassed by the murky, heavy atmosphere of the East and sallow from the effects of his daily potations of quinine, experiences an immediate relief with the first deep, long breath of this prairie oxygen. Many settlers who came to Dakota as confirmed invalids now rejoice in the possession of renewed health, as well as in the owner- ship of comfortable homes amid pleasant surroundings. "The number of deaths in the Territory during the census year of 1885, was 2,511, or 6.01 to every 1,000 inhabitants, or 1 in every 166 of the popula- tion. . . . . The following table of the death rate of different localities, compiled from the United States census report of 1880, is certainly a pretty strong argument in favor of Dakota as a health resort: TABLE OF MORTALITY STATISTICS. Minnesota........................... 1 in 86 Norway................................. 1 in 56 IOWa. s.................................. 1 in 84 Denmark............................. 1 in 46 Wisconsin........................... 1 in 82 Sweden................................. 1 in 50 Pennsylvania...................... 1 in 67 Great Britain........................ 1 in 46 Texas.................................. 1 in 64 Switzerland.......................... 1 in 41 All of the United States......1 in 66 Holland............................... 1 in 37 DAKOTA, (CENSUs of 1885).....1 in 166 The death rate of Sioux Falls last year, which might be taken as a fair sample of other Dakota cities, was 43 to each 1,000 inhabitants; while the average death rate of the leading cities of the country in 1880, according to the census, was 20 to each 1,000. 68 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. A well known scientific authority, Dr. T. C. Duncan, of Chicago, who visited Dakota for the purpose of making a thorough study of the climate, soil, water, etc., has embodied his views in pamphlet form, and among other things says: “Every country, territory and town has a medical side, and none is more interesting than Dakota. The location, soil, ingredients, water pe- culiarities and rare atmosphere, no doubt, account to a certain extent for its invigorating climate. Besides being rich in agricultural promise, it is des- tined to be a health resort. “The effects of the water upon the health brings me to look at the medi- cal side of the water question: “The person who drinks the well water of Dakota should not be troubled with biliousness, at least not until the soda is replaced by potash, which may take place after long cultivation. “Those who drink water from the Dakota river should not complain of kidney trouble. “The action of magnesia on the bowels is well known. None need buy purgative pills when alkaline water can be drank freely. The sick may take it with decided beneficial results. There are some noted min- eral waters, (i. e. Seidlitz in Germany, Epsom in England, etc.,) in which sulphate of magnesia, (Epsom salt,) is the leading ingredient. Sulphate of soda, (Glauber's salt,) is a great remedy with many people in this coun- try and Germany. It relieves plethora and constipation. The fat people should visit Dakota and drink bitter well water. Many would, however, prefer the water sent to them. It is the anti-fat. The action of the river water upon the digestive organs will be beneficial. There is nothing in these waters that is deleterious to the health, unless used to excess. “Newcomers should use the alkaline water sparingly, or diarrhoea, loss of appetite, headache and general malaise will follow. People who use the river water will eat well and sleep well. - “It is natural for people to look at every country from the standpoint most familiar to the individual, consequently the healthfulness of Dakota was uppermost in my mind as the train rushed on through the wonderful country, rich in ozone and health giving air. “As we passed town after town, I could not help noticing the sanitary surroundings to see whether any settler had violated the health maxim: ‘Locate dwellings to the windward of standing water.” Many an early settler’s family has suffered years of ill health from a violation of this simple rule. - “The flats along the east bank of the Mississippi have always been noto- riously unhealthy. The explanation is easy. Stagnant water generates gases that are unhealthy. Malarial emanations can arise from the large upland ponds that we pass in Dakota, but they can all be easily drained if necessary, so that if any case of chills and fever occursin Dakota the people themselves will be to blame for it. I have not heard of a case as yet. “I could never quite comprehend why the Northwest competed with RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 69 California as a health resort, particularly for consumptives, but I now un- derstand it. In several points they are similar, with the exception that the heavy fogs of the California coast are not found here. “First. The nights of both are cool, ensuring Sound, invigorating sleep. So marked is this that Ishall recommend some of my wakeful, brain-weary patients, business men of Chicago to visit Dakota. “Second. Both have a breeze springing up about ten o’clock in the fore- noon and subsiding toward night. The only difference is that the Dakota breeze is dry air, while the California one is moist, which toward evening becomes chilly—a very disagreeable feature for the feeble. “Third. Both have dust with the wind, but this, although disagreeable, is not a marked objection to the medical man who recognizes the curative power of the dry earth treatment. ‘Let children play in the dirt and they will be healthy,' is an old adage. Here the dirt plays with the children, consequently they ought to be healthy. The children here are models of health. This is the land for vigorous, healthy children. “Dakota may yet be as famous for seekers after health as it now is for agricultural interest. I would advise those who would be benefited by a change of climate to visit Dakota. “Before we study the peculiarities of Dakota from a health point of view we will notice the essential requirements of a health resort. It must en- sure first, diversion of mind; second, deep respiration, and third, good digestion. - “First. Diversion of mind stands at the front of all the requirements. To one familiar with low land, a visit to the mountains of Colorado, for exam- ple, is a wonderful diversion. It sooths and quiets. There is a majestic awe that steals over the mind. At the same time there is a stimulation that often prompts to over exertion, which may do great injury to the fee- ble. The broad expanse of water, lake or ocean, has a similar effect upon the mind with perhaps a still more soothing effect. The same result is produced by an ocean of prairie. To the citizens of a large city, a trip to the country anywhere is a good diversion. This is an advantage of a sub- urban residence, and a summer visit to some picturesque spot. The healthy diversion of a residence in a great city is familiar to you all. The large cities for health resorts, where mental diversion is the chief require- ment, will yet attract attention more and more. “Second. Deep respiration is a most essential requirement of any health resort. The citizen finds that the rarer air of the country forces its way into all the air cells of his lungs. Those who visit the mountains complain that they cannot get air enough. The air is so rare that they must breathe deeply. The same effect is produced on the ocean, for the reason that there is so much ozone in the atmosphere. The same is true of prairie air. A visit to pine forests, or where luxuriant vegetation absorbs the carbonic acid, has the same effect. The good effect of a trip to the South, especially in winter, with the agreeable diversion from snow to green foliage, is well known. The cool, crisp air of winter, although loaded with 70 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. ozone and so invigorating to those robust and able to “drink it in,' yet to the feeble it seems to produce a spasm of the bronchi that interferes with respiration. Diseased and sensitive lungs intuitively keep to the house, or hie away to a mild climate. But this should not be too warm nor Supersaturated with moisture, or deep, healthy respiration will be impos- sible. The effect of deep respiration upon the heart and circulation should not be overlooked. If the leart is overtaxed, unfavorable reaction is sure to follow. - * ! . “Third. Good digestion must be obtained at any good health resort. Where a person eats well and sleeps well, health and vigor come with 'apid pace. Passive exercise, like riding in a car in almost any direction, will awaken the appetite of any one. A trip to the mountains usually makes one ‘hungry as a bear.’ A sea voyage stimulates an appe- tite for sea-biscuits of ten-penny nail consistence, while a ride over the prairies gives an appetite ‘like a mowing machine,’ as a facetious friend expressed it. - “With the mind diverted, and the whole system stimulated by deep respi- ration, the tissues are cleared out, rapid oxidation takes place and ample digestion cares for the body, giving renewed vigor and health. It is as- tonishing the amount of food that can be encompassed at railroad eating houses with only “twenty minutes for refreshments,’ and digested, too, when one is being constantly exercised in a Pullman palace car. Assimi- lation is greatly increased under those circumstances. Good food must be secured at any good health resort; substantial, palatable food must be obtained. - “There are other elements that enter into the requirements of a health resort. One of them is good water. Water, like air, is a form of food. Water aids digestion, assimilation and excretion. “Latitude, as well as altitude, has a direct bearing on the value of a. health resort. “The inhabitants at or about a health resort, must be taken into account. Disagreeable and dangerous people can mar and destroy a health resort. Some portions of the Southwest, while excellent locations for the sick, are not yet available for these reasons. “Whether Dakota answers the requirements of a health resort can be gleaned from its characteristics. “It is a vast plateau reached from Chicago after passing up through hill and dale, over rivers and picturesque lakes. As far as the eye can reach for miles and miles, green, waving grass or grain is seen below, and a clear, blue sky above. The effect upon the mind is most soothing. Dakota is so situated that there are constant breezes coming up the rivers, and over the broad expanse of prairie. These increase with the evaporating heavy dew8, and wax and wane with the Sun, as in California. The lakes and moisture are on the high ground, so that the air is not so dry as in Colo- rado, therefore there is a large amount of ozone always present. The river and surface water is a mild alkaline water. The chief ingredient is mag- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 71 nesia. The soil is loaded with saline ingredients which increase the nitro- genous elements of the food, rendering Dakota products very healthful and appetizing. The people of Dakota are vigorous, intelligent, enter- prising and remarkably hospitable. “These are features that, in the opinion of many medical men, will yet make Dakota a famous health resort. “The class of cases that will be especially benefited will readily occur to you. * “For consumptives and those suffering with diseases of the lungs, in general, it will yet rival Colorado or California, especially for the first stage of lung troubles. The tax upon the circulation will not be so great as in higher altitudes. Advanced cases had better go South, especially in winter. “The absence of low marshes and malaria make it desirable for those troubled with bilious disorders. * “For diseases of the kidney and bladder, the water of Dakota is espe- cially valuable, rivaling that of any noted waters. “For dyspeptics, especially, the climate, water and cereal products of Dakota will yet have a great reputation. “For agreeable, mental diversion there is no better, safer resort. City business men should take a few weeks’ vacation in Dakota, especially in the spring and fall. The mental diversion and physical energy recovered would amply repay them. Young ladies in the East, suffering from neu- rasthenia and ennui, would get health by a short residence in Dakota—as well as a husband, perhaps, and a slice of Government land. “The whole country is filling up rapidly with very intelligent people. In the many towns Springing up are excellent openings for young men, with a little money. Money is in great demand. The enterprising railroads that are assisting amazingly to develop this country, will furnish maps and particulars as to special points. Physicians who have visited Dakota agree that the trip is a delightful one. “T)akota is destined, physically, as it is commercially, to wield an im- mense influence in this Nation. It can invite the dyspeptic, hollow- chested young men from the East and expand and develop them into vigorous manhood. The sanitary features of this country should be as widely known as are its agricultural advantages.” 72 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. RIVERS AND LAKES. It is estimated that Dakota has 1,400 square miles of water surface. The principal streams are the Missouri, James or “Jim,” Big Sioux, Ver- million, Red, White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, Cannon Ball, Heart, Sheyenne, Mouse, Little Missouri, and Maple rivers. A great number of lakes are scattered throughout the Territory, nota- bly in the counties of Brookings, Kingsbury, Hamlin, Codington, Wal- worth, Brown, Day, Roberts, Emmons, Logan, Barnes, Stutsman, Kidder, Burleigh, Turner, Benson, Ramsey, Nelson, Foster, Griggs, Deuel, Clark, Charles Mix, Brule, Lake, and Aurora. The Turtle Mountain country, in the counties of Bottineau and Rolette, is full of small lakes and ponds, as is also the wide belt of low hills, the Plateau du Coteau du Missouri, ex- tending diagonally from the northwest to the southeast corners of the Territory. * Big Stone lake and Lake Traverse are bodies of water about twenty-five miles long and one or two miles in breadth, forming a portion of the bound- ary line separating Grant and Roberts counties, Dakota, from Minnesota. Devils Lake or Spirit lake of the Indians, situated in Ramsey and Benson counties, is about fifty miles long, with a breadth ranging from a few rods to several miles, and is much the largest lake in the Territory. It covers about 100 square miles of surface and has a shore line of more than 250 miles. The waters of the lake are strongly Saline, with a dark green color, resembling that of the ocean. It has no outlet and is surrounded by nar- row belts of heavy, native timber. The lake is the breeding place of myriads of gulls, geese, ducks, Snipe, curlew, brant and swan, and is a paradise for sportsmen. It varies in depth from a few feet to more than a hundred, and is elevated some 1,200 feet above the sea, s The Missouri river, varying in width from one-fourth of a mile to two miles, is the most important of all the streams of the Territory. It flows in a general Southeastern direction, through a course, counting its wind- ings, of fully 1,000 miles within the boundaries of Dakota, dividing the Territory into two nearly equal divisions. Frequent analysis has proved the water in this stream to be the purest river water in the world, al- though no one would im gine this to be true, looking at the turgid, inuddly, yellow surface of the stream —caused by the great amount of sand and sediment held in Solution. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 73 The Missouri is navigable for steamers of several hundred tons burden, eight months of the year; the boats ascending as high as Fort Benton, in Montana, 3,000 miles from where it discharges into the Mississippi, and 4,000 from the Gulf of Mexico. This river is of the greatest value to the people of Dakota, as a line of transportation, and must ever remain so. No matter how many railroads may be built in the Territory, the river will always serve that great purpose of a regulator of high tariff. By means of the Missouri river every bushel of wheat raised in Dakota could be transported entirely by water to any sea-port of the globe. Th9 following account of the early attempts to navigate the upper Mis- Souri, from the annual report of the chief of engineers of the United States army, 1883, is of interest: “ Up to 1830, the American fur company still clung to their keel or Mack- inac boats, and dragged them by human labor from St. Louis, Missouri, to the mouth of the Yellowstone, in Dakota. In that year, Pierre Choteau and the other members of the company determined to try a steamboat. The boat was built at Pittsburg, Pa., and in the spring of 1831, left that port for St. Louis. It was called the ‘Yellowstone' and drew three feet eight inches light, five feet loaded. “Succeeded in reaching Fort Pierre, (Stanley county, Dakota), in 1831, but low water prevented further progress, and it returned to St. Louis. In 1832 it succeeded in reaching the mouth of the Yellowstone. This suc- cess led to the building of another boat at Pittsburg, called the ‘Assina- boine.’ This boat made its first trip in 1833, ascending as high as the mouth of the Yellowstone and returned safely to St. Louis. It repeated the trip in 1834 and 1835. In the latter year, after discharging its cargo at the mouth of the Yellowstone, an experimental trip was made higher up the river, reaching the mouth of the Poplar, in Montana; here it was caught by the falling water and compelled to pass the winter. “The next season, on its way to St. Louis, it was destroyed by fire, in the vicinity of the mouth of the Heart river, opposite the present site of the city of Bismarck. “The American fur company subsequently owned a considerable num- ber of steamboats, and every year saw one or more ascend to the mouth of the Yellowstone. Several attempts were made to push still higher up the river, but with indifferent success as only the “El Paso' succeeded in passing the mouth of the Milk river, Montana, and that only a few miles. Mackinac, or keel boats, therefore, continued to be used on the Yellowstone and the Missouri rivers in Montana; but, in 1859, a more determined effort was made. The ‘Chippewa’ had been built for the company with special reference to the difficulties to be surmounted above the Yellowstone. It had a stern wheel, being the first of that description ever employed on the upper Missouri. The ‘Chippewa’ left St. Louis in the spring of 1859. It was considered doubtful whether it would be able to pass the shoals above the mouth of the Judith, and a large Mackinac was towed behind to lighten it by unloading the freight, destined for Ft. Benton, Montana. 74 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. This was done just above the mouth of the Judith; the ‘Chippewa’ passed on and reached a point a few miles below Ft. Benton on the 17th of June. Here the voyage ended, and, rejoiced at having achieved a suc- cess so decided, Mr. Choteau started the boat for St. Louis. The following year the ‘Chippewa’ ascended to Ft. Benton, accompanied by the ‘Key West,’ and thus In 1860, the present head of navigation on the Missouri river was first reached by steamboat.” The conditions under which steamboats operate on the Missouri river in the transportation of freight and passengers are so totally different from those on Eastern rivers that their design has to conform to the necessities of the case. The boats are of very light draught, and of great length and width in proportion to their depth. Their models vary widely from all the usual standard shapes, and are said to have been designed after the pattern of the mouth of the cat-fish. The engines are placed at the ex- treme after end of the hull, and are coupled at right angles to the shaft of the wheel, which is very much less in diameter than the wheels of a side- wheel boat, but extends nearly the whole width of the boat. The boilers are placed forward of the center. It is stated that a stern wheel boat will carry a load of 1,000 tons on but little more than half the depth of water required by a side wheeler for the same load. Another important feature of the Missouri river boats is the spars used for lifting and dragging the boat over shoals and bars. In 1881, five lines of steamboats made their headquarters at Bismarck, Dakota, and twenty-one boats plied between that town and points on the Missouri river, making; during the season of navigation, from one hundred and fifty, to one hundred and seventy-five trips. These boats carried into Montana 34,760,000 pounds of freight, valued at $5,214,000. The extensive railway construction of the past few years throughout the Northwest, has had the effect of reducing the amount of river transportation; however, it is still quite heavy and boats ply regularly, during the season, between Sioux City and Bismarck, and Bismarck and the head of navigation. At present nine boats are in the trade between Bismarck and Montana, and it is estimated that they will handle upward of 16,000,000 pounds of freight during the season of navigation. . . . . . . Navigation opens about the 27th of March and closes about the 10th of November. * The National. Government annually expends large sums of money in improvements to the channel of the Missouri river, through thc Territory. The Big Cheyenne, which drains the Black Hills region, contributes the largest volume of water to the Missouri river. The greater part of this stream lies within the boundaries of the Sioux Indian reservation, as also does that, of the White, Bad, Moreau, and Grand rivers. The Cannon Ball river forms the northern boundary of this reservation. The Souris, or Mouse river is an erratic stream which, rising in the 3ritish Possessions, follows a southeasterly course to a point in Dakota. sixty-ſive miles south of the International boundary line, where it again RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 75 turns northward and finally re-enters the Queen's Dominions. It flows for the most part, at a much lower level than that of the adjacent prairie, and its banks are covered with an abundant growth of timber. The Red River of the North forms the boundary line between Dakota and Minnesota from Lake Traverse to the Canada line. It is a deep, narrow and exceedingly crooked stream, traveling a devious course of some six hundred miles before finally emptying its waters into Lake Win- nepeg, Manitoba. The valley of the river is from sixty to eighty miles east and west by 300 miles north and south, every acre of which is the finest wheat land in the world. One hundred and eighty miles in length and forty miles in width of this valley, are situated in Dakota. The whea raised in the Red River valley is a grade unto itself, from the fact of its richness in albuminoids and its extreme dryness. It all grades No. 1, hard, and commands the highest market price. Steamers of two or three hundred tons burden (similar in construction to the Missouri river steamers, as described in the remarks on that stream), ply about eight months in the year as far up the river as Fargo, a distance of nearly 400 miles; and a part of the season, as high as Aber- crombie, fifty miles farther. Captain Alexander Griggs, at present the chairman of the Territorial board of railroad commissioners, built one of the first steamers on the river, the “Selkirk,” in 1871. From that date the number of boats in- creased rapidly, and in 1882, freight to the amount of 63,303,673 pounds was carried by water between Fargo and Pembina. The Government has annually appropriated a considerable sum for the improvement of naviga- tion on this river. During the summer months, millions of feet of pine logs are run down the Red River from the Red lake and Ottertail pineries in Minnesota, to the saw mills at Grand Forks. These mills manufactured 7,000,000 feet of lumber last season, and it is estimated that amount will be increased this year, to 20,000,000 feet. The James, or, as it is commonly known, the “Jim” river, which drains the country lying between the Red River and its tributaries of the north and the Sioux and Vermillion rivers of the south, on the east, and the Mis- souri river on the west, is not navigable. It has its source near Devils Lake in the northern portion of the Territory and flows in a southerly course to its junction with the Missouri in the vicinity of Yankton, on the extreme southern boundary of Dakota. The James, from source to mouth, has a length, counting its numerous bends and curves, of some five hundred miles, and is the longest stream wholly in Dakota. The valley of the James river is of great width and may be described as one vast prairie, bounded east and west by the horizon, and extending a distance north and south of nearly 400 miles. The fame of the fertility of its soil has had much to do with the rapid settlement of central Dakota, -by which is meant that portion of the Territory having the valley of the Mis- souri river for its western boundary, and bounded on the east by the val- leys of the Red and the Big Sioux. 76 RESOURCES OF DAE. OTA. The Valley of the James contains, not only the richest of farming land, thickly Settled upon by well-to-do farmers, but along its course of many hundred miles, separated by easy distances, are located many of the Imost prosperous, enterprising and growing cities and villages of the Territory. The Big Sioux is an important stream, carrying a large volume of Water, the drainage of innumerable lakes, ponds and marshes, situated around its head-waters in Kingsbury, Hamlin, Codington, Day and other counties. It flows in a southerly direction, forming the boundary line be- tween Lincoln and Union counties Dakota, and the state of Iowa, and empties into the Missouri at the extreme southeastern point of the Terri- tory. The Big Sioux river furnishes the best water power in the Terri- tory—equalled in all the Northwest only by the Falls of St. Anthony, on the Mississippi river at Minneapolis, Minnesota. At Sioux Falls, in Minne- haha county, the river falls through a series of cascades, a distance of ninety-one feet in running half a mile and supplies motive power for two large flouring mills, (one of which is seven stories high and occupies a ground floor space of 80x100 feet,) granite polishing works and other in- dustries. There is practically no limit to the power which can be sup- plied by the numerous falls of this stream, in the vicinity of Sioux Falls and Dell Rapids, when fully developed. - The Vermillion river has its source in the northern part of Miner county and flows south, about midway between the James and Big Sioux rivers, through the counties of McCook, Turner and Clay and joins with the Missouri near the flourishing city of Vermillion. The waters of this stream pass through some of the best cultivated and oldest settled lands in the Territory. - The Sheyenne is a stream of great length, having its source in Mc- Henry county, whence it flows in a southeasterly direction through the counties of Benson, Eddy, Nelson, Griggs, Barnes, Ransom; thence running northeast through the counties of Richland and Cass, to its union with the Red. The region that is drained is more varied than that of the Red River valley, consisting of rolling prairies, diversified by ranges of low hills. The land is almost uniformally good; is easily tilled and highly productive. Many fine stock farms and ranches are situated along this stream. - The Little Missouri river rises in Wyoming, northwest of the Black IIills, and flows in a northerly direction, through the western line of Da- kota's counties and empties into the Missouri, near the Ft. Buford Indian reservation. It is a considerable stream, and is noted for the extensive coal deposits along its shores and the fine grazing country through which it runs. Many thousand head of range cattle, fattened on the native grasses of the alley of the Little Missouri, are shipped annually to the Eastern markets. Innumerable streams of greater or less length flow into these large rivers, draining all sections of the vast Territory and furnishing, in their immediate vicinity, an ample supply of pure and Sweet water for man and beast. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, 77 WELLS. Where water is not to be had from a running stream, or from the num- erous hillside springs, abounding in many localities, it is generally Very easily obtained by dug or driven wells. In most of the counties, a vein of excellent water is found, at a depth varying from a few feet to forty or more, by driving down an inch and a quarter gas pipe, to which is attached the usual style of driven well point and wire strainer. The operation is a simple one and inexpensive; a complete well of this sort costing from twenty-five to fifty dollars. In some localities the underground veins of water are at a greater depth from the surface and, in such case, it becomes necessary to dig wells, or bore one of the tubular pattern. The settler, in any part of Dakota, finds but little difficulty in obtaining a supply of good, pure water, either from some of the countless streams, lakes, swamps and ponds scattered throughout every county, or else by sinking a well of one of the patterns described. Many of the farms have wind-mills attached to the pumps and, by this means, supply a constant flow of fresh, cool water for both house and stable. Numerous artesian wells, from Yankton in the south, to Jamestown in the north, furnish every town of any importance, in the James River val- ley with a never-failing water-works system. In the counties bordering the Red River, artesian veins are found at a comparatively short dis- tance below the surface of the valley. The water is forced out, generally, with a pressure sufficient for fire protection and to carry it wherever de- sired. In response to inquiries sent out by this office, twenty-nine counties re- port artesian wells in successful operation—a sufficient warranty, one would imagine, for the expectation of obtaining this bountiful supply of water, together with power and fire protection—wherever, in Dakota, the proper effort is exerted. At the last session of the Territorial Legislature, (1887), a general law was enacted providing for the construction and maintenance of artesian wells in towns, townships, cities and counties, by the assessment of an equal tax upon the property owners and residents of the district or com- munity to be benefited—a provision which will undoubtedly lead to an extension of the advantages arising from artesian wells to a great many farming communities. A more detailed account of Dakota’s artesian wells will be found on the succeeding pages of this publication. 78 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.–WHEAT. Wheat is Dakota's principal agricultural product and will undoubtedly ever remain her chief staple, owing to the extremely favorable conditions which prevail within the Territory for raising the best quality of wheat at the lowest possible cost per bushel. The report of the Bureau of Chem- istry of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1884, contains the result of an analysis of 2,759 specimens of wheat, among which were in- cluded samples from every state of the Union, and many foreign coun- tries. The chemist, (page 70–79 of the report), says that the determination of the albuminoids, in connection with the size and condition of the wheat, settle, so far as a chemical and physical examination can succeed, the peculiarities and relative values of the samples submitted. The result of the analysis is to establish the fact by National investiga- tion that in the two most important desiderata, dryness and richness in albuminoids, Dakota wheat ranks the best of any grown on American soil, and probably averages the best of all the world. The following table is copied from the chemist's report: AVERAGE PERCENTA(HIE OF WATER AND ALBUMINOIDS IN TIII, COMPOSITION OF A MICRICAN WIIE,\T. Alb Highest umi- percent. Locality. Water ł. noids, Fiji. per * |percent. in any - - - - - i specim’n. DAKOTA ................................................. 8.84 14.95 18.03 Pennsylvania ............................................ 10.73 11.44. 15.58 Maryland.................................................. 10.52 11.65 14.53 Yirginia.…............................................ 9.98 12.10 14.00 West Virginia ........................................... 8.55 10.94 11.03 North Carolina.......................................... 10.03 10.43 12.43 Georgia “................................................... 10.00 11.78 14.00 Alabama........................... ....................... 10.82 11.29 13.65 Qhio ......................................................... 1068 12.83 16.10 Tennessee ................................................ i 10:24 12.50 16.63 Kentucky....................... ........................... 10.83 13.15 14.53 Michigan................................................... 10.71 11.67 15.2% Missouri................................................... 9.80 11.56 14.00 Arkansas.......................................... ....... 9.56 12.95 ....... Minnesota................................................. 9.96 13.19 17.15 Kansas...................................................... 11.80 11.15 12.25 Texas ....................................................... i 10.03 ; 13.14 15.2% Colorado ................................................... 9.73 12.73 15.94 Utah …..................................................... i 9.17 10.15 1().50 New Mexico.................................... ......... 9.30 10.50 11.7% California.................................................. 10.73 10.94 12.78 Oregon...................................................... 9.74 ; 8.60 9.47 Washington Territory................................ 9.89 8.23 8.75 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 79 The average percentage of albuminoids in the wheats of all the United States and British America is 12.15. In Dakota the average percentage is 14.95, leading every state and territory. The average percentage of dry- ness of the wheats of the United States and British America is 10.16. In this respect Dakota also leads every competitor with an average percent- age of only 8.84 of water in the composition of wheat grown on her soil. IPAC-SIMILE OF FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED THE DAR OTA EXIIIIBIT For the best grade of hard wheat, World's Industrial Exposition, New Orleans, 1885. gº º . Nº & §º §: tº & & Sº tº. § tº-ºvº. 4. Sa 2 . . gº. * * º Ş. tº . Wº ºš §sº º º £ºś º º ºº: a. ...; nº at . . …; ... ." N × Nº T. N. × ſº...º "" ; * r * ºi B.º. -º- ºr & ** > *::: w tº mº % § 2, - º: - - w ^ S s # - § | º § § ! *NYs- º #. § S ºº à j § s: º i!. N. h º ºf S \ | N º Ş. N NS : i 'sQ i.R§ “º : §s\ § S. : § | Ş | -> \ N \ #. N. N º: - : Y. \\ # E \ ºff tº N ºf § \, ...” Å. º N s | iº S.º: M sºº* : * :s ºsº E º | N º : º: 3. § \\ yº| | § & f ºº N º : ; : S ! \ Ö º ſº. º,.”. W.; , ) it. º: tº º AY º' Mº. 5 - * * * * *** * g Pºº * Y., " . . . ºr - ſº ſº ºf . º 80 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Commenting on the result of this investigation the chemist says: “as will be seen, the Dakota specimens are all extremely rich in al- buminoids; one containing as high as 18.03 per cent., which is the richest specimen ever analyzed in the United States.” On page 111 of the report, the chemist has this to say, of the result of an exhaustive analysis of samples of flours submitted from the various mill- ing centers of the country: “The Eastern flour is poorer in ni- trogen and gluten than any of the others. In fact, the flours follow closely the composition of the wheat which had been examined from the Same parts of the country. Dakota makes a flour richer than any other, in gluten, in the same way that it produces a wheat of that description. The average of these “Northwestern spring wheat flours’ is high, and in comparison with the rest of the country, they are the richest which have been analyzed. The hard wheats of the Northwest have furnished the country with a finer flour than it has before possessed, and in the baking experiments, the bread made from these flours excelled all others in quality.” These experiments, carried on by authority of the National Govern- ment, establish two facts: First. That a bushel of Dakota wheat will make more bread than the same quantity of wheat raised in any other state or territory of the Union. Second. That the bread made from Dakota wheat flour contains more gluten and other of the materials which nourish and build up the human body, than bread made from any other brand. - At the World’s Exposition, New Orleans, 1884–5, Dakota was awarded first premium for wheat over competitors from all the famous wheat-grow- ing countries of the world. A fac-simile of the award is shown on the preceding page. Dakota's soil not only produces the finest wheat in the world, worth from five to ten cents more a bushel than the best grade of other markets, but it is raised at the lowest possible cost of production. From the Government census of 1880 we deduce the following figures: The average value of a farm in the state of New York, including land, fences and buildings, is $4,561; the average size of a farm in that state is 99 acres, making an average investment of $46 for every acre. In the state of Ohio the average value of farm property is $44 per acre. In Da- kota the farmer has an average investment in his farm property of only $5.90 per acre and he raises a finer grade of wheat than does the Eastern farmer, with ten times the amount invested and with a corresponding in- creased annual outlay for taxes and interest on the investment. A prominent citizen of the Territory—one who has heavy interests in the lands of hoth Dakota and the state of New York, is authority for the following comparison: “A farm situated in western New York, and containing say 160 acres of land, will pay a tax of from $75 to $100 per annum, while a fairly well im- proved farm in Dakota, of the same acreage will be taxed but from $25 to RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. *. 81 $40; here, in the item of taxes alone is a margin of saving to the Western farmer of about $50 per year. A mortgaged farm of say about 160 acres in western New York usually carries a mortgaged debt of not less than $5,000; the interest upon this debt at the rate of 5 per cent., (the lowest rate made in that section,) is $250 per year. Now, on the other hand, the average mortgage upon a fairly improved farm of 160 acres situated in Da- kota, is not more than $800, and, at the highest rate of interest now ex- acted in this Territory upon real estate mortgage security, namely 10 per cent., the interest upon a Dakota mortgage would be $80 per annum. Thus we see that in the matter of interest there is a difference in the favor of the Dakota farmer of $210 per year, which added to the $50 saved in the way of taxes, makes a net yearly saving to the Dakota farmer of $260, not by any means an insignificant amount at this period of meager margin of profit in general farming operations throughout all Sections of this country.” The East can never compete with Dakota in the cheapness of the pro- dućtion of a bushel of wheat, no more than can she raise wheat of an equal quality. t The following estimates of the actual cost of raising a bushel of wheat in Dakota, during a season of average conditions of favorableness, will be of interest to the intending settler: - Mr. Henry Sleight, a reliable farmer of Stutsman county, says: “In May and June, 1884, I broke 113 acres, with 12-inch walking plows, about three inches deep and back-set in July and August, about an inch deeper than the breaking. Last spring, as soon as the frost was out of the ground suf- ficiently, I went over it once with a disc harrow and seeded it with Scotch Fife wheat, one and a half bushels to the acre, using force-feed broadcast seeders, following with common harrows twice over. The seeding was completed about the middle of April. The wheat came up quickly and evenly and gave promise of an extraordinary crop until the July drouth, which checked it in heading and materially reduced the yield. Harvest- ing was done about the middle of August, and threshing from the shock in September. The crop on the 113 acres was 3,912 bushels, over 34% bushels per acre. “The cost of producing the crop, as given below, is the actual expense for labor—$25 per month wages and 50 cents a day board for men, and 16# cents a day for feed for each horse. In threshing, five additional men were employed at $2 per day, which is also included in the cost of threshing. SUMMARY. Seed wheat, 1693 bushels, at 75 cents............................................ $ 127 13 Pulverizing with disc harrow, man and 3 horses, 53 days............... 10 84 Seeding, man and two horses, 93 days.......................................... 17 ()0 Dragging, man and two horses, 11 days......................................... 21 67 Harvesting, two men and three horses, nine days........................ 29 25 Binding twine.............................................................................. 41 00 Threshing and putting in granary................................................. 152 50 Stubble plowing........................................................................... 85 88 Total “................................................................................. $ 485 27 82 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. “By proportioning the taxes assessed last June, the interest on the cost of the farm, stock, machinery and other equipments, and on the expense of operating the farm, for the current year at 6 per cent., the wear and tear of stock, machinery, etc., together with the expense of keeping the Stock during the winter, the cost of production will be increased about $345—making a total of $830.27. “That the statement may be better understood, I will add that the farm contains 800 acres; about 700 acres under cultivation, 80 acres of fine hay meadow and 20 acres taken up by highways. The cost of the land, build- ings and breaking was about $20,000, and of the stock, machinery, imple- ments, etc., about $6,500. As the land was all comparatively free from noxious plants, no summer fallowing was done this year on the farm, and the teams were engaged nearly two months—from the last of May until the latter part of July—in breaking and fallow-plowing for others.” The cost of raising a bushel of wheat in this instance, after adding to the farm expenses an allowance for taxes, interest, wear and tear of ma- chinery, etc., was but 21} cents. Had it not been for the July weather, Mr. S. is certain his yield would have been 40 bushels per acre instead of 34}, which would have materially reduced the cost per bushel of produc- tion. - The following shows the actual result of the cultivation of 155 acres in 1885—an unfavorable year: Plowing 155 acres, fall of 1884...................................................... $ 194 00 Seed............................................................................................ 119 25 Interest on above, 10 months at 10 per cent................................. 25 85 Seeding 155 acres...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - 155 00 Rolling........................................................................................ 30 00 Interest on above, 4 months......................... ... ............................ 6 08 Harvesting and shocking............................................................. 232 50 Threshing and delivering at elevator, 11 cents per bushel............ 357 50 Tax on land............................ '• • • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - 25 00 Interest on money invested in land...................................... * - - - - - - 130 00 Total cost........................................................................... $1,275 18 The yield was 21 bushels to the acre, a total of 3,255 bushels. The cost of raising wheat as per above statement was about 36 cents per bushel. W. W. Warren, Esq., general manager of the Grandin Brothers' farm, at Mayville, Traill county, says that the cost of raising a bushel of wheat on that farm, including interest on capital, wear on machinery, wages, in- cidentals, etc., is a little less than 24 cents per bushel. Hon. Tauren Dunlap, late Commissioner of Immigration for Dakota, prepared the following table on the cost of wheat production in the Terri- tory, as showing the average expense to the Ordinary farmer, based upon actual results within the knowledge of this office: RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 83 COST OF PRODUCTION PER ACRE. **: Plowing............................................................................................ $1 00 Seeding, 13 bushels at 80 cents....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 20 Cultivation and sowing.......................................................…. 5() Harvesting and stacking.................................................................... 1 25 Threshing and marketing.................................................................. 2 ()() Total ....................................................................................... $5 95 - EXAMPLE. - Plowing 160 acres, at $1............................................................... $ 160 00 Seed for Same, 240 bushels, at 80 cents.......................................... 192 00 Cultivating and sowing, at 50 cents per acre....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8() ()0 Harvesting and Stacking, at $1.25 per acre................................... 200 00 Threshing and marketing, 3,200 bushels at 10 cents....................... 32() ()() Interest on capital invested, $2,000 at 10 per cent........................ 200 00 Total ................................................................................. $1,152 00 Cost of production per acre, counting a yield of 20 bushels ......... $ 7 20 Cost of production per bushel....................................................... 36 The highest estimated cost of the production of a bushel of wheat in any one of the statements quoted—36 cents—is lower than the estimated cost of production in the great wheat growing country of India, and is at least 50 per cent. below the average cost of production throughout the United States. An official document estimates the cost of growing wheat on manured and irrigated land in India, at a little under a shilling per bushel, or in- clusive of rent, 1s. 6d., or 363 cents. This includes seed and threshing. The statistician of the Department of Agriculture—Hon. J. R. Dodge— says: - - ... • “While India is the principal competitor of the United States in the world's markets, her importance as a competitor is greatly overrated. The occurrence of a ‘famine year’ would reduce to zero her exports. So fixed are the industrial usages of the people that great enlargement of the wheat area is next to an impossibility; there has been no material increase as a result of the exportation of the surplus of the last ten years. The ex- tension of railroad mileage has facilitated the shipping of the surplus of good years which would otherwise have been pitted to eke out subsist- ence in famine years. It might not be fair to say that these shipments have produced no effect; if any, it has been very small. The exports of ten years include nearly the sum of India’s record of exportation, and would scarcely equal the crop of an average year. A 10 per cent. Surplus that cannot be depended on in a crop half as large as ours, cannot take the place of our surplus, which is more than half as large as the India crop.” 84 RESOURCES OF DARKOTA. He is also authority for the statement that while the cost of production under favorable circumstances, and in the best localities of India, may be 35 to 40 cents per bushel, wheat can rarely be brought to the principal markets and sold for less than 60 cents. Consul-general Mattson, at Calcutta, says that the native of India can afford to sell his wheat at the nearest market place, if within a day's jour- ney of his home, for 50 to 60 cents per bushel; but when it does not bring that price, or very near it, he either consumes his small supply, or stores it in a hole under the ground until a more favorable time shall come. English wheat-growers claim that it costs about $40 an acre to grow Wheat in England, and that they must get from 40 to 45 shillings a quarter, or from $1.09 to $1.36 a bushel for their grain to make the growing of it profitable. Dakota has the soil, the climate and every advantage in her favor as a competitor for supplying England, the great wheat market of the world, With bread, and whenever our intelligent, thinking farmers grasp the sit- uation and till their lands as do the farmers of Europe, or even the farm- ers of the older settled areas of our own country, we shall at once attain, and forever maintain the prestige of wheat producers of the globe. If the Dakota farmer can afford to raise wheat under the general hap- hazard style of farming, which brings him only a third of the yield the land ought to and would produce with skillful management; with a reck- less investment in farm machinery and an utter disregard of caring for it after it has been purchased, as has characterized his operations in the past; and with no thought of husbanding his crops for a favorable market but, acting in concert with all his neighbors he throws the entire season’s yield, as soon as threshed, on the hands of the grain specula- tor, which, as a matter of course, affects the markets disastrously—and still compete with the pauper-labor of India and the careful, painstaking farmer of Europe, what wealth and prosperity is in store for this same farmer when he shall, by means of Scientific agriculture, double the yields of his fields; when he shall act judiciously in creating indebtedness and sensibly in housing his machinery; when he shall provide a storage- house for his grain, and compel the grain buyer to seek him nstead of put- ting himself entirely within the power of the elevators as now, and, last of all, when he shall diversify his crop and combine stock-raising, dairy- ing, and the other valuable adjuncts of farming with his yearly wheat ventures! The yield of wheat in England is from twenty-six to twenty-eight bush- els per acre; in France twenty-four, -about twice as much as the yield in the United States. And why? The answer is obvious—this high yield is the sole result of science, and thrift, applied to farming operations. The natural fertility of the soil does not necessarily control the yield of a coun- try. No where on the globe is there a wheat growing soil to compete with that of the Red River valley—and yet the poor, worn out lands of some of RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. As 85. the Eastern states are caused, through skilled effort, to bring forth heav- ier crops than this favored spot. The farmers of New England cultivate a soil of sand and gravel, but by constant tillage and the use of fertilizers, this same land has averaged for the past five years a yield of 30.8 bushels of corn to the acre, while the rich loam of the Missouri valley—where nature has furnished every aid to increase the farmer’s wealth, returned but 29.8 bushels. It costs the Dakota farmer quite as much for seed, labor, taxes, living, etc, to raise twelve bushels of wheat to the acre as if he had raised double the amount. An increase of a single bushel in the average yield of wheat. means over $2,000,000 to be distributed among the farmers of Dakota— every cent of which, outside of the cost of threshing and marketing, is clear gain. *Statistical research shows that a crude agriculture is not abundant in product, and that it is compelled to pay high interest on borrowed money. A low grade of farming is cursed with mortgages and mildews, with in- sects and ignorance. Uncertainty broods over its harvests, and famine decimates its people. Famine is unknown in a country of advanced agri- culture, though a fourth of its people only may be engaged in rural pro- duction. On the contrary, millions famish in India, while most of its peo- ple are in agriculture. -X. -X. -X- ·K %. 3'- * In seasons unfavorable to production, the money value of skill and science in agriculture is immensely enhanced. It is often remarked that farmers receive as much for a very small crop as for a very large one. In 1881, 1,195,000,000 bushels of corn were worth $760,000,000; in 1884, 1,795,- 000,000 bushels were valued at $641,000,000; a small crop was worth 63.6 cents per bushel, a larger one 35.7 cents. A crop of cotton once sold for $40,000,000 less than the previous one, which was more than 1,000,000 bales larger. Nevertheless there is disaster in a small crop. The failure is un- equally distributed. The few advanced farmers grow nearly full crops, and receive larger revenues than usual; the many unskilled and careless suf- fer disastrous reduction of yield and quality, and fail to make return for seed and labor. Given unscientific agriculture, with an inauspicious sea- son, and the poor may grow poorer, while the scientific farmer, in the same year, may grow richer. x * * * * * Among the results due to applied science in the work of agriculture, the following are prominent: - First. Fertility is increased; the rate of yield is greatly enlarged; labor is lightened; the laborer is less a ‘beast of burden, ' and more a master of machinery. Second. The margin of profit is increased, or rather, one appears where none before existed. . Third. Production is equalized—there are fewer gluts of certain pro- ducts, and greater variety in production. * Hon. J. R. Dodge, Statistician, Department Agriculture, Washington, annual re- port, 1885. 86 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Fourth. Disasters of primitive agriculture are partially averted— drought by deep and thorough culture, excessive rainfall, by drainage; in- sects are less numerous with rotation, and their injuries are outgrown by vigor of vitality and strength of growth; blights and other maladies of veg- etable physiology are avoided by amelioration of the soil and cultivation in harmony with the conditions of healthful growth. Finally, by application of the discoveries of science, the farmer unites brain with brawn in rural production, labor loses its drudgery and ac- Quires effectiveness, the profit and pleasure of agriculture are advanced, the public wealth and welfare are promoted, and a country life, whatever its previous charms, is far better worth the living. The wheat crop of Dakota in 1886, as recorded in the annual report of the Department of Agriculture, was 30,704,000 bushels, the product of 2,675,350 acres, or an average yield of 11.5 bushels to the acre. But this statement is almost as inaccurate and misleading as others referring to Da- kota, on page 60 of the same official work, wherein it is said that “the varieties of spring wheat grown in southwesterm (?) I)akota have a world- wide reputation for producing the best quality of flour!” that “our princi- pal market crop is fla cl” and that “tomatoes and melons rarely matwre on account of frost!” The truth of the matter is the Territory has never re- ceived proper credit for the crops she has raised—through the fault, chiefly, of her own weak and inoperative statistical law. As this law now stands, but a small proportion of the assessors of the Territory comply with its terms, and the Commissioner of Immigration is dependent almost solely on the kind co-operation of county auditors and clerks, city officials and voluntary reporters selected from among the farmers, for statistical information regarding the season’s crops. Careful computations, verified in every instance by a number of reliable and competent citizens of each county, make the average sown to wheat in 1886 exceed the amount credited to Dakota in the report of the Com- missioner of Agriculture by 574,141 acres, or a total of 3,249,491. This would have given us, even at the average yield computed in his report, a crop of 37,369,146 bushels, or an excess of nearly 7,000,000 as compared with the estimates of the Department of Agriculture. Dakota was given the sixth place in the rank of wheat producing states and territories last year, whereas she was really entitled to the fourth—her yield of this cereal having been exceeded in quantity by the three states only of Ohio, Indiana and Minnesota—a splendid showing when we consider the fact that the season throughout the Northwest was one of the most unfavorable ever recorded. But it is the wheat crop of this year, (1887), which establishes Dakota in the lead, beyond all fear of competition, as the greatest wheat producing country of the Union. Nearly two months’ labor of this office have been spent in the collecting and compiling of several hundred reports and estimates of the season’s crop area and yield per acre, received from leading farmers and reliable RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 87 TABLE SHowING THE wrſ. AT CROP of DAKOTA IN 1886, In comparison with each state and territory in the Union. Aanſe. .States. - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----- - - ------ - - - - - _________^*464s. 43 MASSACHU SETTS, 17,000 42 connecticut, 36,000 41, ww.oxing, 63,000 40 NEvADA, 72,000 39 New HAMPs.HiRE, 169,000 38 Mississippi. - - - - -- - T173,000 37 ARIzoNA. T297,000 36 v ERMont, 410,000 35 MAINE, 600,000 34 New Mexico, 921,000 33 south CARoi. In A, 936,000 32 II) AEIO, 1,039,000 31 DELAware, -- - -----------------, -,---- 1,177,000 30 MoWTANA, 1,509,000 29 ALABAMA, 1,529,000 28 UTAH. Tº TTT - - - - - ----------- 1,541,000 27 Giorgia, - - - - - 1,600,000 26 ARKANSAs, 1,815,000 25 Nºw jersey, 2,260,000 24 color:Apo, 2,419,000 23 west virgin IA, 3,061,000 22 North &A Rolin A. 3,209,000 2TTExAs, T 5,383,000 20 virginia, -- ---------- - 5,581,000 19 MARYLAND, 7,194,000 18 washingtoN TER., 7,560,000 17 TENNEssº, 8,024,000 16 NEw York, 11,093,000 15 oregon, - 11,133,000 14 RENTücky 12,405,000 13 KANs.As, 14,556,000 12 wisconsin, 14,725,000 11 NEBRASKA, 17,449,000 10 PENNsy Lv ANIA, 18,255,000 9 Missouri, 21,986,000 --- - - - - ---------------- 26,572,000 27,562,000 30,704, OCO 32,455,000 36, 165,000 8 MICH IGAN, 7 ILLINois, 6 DAKOTA, 5 low A, 4 cALIFornia, "3 in DIANA Tº 40, 255 , ()()() 2 OHIO, * * - 4().36:3, ()()() 1 MIN NESOT-A . 4:2, S56,000 88 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. citizens, representing every county of the Territory. The acreage and yield for each county was obtained by taking the average of a number of estimates from different sources of the same locality, and, wherever pos- sible, this result was again verified by the assessors’ annual return of sta- tistics. The totals, therefore, as here with published are believed to be as nearly accurate and ‘reliable as it is possible to make them. The showing is simply astounding, and almost beyond comprehension, viz.: a yield in 1887 of 62,553,499 bushels of wheat, from an acreage of 3,818,754, or an average of 16; bushels to the acre. Dakota, in 1887, raises more wheat than was ever credited to any one state of the Union for a season’s yield, or about one-seventh of the entire wheat crop of the United States in 1886—or almost one-thirtieth of the wheat crop of the world. Is further argument necessary to convince the public of the certainty of Dakota's future and of the permanence of her growth and development? The yield of wheat in 1887 is an increase of about 100 per cent. over the crop of 1886, as computed by the Department of Agriculture, and a gain of about 70 per cent. over the estimates for the preceding year, of this office. The acreage sown in 1887 is an increase of about one-fourth, as com- pared with the published report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in 1886, or about one-fifth more than the estimated acreage for that year as made by this office. The average yield per acre in 1886 was 11.5 bushels; this season it is 16}, or a gain in the yield of over 40 per cent. Dakota, still a territory, with her resources but partially developed, with but one-thirtieth of her area sown to grain, has even now taken rank far ahead of the famous wheat-growing states of the Union, and leads all competitors in the quality of the grain produced and the cost of produc- tion. The eventualities of the near future, when the millions of acres of vacant land are peopled, and add their product to augment the Territory’s grand total; when farmers apply lessons of science and economy to the operations of agriculture, and when the completion of the net-work of railroads now projected give the product of the most distant farm an out- let through the lakes to the sea-board at one-fourth the present cost of transportation, cannot fill the mind with a single hope of wealth, grand- eur and prosperity for Dakota which will not be realized. Dakota's prairies will furnish the bread supply of the Nation; the best article at the lowest price. * The soil of Dakota requires no fertilizer—her climate obviates any need of irrigation; there are no stones or trees to be cleared from the farm and the smooth, level prairie permit of the use of many labor-saving farm tools, which the rough land and the small area of Eastern farms pre- clude. Furrows are run for miles without a turn, and it is a day’s journey with a self-binder to cut the opening swath around one of Dakota's bo- nanza farms. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 89 Dakota's wheat is all of the spring variety, and therefore the farmer is not subjected to the dangers of losing his crop by winter-killing, as hap- pens frequently to the winter wheat area. Damage to the crop by rust, Hessian fly, or chinch-bug has never occurred in the history of the Terri- tory. The entire wheat crop of the United States could be grown on Dakota's wheat land, and even then there would remain a vacant area larger than the combined surface of the states of New York, Maryland, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island. i The following table shows the amount of wheat inspected at the princi- pal grain depots of the United States during the year ending December, 1886: Locality. No. of cars. Minneapolis........................................................................... 59,322 Detroit................................................................................... 17,547 Chicago ................................................................................. 34,160 Kansas City........................................................................... 4,741 Milwaukee.............................. .............................................. 14,472 New York............................................................................. 18,110 The advantage and saving of water transportation, as compared with a long land haul in the movement of grain toward the great markets of the world, is too well known to need additional argument. Wheat was car- ried from Chicago to New York, by lake and canal, during the season of 1886, for an average price of nine cents per bushel, and to Liverpool from New York, by ocean steamers, for an average tariff during the year of 74 cents. The rate on grain by rail between Chicago and New York, during the same period, was at no time less than 25 cents per bushel, and aver- aged for the year about 26 cents—nearly three times heavier than the lake and canal rate. * During the year ending July 31, 1887, 38,500 car loads of wheat were re- ceived at Duluth, being considerably more than was handled at either Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, New York or Kansas City, and exceeded only by Minneapolis, for the year 1886. Since the opening of navigation, (1887), in less than fifty days, there had been shipped from Duluth 7,000,000 bushels of wheat—a wonderful increase over the shipments for the same length of time of any previous year. These facts are presented as a proof of the rapid strides taken by this new competitor in the direction of the leading wheat-shipping point of America, and as emphasizing the great advantage to the farmers of Da- kota of the many railway lines, already completed and under construc- tion, connecting the Territorial cities with Duluth, shortening, by more than one-half, the land haui from the Wheat fields to the lakes. The time is rapidly approaching when the entire surplus wheat crop of 90 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. the Northwest will find its way to the elevators of a city destined to be- come the greatest grain mart of the world, distant but 200 to 350 miles from the wheat fields of Dákota, and when our surplus grain will be shipped to the seaboard at less than the present cost of transportation to Chicago. g - The president of one of the leading railway corporations of the United States, recently uttered the following prediction: “It will not be long. until points in Dakota, within 500 miles of Duluth, will be sending wheat from their stations to Buffalo for 15 cents per bushel.” This means that wheat raised on Dakota soil at a cost of from 23 to 36 cents per bushel, with an investment of $5.90 per acre, will bring in the local market, (when freights to the seaboard are lowered to this extent), almost the same price that the Eastern farmer receives for his, raised at double the cost of production and on land representing ten times the capi- tal invested. The following table shows the wheat crop of the world in 1880: } Countries. Bushels. | America: .* United States .................................................................. | 457,218,000 Canada .................... ........................................................ 87,219,234 Argentine Republic and Chili........................................... 28,800,625 Europe: Austria-Hungary.............................................................. 143,001,488 Belgium.................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . 18,514,688 Denmark.................... ................…............................ | 4,731,531 France......... '• * * * * * * * * * * * ........................................................ 299,107,620 Germany......................................................................... 82,000,000 Great Britain and Ireland................................................ 65,285,353 Greece............................................................................. 4,937,250 Italy........................................................................... ..... 129,412,133 Netherlands................. .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 4,937,250 Portugal........................................................................... 8,228,750. Roumania ....................................................................... 22,629,063 Russia.............................................................................. 213,907,084 Servia.............................................................................. .4,525,813 Spain............................................. .................................. 131,660,000 Sweden and Norway........................................................ i 2,468,625 Switzerland..................................................................... 1,645,750 Turkey............................................................................ 41,143,750 Australasia............................................................................. i 22,258,146 India........................................... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 258,317,632 Egypt.................................................................................... 16,457,500 Algeria ................................................................................. 32,915,000 Total............................................................................. 2,031,322,285 T)akota's wheat crop, just harvested, is greater than the whole yield in 1886, of Turkey in Europe; nearly double the product in 1886 of either Canada or Algeria; more than twice the total annual yield of the Argen- tine Republic and Chili combined, or of either Roumania or Australasia, and three times the amount raised last year in either Belgium or Egypt. The entire 1886 wheat crop of the following countries, viz.: Denmark, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 9I. Greece, The Netherlands, Portugal, Servia, Switzerland, and Sweden and Norway, when added together, makes but one-half the yield of Dakota in 1887. Indeed, the statements received by this office—and they are vouched for as being trustworthy and reliable—prove that our wheat crop this season is less than 3,000,000 bushels below the whole product of Great Britain and Ireland, as last recorded. The official record of imports of wheat into the United Kingdom for the first half of the present year, (1887), shows a large increase in the pro- portion furnished by the United States, 68 per cent. against 54 per cent. in the first six months of 1886 and 1885. Counting flour as wheat, the pro- portion is 73.5 per cent. against 60.8 in a similar period of 1886, and 60.6 in 1885. Analyzing the table, there is found a great reduction in receipts from Russia, a decrease from India of 20 per cent. as compared with the first half of last year, and a decrease from Australia. The quantities of wheat imported from January to June, inclusive, with value and average price, expressed in the measures of this country, are as follows: t & i.,,..., Value per Countries. Bushels. | IDollars. bushel. Russia............................................. 2,782,608 2,847,311 $ 1 02 Germany......................................... 1,113,629 1,226,154 1 1() United Statas................................... 32,718,276 34,870,614 1 ()7 Chili................................................ fºr "Ti㺠1 04 India............................................... $725,799 || 6,69,429 99 Other countries............................... 3,650,170 3,726,848 1 02 Total...................................... | 48,053.84 50,42,723 1.05 The value of wheat from this country is eight cents per bushel more than that from India, and five cents more than Russian wheat. It is higher than that of any non-European country, and yet the quantity fur- nished is twice as much as that supplied by all other countries. Of the imports of flour as wheat Austria furnishes a small quantity, and Germany still less, while the receipts from the United States constitute 86 per cent. of the importation. º The present indications point to a more than average European crop. It was late nearly everywhere, perhaps two weeks on an average at the be- ginning of June, but in growing condition, and its advancement since has been rapid. The Russian and Austrian crops especially are of fine promise. That of Spain is mediocre. In Germany, France, and England, reports are generally favorable. The India crop, harvested a few months ago, will be 20,000,000 bushels less than the preceding, say 238,000,000 bushels. Australasia will probably produce 15,000,000 bushels more than in 1885-86; or 37,000,000 bushels. The product of the world promises to be quite as much as for each of the two preceding harvests. A close calculation cannot be made while so 92 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. much uncertainty exists as to the harvest test of present prospects in cer- tain countries. Present indications do not promise material increase in prices; they certainly do not demand lower prices. The demand from Europe should be less than usual, if crops of Western Europe are as good as reported, though stocks are low; but if prices con- tinue low as at present, their replenishment must increase the sum of purchases. It appears that America is still in advance in the competition, furnishing bread to the world at lowest rates with ease and cheerfulness, and probably will have wheat to sell should prices run materially lower. It would be better, however, to sell less wheat abroad, and supply the de- ficiency in barley now obtained by importation, or produce other Crops for home consumption at better profits. * The rapid development of the agricultural and other resources of Dakota in so short a period is fairly represented by the following comparative table showing (from official sources,) the wheat crop of the Territory in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885 and 1887. t - WHEAT CROP. - * - - -------- --- JBzes/tels, 1860 945 1870 ºf TIT0.662 1880 º ºg º 'º'; . . 2,830,289 1885 ºz. Ts6,166,413 1887 tº cºlº Té2,553,499 * Report of the Statistician, Department of Agriculture, Washington, August, 1887. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 93 CORN. Dakota's leading interest must always be that of the farmer's. The great extent of magnificent soil, of cheap lands easily tilled, and yielding a bountiful return for the husbandman’s efforts, is rapidly crowd- ing the Territory toward her eventual position as the garden Spot of the Nation; the depot for the food supplies of the Union. But in this agri- cultural country, to bring about the full measure of success, there must be an encouragement of the farmers to diverstfy their productions. “Man cannot live on bread alone,”—neither will the farmer be the most success- ful who confines his operations in the one direction of raising wheat. The experiment was tried in the settlement of Illinois, of Wisconsin, of Minnesota, of Kansas, and Nebraska, and the failures marking the at- tempts to grow wheat exclusively there was a lesson the Dakotaian has wisely heeded. The homesteader or preemptor, as a general rule, begins operations on his new home with a very limited capital:—the cost of breaking the land, of erecting buildings, and the purchase of farm implements must be met by the immediate sale of his yearly productions, and no crop is so readily changed into cash as wheat. As a result the new comers to Dakota were, perforce, wheat-growers. But now that the farm has been developed, and the heavy expenditures of the first years are lessened—he is investing every dollar of his surplus earnings in cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and in dairying and cheese making. *.*.*.*. The corn market is seldom or never overstocked. In the cultivation of this farm product there is little or no competition of other countries, and if the price is unsatisfactory the farmer is never at a loss to find profitable and varied uses for his surplus at home. Of corn and other feed for farm animals only a small portion of the crop comes within reach of the speculator, whereas, with wheat, nearly every bushel is shipped from the farm, and, as an official of the Government says, “is a prey to speculation every step of the way from the first coun- try market to the consumer’s larder 1,000 to 5,000 miles distant, running a long gauntlet of forwarders, carriers, commission and elevator men, and buyers on speculation, whose charges all come out of the price fixed by the world’s competition, leaving to the grower whatever remainder the rapacity of this army of distribution may have been unable to confiscate.” 94 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. TABLE SHOWING THE CORN CROP OF DAKOTA IN 1886 In comparison with each state and territory of the Union. Ramº. 45 NEVADA, Statzes. 43 IDAHO, 42 ARIZONA, 41 washingtoN TER. º 40 OREGON, s 39 UTAII, 38 IRIICDE ISLAND, 37 COLORADO, 36 NEW MEXICO, 35 MAINE, 34 NEw HAMPSHIRE, 33 MASSACHUSETTS, 32 CONNECTICUT, 44 MONTANA, | | - * * * 2 -- - - - - - - - Bees/els. 92,000 22,000 42,000 67,000 88,000 T178,000 237,000 408,000 938,000 973,000 989,000 1,364,000 1,922,000 1,992.000 31 VERMONT, 2,058,000 30 I) EI, AWARE, 3,590,000. 29 CALIFor NIA, 4,262,000 28 FLorioA, 4,597,000 27 NEW JERSEY, 9,418,000 26 south CARoſſina, 13,318,000 25 LOUISIANA, 14,640,000 24 MARYLAND, - 15,039,000 23 west virginia, I5, 194,000 22 DAKOTA, 15,805,ooo. 21 MINNEsota, 19,905,000 20 NEw York, 22,426,000 19 Mississippi, 25,507,000 18 North CARoi in A, 27,215,000 17 Micing AN, 27,635,000 16 wisdossin, T 28,493,000 15 AI, AIBAMA, 28,893,000 14 grºorgi A, 31,197,000 13 virginia, 32,793,000 12 PENNsylvania, 40,545,000 11 ARKANSAs, Tºº 42,140,000 10 TEXAs, 69,213,000 9 TENNIESS EIC, 73,314,000 8 ki:Ntucky 88,758,000 7 onio, Tº 96,204,000 6 NEBRAskA, Tºº. 106,129,000 5 INIOIANA, 118,795,000 4 KANsAs, sº 126,712,000 3 Missouri, 143,709,000 2 Iowa, ------------ ~------------- - - - - - - - - ---------------------------- - - 198,847,000 1 ILLINOIS, 209,818,000 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 95 The rich and distinctive soil of the Red River valley, especially en- dowed by nature for the production of wheat, the equal of which is not grown elsewhere in the world; with never a disastrous failure marking its history of phenomenal yields; with its special farm tools, large areas, and systematic culture, whereby the cost of production is lowered beyond fear of competition,--must and will continue in the future, as in the past, to grow a third of the entire wheat crop of the Territory. Farmers there have grown rich by confining their operations solely to the growing of wheat, and the advantages of its particular soil are such that the Red River valley must always maintain its present prestige of raising the best and cheapest wheat known to the markets of the world. But the farmers elsewhere in Dakota have learned that there is not the profit in growing wheat exclusively—even though the yield should be ever so heavy, and the quality unexcelled,—as accrues from a diversity of products, the rais- ing of corn, oats and grass, crops which can be marketed at home, in the way of meat, butter, cheese, etc. - - Wheat will always be a part of the farmer's crop in every section of the Territory, and an extremely profitable one, too, when by a rotation of uses the soil is made to yield him a better, surer and larger return than even now, and when his live stock interests shall relieve him from the necessity of crowding his wheat crop on the low markets of the early fall. There can be no more certain and positive indication of the success and wealth in store for the farmers of Dakota, than is displayed by the pro- gress of the past three years toward a diversity of crops. It is with a marked degree of satisfaction those, who are interested in Dakota's welfare, observe the increased area sown from year to year in corn, oats, barley, and the tame grasses. It means that tº, e. Dakota farmer has profited by the failures recorded in the early history of all the West- ern states, and is too wise and intelligent to place his dependence on the yield of a single cereal. It means that he has become a stock-raiser as well as a tiller of the soil. . A study of the tables in another part of this publication, exhibiting the rapid increase each year of the numbers and value of the farm animals in the Territory, in connection with the enlargement of the area planted to corn and other stock supplies, is a convincing proof that the tillers of the soil in Dakota are following in the footsteps of the successful farmer of Iowa and Illinois, and have adopted the plan of mixed farming and of diversifying farm products. The encouragement and growth in the future of an investment in hogs, cows, sheep and horses, that must follow as a natural result of the ven- tures of those who have already demonstrated its value, have made doubly certain the success which will always attend the efforts of the farmer in Dakota. The time is remembered when Dakota was considered as lying outside of the corn belt, and the same was thought to be true as regards the adaptability of the soil and climate for the raising of wheat; but, as the Supposition that wheat could not be grown on Dakota soil has been 96 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. demonstrated to be without foundation, just so is experience teaching the world that the corn area of the Northwest extends far beyond the bound- ary, to which it was confined a few years ago. - * With a soil beyond comparison and a climate akin to that of the great corn growing states of the West, the wonder is that the question of rais- ing corn in Dakota should ever have been clouded with a doubt. Fortunately many of the thrifty and enterprising farmers, who have made new homes in Dakota, were stock-raisers in the states from which they came, and had learned the value, to the farmer, of connecting Stock interests with a diversity of crops. They soon demonstrated that Dakota's soil and climate would not only raise the finest wheat in the world, but was also equally as well adapted for the cultivation of corn. - We have seen the corn area extended from the few counties in the ex- treme southeast, until to-day, the acreage planted in Dakota will almost equal that planted to corn in one-half the states of the Union. Corn is now a leading crop with the farmers of every county in the Southern and central portion of the Territory, of the Black Hills, and is raised in con- siderable quantities even in the counties of the north, especially in the counties bordering on the Missouri river. Each year witnesses the widening of the corn belt in Dakota, and the gradual conversion of the farmers of the most northerly localities to the belief, because of actual results, that corn can be grown anywhere in the Territory. The extraordinarv increase of the corn acreage and product will be bet- ter understood by a study of the following exhibit: CORN CROP. - - - - . . . . . Busheds. 1860 T. 20,269 1870. Tº TT 133,140 188() º T. 2,000,864 1885. TTY,800,593 1887 LTTTTTTTT24,511,726 The yield of corn for 1887, as stated above, is the report of Several hun- dred correspondents, including farmers, merchants, and other leading citizens, representing every county of the Territory. t The acreage and yield was obtained by counties, and for each an aver- age was taken of several different estimates covering the same locality. Whenever it could be done the crop Statistics were compared with the assessors’ returns for the year. t The result of these compilations shows an area planted in corn, in 1887, of 608,807 acres, yielding a crop of 24,511,726 bushels, or an average yield for the Territory of forty bushels to the acre. The estimates in the past of the Department of Agriculture regarding the crops of the Territory cannot be relied upon for accuracy. We have §hown that the Commissioner, in his report for 1886, gave the area Sown to wheat in Dakota below what it actually was; but with corn, his figures are altogether too high. RESOURCES OF DAIKOTA. 97 From careful estimates, verified in every instance by reliable and intel- ligent citizens of each county it is learned that the area in corn in Dakota in 1886 was 400,640 acres, or, about 262,000 acres less than was published by the Commissioner of Agriculture. - In the three years from 1884, the corn crop of Dakota has more than trebled in quantity, with the certainty of constantly increasing, in the future, this established ratio of progress. Dakota in 1887 raised more corn than the entire product in 1886 of either the state of New York, Minnesota, Maryland, South Carolina, New Jersey, Louisiana, West Virginia, California, or seventeen other of the states and territories. - The crop was planted in good season under extremely favorable cir- cumstances and had the advantage throughout the growing months, of weather especially suited for the growing of maize. The ears are un- usually large, filled out to the very tips and, as regards quality, cannot be excelled by the corn growing in any state in the Union. The entire crop has matured without the slightest damage from frost or the ravages of insects and is declared by the farmers everywhere, of the Black Hills, of the south and central sections of the Territory and of coun- ties in the very north to have furnished a better general average of con- dition, of yield and of profit, than was ever before realized from any farm product, of an equal investment. Of the quality of the corn raised in Dakota, the same is true as has been said of the quality of our wheat. It is extremely rich in albuminoids and nitrogen (the nourishing properties) and in this respect is above the average of corn grown in the states, and the general average of the com- position of American corn. - The following table is copied from page 87, report of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1884, and is the result of an analysis by the chemist of the Department of 290 different specimens of corn: AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN CORN. Locality. Albuminoids. Nitrogen. Dakota.......................................................... 10.75 1.72 New York..................................................... 10.54 1.69 Illinois......................................................... 10.06 1.61 Minnesota..................................................... 10.07 1.61 Nebraska...................................................... 10.47 1.68 Colorado...................................................... 9.89 1.58 California..................................................... 10.26 1.64 America, 1883.............. ................................ 10.31 1.65 There seem to be in Dakota, the right composition of Soil and the proper tempering of the climate necessary to grow farm products of ex- treme richness. Mr. Clifford Richardson, chemist of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, report for 1885, says that the result of Several years of Scientific and (4) 98 ? RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - chemical study leads to the conclusion that the yield of corn in the South is far inferior to that of the North, that a warm climate and a long period of growth, while producing a large kernel, tends to give a gross plant with but few ears and that while the size of the kernel of corn grown in the South is twice as large as that grown in the North—the yield per acre is less. r Prof. Witcher, of the New Hampshire State College, asserts that fifteen tons of fodder of Northern varieties, will equal twenty-five tons of the Southern varieties of field corn, in nutriment. Corn planted on freshly broken sod invariably yields a fair crop, with- out cultivation. Sod corn is usually planted by dropping the seed in the furrow when breaking, and covering by turning the next furrow over it, or, with a sod hand planter between the furrows, after the breaking is finished. Sod planted in this way frequently produces twenty-five to thirty bushels of good corn to the acre. Corn on old ground is planted during the months of April and May, is never hoed, but is cultivated several times during the season with a sulky cultivator. The dent or flint varieties are found to do the best, and yields of from sixty to one hundred bushels to the acre have been reported. In many of the older counties corn is the chief farm product, fields of which, hundreds of acres in extent, are seen on every hand, and reports of yields, this season, of as high as 100 bushels to the acre are common. With corn an assured crop, the raising of hogs has become an important and profitable branch of farming in Dakota. Already several of the large cities have extensive pork-packing establishments in operation, and another season will see a large increase in the number of these institu- tions. If one-third of the land in Dakota, (33,000,000 acres) was sown to wheat and raised fourteen bushels to the acre, it would result in a crop of 462,- 000,000 bushels, or more than the entire yield of the United States for 1886. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 99 FLAX. The culture of flax in Dakota is barely in its infancy as compared with the interest that will be devoted to this crop in the future—when capital shall have built up within the Territory, manufactories to utilize the seed and the fibre. At present, owing to a lack of such industries, it is grown principally for the seed, and the fibre or straw is burned or wasted. Flax and sod corn are usually the first crops raised on new land. They can be sown on the freshly turned Sod with a reasonable assurance of a good yield under any circumstances. Flax is one of the best subduers that can be grown on the Sod, and places the ground. In excellent condi- tion for working the next season, for any kind of a crop. Planted in this way it yields, ordinarily, from seven to fifteen bushels per acre, and in many instances, a single crop has paid for the land, in ad- dition to the cost of breaking and planting. Flax does exceedingly well on old ground, and one great advantage of the crop is that it can be put in late in the season—as late as the latter part of June—after the crowding work of the spring is out of the way. The culture of flax, to any extent, is confined to the district south of the Northern Pacific railway, and the larger crops are reported from the counties of the southern and central portions of the Territory. Even there, it seems to be confined to distinct localities; farmers in some com- munities running almost entirely to flax, while in others they show a de- cided aversion to having anything to do with it. The flax crop of the Territory in 1879, amounted to 26,757 bushels; in 1884, to 2,282,788 bushels; in 1885, to 2,916,983 bushels, and in 1886 to 3,844,323 bushels. From careful estimates based on a large number of reports, represent- ing every county, the acreage Sown to flax in the Territory this season was 412,741 acres, and the yield amounted to 3,910,944 bushels, or an average yield of over nine bushels to the acre. Efforts are being put forth by many cities within the flax area, to build up flax mills, paper and cordage manufactories—efforts which are bound to succeed sooner or later, because of the great profit that would ensue to the farmer in raising the crop, could he find a market at home for the seed and straw, and because of the success awaiting the manufacturer, who will fill the demand already existing in the Territory for such products as 100 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. are manufactured from flax seed and flax straw. For the immense Quan- tities of linseed oil, paints, oil-cake, straw-paper, cloth, twine, (especially that which is used for saving the wheat crop,) and other articles manufac- tured from flax, annually consumed in Dakota, we now pay a tribute to farmers and manufacturers abroad, which is justly due the people of our Territory. The introduction of flax mills will add a new source of wealth to Dakota, and furnish a wonderful impetus to the growing, by our farmers, of one of the most profitable crops. As has been said, flax is grown in Dakota solely, we might say, for the seed, while in Ireland, the plant is raised for the fibre, from which the famous Irish linen and other fabrics are made. Our method of threshing breaks up the fibre and renders it useless. * This office has received a letter from San Francisco, describing a ma- chine, the use of which for threshing flax will not only secure the seed but also save the straw uninjured, a matter it would be well for our flax growers to consider. The manufacturer says that in his machine “the bundle of flax is dropped in the thresher where it is stripped of its seed bolls, the seed delivered clean in sacks, and the sheaf conveyed from the . machine with the straw uninjured, and in condition to be used for textile purposes.” It is to be hoped that some of our enterprising citizens will investigate the adaptability of the new machine to saving the fibre of the flax crop of Dakota, and thus render valuable a product which is now dis- carded by the farmers. The raising of flax has caused the building of numerous oil mills in the states of Minnesota and Iowa, there being a dozen or more in Iowa alone. One of the largest oil mills in the United States, is located at Sioux City, and is supplied, to a great extent, with flax grown in Southeastern Dakota. It finds a ready market for all the oil and oil-cake it can make— the sales of its product being limited only by the capacity of the mill. The carrying out of the plans already undertaken for the building of a number of mills and manufactories in various parts of the Territory, will insure a home consumption of the farmers’ crop of flax. Tow-mills have been established at the following points, viz.: Scotland, Drookings, Madison, Wentworth, Canton, Egan, and Vilas. The past season has been a profitable one for the manufacturers of flax-tow, and the few tow-mills now in operation have met with great Success. The price of straw ran so high as four dollars perton—with a great scarcity at that price. Some of the mills were compelled to shut down early because of the exhaustion of the supply of straw in their vicinity. The establishments for the manufacture of tow will be more than doubled before the close of another year. •. It is claimed that this soil gives the fibre of the flax a superiority over that raised in other sections. Yankton has a linseed oil mill, and another is talked of at Scotland, Bon Homme County. , * - : A paint manufactory is in operation at Watertown, Codington county. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 101 OATS, RYE, BARLEY, AND BUCKWHEAT. These grains are cultivated throughout the Territory with great success, and attain a size and solidity of berry elsewhere unknown. The adapta- tion of the soil and climate to the growing of these, as of all cereals, is manifested in the perfection of the grain and the large yield of the crops. This is especially true of oats, which returns a yield ranging from sixty to ninety bushels, weighing from forty to forty-four pounds. This office has a report, in one instance, of the extraordinary yield of 115 bushels to the acre. Rye returns a good yield, averaging from thirty-five to fifty bushels per acre, and weighing fifty-six to sixty-two pounds to the bushel. The berry is unusually hard, full and heavy. RYE CROP. Bushels. i860 I 700 1880 24, 359 1885 . . . . . . . . . 196,750 1887 T316,586 Barley yields from thirty-eight to forty-eight bushels to the acre, weigh- ing from forty-five to fifty-four pourids to the bushel. BARLEY CROP. Azzshe’s. iš66 * . . . 0 1870 . . . . " 4,118 277,424 2,170,059 º6,400,568 The following tables exhibit the yield of oats and buckwheat for a num- ber of years: OATS CROP. - -- - - - - - - - Bzes/te/s. 1860 2,540 18.0 Lºº 114,327 1880 Fºr . . . . . . . 2,217,132 1885 TT T. 22,970,098 1887 43,267,478 102 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. BUCKWHEAT CROP. - --- - -- Biesheds. 1860 T---115 1870 TT t 179 188) T51,466 \ 1887 ºf 97,230 . . . .s.º. ºº::, ... 5.º.º.º.º. i., § 3 ; ; ; ; The acreage and yield of these crops, for the season of 1887, is ascer- tained from assessors' reports and other sources, to have been as follows: Acres. Bushels. Oats ......................................................................... 1,172,289 43,267,478 Rye.......................................................................... 17,559 316,586 Barley...................................................................... 235,155, 6,400,568 Buckwheat.................. ...................................….......] 5,749, 97.230 Do not hesitate to write to this office for an answer to any question you may desire to ask about Dakota. If the pamphlets mailed you do not contain a reply to all your inquiries, or, if you are still in doubt about the climate, the productiveness of the soil, the rainfall, the vacant lands, or anything else upon which hinges your move Westward, write to the Com- missioner of Immigration, Pierre, Dakota, and your letter will be cheer- fully answered. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 103 TABLE SHOWING THE OATS CROP of DAKOTA IN 1886, In comparison with each state and territory of the Union. 86,000 184,000 250,000 361,000 489,000 492,000 528,000 738,000 858,000 1,078,000 1,081,000 1,123,000 TT TT 1,591,000 1,987,000 2,317,00 2,470,000 2,701,000 2,803,000 3,120,000 3,368,000 3,440,000 3,734,000 3,844,000 4,718,000 4,749,000 5, 102,000 5,301,000. 6,276,000 § 7,929,000 T Ts, 577,000 10,219,000 11,369,000 18,521.000 T20,651,000 21,865,000 25,516,000 T:30,577,000 31,798,000 - 31,850,000 º, 37,759 000 39,656,000 40 223,000 Æazz/*. S4 at t t >. A 24S/2 & 4.S. 45 wyoming, 44 Riiodi, isi,And, 4:, NEVADA, 42 LOUISIANA, 41 FloridA, 40 dBLAwar:E, 39 NEw Mexico, 38 MAss Achusetts, 37 UTAH, 36 in Ario, 35 NEW HAMPSHIRE, 34 connecticut, 33 color:Ado, 32 Mont ANA, 31 cALIFor NIA, 30 MARYLAND, 29 MAINE, '38 WEST VII:GINIA, 27 wasiſingtoN TER., 26 MISSISSIPPI, 25 souriſ C.A.Ronix A, 24 Nºw jersey, 23 version't, 22 ALABAMA, T. 21 AitkANs.As, 20 OREGON, 19 grºorgi A, 18 North CARollis A. - 17 TEN NIESSICIC, º 16 virgini A, ſº 15 kºntucky, Kº --------------------- - - - - - - - - - - 14 TEXAS, 1.5 MICHIGAN, 12 DAKOTA, 11 NEBRASI&A, i0 KANs.As, E 9 Missouri, SiNDIANA, 7 OHIO, . 6 piºnnsylvania ºf 5 W 1sCONSIN, 4 NEW YORK, T3 MINNEsotA, 40,735,000 2 IOWA, tº º §: 㺠S 454 ()00 Tj Illinois, io9,649 Doo 104 RESOU RCES OF DAIKOTA: . VEGETABLES. The quality and quantity of the yield of vegetables of all kinds, grown in Dakota, cannot be excelled in any portion of the United States. Pota- toes grow very large in size, a single potato sometimes weighing as much as six pounds, are uniformally sound, very mealy and conceded to equal those grown in Colorado or any of the states of the Union. They yield , from 150 to 500 bushels per acre. - Onions are a prolific and sure crop, growing to an enormous size, and yield from 400 to 800 bushels per acre. Turnips, peas, beets, beans, parsnips, carrots, squash, cabbage, cauli- flower, egg-plant, lettuce, radishes, melons, and all the field and garden vegetables are raised without more than the usual effort. All kinds of root-crops do well on Sod, especially turnips and rutabagas. Turnips are usually sown in May or June; rutabagas may be sown as late as July and will produce a good CrOp. For stock the mangel-wurzel is a very profitable root crop, is an enor- mous yielder and can be raised as easily as rutabagas. There never has been a season in Dakota when the crop of vegetables surpassed in yield or quality the growth of this year (1887). Potatoes, cabbage, beets, squash, turnips, in fact everything in the vegetable line, have yielded in a manner to surprise even those accustomed to the re- markable, from this prolific soil. Visitors to the annual Territorial Fairs at Grand Forks and Mitchell were astonished, more perhaps, at the dis- play of mammoth vegetables, than at any other exhibit. Here one found cabbage, each head of which weighed from thirty to forty pounds; squash, as large as giant pumpkins, and these latter (pumpkins) weighing over 200 pounds; potatoes, a half dozen of which would fill a half-bushel meas- ure; beets six inches in diameter and three feet and more in length and so on through the list. The potato crop of this season is one of the best ever gathered. The yield is large and the quality unexcelled. For the first time almost in the history of the Territory there will be a very large surplus for exportation RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 1(5 —and car-load shipments are now being made where, before, the crop has been insufficient for home demand. P()TAT () (, IK () P. * - - - - *- : * ~ * ~ *-------- * ~ ** **** - - - - -------. -- ~~~. --- - - - - - - - - Bzes/te/s. 186ſ, TT " " " " ' " s 9,489 1870 * , , , , 50,177 1880 TEº. 664,086 1885 º, º ſº.º.º.º.º. 3,868,860 The figures for 1886 and 1887, if available, would show the same aston- ishing ratio of an increased product for the past two seasons as occurred be- tween the years of 1880 and 1885, the potato crop of 1885 being nearly six times larger than that of 1880; but a complete record of the crop statistics of the Territory for 1886 and 1887 is not obtainable, as much as the fact is to be regretted. - & The United States census returns for the years 1860, 1870 and 1880 fur- nish reliable information regarding the crops of the Territory for the seasons preceding those dates, and a census of Dakota taken in 1885, with all the safeguards against fraud which any Federal census possesses, shows the yield of the different crops for 1884. For the leading cereals, such as corn, wheat, oats, etc., the annual reports of the Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, have been taken as giving the only attainable estimates for the years since the Territorial census of 1885. The crop estimates for 1887, where given, are compiled from several hundred reports of farmers, merchants and reliable citizens, represent- ing each county of the Territory. The acreage and yield were reported by counties, there being several estimates in each instance for the same county, and the figures adopted by this office were obtained by striking an average of these different reports. This result was still further veri- fied by a comparison with the assessors’ returns for the year—wherever they had been furnished. It is believed that the estimates of the acre- age and yield of the crops of 1887, as published in the preceding pages, are reliable and accurate. The comparative statements of the preceding pages, showing the enor- mous increase in the yield and value of the farm products of Dakota, ~ *-* during the short period of her settlement, are extremely interesting, and a most convincing proof of her certain supremacy among the agricultural districts of the Nation. 106 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. HOPS. Hops of a superior quality grow wild along the James and Missouri rivers and on the low lands of the Black Hills, and yield a large and regu- lar crop. - Prof. Walter P. Jenney, (U. S. geological survey, Black Hills,) in speak- ing of the fertility of the soil, says: “Wild hops attain a rank and luxu- riant growth in the bottom lands along the streams, and the soil and cli- mate seem to be remarkably well suited to the growth of this plant.” There is certainly no reason why the growing of hops should not be- come an important industry in Dakota. * . The territory of the United States where hops are successfully grown, is very limited. A district in New York, for a radius of about forty miles, with Cooperstown, Otsego county, as its center, forms more than one- half of such territory, east of the Rockies; the only other places being three of the northwestern counties of New York, small portions of Ver- mont and Michigan, and parts of Wisconsin. On the Pacific coast the production, of hops has increased from 15,000 bales, in 1880, to 70,000 bales in 1884. The fact of hops of good quality growing wild along the streams of Da- kota, is an assurance that the climate and soil are peculiarly fitted for the production of this valuable crop. This, together with the knowledge of the fortunes made by the hop-growers of the East, should be sufficient inducement for our farmers to give their attention to the subject. The entire population of the United States, sixty million people, could be settled in Dakota and have an acre and a half of ground apiece for elbow room. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 107 TIMOTHY, ALFALFA, BLUE–GRASS, ETC. The native grasses of Dakota are yet abundant and nutritious, and the mass of farmers depend almost entirely on prairie hay for forage for stock. But the time may come when the supply of wild hay will prove insuffi- cient, and it is well to inquire whether the tame grasses can be grown on Dakota soil. - Dr. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, in a recent communi- cation to the Prairie Farmer, furnishes some interesting remarks in regard to the cultivation on the Western plains, of clover, timothy, alfalfa and other forage plants. He says: “Not only on the prairies, but away up the great slope of the plains, are the old grasses and clovers grown, and grown with great success and profit. A way up under the 100th meridian, timothy is now grown with excellent success. No one need question whether timothy is adapted to the plains. Upon the lower plains it will grow to as great a size as upon the meadows of the Eastern farms. Upon the prairies wherever the soil is moist, red-top may be successfully grown. “There is no doubt that upon the low lands bordering the principal streams, red-top will be extensively cultivated. “Contrary to the expectations of many a farmer from the East, expe- rience has shown the grass to be an excellent one for pasture in the coun- try west of the Mississippi river. Of course, no one should depend upon it for hay; no one should ask it to bring him a hay crop. Blue-grass is eminently a pasture grass, and for this, when in its perfection, it stands unrivaled. “Originally it was taken for granted that red clover would not do well upon the soil of the plains, and few trials to grow it were ever made. The experience of those who were bold enough to make a trial, has shown that red clover is as much at home upon the plains as upon any of the Eastern soils. There can no longer be any doubt as to the adaptability of red clover to the soil and climate of the plains. White clover, while not extensively sown purposely, is appearing in many parts of the region west of the Mississippi river, and even beyond the Missouri river. It 108 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. appears to do fully as well upon the soil of the plains, and without doubt, it will eventually be found throughout the whole of the great plain region.” Timothy is grown by many farmers of the Territory, and universally with success. A farmer says of his experience in growing timothy on Da- kota soil: “In the spring of 1884, I sowed about an acre of timothy on sod-break- ing, with wheat, sowing about twelve quarts of seed just before harrow- ing the last time. The grass came up that season and made a good growth, with the wheat. The season of 1885, the timothy grew to a good height, and I cut it with the binder and threshed it for seed. The season of 1886 was very dry, as all know, and I supposed my timothy was killed, but not so; this spring (1887), it was growing nicely. This was sown on ground that was never backset and has passed through the dryest season we have had. If timothy will stand such a test with the chance this has had, there is certainly no doubt of its doing well in Dakota wherever planted.” Alfalfa is one of the most valuable of the forage plants and produces enormous crops. It has not been cultivated to any extent on the prairies and plains, excepting in California and those parts of the West contiguous to the Rocky mountains. It is a clover particularly well adapted to the soil and climate of Dakota, and a forage upon which hogs and stock will grow and put on flesh all summer, without grain. The plant sends out a long tap-root, striking deep into the soil in search of moisture. Dry weather in nowise affects its growth, and once firmly rooted it is impossi- ble for a drouth to kill this grass. - A farmer in Brule county, Dakota, says he has tried planting alfalfa on Dakota soil and that it grows beyond all expectations. He reports hav- ing plucked on the 15th of April this season, a sprig of alfalfa with twenty- five full, unfolded leaves and five inches high. “For an experiment,” says a Tichland county stock-grower, “I had an acre put down to alfalfa last year, seed put in the ground on the 15th of June, was cut twice and grazed down closely just before freezing up. The location is an exposed one, and the Soil light and Sandy; it has taken all of last season's and this spring's wind, and Some of the young shoots this spring were buried fully six inches in sand. It could not have been given a harder test, even by taking especial pains to kill it out, and we have about one-half acre of it, of as rank, rich growth as could be wished for; the other half is thin and scattering, but may yet come forward in good shape, for, once well-rooted, I find it hard to kill. I intend giving it a second trial this season, and will put in about five acres more. We feel quite confident that we can grow it surely and profitably, on our sandy soil, and in doing so remove other obstacles in the way of cheap cattle production, i. e., the want of early and late green feed.” A farmer of Pennington county, in the Black Hills, states that he has experimented, in a small way, with the growing of alfalfa, and with the most satisfactory results. The alfalfa has been cut four times during the season, yielding at the rate of eight tons of hay to the acre. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 109 Blue-grass lawns are quite common in the counties of sufficient age to have steadied down into efforts other than breaking the sod and the usual work attending the building up of a new country. There is not the least doubt that blue-grass will grow anywhere in Dakota, by exerting the care and attention required elsewhere to intro- duce this beautiful lawn grass; in fact, it may be said to grow with less effort, for ever since the year that General Custer camped at Yankton, in 1873, there has been a heavy growth of blue-grass on the old camp-ground. A great many of the Yankton people remove the sod and transplant it to their yards, where it thrives admirably. It is supposed Custer's com- mand carried baled blue-grass for forage, and the seed scattered in feed- ing the horses took root, and each year since, more seed has scattered, thus keeping up the supply. At Yankton, Elk Point, Sioux Falls, Fargo, Grand Forks and other cities of several years’ growth, pretty lawns of rich-colored blue-grass are COIIll)].OIl. Hungarian and millet can be grown in Dakota with as little difficulty as attends the raising of these hay crops in the East. A Codington county farmer, last year, sowed thirty acres with Hunga- rian and millet, and raised 510 bushels of millet seed and 170 bushels of Hungarian seed. From this crop he sold $200 worth of hay, and fed at least thirty tons to his stock. He made more on the millet and Hungar- ian Seed than on eighty acres of wheat. Following is the experience of a farmer in Hyde county with millet: “My first experience in Dakota with millet was in '84. Having half a bushel of seed, (the common kind,) that I brought from Michigan the year before, I concluded to try it on sod. Accordingly, I prepared the ground and sowed the seed the 20th of June. It being dry for a time afterward the stand was poor. I let it stand until ripe and cut it for seed, getting a little over two bushels from the whole. “The next year I sowed that seed over four and one-half acres of ground that had been plowed twice (beside the breaking). The ground was mellow and smooth, and the seed sown with the seeder, by shutting it off as tight as possible. In this way it sowed nearly one-half bushel very evenly over an acre. The seeder was followed by the planker, which left the ground smooth for the mower. “A heavy rain, a day or two after sowing, brought it up nicely, but three weeks of dry weather afterward stunted it some; but the heavy rains that followed through harvest of that year gave it a fine growth. This piece yielded twelve large loads of hay, besides fifty-six square rods of the piece being saved for seed, and which yielded twelve bushels of plump seed. Those twelve loads, with a few bushels of oats, fed the work- horses through the fall and kept the same through the winter, until March 1st, with no grain at all. They have never done better than they did on that ration. 110 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. “It should be cut while in blow, or before the seed is much more than formed, as the ripe seed seems to have a bad effect, if too much is eaten at once. It requires considerable time to cure, as it is so green and heavy when cut. It will do well if put into large cocks, after being sufficiently dried in the winnow, and let stand a few days. “It is easily damaged by rain, and should be well put up and well stacked. The time for sowing is any time in June, though it may be Sown earlier or later and do well. It needs warm, moist weather to do its best. “From three pecks to a bushel of seed per acre is about right for hay, and half a bushel for seed. “The German millet is highly recommended as being large and yield- ing more than the common kind, but is coarser and needs to be sown very thick.” w Many farmers believe millet and Hungarian a more profitable crop than timothy. NATIVE II AY. The prairie hay crop in Dakota is a voluntary contribution of wealth by nature almost equaling in value, that of the cultivated farm products. A large yield of native hay, of excellent quality can always be depended upon. There never has been in the history of the Territory a complete disappointment ef the annual profits to the farmer and stock grower, de- rived from this crop, although during some seasons, the growth of the prairie grasses may be leavier and ranker, and the number of tons of hay gathered from an acre of ground, more, than others. This season the native hay crop is one of the best ever secured by the farmer and the amount in the stack is perhaps double that of the crop of last year. An unusual activity was displayed by our farmers in hay-making, because of the well known shortage of the crop in neighboring states—and thou- Sands of tons have been harvested for export. There is a number of counties where the wealth flowing in from the sale of wild hay for shipment, a crop requiring only the labor of cutting and stacking, will bear no mean proportion to the amount received from products necessi- tating a season’s toil accompanied by all the doubts and uncertainties of the farmer’s vocation, Following is an exhibit of the hay crop (prairie hay) of the Territory for four seasons: II,\ Y ("IR () P. Tozas. 1860 855 1870 *** - ----------- 13,347 1880 308,036 }885 ºś 1527,987 The hay crop of 1887 will exceed 2,500,000 tons. RESU) URCES OF DAKOTA. 111 SORGHUM-SUGAR BEETS. The amount of sugar annually imported and consumed in the United States and the tax paid by our citizens in the way of a protective tariff on this commodity is a revelation to those who have never investigated the subject. The value of the sugar and molasses imported into America last year, was $76,746,461, or, a little less than one-fifth of the entire dutiable imports of 1886; exceeding in value, by almost double that of any other protected article of commerce. America paid out for duty on last year’s imports of sugar and molasses $51,778,948, while the duty on all our im- ports of wool, and manufactures of, amounted to only $32,000,000; on iron and steel, and manufactures of, $14,600,000, and on silk, but $14,000,000. This fact is the more startling when it is known that every dollar of the sum annually sent abroad, for the purchase of sugar, which in 1886 amounted to $76,746,461, and of this indirect tax, making a total of $128,- 525,409 should be distributed among our farmers and manufacturers at home. - The manufacture of sugar from the sugar beet has for many years been a leading industry of France—while in America with millions of acres of cheap land especially adapted to the growing of this tuber, farmer and manufacturer, both, have given but little attention to so great an oppor- tunity for amassing wealth. Sugar is an article of necessity for which there will always be a constant and certain demand. This one article of food supply is costing us, in cash paid to other nations and in duty charges, a sum equivalent to one-half the value of the entire wheat crop of the Union. Here then is an opening for our farmers, for our enter- prising citizens, which will insure a return of wealth far exceeding in profit that of any industry now engaging their attention. There is no crop grown on the soil of Dakota with more certainty of prolific yields than vegetables, especially beets. With proper investiga- tion, study and effort, our farmers could be brought to rival those of Europe as regards the production of sugar beets, and the entire sugar supply of America furnished by the manufactories of Dakota. Then there is the sorghum industry. The soil and climate of the Ter- 112 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. ritory unite in the most favorable of conditions for the raising of sorghum. This is not a theoretical statement, but a fact demonstrated by the large yields, each season, of cane of a most excellent quality, although the area sown has been Small and the product utilized—the juice or syrup Only. - That sorghum can be profitably employed in the manufacturing of Sugar there is no longer the least doubt. During the past few years the industry has been carried on at two or more points in Kansas, under the Supervision and control of the United States Department of Agriculture, and Commissioner Coleman has recently published an official statement declaring in positive terms the success of the undertaking. The Commissioner says: “The addition to the agricultural wealth and resources of Kansas will be enormous. The establishment of the sugar interest in Kansas gives a market value of $2 a ton to sorghum cane, a plant that grows in Kansas almost without care and with quite as much certainty as grass. At Fort Scott we talked with the cane growers unload- ing at the factory. One man had sold from fifteen acres 200 tons of orange cane for $400. From eighteen acres he had sold 231 tons of amber cane for $462. This was nearly fourteen tons to the acre, but taking twelve tons to the acre as the average, and this is $24, or equivalent at the average price of corn in Kansas to seventy-two bushels of corn, involv- ing twice the labor that is required to raise an acre of sorghum. Any farmer can make figures on this basis.” -X- -X- ex- % X: 3& * “To every ton of cane, aside from the sugar in it, there are some ten or twelve gallons of molasses, and also the seed raised upon the cane, amounting to 25 bushels per acre, which is just as good for feeding all kinds of stock as Indian corn.” This is an industry which should demand the immediate attention of the farmers of Dakota. Our soil will produce from twelve to fifteen tons of sorghum to the acre, yielding a hundred pounds of sugar to the ton of Cane, and, used in this way, Commissioner Coleman extends a profit to the farmer of $6 per ton, or say, $90 to the acre. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 113 FRUIT CULTURE. Long ago in those Sections of the Territory, around Yankton, Vermil- lion, Sioux Falls, Canton, Scotland, and other localities where farming operations are a matter of Some age, the question of raising fruit was set- tled satisfactorily, and during the past three years the conviction has be- gun to dawn on the minds of the people living in the newer counties further north, that the lack of fruit trees and shrubs growing about the farm yard, was the result of their own neglect and want of faith, rather than because of any difficulties attending the propagation of fruit on the prairies. At first, a few planted fruit trees as an experiment; wherever the trees were well cared for, a good, bearing orchard was the result, and served as a convincing argument to doubting neighbors. - An unusually large number of fruit trees have been planted within the past two years. Each succeeding year will witness an increasing interest in the raising of home-grown fruits, and a widening of the area now sup- posed to be adapted to fruit-culture. Wild fruits, such as plums, grapes, choke-cherries, buffalo-berries, grow in abundance along the banks, and cover the islands of the Missouri and other streams. These wild shrubs bear in profusion a delicious fruit, plump and of good size, which is eagerly Sought for by the house-wives for canning and preserving. Experiments made in cultivating these wild varieties have succeeded well. In the Black Hills there is an abundance of wild fruits of great variety. Prof. Jenney, who visited this region in 1875, under authority of the Secretary of the Interior, to report on its cli- mate and resöurces, says: * “The fruits found growing wild in the Black Hills are an evidence of the adaptability of the country for raising the more valuable cultivated varieties, and hence I propose to consider the wild fruits which are found in this region much more in detail than they would otherwise deserve. The most useful is the red raspberry, which was found in large patches in the vicinity of Terry Peak, at an elevation of 6,500 feet above the Sea. The plant is rather dwarfish in size, the bearing Canes being about two feet high, and August 15th, were loaded with deli- 114 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. cious fruit, resembling very closely the cultivated variety ‘Knerit's giant' in size, flavor and productiveness. A variety of black gooseberry was abundant on the western side of the Hills. The fruit was of a pleas- ant acid flavor, and of good size, only differing from the ordinary Western wild gooseberry in being blue-black in color, instead of dark red. Sev- eral Species of currants, including the black, red, and fetid varieties were Occasionally seen, but are valueless. The wild, Western strawberry grows throughout the Hills. It is a very shy bearer, and the fruit is deficient in flavor. The bunchberry or cornel (cornus Canadensis), was found in the extreme northern part of the Hills. I have never seen it elsewhere, ex- cept in Maine and Nova Scotia. Service berries (amelanchier Canaden- sis), were quite plenty on Spring and Rapid creeks, in July. The com- mon wild, red plum grows in patches among the foot hills along the bot- toms of the ravines. The fruit was ripe about September 20th. The only variety of grape noticed was a kind of frost grape, found along the banks of the streams, near the edge of the plains. Quite extensive patches of the two varieties of hazel nuts were observed in the southeastern part of the IIills, associated with alder, white birch, iron-wood, white-elm, burr- oak, Sumac, the poison ivy, the Virginia creeper, and many other plants of wide range and distribution.” The fact of fruits of such a variety, and bearing profusely, growing in all parts of the Territory, is of itself a sufficient guarantee of the adaptability of our climate and soil to fruit culture; but in addition to this, the success attending the efforts of a great number of farmers who have surrounded their prairie homes with bearing orchards, shows that fruit culture in Da- kota has passed the experimental stage, and the farmer who is without a supply of home grown fruit, has but himself to blame. A few statements are added, made by farmers who speak from experi- ence in the raising of fruit in the Territory. Yankton cºunty—“At our last fair, ninety-two samples of apples grown in Dakota were exhibited, together with a fine display of grapes and plums. Small fruits of all kinds are raised without difficulty, and of ex- cellent quality.” Turner county—“Two miles south of Hurley, there is a quarter section of land covered with fruit trees, vines and shrubbery, all growing, and 1nuch of it ladened with fruit. It would be hard to tell how many bushels of fruit of different kinds will be harvested. It would surprise anyone not acquainted with the fact to visit the place, and it is a sight well worth any person’s time and expense, who cares to raise fruit.” Ilincoln county—“If anyone says that fruit cannot be raised in Dakota, he had better retract the assertion. Gus Lindeman, who lives about four miles south of Canton, raised such an enormous crop of apples last season, that he was compelled to prop up the heavily ladened limbs for fear they would break off. There were several farmers in Lincoln county who had apples all winter, that were raised on their own soil and planted by their own hands.” RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Bon Homme county—“If any person has doubts about this being a fruit country, he is invited to call at this office and inspect a small branch from one of Mayor Stafford's Siberian crab-apple trees, and have his doubts dis- pelled. The branch contains upwards of sixty perfect apples, and is a fair sample of the trees in the mayor’s garden.” Kingsbury county—“Mr. A. M. Barker, who has had a good deal of ex- perience in fruit growing says, that he never had as good success in rais- ing apple trees anywhere else as he has had in Dakota. The trees do not blight or winter-kill, and make a rapid growth. M. Pearce—“My success, and that of others for the last few years, con- vinces me that with the right varieties, properly taken care of, there are no crops so valuable as the small fruits; but each must be taken care of; none of them will bear neglect. All require good soil, such as would pro- duce a good crop of corn, and plowed deep and harrowed level. Plant in the spring when the ground gets warm, say about the 10th of May.” Burleigh county—“Most kinds of garden shrubbery thrive, and fruit bet- ter here than in the states. One need only make a trip to the fruit farm of Mr. John Millet, four miles north of Bismarck, to be thoroughly con- vinced of the fact. The visitor can see gooseberries, currants, raspber- ries and blackberries growing in full vigor. The canes and shrubbery were last season so loaded with fruit that they bent to the ground.” Minnehaha county—“Strawberries, raspberries, currants, and all kinds of small fruit are raised here in great abundance, and of unsurpassed quality. Orchards have been established which are astounding even their owners by the yields that are secured, and by the evidence that this region wili, in not many years, be as much noted for its apples, and large fruit generally, as it already is for its cereal products.” Morton county—“A farmer who set out a few apple trees in this country, west of the Missouri river, as an experiment, a few years ago, has a good prospect for fine fruit this year, and is satisfied that nearly all fruits can be grown successfully here. The strawberries are fully up to those grown in the most favored locations of New Jersey, the strawberry paradise.” Clay county—“In the matter of fruit especially, Clay county is pre-em- inently allead of all other sections. An inspection of several orchards near Vermillion would be a cause of surprise even to a resident of one of the other counties who may think he himself has succeeded in fruit cul- ture. Apples, crabs, plums and grapes are to be found in great variety, and of healthful growth.” At the last Territorial fair this (Clay) and Turner county had on exhibi- tion a display of fruit which would have been creditable to any state of the Union. The Clay county exhibit included thirty different varieties of apples alone. - L. J. Moore, Richland county—“I have about fifty bearing apple trees besides numerous currant bushes and a large strawberry patch, all of which have done well considering the fact that I have left them to shift for themselves.” I16 RES() URCES OF DAKOTA. Butte county—“While speaking of berries we will say, that strawberries, red raspberries, service berries, two kinds of buffalo berries, besides choke Cherries and plums, grow luxuriantly in the Hills; we can see no reason why the farmers can not have all the berries they could use if they felt disposed to cultivate them.” Pennington county—“Anyone who imagines that fruit cannot be suc- cessfully grown in this part of the country should visit the nursery of Hale and Thomson on Box Elder creek, five miles north from town, to have Such impression removed. The nursery this season turned out several thousands of quarts of strawberries, while the currant, gooseberry and raspberry bushes are heavily loaded. The vineyard gives promise of a fine yield of grapes, the Concord variety showing up particularly well. Apple trees of a number of varieties will also yield well this year. As for Shade and Ornamental trees, there are many thousands of them ranging from Seedlings to three-year-olds. And it must be remembered that this is a young nursery. What it will be in five years from the present time may possibly be guessed when the fine growth already made by the stock is known.” Other counties make equally as good reports of the success attending fruit culture wherever tried. The Dakota Farmers’ Alliance recommends the following varieties of fruit for Dakota: Apples—Wealthy, Duchess, Tetofsky; and in the Missouri valley as far west as Bon Homme county, Walbridge, Fameuse, and Haas. Hybrid apples: Whitney No. 20, Crab, Transcendent, and Hyslop. É. Raspberries—Turner and Cuthbert; black raspberries, Gregg, and Doo- little. Strawberries—Crescent, and Downing. Currants—Victoria, Red Ditch, and White Grape. Gooseberries—Downing, and Houghton. Early Richmond is recom- mended for trial. Plums—De Soto, Forest, and Garden. Grapes—Worden, Janesville, and Concord. The writer has a vivid recollection of assisting, some twenty years ago, in the planting of the first fruit trees ever grown in a county of a neigh- boring state. At that time it was thought fruit-culture could never suc- ceed so far West, and many were the comments volunteered as regards the folly of the venture. To-day, that little county makes return of more than a hundred thou- sand thrifty fruit trees, and in 1883 the value of the horticultural products for the state, amounted to $1,640,525. The man who is skeptical as regards the raising of fruit in Dakota will live to see the wonderful success which has attended the efforts of the early settlers there, repeated in our own grand Territory. The value of orchard and nursery products for 1880 in the Territory, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 117 \, amounted to $156; in 1884 the value had increased to $13,378—nearly 1,000 per cent. in four years. From 1884 to the present time, the ratio of increased investment in fruit culture is even greater, but reliable figures are not available. In many localities the farmers have organized societies to further the interests of horticulture and forestry, and, in addition, there is a Territo- rial organization, by name the “Dakota Horticultural and Forestry ASSO- ciation,” officered as below: President, E. DeBell, Sioux Falls; Vice President, G. H. Whitney, Es- mond; Secretary, Mrs. L. A. Alderman, Hurley; Treasurer, A. W. Hayes, Parker. The power which is to mould this Nation and the world lies in the West.—[Bishop W hipple. 118 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. TIM BER. ! *The entire area of the Black Hills is a well wooded country. The density of the forests clothing the hill sides have, from their sombre hue when viewed from a distance, given the name to this region, the “Black Hills,” by which it is known also in the Indian dialects. The following trees yield timber in this section: The heavy pine, (pinus ponderosa,) often known as yellow or Norway pine, the most abundant and Valuable tree in the hulls. -- I3]ack and white spruce, found among the valleys in the central and northern portion of this region, covering a considerable area. Burr-oak, (quercus macrocarpa,) in small groves on the eastern slope, near the foothills. White elm, (ulmus Americana,) associated with the burr-oak, occurs along the Valleys of the streams near the eastern and southeastern foot- hills. Aspen, white birch, ash, mulberry, box-elder, (negundo,) iron-wood, (horn beam,) and juniper, grow sparingly in different parts of the Hills, but are of little comparative value. The pine forests cover so extensive an area and yield so large a propor- tion of the timber, that all the other trees combined may be neglected in comparison, though they will be found valuable in the future develop- ment of the country. The Norway pine is a tall, straight tree, free from limbs for one-half its height from the ground. The wood is white, soft, with a straight, some- what coarse grain, free from knots and splitting readily into “shakes,” shingles, or other similar forms. The sap is more resinous than that of the white pine, and, in this respect, this variety approaches more nearly the pitch pine of North Carolina, a tree which it somewhat resembles in its style of growth. On the bottom lands in the lower Valley of French creek, specimens of this pine were seen that were fully 100 feet in height and would measure thirty-five to forty inches through at the ground. Trees of these large * Prof. Jenney’s report on the resources of the Black Hills. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 119 dimensions are, however, rare in the Hills. Timber of from twelve to twenty-four inches in diameter is common, while extensive tracts are covered by a dense forest of small, slender pines from fifty to sixty feet high, and rarely less than eight, or more than twelve inches through at the ground. The pine forests in the Black Hills, where the trees are of mature growth and uninjured by wind or fire, furnish good straight Saw logs from thirty to fifty feet in length and very uniform in thickness, with a gradual taper, averaging in diameter from twelve to twenty inches. * * * * On the elevated portion of the interior of the Hills, especially along the valleys in the limestone formation, extending from Custer Peak to Floral valley, and on the headwaters of Rapid, Castle, Elk, Bear, Butte, and Spearfish creeks, two varieties of spruce, resembling the black and white spruce of the Northern states, are quite abundant. The trees are tall, growing thickly together, and furnish logs quite uniform in diameter throughout their whole length. By careful measurements of the map, the area within the timber line, or outer boundary of the forest at the edge of the plains, is 3,800 Square miles. One-half of this, or 1,900 square miles, is covered by woods, in- cluding the large forests of young trees, as well as the Sections of valuable timber. I estimate that one-fifth of the above area of the Black IIills, or nearly 800 square miles, equal to 500,000 acres, is covered by timber of merchantable quality, suitable for cutting and sawing into lumber. This was the condition of the timber area of the Black Hills, when ceded by the Indians in 1876, and though the annual demand since, for mining timbers and for lumber, has been quite heavy, a large part of the forest is still remaining. It is estimated that each year in the Hills, more than twenty-five million feet of pine logs are manufactured into lumber— none of which is exported. Nearly the entire stock of lumber used is manufactured from the native forests. Along the Missouri river cottonwood, ash, willow, and box elder timber grows to a considerable extent, the groves occasionally widening to forests of some magnitude. The islands are invariably densely covered with trees and shrubs. Around Devils Lake there is a large belt of timber, and another much more extensive in the Turtle Mountains near the Canada line. The banks of the Red River are lined with oak and other forest trees of large size. Its tributaries the Sheyenne, Wild Rice, Maple, Goose, Turtle, Forest, Park, Tongue, and Pennbina rivers are also well timbered. The course of the Mouse, is marked by a heavy growth of timber, such as oak, ash, aspen, box-elder and other varieties, On the coteaus between the Missouri and Jim rivers, and in the breaks of the hills west of the Missouri, patches of timber occur frequently. All of the streams emptying into the Missouri from the west, and many of the lakes scattered about the Territory, are more or less timbered. The I2() RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. settler in the vicinity of any of the multitude of smaller rivers will find no difficulty in obtaining a plentiful supply of cheap fuel. Grand Forks, on the Red River, is a lumber manufacturing point of great importance. Two mills alone have a capacity of over 200,000 feet of pine lumber per day. The annual out-put of lumber of the mills of Grand Forks is estimated at 20,000,000 feet. The logs are rafted down the Red from the pineries of Minnesota. - - Hon. Lauren Dunlap, lately in charge of this office, in writing of the na- tive timber has said: “While it may be news to some people to learn that Da- kota has such a timber acreage even as reported; it is nevertheless a fact, that the total timbered area, native and cultivated, in Dakota, considered in one body, exceeds at this time the area of each of several Eastern states. There are more acres of native timber in the Black Hills alone, than in either Rhode Island or Delaware.” Remember that this office answers every inquiry, no matter how trivial, coming from any one interested in Dakota's growth and advancement, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 121 CULTIVATED TREES. Science has demonstrated that the growth of trees has an effect on the meteorological conditions of any locality, of the highest importance. Any number of instances are recorded where the wholesale destruction of for- ests have changed the condition of localities from that of gardens of fer- tility to something a little better than a desert waste, and, vice-versa, where the re-foresting of a denuded country has led to the most beneficial results as regards the climate, the precipitation of moisture, the atmos- pheric currents and the temperature of the atmosphere. The Chief of the Bureau of Forestry in a report to the Commissioner of Agriculture, cites the remarkable instance of the island of Ascension, which was entirely barren when first occupied in 1815, and so destitute of water that supplies were brought from England and the Cape of Good Hope. Means have since been taken to plant trees and to introduce ag- riculture on the island. The effect has been remarkable. The island grows forty kinds of trees, where but one grew in 1843, owing to the want of water. The water supply is excellent, and the garrison and ships are now supplied in abundance with vegetables of various kinds raised on the island. And of the island of Cyprus, Once regarded as one of the richest and most fruitful islands of the Mediterranean, which, when it fell under the power of the Turks, was stripped of its woods with the most baleful effects. The rainfall diminished, water courses dried up, swamps formed on the sea shore and the island was visited by deadly malaria. On falling into the hands of Great Britain, one of the first duties of the British gov- ernor was to see to the preservation of the few remaining patches of forest, and to plant hundreds of thousands of blue gum trees in the low swampy lands of the coast, with the view of neutralizing the malarial ex- halations from the soil. These plantations are only five years old, but they are said to be exercising, already, a very beneficial result. The Encyclopedia Britannica ascribes the political decadence of Spain in a great measure to the destruction of its forests, and remarks that the evils of denudation are perhaps nowhere more signally exemplified than in Spain. 122 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. And Sicily, once the great grain reservoir for Rome, after the island was despoiled of its forests gradually lost her fertility and mildness of climate. The ruins of proud and opulent Syracuse are in a desert covered by sand, which the hot sirocco carried over the Mediterranean sea from Africa. A few isolated, well watered and carefully cultivated districts of very limited extension, is all that is left to remind the tourist of the by-gone glory of Sicily. Similar examples of the great evils following the obliteration of forest, and of the benefits resulting from re-foresting, are to be found in the his- tory of nearly all of Europe. It has been so in Germany, in France, in Herzegovina, in Montenegro, in Italy, and with the islands of Ceylon, St. Helena, Santa Cruz, and Ternate. And such instances are not wanting even at home, though the period of settlement is but a day in comparison with that of Europe, and the con- sequent destruction to the forest though rapidly going on, is not yet fully completed. -- No country on the face of the earth possessed the magnificent forested do- main equal to that of the United States Government when first estab- lished, but a hundred years of Spoliation and waste, in addition to legiti- mate sale and transfer, are rapidly doing the work of depletion. The entire forest area of the United States is estimated to be less than 450 million acres, of which the Government owns eighty-five millions. It is estimated that the annual consumption of timber in the United States amounts to twenty billion cubic feet. Hon. Emil Rothe, before the American Forestry Congress said: “Have you never tried to find out why Southern Ohio has ceased to be the great fruit country it was formerly known to be 7 Why is it that we cannot raise any more peaches in our state, while they used to bring sure crops not more than a quarter of a century ago? What is it that makes our climate once so favorable to mankind and vegetation, more unsteady from year to year? Look at the woodless hills of Southern Ohio and you have the an- swer. Let the hills be deprived of the rest of the protection which the forests afford, and half of the area of the state will be sterile in less than fifty years.” Hon. Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky, Said on the same occasion: “I move in the sphere of experience with more certainty. I remember when the forests were hardly broken here, that springs of water were very frequent and perennial. The rivulets, creeks and rivers had a per- petual flow. These have now changed. The rivulets and creeks are now dried up in summer, and the fish so often caught by me in earlier years are gone. Not one spring in a thousand remains. Indian corn was gen- erally planted in March, and the rains and exhalations of moisture from the surroundings made crops successful every year. Now, the destruction of the forests has lost to us that bed of leaves which was a perpetual res- ervoir of water for springs and evaporation; aided by the treading of the RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 123 hard surface, the rainfall, if the same as of old, rushes off at once, sweep- ing the soil into the Mississippi delta. Dry winds absorb not only the ancient humidity of the air, but drink up the sub-soil evaporation, so that our winters are longer, more changeable and unendurable. Corn can hardly be safely planted till late in April, and drouth too often ruins all, in spite of our best efforts.” - The more one investigates the subject, the more convinced he must be- come that the planting of trees has a decided effect upon the regulation of storms, the formation of clouds and the descent of rain. It has been esti- mated that the leaves of a single tree, of large growth, would cover an area. of more than 200,000 square feet, and that they give out every fair day of the growing season, 15,500 pounds, or seven and three-fourths tons of mois- ture. Multiply this sum by tens of thousands, and can one longer doubt the result of the humidity of the atmosphere, following the cultivation of forests? How wise, then, was the policy adopted by Government of fostering and encouraging the planting of trees and forests on our own Western plains, and what a grave error is about to be committed in the repeal by Congress of the timber culture act? There may have been an occasional fraud perpetrated against the Government in obtaining title to a portion of the public domain, under the provisions of this law, but all laws, even the most useful, lead to evasions. No one who is familiar with the settle- ment of the Western plains, can gainsay the assertion that the enactment of the timber culture act was one of the most salutary laws ever passed by Congress, and has led to the growing of millions of trees and acres of for- ests upon the prairies of Kansas, Nebraska, and of Dakota, where otherwise would have remained an ocean's surface, unbroken by the pleasing sight of tree or shrub. That these forests planted in the West, have had a beneficial result in modifying the storms and increasing the rainfall, statistics of the National Weather Bureau give abundant proof. The good that would yet result to the prairies of the West from a con- tinuation of the law, guarded by such careful provisions as Congress may see fit to place around it, cannot be over-estimated. Hon. F. P. Baker, special agent of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in speaking of the workings of the timber culture act in Kansas, says: “The passage of the timber culture act was one of the first steps taken by the Government in recognition of the necessity of tree-growing on our Western prairies. I have no hesitation in Saying that the law has done a great deal directly, and much more indirectly, toward covering with forest trees great tracts which would otherwise have been left bare to be scorched by the Sun, swept by the hot winds, thus to aid in perpet- uating the reign of drouth and grasshoppers in the Western country. Let any man visit the counties of Kansas, Settled since the passage of the timber culture act, and he would see more trees growing than were to be 124 RESOURCES OF DAIKOTA. seen in prairie counties settled before the passage of the act, and within ten or fifteen years after their first settlement.” As an example of what has been done in tree planting, Mr. Baker cites the states of Kansas and Nebraska. In the latter state it is estimated that there are growing 53,000,000 forest trees planted by the hand of man. It is safe to estimate the same number to the acre as is required under the timber culture act—that is 675. This would give a little over 78,000 acres in forest trees in that state. In Kansas, the statistics given by the report of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture show 119,682 acres, and the same calculation as above would show the number of trees in artificial forests in the state to be 70,486,350. In Dakota 1,091 final proofs have been made to date, (June 30, 1887,) under the timber culture act and, as the law requires ten acres of healthy growing trees before the final proof will be accepted, we must have at least 10,910 acres of trees and calculating the legal requirement of 675 to the acre we have 7,364,250 growing trees on the prairies of Dakota as an accomplished result of this beneficial and wise act. But this is only a partial showing of what has been done in Dakota through the encourage- ment by Government of the planting of forests. It will be remembered that it requires eight years from the date of entry at least or as much as thirteen years if the full extent of the law is taken, before final proof can be offered on a timber culture tract. Therefore, timber culture entries made since 1879 are all incomplete, with a possible addition of many more made prior to that date by entry-men who have taken advantage of the longer term allowed by law. There are 52,226 of these entries and estimating that the law is being complied with since 1880 in the same ratio as the number of final proofs offered to date bear to the whole number of entries made up to 1879—it would show 63,130 acres of growing forest or 42,612,750 trees in all, for which the citizens of this treeless region must bless the provis- ions of the timber culture law. - In 1882 there were 4 final proofs made of timber culture in Dakota. { { 1883 & 4 { { 111 ( * { { { . { { { { & C 1884 { { & 4 169 & 4 4 & { % { % ( & & 1885 § { { { 161 { { ( { ( t { { { { ( ( 1886 ( & ( ( 275 { { º “, ( & 1887 { { ( { 371 { { ( & 4 The timber culture act should not be repealed. Even in its present shape it is accomplishing as much good as any of the laws ever enacted by Congress governing the public domain. But, rather, so amend it that title to one-quarter of each section of land, remaining subject to entry, can only be obtained by a full compliance with the timber culture act, and at once you sweep away all danger of evasions and increase ten fold the benefits to accrue to the Nation by compelling an enlargement of the area devoted to forests. This subject has been dwelt on to a tiresome length because it is our desire to Impress on the new-comer the many advantages of devot- ing some little attention to the propagation of trees. It not only beautifies RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 125 the farm and home, but serves to break the force of storms and each tree planted adds its mite toward the gentle distribution of the rainfalls and the tempering of the Searching winds. Not only that, but there is no ven- ture so profitable—and attended with so little risk as that of tree culture. Emil Rothe, in a lecture on the profits of forest culture, has said: “Many millions of dollars of American capital are invested in various enterprises which require a much longer time to yield profit or income and never pay nearly so well as systematic forest culture in the proper locality. There is certainly no risk in forest culture. It produces an article of general and steadily increasing demand, and it can be calculated with almost math- ematical certainty what profit may be derived from it and within what time. “The fact that it is highly remunerative in all Europe where land is much higher in price than here, should justify the expectation that it will be profitable. It is well known that on this continent forest trees grow much quicker and comparatively taller than in the Eastern Hemisphere. Here, the most useful trees attain their full development in two-thirds of the time required in Europe, an advantage which can hardly be over- estimated. * “The governments of Prussia, of several of the smaller German princi- palities, and of France, Austria, and Italy make forest culture an unfailing source of a large yearly income. They find it profitable to buy tracts of inferior lands at prices equal to those of our best farming lands, and to stock them with timber. “Only the better class of wheat or meadow-land nets a greater average revenue, in twenty-five years, than well managed forests—a fact which may, at first sight, seem incredible, but which is easily accounted for by com- parison between the yearly expenses of grain culture and the trifling out- lay required for the planting and maintenance of a forest after the trees have become two or three years old, and by taking in consideration the frequent failures of grain crops and the sure steadiness of the growth of trees.” By all means plant at least a few trees about your farm and do it at once. You will live to reap the reward of your efforts and forethought in a hundred different ways. There is not the least difficulty in growing trees anywhere on the prairies if proper care is taken in selecting the varieties and in the man- ner and time of planting them. Some exertion, too, must be expended for the first two or three years, in cultivating in and about the trees. Hon. N. H. Egleston, ex-chief of the Government Bureau of Forestry, says: “The prairies are destitute of trees, not on account of peculiarities of soil or climate, but from other causes. We have ample evidence that they were once clothed with an abundant arboreal growth, and these re- ports, with other facts, show that they may be covered again with such a growth, so far as it is for any reason desirable. In almost all portions of the prairie region, even those least favorable to vegetable products, on 126 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. account of the deficiency of the water supply, groves and belts of trees of various kinds—the result of planting during the last few years—prove that with proper care in the cultivation of trees, and in guarding them from injury by fire or by roaming animals, forests may be established in sufficient abundance to meet all demands for lumber and fuel, and to se- cure those climatic and other influences on account of which forests are valuable to any country.” In the report on Government forestry, 1884, forty-seven different kinds of trees were reported from Dakota as having been tried by planting. In order of preference the leading varieties are as follows: Cottonwood, box-elder, ash (white), walnut (black), maple (soft), elm (white), willow (white), oak, maple (hard), butternut, poplar (Lombardy), balm of Gilead, basswood (or linden). The following recommendations as regards tree planting are offered by the Dakota Horticultural society: Trees for forest planting: box-elder, white or green ash, rock elm, larch, white birch, soft maple, butternut, cottonwood, black cherry. For wind breaks or shelter belts: white willow, cot- tonwood, box-elder. For street planting: white elm, hard or sugar maple, basswood, hackberry, ash. Ornamental planting: white birch, larch, bird cherry. Evergreens for forests planting: Scotch pine, red cedar, white pine, American arbor vitae, European larch, (conifer, but not an ever- green.) Ornamental evergreens: dwarf mountain pine, Colorado blue spruce, Northern white spruce, Siberian fir, red cedar, Scotch pine, Nor- way spruce, arbor-vitae in variety. This office has reports of a cottonwood tree twenty years old, recently cut down, which had attained a circumference of Seventy-five inches, and when cut up furnished two and one-fourth cords of wood. Another report says that trees eight years old grown from seed are now fifteen feet high, and four inches in diameter. The Territory makes the following exemptions from taxation as a reward for tree planting: Any one-fourth part of any quarter section of prairie land, the same being a legal subdivision, on which five acres of timber shall be planted, either by sowing seed or by setting trees or cuttings, and the same to be kept in grow- ing order by cultivation, and not to be more than twelve feet apart each way, together with all improvements thereon, not to exceed in value $1,000, and for a period of ten years from and after the planting of said timber; and any change of ownership of such land shall in no way effect the exemption from taxation as herein provided. All improvements made on real property by setting out either forest or fruit trees, shrub- bery or vineyards, which shall not be considered as increasing the value of the land for purposes of taxation. Let us plant more trees, and who knows but that our millions of acres of growing forests will some day supply the inhabitants of the East with lumber—as well as our wheat fields will furnish them bread. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 127 The importance of forestry has been recognized for many years in other countries. In Germany the management of forests by the state has been carried on for hundreds of years. In Hanover there are 600,000 acres in the government forests, the annual expense of keeping which amounts to $650,000, the receipts $1,500,000, and the profit $850,000. The state forests of Saxony cover nearly 400,000 acres, and yield a net yearly rental of $1,250,000. The state forests of Bavaria are even greater in extent, and return, after paying all expenses, $4,500,000 per annum. Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Italy and Denmark, have Schools of forestry maintained by the government, and the national forests are protected by stringent laws. In Sweden, even farther back than 1647, the party who cut down a tree was required by law to plant two in its place—a law it would be well for Our Government to imitate now. For many years the United States did nothing to encourage forestry. The first timber culture act was passed by Congress March 3, 1873, and amended March 13, 1874. The passage of this act has strengthened the growing sentiment in favor of forestry, and led to the establishment, by the Federal Government, some five years ago, of a Division of Forestry, the present chief of the Division being Mr. B. E. Fernow. Many of the prairie states organized forestry associations, and encour- aged in other ways the planting of trees. Twenty-three states and territories recognize the importance of trees upon the prairies about the homes, along the streets, and in the public parks and school grounds, by designating a day, usually in April or May, termed an Arbor Day, which the people are urged to devote exclusively to the planting of trees. The governors of these states and territories designate the day by annnal proclamation, and request the closing of schools and all places of business, and that all manner of labor cease, in order that no citizen may be deterred from planting a tree. Arbor Day originated in Nebraska Some fifteen years ago, under the ad- ministration of Governor Morton, and it is estimated that there are over 600,000 thrifty trees in that state, where, prior to this day devoted to arbor- eal production, there were scarcely any to be found except along the StreamS. The observance of Arbor Day in Dakota is said to owe its first sugges- tion to Rev. C. F. Clapp, formerly pastor of the Congregational Church, Yankton. In the spring of 1884 Mr. Clapp called the attention of Acting Governor Teller to the fact that many Western states had adopted such a custom and suggested that Mr. Teller issue a proclamation for the obser- vance of Arbor Day in Dakota. The Acting Governor agreed to Mr. Clapp's suggestion, issued his proclamation and the custom has been regularly observed during the three years since. The present execu- tive, Governor Louis K. Church, designated May 5, 1887, as Arbor Day, declaring the same a legal holiday and urged the people to devote it exclusively to tree planting. The day was very generally observed and 128 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. thousands of trees were planted by the school children, the arboreal so- cieties, the village authorities and the individual citizen. This office has received reports of the day’s celebration from every section of the Terri- tory. There were more trees planted on Arbor Day, this spring in the three towns alone, of Mitchell, Huron and Yankton, than were reported last year from the entire thirty-seven counties reporting. Owing to the dif- ference in climate in a territory of so vast an extent as Dakota, an Arbor Day cannot be designated suitable to all the varying conditions and many trees were planted prior and subsequent to the date named by the Gover- nor of which this office has received no reports. It is quite Safe to estimate the trees planted this spring, (other than those planted under the timber culture act,) at upwards of a million; and the number planted the three years previous would certainly exceed a million and a half. This number, added to the trees planted under the timber culture act, shows a grand total of 44,112,750 cultivated trees in the Territory to-day, and, estimating the number to the acre as is required under this act—675– would give 65,352 acres of forest. ... * The results of tree culture are plainly observed in the towns and around the farms, where age has worn off, somewhat, the excitement of business engagements and subdued the fever of real estate speculations. In the cities of Yankton, Elk Point, Sioux Falls, and other towns, and the country surrounding them—the old settled area of the Territory—the trees and shrubbery growing about the yards and along the streets and roads present as favorable a view to the visitor as is to be seen in cities of the East, where the trees are native. The towns and communities of youthful age are imitating with commenda- ble zeal the examples set by the older places, and within a few years the Dakota village or farm destitute of the shade and ornament furnished by trees, will be remarked as a noticeable exception. Our law-makers have wisely amended the general law governing the incorporation of cities in Dakota, so as to permit the city authorities to compel the planting of trees along the Streets, by ordinance, in the same manner as sidewalks are constructed. This will insure a regularity of time, of distance, and of the variety, in the planting of shade trees; and place their care and protection in the hands of a public officer. With such a provision there will be no treeless spaces to mark the resi- dence of the unthrifty citizen or to point out the investments of Eastern Speculators. r * * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 129 STO('K RAISING. While the leading industry of Dakota is the tillage of the soil, the live stock interests are rapidly assuming a rank of equal importance with re- spect to the amount of capital Invested and the revenue derived there- from. The census of 1880 gave the value of all farm products in Dakota for the crop year of 1879 at $5,648,814, while the value of live stock was placed at $6,463,274. In 1885 the products of the farm had increased to $36,808,131, and the value of live stock to $40,528,897. On January 1, 1887, the value of live stock in the Territory had reached the vast sum of $43,195,229—an amount nearly 50 per cent. greater than the value of the three principal farm products, wheat, corn, and oats—of the same year. - If we add to the sum given as the value of Dakota's live stock, the value of the dairy products and of the wool clip for the same year, some idea may be had of the rapidly increasing investment by our farmers in the growing of stock. VALU E () F LIVE ST() (; K. Dollars. 39,116 779,952 6,463,274 Bº 40,528.897 iº 43,195,229 In 1880 there were in the Territory 41,670 horses, 2,703 mules, 40,572 milch cows, 100,243 head of cattle, 30,244 sheep and 63,394 hogs. In 1886 these numbers had increased to 227,027 horses, 11,964 mules, 199,480 milch cows, 710,934 cattle, 256,209 sheep and 427,176 hogs. Official returns show the percentage of increase in the number of animals for the year ending January 1, 1887, as follows: Horses, 10 per cent.; mules, 3 per cent.; milch cows, 10 per cent.; cattle, 13 per cent.; sheep, 1 per cent, and hogs 20 per cent. In seven years the value of live stock, in Dakota, has increased $36,- 365,064, or more than an average increase of $5,000,000 per year. (5) 130 w, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. # TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF OXEN, MILCH Cows AND OTHER CATTLE In Dakota, 1886, and their value in comparison with each state and tearitory of the |Union. RANK. STATES AND TEIR. NUMBER, VALUE. L. OLLARS. 47 RHODE ISLAND 35,81 O 1,236,531 46 DELAWARE, 55,820 1,597,762 45 CONNECTICUT, 234,586 7,638,973 44 NEW II AMPSIIIRE, T286,933 7,216,412 43 NEW JERSEY, T242,566 8,572,522 42 ARIZONA, || 258,942 4,985,853 41 UTAH, - *T264,376 5,834,891 40 MARYLAND, * 273,262 7,412,891 39 MASSACHUSETTS, 285,617 9,580,502 38 NEWADA, * 334,742 7,588,289 37 MAINE, tº 351,009 10,101,379 36 SOUTH CAROLINA, | T361,606 4,955,850 35 WASHINGTON TER., Tº T363,079 9,107,148 34 IDAHO, Tº T363.951 8,155,670 83 VERMONT, º 399,705 10,884,624 32 LOUISIANA, º 423,418 5,659,813 31 WEST VIRGINIA, 454,539 10,274,234 30 FLORIDA, # 615,432 5,602,510 29 INDIAN TER., 62O,730 13,035,330 28 NORTH CAROLINA, - 7,989,227 27 VIRGINIA, 13,828,896 26 MISSISSIPPI, 7,899,904 25 OREGON, 17,682,650 24 ALABAMA, 9,101,906 23 ARKANSAS, 9,534,119 22 TENNESSEE, I3,679,667 21 MONTANA, 19,866,373 20 KENTUCKY, 21,191,742 19 MINNESOTA, 21,184,699 18 CALIFORNIA, 21,695,635 17 DAKOTA, 21,445,3O2 16 (#EORGIA, 11,917,664 15 MICHIGAN, 26,590,953 14 COLORADO, 25,945,651 13 WISCONSIN, 30,094,674 12 NEW MEXICO, 22,308,142 11 WYOMING, 28,999,747 10 NEBRASKA, 34,350,777 9 INDIANA, 36,920,656 8 OHIO, 49,463,223 7 PENNsy LVANIA, 49,086,490 6 Missouri, 44,505,960 5 KANSAS, 41,516,082 4 NEW YORK, 75,311,933 3 ILLINOIS, 65,415,030 2 IOWA, ‘‘ . 79,911,024 Tºxºs. º ºf ..º.º.º.º.º. 849:49:20:5 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 131 The immense yield of the grain crops of Dakota has been heralded far and wide, and deservedly, too; yet we must not lose sight of the fact that the live stock interests have contributed a big share in building up the present wealth and prosperity of the Territory, and that each year is witnessing an astonishing increase of investment in this direction by the farmer. It is with a feeling of great satisfaction, and a conviction that the farmers of Dakota have discovered the sure road to success and wealth we observe this rapid enlargements of live stock investments. A droughty month, a day's hot wind or the hail-storm of an hour may undo the labor of an entire season and send want and poverty to the farmer who is dependent on the result of a single farm product. How different is the situation, under a like visitation, of the mixed farmer, who, in the event of failure of one crop, has another yielding good returns; or should the year be so unfavorable as to end in a loss of the entire sea- son’s work—a calamity which sometimes happens to the farmers of any land—how fortunate is the man who can fall back on his herds and flocks, and in this manner bridge over the days of agricultural disaster. Then, looking at the matter in another light, even with favorable crop seasons and an abundant yield of farm products, the farmer who combines stock growing with his other farm operations has a wonderful advantage over his neighbor who devotes his labors solely to the tillage of the soil. He obtains a greater profit out of his farm products by feeding to stock and marketing his fat cattle. He is independent of wheat corners and the rapacity of transportation companies—he evades the many profits paid the grain buyer, the elevator and mill man and the carriers, by feeding his grain on the farm to his horses, cattle, sheep or hogs, as the case may be —for all of which, when ready for market, there is a steady demand at . home. - Nowhere in the world do the native grasses grow with more luxuriance and richness than in Dakota—and the crop is a never failing one. The prairie everywhere is covered with a luxuriant growth of buffalo, gramma, and blue stem grasses, equal for grazing and hay to the tame va- rieties of the East. The entire hay crop of the Territory, (which in 1885 amounted to 1,527,987 tons,) is made from the native grasses. One has only to find a vacant piece of prairie and his hay crop will cost him but the expense of cutting and stacking. These native grasses cure to hay upon the ground, and stock will fatten on the prairies almost as rapidly as they do in the East feeding on grain. The grass retains its richness throughout the year—even where uncut— and in many places stock is kept through the Severest winters solely by pasturing on the plains. It is mowed at any time, making quite as good hay in the fall as during the Summer months. Millions of acres of this native forage grow, cure, and go to waste an- nually, uncut and unfed. If the grass, growing on the prairies of Dakota could all be utilized and turned into beef, it would supply the markets of 132 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. the world. The native hay crop will add millions to the annual profits to be derived from that source when the day arrives that not an acre is al- lowed to go to waste. There never has been a time in the history of Dakota, when the prairies did not furnish an abundant supply of fodder for stock—no matter how disastrous might be the effects of the weather on the farm crops. The dryer the season the better the quality of the native grass, is the universal verdict of the ranchmen who were wont to herd their cattle on the prairies long before Dakota was thought to be fitted for agricultural pursuits. As has been said, large herds of cattle are annually kept on the prairies without grain or other fodder—grazing on the native grasses the entire season—their only shelter from the storms of winter being found in the breaks of the surrounding hills. - Along the Belle Fourche, the Cheyenne and their tributaries, on all sides of the Black Hills; the Little Missouri, and the great stretch of un- settled country to the west; the Mouse river and the coteaus of the north, many thousand head of cattle, horses and sheep are wintered in this way. The stock is simply branded and then turned out to “rustle,” in the stockman’s parlance, and not the least attention is given to the herd until the spring “round-up ’’ of the following year. A “round-up ’’ is where a collection of cow-boys, representing the various ranches of the district, meet at an agreed time and place for the purpose of driving all the stock together, when each owner separates his particular brand from the rest, brands the calves and again turns the herd Out on the prairies. The next “round-up ’’ occurs later, when the stock is again encircled and the fat cattle cut out of the herd to be driven to market. This is the manner in which the large cattle ranches are managed, where immigration and the settlements have not compelled its abandonment. However, the rapid encroachment of the farmer on the stockman's do- main has driven the ranches to a rather limited district in comparison with the great area over which, at one time, his herds roamed at will. It cannot be long ere cattle ranching in Dakota, on the great Scale of the early day, will be one of the lost arts. The rush of immigration spreading over every section of the Territory will render necessary the herding of the flocks on the prairies through the spring, summer and fall; the feeding of native hay in the winter season and the furnishing of other shelter from the weather than the hills and breaks, as is done in the older settled sections. In addition to the wonderful nutritive qualities of the native grasses, the dryness and equability of the climate has much to do in making the raising of stock successful in the highest degree A writer has truthfully said: “The climate (of Dakota) can be called the chief advantage of the country for stock raising, the summers being of about, the temperature of the much noted stock raising regions of the Old World, and the winters cold, sunny and bright. It is the cold, combined with the absence of high RESOURCES OF DARCOTA. 133 humidity, that gives the country such advantages for stock raising, over more humid and warmer localities, for the natural habitat of all our useful domestic animals, the horse, Ox and sheep, is in a region having precisely the same climate as this, the steppes and plains of Central Asia, north of latitude 47°. Probably more cattle range on these unsheltered plains to- day than in America. Atkinson, in his travels, mentions the tens of thousands, of head grazing around the steppes which surround Lake Baikal in latitude 52°.” Rain is almost entirely unknown between October and April; stock are seldom wet during the cold weather, and there is none of that moist air, peculiar to Eastern climates, which causes a too rapid radiation of animal heat, resulting in chilly sensations to man and beast alike. The climate being so dry and equable prevents the prevalence of those diseases that decimate the flocks and herds in So many other localities. Notwithstanding the fact that the past winter was an unusually severe one, and that many herds were on the range without shelter or provision of food, resulting in a greater percentage of loss than would have occurred had the cattle been properly cared for, the loss, during the year, was only 4 per cent.—no greater than is recorded in twenty-four of the states and territories, and less than one-half the loss as compared with some. Cat- tle on the ranges suffered heavily from the severity of the winter. Where stock are provided with the least attempt at shelter and forage, there is never any loss, and it always comes out strong and in good flesh in the spring. Were it not for the custom prevailing in some sections of the Territory of turning stock loose on the range the entire year, without pro- vision for shelter or food, we believe that the percentage of loss would be far less in Dakota than any where else in America. The need of provid- ing a rude shelter of some sort and of supplying forage, which is to be had for the cutting from the millions of acres of rich native grasses, is being impressed more strongly each year on the stock growers of the North- West. Let the stock-growers devote but an iota of the labor and expense to the care of their stock that is expended by the farmers of Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, or any state of the Union, and the raising of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs in Dakota, becomes the safest and most profitable investment in the world. Native hay is to be had in abundance, and costs only a dollar or a dollar and a half a ton to cut and stack. We have described on another page how easily the root crops and tame grasses can be raised, and what immense yields this prolific soil returns for a very little labor. It is therefore criminal carelessness for the Da- kota farmer to neglect his stock during the winter months, as some do. It is with satisfaction we note the fact that the lesson taught by the in- clemency of last winter is being very generally heeded, and the farmers are showing a disposition to provide shelter and hay as required. Those 134 IRESOURCIS OF DAKOTA. TABLE showING THE NUMRER OF LionsBS IN DAKOTA, 1886, And their value in comparison with each state and territo y of the Union. RAN IS. STATES AND TER. N.U.M.B.E.R., V AI, U E. woºs. 46 RFIODE ISL ANI) in Toofs 1,061,443 45 ARIZONA, § 10,165 528,580 44 NEw Mexico, 20.786 745,944 43 DELAWARE, 22,33O 2,135,491 42 FLORIDA, 31, 184 2,545.222 41 NE WADA, 44,654 2,402,449 40 CONNECTICUT, 4,841,242 39 IDAHO, 48,750 2,681,250 38 NEW HAMPSHIRE, 4,143,889 37 UTAH, I 2,466,490 36 MASS ACHUSETTS, 6,816,300 35 SOUTH CAROLINA, 5,701,926 34 VERMONT, 6,780,071 33 WYOMING, 3,678,675 32 NEW JERSEY, *__ 9,463,136 31 MAINE, º 8,167,650 30 was HINGTON TER. * * 6,018,458 29 GEORGIA, 8,757,335 28 LOUISIANA, 6,534,952 27 COLORADO, 7,178,918 26 ALABAMA, 8,751.535 25 MARYLAND, 10,728,077 24 MONTANA, 6,525,088 23 MISSISSIPPI, 9,187,566 22 WEST VIPG.INIA, 8,910,107 21 NORTH CAROLINA, 10,713,012 20 OregoN, 9,045,603 19 ARKANSAS, 10,495,908 18 DAKOTA, 17,618,192 T 17 virginia, 16,725,673 16 CALIFORNIA, 18,534,948 15 TENNESSEE, 19,667,265 14 MTNNESOTA, 29,402,052 13 NEBRaska, 29,349,719 12 KENTUCKY, 26,242,445 11 WISCONSIN, 32,983,234 10 MHCHIGAN, 38,563,565 9 PENNsylva 55,337,053 8 KANSAS, 42,263,123 7 INDIANA, 49,243,727 6 NEW YORK, 65,017,137 5 MISSOURI, 44,542,180 T4 offio, Mºjº: 62,389,601 T 3 row A, § 71,926,052 T2 TEXAs. §§ 33,642,055 1 ILLINOIs. 81,152,417 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Y- 135 who prefer to pasture their stock, fence with barbed wire, at a cost of about sixty cents per rod, but as a general thing herds are allowed to run at large on the range—or in the well settled districts a boy is employed during the summer months to look after the herd. • The greatest number of stock ranches within a given area are located in the Black Hills, and numerous herds of cattle, horses, and sheep graze along the numerous streams where the valleys grow the richest of grasses, and the mountain brooks provide an abundant supply of pure, cold water. The broken nature of the country offers on all hands the best of natural shelter for stock. That the Hills would prove a paradise for stock-growers was predicted hy the Government officer in charge of the exploring expedition sent out in 1875, under authority of the Secretary of the Interior. We quote from his valuable report: * “The grazing in the Black Hills is most excellent. Nine-tenths of the whole area is covered by a thick growth of the finest wild grasses. It con- stitutes the great future wealth of this region, and its value can hardly be over-estimated. %: X- ‘California Joe,’ (one of the guides attached to the expedition,) said of the valley of Spring creek: “There's gold from the grass roots down, but there's more gold from the grass roots w;).’ And no matter how rich the gold placers in the Black Hills may prove to be, . the great business in this region in the future, will be stock-raising and dairy farming. “Even in the clefts of the rocks, the sides of the steep ridges, and in the bottoms of the deep canons, grass is found"growing, depending on the scanty soil for its sustenance, and the little Sunlight that pierces through the dense branches of the trees and penetrates for a short time the depths of the gorge. * * + * 3: * “I had previously been engaged in explorations in western Texas and New Mexico, but I was surprised at the quality of the grazing we found in the Black Hills, which resembled the grass growing in the oak openings in central Texas, except that it was finer and freer from Weeds and the coarser and less nutritious grasses. % -X- * * “For the requirements of the population that the Black Hills will sup- port in the next twenty years, enough hay can be procured from the wild grasses. x ' * -X- * -X: & “The wind may blow a gale over the mountain tops and exposed ridges, but in the valleys the air will be comparatively at rest, the timber cover- ing the hillsides and ridges, materially contributing toward making the valleys warm and sheltered. This will be of great advantage to the stock which may be wintered in the Hills, shelter being found every where from sudden or severe storms. * * < 2× “From the secluded and sheltered character of the valleys, the abund- ance of water, and the fine quality of the grazing, the Black Hills are well adapted for dairy farming, the establishment of cheese and butter factor- ies, and the raising and breeding of fine breeds of cattle and sheep.” 13(; RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. To realize the complete fulfillment of Prof. Jenney's prophecy one has only to visit the Hills and look upon the many herds of sleek cattle, fine horses and sheep to be seen in every valley and crowning every hill top. The coteaus of the Missouri—a range of low hills stretching entirely across the Territory from the northwest to the southeast—are filled with brooks an I ponds of water and furnish a paradise of native forage and splendid protection for the stock-grower and dairyman. The same is true of the country along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad west of the Missouri river, and of the Mouse river region, and the Turtle Mountains, and Devils Lake country of the north; 20,000,000 acres of vacant land are contained within the boundaries above described—almost every settion of which would make as fine a stock ranch or as prolific a farm as exists any- where. Even the Bad Lands—the name by which a small stretch of country from three to twenty-five miles wide, situated principally along the Chey- enne, Grand and Little Missouri rivers, is known, has proved to be the finest stock range in the West. The surface of this region has been shaped, through various causes, such as subterranean fires, the winds and storms of ages, into the most fantastic and weird-looking hills, mounds, columns and valleys, and has been described as “ resembling the bottom of hell with the fires put out.” Mr. E. W. Smalley vividly describes the marvelous scenery of the Bad Lands in these Words: “The change in the scene is so stal thing, and the appearance of the landscape so wholly novel and so singularly grotesque, that you rub your eyes to make sure haſ you are not dreaming of some ancient geologic epoch, when the rude, unfinished earth was the sport of Titanic forces, or fancy- ing yourself transported to another planet. Iºnormous masses of con- glomerate—red, gray, black, brown, and blue, in towers, pyramids, peaks, ridges, domes, castellated heights—occupy the face of the country. In the spaces between are grassy, lawn-like expanses, dotted with the petri- fied stumps of huge trees. The finest effect of color is produced by the (lark red rock—not rock in fact, but actual terra-cotta, baked by the heat of underlying layers of lignite. At some points the coal is still on fire, and the process of transforming mountains of blue clay into mountains of pot- tery may be observed from day to day. It has been going on for count- less ages, no doubt. To bake one of these colossal masses may have re- quired 10,000 years of smoldering heat. I despair of giving any adequate idea of the fantastic forms of the buttes or of the wonderful effects of color they offer. The pen and brush of a skillful artist would alone be compe- tent for the task. The photographer, be he never so deft with his camera and chemicals, only be-littles these marvelous views. He catches only bare outlines, without color, and color is the chief thing in the picture. IHe cannot get the true effect of distance, and his negatives show only staring blacks and whites in place of the infinite variations of light and RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 13 Shadow effects in valleys and gorges and hollows, and upon crags and pin- nacles. Look, if you can, by the feeble aid of written words, upon a sin- gle butte, and see how impossible it is to photograph it satisfactorily. It rises from a carpet of green glass. Its base has a bluish hue, and appears to be clay solidified by enormous pressure. It is girdled by ands of light gray stone, and black l'gnite coal. Its upper portion is of the rich, red color of old Egyptian pottery. Crumbled fragments strew its sides. Its summit, rising 300 feet a' ove the plain, has leen carved by the ele- ments into turrets, battlements, sharp spires, grotesque gargoyles, and huge projecting buttress( S-an amazing jumble of weird architectural ef- fects, that startle the eye with suggestions of intelligent design. Above, the sky is wonderfully clear and blue, the rays of the setting sun spread a rosy tint over the crest, and just above its highest tower floats a little flame-colored cloud like a lºanner. When I say there are thousands of these buttes, the reader will porceive that the Bad Lands of the Little Missouri are a region of extraordinary interest to the tourist and artist.” The country is full of such plateaus, and in the valleys is ſound the best of protection for stock. w Mr. A. T. Packard, editor of the Bad I ands Cow Boy, writes as follows of this region: “There is a very general opinion in different parts of the country, that the Bad Lands are the most sterile and uninhabitable region on the face of the earth. The writer well remembers the impression of them he obtained in his very youthful days from the study of Guyot's geography. To the stock-raiser and coal miner, however, this is the king country of the world. In no other place are there to be found so many favorable conditions for the raising of stock. Bunch and buffalo grass cover almost every inch of the ground. The raw sides of buttes are the only places where splendid grazing cannot be found. On many of the buttes, however, the grass grows clear to the summit, the slopes being the favor- ite pasture lands of the cattle. Generally no bay need be cut, as the grass cures standing, and keeps the cattle in as good condition all winter as if they were stall fed. The only reason for putting up hay is to avoid a scarcity of feed in case of heavy snow. This very seldom happens, how- ever, as very little snow falls in the Bad Lands. In spite of the numer- ous cuts of the railroad there never has been a blockade in the Bad Lands, although they are common over all the rest of the road. A curi- ous fact with cattle is that the ones that have been here a year or two, and know how to rustle, will turn away from a stack of hay, paw away the snow from the grass, and feed on that exclusively. Even in the dead of winter a meadow has a very perceptible tinge of green.” e The rapid increase of fine stock in the Territory and the tendency to improve the grades by importing high-bred animals is very noticeable of late years. In those sections of Dakota settled for any length of time the numerous herds of Herefords, Polled Angus, Shorthorns, Holsteins or Jer- sey cattle, Percheron, Clydesdale or English shire draft horses, speed 138. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. animals of excellent pedigree, and well-bred mules, sheep and Swine, bear testimony to the fact that the Dakota farmer appreciates the value of breeding high classed stock. At the Territorial fairs (one held in north Dakota and one in the south) and the different fairs of the various coun- ties, the display of fine stock called forth the wonder and admiration of the Eastern visitor, who was forced to admit that as respects her graded stock Dakota is not excelled by many of the old states. The indications are that in a few years the Territory will have built up a world-wide rep- utation for the good quality of its horses. The farmers are realizing that it costs but little more to raise a high-class draft animal than an ordinary scrub, and everywhere one hears of the importation of the best grades of brood mares and finest pure bred stallions. Farm work requires heavy draft horses and the intelligent farmer understands the value of crossing with the large and powerful French, English, or Scotch breeds. It will not be long until Dakota will ship to the East a breed of horses unequaled in energy, form and endurance. With so favorable surroundings for the profitable carrying on of the enterprise it is somewhat difficult to explain satisfactorily why our people have delayed until very recently the business of sheep-growing. Those who have engaged in this branch of the stock business are re- markably well satisfied with the venture. It is asserted that in no other country have better results followed the growing of sheep than in Da- kota. The absence of swamps, and damp, rainy seasons, give security from the foot-rot, scab and other diseases so fatal to sheep. The following extract, from publication, well known, an authority on stock matters, will be of interest to all who contemplate the handling of sheep: “Ten years ago there were literally no flocks of sheep in Dakota. It is true that the great bulk of Southern Dakota was not then settled; but there was a tier of counties along the Missouri river on the south, and Big Sioux valley on the eastern border that was settled; and, although the uniform weather and dry winter atmosphere were known to be favorable to sheep-raising and wool-growing, little or no effort was made to intro- duce sheep. About ten years ago the German-Russians began settling in southern Dakota and they at once introduced sheep husbandry and made it a success. The kinds now kept are largely Merino, but occasionally a flock of South Downs or Leicesters is found. The flocks are generally healthy and the fleeces fairly heavy. Wool finds a ready market in any of the larger towns in the Territory, and is mostly shipped East. Nu- merous woolen manufactories are springing up in Dakota, but the produc- tion is greatly in advance of the home market. Fortunately, wool is one of the products of the farm that will bear shipping for a considerable dis- tance. Mutton is in good demand and brings a fair price. It is possible the larger framed sheep of Canada would be more profitable. They are hardy, and, when full grown and fattened, a carcass frequently weighs from RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. I39 100 to 125 pounds. The climate of this section makes the flocks exceed- ingly prolific. It is an easy thing to accumulate a large flock of sheep in a few years. “Sheep are herded in summer in the same manner as horned cattle, and not unfrequently by the same person—especially if the flock of sheep be small and the herd of cattle is not large. In winter the flocks are pro- vided with corrals and sheds for protection from storms, and are fed with the wild hay of the prairie, upon which they subsist without grain. It is no doubt true that with better c.re of the flocks the profit of sheep-hus- bandry would not only be surer, but greater. But the first settlers in any Country are seldom prepared to obtain the best results from their labors, for want of time and means to properly provide for their flocks and herds. Notwithstanding all the lack of facilities for caring for stock by the pio- neers of Southern Dakota, sheep-raising has proved a profitable industry, and one that in the near future will be largely increased '' Mr. A. S. Hall, a farmer of Hand county, encourages his neighbors to a deeper interest in sheep-raising, and says: “I have never lost a single sheep from disease and rarely more than two per cent. from any cause during a year. My greatest loss has always been of old eWes, as I was always looking more to the increase of my flock than per centum of loss. Began the winter of 1886–7 with 315 of all ages, at least fifteen of the number belonging to the class of ‘relics.' I fed during the winter the headed straw from about 100 acres of wheat, twenty-five acres of millet hay, and twenty tons of weedy, wild hay, that was not fit for other stock. No grain whatever. The account is about as follows: RECEIPTS. Wool, 2,547 pounds at 20 cents...................... * * g e º w w tº a e g º & s e e s is e º 'º e º 'º $ tº e º ſº tº tº $510 40 Lambs, 140 at $2........................................................................... 280 00 Pelts, 5 at $1...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 00 Total................................................................................... $795 40 EXPEND ITURES. Millet hay, $4 per acre.................................................................. T00 00 Straw and Wild hay...................................................................... 75 00 Labor........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 25 00 Interest on investment, including shed......................................... 100 00 Total........................................................................ ........... $300 00 Balance............................................................................... 495 40 A report is received from the owner of a herd of 1,800 sheep who brought his flock through the past winter—the severest known for years —without the loss of a single one. In the Black Hills many ranches are devoted exclusively to sheep rais- ing, and with the most satisfactory results. 140 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MULES IN DAKOTA, 1886, And their value, in comparison with each state and territory of the Union. RAN IX. STATES ANI). TE R. NUMBER, VALUE. DOLLARS. 40 washingtoN TER. I 1,231 102.247 30 NEWADA. - ------- - - - - , , , 1,657 121,251 as ArizoNA, - 1,863 137,862 87 IDAHO, 2,436 210,714 36 wyoming, -- | | | 2,850 198887 #5 oregon, a 3,155 229,086 34 UTA II, 3,579 215,082 33 dri.Aware, 4,061 480,130 32 NEW YORK, 5,158 571,860 31 M I ("HIG AN, -- 5,486 556,208 3ſ) W EST V IR (; INIA, - 6,540 495,399 29 WISCONSIN, 8,010 754,877 28 ('OLOIRAI) (), 8,165 685,224 27 MONTANA, 9,229 662,181 26 NEW J ERSEY, 9,407 1,136,749 25 MINNESOTA, - - - . . ; ; ; 10,447 1,036,624 2; NEW MExico, --- - 520,501 Tº Fiorida. 1,107,284. 22 Dakota, ºn 1, 194,622 21 MARYLAND, ... 13.358 1954,544 20 peNNsyLv ANIA, ---- 2,615,601 19 onio. --- - - --- 2,153,571 18 vſ.RGINIA, 3.058,096 17 californix 3,035,912 16 Nebraska, 3,716,460 15 Iowa, 4,186,822 14 INiiANA, 4,495,201 13 south CAROLINA, 6,888,383 12 Louis A.N.A. - 68,6876 11 KANSAS, - 7,320,901 10 Nortii carolina, 6,994,096 9 ARKANSAs. Tº siggº 8 KENTUCKY, assº; ILLINois, 10,476.670 6 ALABAMA, 11,104,624 5 GEORGIA, 18,080,552 4 Mississippiº 12,953,958 3 TEXAs. 9,637,232 a TENNEsº 18,521,572 MIssouri, 14.7% 9,633 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 141 From the indications of the present season, Dakota will soon be enti- tled to as prominent a rank in the list of states and territories with regard to mutton and the wool clip as she now takes when other farm products are considered. Probably there is no one line of farming ventures in the Territory which has received the sudden enlargement of patrons and investments as that of the sheep business. Especially is this true of the counties of the Black Hills, those bordering the Missouri river and sections of north Dakota. - - Many herds were shipped into the Territory during the past summer, and it is evident that there has been a widespread education of the farm- ers to the advantages of raising sheep in connection with the usual farm Operations of the prairie. • For 1886—a very disastrous season to stock men—the losses of sheep in Dakota were but 6 per cent., while in some of the states they were as high as 11, 12 and 13 per cent. - The rapid expansion, during the year or two past of the area planted to corn has naturally carried with it a marked growth in the number of hogs on the farms of Dakota. From January 1st, 1886, to January 1st, 1887, this increase amounted to 20 per cent.—the undoubted result of the en- largement of the corn fields of the Territory. In 1880 there were but 63,394 hogs in Dakota—a number which had in- creased to 427,176 in 1886—or nearly 700 per cent. Hogs do well on the native grasses during the summer and the fall, and throughout the year are remarkably free from the complaints usually af- fecting swine. Hog cholera is a disease unknown in the Territory. The losses for swine for the year ending January 1st, 1887, were 6 per cent.— being less than occurred in twenty-five of the states, where the losses ran all the way from 6.5 to 27 per cent. For many years the growers of stock will find a good demand at home for the surplus of their herds. The building of railways and the rush of immigration furnish a constant demand for mules and draft horses. Every day witnesses the importa- tion of many car loads of work horses into Dakota from neighboring states —horses, the sale and profit of which should be realized by our own farmers. Dairies and creameries are springing up in every locality, and have in- creased the value of milch cows in their vicinity, at least twenty-five per Cent. There is a strong demand for heifers for breeding purposes, oxen for farm work and fat steers for beef. Pork-packing establishments are increasing in number, and find a ready market at home for every article manufactured. • The mining districts of the Black Hills and the military posts and In- dian agencies require immense quantities of beef and hog products, the greater portion of which is now brought in from abroad. 142 * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. f Following are the views of some of the noted stock-growers of the North- west on the question of mixed farming, the advantage of the climate, the richness of our native grasses, the relative profits of raising cattle and horses, etc., etc. Dr. C. J. Alloway, Territorial veterinary surgeon, who has some fine herds on his farm, near Grand Forks, says: “Phenomenal as has been the growth of wheat culture in Dakota, it is admitted on all sides that the cattle industry bids fair to more than equalit in the rapidity with which it is taking hold. The experiments of a few practical men in the past three or four years have so fully demonstrated the adaptability of the country to this industry, that those acquainted with these facts did not hesitate to make the breeding of live stock either an important part of their agricultural undertaking, or, as hundreds have done, an absolute specialty of it. , “It has been pointed out that these vast grazing areas of the Northwest were the natural feeding grounds of the American buffalo, and it is reason- able to presume that this was the case from the fact of their being so ad- mirably adapted to that end. Had this soil not been fertile, abundantly productive, and its grasses nutritive, this page in Dakota's history would Certainly have been wanting. A combination of circumstances have con- tributed largely toward the opening up and advancement of the live stock interests of Dakota and Minnesota Chief among which are the quantity and quality of the wild grasses to be met with everywhere, the purity and abundance of the water, the ease with which root crops of all kinds can be grown, the favorable conditions of the climate, and a steady and increasing demand for beef, butter, cheese and milk. Another, and an important consideration had not a little to do with this comparatively new venture in agriculture in Dakota, namely: The fact that the great major- ity was depending solely upon the production of one article. It matters not whether that product brought a high price or a low one, the denizen of Dakota always had to pay top prices for all the necessaries of life, not excepting flour. Pork, beef and provisions of every kind bad to be ship- ped in, and, as in the case in all newly-opened regions where communi- cation is imperfect and more or less difficult, provisions were necessarily hard to procure, and correspondingly high in price. Chicago furnished us with beef, pork, canned meats, at prices that were always high and that varied little, while the same commercial center bought our grain at figures that harmonized with the caprices of the most powerful wheat ring on earth. To put this in another light, the farmer of Dakota invaria- bly disposed of his wheat at the lowest market price, whereas he pur- chased meats and other commodities, that he could as readily grow as wheat, at the highest figure. “The agriculturist of the Northwest has seen the error of his ways, and as a consequence is branching more or less extensively into mixed farm- ing, and a great many that have the capital are going solely into the RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 143 ** growing of live stock. Evidence of this radical change is apparent in every county in north Dakota, and, no doubt, is the same in the central and Southern portion. % * * * * “Prominent among the auxiliary enterprises developed by the growth of the live stock industry of the Northwest, is the establishment of the St. Paul Union stock yards, at South St. Paul, and the organization of a stock company of a similar nature at Minneapolis; the former with a capi- tal of one and a half millions and the latter of one million dollars, “The plant in the St. Paul Union stock yards is of the finest and most improved, and their entire equipment is unsurpassed in any country. This company has not only mammoth slaughtering, packing and render- ing houses, but has large buildings for feeding and bringing to perfection: animals that are not yet ready for market. Elevators, feed-carriers, hand- some offices, a bank and hotel, also form part of this important adjunct to the live stock interests of Dakota. “The Minneapolis yards will also be on a very large and costly scale. Ground has already been broken and the various buildings are in course of erection. These stock yards are intended to be second to none in point of accommodation and convenience, and will be ready for Operation in the spring of 1888. To the cattle, sheep, and hog growers of the great Northwest these extensive establishments are of paramount importance, and are a substantial evidence of the views held by the capitalists of these two great Western cities of what they expect of the live stock traffic of this favored land of ours. “Heretofore the grower of beef, pork, or mutton was compelled to ship his produce to Chicago or Kansas City, whereas in the future he can al- ways find a ready market at one or the other of the twin cities. And he will further have the benefits of competing markets in close proximity to each other. - “While Minneapolis is to-day the greatest flour emporium in the world, in less than ten short years her packing business is certain to equal, if it does not surpass, that of her wheat and flour. The coming decade will bring more marvelous changes to the farmer of Dakota in the matter of live stock than did the heretofore unparalleled increase in the production of wheat.” - - The preparation under way on so vast a scale, by the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis, with the purpose of controlling a part of Dakota's heavy and increasing traffic in live stock, is being repeated with even more energy and investment, if possible, by a very near neighbor, also a suc- cessful bidder for a share in the division of the live stock interests here- tofore so largely in the hands of Chicago, viz.: Sioux City, Iowa. The Union stock yards of Sioux City, although of recent establishment, trans- act a daily business, during the shipping season, exceeding $30,000. Every facility science and experience has invented for the proper and easy handling of stock, 1s here provided, in ºluding banks, hotels, offices, 144 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF IIoGs IN DAKOTA, 1886, And their value, in Comparison with each state and territory of the Union. -- - - - - RAN IX. STATES AN I) 'I'F, Ik. NUMBER. V. A LU: E. D. () LT, AIRS. 47 wyomiiNG, 2,750 – 17,596 _46 ARIZONA, 13,700 5,804 45 RIIodº Isl, AND T 14,107 Tºo 44 NEWADA, 14.548 ſº 43 MONTANA, --- -- -- 20,263 11,168 42 NEW MEXICO, - ºf 20 pgo 181,505 41 COLORADO. T ſº. 21,290 146,424 40 IDAHO, tº 28.100 147,525T T30 UTAII, TTTT Tº T28,656 237,052 38 DELAWARE. - 42,654 304,977 37 NEw iiNMPsiiire, 53,860 504,538 36 CONNECTICUT, 61.1 (34. 55.25 35 MAINE, - 71,056 (11,080– 34 VERMont, -- - -- * 74,856 589,688 38 MAss Acţius ETTs, sº. 76,840 75.310 32 WAs.IIINGTON TER. jº. 90,152 284,094 31 NEw JERSEY. "ºlºg,919. 1,574,526 30 or EGON, ~ : T 29,920 (356,523 29 MARYLAND. . . . 5,879 1,789,077 28 FLORIDA, ... ... $8,108 729,768 27 MINNEsotA, TT 22,918 1,943,730 26 DAKOTA, , , , . 2,314,013 25 WEST VIRGINIA, 1,780,448 24 SOUTH CAR() I., INA, 2,068,625 23 Louisix NA. 1,754,567 22 NEw York, . TB,145,331 21 viRGINIA, * . . . . . 787,730 3,237.50 20 MICHIGAN, T_º. 823,868 4,794,419 19 INDIAN TER, TTL 850,000 2.210,000 18 wisconsiN. º 1,003,452 5 314,284 17 CALIFORNIA, | tº 1,017,322 3,841.409 T 16 PENNSYLVANIA, 1,070,289 | 7,750,178 15 Mississippi, T. . . . . . . . . . , 1,115,172 3,345,516 T 14 North CAROLINAT 1,279,230 4,286,700 13 ALABAMA, __2 1,310,617 3882 703 12 GEORGIA. . . . . . . 1518,999 || 4,405,008 11 ARKANSAs, ºf 1,523,129 4,036 293 10 KENTUCKY, a . (3,905,247 9 TENNESSEE, _5,922,181 8 KANSAS, 11.955.240 Tº offio. 12,967,882 13,073,336 13,306,880 6 N EBRASIKA, 5 INDIANA 4 TEXAS, 7,090,476 3 ILLINOIS, . . . - 19,997.572 2 Missou RI, . . . . . . . . . . . ." . 14,032,297 23,065,603 1 IOW.A., " ". . . . * -- ºw . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 145 ample yards, arrangements for feeding, housin g, loading and unloading, etc. The six beef and pork-packing establishments of Sioux City, repre- sent an outlay, covering the several plants, of more than a million dollars, with a capacity to prepare for market, daily, 1,500 head of beef cattle and 15,000 hogs, and transact a yearly business amounting to the enormous sum of $23,000,000. These heavy investments made by the cities of St. Paul and Minne- apolis to handle the live stock shipped from the northern counties, and by Sioux City as a market for the beef and hogs of south Dakota, is of itself the weightiest proof of the rapid increase in the number of farm animals in the Territory. . Extract from a speech delivered at St. Paul by President J. J. Hill, of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway, himself a breeder of fine stock: * * -X. * : ·K * **- “A few years ago it was said a man was pretty far from home when he was where he could not raise corn. Now a man goes a good way from home and finds he can raise corn. It is hard to say what you can and what you can not raise. There is one thing the people lose sight of when they undertake to feed cattle—that they can do it trilhow! corn. The highest price paid in the world for cattle sold on the hoof, is in a country where they never raise an ear of corn, and don’t feed it. That is in the north- east of Scotland, in the county of Aberdeen. They send their animals to market in better condition, and get 1 cent or three-quarters of a cent a pound, at least, more for them than for any other cattle in the market, and they cannot raise corn. “In addition to raising wheat, which has heretofore been our leading agricultural product, the farmer can put in another crop that will be even more profitable. For the last four years I have been raising cattle. I feed my steers on grass, roots and cabbage, a little ground oats and oil cake, and the last two weeks of feeding I give them a handful of cheap brown sugar if they do not eat their food up clean. Last December I sent four steers to Chicago to compete in the stock show with 600 fat cattle from other states, and states that make a business of feeding cattle. “I took the sweepstakes prize for the best two-year-old and then killed and dressed him. He dressed at 1,354 pounds, and he dressed 71.4 per cent. of his gross weight, and that was better than any other steer ever seen in Chicago. Then the butchers came and didn’t know whose ox was being gored, so they were unbiased. They gave me the first prize for the best carcass of dressed meat, the first prize for the largest percentage of edible food in the carcass, the first prize for largest per cent. of dressed meat to the live steer, the first prize for the best meat, and the gold medal. I took those prizes with four steers in competition with about 600. I fed little or no corn. I fed them cabbage, turnips and ground oats. My farm had been cultivated for twenty-five years, and was pretty poor land. - 146 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. “I sowed my turnips with a drill, cultivated them twice, thinned them out and, when ripe, cut off the tops with a hoe. It cost $12.80 per acre to raise them, and I got 860 bushels to the acre, the cost being less than one am l one-half cents to the bush, !. Now, the daily rations for 100 steers—and One man can take care of 100 steers—consist first of 1,000 pounds of hay at $3 per ton. There will be also 4,200 pounds of roots, or seventy bushels, at two cents a bushel—and mine didn’t cost one and one-half cents a bushel, and were raised on poor soil. Next come 400 pounds ofground grain at one cent per pound, and 200 pounds of oil-cake at $20 per ton. The total ra- tions then, for 100 steers for one day are 5,800 pounds of feed (or fifty-eight pounds for each animal), which costs $8.90, or 801 for ninety days. Now, good stockers three and one-half years old, average weight 1,150 pounds, can be bought for three cents a pound, or $3,450 for the herd of 100, mak- ing the total investment in feed and steers $4,251. Now, 100 steers should gain 250 pounds each during the ninety days, making their average weight 1,400 pounds, or a total of 140,000 pounds, which, at four and one-half cents a pound would be $6,300. The manure from these animals is worth one-third the whole cost of the feed. It would be cheap at $267. So we would show a total on the credit side of $6,567, or a profit of $2,316; $23.16 to each animal for three months. “The following is the above information in a tabulated form: Daily rations for 100 steers— 1,000 lbs. hay (6) $3 per ton.................................~ $1.50 4,200 lbs. roots, 70 bu. (6) 2 cents per bu....................................... 1.40 400 lbs. ground grain, (3) 1 cent per lb........................................ 4.00 200 lbs. oil-cake (3) $20 per ton................................................... 2.00 5,800 lbs, for One day's rations, cost......................................... ..... $8.90 Rations for ninety days, cost.............................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 801.00 100 steers, 1,150 lbs, each, (3) 3 cent cost...............................‘s • * * * * * * 3,450.00 Total cost......... .................... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $4,251.00 100 steers, 1,400 lbs. ea , (3) 43 cents sell for.......................... '• • . . . . . . 6,300.00 Add one-third cost of feed for manure............. ........................ ... 267.00 . Total amount of Sales................ ........................................ $6,567.00 Profit................................................ • tº $ 6 t e º & tº $ tº e as a s • ‘s s a s = • * * * * * * * * * * * 2,316.00 From an article published in the Northwestern Farmer and Breeder, Fargo, Dak., this additional testimony, concerning the profits of stock- growing in the Northwest, is taken: “A set of Fairbank’s farm scales were put up in a convenient place and in the spring of 1884, when turning into pasture for the summer, (May 1st,) all the stock except the new milch and calf-bearing cows were weighed. For identification I used the Dana ear tag, and when weighed on November 1st, the day we commenced barn-feeding, I found the ag- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 147 TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF SHEEP IN DAKOTA, 1886, And their value in comparison with ach state and territory of the Union. 6 MICHIGAN, 1 Gºfºrokºfs. RANK. STATES AND TElt. NUMBER, VALUE. DOLLARS. 46 RhodE is LAND | 2O.245 73,540 45 DELAWARE, 22,294 65,377. 44 CONNECTICUT, 53,477 187,474 43 MASSA CII t SETTS 63,270 211,164 42 FLO RIDA, 90, 183 160,886 41 NEW J E FSEY, 106,339 381,013 40 SOUTH CAROLINA, 108,418 166,314 39 LOUISIANA, 1 11,730 173,015 38 MARYLAND, BºſT165,210 544,383 37 NEW HAMPSHIRE, # 195,260 539,894 36 ARKANSAs, 224,660 341,933 35 IDAHO, 231,413 520,679 34 MISSISSIPPI, 242,971 348,664 33 DAKOTA, 256,209 623, 10O 32 MINNESOTA, 278,162 655,239 31 ALABAMA, 323,565 458,071 3D VERMONT, : 378,174 1,061.459 29 IOWA, : 425,498 1,020,515 28 NEBRASKA, 439,700 844,004 27 virgiNIA, . 449,233 1,034,134 26 NORTH CAROLINA, ; 450,063 576,081 _25 GEORGIA, * > * : 465,552 650,730 24 MAINE, 526,659 1,470,695 23 WYOMING, - '. 534,020 1,047 480 22 WASHINGTON TER., S555,439 1,110,878 21 TENNESSEE, 561,515 846,877 20 WEST VIRGINIA, º 593,666 1,297,042 19 ARIZONA, J. $27,201 1,003,522 18 UTAH, 358,285 1,343,692 17 NE VADA, 674,486 1,153,371 16 MONTANA, º,688 1,762,197 15 KENTUCKY, ſº,062 1,997,569 14 ILLINOIS, 92.5201 2,260,359 13 INDIANA, 34,091 2,567,131 12 WISCONSIN, 2. 2,230,462 11 PEN NSYT, VANIA, 2 3,072,859 10 KANSAS, 1,939,758 9 COLORADO, 1,845,579 8 MISSOURI, 1,968,838 7 NEW YORK, 5,213,558 5,485,187 3,670,173 5,958,098 § 11,533,675 º 7,718,028 ióż8.192 s 148 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. gregate gain in the 153 days, of sixty-three head, to be 20,055 pounds, an average of two and one-twelfth pounds per day, or 3183 pounds per head. Analyzing the record I ascertained that the yearling steers, (fourteen head,) had gained 60 4-5 per cent. on their spring weights; four head of two-year-olds, 47 per cent.; and five three-year-olds, 31 percent.; twenty- one yearling heifers, 85 per cent.; nine two-year-olds, 52% per cent.; and ten barren cows, 27 2-5 per cent. The general average gain of the lot was 47 4-5 per cent. Thus I obtained an answer to my first question. “Eight head of milch cows were put in a small fenced field of some thirty acres, that during the entire grazing season afforded more than the needed supply of grass, from which I was satisfied that three acres per head was sufficient for summer pasture. The second question was answered. - - “In passing, let me say that our pastures are entirely of native grass, good until October 1st, when failing somewhat, the stock is brought into the yards at night, given some corn fodder and allowed free access to ricks of freshly threshed oat straw; but with the exception of our pure-breds We have never put our stock of cattle in barn for either shelter or feed until the 1st of November. -X- * ·K * % * ,” “The question, which pays the best, horses or cattle, naturally comes to the front. My records give me some figures upon which to work, and from them I make up the following: - “Firs'. Five head of 1883 steer calves from native heifers by a pure- bred short-horn bull, show an aggregate weight, May 17, 1884, of 2,320 pounds; November 1, 1885, 5,515 pounds. “On pasture during the summers of 1884 and 1885, for which I allow three acres each, each year, I charge, use of thirty acres at $5 per acre, 8 per cent., $12. In the barns, from November 1, 1883, to April 30, 1884, and Novem- ber 1, 1884, to April 30, 1885, cost of winter feed, labor, and interest on cost of building $10.50 each, each winter, in all, $106. * Total cost of the five head........................................................ ...... $118.00 Their value Nov. 1, 1885, 5,515 lbs. at 3}.......................................... 192.97 Showing profit of (63 per cent.)............................................. $ 74.97 “Second. Among my purchases in May, 1880, was a large, fine, seven- eighths bred short-horn cow, then in calf by a pure bred bull, for which I paid $100. For convenience, I named her Fatty. May 1, 1885, we have: Fatty, then in calf, valued at............................................................... $ 75 Fatty 24, on 1880 calf, in calf May 1, 1885............................................. 75 Fatty 3d, on 1881 calf, in Čalf May 1, 1885............................................. 75 Fatty 4th, on 1882 calf, in calf May 1, 1885............................................ (35 Patty 5th, on 1883 calf, heifer.............................................................. 50 Patty 6th, on 1884 calf, heifer............................................................... 35 Fatty, steer, on 1883 calf, from Fatty 20.............................................. 35 Fatty, steer, on 1884 calf, from Fatty 3d.............................................. 25 In all, eight animals valued at................................................... $435 • - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 149 “..My estimated cost of keep on the lot to May 1, 1885, was $240; shrink- age in value on the old cow, $25; profit $170. Sixty-four per cent. in aver- age of two and one-half years, about 26 per cent, per year. “Third. In June, 1880, I purchased two good, common mares, one in foal, that cost, laid down at the farm, $340. On the first of December, 1885, I find the two mares in foal by our pure bred French draft stallion, Valued at......................................................................................... $ 300 One colt in 1881, sold in 1884 for........................................................ 200 Two colts in 1882, sold in 1885 for...................................... ............... 300 Two colts in 1883, sold in 1885 for...................................................... 335 Two colts in 1884, on hand, valued at................................................ 225 Two colts in 1885, on hand, valued at................................................ 100 The total valuation amounting to............................................ $1,460 “During the five and one-half years these mares were steadily at work, both Summer and winter, more than earning their keep, but charging up their keep as if kept only as brood mares, the debits would be about as follows: Reep of mares and colts, including labor and interest on cost of buildings................................................................................... $420 Shrinkage on the old mares............................ , º $ $ & & e tº tº º & © tº e º ſº w ł'................... 40 Total cost................................................................................... $460 ‘: A clear profit of $1,000, 217 per cent. on an average of not to exceed three years.” - The total number of farm animals in the United States as compared with the figures of last year, are as follows: - | § ſ & j-, Increase or Stock. } 1886. 1887. decrease. Horses...................................... 12,077,657 12,496,744 -- 419,087 Mules..................................., 2,052,593 3,117,141 || || 64,548 Milch cows................................ 14,235,388 14,522,083 -- 286,695 Oxen and other cattle............... 31,275,242 33,511,750 -- 2,236,508 Sheep.......................... ............ 48,322,331 44,759,314 – 3,553,017 Swine........................................ 46,092,043 44,612,836 – 1,479,207 The average values of ten years past are given in the table below. Other Years Horses Mules Cows ... Sheep Swine 1878............................... $ 58 16 $ 63 70 $ 26 41 $ 17 14 § 2 25 § 4 98 1879............................... 52 41 || 56 06 21 73 15 39 2 07 3 18 1880........... ................... 54 75 61 26 23 27 16 10 2 21 4 28 1881............................... 58 44 || 69 79 23.95 || 17 33 2 39 4 70 1882 .............................. 58 52 | 71 35 25 S9 19 89 2 37 5 98 1883............................... 70 59 || 79 4) 30 21 21 S() 2 5.3 (5 75 1884............................... 74 64 | 84 22 31 37 || 23 52 2 37 5 57 1885............................... 73 70 82 38 29 70 23 25 2 14 5 ()2 1886............................... 71 27 | 79 60 27 40 21 17 1 91 4 2.5 2 ()1 4 48 1887,.............................. 72 15 78 91 26 08 19 79 150 --- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. DAIRY PRODUCTs. * The excellent quality of native forage results in the production of as Sweet milk and butter as can be found in the world. The yield of milk is in excess of what one would expect from prairie fed cows and the quantity and quality are kept up through the season with a constancy quite sur- prising. This follows, undoubtedly, from the rich and nutritious proper- ties of the buffalo and gramma grasses, and from the fact that the prairie forage cures upon the ground, retaining its strengthening qualities the year round. X. A. Willard, of Little Falls, New York, a standard authority on dairy- ing, in his work, “Practical Dairy Husbandry,” says: “The great American dairy belt lies between the fortieth and forty- fifth parallels of latitude. -X. •)K. % * * * “The characteristics of a good dairy country are high, undulating Sur- faces; numerous springs and streams of never-failing water; a soil reten- tive of moisture; a sweet and nutritious herbage that springs up spontan- eously and continues to grow with great tenacity; a rather low average temperature; frequent showers rather than periodical droughts; and suf- ficent covering of the ground in winter, to protect grass roots so that the herbage may be permanent or enduring. * %. -X- “In my opinion, upon this Northern belt of dairy lands, there is no de- scription of farming promises better prospect of remuneration than the dairy.” | It costs but little to keep milch cows in Dakota. The ranges are bound- less in Summer and hay or root crops for winter feeding cost but a trifle. Farmers are turning their attention more and more to the enlargement of * their herds and as a result are deriving no small part of their income from the sale, of milk and its products. In 1880 Dakota produced 2,000,955 pounds of butter, 39,437 pounds of cheese and 415,119 gallons of milk. Five years afterwards these amounts had increased to 10,804,260 pounds of butter, 116,557 pounds of cheese and 1,860,358 gallons of milk, while the number of milch cows on the farm, had increased almost 500 per cent. The growing interest among the farmers in stock raising, and their ap- preciation of the profits to be derived from a herd of cows has led to the establishment of a great number of creameries and cheese factories in different sections of the Territory. These factories send out cream wagons and gather the cream from a wide area of country—paying the farmer for . it a price equivalent to about a shilling a pound for butter. A creamery will use, as a general thing, the milk from a thousand or more cows, scattered among the hundreds of farmers of the vicinity. Dakota, with advantages similar to her neighbor on the east, Minnesota, where the farmers of the southern and central portion have been lifted from poverty to prosperity by that great mortgage lifter, the cow, is des- tined to become one of the greatest dairy states of the Union. When > < * - - ." * gr “-ºr * - - .** - $, , , , ºr * x * . - -> x * * - * * -- *4. .* * - ... * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 151 our farmers, without exceptions, keep cows, sell butter, cream and cheese and raise stock in connection with their farming operations—then indeed is the prosperity of the Territory assured. Comfortable homes, large barns and the ability to meet every obligation are the rewards to the farmers who take a part of the investment from the wheat fields and expend it in cattle, horses, cows, sheep or hogs. Hon. Norman J. Coleman, the present United States Commissioner of Agriculture, is with us in our endeavors to impress on the minds of the new comer that in mixed farming lies the surest road to success. These are his words in a recent address to farmers: “Go to the great state of New York, the New England states, to Iowa, Minnesota, and other states, and as you travel through the country you can tell when you come to the dairy region. There you see the finest residences, the most comfortable and best equipped stables and buildings, the best fences, the best surroundings, and if you can get into the bank you will find the largest bank accounts credited to the dairymen. Their farms, in the East, are worth from one hundred to two hundred dollars per acre, notwithstanding the long winters, when they are compelled, on account of the severity of the weather, with the thermometer sometimes down to thirty or forty degrees below zero, to feed so many months of the year.” wool, CROP. 152 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. MJ NERAL IRESOURCES. We have at present but a ſaint idea of the real extent and importance of Dakota's mineral wealth, owing to the lack of Government surveys and the comparatively short time the Territory has been settled. The average Dakotaian has been engaged in the work of earning a home, and in efforts to bring the surroundings up to a standard of civilization para- mount to that of the locality whence he came; he has had but little time or inclination to study out what might be hid away beneath the earth’s surface. However, enough has already been discovered, (and these discoveries have been more in the way of an accident than the re- sult of any systematic or learned investigation,) upon which to found a reasonable prediction that nature has distributed the valuable and useful minerals throughout the length and breadth of this vast Territory with the same bountiful hand that has provided the richest of soils and the most healthful climate in all the world. - Deposits of coal, petroleum, Salt, tin, iron, copper, lead, marble, granite, mica, asbestos, potter's clay, besides the precious metals—in fact, almost all of earth’s treasures—so far discovered and utilized by science, are known to exist within the boundaries of Dakota. But, up to this time, only the precious metals, gold and silver, have been successful in wean- ing the inhabitants from such pursuits as go hand in hand with the devel- opment of a purely agricultural community. sº- The recent discoveries of wells of natural gas and the completion of the many lines of railroad projected in every direction, which will bring with- in reasonable contiguity the immense coal fields and valuable mineral de- posits of western Dakota and the markets of the eastern part, must certainly result in the rapid development of manufacturing interests in the Territory. Capital is far-seeing, shrewd and aggressive, and such opportunities as Dakota offers to-day for lucrative investment in the development of the mines of mineral wealth now lying dormant every where, will not go begging long. The day is not far distant when the amount of capital invested in mining and manufacturing industries will bear no mean relationship to the agri- cultural and stock interests of the Territory. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 153 - MATURAL GAS. The term “natural gas,” Prof. Weeks says, in his report to the director of the United States geological survey, “is the one almost universally ap- plied to that mixture of several gases found by drilling in certain sec- tions of the country; chiefly, and in the largest quantities, in western Pennsylvania and northern Ohio.” The gas is mainly marsh gas, ethane, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and the term natural gas was applied to distinguish it from the artificially pre- pared gases of commerce. Natural gas is found in varying quantities all through the United States, from the Hudson river in the East, to Cali- fornia in the West. * Its earliest economic use in this country was, probably, in lighting the village of Fredonia, Chautauqua county, New York, in 1821. For many years gas had been observed issuing from the crevices of the slate rocks along th ebanks of the creek on which Fredonia is built. A well, one and one-half inches in diameter, was put down twenty-seven feet, and the gas conveyed to the buildings in which it was used, in wooden pipes. In 1824, on the occasion of Lafayette's visit, the village was lighted with natural gaS. The first use of natural gas in manufacturing, was in boiling salt, some twenty years after this, in the Kanawha valley of West Virginia. It was not until 1883 that natural gas began to be used extensively as a fuel at Pittsburg and elsewhere in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Now, few of the important manufactories of the cities of Pennsylvania and Ohio, so situated as to obtain a supply of gas cheaply, use any other fuel. The amount of coal displaced by the use of natural gas in 1885, is represented by a money value of $5,000,000. That natural gas is stored beneath Dako- ta's surface, there is no longer any doubt. It has already been found in several places in sufficient quantities to use for heat and light, with proper development. So far, the discoveries were the result of accident, while sinking wells in search of water, and no attempt has been made to save or utilize the gas. If we except the well at Fargo, Cass county, which was sunk down several hundred feet last fall, when cold weather caused a suspension of operations—there has never been any effort put forth to determine the extent and quantity of natural gas underlying the Terri- tory. Preliminary steps have been taken to immediately develop and utilize the flow at all three of the localities where the actual existence of natural gas is being demonstrated daily, by its escape from rocky fissures or from excavations made in search of water, viz.: Fargo, in Cass county, Jamestown, in Stutsman county, and in the Southern part of Sully county. Stock companies of ample capital, have been formed in the three places named, for the purpose of importing from the oil and gas fields of Penn- sylvania—the necessary tools, and experienced help to thoroughly test the value and extent of the supply. Capitalists familiar with the oil and natural gas districts of the East have carefully examined the geological for- 154 - JRESOURCES OF DAKOTA. mation of these Dakota localities, and have prospected the existing indi- cations with a unanimous verdict to the effect that the same conditions are found here, as have been observed to be essential to the gas fields of JPennsylvania and Ohio. The first record we have of the discovery of natural gas in the Territory, was that made by Mr. Oberlin, a farmer living in Sully county, about five miles northwest of the city of Blunt, who had dug a well some seventy- five feet deep, and not striking water, continued his investigation 135 feet. deeper, with a two-inch auger. At this depth (something near 200 feet), the auger penetrated a vein of what the farmer termed “foul air,” from the fact that the poisonous effects of the strong flow came very near caus- ing his death. The hole was filled up and efforts begun to find water in another spot, with the same result as before, of a flow of “foul air,” and the filling up and abandonment of the well. - What the farmer pronounced “foul air '' was natural gas, as has been demonstrated by later discoveries in the same vicinity. The next instance of a find of natural gas occurred during the Summer of 1885, and not far from the one first recorded. We give the following published account of the discovery : “There was no mistaking the real nature of the substance in this in- stance. The escaping gas made a noise resembling that of an engine blow- ing off steam, and could be heard as far. This flow threw out stones as large as hen’s eggs; and a sledge hammer, weighing fourteen pounds, placed over the pipe, would be kept bouncing up and down continuously, It blew with such force that it could not be lighted next to the mouth of the pipe, except by holding a burning brand over it; but when an attempt was made to light it above, some six or eight feet, it burned finely, making a blaze some ten or fifteen feet high and six to eight feet wide. This was by far the strongest flow of gas ever struck here. Owing to the pipes blowing full of sand and gravel, the flow would die down and almost cease, but as soon as the auger would be put down and the pipe cleared out, it would continue as strong as ever.’’ This well, like the others, was abandoned and allowed to fill up. A few days ago the interest caused by later discoveries and a better understand- ing of the value of the find, led to a partial cleaning out of the well, when the same roaril.g sounds were heard as the gas forced its way through some thirty feet of mud and water with a pressure estimated at fifteen pounds to the square inch. The gas was lighted and burned freely. Major Powell in his report on the Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885, speaks of the discovery of natural gas in the Territory, and Sal VS : *The gas was found in a vein of gravel, five feet thick and 140 feet below the surface, the pressure being So great as to send up gravel from the bottom of the vein. The gas when lighted showed a blue-green flame, but would only burn when a hot iron rod or burning brand was held over the escape-pipe. The flame reached above five feet in height.” v RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 155 Later, a gas well was struck in the same way, while boring for water, on a farm a mile nearer Blunt, but owing to the proximity of the well to the farm buildings the owner of the property refused to allow it to be fired. The discoveries in this locality, and during the present year, which have led to the organization of a stock company with a capital of $50,000, for the purpose of carrying the gas into the city of Blunt, where it is to be used for heating and lighting the city, and the building up of manufacto- ries, are described by one who has visited the spot and examined the wells, as follows: . . F“On the 24th of February, while boring for water, Mr. R. M. McClure, living on 23-113-77, Summit township, Sully county, eight miles northwest of Blunt, struck a vein of gas at a depth of 190 feet. A lighted match was applied and it showed signs of force, burning a flame at least four feet high. “Gas not being the object of Mr. McClure's search, he pulled out his tubing, abandoned the hole, and proceeded to sink another, about twenty or twenty-five rods north, on a line nearly from his house, in hopes of striking water. At a depth of 194 feet another vein of gas was struck, which appeared to flow freely and with greater force than the first one, and burned with a steady flame. This shafting was also removed, and the hole allowed to fill up with dirt, and no signs of escaping gas can now be noticed. Mr. McClure is perfectly satisfied with the quality, and thinks from the force of the flow that there can be no doubt about the supply. - “Mr. Edward Thompson, proprietor of the Blunt roller mills, who ac- companied the writer, while something of a scientist, lays no claims to any special knowledge of the geological formations or science of the earth, yet he questioned closely both Mr. McClure and Mr. Dempsey–the gen- tleman in charge of the drilling machinery—concerning the different strata through which they passed in boring these holes, and it seems just before striking the gas vein that they drilled for a number of feet in a soft slate-stone. There seems to be very little smell to the gas, and what little there is has a tendency toward the fumes of evaporating kerosene. Fi" Going to the hole first mentioned, we were informed that it had never been closed; that after its first discovery it was allowed to burn steadily for three weeks, and was used to melt snow for stock and family use, pro- ducing heat sufficient to melt in an hour's time a barrel of water using a large tin pan for a kettle. The Snow, however, as it melted in the spring ran down the hole, and it was supposed to be partly filled with water and dirt, yet gas was continually escaping, said Mr. McClure, and a match was lighted, held over the hole, and to our great surprise there came forth a flame of light which carried a feeling of satisfaction with it, substantiating beyond a doubt, every utterance by Mr. McClure.” On the 17th of May, Mr. McClure, while continuing his search for water, struck this vein for the third time. The last well, from all reports, is a regular “gusher ”—blazing up when fired, to a height of fifteen feet, not- H56 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. withstanding the fact that the well is full of slush, and no attempt has ever been made to clean it out. Mr. McClure has since utilized the flow of natural gas in supplying heat for doing the family cooking. The presence of natural gas in any quantity in the vicinity of Fargo, Cass county, was first discovered something over a year ago on the Mon- son farm, eleven miles north, although for a long time previous small flows of gas had been observed in many of the wells dug in that city. During the fall of 1886, a company was formed which built a derrick, im- ported tools from Pennsylvania and sunk a well several hundred feet, in search of the main storage-reservoir of this gas. Cold weather put an end to the operations, but a stock company, lately organized, proposes to con- tinue the well to a depth of 2,000 feet, where it is thought, the heavy vein will be struck. Scientists have made a careful examination of the coun- try, and agree that natural gas probably underlies the entire Red Rivér valley. # The flow of the well on the Monson farm has continued unabated for over a year. Within the year past, natural gas was found while sinking an artesian well at Jamestown, Stutsman county. The flow was sufficiently strong to force the gas through 1,300 feet of pipe filled with water, to the surface of the ground where, when lighted, it burned brightly with a flame over a foot in height. This seems to settle the question of the existence of a strong vein of natural gas underlying the James River Valley. A syndi- cate of the most influential and wealthy citizens of Jamestown have or- ganized a stock company with the determination of prosecuting the work of developing natural gas to a profitable end. In sinking wells in the oil fields to the west of the Black Hills a consid- erable flow of natural gas has always been encountered, though no attempt at a systematic investigation has ever been made. It would seem then, that there is no foundation for reasonable doubt of the existence of large bodies of natural gas underlying the Missouri, James, and Red river valleys and the Wyoming coal fields of the Black Hills. The following conclusions by leading Scientists as to where natural gas is likely to be found, are of interest. I’rofessor Lesley of Pennsylvania Says: “Where the rock formations lie approximately horizontal and have re- mained nearly undisturbed over extensive areas, there is always a chance of finding gas (if not oil) at Some depth beneath the surface, deter- mined by the particular formation which appears at the surface. And, wherever rock oil has been found, there and in the surrounding region, rock gas is sure to exist.” - Professor Orton, state geologist for Ohio, in an elaborate report upon petroleum and inflammable gas, says that there is nothing to establish a rule that natural burning gas can be found only in the neighborhood of - RESOURCES OF DAR OTA. 157 deposits of petroleum, and he cites the wells of Indiana, located entirely without the oil belt. Professor Orton lays down a rule of three condi- tions needful to the formation of a natural reservoir containing gas, viz.: A range of highly porous rock, through, which the gas traverses, as through pipes; a large fissure into which it flows, and a cap, or lid of im- pervious rock or clay, which will prevent its escape from the reservoir. The Trenton, Berean and Magnesian limestone formations have furnished the first two conditions in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. Other rocks may furnish it for other regions. The cap, or lid, is sometimes of shale, sometimes of dense, impervious limestone. The professor disproves the theory that natural gas is a product of the natural distillation of petro- leum, but insists that the forces which make natural gas are at work universally, and therefore natural gas can be found almost everywhere. With a discovery of an extended area of natural gas; inexhaustible coal fields, mines of tin, lead, copper, iron, nickel, gold, silver, and other minerals useful to the manufacturer; with flax to supply any number of tow and oil mills; with wheat for countless flour mills; marble, granite, and all the valuable building stones, to be quarried, hewn and polished; vegetables for the canning factories; with the live stock interests to build up creameries, dairies, cheese factories, pork and beef packing es- tablishments, it is apparent that no other country in the world, offers as great inducements for the Safe and profitable investment of capital in the development of mineral wealth and the erection of manufactories, as is presented today, in this wonderland of Dakota. MARBLE, GRANITE, SANDSTONE, QUARTZITE, JASPER, ETC. At Sioux Falls, Dell Rapids and other points of southeastern Dakota, along the Big Sioux river, there is an out-cropping of the most remarkable deposit of quartzite (granite or jasper) ever discovered on the Continent. At Sioux Falls, nearly eighty feet of the rock is exposed and, at Dell Rapids, the perpendicular cliffs of quartzite on either bank of the Sioux river tower to a height of sixty feet above the stream. Some idea of the inexhaustible quantities of this beautiful and useful mineral may be gained from the report of Major Powell, on the United States Geological Surveys, 1883-4, who estimates the thickness of the deposit to be no less than 3,000 to 4,000 feet. It is said by mineralogists to be equal to the finest granite quarried in Scotland. The texture and color vary somewhat, though generally of a reddish or flesh color, and exceedingly fine-grained. The stone polishes beautifully, taking a glass-like surface, and is as hard, almost, as a diamond —a sharp fragment of the jasper cutting glass with the ease of a glazier's jewel. * The J. H. Drake company, (which discovered the commercial value of this beautiful stone, and invented the elaborate and powerful machinery necessary to work it,) has invested $80,000, at Sioux Falls, in a plant for polishing the stone, and a large number of skilled mechanics are em- 158 RES() URCES () F I) AK ()TA. ployed in the manufacture of elegant designs of ornamental and monu- mental work, which are shipped to all parts of the country. Recently, this company has added to its industry, the working into Various shapes, and the polishing of chalcedony, (wood brought from a petrified forest in Arizona Territory,) being the only firm in the world which has succeeded in the undertaking. The working of these quarries forms a leading industry of Sioux Falls, Ives, and Dell Rapids, and hundreds of men are engaged in the work of chipping the granite into shape for paving blocks, which go to Omaha, to & Chicago, and other Eastern cities, and the dressing of building stone which is used in the finest structures at home and abroad. The pay-roll of a single concern, operating quarries at these points, amounts to $24,000 each month. # Eight hundred car-loads of this granite were shipped last year, from the city of Dell Rapids alone. - In the “Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885,” we find the fol- lowing notice of the Sioux Falls quartzite: t “This stone is susceptible of a very high polish, and is found in a variety of pleasing tints, such as chocolate, brownish red, brick red, and yellowish. “The polished material has been sold to the amount of $15,000 during the last two years,” (a trade which has increased wonderfully during the two years since the above was written,) “and polishing works, run by water power, have been erected, and so ingeniously are they contrived that pil- lars, pilasters, mantels, and table tops can be made here as cheaply as anywhere. The pilasters of the German-American bank, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the columns in the doorway of the Chamber of Commerce building in the same city, are of this beautiful jasper. It is likely to become one of our choicest Ornamental stones, especially effec- tive in combination with the Minnesota red granite. Its great tensile strength, its high, almost mirror-like polish, the fact that though so high- ly polished, the stone is not slippery, the large pieces that can be quarried out, and the pleasing variety of colors, all combine to render this one of the most desirable building stones. Polishing mills have been built of sufficient capacity to polish $100,000 worth per annum, and in view of the unequaled facility with which it can be prepared for use, it can be made into tablets, blocks, columns, and tiles to advantage, and employed for fine interior and monumental work or in the more artistic branches of stone work.” In the Black Hills are found extensive deposits of marble, sandstone, and other valuable and ornamental building stones, of fine texture and great beauty of color. These are described more at length in the article on the “Mineral Resources of the Black Hills,” contained in the following pages of this publication. - Beds of lime and sandstone are found in a few scattered localities out- º sile of the Black Hills, but in rather limited quantities. However, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 159 enough Stone for walls, foundations, and the usual requirements of build- ing can be had in nearly every county of the Territory. Where no regu- lar deposit of Stone is to be found—boulders, broken up by heavy sledges are employed, and make a good wall. OIL. It is reported that petroleum has been discovered in the Turtle Moun- tains region, lying in Rolette county, on the northern boundary of the Territory. While the report lacks verification, there is little doubt of the existence of oil there, and, because of the rapid settlement now going on in that hitherto undeveloped region, important discoveries of hidden wealth may be looked for. The surfaces of the springs at the foot of the mountains have always been covered over with a scum of oil—a piece of paper saturated in which would ignite quickly, and burn with the fierce flame plainly indicating its properties. Oil, in considerable quantities, has been discovered on the western slope of the Black Hills—in Wyoming, and is used even now, in fact, for lubricating the heavy machinery of the mining districts. It only needs time to demonstrate the presence of oil beneath the sur- face of Dakota—sufficient perhaps, for all demands of home consumption. COAL. The whole country west of the Missouri river and a large part of the surface of north Dakota is underlaid with a deposit of lignite coal, which crops out in many places in veins Sometimes twenty feet in thickness. This lignite, or brown coal, is of Soft variety, excellent for heating purposes, and has been tested and found to possess gas-making qualities, superior to almost any coal discovered on the Continent. It is defined by mineralo- gists to be one of the most recent geological formations, Post Tertiary, more recent than the anthracite or bituminous coal of the Carboniferous period. It retains, to a great extent, the texture of the wood from which it was formed; and, in mining lignite, vegetable matters are often met with in various stages of their conversion into mineral coal. Sometimes it is more altered in structure, so that its vegetable character is more indistinct; the beds presenting stratified bodies of dark, nearly black substance, with a concoidal fracture. Deposits of lignite occur in many localities of the United States outside of Dakota, notably at Brandon, Vt., Virginia, Texas, Kansas, Oregon, Wyoming, Washington Territory, California, as well as in some of the countries of Europe. - The proportion of carbon in this variety of coal is found to vary, by different analyses, from fifty to seventy per cent. To Mr. C. W. Thompson, of Bismarck, who has had a lengthy experi- ence in the mining and handling of Dakota coal, this office is indebted for the following analysis of the lignite found in the Territory: 16() RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Moisture.......................................................................................... 12.1 Fixed carbon................................................................................... 58.5 Yolatile........................................................................................... 27.0 Ash...................................... ~~~~~ 2.4 Total....................................................................................... 100.0 Specific gravity…~! © tº gº tº dº º $ tº e º us tº e º ſº tº $ tº £ tº º & © º ºs e º is tº e º & © tº $ tº º is e º 'º 1.3 While inferior to anthracite, or the best qualities of bituminous coal, lignite burns readily and furnishes the settlers of a prairie country with that in estimable boon, cheap domestic fuel. At present, because of the lack of transportation facilities, only the outcroppings are worked, and, generally, for the supply simply of the settlers of the immediate neighbor- hood. The completion of the north and south roads already in course of construction, will place the immense coal fields of the northern part of the Territory within easy reach of every village;—and a good quality of soft coal can then he had as low at $2 per ton, Land even in the more dis- tant towns, not exceeding $4.50 per ton. Already, along the Northern Pa- cific railway at Sims, in Morton county, Dickinson, in Stark county, and Little Missouri, in Billings county, coal mining is carried on quite exten- sively and thousands of tons are shipped as far east as Jamestown. It is estimated that during the past winter, ten thousand tons were shipped into the city of Bismarck alone, where it is retailed for $3.50, after paying a tribute of $1 per ton to the only railway line thus far reaching into the coal fields. Recent railroad developments will result, at an early day, in opening to market the extensive coal areas surrounding the Devils Lake, Turtle Mountains, and Mouse river countries, as also of McLean, Mercer, and Emmons counties which contain Some of the richest deposits of coal, yet found, but are too distant from present railway facilities. On the north, south, and west of the Black Hills are hundreds of thous- ands of acres of coal in veins of from five to twenty feet in thickness, en- tirely undeveloped, owing to the distance from railways and the cost of transportation. In Day county, in the Wessington Hills, at Plankinton, at Huron, at Yankton, and many other localities of South Dakota there are every indications of the existence of good veins of goal, at a greater or less distance beneath the surface. The great Sioux Indian reservation will undoubtedly prove to be one of the richest coal fields of the Territory, when Congress shall have opened the lands to settlement, which will per- mit of a systematic and scientific investigation of the mineral resources hidden away there. It is authoritatively reported that during the winter season the Indians bring in and sell to the Settlers in the vicinity of Scranton and LeBeau, in Walworth county, coal from the Moreau river, in this reservation, which fully equals in quality the best grade of Pennsyl- vania anthracite. An observing writer has said with great truthfulness, that if the people of Dakota were compelled to rely on the home supply for fuel, they would find beneath the surface, everywhere, millions of tons 104° 168° *1970. Nº from * Greenwichº Vº º MAP | * * > - I. º - 1. J. J. ºrne showing the know * Minnedosº. T 2- - g own : leſſ), Rapid City P I º tonewall Eſkirk o e la irrairie COALAREA of DAKOTA, Sºgº. 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R. - o - --- ord 26. 26 Long. *W. from * Waxington 22° -1 - 20 162 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. their dead had become universal, a messenger arrived from the Great West with news of a wonderful water which he said had been touched by the finger of the Great Spirit, and that this water would cure all manner of disease. With the same eagerness that the people of all ages have Seized upon a last resort for ills, the Indians seized upon this hope, and they re- paired by thousands to these most wonderful waters, and were Saved. From that time to this, these waters (the Dakota Hot Springs,) have been the great resort of the Indians in the West. It is a well-known fact in the West that they, to this day, believe the Black Hills of Dakota is the abode of the Great Spirit. “In years after the event spoken of, the Cheyennes, becoming power- ful, took possession of these springs, and built an immense city which covered many hundreds of acres. The remains of this once great Indian city are still plainly apparent, and the evidence is seen upon the lands ad- jacent to and within a circuit of many miles around the Springs. Years after this, the Sioux Nation becoming powerful, a constant war was waged between them and the Cheyennes, one to gain and the other to hold pos- session of these waters. Forty-seven years ago a great battle was fought between these tribes, at a point about one mile east of the Springs, at a place called Battle mountain, where fortifications of the besieged Chey- ennes still remain in a good state of preservation. “In this great battle the Sioux was victorious, and thereby gained con- trol of the Hot Springs, and retained possessed of them until the treaty with the United States Government, ratified by Congress, February 27th, 1877. The Sioux Indians were more loth to part with these springs than all the rest of the Black Hills, and they permitted no whites to enter the Hills at the point where the springs are located. It was occupied by the Indians and their half-breed allies, until the year 1880, when the first white men were permitted to make settlement here. At this time the squaw-men were in possession of the springs, they having obtained them from the Indians, or through the privilege or the knowledge derived from them. The present owners of the springs bought the water-right in the autumn of 1881. Tents and tepees had formerly been used for hospitals and bathing purposes, but the last owners had erected a log house over one of the bath, tubs, and built several log cabins for the accommodation of those - seeking the baths. Min-ne-kall-ta bath tub, the only one here when bought in 1881, was hewn out of the Solid rock by the Indians, and made in the form of a moccasin, with the toes as the places for the water to dis- charge. The company still preserve the original Indian bath tub, and the hundreds that have bathed in it, pronounce it the most luxurious and perfect in the world.” s The waters from this group of Springs are highly charged with electric- ity, add flow out in a great volume at a temperature of about 96°. Follow- ing is a chemical analysis of the waters: RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 163 CONSTITUENTS. G RAINS. Silica.......................................... .. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is º is a e e s a e s a e s s 2.464 Peroxide of iron........................................................................... a trace Calcium sulphate....................................................................... ... 16.352 Magnesium sulphate..................................................................... 4.320 Sodium sulphate l................................................... pº Potassium sulphate ſ” 25.620 Sodium, chloride, and potassa........................................................ 13,790 62.546 The fame of the remarkable medicinal properties of the Hot Springs in the cure of chronic diseases, such as rheumatism, neuralgia, dyspepsia, kidney diseases, and all disorders of the blood, bids fair to outrival that of the Hot Springs of, Arkansas, or New Mexico, or of the waters of Wau- kesha or Saratoga. The springs are controlled by “The Dakota Hot Springs company,” incorporated under the laws of the Territory, which has expended a large sum of money in the erection of buildings, bath- houses, etc., and the improvement of the grounds. The main building of the hotel is 40x128 feet, with wings 30x60 feet, containing about seventy rooms for the accommodation of guests, and cost over $40,000. The location of these springs—amid the most beautiful scenery of the Black Hills, and at an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet above sea level, thus insuring to the patient a clear, pure, dry atmosphere—must assuredly re- sult, some day, in building up One of the grandest health resorts in America. About ten miles southwest of the Hot Springs is another group, called the Cascade Springs, the waters of which are somewhat colder, having a temperature of from 50° to 60°. Near Waterbury, in Jerauld county, are some famous sulphur Springs, flowing a heavy stream of Water, supposed to be adequate even, for mill- power. We regret the lack of an analysis of the waters, and more com- plete information. BRICK CLAY, POTTER’s CLAY, CEMENT, ETC., ETC. Clay of excellent quality for the manufacture of brick is abundant every- where, and brick-yards are located in all towns where there is a demand for building material. In the cities of more importance, of south Dakota, of central Dakota, of north Dakota, of the Black Hills, one sees on every hand the massive blocks and neat dwellings, constructed of brick of home manufacture, which would do credit to any metropolis in the East. This clay is suitable, also, for the manufacture of pressed and fire brick, and terra-cotta—industries already developed to some extent. The Yankton pressed brick company, (Yankton county,) is pressing brick by machinery, at the rate of 20,000 per day, and has recently 164. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. added to its plant the power from an artesian well sunk for the purpose. Nearly 200 car-loads of brick were exported last year from the one city of Yankton. In the Black Hills are found inexhaustible beds of gypsum, which is manufactured into a fine quality of plaster of Paris. The entire Supply of this article for the Northwest will come from the mills of the Hills as soon as better railway facilities are provided. A good quality of cement and lime is made from rock found in different localities of the Territory, especially in the Black Hills. At Yankton, in Yankton county, the chalk rock and blue clay abounding there, when crushed, ground and burned, is said to produce the genuine Portland cement. Samples of the shale, underlying the James River valley in vast beds, were taken to England to be experimented on, and some fine specimens of pottery were produced, having a terra-cotta color, and susceptible of a very high polish. In the vicinity of Rapid City, Pennington county, Black Hills, a good quality of potter's clay is found, and steps have been taken to utilize it in a pottery establishment now in course of construction. The Territory of Dakota has established the office of Commissioner of Immigration for the purpose of furnishing to home-seekers free and cor- rect information on all matters pertaining to the growth and develop- ment of the agricultural, manufacturing, commercial and mining interests of Dakota. Communications addressed to the Commissioner, Pierre, Dakota, will receive prompt attention. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 4. 165 THE BLACK HJILLS. “The term, Black Hills, has at various times been applied to different sections of country lying between the Missouri river and the Rocky mountains. At the present time it is used to designate an isolated and distant group of mountains and their accompanying foot-hills, lying prin- cipally in the Territory of Dakota, but partly in Wyoming, and inclosed by the two main branches of the Big Cheyenne river, which unite at a dis- tance of fifty miles northeast from the central hills, and form the Big Cheyenne. - “The tract of country known as the Black Hills is included between the meridians 25°, 30', and 28°, longitude west from Washington, and between 43°, 20’ and 44°, 45’ north latitude. The boundary line between the Territory of Dakota and Wyoming, is on the twenty-seventh meridian west from Washington, consequently about two-thirds of this area lies within the limits of Dakota. “The highest uplifts of the Hills, and the greater portion of the princi- pal streams, are also in Dakota.” [Andreas' History of Dakota.] This part of the Territory comprising the five counties of Butte, Custer, Lawrence, Pennington, and Fall River, has been the recipient of nature's favors to a wonderful degree. Here we find an aggregation of mineral wealth, excellent soil, magnificent scenery, and pleasant climate, such as is not to be found in a similar area elsewhere in the world. Prof. Walter P. Jenney, of the Government exploring expedition, thus enthusiastically describes the fertility of this country as he saw it in 1875: “Even a casual examination shows that the soil of the valleys, the broad swells of the parks, and the bottom lands along the creeks is ex- ceedingly rich and deep, being a dark colored loam, resulting from the de- composition of the granite, limestone, and Schistose rocks, occupying the central area of the Hills. Often in sinking prospecting pits along the val- leys, in search of gold, the soil was found to be a black, peaty loam, from two to three feet in thickness, and frequently in the bottom lands the soil was four feet in depth. The Black Hills are an oasis of verdure among the open and level plains. A luxurious growth of grass spreads over 166 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. the whole region; even on the rocky hill-sides grass is found growing in the crevices in the rocks where there is a particle of soil for its support. A heavy forest covers the greater portion of this area, the trees growing thickly together, and attaining full size, not only on the rich bottom lands of the valleys, but on the tops of the level limestone “mesas’; and the steep, rocky ridges are clothed with pine of good size to their very crests. -X: * & I estimate that not less than one-twentieth of the whole area is susceptible of cultivation, the remainder being covered by forests or forming stock ranges of the finest description.” Prof. Jenney’s predictions of the fertility of the soil and the adaptabil- ity of the country to farming and stock raising have since been realized. Prior to 1874 the Black Hills country was unknown to the white man, with a few individual exceptions, and, as a well known writer has said: “It was isolated from the settled portions of the country in a greater de- gree than any other portion of our Territory, except Alaska, although it has already developed some of the richest gold mines in the world, and is known to contain in its broken hills and towering mountains, silver, cop- per, iron, galena, tin, nickel, graphite (or plumbago), mica, (in merchant- able form,) salt, asbestos, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, and many other minerals, and is believed by old and experienced miners and mineralogists to be the richest mineral region of equal area, in the world.” The presence of gold in the Black Hills was undoubtedly known to the Indians for many years prior to the first discoveries made by white men, under the expedition of Lieut. Col. George A. Custer, in the summer of 1874—for their chiefs had been in the habit of bringing in gold in consider- able quantities to the trading posts, though they refused to reveal the locality from which it came. Soon after the return of Ceneral Custer’s expedition, reports of the finding of gold in the Black Hills spread far and wide, and mining expe- ditions were immediately organized to prospect the country. Numerous conflicts followed between the miners and the Indians, and the efforts of the military forces to prevent the venturesome whites from entering the Hills proving unavailing, the Government finally, in 1876, took possession of the country under a treaty made with the Sioux, which was ratified by the act of February 28, 1877. Since then the development and growth of the mineral, agricultural and stock interests have been rapid and constant—especially since the com- pletion of the first railway into the Hills in 1886, which, with the assur- ance of the construction of new lines will permit the Introduction of labor, supplies, machinery and the working of the mines hitherto idle, because of the vast amount of capital required for their development. From the establishment of a school of mines in the Black Hills, at Rapid City, by act of the Territorial Legislature in 1885, it is confidently expected studies and investigations of the mineral resources will follow, which will contribute in a marked degree to the wealth of the Territory. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 167 A fine School building is completed and also a laboratory, filled with the most approved appliances. Prof. F. R. Carpenter, the dean of the School, has been employed during the Summer just past, under the in- structions of the board of trustees, making as complete a geological survey as time will permit of the mining districts of the Hills known as Ruby Camp, Bald Mountain, Carbonate, and Galena; also the known tin dis- tricts of the Hills, and that portion of the mineral belt, about which so little is known that is termed “Unknown District.” He has kindly con- tributed the following article: THE GEOILOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE BLACK HILLS. By Franklin R. Carpenter, A. M., Dean, Dakota School of Mines. A singular interest has always been manifested in the geology of the Black Hills by all who have ever become at all familiar with their formation. * Rising as they do, like a wooded island, from an arid and almost tree- less plain, their dark outline is said to have impressed the Indian with awe, and their cool and grassy valleys, when compared with the clayey, denuded “Bad Lands” which surround them, seemed to be indeed, a fit abode for the Great Spirit. It is said the more intelligent among the Dakota Indians long thought of them as a final resting place where the remnant of their tribe might in peace await the extinction which seems to be its doom. t To the mere observer, there would have appeared at least a poetic jus- tice in reserving for the use of that once powerful tribe, the Dakotas, this secluded section of their former wide domains, for here free from mol- estation, they could have passed by natural steps from a state of savagery and dependence to the simpler labors of civilization and independence. This humane use of the section, however, was not destined to be. The Sioux were to be still further shorn of their possessions, and this their most cherished section, thrown open to settlement through the dis- covery of gold by the Custer expedition in 1874. The first reliable information of this section was furnished in 1857 by Lieut. G. K. Warren, who then visited it accompanied by the eminent geologist, Dr. Hayden, as naturalist. They entered the Hills by the way of Beaver creek to Inyan Kara. Here their progress was opposed by the Indians, and, retracing their steps, they passed around the southern ex- tremity of the Hills and north to the east side of Bear Butte. The re- port of this reconnaissance was first published in 1858 and again in 1875. Their examination was made in the most rapid manner and under un- usual disadvantages. The interior of the Hills was not reached at all, yet the map was of singular accuracy and has afforded the basis of all subse- quent mapping of this section. In the year 1859 Dr. Hayden, as geologist, with the expedition of Capt. W. T. Raynolds again came to the Hills. This time he crossed the north- ern part from Bear Butte westward through Redwater valley. * Henry Newton, 168 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Numerous other surveying and exploring parties were at work upon the headwaters of the Little Missouri after this, but none seems ever to have penetrated the Hills until the memorable expedition of Custer in 1874. He entered from the north, via the Redwater canon and past the Sun- dance Hills to Inyan Kara, thence by the way of Castle creek to French creek. This expedition was accompanied by Prof. N. H. Winchell, at present in charge of the geological survey of Minnesota. He was the first geologist to reach the interior of the Hills. They made the ascent of Harney’s Peak and went out by the way of Box Elder Creek, having been in the Black Hills less than a month, but even during this short time Prof. Winchell was enabled to make many interesting observations of their geology. This expedition made known the existence of gold. Custer’s report, while temperate and conservative in itself, and remarkably correct, as shown by subsequent developments, fired imagination of the prospec- tors, who, notwithstanding the section was in the Indian reservation, flocked to the Hills by thousands, until the Government was forced to take note of this unauthorized attempt at settlement, and protect the Indian title. That the truth also might be known, Hfor many disputed the exis- ience of gold in paying quantities, an expedition was sent for the ex- press purpose of determining the mineral value of the section. This was the famous Newton and Jenney expedition of 1875, from which the above facts have been mainly drawn. In 1861 Dr. Hayden, in a paper read before the American Philosophical society of Philadelphia, presented all his observations to date upon the geology of this interesting country, which was probably the most impor- tant contribution to the subject that has yet been made. Some of his conclusions were doubted by Winchell, reaffirmed by Newton, and of late doubted again, but in the main his description was correct. The geology of the Black Hills is very simple. Around a central mass or nucleus of granite are arranged in concentric bands the upturned edges of nearly all formations. During Archaean time there seem to have been disturbances, for, as first pointed out by Newton, there is an older and a later Archaean, which are unconformable. Or, in other words, during Archaean time, land was upheaved, acted upon by erosion, and again sunk beneath the ocean to receive additional sediments, to be again up- heaved. At the close of the Archaean, the section known as the Black Hills was a slowly sinking island, upon which the Potsdam ocean ad- vanced, undermining its cliffs, rolling the stones thus formed upon the beach, grinding them to boulders and Sand, depositing ihem in conglomer- ates, until all had sunk beneath the ocean. These sediments accumulated to the depth of two hundred and fifty feet, and contain unmistakable fossils of the Potsdam group, which is the only group of the Cambrian or Lower Silurian age that has been determined. The Upper Silurian and Devonian seem to be wanting. It is most likely that the section RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 169 during these ages was again above the Paleozoic ocean, but what throws doubt upon this supposition is that the Carboniferous is found resting upon the Potsdam with perfect conformability. It is not impossible, however, that the section was covered with deep sea during the time from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous, and received little or no sedi- Imentation until the beginning of the Carboniferous, when limestones and Sand stones accumulated to the depth of nearly 700 feet. Upon these were laid down the “red” or Triassic beds, then the Jurassic rocks and lastly the Cretaceous, when the Black Hills were up- heaved. The rocks which accumulated have been acted upon by erosion until the original Archaean area over which they were deposited is again aid bare, and a cross section of the Hills would appear as in the following drawing: ... • ^. .e. * _e = * SJ VV 2 .... -----~~~~7 T -->, >S. _2^ ... " - = < * * - - - - - - - - - , s * > . . E. s_------ T 2’ *rīā gºssºs is - - - ºt- 2×-2 {\}ſſ; W. Ş º - S- sº-s 8 ‘y E==º~$2 | \ \\\\;3. | § s *—fx-Erriſ- º yºſ *: | | lºſº || §§ ~ *REEEs 7. 6 3 4 5 –Z A3 3. A 5 2- : 5 6 (Froru Henry Newton.) Archaeall Schists and slates. Granite. Cambrian (Potsdam.) Carbolliferous. Red beds. Jura. Cretaceous. . Tertiary. The dotted lines show the amount of erosion. From Harney's Peak, which is shown in the centre, coming down in any direction, one would first pass over the upturned edge of the Arch- aean, which contains veins carrying tin, gold, copper and silver. Next would be passed the rocks of the Potsdam, which in the northern Hills carry deposits of gold and silver, and in the southern portion, copper. The base of it is everywhere auriferous. The gold in it was derived from the same source as the material comprising these rocks, viz.: the Archaean area, so that the base of the Potsdam is in reality an immense ancient placer consolidated to rock. Where rich gold veins existed, as near Lead City, the Potsdam is of course richer than in other sections. The patches of this formation not yet eroded in certain sections constitute the famous “cement beds.” After passing the upturned edge of this formation he would come to the Carboniferous, which yields excellent building stone. Next the Triassic is found, which also yields fine building stone, but is mainly known from its immense deposits of gypsum. After passing this he would encounter the sand stones of the Cretaceous, which stand up like a wall all around 170 RESOURCES OF DAIKOTA. the Hills, forming a valley upon their inner sides running entirely around the Hills, and called by the Indians “The Race Course.” It occupies approximately the position of the red beds upon the map of the Black Hills hereto attached. It will be seen that the geology of the Hills is of singular interest, not only to the student of this science, but from their economic products to the man of business. Dr. Hayden has well said: “The Black Hills of Dakota will form one of the most interesting studies on this continent. There is so much regu- larity in the upheaval that all obscurity is removed and all the formations known in the West are revealed in zones or belts around the granite nucleus in their fullest development. A careful detailed topographical and geological survey of this range would be a most valuable contribution to science. In all the Western country I have never seen the Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, or red beds, the Carboniferous and Potsdam rocks, So well exposed for study as around the Black Hills.” In geological language, the Black Hills uplift is a quaquaversal of Singu- lar regularity; that is, the sedimentary formations dip away from the centre in all directions like the sides of a volcano. () RE DIEPOSITS. The orc deposits are of great variety. Among them are the largest known gold mines and the only tin mines worked upon the continent. Almost every part of the Archaean area shown upon the map attached is ore bearing. (#OLID AND SII,V EIR. As pointed out by Jenney, * gold occurs here in the following formations: 1. In veins of ferruginous quartz, traversing the Archaean schists and slates. 2. In strata of slate mineralized and altered by the action of waters depositing silica and iron pyrites. 3. In the conglomerate forming the lower layer of the Potsdam sand stone, resulting in this case from the denudation of the ledges in the Archaean rocks. 4. In trachytes and porphyry. - 5. In deposits in the slates and sedimentary rocks produced by the in- trusion of trachyte and porphyry. 6. In placer gravels resulting from the decomposition and erosion of the above formations in Tertiary and recent times. WHITEWOOD DISTRICT. The most important mining section in the Hills is the Whitewood dis- trict, which includes Deadwood. Its centre is at Lead City, where are located the largest gold mines and mills in the world. The ore-bodies are found in Archaean Schists and are two hundred, three hundred, and even four hundred feet in width. * Geology of the Black Hills of Dakota, 1880. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 171 The difficulty in working such immense ore-bodies to any depth pre- sents engineering problems of no small magnitude. In the Homestake combination are nearly 600 stamps continually drop- ping, Sunday and week day, day and night, never stopping except for re- pairs. Each stamp is capable of crushing three tons of ore daily, or to say safely, the whole number crushes 1,600 tons every twenty-four hours, or nearly 20,000 cubic feet of rock daily. To properly timber these mines and to supply the mills with fuel, the company have built and equipped a railroad thirty miles in length. They have also built many miles of ditches to supply the works with water. The magnitude of these operations can only be appreciated by a visit, and notwithstanding the vast amount of ore crushed by these mills daily, it is said upon the very best of authority, that at least five years’ Supply is opened up and in sight. These mines have paid dividends as follows: The Homestake… $3,843,750 The Deadwood-Terra...................................................... 900,000 The Father de Smet........................................................ 1,125,000 The Caledonia................................................................. 40,000 The Deadwood and Terra each paid dividends before they were consoli- dated. Other mines have paid, but their record is not public. There are many valuable mines in this locality not owned by the Home- stake, among which may be mentioned the Pierce-Badger group adjoin- ing the Homestake, the Savage Tunnel combination, Roderich Dhu, and many others. In the western part of this district, in Ruby Basin and near Bald moun- tain are also gold mines but of entirely different character. The gold veins at Lead City are in the Archaean rocks, and dip from 50 to 70 degrees to the northeast. These, however, are found in the Potsdam at the contact be- tween quartzite and lime shales. The ore occurs in well defined sloots throughout the district, which is quite large, so that extensive develop- ments may be expected. The ore-bodies vary from a foot to twenty feet in thickness. They are highly silicious, and carry gold in varying quantities. Some lots shipped East have returned over $200 per ton, but the average of the district seems to be in the neighborhood of $30 per ton. It is the opinion of the writer that this district is much larger than is now thought, and that it affords a fine field for the prospector. Among the important mines may be mentioned the Ross–Hannibal, the Isadorah, Retriever, Buxton, Golden Reward, Amazon and Ruby Belle, and farther west the Trojan and Portland. Many hundred thousand dol- lars’ worth of ore, if not millions, are already opened in this district, and waiting only the approach of the railroad for shipment, or the introduc- tion of some cheap process of milling. 172 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. GALENA OR BEAR BUTTE DISTRICT. Eight miles south of Deadwood this district is found. The ore occurs under the same condition as that at Ruby Basin and Bald mountain, viz.: in the Potsdam, and the veins are nearly horizontal. There seem to be three ore bearing contacts, one above another, but they are by no means regular. These occur between quartzite and lime shales, but unlike the Ruby Basin section, the ores are mainly argentiferous galena, and cerusite with iron oxide. Several of these mines are quite well developed, and one of them, the Sitting Bull, has produced quite largely, but was closed a few years since by litigation. The district has suffered from the want of a market, but this is now met by the near approach of the railroad and the establishment of two smel- ters at Galena, the center of the district. The ore-bearing rocks are known to extend for several miles. Here also, but very distinct from the above, are gold mines. One of these, the Oro Fino, is a geological curiosity. It has been somewhat fancifully described as the tube of an extinct geyser. It appears to be a well, nearly circular in shape, about 150 feet in diameter, and filled with a breccia of porphyry and slate fragments, cemented into a compact mass by the action of thermal waters carrying minerals in Solution. It has been exploited to a depth of 235 feet, and shows a decided increase in richness as depth is gained. Other mines in the district show all the characteristics of those found at Lead City. The business of mining here is in its infancy. The district is imperfectly prospected, and the want of a market has prevented the development of the mines already found. CARBONATE IDISTRICT. Twelve miles west of Deadwood is the Carbonate camp. Many claims have been taken up, and are at present being worked. The ore, as indi- cated by the name, is a carbonate in this case, of lead carrying silver. The Iron Hill is the best known mine in the district. It is well equipped with hoisting works, a sixty-ton Smelter for the lead ores, and an amal- gamating mill for the “dry” ores. A tramway 6,000 feet in length is be- ing constructed from the mine to the reduction works. It is the intention of the company, as stated by President Bullock, to immediately begin the work of changing the mill to a concentrating plant of sixty tons capacity, they having found that their ores can be smelted more cheaply than they can be milled. The Iron Hill mine has paid several dividends. Other mines in the camp promise well, and ore bodies as large as those in the Iron Hill may reasonably be expected. ()THIER IDISTRICTS. The above named districts are the best known gold and silver districts, but are by no means all. e Throughout the entire Archaean exposure are found vast veins of iron pyrite impregnating lenticular masses of quartz and Zones of slates and RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 173 schists. These are not always free-milling, but with the improved meth- ods of working will some time pay well. In fact, I think that the Wealth of the Hills is in these immense low grade deposits. There seems to be a great “mother vein,” so to speak, which has been traced many miles northerly and southerly through the Hills, and which in places carries auriferous pyrite disseminated through the vein to the width of several hundred feet. It is best known in the neighborhood of Pactola in Pennington county, and is not free-milling, except the decom- posed outcrop or gossan. The pyrite, however, can be concentrated cheaply, and afterward treated by a roasing and chlorination process. The best known claim on this great vein is the Gorman. At this point the vein shows large quanties of antimonial lead, carrying some silver and iron pyrite, the latter impregnating a zone about 400 feet in width, as shown by the cross-cut tunnel upon the claim. About sixteen miles west. of this, in Rochford district, is a system of parallel veins, similar in many respects to the great gold mines in the northern Hills. Among them may be named the Stand-By, which has a sixty stamp mill, the Alta, California, and Evangeline, all carrying free gold at the surface, but passing into py- rite as the undecomposed portions of the veins are reached. To the southeast of Rochford twelve miles is located the Queen Bee, which yields concentrates of a good grade. This mine has a twenty stamp gold mill, and its owners are erecting a concentrating plant. In other parts of the county are the Grizzly Bear with twenty stamps, the Golden Safe, and St. Elmo, five each, the Lookout with twenty, the Golden Summit with twenty stamps, and others. In Custer county a number of mills have been built upon veins similar to those described in the Rochford district. These mills paid so long as the ore was decomposed, and will pay again when proper methods of treatment are introduced. Among the better known claims may be men- tioned the Penobscott with twenty stamp, the Grand Junction with forty, the Golden Star with twenty stamps, and Hartford and Mayflower with ten each. TIN. This metal was discovered in the Hills in 1883. To whom the honor of the discovery belongs is already a matter of some question, but it is admit- ted that the first public announcement was made by Major A. J. Simmons of Rapid City, through the Journal of that place, in a communication un- der date of June 8, 1883. After sketching the geology of the “Etta Mica Mine,” where the discovery was first made, with accuracy, and stating that time and exploration are needed to determine the value, he closes by Saying: “At the present, however, the discovery must be regarded as one of the highest importance, and I venture to say that the indications already point to the existence of an extensive district of the mineral.” In the same month he forwarded a box of the specimens to a San Fran- eisco capitalist, who sent Prof. Wm. P. Blake, a well-known mining en- 174 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. gineer, to examine the find. After this the scientific world received in- formation of it through the American Journal of Science, in September of the same year. Tin mining is a new industry in America, and its development has of necessity been slow, but not slower than the development of the rich sil- ver mines of early days on the Pacific coast and in Colorado. It requires large sums of money to properly open these mines, and to build mills for the treatment of the ore. There are two well known tin districts in the Hills. One occupies a belt about four miles wide, lying around the northern and western flanks of Harney's Peak. It extends southward to a point six miles South of CuS- ter City. It will probably be found entirely encircling the granitic area of the Hills. The other section is located about sixteen miles Southwest of Spearfish, where a small Archaean area has been laid bare by denuda- tion. The tin-stone is found in granitic veins or dykes in the earlier or schist- ose Archaean, shown upon the map, and which vary in width from a few inches to hundreds of feet. In some sections the veins consist of an albitic greisen, that is a rock composed of albite feldspar and mica, through which are disseminated crystals of cassiterite. In other sections, as upon the west side of Harney’s Peak, the veins are composed of 'ypical greisen, that is quartz and mica. The crystals of cassiterite vary much in size, some having been found of several pounds weight; but generally they seem to partake of the nature of the greisen, that is, if the individual crystals of feldspar or quartz and mica are large, the accom- panying crystals of cassiterite are large, and vice versa. That through which the tin is finely disseminated is usually richer than the coarsely crystallized rocks. The percentage of tin-stone in the greisen varies, but there are many veins carrying rock yielding from 2 to 4 per cent. That this is by no means a small percentage may be seen by the following: In Altenburg" in Saxony, the yield is from one-half to 1 per cent. In Cornwall, as shown by the Government statistics, the yield of black tin for the whole county is less than 2 per cent. In the Palberro district in Cornwall, the average of all the ore crushed in five years was eighty-nine hundredths of 1 per cent., yet these mines yielded a fair profit. There have been many mines discovered and recorded in both the northern and southern sections. The latter is the more extensive section of the two, which is simply saying that here a larger Archaean area has been laid bare by crosion, and had the sedimentary rocks between the two sections been removed, the districts would doubtless have been found continuous. In the northern, or Nigger IIill district, as it is called, the best known claim is the Cleveland, owned by the American Tin company who have sunk a shaft to the depth of 160 feet. At the 100-foot station, * Mineral resourci s of the United States, 1883–84, article tim. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 175 Where a cross-cut has been driven, the vein is found to have a width of Over 200 feet, and to carry tin throughout, but a zone about thirty-feet wide near each wall is somewhat richer than the remainder of the lode. The company own about seventy claims, a mill site, water power, etc., and expect to operate upon a large scale. This district was first worked exclusively for gold, and in it were found rich placer diggings. The miners were troubled by the vast amount of “iron’’ which filled the riffles of their sluice-boxes and interfered with their work. It was harder to separate from the gold than the “iron ’’ of Other districts, for a magnet would not act upon it. No one suspected the black Substance to be tin-stone, but such it was. The miners now save it, and several tons have been shipped to New York and to England. It is the opinion of the writer, who has thoroughly examined the district, that stream-tin mining as a business would pay. Other groups of mines in this section are controlled by the Callahan company, by Chapman & Hydliff, by Miller & Co., and by others. The first company to operate upon the tin deposits in the southern Hills was the Etta company. They bought a number of claims, but did their principal work upon the Etta, where tin was first found. The manage- ment of the company was left to parties who could have had no real knowledge of the subject of tin mining. Without having the mine suffi- ciently opened to supply a 20-ton mill, they erected a 200-ton mill, and used machinery which did not do the work, for the tailings from the mill, as Sampled by a competent English engineer, and also by the writer, yield two per cent. tin stone; that is, the quantity wasted exceeded the average of all the ores mined in England, and was three times as great as the quantity which has been found to pay in Saxony. They crushed about four hundred tons of ore, which, notwithstanding the waste, yielded two per cent. black tin, which was shipped East. The management of the company has been severely criticized, and after the expenditure of about $350,000 they closed down, but immediately bonded sixty or seventy ad- ditional claims in the district, and secured the services of a well known Friglish mining expert in the service of John Taylor's Sons, London. This gentleman spent several weeks in thoroughly examining and Sampling the different claims of the company, and advised that certain work be done upon those bonded. The result of his examination was doubtless favorable, for all bonds so far that have fallen due have been paid, and during the present month, (June, 1887), the company have paid out in the purchase of these claims over $100,000. They have secured a mountain park of several hundred acres in extent, near Hill City, in Pennington county, water power, etc., and announced their intention to build their works at that point. Their plan of opera- tion also includes the building of a narrow guage railroad from Rapid City to that point, which railroad has already been surveyed. Other companies besides the Etta are preparing to work. Some Chicago 176 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. capitalists recently purchased the Tin Mountain group of mines, near Custer City, which is said to be a veritable mountain of tin-bearing rock. Some masses of this, sent to the School of Mines at Rapid, yield- ed forty per cent. Cassiterite. It is claimed that there are many thousands of tons of ore in sight that can be worked to a profit. Many claims are owned by prospectors and others who are not able to develop them. Others will be found, for so far none has been sought for except those which outcrop, or show upon the surface. It will be seen from examination of the map that tin is found in three counties—Custer, Pennington and Lawrence. The writer has personally examined all the districts, and has made many assays of the ore. When sampled in quite large quantities it seldom runs below two per cent. and often yields four, six, eight, and even twelve per cent. These assays refer to averages taken across veins, dumps, Sample lots, etc., for, of course, picked specimens can be easily had which are nearly pure cassiterite. CO) IPPER. Copper is found in very many localities in the Hills. The largest veins are in the Archaean. At the surface they show carbonates and oxides, but will doubtless run into sulphide ore as depth is gained. The Blue Lead has been famous from the early settlement of the Hills. It shows a car- bonate stained out-crop several hundred feet in width. From French creek, in the southern IIills, copper ore is befng shipped east. In the western part of Pennington county copper is found in the Potsdam in quantities that will some time pay to work. BUILDING ST() NIE. A great variety exists in the Hills. The upper part of the Carboniferous limestone affords a fairly good “marble,” nearly pure white. The Triassic or purple limestone is also locally called marble. It resembles the varie- gated marble from Tennessee, and takes a high polish. In the northern Hills is to be found a variety of porphyritic rock, at present too lux- urious to be thought of for building purposes, yet destined some time to . be used. Every variety of sandstone—white, brown, red and variegated —exists, and is at present being used. The best known quarries of the latter are at Buffalo Gap. MICA. - It was the working of the mica mines that led to the discovery of tin. It has been mined and shipped east in large quantities. :* GY PSU M. * Surrounding the Hills upon every side is an inexhaustible supply of gypsum. It is found in beds of varying thickness up to thirty feet, and no part of the section marked Jura-trias upon the map is free from it. Its value is not seen now, but as the farms east become exhausted a market will be found for it. It is only used here at present as a white finish for plastered walls. GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE ELACK HII I as OF DALXOTA, After the Map of IIENRY NEWTON, E. M. By FRANK R. CARPENTER, Dean Dakota School of Mines. | laneous. Cafaeoni FERous. TERTI ARY. Cameralan. [ _ ] cFetaceous. Anchaan. | [ ] Juna-Trias. GRani TE. | T.EG-E-NITID- The Jura -Trias mark the outer limit of Timber. Quartz Gold is found throughout the Archaean rocks, but mainly in the northern Hills. Gold and Silver are found in the Potsdam rocks in the Northern Hills, Copper is found in both Archaean and Potsdam rocks. Placer Gold is found in the beds of all streams in the Archaean area. Mica is found in --- - paying quantities throughout the Tin sec - tion. Coal is found in the Cretaceous rocks North and South of the Hills. S C 0 B E Y = Chłyenne Crook’sºtow ºr -º fº-º-º-º-º- º Scale of Miles. º ld 20 ------------- 104 Rand, McNamy & Co., Engr’s, Chicago, Tongitude West from 103 Greenwich. $ RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 177 FIRE ANI) POTTERY CIAY. Clays of excellent quality, like the gypsum, surround the Hills. At Rapid City beds of good quality are exposed within the town limits. These are the more important resources of the Hills. It may be truth- fully said that nowhere in the United States within the same area is to be found such a variety of mineral productions. CONCLUSION. Thus far have I written as an engineer, but the Black Hills will well bear looking at from other points of observation. The climate is admira- ble, the scenery magnificent. - Let one imagine himself in the centre of the uplift, at Harney’s Peak, and spread out upon every side is a wilderness of jagged mountains, worn and scarred by the rains and frosts of ages, yet ever-green from the pine forests they carry. Between these, his eye rests upon mountain parks, through which flow streams of clear water, stretching away like ribbons of silver. The uplift appears oval in form, walled in by the bold outcrop of the Dakota Sandstone, separating the beautiful Red valley, the “Race-course ’’ of the Indians, from the outlying plains by a wall, apparently as perfect as that which shut off the valley of Rasselas from the world beyond. But it has twenty-seven gateways, so to speak, through which twenty-seven crystal streams find their way to the plains. Elsewhere it is a veritable wall, within which lies a valley from one-half to three miles wide, encir- cling the entire Hills. Here and there this belt of green is relieved by bands of red of the Jura-trias, or heightened by outcrops of snowy gyp- sum, from which every rain washes renewed supplies of plant-food, which time can never exhaust. Within this, the purple limestone marks the outer boundary of timber, and next is the outcrop of the Carboniferous, from whose timbered sides flow Springs of mountain water, sometimes large enough to supply towns of fifty thousand people. Next the Potsdam, with its deposits of gold, silver and copper. Then the Archaean, ribbed with veins of gold, and lastly the granite nucleus upon whose summit we stand, surrounded with its lodes of tin. Surely everything is here upon which to predicate future greatness. NoTE. October, 1887. The above article was written last June. Since it was put into type I have collected proof that the Cretaceous at least never passed entirely over the area now occupied by the Hills and some evidence that an island existed here from Archaean time which was never entirely submerged. F. R. C. 178 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED IN THE BLACK IIILLS FROM 1877 TO 1887. Year. Production. Remarks, * * * Largely placer; few mills in #: |1877. tº £ tº e º & ſº e º e s & e º e º is us $2,000,000 “ºilº. * - 1878-9.................. 6,000,000 | \ estimates 1880 5000'000 tº * * * * i issí.............. 4.676 Ö00 Mostly from milling opera- 1882 tº tº £ tº $ tº e º ſº tº $ tº $ tº e g g g g º º §§ tions; the output from U.S. Mint | is;...] §§j placer diggings, growing statistics. ſ 1884..................... § || Comparatively less each 1885..................... 3,300,000 year. 1886..................... 3,125,000 || | Total................................ $33,770,000 The Black Hills produce all the gold and silver mined in Dakota, and the four mines, “Homestake,” “Deadwood-Terra,” “Caledonia,” and “Father De Smet,” are credited with nearly the entire output. Other mines, with ore quite as rich in gold and silver as the four named, are awaiting capital for their development. “The poverty of the frontier, where all are engaged in a common strug- gle, and where a common sympathy and hearty co-operation lighten the burdens of each, is a very different poverty, different in kind, different in influence, and effect, from that conscious and humiliating indigence which is every day forced to contrast itself with neighboring wealth on which it feels a sense of grinding dependence. The poverty of the fron- tier is indeed no poverty. It is but the beginning of wealth, and has the boundless possibilities of the future always opening before it.”—[James G. Blaine. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 179 2. ARTESIAN WELLS. The problem of a cheap and abundant supply of water has been solved in many Dakota towns, by sinking artesian wells. Probably, in no other locality of the Union can there be found so many artesian wells of as great pressure, and supplying the immense quantity of water, as those flowing in Dakota today. They are in successful operation from Yankton, on the extreme southern boundary of the Territory, to Grafton, on the north, covering a distance of nearly 500 miles. In the city of Yankton more than a dozen of these wells, from a depth of 550 to 600 feet, pour forth a bountiful supply of water—the increase in the number of wells not having the least effect on the flow or pressure from the underground Source. In Clay, Yankton, and some of the coun- ties of the Red River valley, artesian wells are common, both in town and country. The art of drilling wells to tap a subterranean reservoir of water, con- fined by such force as should throw it to, or near the surface, is of an- cient origin. Artesian wells are occasionally alluded to by the ancient writers, and, among the Chinese, this method of obtaining water has been in practice from time immemorial. In the province of Ou Tong, in a dis- trict ten leagues long by four leagues wide, these wells may be counted by tens of thousands, sunk at very remote periods, for the salt which flowed out in the water. All of these wells are very deep—some having been drilled down even to 3,000 feet. The name “Artesian ’’ is derived from the province of Artois, in France, anciently called Artesium, in which artesian wells have long been in use. There is nothing strange or marvelous connected with the flow of arte- sian wells. The principle is precisely that of a reservoir system of water- works, or of the artificial fountains, common every where. By storing a Supply of water in a receptacle, at some high point, and carrying it in pipes to a lower level—convenient water-power is obtained. Nature has constructed a vast system of underground water-works on the same plan —the pervious strata of sand rock underlying the earth's surface at vari- ous depths, serving as pipes to conyey the water from the far distant res— 180 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. ervoir, or Source of Supply—which, in the instance of Dakota, is probably the mountainous regions of Wyoming and Montana. - Prof. Chamberlin, writing of artesian wells, defines the essential features of artesian streams, as follows: “To fashion a simple idea of the common class of flowing wells, picture to the mind a pervious stratum, through which water can readily pass. Below this let there be a water-tight bed, and let a similar one lie upon it, so that it is Securely embraced between impervious layers. Suppose the edges of these layers to come to the surface in some elevated region, (Save that they may be covered with soil and loose surface material,) while in the opposite direction they pitch down to considerable depths, and either come up again to the surface at some distance, thus forming a basin, or else terminate in such a way that water cannot escape in that direction. Now, let rain-ſall and surface waters penetrate the ele- wated edge of the porous bed, and fill it to the brim. That such beds are SO filled is shown by ordinary wells, which commonly find a constant Sup- ply in them at no great depth. Now, it is manifest that if such a water- fat bed be tapped by a boring at some point lower than its outcrop, the water will rise and flow at the surface because of the higher head in the upper edge of the bed. If the surface water continually supplies the up- per edge as fast as the water is drawn off below, the flow will be constant. “To fashion a simple illustration, conceive a piece of lead tube to be in- clined and filled with sand, the lower end being closed; let water be poured in until the Sand is completely saturated. Now, a minature flow- ing will be formed by drilling a small hole near the lower end. The wa- ter in the sand will run out, and, if renewed at the upper end, the flow Will be continuous.” The leading conditions upon which artesian flows depend are involved in the foregoing simple conception. The same authority says, that the only reliable source of artesian wells are porous beds of Sand, gravel, Sandstone, conglomerate, and other less com- mon rocks of loose, granular texture. Coarse-grained sand-rock consti- tutes the ordinary form of water-bearing strata. The adaptability of these strata lies in the construction of the rock from separate particles, loosely put together, leaving Small open Spaces between them. The Quartenary sandstones, as a general rule, have the greatest degree of porosity, and constitute the best water-carriers; the Tertiary sandstones next, and so on—the consolidation and texture vary- ing with the age of the formation. The confining strata above and below this bed of porous water-bearing rock are, usually, layers of fine, unhardened clay, clayey shales, shaly limestones, shaly sandstones, or some one of the various crystalline rocks, ranking, as regards imperviousness, in the Order named. On the question of the decline of the water supply from artesian wells be- cause of exhaustion, or the frequent tapping of the water-bearing strata, * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 181 Prof. Chamberlain says, the too current notion that a subterranean pool, which has been struck by a well, supplies it for a time and then becomes exhausted, may be dismissed without much consideration. Especially is this true of the artesian wells of Dakota, which, from the great depth at which the currents of water are reached, indicate a far-distant reser- voir and a permanent supply. At Lillers, France, an artesian well has been in steady operation since the year 1126. The artesian wells of London, England, the provinces of France, and of Ou Tong, China, have been flowing for years, an unvarying supply of water. And, at home, the constant flow of wells in Wis- consin, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, South Carolina, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri prove the adequacy of the supply at the re- spective fountain-heads. A temporary decline of the flow may occur by reason of the filling up of the bore with mud, sand, and loose rock; the collapse of the pipe, be- cause of the wearing effects of the corrosive ingredients in the water; faulty and defective piping, which will permit of lateral leakage, or from other causes; but a cessation of the flow because of the exhaustion of the supply, may be considered as disproved by science and history. At Columbia, Aberdeen, Yankton, Grafton, and other points in Dakota, the flow of water has decreased at different times, from the stoppage of the pipes with gravel, rock, and debris. But a removal of the obstruc- tion has always resulted in restoring the original flow and pressure. At Grafton, an iron bar, eight feet long and two inches in diameter, was inadvertently dropped into the artesian well, causing a serious decrease in the flow. But, suddenly, the water rushed forth with great power, and threw out the iron bar with such force as to break the elbow of the main pipe, and the flow is since unabated. In France, a convenient water-power is derived from the force of the artesian flows, sufficient to run heavy machinery, and is applied to many industries. The advantages of a power of this sort, are apparent, and a few of the Dakota towns have already imitated the example set by France, in utilizing the pressure of artesian water for supplying a motive power. t The original outlay for sinking the well is the only expense required, and this, in Dakota, need not exceed what would be the cost of engines and boilers furnishing a power equivalent to that of the well. At Yankton, (Yankton county,) a six-inch well has just been completed, the power derived from which is utilized for operating the machinery plant of a pressed brick manufactory. The well is about 550 feet deep, and the hydrostatic expert estimates that 1,800 gallons of water issues every minute, exerting a pressure of fifty-six pounds to the square inch; which, he figures, will furnish a gross power of thirty-three horses. A local paper thus describes the success attending the venture: “The machinery at Miner & Co.'s brick yard was connected with the 182 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. water-wheel, and moved by the weight of water from the artesian well, last Tuesday, and henceforth the institution will have no use for steam. The new motor does its work perfectly. How much power it furnishes has not been definitely determined, but the makers of the wheel guar- antee thirty horse-power. It does the work that heretofore kept a thirty horse-power engine busy, with ease, and, apparently, with force to spare. “Here is a practical demonstration of the value of Yankton's subterra- Inean Water-power. It is an ideal power. Its employment does away with the cost of fuel to generate steam, with the salary of an engineer, with the expense of the purchase and repair of delicate and expensive motive machinery, with the payment of extra-hazard insurance rates. A t child can start or stop the wheel that supplies motion to a large industry. This power never blows up, never runs down, never freezes up, never dries up; but will run on and on, year after year, the same in all seasons, with a minimum of cost for maintaining the simplest gearing. “The well at the brick-yard is a six-inch bore. Its cost was about $3,000. It is the Second one of the same size made here, and is better than the first, yielding a larger flow with a stronger pressure. It demonstrates the inexhaustible character of the stream or reservoir which both wells tap. For, if it were not practically inexhaustible, the second opening of the Same vein, even though it had been smaller than the first, would have Operated like ‘the little rift within the lute,’ withdrawing the pressure and rendering the first well valueless. An eight-inch well would nearly double the capacity of this one; a larger one would increase the capacity in the same ratio.” The flouring-mill, oil-mill, and the other manufacturing establishments located at Yankton, will run their machinery by artesian well-power as Soon as the wells can be drilled. One of these institutions expends each year $4,000 for fuel, and estimates that for one-half of this sum, an arte- sian well can be obtained, which will furnish sufficient power to run all the limachinery. The practicability of adapting this power to the operation of heavy machinery is now satisfactorily demonstrated, and the example set by Yankton will be followed immediately, no doubt, by many cities of the twenty-nine counties where artesian wells only await the application of the wheel and belt. Why should not this inexpensive and everlasting power lead to the building up of manufacturing interests in the Territory, as rapidly and extensively as cheap coal and natural gas did in the instance of the states of Pennsylvania and Ohio 7 At IIuron, the artesian well, costing but $4,000—a sum not out of com- parison with the cost of ordinary steam machinery—supplies a tremen- dous volume of water each minute, with more than three times the pres- sure of the one at Yankton. The pressure of the water from this well is 80 great that no make of water-mains could withstand its full power. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 183 The force of the water is weakened by allowing a three-inch stream of water to run away from the well, and even then there is power and Vol- ume for fire protection and to supply all the necessities of a city of several thousand inhabitants, besides providing the force for a number of Water- motors used in printing offices and other establishments. Here, certainly, is a well costing no more than a plant of steam ma- chinery, which would furnish a uniform and invariable motive power suf- ficient to operate the largest mill or manufactory—and at a Saving of the heavy annual expense for fuel, engineer's and fireman's salary, outlay for repairs, etc., etc. The same is true of the wells at Miller, Aberdeen, Groton, Columbia, and other points. In many instances, the cost of sinking an artesian well would be no more than the cost of coal for a single year to an establishment run by steam power. Power, to any extent, can be obtained by either increasing the size of the bore, or the number of wells—it being evident that two wells of the same size, and flowing the same volume of water, at an equal pres- Sure, would give twice the power of a single well. The development of artesian well power, in Dakota, is yet in its infancy. But no one, who gives the matter the least study, can doubt that with Wells everywhere throughout the Territory, flowing so heavy and con- stant a volume of water, and at such great pressure, we are on the eve of a period of wonderful progress in the building up of our manufacturing interests. Towns in the Territory, where the question of obtaining artesian well power has already been settled affirmatively—will take a step forward in the development of manufacturing interests, by fostering tow mills, oil mills, flour mills, woolen mills, canning and packing establishments, and other industries suitable to the surroundings. This will lead neigh- boring cities to put forth the most strenuous efforts to tap the power hid- den beneath our feet, and, speaking generally, there is no reason why these ventures should not all prove successful. If no other results were to be obtained from the sinking of artesian wells than a cheap and abundant supply of water, and a splendid fire protec- tion, as has been done in dozens of the towns of Dakota, the value to the people of the Territory of these underground reservoirs, is beyond com- parison. By a study of the table accompanying this article, showing in detail the various strata penetrated by the artesian wells, it will be observed that the geological formation of the Territory contains all the essential features which scientists tell us are the pre-requisite of flowing wells. The water is found in coarse-grained sand rock, which has above it a confin- ing stratum of shale, clay, or lime rock. The same strata undoubtedly underlie the entire Territory, though it may be necessary in some locali- ties to go to a great depth before striking the water-bearing rock. This office has given considerable time and labor to the collection of all 184 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. the available information concerning some of the more important artesian wells of the Territory, and a compilation, the result of these efforts, is given in the tables on the succeeding pages. It is believed that the data furnished will prove interesting to geologists and drillers, as well as to parties intending to sink wells. The tables enumerate only a few of the wells, and the data is not complete in some instances-—though so far as figures are given, they were obtained from civil authorities, and may be considered reliable. As to the limit in depth the bore should penetrate before the enterprise is abandoned as a failure, geologists seem to agree that no invariable rule can be laid down. However, to quote from a leading authority, “there is one, of wide application whose observance would save the useless expen- diture of large sums: The Archaean rocks (granite, gneiss, etc) are ex- ceedingly unpromising of success in themselves and do not overlie pro- ductive beds. Whenever, therefore, in the progress of drilling, these are Struck, work should cease, unless there are specific local facts warranting a deviation from the rule.’’ e When the water-bearing rock is found, the height to which the water would rise, if suitably tubed, may be computed by attaching a pressure guage and figuring a rise of 2.31 feet for each pound of pressure per Square inch. The temperature of the water from artesian wells partakes of the tem- perature of the earth, which increases as its Interior, is penetrated, at an average rate of one degree for every fifty or sixty feet. The increase of the temperature of the water with the depth penetrated, varies at different places. At Huron, where the mean tem- perature at the surface is 42° the water of the artesian well is 60° from a depth of 863 feet, which is about 1° for every forty-eight feet. At Yank- ton, the temperature of the water is 16° higher than the mean tempera- ture at the surface, making the increase 1° for only thirty-eight feet of descent. The average rate of increase for the Territory seems to be about 1° added to the temperature of the water for every forty-seven feet of the earth’s surface penetrated. Artesian water is mineralized, to a greater or less degree, from having dissolved the soluble constituents of the strata through which it perco- lates. In the wells of Dakota, these constituents are such as have imparted to the water, undoubted hygienic and remedial properties and are in nowise to be considered unfortunate, although the water Sometimes is not pleasant to the taste. The artesian water is almost invariably Soft and of excellent quality for general household purposes. Inquiries were sent out by this office for the purpose of ascertaining the exact number of artesian wells in operation in Dakota, but in quite a number of instances, the requests remain unanswered. So far as known, there are twenty-nine counties of the Territory where artesian water is a settled fact, having distributed among them ninety- seven wells. - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 185 ANALYSES OF ARTESIAN WATERS IN DAIKOTA. Jamestown—Organic matter: Free ammonia, 2.4 parts per million; al- buminoid ammonia, .046 parts per million; nitrites, traces; nitrates, none. INORGANIC MATTER. Silica ...................................................... .................. 35.70 2.08.23 Alumina ..................................................................... 3.50 .2041 Carbonate of iron........................................................ 2.20 . 1233 Carbonate of lime........... * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 188.00 10.7643 Sulphate of lime........................................... ............ 249.00 14.5243 Sulphate of magnesia................................................... 154.2() 8.9944 Sulphate of soda......................................................... 1139.40 66.3602 Chloride of sodium ..................................................... 369.10 21.5296 Sulphate of potash...................................................... 31.05 4.7526 Phosphates.................................................................. a traCe Hardness..................................................................... 21o Yankton—Water slightly hard; pleasant to the taste; is used in boilers, and gives good Satisfaction. Highmore–Water very soft, and of good quality. Total Solid grains per gallon........................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.53 Carbonate of lime......................... .............. .................................. 1.92 Carbonate of magnesia................................................................... 1.69 Sulphate of lime............................................................................. 0.46 Oxides of iron, silica, and aluminum.......................................... .... 2.33 Alkali chlorides.............................................................................. 28.04 Alkali Sulphates.............................................................................. 69.09 Miller—Water excellent, and good for all purposes. Ipswich—Water very soft; contains soda, potassium, and allied salts; tastes slightly brackish. Groton—Water of excellent quality, but very much discolored, because of mud and debris flowing out of well. Columbia—Water contains mineral properties; very soft. Grafton–Three per cent. of Salt in water, and slight trace of sulphate of magnesia. Ellendale—Water not pleasant to the taste; very soft. Tower. City— - Grains in one U. S. gallon. Solid matter, upon evaporation to dryness................................. 180.000 Sediment.......…......….............................................................. I] OIl G Scale, (deposited on evaporation to one-tenth bulk).................. 4.894 Silica... ...................................................................................... 0.194 Alumina and oxide of iron........................................................ 0.374 Lime.......................................................................................... 3.604 Magnesia................................................................................... 0.114 Carbonic acid............................................................................. not det. Sulphuric acid, free................................................................... In OI) e. Sulphuric acid, in combination................................................... 31.990 Chlorine, free............................................................................ Il OI) e. Chlorine, in combination ........................................................... 6.880 Potask and soda ........................................................................ residuum TABLE OF INFORMATION CONCERNING SOME OF THE ARTESIAN WELLS IN DAKOTA. % ----- i H t * Cº- º | | | š. § # 23: : & i t º cº * U2 C ‘ſº * $– Q) Ö ! rt; 4 g --> *—w gº $ *={ .C. § © 2: # = B; Q ; * i QX cº rc * º-1 (º tº- Ug | C ! º i Q y-4 * ſº C - tº 3 iſ “ 5 2.T.c | 2- i | < "E E c5 E $2 C º sp=4 2 gº # | G3 i sº c; | .cf ~5 O $– §: : : {| ro 3 ef; # , ; 5 3. 5 H = | # || || || 5 || 5 || #3, #3 || $ 2 iſ g : 5 i = 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || = a || #3 || #3 || Pº 5 rt; ; : C i C *—t re: C rººt p-4 egºsº sp=ſ E || Ö C O – g-f C #. * 3 || > * || 'S53 ; : 2– ! -: <) º Cº. % > $2–3 || @ a 3 & ; *--> i Q } 3) & 3 ~i=e QX 5 O cº ; : o3 c; : c # T. -> i :- º: ! O * Q) F: * - * *- | < | * ! P- Cſ) H {- D-, | H ſº > : T; i! h ! | | I | r * Yankton (a)............................ | 1.196 March..... 25, 86 June....... 'io sº's in......... | 610 || $2,800 32 || 629; 1,500 | Yes || Yes ||.......... Hurou (b)................................ ! 1.285 May ........ 22, 86 Sept........ 11, ’86 6 in......... 863 || 4,000 170 60 1,500 Yes Yes || Yes Millºr (e)................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . Febr'y.... '86 July, ...... '86 5 in......... 1, 148 | 5,000 125 | 80 1,000 Yes Yes Yes Highmore (d) ......................... i 1 906 August... 22, '86 Febr'y..... 21, '87 6 lu......... | 1,552 || 7 800 25 ' | 68 14 Yes ||Will be: Will be Ashton (e)..............................' ............ Apii........ 1, '82 July .......! #, '82 6 in......... | "già ||....... 50 || 55 60 || Yes Yes ii............ . Aberdeen (ſ)............................ -----------. April...... 1, '84 May........ 23, 84 53-16 in ... , 908 || 5,000 160 iſ 60 || 3,500 Yes Yes Yes Ipswich (g)............................. ............ October...; 5, 84 January. 1, '85'6 in......... | 1.270 ||............ 70 || 65 200 Yes Yes Yes Groton (h) .............................. ; 1 800 Summer... '84 August ... '84. 5 in......... 960 | 4,500 || 187 ff......}}............}}............ Yes Yes Andover (i) ............................. ............ ; March..... 20 '81 'June ...... 5, '81j4 1-2 in...: 1,070 !!........... 90 64 800 i!............ Yes ||............ Columbia (j)............................ ............ Sept........ 1, §5 Nov;;...... 27, §§ 43-8 in ...}} . 965 ............ 175 : 60 || 4,000 || Yes ||............ Yes Ellendale (k) ........................... ............ Dec. ...... '85 April...... 6, '86 fi in......... | }.987 || “...;;.. 125 || 65 600 Yes |!............ Yes Jamestown (!) .................. ..... }, 1,895 October...] '86 April......| 4, '876 in......... | 1576 || 7-127 95 ' || 75 375 ||............!!............!!............ Grafton (m).............................. 1.000 . March..... 15 °86 Júly ....... 1, '86116 in......... | 528 iſ 3,700 15 . . 48 1,000 Yes ||............ Yes REMARES : (a.) Cost of operating per annum, $10. There are fifteen artesian wells in the city, and from thirty to thirty-five within a radius of twenty miles. Pressure has always remained the same. Quantity of water is increasing. * (b.) The expense of operating the system of water-works is very slight, amounting in all to $1,000 per annum, including the salary paid water- rate collector, repairs to pipes, hydra Ints, etc. Pressure has never varied. A waste stream of three inches is permitted to run at the well, and still there is power enough to throw four one inch streams over any building in the city and the operation of several water motors. (c.) Pressure has increased somewhat since flow was first struck. Private families are ſurnished with water through system of water-works for a charge of $5 per annum. (d) Pressure unchanged. Board of Trustees have not accepted well from contractors, and think by going deeper a very fine flow can be ob- tained. Bore six inches at top, decreasing to three inches at bottom. - g g (e.) Fºressure has remained about the same. Well put down by Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway company, and water is furnished free residents of the city, At Frankfort, distant ten miles, another well is being sunk. (ſ) Pressure unchanged. Through a system of 5,000 feet of water mains, water is distributed for household purposes and fire protection at little or no expense, as power furnished by natural pressure is ample. Other wells north, south, east and west. (g.) Pressure slightly increased. Power furnished by well sufficient to throw two one inch streams forty feet high. Well has thrown out sand and clay continually since completion. City has system of mains, hydrants and complete outfit of fire apparatus Repair of hydrants, etc., the only expense of water-works system. (h.) Slight or no expense of water-works. Through some unaccountable cause the water from this well flows out very muddy and mixed with sand and debris, though occasionally it will be as clear as crystal. It is thought the casing was never properly put down—a supposition which is borne out by the fact, that the water has recently found an outlet through crevices in the ground outside of the pipes. The pressure of water is very heavy. - (?) Pressure has not varied. No system of water-works at present, though there is ample power in the well to force the water throughout the city. - (j.) Very light expense of water-works. Stoppage of flow occurred for a brief time—caused by the choking up of the pipes with mud and de- bris. City has system of water-works for fire protection. Water contains mineral properties and is used only for laundry purposes. (k.) Pressure has increased about ten pounds to square inch. Expense of operating water-works system does not exceed $50 per annum. Water mineral in character and not used very generally for household purposes. (l.) Bore six inches at top of Well. decreasing to three and one-quarter at bottom. This well is the first large flow of artesian watt r found so far north, and is the deepest in the Territory. It was finished this spring and work is now going on in the direction of laying water mains, etc., throughout the city. (m.) First flow found at a depth of 528 feet. Well was continued to a depth of 915 feet, where a vein of extremely salt water was struck, necessi- tating (he withdrawal of the pipe and the filling up of the bore as far as the first flow, from which depth (528 feet) the water is now taken. The city has a complete system of water-works, the power from the well forcing the water to the upper stories of all buildings. A set of pumps and an engine are kept in readiness to increase the force in Case of fire. Expense of water-Works system about $800 per annum. Water contains mineral properties and is not in general use for household purposes. It would cost but a thousand dollars to sink a well to the first vein, 528 feet. There are other wells in the Red River valley only 150 feet deep with a small flow. * g ARTESIAN WELLS. Table showing, in detail, the various strata penetrated by artesian well bores, in Dakota. YANKTON, HURON. COLUMBIA. GRAFTON. -------- - - - | Feet. rest | FEET FEET. g | Yellow clay.......................... 45 ||Yellow clay...…. 18 'Black soil............................ | 1 ||Black loam......................... . 3 Chalk rock............................ | 40 || Blue clay.............................. 66 jYellow clay.......................... 20 White clay........................... 25 Shale.................................... | 160 || Gray Shale........................... 151 iQuicksand........................... i 8 Blue clay.............................. 250 Hard roºk............................. | 3 || Pyrites of iron..................... 2 iſ blue clay.............................. | 10 Hard-pan.............................. 20 Shale.................................... 105 ||Sand.....................................: 5 ||Quicksand........................... 30 Limestone ........................... 137 Sand rock............................. 20 || Hard sand-rock.................... : 2 Gravel.................................. 14 Quicksand ........................... 20 Shale.................................... 87 Gray Shale ........................... 175 Blue clay.............................. | 8 ||White sana........................... 45 Hard rock................ ............, 3 Hard sand-rock.................... ; 10 Quicksand........................... | 1 ||Šiate..….. 3 Sand rock (a)........................ 15 iſ Gray Shale ...................... ... 15 Hard Pan ............................ 9 ||Water-bearing rock (b)......... 25 Shale.................................... | 17 || Brown shale ......................... 101 Gray shale ........................... i 365 ||Red rock or shale................. 60 Quicksand............................ 30 Sand rock............................. 51 List-estone............................ ! 2 Blue shale ........................... 16 Hard Sand-rock.................... | 4 (Gray Sand-rock .................... 101 Blue shale.......................... . . 48 Pink shale ..................... !----- 11 Shale.................................... 27 Brown lime-rock.................. | 10 Limestone........................... 5 Gravel.................................. 49 Hard rock............................. 2 White sand-rock (a)............. 50 iBlue Shale............................ 200 Red Shale ............................ 46 Coal ...................................... 1 #Hard sand-rock....................! 10 Sand rock............................. 2 Soapstone ............................ 188 Shale.................................... 26 White sand-rock (a).............: 40 Sand shale........................... 30 Sandstone (C)........................ 5 Sand rock............................. 10 Hard sand-rock.................... | 25 Gray shale........................... 50 Granite................................. 12 Quicksand ........................... 15 Gray lime-rock..................... 20 Sand shale ........................... 55 s e s e º se e s a 4 & m e s s e s tº a tº e s a s a s a s º ºs e e º ºs s a s is a sº tº a s sº e s tº sº a s ºf * * * * * Shale.................................... 20 Gray Shale ........................... | 4 Limestone........................... 6 it...................................................…. Soft Sand-rock ..................... 30 Lime rock ........................... 12 Sand rock............................. ; * ||...................................................… • . . . a s , s , s = • , s = • , s , , , º, e s e e s = • , s = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |............ Blue Shale ...........................: 20 a. * * s & s a s a s as a tº s a s e e s is a e s we e s a e s is s is a e e º a s s a sº s º is a s = < * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . , = , = , = , = 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '............|Lime rock............................ 5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is e s is s a º s m e º 'º e < e < * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * s = e = e = , = , = , = , = , , s , , s = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * : ; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |............ White sand-rock..................! 10 a s a s tº e º s & sº a tº s m & e s m = n e º e º º e s is a tº a s e e º e e s is a tº as a sº º i = s = * * * * * * * * * .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------------------------------------' . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime rock............................ 26 ||......................................................... • a s = e = • , , = , = , s , s = e s • e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * : ; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * !............}} White Sand-rock.................. 27 is a s e º sº sº is a a e e g º e s e is 4 g º & sº e º e º 'º s is º is is is tº a gº ºs º º ºs º is ſº is e s is s a # * * * * * { *ºmº ºm. | Total .................................... 610 Total.................................... | 363 |Total. 965 ||Total.................................... 915 (a) A slight flow of water was obtained from this stratum. * - (bc) Water was obtained from this stratum, (b) but the pressure not being deemed sufficient, the bore was continued nearly four hundred feet The pipes were withdrawn, the further to the underlying bed of granite. A small flow of very salt water was struck (c) first, above the granite. bore filled up to the first water bearing stratum (b) from which the flow is now taken. Ž RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 189 * ALTITUDES. Table of altitudes in Dakota, compiled from a bulletin of the United States Geological Survey. STATION. AUTHORITY. ELEVATION. Feet. Abraham Lincoln, Fort...................................l............................................. 2,211 Alcester ............................................................ Dak. Cellt. R. R................... 1,355 Altamont........................................................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,834 Apple Creek Valley .......................................... N. P. R. R............................. 1,711 Aurora............................................................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,630 Austin ........................................................................................................... 1,221 Belfield.............................................................. N. P. R. R............................. 2,577 Bennett, Fort, signal station............................ U. S. signal office................. 1,440 Beresford.......................................................... Dak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,505 Berthold, Fort................................................................................................ 1,873 Big Sioux river, Water, second crossing.......... C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1,479 Bismarck. ....................................................... . P. R. R........ 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,668 Bismarck, Signal station................................... U. S. signal Office................. 1,677 Bismarck, Missouri river, low water............... º R. R............................. 1,616 Blue lake......................................................... F. & S. W. R. R. .................. 1.965 Bois des Sioux................................................... Toner................................... 1,039 Brochel Lake.................................................... Nicollet................................ 1,860 Brookings................................................... * * * * * * * * C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,636 Buford. Fort...................................................... |Smithsonian Institute......... 2,017 Buford Fort, signal station.............................. J. S. signal office................. 1,876 Burbank ........................................................... S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1,153 Catristota........................................................... ;IOak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,555 Canova “............................................................ i. Cent. R. R.................... 1, 525 Canton .............................................................. S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1,291 Carthage............................................................ Dak. Cent. R. R........... 1,440 Casselton ........................................................... P. R. R............................. 980 Cavour.…........................................................... ( . & N. W. R. R.................... 1,311 Centreville ....................................................... Dak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,238 Clark.................................................................. Dak. Cent. R. R................... 1,785 Clark. Fort........................................................ Petermann ........................... 1 S27 Cleveland........................................................... N. P. R. R............................. 1,840 Coteau du Missouri....................................................................................... 1,800–2,000 Coteau des Prairies ..........................................i............................................. 1,500–1,800 Cotter's Depot................................................... F. & S. W. R. R.................... 909 Crook's Tower................................................... Jenney ................................. 7,600 Davenport Depot............................................... jF. & S. W. R. R..................... 921 Davis Junction...................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |S. ( . & D. R. R..................... 1,130 Deadwood, signal Station................................. U. S. signal office................ 4,630 De Smet ............................................................ C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,726 Dickinson ......................................................... N. P. R. R............................. 2,403 Devils Lake....................................................... Thomas................................ 1,467 Doland............................................................... Dak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,855 Driscoll.............................................................. N. P. R. R........... ................. 1 S35 Eden.................................................................. S. C. & P. R. R..................... 1,239 Egan.................................................................. X., M & St. P. R. R. ......... 1,510 Elk Point........................................................... S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1,142 Eskelon Lake, station....................................... N. P. R. " ............................. 1,447 Eskelon Lake, Water......................................... N. P. R. R............................. 1,432 Esmond ......... ................................................... Dak. Cent. R. R. .................. 1.480 Fairview. .................................... ..................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,542 Fairview............................................................ S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1,281 Fargo..................................... ........................... N. P. R. R............................. Q()3 Fawn Lake, Water............................................ St. P. & S. C. R. R. ............... 1,320 Fländreau......................................................... C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1, 550 Frankfort........................................................... Dak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,296 Gary .................................................................. C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,484 Gaysville........................................................... S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1,178 Gladston6 ........................... .............................. N. P. R. R............................. 2,846 Glen Ullin......................................................... N. P. R. R............................. 2,070 Goodwin............................................................ C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,996 Greenwood ....................................................... Smithsoniall Institute......... 1,900 Harney's Peak .................................................. Ludlow................................. 9,700 Hartford Siding................................................ St P. & C. R. R.................... 1,561 Hawarden ......................................................... I\ak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,182 Henry................................................................ Dak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,810 Herman............................................................. C., M. & St. P. R. R............. 1,654 Herman, Lake................................................... C., M. & St. P. R. R............... 1,646 Horace Depot.................................................... F. & S. W. R. R.................... 917 Hurley .............................................................. Dak, Cent. R. R.................... 1,272 190 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. TABLE of ALTITUDES IN DAKOTA-Continued. STATION. AUTHORITY, ELEVATION, Feet. Huron ............................................................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1.285 Huron Junction................................................ {}. & N. W. R. R... 1,812 Iroquois “.......................................................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,401 Jamestown ........................................................ N. P. R. R............................. 1,395 Jefferson............................................................ S. C & D. R. R..................... 1,130 Kampeska, Lake............................................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,650 Kami eska, Lake, Water ................................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,714 Kamskusah kee Lake......................................... P. R. R. Teports................... 2.431 Kranzhurg......................................................... C. & N. W. H. R.... 1,982 Little Missouri.................................................. N. P. R. R............. 2.255 Little Missouri Buttes.............................. ‘s e = e º e º a Jenney ................................. 5,500 McCook.............................................................. S. C. & D. lt. R..................... 1,128 McKenzie.......................................................... P. R. R............................. 1,696 Madison Lake ................................................... C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1,576 Mandan ............................................................ N. P. R. R............................. 1,644 Mapleton........................................................... N. P. R. R............................. 908 Meckling......................... ................................. S C. & D. R. R..................... 1,167 Milbank Junction ........................................... C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1.149 Montrose Siºling .................. ............................ St P. & C. R. R.................... 1,471 New Buffalo................................... .................. N. P. R. R.................. 1,206 New Madison................................................... ..|C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1,646 Noreland .......................................................... . & N. W. R. R.................... 1,846 Oak Wood Settlement......................................... Nicollet ................................ 1,841 Oriska... ............................................................ N. P. R. R............................. 1.240 Parker................ ........................................... ... Dak. Cent. R. R.................... 1,840 Pembina. Signal Station.................................... U. S. signal Office................. 791 Pierre...............". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,438 Preston, Lake ............................. ...................... C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,696 Randall, Fort.................................................... Medical department U S. A. 1,245 Ransom. Fort..................................... .............. Medical department U. S. A. 1,438 Richardton........................................................ N. P. R. R. ........................... 2,464 Richland......................................................................... • * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 247 S” lem................................................................. St. P. & S. C. R. R............... 1,517 Sanborn .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. P. R. R............................. 1,460 Sedalia............................................. • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ...] N. P. R. R............................. 2,080 Sell timel Butte‘................................................... N. P. R. R............................. 2,707 Sheyenne River ................................................ N. P. R. R............................. 1,200 Sims .................................................................. N. P. R. R............................. 1,960 Sioux Falls........................................................ S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1 411 Sioux Falls. .................................................... C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1,638 Sioux Falls........................................................ St. P. & S. C. R. R................. 1.387 Sioux Falls Junction........................................ C., M. & St. P. R. R.............. 1,496 South Heart............................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * N. P. R. R............................. 2 470 Spirit woºd ........................................................ N. P. R. R............................. 1,477 Square House..............................................................…............................. 2,120 Steele................................................................. N. P. R. R. ........................... 1.857 Stevenson, Fort, signal station......................... U. S. signal office ................ 1,784 Sully. Fort......... ............................................... U. S signal Office................. 1 688 Sully Spring...................................................... N. P. R. R...... - - - - - - - - - tº e º 1,647 Tappen............................................ .................. N. P. R. R............................. 1,760 Totten, Fort ...................................................... Thorne................................. 1,480 Union, Tort....................................................... Toner.................................... 1,970 Valley City........................................................ N. P. R. R............................. 1,218 Valley Springs................................................. St. P. & S. C. R. R.................. 1.392 Vermillion.......................................................S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1,161 Vilas.................................................................. Dak, Cent. R. R.................... 1,480 Virginia. ............................................................ S. C. & P. R. R..................... 1,221 Volga................................................................" C. & N. W. R. R.................... 1,636 Wadsworth, Fort ..................................... ......... i:... ::-------------------------. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,896 Wadsworth........................................................ Smithsonian Institute......... 1,650 Warren's Peak................................................... iºnºy * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . 6,900 Waterlo W in.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dak. ('el) t. R. R................... 1,785 Wheatland......................................................... N. P. R. R.....….......... 985 Yalıkton....................................... -------------------- S. C. & D. R. R..................... 1.196 Yank ton, a geln ('y................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smithsonian Institute........ 1.900 Yankton, signal strition.................................... . S. sig: lal office................. 1,228 RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. 191 SCHOOLS. The remarkable growth and development of Dakota, during the period of six years past, has never been equaled in the history of the settlement of the West, and in no one particular is the statement more emphatic than when applied to the rapid advance of the cause of education. The people of the Territory point with pride and satisfaction to the 4,000 pub- lic schools dotting the broad prairies, and indicating to the traveler each township of the Government survey with almost infallible accuracy. To the family contemplating a change of home, a question of vital im- portance is: What are the facilities offered in the new country for the ed- ucation of children? A study of the facts and figures relative to the growth of public Schools and other educational institutions in the Terri- tory, will convince the reader that few, even, of the old states offer more encouragement in this respect than is held out by Dakota. The class of settlers attracted within her borders have been exclusively industrious, thrifty and of good morals, and among the first enterprises begun in the new community, were buildings for Schools and religious worship. So that now a drive across the prairie in any direction will lead one by the typical country School-houses, nicely painted, neatly kept and separated from one another by distances of only a few miles. The intending settler is assured that whatever may be his views of Dakota formed after a per- sonal visit and investigation, in at least the one matter of school facilities his highest expectations cannot possibly be disappointed. The following Summary of School statistics for the year 1887 is abridged from the annual report of Governor L. K. Church to the Secretary of the Interior. A study of these figures must convince the reader that not- withstanding the wonderful growth of this Empire of the Northwest, the cause of education has not been overlooked, but, if anything, has kept in advance of the progress in other directions: 192 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. EXIIIIBIT OF GROWTH. 1875 I879. 1883. 1887. Youth of School age......................... 8,343| 18,535. 56,476. 109,475 lºnrolled in public schools............... 4,428 9,822. 33,988 87,131 Average daily attendance............................. 4,681| 20,560 58,379 Ungraded Schools.........................................: 315 1,356 3,856 Average number days taught........................ 97 93 112 Whole number teachers................... 208 464 1,517 4,924 Average monthly pay of men.......... $35 $36|| $39.70 $34.81 Average monthly pay of women....... $25 $25 $30.70 $30.36 Vålue of School property................. $24,926 $133,952 $937,764 $3,265,590 Expenditures for school purposes....] $32,603 $75,959 $529,837|$1,633,561 “The foregoing table shows somewhat of the remarkable growth made by Dakota and her school system during the twelve years, beginning with 1875, and ending with 1887. Not only do these figures show a vast in- crease in the School population and a consequent increase in the number enrolled, but it shows that in proportion to the whole number, a larger per cent. of the children are enrolled in the schools; and further, that those enrolled are attending more regularly than in the fore part of the period covered by these statistics. In 1875 only 53 per cent. of the children of School age were enrolled in the schools, and the same per cent. in 1879. In 1883 the per cent. had increased to 62, while the report of 1887 shows that 79 per cent. of the school population attended school for the whole or a part of the year. During the year 1879 only 25 per cent. of the school population were in regular attendance at school. The per cent. of the population attending regularly in 1883, increased to 37, while in 1887 we make the magnificent showing of 53 per cent. attending every day, for the whole term of 112 days. In this respect Dakota leads nearly all of the states. - “The whole number of teachers has increased from 208, in 1875, to 4,924, in 1887, but the average wages, for the same period, shows a slight de- crease for the male teachers, while the wages of the female teachers has increased from $25 in 1875, to $30.36 in 1887. “The school population multiplied thirteen times during the period from 1875, and at the same time the number of Schools multiplied twenty times. In 1875 there was one school for every forty pupils of school age, and in 1887 there is one school for every twenty-eight of the children of School age. These figures explain in part the more general and regular atten- dance during the last years of the period, but only in part. Much of thein- crease in the attendance is doubtless due to the increase in the wealth of the people. Many parents in the early days were compelled to keep their children at home to work in various capacities on the farm. The steady prosperity of these years has given many more of the comforts of life, and has enabled parents not only to do without the service of the children, but to provide them with books and clothing necessary to attend RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 193 the schools. The real object and best results of the public school wis' be most nearly realized in that community where the largest proportion.of the population comes most directly under the influence of the school. f*. these items Dakota bears comparison with any of the older states of the East, which surely, argues that she has accomplished much in the few years since the organization of her School system. COMPARISON WITII OTHER STATES. Probably no state or territory in the Union has had such a remarkablo T ~~ grº... …, Dakota. Surely, none has accomplished so much in the same length of time; indeed, many have not achieved such headway in a ja: longer period. What we have done, is shown in our growth; what ºre t.: , is best shown in comparison with other states. In school population, Dakota leads Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and s'ſ of the te:::- tories. - In the number of her teachers, Dakota is ahead of Al Kansº s, Call.ºrnia, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana. Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Oregon, South C.rolina, Tennessee, Ver- mont, and West Virginia. Dakota has more days of school flºan Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, South Caro- lina, Tennessee, West Virgi.iº, or any of the territories, except Arizona and Utah. * In the value of '..er School property, Dakota exceeds all of the states and territories, except California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mass usetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio. *nnsylvania, and Wisconsin. In the ". "unt of expenditures for the support of the public schools, Dakota iw', the lead of the same list, including Connecticut. But it's in the proportion of her children enrolled that Dakota stands "..obo favorable comparison. Upon careful comparison with the reports of the other states and territories for 1885, it is found that Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire and Rhode Island are the only states that show a larger proportion of their children enrolled in the public schools. Many of them are far below Dakota in this most im- portant particular. With the exception of the states of Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nevada and New Hampshire, Dakota leads the van in the proportion of the pupils enrolled that attend regularly. When it is considered that Dakota's population is scattered over such a wide area, that she is supposed to be more unfavorally situated as to her climate, and that her soil has, until a few years ago, been considered use- less in maintaining civilized life—this feature of the report is, perhaps, the most Surprising to those unfamiliar with the work of education in this Territory, and the most satisfactory to those interested in the educational progress of Dakota. y (7) 194 f{ES() UROES OF DAK ()TA. DAKOTA’s school, ExPEND ITUREs, IN 1885, Cow P A RED witH otRER STATES AND TERRITORIFs. Wºnk. States. A meozz7: *, Doğlars. 47 w YoxiING TER., `s, 504 46 NEw MExico, 28,973 45 ArizoNA, T 107,879 44 II, AIIo, 123,368 43 NEVADA, * 162,042 42 DELAwARE, 215. 1, 1 41 Monta N.A., TT 225,896 40 UTAir, T 228.844 39 washingtoN TER., 287,029 38 FIoniDA, 335,984 37 south CARoi.INA, 428,419 36 Louisix NA, 450,030 35 on Egon, 513, 152 34 North GARolina, 535,205 33 ALABAMA, 538,950 32 ARKANSAs, 561,745 31 District, or columniA, 581,534 30 V ERMoNT, TT 611,503 29 Nºw IIAMPsiliitis, 613,199 28 Georgia, 653,868 27 west VII:GINIA, 699,331 26 kBN'rucky, # 700,790 25 RIropis isſ,AND, T. 736,822 24 Mississippi, TT 872,320 23 color:Apo, -- - --- ------ 934,727 22 tº NNEssº, Tº 1,013,464 21 MAINE, 1,134,050 20 virginia, 1,424,532 19 TEXAs. 1,661,476 18 MARYLAND 1,745,258 17 DAKOTA, TT 1.814.212 16 cox Nicoticut, 1,852,221 15 NEw JERSEY, 2,422,299 14 MINNEsotA, 2,587,544 13 NEBRAskA, 2,918, 157 12 wisconsin, 3,300,455 11 CALifornia, 3,364,224 10 KANSAs, 3,388,652 9 Missouri, 4,261,572 8 INDIANA, 4,660,000 7 Michigan, 4,728,941 6 low A, 6,236,970 5 MAss., 7,020,430 4 PENN. 9,800,405 3 O III.O, 2 11, LINois, ſº ºf o Dakota expended i T & 10,093,938 10,198,928 º 13,580,968 96 [ * VLOXIV(I HO Sºſ.):InoSIM tº Aq parolsputupu Aſſunsm are sloouſos esoul Jo struge eqJ. sIKind iſotſk Jo dºus reſouos out) Jo ‘suouption ſpou, Jo Kouopoluo out, ‘Auouldynbo Tſotſ! on su 'souls tapio uſ soppo our jo slootios ou, Jo Kut, Uni㺠uosſibdûoo ſtºod IIIA nuum poupºu putti olu stoouſos (15pu put populä, ‘lºodø, Ibntruſt, SRI Uſ! IOULIOAOE) out] SAt's ..'Arontol oup, Jo suAon put senſo out, Jo Aubuſ UI, - ‘lopinsp-qus UAo Trouin Jo IOOTIOS out, Jo q.Iod -dins oup, Ioj K.Iodoid (IAo Ipoun uodu x*] [buonſ ppt. Ut ogoA pub dugoeur qori sp-qus is su (IAous sp ºut. A uſ lootu Kuul toolios troAſº Kut, Jo Suoiled otſ, ‘To “popMal spºr qopſiA uſ joinsp out, Jo Kllodoïd aſquxb4 ou" Jo Auð0 tod ea.IUI) poooxe Jou sutu upopu A ‘xel loſt|sip IOOUIOS [BOOI tº IollºſQI ‘pwoods 'uonapndod ou? on uor).Iodoid up ‘Ālunoo oth up shop inspp Loouſos out 3uoult porno II*SIp Sº uoru A UIoly 5uſspie pung oth ‘Ioloolo Uduo uo TuTIop otto Jo XB, IIod tº pub ‘K).Iodoid equxu, Jo Iblſop ouo qogo uo SILIUU OA, Jo Xb, Álunoo W 181.1 : ‘zy A ‘uopuxe, Jo spupi own Kol posſe.1 spentre Ael IOOuoS 'suosº.o.1 pooš Ioy Sonſtounnb [oottos out, Kq posmoxa ott ua Iputſo qons Ssolun ‘oAI]noeSUOO 90 ºsmuſ Uopula Jo XIs ‘It’o A Loouſos Moto uſ syſooA oxioM) isgol ht, Ioj ‘ojt, Jo S.Ibo & uool, noj on uo) tuouſ uo.1p(ſupo IIb up K.IOSInduloo SI ooutºptrol.18 IOOUIOS * - ºutfing) eq SIt: IOUI Jo preputys 1soufiyu ou ) ºutſ, so Ignbol Atl outl put MOOCI Ubſib%09S tº pouloap Io “[ooutos oppond Kūt; Uno.1) papnſoxa eq \ou Ketū ol QIgſ ou.I. ‘sonnp Iſoul. On uongoſtdoſe pub Khyſiqu up trouſ aua utúl Jalloq eşt:10At 01 ppbs ore Áotſ, put stoodos Jo quapuantipredns Khunoo Jo oogo out, juſpIOUI are uouTOA UIool.II (Il Tuaso.Id TV 'suogoola [oouſos lll: Ju SJoyoA pop IIbnb orb ‘uo.Ip[IU[O Jo Kponsmo put oleo orp., 3upatu osoun put ‘eogo [ootios Kut. On eIqſºlo e.It ‘oat; Jo SIbo & ouo-Khuo Al ‘uouo AA ‘95.It'ſ Ju outo put ‘loſ.Insp-qns U989 Ioj auo ‘sioloo.IIp ſo puuoq ū Āq poſtonttoo sº uomºzſußro d'Iristiao, oùL "Ito K polloquinu-ua Aa (Iota Jo aunſ uſ ‘oſdoed out. KCl uesouo sſ on A SIOoulos Jo Juaputo, uplodns tº stu Khunoo pozput:3.IO U obºl 'ºuep -Isold St (IOI) on Insti I opſc(nd Jo Juapuolu II Adns ori, Utopuſ A Jo ‘SIoquouſ oo.IU[] Jo 5unsisuoo ‘ttontonpo Jo pleod [º].Iolſ.I.Ia,I, tº Jo pub ‘oint (SI:30 I ou! KG pe ULI guoo put: ‘IOuJoAO3 out, KG AII*Iuuo Iq polu Poddt; IIoIlona sū I opſond JO , (Lopuolu I.Iodins IrLIO)I.I.Io.L tº Jo Spubuſ aul) Uſ! art S.I trut; Iguoſhtonpºſ ‘oltºs poziubiń.IO Utt. On 3ujūoloq JoAo pung Ituoſygoinge Sašabſ out) eltro.10 pſno A ‘Ātºpol Jo ooſ. (I5uſin.I otl) ºr p(OS J ‘ûopt[A “so.Tot; 000'000“g JoAO KKſbropisuoo ol itinoue IIIA spur Ioolios 8, Atolſ.I.IoI oth req, populp,so st 1I '91tºns tº sº poll ſtript; sº blox” (I uot A atqrt{r},\ } of Ol out Udſt{AA “spool IOS oul Jo 1.Ioddns orth Joj ‘SAAt prieſ [buoy) tº N oth Iapun ‘h.It do nos oit ‘se.Iog OSz“I to (‘x IS-K][III] put uoo!XIs) purſ Jo Suonoos own diſusuao, u) be uſ poliſt:11p "I pool{o}ºls Iolje Iſlun Spurſ [oottos Jo It’sods Ip ou tuo.1ſ oſſuſſu.Ab put my out 5ut ſaq a.Iotſ, ‘Key loo.III) tº Sq posſe.1 SI p (Inj IOOTIOS ati, Jo It?Hop K.IoA a quu, lºods, opun ºp 11 uou A os ojoul oq, put go puord eq ol JúšII e o Abū oldood oul snuoulonths out aseill, 196 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. special board of education. This board employs a Superintendent, who gives a part of his time, if not all, to the supervision of the work of the other teachers, and to maintaining a regular and graded system of instruc- tion. The schools are usually kept open during eight or nine months of the year. The departments are generally designated as primary, gram- mar, and high School, respectively. Several of these Schools are gradua- ting classes at each annual commencement; among these, the Schools of Fargo, Sioux Falls, Grand Forks, Yankton, Aberdeen, Huron, Mitchell, Watertown, Bismarck, and others, might be mentioned.” The following is a tabulated list of the most important of the city schools, with all the statistical information obtainable regarding them: CITIES IIAVING AN ENROILMENT OF OVER 400 PUPILs. iłxy Dºi ºn , , , No. 01 No. Of City. Principal. teachers. pupils. Fargo ........................... E. H. Smith.......................... 20 1052 Sioux Falls................... L. McCartney....................... 19 773 Grand Forks................. C. H. Clemmer..................... 13 719 Yankton....................... A. F. Bartlette..................... 19 717 Watertown................... S. A. Foster.......................... 7 458 Aberdeen..................... B. F. Hood .......................... 8 455 Mitchell........................ H. E. Kratz......................... .9 450 Huron.......................... iB. C. Patterson.................... 11 450 CITIES IIAVING AN ENROLLMENT OF BETWEEN 200 AND 400 PUPILs. * in , , , , , , No. Of No. Of City. Principal. teachers. pupils. Bismarck..................... C. D. Abbey ........................ 10 350 Scotland....................... Geo. A. McFarland.............. 5 286 Mandan........................ A. S. Parsons........................ 6 262 Grafton........................ Professor Woods.................. 6 258 Deadwood ................... A. T. Free............................ 6 230 Redfield ...................... *. S. Beede .......................... 4 226 Valley City .................. E. Winterer......................... 4 224 Brookings..................... Merrill Robinson.................. 4 220 Lisbon.......................... W. E. Goodrich.................... 4 216 Milbank....................... G. W. Peavy........................ 4 215 Pierre........................... F. C. McClelland.................. 4 213 Lead City..................... L. H. Fell............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 210 Wahpeton..................... W. C. Crocker................ . . . . . 4 200 Vermillion................... E. D. Collins........................ 4 200 Canton.......................... W. H. Fort .......................... 4 200 *Jamestown.................. O. T. Denny........................] ......... . ......... * Not reported. The cause of higher education is provided for by seven Territorial insti- tutions and fourteen private colleges, universities and academies. The Territorial institutions are the Agricultural College, Brookings; University of north Dakota, Grand Forks; the University of Dakota, Ver- million; the State Normal School, Madison; the Normal School, Spearfish; the School of Mines, Rapid City; and the Dakota School for Deaf Mutes, Sioux Falls. * A brief description of each will be found on the succeeding pages. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 197 | º: º: - --- -uu-º -- Immºn COLLEGE HALL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BR001, INGS. THE DA KOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BROOKINGS, BROOKINGS COUNTY. Faculty–President, Lewis McLouth, A. M. Ph. D., professor of chemis- try and physics; George Lilley, L.L. D., professor of mathematics; Luther Foster, B. S., professor of agriculture; Stephen G. Updyke, M. S., pro- fessor of English, elocution, and history; Robert F. Kerr, A. M., principal preparatory department, professor of political economy; I. H. Orcutt, M. D. Ph., D., professor of zoology, entomology, and physiology; S. P. Lap- ham, professor of music; Charles A. Keſter, acting professor of botany, forestry, and horticulture; Charles P. Beckwith, B. S., assistant professor of chemistry and physics; Dalinda Mason, B. S., professor of domestic economy; Nellie E. Folsom, B. S., preceptress, assistant in English, his- tory, and language; Nancy L. Van Doren, librarian. Total cost of buildings, apparatus, permanent improvements, etc...S100,140 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–88.................................. -------- 42,896 It is proposed to make the school one in which the young men and women of Dakota while they are gaining a good thorough college educa- tion, shall also be taught various branches of manual industry. Farming, gardening, care of stock, carpentry, blacksmithing, the various parts of the machinist's trade for the young men, will occupy them for two 198 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. $ hours each day. The various branches of domestic economy, marketing, cooking, serving food, cutting, fitting and making clothing, type Writing, telegraphy, etc., will occupy the young women a corresponding time each day. The courses of study are such as commonly lead to the Bach- elor of Science degree—are strong in zoology, botany, chemistry, mathe- matics, physics, history, the English language, literature, book-keeping, political economy, and business forms and laws. Much attention is also given to the science of agriculture, horticulture, fruit-raising and forestry, as well as to domestic hygiene and all the arts of home-making. º tº º º ºf # # !!!!!ºllllſº: ####|| # } | $3; #|: |||}|} : #|| lift #||####|| Wºliń. ||||||| *::::: º | |||}|| $. ºtºniall;4 |||}| #|iº ºf º º # ºś|| tº jº |##|| | #####. | º: i. | t ; |: §. | ilºš'ſ º *itan ºr 3.xº: Alſhºi $z., tº ś: *ś łºż §§ #: § #: sº º Avº - - t -, * - - -3 ** **ś..” {|}}}} § . . º §ºr -- ºrgs) - ūīāś § º: ! #§º ºf § §§ i º Y º P |imº ºligºlºilº | f {!!} ! ºš --- ić | i | # * : * * 'i §º - º | | *** - “. i !. # * =E: - iſ ºf . , ; ; ; ; ; ºlº- i | I iſlii, ii. '##!!! r , - ! : | i. i*i; }; | w ... i r , * * * h ' ' , | ; º, # . ºil t §: º 1 & 8 İğ. º §§ During the past year nearly 300 students were enrolled and eleven teachers employed. The college is equipped with fine chemical labora- tory, surveying, engineering and physical apparatus to the value of $2,500; a farm of 400 acres, herds of thoroughbred cattle, horses, sheep, and swine, barns, sheds, teams, and a good outfit of farm tools and machinery. There is also a good library of over a thousand volumes of standard and techni- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 199 cal works, a well equipped carpenter and machine shop and a culinary laboratory. - There are three college buildings, as shown in the cuts, on pages 197-98, consisting of a college hall, ladies’ dormitory and gentlemen's dormitory. The institution receives young people of either sex, fifteen years of age and of good moral character, who have a competent knowledge of the com- mon English branches and elementary algebra. A preparatory course is provided, for the purpose of fitting students for the college classes. By an act of Congress approved March 2, 1887, accepted by the Terri- torial Legislature March 11, 1887, an “Agricultural Experiment Station,” has been established under the direction of this college, and an annual appropriation of $15,000 is made by the General Government to defray the necessary expenses of conducting the same. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA, GRAND FORKS, GRAND FORKS COUNTY. Faculty—President, Homer B. Sprague, M. A., Ph. D., professor of rhetoric and English literature; Henry Montgomery, M. A., B. Sc., Ph. B., professor of the natural sciences; Webster Merrifield, B. A., pro- fessor of the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, and secretary of the faculty; H. B. Woodworth, B. A., professor of mathematics, physics, and astronomy, and principal of the normal department; John Macnie, M. A., professor of English, French and German; Miss Jennie Allen, B. A., matron and instructor in English and Latin; Miss Cora E. Smith, instructor in voice culture, and assistant in English branches. Total cost of buildings, apparatus, permanent improvements, etc.388,241.80 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–8......................................... 44,000.00 A cut of the university building is shown on page 200. This building is 51x150 feet in its main dimensions, is four stories in height, including basement, and is furnished throughout with all the mod- ern appliances, including steam heating apparatus, water pipes, etc. The foundations of an astronomical observatory have been laid, adjoining the main building, and the superstructure will be completed at an early day. Section nine, of the charter of the university, reads as follows: “The object of the university of north Dakota shall be to provide the .x means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of learning connected with scientific, industrial and professional pursuits, in the instruction and training of persons in the theory and art of teaching, and also instruction in the fundamental laws of the United States, and of this Territory, in what regards the rights and duties of citizens, and to this end it shall consist of the following colleges or departments, to-wit: “First. The college, or department, of arts “Second. The college, or department, of letters. “Third. The normal college, or department. “Fourth. Such professional, or other colleges, or departments, as now are, or may, from time to time, be added thereto or connected there with.” Under the provisions of this act, three courses have thus far been 200 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. * ; : #| || “. |######## | #º | ! | Él º: ! i | r; #####. - |Wºº | | | }}}|...}} º: | |º | | * 4 ### yº º º. | #: ; #|# gāś :# *::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: * º - #º. º sº TºmTT |. ºf ºffliº º {{h}} º º # º º º º º ºlº # º º '#|}} #" || ||#/{##! iſ hiſ sº º # º º #º | l | | ; | | # #| º {}}}}#}} #| || | iſ: {}}|º º º º t ići | :::::HHHill iii - i; wº { :::: | tº z = -s ºr sº - sº sº sº, ºiſ. 9. sºr: -- # ºlºi. . jº º º rºi. º i gº º §: #|| :::: -----. - º | | Iti' ... ſºft: ::::::#! :gº F- w - º ::::: * . . 3:3. : §: & # t {:, ; ºº:: ; : . . . . . . . . | . . . . . *º - - § $$$$º? jº t f ::: 35% tº: §§º º [. *I. ; : : :::: $&º º sº gº * > . . ; : * - ----> $. º ‘y |ii; ; : ºn-ºr- §§§ tº # tº ºf Hº ; ; ; '#!!'; !}iº- 1: ... ſºft * **** º: º: 4 - ! ſº ſº º Rºſs ! ſt;...}: • – § 㺠3*: Ağ #3 s & sº ${{{; - * l * * * - 4 # * 4 § º t t º #. | | m | | | | | . j|| il. - fºx. - } º ~! f #. & A.M. ºlºš * ji: (#|º]} y - #! :::... tº § * - { º | * iš º º jºiſ.jF | | 㺠Tijº. |||ſi §sº §§ { §ſº § ; iiii! | º jº ºff!' ić i ** i -: :- * # | º º º º º º º º º | | | º } #| º º º Nº. § º | º º | | | | t i t | # #|| j | | |}} º li ii. º jj: |# | º - ;: º ºf : ; ; ; º - - - : | - * † i tº Nº.3. É |ɺ # ſº º * : * * * ºft| | : ; j t ; l §: *} # #: i : º § ; º * | - º | =::\º ºl º | | | º | | RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 201 framed, known as the course in arts, the course in science, and the normal COUlrSe. * - The degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred by the board of regents on those persons who have completed the course in arts, and have passed the examination at its close. The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred on those who have satis- factorily completed the course in science. - In the normal department, third class, second class and first class certifi- cates, are given to those students who have passed a satisfactory examina- tion in the work of the first year, second year, and third year, respect- ively. No student who has resided in the Territory for one year next preced- ing the date of his or her admission, is required to pay for tuition in any department in the university yet established. A nominal fee, to cover incidental expenses, consisting of five dollars for all students who reside in the Territory, and ten dollars for all others, is required to be paid at the beginning of each year. The natural history, anatomical, mineralogical and geological collec- tions consist of about 2,500 specimens. Seventeen glass cases, each eight and one-half feet high by four and one-half feet wide, are already filled with Specimens, which are in a good state of preservation, and there is more material on hand not yet arranged in cases. The collection of skulls and skeletons, representing the different orders of the mammalia, birds, rep- tiles, amphibians and fishes, is especially good. A very large and choice collection of Black Hills minerals has been placed in the museum during the past year. The typical fossils of the various formations of the Silurian and Devonian ages are well represented; and there is an unusually fine collection of the birds of Dakota, mounted and classified. There are like- WISe many anatomical models and other preparations for illustrating the lectures in the several departments of natural science. The museum is to receive large and useful additions during the present year. ... • The chemical laboratory is supplied with apparatus necessary for per- forming the ordinary experiments and tests in chemistry and mineralogy. For the practical study of physiology, animal and vegetable histology, and general microscopy, the regents have provided the university with two first-class microscopes, whose magnifying powers range from ninety to 650 diameters, and a large and useful set of staining re-agents, section- cutters, glass slides and covers, and other accessories required for prepar- 1ng and mounting microscopic specimens. It is intended to expend, during the present year, some $2,000 in im- proving the laboratory and apparatus. The library, at present, numbers nearly 1,000 volumes, embracing in ad- dition to the leading encyclopedias, dictionaries, and atlases, a good col- lection of standard works in science, metaphysics, history, etc. This year 202 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. the sum of $2,000 will be expended in purchasing new books to enlarge the library. A dormitory building of solid brick, 55x103 feet in dimensions, with ac- commodations for about one hundred students, is in process of erection on the university grounds. This building will cost, when completed, about twenty thousand dollars. During the past year seventy-five students were enrolled, of which number twenty-six worked at practical and general chemistry in the uni- versity laboratory; fourteen worked at practical zoology, and two at min- eralogy. There were fifteen students in the normal department, prepar- ing for the work of teaching. Thirty of the teachers, last year, of public schools of north Dakota received their instruction, in this institution. THE UNIVERSITY OF DAKOTA, VERMILLION, CLAY COUNTY. Faculty—President, Edward Olson, M. A., Ph. D., professor of psychol- ogy and ethics; Jonathan Rowley, M. A., professor of the Latin language and literature; William A. Scott, B. A., professor of history and English literature; Lewis E. Akeley, B. A., professor of the natural Sciences; Lorrain S. Hulburt, B. A., professor of mathematics and principal of the preparatory department; Mary E. Allen, B. A., lady principal and asso- ciate professor of ancient languages; Garry E. Culver, principal of the normal department. Total cost of buildings, apparatus, permanent improvements, etc.....#88,500 Appropriated for mainten unce, 1887-8.............................................. $36,200 Cuts of the university, two of the finest public buildings in the Terri- tory, are shown on page 203. The university of Dakota was located at Vermillion by the Territorial Legislature in 1862, and subsequent Legislatures petitioned Congress for public lands as an endowment. In 1881 seventy-two sections were granted to Dakota, selected and withdrawn from sale as directed and approved by the Secretary of the Interior, “for the use and support of a university in the Territory when it should be admitted as a State in the Union.” The main building, of the famous Sioux Falls stone, is 104x72 feet, three stories in height. It has two wings, each 48x62, of the same material, and corresponding in style, making the whole a substantial and imposing structure. It is finished in hard woods; the chapel and recitation rooms are large, well lighted and ventilated, and admirably adapted for the uses intended. - There is, in addition, a commodious brick dormitory building; and a second dormitory, of the same material as the main structure and of great architectural beauty, is approaching completion. The buildings are heated throughout by steam, and have every modern convenience. The university possesses a good working library of several thousand well-selected volumes, to which additions are constantly being made. There are two reading rooms, in which are found the leading newspa- pers and periodicals of this country and Europe. RESOURCEs of DAKOTA. gº 203 * ſº ~~~~ · ！Šçº, º seº • ... * * * * · · eº. ' +¿）... . , j ?-? º.º. « №ſ:78 | -3 - • ** . } Š.T.; *...*:: * sºs; fºr 3. "...º w. T ~- - s: *. **ku. . , ! ¿# ~~. 3.7% º' ** a. Sº -- 4. *x - *** **.*. **.*, * & l, - “... A. L.-èr' " 'K.2. **-*.* 22.2%. § - owwº! ***** * * * * * * * - w e º sº a s tº e i s 6 tº $ tº $ 4 & * * * * * * e º ºs 48 Average daily attendance............. s s p * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e e º e º sº e º 'º º e º 'º a s a e s a º º e º 'º e º 'º - 4 - e g tº . , 76 Per cent. of attendance...................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e s = * * * • * * * * * * * tº e s = e º ºs e s e. e. e. e - - - - - e. g. 90 Average age of students, years............. - - - - - © tº e & a tº g sº e o 'º - e. e. & © tº - e º e º ºs e º e º q & © - e. .......... 18 Number fitting for teaching...... e is e e g g º a e º e 4 s a • e s tº e s a e s a e s e s a * * * * * * * * * * * * * gº º q e º e º e ........ 63 It has been the purpose to make the school truly professional in char- acter. Its plans and methods all aim at the preparation of the teachers to teach in the common schools of the Territory. Though the school is so new, classes are not more than $1x months behind the corresponding classes in the elementary course of the normal schools in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Much attention is given to the theory and practice of teach- ing. The management has organized, in connection with the Spearfish public school, one of the best conducted primary schools in the United States. In this school the members of the graduating class teach daily un- til the close of the year, in June. & RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. 20.) | All! | | º | º º º | º º | | 1. | | - º ! | - º \"\"." | | | i - ''' '''... ', **, I.' 'i' ſ : . ". , ... . - º |'''''''', - |- '''', - J.' º |'' º * | | º º º º º º ºlº º º º º * : º - | º . º º il. ". º', | tº º' º - º - - - º --- º -º-º-º-º: --> -º-º: º sº º: - --- 210 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - THE SCHOOL OF MINEs, RAPID CITY, PENNINGTON county. -- Faculty—Franklin R. Carpenter, A. M. C. E., dean, professor of geology and mining engineering; H. O. Hofman, E. M., professor of assaying and metallurgy; L. L. Conant, A. M., professor of languages and mathematics; Hon. Daniel McLaughlin, professor of mining law; the chair of professor of chemistry and physics, to be supplied. . Total cost of buildings, apparatus, permanent improvements etc.....#35,820 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–88........................................... 20,000 The School, a commodious and substantial, three-story, brick structure 53x37 feet, with heavy stone foundation and brick partition walls, (a cut of which is shown on page 211), is located on an eligible site of ten acres (donated by the citizens of Rapid,) in the eastern portion of the city, and Overlooks the Rapid valley and Rapid river. - Prof. Frank R. Carpenter, dean of the school, says: “The Black Hills offer special and peculiar advantages for such an in- stitution. We have, close at hand, a greater variety of mines than any Other School of mines in existence, and have opportunities to practically and efficiently study the science of geology and kindred branches, such as are Seldom found at one point. From Rapid City there are, within easy reach, nearly all the older geological formations, a feature not met with in any other locality within hundreds of miles. “By going from Rapid City to Ilarney Peak, a distance of but twenty- five miles, one passes over the upturned edges of nearly all known rocks from the Cretaceous age to the granite. - “Within a distance of fifty miles are mines of tin, copper, iron, anti- mony, silver-lead, nickel, gold, and silver. To the north and west are coal measures, oil fields, and salt Springs, thus giving us in Small space nearly all of the more valuable nuineral deposits useful to man. It can, therefore, be truthfully said that in the Black Hills region is a greater variety of rocks and useful minerals, than is elsewhere known to exist in any area of like size. “The student is here enabled to familiarize himself with their occurrence in place, and the last Legislature did well to recognize these advantages by the appropriation of a sum of money to aid the establishment of a school of mines at so favored a point.” The laboratory building is two stories in height, and is 138x60 feet in size. It is not attached to the college building proper, but stands 200 feet distant from it. The power is furnished by a Corliss engine of forty- horse power. The stamps, crushers, rolls, jigs, vanners, pans, tanks, furnaces, etc., are all of actual working size, and furnished by well-known manufacturers of mining machinery. Having the necessary machinery, the nearness to the mines makes the getting of ores a matter of small moment. It is proposed to give the student, from time to time, after he has had the necessary theoretical study, quan- tities of ore which he will sample, make assays and tests of, decide the RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES, RAPID CITY. proper method of working, and after deciding, actually treat the ore. He will be assisted by his class in his work, and in turn assist the other mem- bers. He will have the benefit of criticism and experience, and will, of necessity, acquire independent judgment, and a real knowledge of the subject. The chemical laboratory is furnished with everything necessary to the study of chemistry, including qualitative and quantitative analysis, assay- ing, etc. The geological and mineralogical cabinet is large and well furn- ished. New specimens are constantly being added for the purpose of study and illustration. The school library contains many of the principal works that have been published upon chemistry, mining, geology, metallurgy, etc., and will be added to, from time to time, as important works appear. Among the sciences taught, the institution requires special attention to be given to the study of mineralogy, geology, chemistry, engineering, as- saying, and the practical treatment of ores. Courses of lectures are deliv- ored on these and allied subjects, including mining law. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. | } * º: % º: ſº Alſº #. Mºsſº: º . º;º §§ §§ ºšº fºº!, $º t ######| §§§ tºº w * §§ º: § }: §§ § §§ §§ - lſº i º #; º #ººl jTº T. ; #|| f Ç-Ce." g ... tº zº º ºrº Yº --~~ ----- º Rºß * }; | | º **** *... --> iš º º *... . *}|{{. | - ~ li #|#: 5 w – º ~ º ºilº } |Lºgº §ſmi i ºšº #; METALLURGICAL LA PORATORY, SCHOOL OF MINES. RAPID CITY. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 213 During the present summer vacation, the dean of the school, Prof. Frank R. Carpenter, has been at work, under the general direction of the board of trustees, making a complete and thorough geological survey of the mining districts known as Ruby Camp, Bald mountain, Carbonate, Galena, and the “Unknown.” Save the report of Professor Blake upon tin, nothing worthy of naming has been published upon the above camps, and it is believed these sum- mer investigations by the faculty will, in the end, prove not less valuable to the Territory than the education of its youth. In the Hills, are vast undeveloped resources, such as coal, oil, clays, gypsum, iron and nickel, as well as gold, silver, and tin, all of which will become better known by the scientific examinations and tests of the school. THE DAKOTA SCHOOL FOR DEAF MUTES, SIOUX FALLS, MINNEHAHA COUNTY. Officers of the school for deaf mutes: James Simpson, superintendent; Miss Ida E. Wright, matron; Howard McP. Hofsteater, Miss M. F. Walker, Miss Emma Von Behren, and Mrs. A. L. Simpson, teachers; W. E. Dobson, boys' supervisor. Total cost of buildings, permanent improvements, etc.................. $53,512 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–8........................................... 33,250 The buildings, shown on page 214, consist of a boys’ dormitory, with ample room for seventy pupils, built of Sioux Falls granite, trimmed with red pipestone, giving it a pleasing exterior appearance, and a main struc- ture, two stories in height, with an eight foot basement. Water, gas, Sewer pipes and steam-heating apparatus are placed in the buildings throughout, and great care has been taken in the provision for ventilating and lighting every room. There have been added, the present year, a shop wherein the boys can avail themselves of the opportunity of learning a useful trade; a laundry building, fitted with laundry machinery, drying rooms, etc., and a new barn, at a cost of $2,500. Following is an extract from the last annual report of the board of trus- tees to the Governor of the Territory: “Our visits to the class rooms and the various apartments of the school indicated to us that all were in a commendable state. The students were making excellent progress in their studies under the able instruction of the superintendent, Prof. James Simpson, and his assistants. We have always found the building clean, meat and tidy, and the children clean, bright and evidently happy, showing care and watchfulness on the part of the matron, Miss Ida Wright. “The discipline, scholarship and general educational advantages of the school are highly gratifying, not only to the board, but to the friends and patrons of the school. It is the desire of the board that the school con- tinue in its career of prosperity. The general health of the school during the time covered by this report has been good. The school has been en- tirely free from contagious diseases, though there have been times when 214 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 7; Nºrºº T.Nº Fºº. &W tº: §§§ : * * Sºs #: # º ‘. . ; Sºtº º - . ... : : Ç; # § 3 ; tº º § §§ ###. ... .", ºš *N $3%. , - º § # ºft § ić ‘. . ." , --- 3 f : ă º: § 33% Zºº ... * * * * 㺠ºśń º ... . º g \ R § º: ºrsºgu:ii o # º: §§ ºš § - + §§§º º º § º ...', ; § § - . =&º §º. - # § §§§ {} ºfºlº #: * * § # § | R º Nº § g J : : ‘lºšJ. ;* ſº t : |E|\ Wºlfº Fujyºſºrºry'ſ #º ū; º º §§§ - § º - §§§ º º sº \\ sº § tº i §: § Sº º sii |s º§ ººº :{ º º ś º º % º #FF E. º ºuſtºdºlº: §§ RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 215 typhoid fever and diptheria prevailed in the city and surrounding neigh- borhood. # “The average number of pupils in attendance during the term of 1885-6 was thirty-one, of which twenty-four were males and seven females. The number in attendance at this writing is thirty-six, of which twenty-six are males and ten females.” Denominational colleges, universities, or academies are located at Yank- ton, Mitchell, Pierre, Sioux Falls, Groton, Scotland, Redfield, Jamestown, Tower City, Canton, Arvilla, and Fargo, as follows: THE YANKTON COLLEGE, YANKTON, YANKTON COUNTY, (CONGREGATIONAL.) Faculty—President, Rev. Joseph Ward, D, D., professor of mental and moral philosophy; A. F. Bartlett, A. M., professor of physics and mathematics, and principal of the preparatory and normal departments; Rev. John T. Shaw, A. M., professor of Latin and instructor in elocution; Mr. Edward M. Young, director of the musical department; Mrs. E. M. Young, assistant instructor in music; W. J. McMurtry, A. M., professor of Greek; H. H. Swain, A. M., instructor in history and English literature; Mrs. Frances D. Wilder, preceptress and teacher of German; Miss Louise Hannum, assistant in normal department and teacher of French; General W. H. H. Beadle, lecturer on history and civil government; Rev. D. B. Nichols, A. M., librarian and curator of cabinets; Mrs. A. M. Dawson, lmatrOn. This college, the first institution for higher education in Dakota, was established by the congregational churches of Dakota, to furnish the means of a christian education to young men and women. The general association took the first step by appointing a college com- mittee at its ninth session, held at Canton, May 20, 1875. This committee was continued from year to year, until at a special meeting, held also at Canton, May 25, 1881, the association ratified the recommendation of the committee and located the college at Yankton. The college was incorporated August 30, 1881. The first session for in- struction was held in the chapel of the congregational church, with five pupils present, October 4, 1882. The corner stone of the present building was laid June 15, 1882, and the building was ready for use at the opening of the second school year, September 5, 1883. The steady growth in the number of pupils, until at the end of the fourth year, there are over 150 in regular attendance, shows that the associa- tion was justified in establishing the college. The trustees have joined with the faculty in a determination to found an institution of the highest grade. To this end the standard has been placed high, and will be advanced as often as may be found necessary to carry out the fixed policy to establish an institution that shall do the best work. - The college building is 40x60 feet, three stories high, with a tower one story higher. 216 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. This furnishes a chapel seating 160, four large recitation rooms, a chemi- cal laboratory, a Society room, besides dressing rooms, closets, and storage I’OOI)].S. The material used is red granite from Sioux Falls, trimmed with white Stone from Iowa. e The institution graduated its first class in June of the present year. The musical department is in the hands of Prof. and Mrs. E. M. Young, both. graduates of the New England conservatory of music, at Boston. The library already numbers 3,000 volumes of well selected books, and is con- stantly increasing. The college has a valuable geological and mineralogi- cal Cabinet, in the care of a competent curator. DAKOTA UNIVERSITY, MITCHELL, DAVISON COUNTY, (METHODIST.) Faculty—President, Tev. Wm. Brush, D. D.; vice president, Rev. P. A. Reno, A. M., professor of mental and moral philosophy and normal instructor; Fred C. Eastman, A. M., professor of Greek and Latin; T. H. Duncan, professor of natural science and mathematics; Eleazar S. Mashbir, A. M., professor of German; J. A. Wakefield, M. S., principal of commercial department and lecturer on commercial law and political economy; Miss Fannie B. Chapman, instructor in stenography and type- Writing; William Richardson, professor of vocal music; Edith Rogers, in- strumental music; Hattie J. Taylor, elocutionist; Mrs. T. H. Walker, drawing, painting, and fine art; Mrs. P. A. Reno, preceptress; Rev. T. H. Walker, steward. This institution is most pleasantly situated on an eminence in the suburbs of Mitchell, and commands a magnificent view in all directions. The grounds have an area of 320 acres. The locality is exceptionally healthful. The main building is a beautiful and commodious structure of four stories, with 115 feet front, of Venetian architecture, built of solid jasper granite, trimmed with concrete and sandstone. Students wishing to board in the building, can be supplied with finely furnished, well ventillated rooms, ten and twelve feet in height, heated by steam, at low rates. Of the different departments, the preparatory is designed to lay a broad and Solid foundation for the successful pursuit of the higher branches in the collegiate course, at the same time affording a thorough drill in the common branches to those studying mainly with reference to teaching in the common schools. In the collegiate department, the course of instruction is complete and thorough, and is substantially the same as that of the best colleges and universities of this country. Two courses have been laid out—the classi- cal and scientific, leading respectively to the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science. The former is the regular college course, in- cluding four, or five years of Greek and five of Latin. The latter is a less complete course, designed for those whose time is RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 217 more limited, and gives attention more particularly to the modern lan- guages and Science. The business department is designed to give those desiring it, a thorough and practical business education, including a complete course in book- keeping, commercial law, phonography, telegraphy, penmanship, etc. PIERRE UNIVERSITY, PIERRE, IIUGHES COUNTY, (PRESBYTERIAN.) Faculty—President, Rev. Wm. M. Blackburn, D. D., professor of mental, moral, and political Sciences; George G. Hitchcock, A. B., pro- fessor of languages; (the chairs of mathematics and natural sciences are now vacant;) Miss Mary R. Campbell, B. S., assistant teacher of languages and mathematics; Miss Ella M. DeLano, Miss Callie Case, Geo. B. Safford, and E. T. Jaynes, assistant teachers; Miss Laura B. Templeton, teacher of music; Mrs. Abbie W. Hitchcock, teacher of drawing and vocal music. The academic, normal, collegiate and music departments of this institu- tion constitute the present college of the intended university. It is owned and controlled by the presbyterian synod of [southern] Dakota, which appoints its board of eleven trustees. It is not sectarian in educa- tion, while it is conducted on the basis of true science and evangelical christianity. All well recommended and qualified applicants of both sexes, whatever their religious views or denominations, who agree to conform to such re- quirements as are common to kindred institutions are admitted. The college is built on one of the most commanding sites in the Mis- souri valley. Its property is valued at $40,000, of which three-fourths is in two substantial buildings well adapted to their purposes. The university was considerately located at Pierre with a view to the future population, demands and conveniences of south Dakota. Good health, suitable climate and attractive scenery, are among the advantages of the location. The college had in its first year, 1883–4, thirty-six students. In its fourth year it had twice that number, two-thirds of whom came over dis- tances varying from five to 250 miles. It offers instruction at rates of eight to twelve dollars a term—three terms in a year; provisions for aiding stu- dents who are dependent on self help; and board at very moderate rates in the college club, or in private families. All the students are under the personal supervision of the faculty. This institution is entitled to the honor of conferring a diploma on the first college graduate in Dakota. SIOUX FALLS UNIVERSITY, SIOUX FAILs, MINNEIIAHA County, (BAPTIST.) Faculty—President, Rev. E. B. Meredith, A. M., B. D., professor of mental and moral science and mathematics; F. J. Walsh, A. B., professor of Greek and Latin languages; A. H. Tufts, M. D., professor of anatomy, physiology, hygiene, and zoology; Miss Carrie E. Lawrence, preceptress, and teacher of history and English literature; Mrs. F. J. Walsh, principal of the model school and teacher of the primary branches; O. W. Moore, teacher of vocal and instrumental music; Mrs. D. P. Ward, teacher of drawing and painting. 218 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. The Sioux Falls university is located at. Sioux, Falls, a leading city of southern Dakota. The climate is healthful, and the scenery varied and inviting. Everything is calculated to inspire the student to enterprising work. For lectures and other means of outside instruction, all of which are valuable, the place presents such advantages as few Western cities can offer. The rooms in the school building are heated by steam, and in the girls’ building by stoves. The expense to each student is about thirty-five cents per week, during the time when heat is required. A four-story building, of Sioux Falls jasper, has been erected on a beauti- ful eminence overlooking the city, and within a mile of the business center. It contains four recitation rooms, chapel, large kitchen and dining- hall, living rooms for two or three teachers, and twenty-four dormitory rooms. The entire building is heated by steam and well ventilated. A large house, just across the street from the university, has been rented for the accommodation of the girls. The preceptress will live in this, and pains will be taken to make it a comfortable and quiet home for them. This gives an opportunity of keeping the boys and girls entirely sepa- rate, except at meals and recitations. Courses in Science, the classics, philosophy, and music are provided. Normal and preparatory courses are also taught. GROTON COLLEGE, GROTON, BROWN COUNTY, (PRESISYTERIAN.) Faculty—President, Rev. Jas. A. Marshall, M. A., professor of mental Science, logic, history, and Biblical instruction; R. L. Slagle, A. B., professor of mathematics and natural science; Jno. I. Cleland, A. B., professor of languages; Mrs. Miller, instructor in vocal and instrumental music. Groton college was established at Groton, Dakota, in the fall of 1885, by the presbytery of Aberdeen. The wisdom of this step was shown by the fact that 101 students were enrolled during the first year. This auspicious opening was under the presidency of Rev. J. M. Linn. In 1886, Rev. Jalues A. Marshall, M. A., was elected president, and entered on his duties at the beginning of the present college year. His associates in the faculty are well qualified for their duties, and are doing effective work in their respective departments. The property of the institution consists of a campus of forty acres within the corporate limits of Groton, on which were erected, previous to the autumn of 1886, a chapel and dormitory. This property was secured by gift from the citizens of Groton and the friends of education in the pres- bytery of Aberdeen. It is the purpose of the trustees and ſaculty to afford students all the facilities within their power, and to do as good work in their training as can be done elsewhere. They see the need of higher education in this vast region and will spare no pains to meet this necessity. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. .* 219 The following courses are taught: g A classical course corresponding to that of the best Eastern colleges, and designed to lay a good foundation for broad and liberal culture on the long-tried and time-honored system. A scientific course intended for those who prefer to give more study of the sciences and modern languages. A normal course arranged to meet the wants of teachers. The elemen- tary course fits them for teaching all the branches of a common English education. The complete course will fit them for teaching those higher branches which come within the sphere of the graded and normal Schools. A commercial course formed after the best models of the business col- leges in the large cities, and designed to train students in the theory and practice of modern business. A musical course so graded as to make the advance easy and pleasant, and to give such a variety of drill and exercises as to make it complete. ALL SAINTS SCIIOOL, SIOUX FALLs, MINNEIIAHA COUNTY, (EPISCOPALIAN). Faculty—President, Rt. Rev. W. H. Hare, D. D., lecturer on evi- dences and christian ethics; Miss Helen S. Peabody, principal and teach- er of Latin; Rev. F. Gardiner, Jr, lecturer in science; Miss Mary O. Be- ment, higher English; Miss Margery Cryer, mathematics and physics; Miss Mary Share, primary principal and teacher of history; Mrs. E. B. Cross, M. D., physiology and hygiene; Miss Julia B. White, instrumental music; Miss Kathleen Gillmore, vocal culture and tone production; Miss Clara Willatowski, German. A boarding and day school for young ladies and children, under the im- mediate supervision of the Rt. Rev. W. H. Hare, D. D., missionary bishop of south Dakota. The location of the school building is exceptionally fine, on the outskirts of Sioux Falls, a town beautifully situated at the falls of the Sioux river, which, within the limits of the city, plunges ninety feet Over rocky rapids and cascades. The building stands on an elevated and com- manding site, looking down Main street. It is quite in the country, yet within ten minutes walk from the center of the city. The building, constructed in the most substantial manner of the cele- brated Sioux Falls jasper, is one of the most beautiful in the Northwest. It is heated by Steam, lighted by gas, and supplied with wholesome, deli- cious water from a well on the grounds of the school. Bath-rooms are conveniently placed throughout the building, and especial attention has been paid to securing perfect ventilation, drainage, and safety from fire. The interior, with its chapel, wide halls, warm, well-lighted parlor, din- ing-room and School-rooms, is carefully finished and arranged with an es- pecial view to making this an attractive, cheery home. Every effort is put forth to make this a home-school of high grade, where the pupils will be surrounded with elevating influences and wise 220 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, discipline, and the results sought are thorough mental training, physical development, refinement of feeling and manners, and sound Christian character. * The courses taught include the study of the usual English branches, music, etc., and the standard works on history, liter to ture, science, mathe- matics, and the languages. Special arrangements are made for young ladies who desire to pursue Special branches, or to finish their education. SCOTLAND ACADEMY, SCOTLAND, BonnoMME COUNTY, (PRESBYTERIAN.) Faculty—Alexander Strachan, A. M., principal, professor of ancient classics and mathematics; Sara S. Ferguson, A. M., assistant principal, and professor of natural Sciences and pedagogics; Rev. B. T. Balcar, A. B., professor of modern languages and music; Carrie S. Marsh, teacher of music and history; Ida Ferguson, instructor of arithmetic and English; Hon. T. O. Bogert, lecturer on commercial law. The academy building is a new brick structure, and was opened to re- ceive the first class September 20, 1886. The object that the founders of the academy have in view is to present facilities for a liberal education under claristian influence. Thorough in- struction is guaranteed in ancient and modern languages; mathematics, pure and applied; physical, mental, and moral Science; pedagogy, Science, of accounts, music and German. Special attention is paid to preparation for college, for teaching and for business. The institution had upon its rolls, at the close of the first year, forty students pursuing a literary course and eighteen others engaged in the study of music. REDFIELD COLLEGE, REDFIELD, SPINK COUNTY, (CONGREGATIONAL.) Faculty—President, Rev. David Beaton, professor of mental and moral philosophy; Rev. J. W. Parkhill, A. M., professor of Latin and French and instructor in natural sciences; Mrs. Susan W. Hassell, A. M., acting principal of academy and instructorin English language and literature, and mathematics; Rev. A. Wuerrschmidt, acting professor of German; Mrs. Margaret B. Dawes, A. B., lady principal and instructor in Greek and history; Mrs. D. F. Brown, instructor in painting and drawing; Rev. D. R. Tomlin, curator and librarian; music, vocal and instrumental, in charge of the principal of “the Dakota conservatory of music;” Prof. W. H. Dempster, principal of normal department. This institution was established but recently and is at prosent occupying temporary quarters in the city of Redfield. The college building proper, which will be ready for occupancy sometime in November of this year, is a large, commodious structure furnished with Suitable conveniences for heating and ventilation, and is situated on a slight elevation just south of the city, affording a fine view of the surrounding country. In the preparatory department, the courses of study consist of a classi- cal course of three years, a scientific course of two years, a normal course of four years, and a business course of two terms. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 221 In the collegiate department proper, the courses of study will consist of classical, scientific and literary courses of four years each. The board of trustees intend furnishing the very best of instruction obtainable in vocal and instrumental music, and hope to make this de- partment of great value to the students. Systematic instruction will be provided in drawing and painting. JAMESTOWN COLLEGE, JAMESTOWN, STUTSMAN COUNTY, (PRESBYTERIAN.) The presbyterian society have located their college for north Dakota at Jamestown, on ground donated for the purpose. A fine, new building of brick, 100 feet long by forty-four feet wide, three stories high, is under construction. The institution is presided over by Prof. N. M. Crowe, A. M., and five assistant professors. Full college instruction is taught, in- cluding the Sciences, arts, and the liberal courses. The enrollment, last year, was forty pupils. The permanent property of the college is valued at $35,000. FARGO COLLEGE, FARGO, CASS COUNTY, (CONGREGATIONAL.) The course of instruction in the academy, (the preparatory department of the college soon to be established,) is under the charge of Prof. F. T. Waters, A. M. For the present school year, three courses of study are provided, viz.: The classical, which will give ample preparation for col- lege; the scientific, which will prepare the student for the higher philoso- phical course; and the English, which will meet the wants of those not in- tending to enter college, but wishing studies helpful to an entrance upon business life. Prof. E. A. Smith, a competent and thorough instructor, is at the head of the musical department. ARVILLA ACADEMY, ARVILLA, GRAND FORKS COUNTY. The Arvilla academy offers to the young men and young ladies of the Northwest, a means of obtaining a good classical education with the least possible expense. Young men are prepared for the freshman and sopho- more classes of the best colleges. Young ladies receive instruction in all the branches taught in modern Seminaries. The course adopted in the musical department is the same as that of the musical conservatory of Stuttgart, Germany. Rev. J. A. Brown is principal, and Miss Sadie P. Brown, assistant principal. Four teachers are employed, and forty pupils were in attendance last year. The institution owns buildings worth $3,500. ToweR UNIVERSITY, TOWER CITY, CASS COUNTY, (BAPTIST.) This institution, now in its second year, is under the management of Prof. C. F. Dame, A. B., principal, Miss U. A. Dame, assistant principal, and Mrs. J. W. Clapp, instructor of music. The School admits both male and female students. Four year courses of the usual college studies are taught. An excellent library of 1,700 volumes is within the reach of students attending the university. The college rolls, last year, contained the names of forty pupils. 222 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. f AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, CANTON, LINCOIN county, (Norwegian LUTHER.A.N.) Faculty—M. D. Miller, A. M., principal; L. A. Vigness, A. B., professor of the languages and literature; Miss Anna Wright, in charge of the pre- paratory department; Louis Larson, teacher of book-keeping; and Mrs. M. D. Miller, instructor in music. Regular courses of college and normal instruction are provided. The total number of pupils enrolled the last School year, was ninety-eight, fifty males and forty-eight females. The institution owns property valued at $6,000. The catholic church has established parochial schools, as follows: Academy of the Sacred Heart, Yankton; St. Joseph academy, Fargo; St. Mary’s academy, Bismarck; one at Grand Forks, and a school for girls at Aberdeen, recently founded. - Commercial and business colleges are established at Fargo, Yankton, and Sioux Falls. The last Legislature made provision for the professional training of teachers at public expense, in an act authorizing the Territorial board of education to designate ten private or sectarian schools to give normal training to classes of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five pupils, the tuition to be paid from the Territorial treasury at the rate of $1 per week per pupil. The Territorial board has appointed seven of the schools and other appointments will be made at any early day. The schools appointed are as follows: Jamestown college, Tower university, of Tower City, Groton college, Redfield college, Pierre university, Mitchell university, and Scotland academy. INI) IAN EDUCATION. For the education of the Indians of the Territory, there were main- tained last year, (1886,) by the Government and the different missionary societies, forty-eight day Schools, sixteen boarding Schools, and six indus- trial schools—a total of Seventy Schools—with average attendance in all of nearly 3,000 pupils. This shows an increase of School attendance over that of previous years. In 1884 the average School attendance was but 1,293, and there were only twenty-four schools in operation. The average cost to the Government of the maintenance, for the average school attendance of Indian children, is estimated at $76 per capita, for the entire school population $15 per capita, and for each school in opera- $4,225—nearly double the cost of tuition in the public schools of Dakota. The Commissioner of Indian aſſairs in his annual report for 1886, says: “It is yet undetermined what kind of Schools are best adapted to pre- pare the Indian for self-support, and that independence which will ena- ble him to meet and successfully encounter the shrewd competition which henceſorth everyone will find contesting his path in the social, civic, and business aſſairs of life. Indian educators themselves, differ in opinion as to what kind of Indian Schools are preferable, and the same difference exists among those of both houses of Congress who have charge RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 223 of Indian matters. That each of the different kinds of schools or methods of education can lay some claims to merit, cannot be denied.” “ * * As an incentive to make the best use of the educational advantages offered those pupils of both sexes who attend industrial institutions, the Commissioner thinks it would be wise for Congress to make an appropria- tion from which every Indian youth who shall gradute from school and marry an Indian maiden who has also graduated, may be assisted in set- tling down upon a homestead of 160 acres, in purchasing a team, in break- ing and fencing land, and in building a house. If the homestead is not on an Indian reservation, the man should also have the privilege of citiz- enship, including the right of suffrage. Such a law would greatly encourage Indian youths and maidens in their resistance to the evil and savage in- fluences of their untutored friends, and would do much to keep them from a return to savage life. The Honorable Commissioner's recommendations embody the convic- tions of everyone at all familiar with Indian customs and habits and the question of his possible civilization. Many of the schools maintained for the benefit of the Indians are managed by diligent, earnest teachers and have performed astonishing results in educating the minds of the young of these wild tribes; but the difficulty met with, under the policy at present in force is, that after the schools are through with the pupil, he is given back to the tribe with every incentive about him to resume his original state of Savagery. The school system in vogue may be said to give the poor little heathen a glimpse of the Heaven of knowledge and civilization, simply to increase the cruelty of his banishment to a hell of sloth and degradation. The writer, who has lived all his life in close proximity to the Indians of the West, and has held pretty strong convictions as to the utter useless- ness of the race, remembers well his surprise and secret mortification on visiting, last summer, the Saint John’s boarding school for Indian girls, near the Cheyenne river agency, Sioux Indian reservation, to find that he had been in gross error all along, as regards the capacity of the Indian mind to acquire learning and knowledge. This excellent school, under the management of Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Kinney, Jr., is a model of neatness and order, and each little girl when called upon displayed a knowledge, and demeanor completely dumbfounding to one who had so cruelly mis- judged them for years. Not far from here, on the east bank of the Missouri, at Oahe, is a sec- ond industrial and boarding school for Indian girls, under the supervis- sion of Rev. T. L. Riggs and wife, who also are noted for their earnest and philanthropic efforts in the cause of Indian education. Rev. Mr. Riggs belongs to a family who, for generations, have devoted their lives to missionary work. The present School building accommodates above fifty girls, and a companion building is contemplated with rooms for an equal number of boys. 224 .* RESOURCES OF I) A KOTA. The recommendation of Commissioner Atkins that “a large industrial and training school near the Great Sioux reservation should be estab- lished and the graduates of the day and reservation schools should be sent there for advanced instruction,” is to be carried out by the establish- ment of such an institution, by the General Government, to cost $100,000, at Pierre, Hughes county, where the citizens have generously donated suitable grounds for the building, and a farm of 160 acres. w At Yankton the academy of the Sacred Heart, a fine and costly brick structure, is used for a school for Indian boys, and is in a flourishing and ;'' ) . . . ous condition under the patronage of the catholic church. Hope school is located at Springfield, has three teachers and forty pupils and property worth $17,000. Miss F. E. Howes is the principal. St. Mary’s school at Rosebud agency has five teachers, forty-five pupils and property valued at $17,000. The principal is M. A. Hays. St. Paul's school at the Yankton agency has four teachers, thirty-six pupils and property worth $20,000. J. F. Johnston is the principal. The three last named institutions for the education of the Indian, are under the management of the episcopal church. Pamphlets and maps descriptive of every section of the great Territo: v, explaining the Government land law8 and answering questions of interest to those in Search of a new home, are forwarded to any address on ap- plication to the Commissioner of Immigration, Pierre, Dakota. RESOURCES OF ÖAKOTA. 22; 5 PUBLIC BUILDINGS, THE CAPITOL, BISMARCK, BURLEIGH COUNTY. (Cut on page 2.) - The capitol was removed from Yankton in 1883, and established at Bis- marck by a commission, appointed at the preceding session of the Terri- torial Legislature, to “permanently locate the seat of Government.” Under the terms of removal, the city of Bismarck donated the capitol building, costing $100,000, and grounds, covering 320 acres in all—valued at $100,000. The building, (see frontispiece) thus far completed, is without the north and south wings, as planned. It is four stories high, built of native pressed brick and terra cotta, trimmed with white limestone fa- cings, columns, and Sills, and heated throughout by steam. The appear- ance of the architectural design is pleasing, the general effect of which is enhanced, to a wonderful degree, by the commanding position the building occupies, on an elevated plateau about a mile north of the business center of the city. On the second floor are the offices of the Governor, Secretary of the Territory, Auditor, Treasurer, and Attorney General. The third floor is occupied by offices of the railway commission, rooms for the vari- ous Legislative committees, Territorial library, and historical collections, and the Legislative chamber, which extends in height through the fourth story. The Council hall is on the fourth floor. The building when com- pleted will be one of the finest edifices in the Northwest. THE DAKOTA PENITENTIARY, SIOUx FALLs, MINNEHAHA COUNTY. (Cut on Page 226.) Directors—Philip L. Runkel, Salem; John J. Murry, Sioux Falls; Porter P. Peck, Sioux Falls; W. H. Corson, Sioux Falls; E. P. Beebe, Sioux Falls; warden, Dan. S. Glidden; physician, Dr. J. C. Morgan. Total cost of that part of the building and permanent improve- ments furnished by the Territory...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $101,475 05 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–8...................................... 70,700 00 The building 54x70 feet, with two wings 51x77 feet, is built of Sioux Falls jasper on a commanding site some 165 feet above the Big Sioux river and about one mile north of the business center of the city. It is constructed (8) 226 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. | : e -: : 3. * w i 3 : 3. • **... , 3 g $3. * - * * wº <}\s Sºº.º.º.º. 3: º *. &## * . . AWA . ºWZ-2F ~ : * - " . . . ... • *.* ***** ; * * gº ºº:::::::3% * f.’..... ".3 º *º-sº \{ §§ \ * É. A. t Q: . FA %NºNY. Eğ #º - - - º , \\\ –-A tº S - \º \;= & Gº - %3. tº . * * §: .*.* *: ,, ... " RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 227 on the most approved plans for such institutions, after a careful examina- tion, by the first board of directors, of a number of Eastern prisons, and is furnished throughout with steam heating apparatus, and all modern appliances. The institution is supplied with a splendid independent water-works system, and is lighted by an Edison electric plant. Workshops, (where the prisoners are employed in polishing the native granite,) barns, etc., have been constructed on the prison grounds. Eighty-six prisoners were confined in this institution at the date of the warden's last report to the Governor, November 30, 1886. The General Government occupies one wing of the prison, for the con- finement of offenders against the laws of the United States. BISMARCK PENITENTIARY, BISMARCK, BURLEIGH COUNTY. (Cut on page 228.) Board of directors—J. A. McLean, Bismarck; Norman L. Shattuck, Fargo; John Russell, Valley City; Andrew J. McCabe, Jamestown; Hora- tio C. Plumley, Fargo; Alexander McKenzie, Bismarck; warden, Dan Williams; physician, Wm. A. Bentley; chaplain, Rev. F. Wolfgang. Total cost of buildings, permanent improvements, etc................895,281 20 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887-8......................................... 73,260 00 The penitentiary is a well constructed and suitably arranged building of brick, iron and stone, and contains seventy-two cells, warden’s office, apart- ments for guards, officers and guards' dining-hall, chapel, barber-shop, kitchen and store-room. It stands on a tract of forty-three acres, two miles east of the business center of Bismarck. The furnishings and appliances are of the plans adopted by the older states, including steel cells, water- works, sewers, laundry and steam-heating apparatus. The prison grounds have been nicely laid out, and several hundred young trees planted; stables, root-houses, and other outbuildings erected, mostly by prison labor. During the present summer, (1887,) the prisoners, some of them, have been employed in making improvements about the grounds of the capitol —grading, painting, fencing, planting trees—and the result has been a wonderful improvement in the appearanges of a location naturally so advantageous. Additional cells and other betterments are now being provided. Fifty- -two convicts were confined in this penitentiary at the date of the War- den’s last report, November 30, 1886. DAKOTA IIOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, JAMESTOWN, STUTSMAN COUNTY. (Cut on Page 23) ) Board of trustees—Samuel K. McGinnis, Jamestown; Lewis Lyon, Jamestown; Francis E. Jones, Jamestown; Dr. Hector Galloway, Fargo; L. F. Minzesheimer, Bismarck; superintendent, Dr. O. W. Archibald; steward, W. D. Nickeus. Total cost of buildings, permanent improvements, etc...............#276,200 00 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887-8,..................................... 107,950 00 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. | | § §ſº º º - f i - Hºmº § § - §§ ſº º | i. H º º º g #||##! §§§ iii!ſilijiji iliilili;]]}} i |##| || ##| || §§ | # *:: - - - - ::: §§§ º! § ; º Hill|}}}|†† : º ºº:: §§ y &# | | º | iſſ | . # # º º º, º: . †† | |. º ; {{i}!!!}} iſſºl: |AE i:11;IIllillſ' | º | * ######|ſºft|####|| ! #| || #|%;|#####|#####|ÉÉ ºft º º #|ſºft#yº; W ‘īlī; #|º . | - |li il ||||||}|| ||||{{{{{f} | # 1IIIllili #|||}||||}| l i. # tºſ. 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I #; |||}|| § S. 5.º.º. º º: o *::Iº-ºº: §§ ſº ºº::::::::::::: ** º § § # : Hº # § # º § fiſſi #! - §lº # :##13; ; ; ; ºlº # sº |||| ſº tº sº §§ | § | | #| # # ##! #|ºi |; |*|| ! ſ º ſ sº ºś § } • N&º { ;: 5 ::::: § & # ; : -- #||; ::iii! º ºº::1:lº #| < f i; Çiğığı j Ejiº. 3:#fff; |ºil Iºnitºriºſ::ſºnſ: * {: º ##### |;|#|| =|}}}|†ſ º º II at # # § §§ # t §|| Rºº, # # | | | 7. §§ º ſº º | ! tºº # º º: ºriºſ. º º: Jº" 3.5 :: * º ### ######º º ºlī! wº **** ** #: ºº:: ºt il. ſº iſſiºn":; & º º º } 𠧧 ſº ; º | d ; :#ſºft; # =}|º º : Bºžilí |######| || # * º | .;;. ºf ! º Hj Ali ſº # Eß ſ #: E. º 'it 5: º G littilº | # º º f | # º: # ###|T# * | * N RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 229 The buildings completed, consist of two separate wards, one for the use of female patients, and the other for males. Kitchen building, including dining room and laundry. Office building, including Superintendent’s residence. Water tower, barn, out buildings, etc. They are substantially erected of brick, on solid stone basements, in the most approved style of modern architecture for hospital purposes, and were designed with a view to securing the best sanitary conditions, with strict reference to com- fort and convenience in the care and treatment of the unfortunate patients who might be confined there. The buildings are all separate and distinct, so that while more room, comfort, and privacy is secured be- tween the sexes, any additions and extensions may easily be made, in the future, as desirable or needed. The location is all that could be desired for an institution of this kind, commanding a view that is unsurpassed for beauty—the varying land- scape spread out for miles in every direction—the James river, skirted with timber, winding around at the foot of the bluff, with a grand view of the city of Jamestown and the valley of the James for miles away. Being on the bluff the air is very pure, the drainage perfect. The buildings are lighted by Edison incandescent electric lights, Sup- plied with water pipes throughout, steam heating apparatus, and a system of sewerage. It has been the constant aim of the management to have the furnishings perfect and convenient even to the smallest details. The hospital is a model of neatness and order and has the gentle quiet- ness of a home. t . The patients are kept as neat and clean as possible; their minds are diverted from moody subjects, and they are cheered and amused in every way, which seems to be the only proper course to pursue with insanity. Many, under this treatment, recover. There is very little, if any, force used, and there are no jail cells or iron bars to give the impression of confinement; kindness and cheerfulness, from the results here, seem to be the best remedies for minds diseased. Two hundred and fifty acres of the land belonging to the institution, have been enclosed with a substantial wire fence, for garden and pasturage. There were 136 inmates confined in the asylum at the time of the super- intendent's report, November 30, 1886. - In addition to the present buildings, there are now under construction, two detached wards to accommodate seventy-five patients each; an amuse- ment hall; engine and coal houses, kitchen, barn for stock, etc. All of the detached wards will be connected by an underground corridor, to be used for conveying food from the general kitchen to the patients. With these improvements added, the north Dakota hospital for the insane will be one of the most convenient and home-like institutions in any state or territory. The average of insanity in Dakota is one to every 1,878 inhabitants, or, less, by from 600 to 100 per cent., than the average in seventeen of the States, 230 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. : P §º |º- sº : ſ § |b| | N Sº Fº sº º \ §\\ ºš | : i ; N 2 -Ž * *ſ R º º .* C§º§ i§ -s : . º N º | §:- 49 gº- º * - ºx- is º:º - Bºº º; * º #: Sºšš. §§ §§. ||||}|{º}} dºğ/Ağ º | .." | $ &. §§§ º § - §§ º : # § sº #4 %| º ; º . | i# i | § t" i [. if º § §: e.'.. * f ſ º iº º -, - . . . . ſº RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 231 THE DAKOTA IIOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, YANKTON, YANKTON county. (Cut on page 282.) Board of trustees—F. A. Gale, Canton; W. T. Quigley, Parker; Robert Cox, Yankton, M. T. Wooley, Yankton; Dr. J. F. Cravens, superintend- ent; J. A. Potter, steward. Total cost of buildings, permanent improvements, etc............... $239,960 00 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–88..................................... 106,500 00 The Yankton asylum, a commodious brick building, is located on a high commanding piece of ground, about two miles north of the city, sur- rounded by a farm of 640 acres, donated by the General Government. The institution is heated by steam, furnished with water pipes, and a com- plete system of sewerage, and all the latest appliances for the comfort and convenient handling of the insane. The out-buildings consist of barns, ice house, slaughter house, brick root-cellar, machinery store-house, coal sheds, etc., etc. Thirty acres, directly south of, and in front of the hospi- tal, , have been laid out in landscape garden, with pretty curves and serpentine drives, neatly graded and graveled. On either side of these drives and walks, are double rows of forest trees, mostly elm; groups of evergreens are scattered through the grounds,-making in all, several thousand growing trees. On the east side of the farm, an orchard has been planted, of nearly four thousand fruit trees, including apple, cherry, mulberry, etc., besides a large number of small fruits and shrubs —all of which are growing nicely. The garden and farm, operated by the asylum officers, provide nearly all the vegetables, grain, $º fruits, necessary to supply the de- mands of the institution. The improvements contemplated, consist of two additional fire proof wings, three stories and basement, to accommodate Seventy-five patients each; another engine-house, 37x44 feet; the enlargement of the laundry, and the introduction of an electric light plant. It is also intended to en- close the entire farm of 640 acres with a substantial board fence. The number of patients in the hospital, Nov. 30, 1886, the date of the superintendent's report, was 144. DAKOTA REFORM-SCIIOOL, PLAN RINTON, AURORA COUNTY. (Cut on page 234.) Board of trustees—I’red L. Stevens, Plankinton; F. M. Hammer, Mitch- ell; Wm. Kinsella, Kimball; John Albertson, Volga; M. E. Distad, Mitchell. Appropriated for construction and furnishing of buildings.............. $30,000 Appropriated for maintenance, 1887–8............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > . 12,000 The appropriation for a reform-school for juvenile offenders, to be located at Plankinton, was passed at the last Session of the Legislature, and the building is now under construction and will be ready for occu- pancy before the close of the year. 232 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NOLYINY K 'GIN VSNI SIHLTHOJI TVJLIÆSOH • ºsº • •*Sºººººº！！！.>>_~~~º ĶĒģyºº， ●? ???，，,，, Źr? »！Ģ ſae$º. *« §.*\,}. ºº ſº.} • {- ،{}ſij]}）;∞ '8Ė， ſaeſ ！} * �•—• }\\ |-� ?） • • • • • • • • • •”9 } *- ra ſý% º：§№.<;-->īſº ->• %}}\\ſ|$）|$%zºſ\* • *¿? Aſ（ ） ： ***}})∞à�$ ſae： aeſº & ĢĒ | |،ſãºfiſiºſºſ $§§§Ë№ſËēĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ №º. №ºaeae~S=№aeae%%%%%%%%%%%%d> ºſº§§！Běž№Ë-33SQºſ;%%%}¿%，*， * ?.Ź%、！ ¿№ W\}\\}\\3，77%ºº%>№%%%%%%%%%： ĀĒŅŅ\\t.§ šºs， lae:№š！%%%%%。、、。Ź№ įț¢#}\\}\\ſº:#{{Hae■■■■~--~~ģź§$%&！！Ë№ĒĶĒ№· · º aezº¿ËËĚĚ&}}|}}}¿činnºſſºſ،- ſº?→* * * * · * *： -ſae. →→ ș·2№a§!---T=====£， №Ë· • • • • • •-， ！ ！，}}ğ § * ** RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 233 SUMMARY OF THE AMOUNT INVESTED IN TERRITORIAL INSTITUTIONS. The Territory, therefore, has an actual cash investment in the buildings and permanent improvements of her public institutions, as follows: Agricultural college, Brookings............................................... $ 100,140 00 University of north Dakota, Grand Forks............:‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 88,241 80 University of Dakota, Vermillion......................................... 88,500 00 Normal School, Madison.............. • , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,800 00 Normal school, Spearfish....................................................... 30,000 00 School of mines, Rapid City.................................................. 35,820 00 School for deaf mutes, Sioux Falls.......................................... 53,512 00 Capitol and grounds, Bismarck............................................. 200,000 00 Dakota penitentiary, Sioux Falls............................................ 101,475 00 Bismarck penitentiary, Bismarck.......................................... 95,281 20 North Dakota hospital for the insane, Jamestown.................. 276,200 00 Dakota hospital for the insane, Yankton............................... 239,960 00 Dakota reform School............................................................ 30,000 00 Making in all............................................................... $ 1,374,930 00 If we add to this sum the value of the lands donated to the Territory by the towns where public buildings are located, Dakota’s investment in public institutions is about $2,000,000. * - Five-sevenths of the area of the United States, leaving Alaska out of the question, lies west of the Mississippi river ; which has a population of 8,000,000, while the other two-sevenths has a population of 42,000,000. ” t 234 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. # - ; # ºŽ ---T. i \ §§ * #:S º ſt - ; .# }3 - i | % y- §*g'tº * 3f tºº!!!Eji=#| || s - 4. g - %fl-. -: º # º #####REɺ #. §: ##########! º #############&#:ºnºzº; Łº **** { #(6… . zºº. T. a . * im,...e. ºff ºğ * * * 1/12% //º ſt (3 ºz. zlº %. , & &’,”, º& T.ºgº: “”º | 2. Fº ~~' *::::::: **g_ * ºx- “... • REFORM-SCHOOL, PLAN KINTON. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 235 RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE, The fact is regretted that, owing to the comparatively short time allowed for the preparation of this work, it has been Impossible to collate a com- plete exhibit of the churches of the Territory, together with their mem- bership, etc. However, enough has been learned, and is displayed in the statistical table of this article, to convince the reader that the inhabitants of Dakota are emphatically a moral and religious people. Ordinarily, the Settlers of a new country, no matter what nuay have been their teachings and surroundings before going West, are beset by many temptations to forget any anxious Solicitude about their religious duties. The prairie home is to be established; the native sod must be subdued by hard and continuous labor, and thus brought to furnish a support for wife and fam- ily. “Towns grow up in a day, carrying with them a sudden expansion of real estate values, and a rapid increase of mercantile transactions. On every hand, are presented opportunities where brains, energy, and toil will bring to the possessor, returns of a thousand fold, and it would not be strange if, with such surroundings, the church should be relegated, for the while, to the back-ground. But Dakota is full of surprises to those unacquainted with the real facts concerning her rapid growth and dayelºpment, and in no respect is this statement truer than as it relates to the religiotis and social standing of her people. Nowhere in the United States will be found a people who, as a class, are more deeply interested than Dakotaians in the moral and social welfare of the communities in which they live. In their homes, and even in the primitive “shacks” and sod houses, the first dwelling-places of the settler, are to be found works of art, libraries of instructive books, instru- ments of music, and other evidences of taste and culture. A correspondent of the Eastern press, writing from the Black Hills, emphasizes his surprise, upon learning of the intelligence and book-lore displayed by the miners of that region, by writing his paper that he had been called on to umpire a dispute between two rough-looking prospectors on the relative merits of Bryant’s “Flood of Years” and “Thanatopsis.” 236 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. He concludes by saying that many of the miners were subscribers to all the magazines published, and, that in a tin prospector's “shack,” he noticed the best collection of current literature to be seen anywhere out- side of a newspaper office. Another correspondent, who had just returned from a trip through a newly developed agricultural region of northern Dakota, bears testimony to the more than usual prevalence of intelligence and culture among the people of the new country, by writing that he discovered in many of the unpretentious dwellings of the settlers, the choicest works of standard literature, including books in French, German, Latin, and Greek, and though his journeyings led him to the very verge of the settlements, he was astonished at the proofs, everywhere displayed, of the culture, refine- ment, and religious training of the people. A prominent divine, speaking of his experie, ce in church work in the Northwest, says: “Some of the most intelligent and devoted audiences that gather any- where, aro to be found in Dakota. That nervous, anxious Solicitude one feels as he stands in an Eastern pulpit, does not depart from you as you face the average congregation on these plains. Men who ſail in the East will more than fail here.” Iºastern people whose ideas of Dakotaians, their customs and character- istics, have been formed from reading the highly colored tales emanating from the imaginative brain of some enterprising newspaper correspond- ent, are asked to make a personal investigation and have all such foolish illusions dispelled. - The settlement of the Territory is of comparative recent date, and it is true that we are slightly removed, in the way of location, from the boun- daries of the New England states, but disappointment, complete and overwhelming disappointment, awaits the man, hailing from there, who comes to Dakota full of expectations of finding her peopled with an ignor- ant, boorish class of frontiersmen, wild and reckless cow-boys, desperate cut-throats and villains, with a generous sprinkling of murderous savages occasionally thrown in, to leaven the fierce population Sometimes as- cribed to us in the sensational “write-ups'' of the day. In this connec- tion, it is quite interesting, and may prove instructive, to present the crimi- al statistics of the Territory, placed by the side of those of the states, a summary which this office has been at Some pains to tabulate. - It is only necessary to call the attention of the public to the fact that, even so early as 1880, Dakota had ſewer criminals, as compared with her population, than any state of the Union. The reader is left to draw such other conclusions and comparisons as the table will suggest. The Dakota penitentiaries contained, November 30, 1886, as shown by the annual reports of the wardens, 138 prisoners, or one criminal to more than 3,800 of the number of inhabitants at that time—a showing which challenges comparison with any section of the Nation. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 237 TABLE SHIOWING THE NUMBER OF PRISONERS CONFINED IN PENITEN TIARIES, ETC., and the ratio of prisoners to population, in the thirty-eight stateB, and Da- kota—compiled from the ceusus reports of 1880. - - --- . . . States. Pop'n. | Pris. ----------- - - - - - - - - - - -- ------ " -- --------- | Nevada ......................................................... § , ; California...................................................... 864.64 2.É Massachusetts................................................ 1,783,085 3,659 º: do....................................................... lº, º O1OraClO... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,327 3 New York..................................................... 5,082,871 8,808 New Jersey................................. ................. 1,131,116 1,599 Tennessee..................................................... 1,542,359 2,129 Maryland....................................................... 934,943 1,263 Oregon.......................................................... | 174,768 233 Kansas........…...…. 996,096 1,297 Georgia......................................................... 1,542,180 1,837 Connecticut................................................... , 522,700 , 7.3% Michigan...................................................... 1,636,937 1,923 Mississippi.................................................... 1,131,597 1,329 North Carolina.............................................. 1,399,750 1,619 Rhode Island............................................... 276,531 320 Louisiana...................................................... 939,946 , 1,077 Pennsylvania................................................ 4,282,891 4,886 Alabama.................................. ...................... 1,262,505 1,398 Illinois.......................................................... 3,077,871 3.33% Virginia......................................................... 1,512,565 1,554 Florida....................................................... '369.463 '375 Arkansas........................... .......................... 802,525 767 Missouri..................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,168,380 2,055 Kentucky...................................................... 1,648,690 1,423 Nebraska...................................................... i 452,402 377 Indiana......................................................... 1,978,301 1,633 Ohio.............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,198,062 2,568 New Hampshire............................................ | 346,991 273 Vermont....................................................... i 332,286 261 South Carolina............................... ............... 995,577 642 West Virginia................................................ 1845. 304 Maine........................................................... | 648,936 | 408 Delaware...................................................... 146,608 2 Minnesota..................................................... 780,773 428 4. - JQYa ............................................................ | 1,624,615 i 811 Wisconsin..................................................... 1,315,497 598 DAKOTA......................... … 135.177 60 Ratio of Pris. to 3 Pop'n. A --- --ºr-t-º- cº- to 313 to 326 to 487 to 505 to 511 * -—nº 33° to 923 to 980 Education, and moral and religious culture go hand in hand; and as Da- kota supports more Schools, employs more teachers, and publishes a greater number of newspapers, compared with the number of her inhabit- ants, than many of the states of the Union, so does it naturally follow that she should lead in the way of religious intelligence. The statistical exhibit, on page 238, does not include figures showing the churches, ministers, and the membership of the lutheran, mennonites, universalist, unitarian, and other denominations, which have a consider- able following in the Territory. *STATISTICS (INCOMPLETE) OF THE CHURCHES OF DAKOTA. [For explanatory remarks. See foot-notes, page 239.] | - t º s o, *-* -: ! i p-4 ; ºn # 2 #, # *: sº 3 g ºn 3 2 # 3 o, * = & £ is of REMARKS. 5 # a 55 ; § #5; É §§ º, . o *—t rº - º: ." cº > <5, 35 º's * & 5%: j : 5 : , sº 3. 5 –– 9 3 3: (Source through which in- #: º . 8 ' ...a g g 37; 5, 5 3 & * * × | c O : c B cº | 3 S. E formation was derived.) Methodist. Dakota, i f | t Conference. ............ 54,883 105 105 | 82 157 28 | $ 217,050 6,565, 7,559 A. D. Traveller, Watertown; : - L Hartsough, Sioux Falls; Ira N. Pardee, Mitchell; } Wm. Fielder, Huron, pre- Methodist, N. Da- i ; siding elders. ... kota Conference ..... 27,065 49 49 31 71 -9 91,100 2,809, 2,876 H. G. Pilbie, Fargo; D. C. - i : Planette. Gi and Forks, pre- Congregational, S. : t siding elders. * Dakota ............ ...... i 62,500 112. 65 not given 150 Inot given not given 5,050; 6.500 Rev. H. D. Wiard, Mitchell, Congregational, N. \ | { + - | superintendent of missions. Dakota ...... ............ 32,000, 50 not given 24 55 7 57,800 1,050' 250. Rev. H. C. Simmons, Fargo, Presbyterian, Synod : . superintendent of missions. of S. Dakota........... 30,786, . 101 69 not given | not given not given (a) 250,000 : 3 322, 4,115 Juo, B. Pomeroy, Huron, syn- Presbyterian. Synod: i | - - : odical missionary. tº of N. Dakota......... 34,760, 75 40 38 50 not given 125,000 2,000 2,500 F. M. Wood. Fargo, synodical Baptist, north and | } ! | missionary. South Dakota ......... 55,800i 90 60 not given 61 ! not given 110,000 3,000 3.100 Rev. G. W. Huntley, Fargo, - } . - : r general missionary for f | - north Dakota: Rev H. C. | i Woods, D. D., Lincoln, Neb., - i : f | secretary for the district Catholic, north and ſ ! | : r | embracing south Dakota. South Dakota ......... not given (b) 228 84 128 : 228 | not given (a) 500,000 (c) 50,000; not given Rt. Rev. Martin Marty, bish- Episcopal, S. Da- | | | i op, vicar apostolic, Yankton. kota ................. ...... (d) 49,000 51 29 51 | 45 | 22 (a) 165,500 (e) 9,000 1,100 Rt. Rev. W. H. Hare, bishop, | | ! ! } Sioux Falls. Rt. Rev. W. 1). ! t | . Walker, Fargo, is the bish-, | ! op in charge of the episco- º ; . * pal church of north , akota. { i f ! | No data of this branch of | k { | | ſ i the church has been fur- : | | # | nished this office. | f Total.................. $ 346,794 856 | 501 | 849 | 812 | 61 | $1,516,450 | 82,796: 30,250 § RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 239 ſ' So far as this office has been able to collect the facts, there are, in Dako- ta, something near 800 ministers, representing different denominations, and caring for more than 1,000 separate charges. These religious organiza- tions own more than 600 church edifices—not including parsonages, schools, missions, etc;-and the entire value of all church property in the Territory will"certainly exceed $3,000,000. Few, if any, of the Eastern states can present so strong an argument in proof of the moral and religious standing of their inhabitants. A study of the detailed exhibit of church statistics on the preceding page is made more interesting by the addition of the following historical facts connected with the first establishment of religious work in the Ter- ritory: Rev. S. W. Ingham, now pastor of the methodist church in Fargo, was the first resident clergyman of any denomination in Dakota. Mr. Ingham was assigned by Bishop Baker, of the Iowa conference, to Vermillion, Clay county, where he arrived Oct 12, 1860, and, on the following Sabbath preached his first sermon in the Territory, in a little log building about 18x24 feet in size. Rev. J. Bell, now so well known as an evangelist, was a member of Rev. Ingham’s church at Vermillion, and aided in organizing the first Sunday- School. Rev. F. M. Wood, synodical missionary of the presbytery of north Da- kota, is authority for the statement that: “In 1871 there were no missionaries in north Dakota except post chaplains, and those preaching to Indians. At that date, viz.: December 1871, the Rev. O. II. Elmer entered upon work at Fargo, preaching in a tent on the banks of the Red River. This was the beginning of denomina- tional work, and, indeed, of all church work in this part of I)akota. The Rev. I. O. Sloan followed, at Bismarck, in the spring of 1873. It is said that no other denomination entered work till 1875. From this time the * (a.) Including value of college and academy buildings, and eleven churches among the Indialis. - (b.) One hundred and twenty-three churches and 100 missions without churches, but regularly visited by priests; total, 228. (c.) Catholic population of the Territory, including children. (d.) Including the support of flve boarding-schools. (e.) Adherents. Bishop Hare writes that “missions have been established amongst all the tribes of Sioux Indians, and have been very fruitful in results. Thirty-five con- gregations have been gathered. More than 1,400 bave been presented for confirmation. Nearly 1,200 are enrolled as communicants. Their contributions to religious objects amount-annually to more that, $2,000.’’ NOTE.—The item of “expenditures” represents the annual outlay for support of pastors and ordinary church and Sabbath-school expenses. The amount expended in Church improvement and extension, is mot included. The Methodist university, at Mitchell, Congregational colleges, at Yankton and Red- field, Presbyterian college, at Jamestown, and the Baptist university, at Sioux Falls, are not included in the estimate of the value of “church property” credited to the de- nominations respectively named. 240 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. rush of population began, and denominations rivaled each other for posi- tion, till it resulted in multiplying churches, many of which are the prom- inent churches of today.” - Bishop Marty, of the catholic church, writes that he came to Dakota in 1880, as vicar apostolic, and found but eight priests in the whole Terri- tory, where now are eighty priests, and a catholic population of more than 50,000. The following letter from Rev. D. P. Ward, Sioux Falls, missionary of the American Sunday-school union and secretary of the Dakota Sunday- . school association, tells of the wonderful increase in the number of Sun- day-schools in the Territory, during the short space of ten years: “Twenty-six years ago this summer, the first Sunday-school in Dakota was organized at Vermillion. For the last ten years, the growth of this de- partment of christian work has been very gratifying. Our population has increased in this time about 600 per cent. The Sunday-schools have in- creased fully 1,200 per cent. The writer of this has traveled, for eight years, over the prairies of Dakota, from six to twenty thousand miles per year, and has found intelligent, educated people in every commun- ity. The interest people have taken in the Sunday-school and church is remarkable. The home mission societies of the evangelical churches have done a great deal for Dakota. The American Sunday-School union has organized, through its missionaries, over 600 Sunday-schools in Dakota. - “We have today fully 1,000 Sunday-schools in Dakota, and 40,000 mem- bers. Ten years ago we had but sixty-five Sunday-schools and 2,500 members, “No state or territory in the Union can show so good a record of ad- vancement in Sunday-school work as Dakota. “The Dakota Sunday-school association was organized thirteen years ago, and has for its motto, ‘I)akota for Christ.” We believe in thorough organization, and have already over forty counties organized, for the ob- ject of advancing the Sunday-school work in the county. With the pres– ent rate of progress, not many years hence, Dakota will stand near the front in christian work, and this will have been accomplished by the united effort of christian people earnestly desiring to fulfill the Divine command of ‘GO Teach all Nations.’” - According to the statement of Mr. Ward, Dakota is credited with more Sunday-Schools than California, nearly twice as many as Florida, Louis- iana, New Hampshire or Vermont, and more than the states of Delaware, Nevada, Oregon, and Rhode Island combined. It will be seem that Dakota, young as she is, offers to the home-seeker religious and social privileges equal to those enjoyed by many of the old- est and most cultured centers of the East. A pretty strong indication of the sober and industrious traits charact- erizing the people who inhabit Dakota, is to be had from the fact that at RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 241 the special election of 1885, the question of prohibiting liquor traffic in the new State of South Dakota, (upon which a separate vote was had,) was decided in the affirmative by a majority of the 31,791 ballots cast. By a law, approved March 11, 1887, it was provided that if a petition signed by at least one-third of the legal voters of any county, as shown by the preceding general election, shall be presented to the county commis- sioners, at least sixty days before the next November election, praying that the question of prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors be sub- mitted to a vote of such county, it shall be the duty of the board of county commissioners to call such election, etc. And should a majority of the ballots cast be against the sale of intoxicating liquors it shall be unlawful for the board of county commissioners of such county to issue or grant a license for that purpose, etc. - This measure had scarcely received the breath of vitality, when steps were undertaken in each county, almost without exception, by the ardent workers in the temperance cause, (and in this class, in Dakota, must be placed first and above all others, the mothers, wives, and daughters,) to test the sentiment of the people, Of the eighty-six organized counties in Dakota, sixty-five furnished the requisite number of signers to the petitions calling for a decision by ballot —the result of which (so far as announced), has been that eight, only, of the counties, where the question was voted upon, have decided to continue the sale of liquor. By an act of Congreº, appro veil May 20, 1886, the nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics, and special instruction as to their effects upon the human system, is included in the branches of study taught in every public School of the Torritory. The law provides that a school director, com- mittee, Superintendent, or teacher who refuses or neglects to comply with this requirement, shall be removed from office. No certificates can be granted to teach in the public schools of Dakota, (after January 1, 1888,) unless the applicant has passed a satisfactory ex- amination with reference to the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics upon the human system. 242 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. THE RAILROADS. The settlers of Kansas, Nebraska, and Minnesota, in the early days, had a pretty hard time of it, if you take the situation in Dakota for compari- son. Going West in the '50s meant a great deal more then, than it does now. Then it signified the abandonment of Society, the loss of the refining in- fluence of churches, schools, neighbors, and friends. It meant a weary journey of days or weeks by wagon, into a country where the fear of an Indian outbreak was a constant menace. A year was occupied in the la- borious effort of building the cabin of hewn logs, and in clearing and breaking the few acres set apart for the farm—for, in those days, tools and farming implements were crude affairs, and everything had to be done by haird. A journey for supplies, or to market the few bushels of farm product, necessitated a long absence from home and family, and was the event of the year. . Villages, with their following of churches, schools, and Society, came only with the advent of the first railroad, (on, or perhaps, twice that number of years afterward. Twenty years ago, the railroads followed the path of civilization and settlement—and did not lead it, as they do now. Then, they awaited the results of the hardy pioneer’s efforts, and only sought an extension of their lines where a heavy traffic and a successful business was already assured. But the record of railroad building and settlement in Dakota has wit- nessed an entire departure from the history of other days. The shrewd capitalists at the head of the great railway corporations of the Northwest, saw that here, in this Territory, containing the last of the public domain, with a Soil growing the finest natural grasses in the world, and possessed of every essential condition for successful farming, was to be built up the most populous and prosperous agricultural community of the Union. The few settlements in the southeastern counties, and along the Red River of the North, made between the years of 1860 and 1870, and the re- sults of farming in the surrounding states of Minnesota, Iowa, and Ne- braska, had practically demonstrated the fertility of Dakota's soil. The track of the first railroad in the Territory, was laid on January 1, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 243 1872, and from that date to the present time, there have been built more than 4,000 miles of completed roads—an average of 300 miles each season, for fifteen years. Until the last two or three years the railroad construction of the Territory was in advance of settlement, or immigra- tion, and the same is true of some lines being built today. The writer re- members traveling through the Territory, in the fall of 1880, Over a road then newly built, and he can never forget the feeling of loneliness, caused by the sight of such an expanse of vacant prairie, -reaching away to the very horizon on every side. The entire day was spent in riding over a country barren of the least sign of civilization. Not a house, not even the settler's “shack” was to be seen anywhere, nothing but an ocean of virgin soil bearing an occasional convoy of frightened ante- lope. Counties were unorganized, and even the Government Surveys had not then been made. Today, the same counties are filled with splen- did farms, and the homes of well-to-do people. Villages are so close to- gether that one is scarcely ever away from the sight of a town. Some of the larger towns have grown to cities of several thousand population, with electric lights, artesian wells, water-works, street railways, manufac- tories, and magnificent business blocks. The comparisons given below will emphasize the remarkable growth accomplished in so short a period: Beadle county, in 1880, had 37 acres in farms; in 1885, 135,834. Brown county, in 1880, had 468 acres in farms; in 1885, 248,346. Kings- bury county, in 1880, had 197 acres in farms; in 1885, 130,068. Nelson re- turned no acreage in farms in 1880, neither did Walsh nor Steele, but in 1885 Nelson had 70,532 acres under cultivation, Walsh 212,000, and Steele 76,469. Dakota's population in 1860, taken from the United States census re- turns, was 2,576; in 1870, 13,000; in 1880, 133,548; and in 1885, 415,610. To- day careful estimates show the Territory to possess a population of 600,000. Dakota's remarkable increase in population, from 1870 to the present time, has never been equaled in the history of the development of any state or territory and is the marvel of the world. It is plainly to be as- cribed to the fact of the railways pushing ahead of the tide of immigration and making every section of the grand Territory easily accessible. Going West today, is not the great undertaking, the tedious journey of twenty- five years ago. Comfortably seated in a Pullman, and taking one’s meals in a dining-car, is somewhat different from the experience of the pioneers of earlier days. Today, you can board a through train, in any city of the East, and tomor- row you are landed on the prairies of Dakota, within sight of your future home. Your car-load of household goods, machinery, and stock is on the side track, awaiting your arrival. Material for the house is furnished at the nearest village and it takes but a day or two, ere your family is in- stalled on the homestead. With improved machinery, and no trees or 244 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Stones to be cleared from the land, you are enabled to break forty, sixty, or a hundred acres, and plant to crop the first season. Churches, schools, and neighbors, surround you on all sides and you soon learn that Dakota is quite as civilized and as desirable a place to live in as the home you left behind in the states. Truly, times have changed, and, notwithstanding the accusations against “grasping corporations,” and “soulless monopolies,” Dakota owes much of her present magnitude and prosperity to the builders of her railroads. * In 1871, the Northern Pacific railroad was extended west as far as the Red River of the North, the track reaching to the eastern bank of that river, on the Minnesota side, on December 31, 1871. The day following, January 1, 1872, the rails were laid on Dakota soil, in the gate city of Fargo. - This was the first railroad built in the Territory, although only several months ahead of the second. The Dakota Southern road, now a part of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, was projected in 1871, and built into southeastern Dakota from Sioux City, during the same year, 1872, that the transcontinental line, Several hundred miles to the north, was laid across a vast uninhabi- ted plain, on its way to the Pacific ocean. The line above and the one below was each pushed forward, during 1872, and in the spring of 1873, Yankton, then the capital of the Territory, and Bismarck, at the time hardly an aspirant for similar honors, were both Connected by rail with the rest of the world. The railroad growth for the next eight years kept in advance of the set- tlement, but the development of Dakota, and the masterly activity of her railroads, are dated more particularly from 1880, when the Territory had a population of 135,177, and a railroad mileage of 698 miles. The “boom '' years, as they were called, of that period, in the Red River valley, and beyond, and subsequently in central Dakota, were marked by extraordinary enterprise on the part of the railway companies. The Territory of Dakota was thereupon advanced to a prominent place in the list of states, as given in the railroad mileage and building statistics of the country. The year 1885 was a dull season, generally, in new railroad construction. The railroads in Dakota were waiting for the settler and the Territory to catch up with the progress already made, and the lines of settlement reaching out in advance. - During this year, however, the Black Hills began to feel the exhilara- tion consequent upon the assured approach of a railroad, and before the end of the year the people of that region were able to take the cars at Buffalo Gap, where the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley railroad stopped for the winter. The mileage in Dakota of the new Black Hills line, added in 1885, amounted to thirty-seven miles. * Hon. Ilauren Dunlap, in January Bulletin, Department Immigration, Dakota. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 245 During the same year the Chicago & Northwestern railway built into Yankton from Centerville, a distance of twenty-nine miles, and lines of the Northern Pacific railroad were, respectively, built from Jamestown to LaMoure, forty-nine miles, and extended from New Rockford to Min- newaukan, a distance of thirty miles. The total mileage constructed in 1885 in Dakota was 145 miles. The year 1886 was one of great activity, and a number of very important enterprises were inaugurated, which added a large mileage. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway, in that year, completed 250 miles of new track, and the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba, added 230 miles to its mileage in the Territory. The total number of miles of track laid during 1886 was 679. The season of 1887 has added 716 miles of completed track to the rail- way systems of Dakota, as fully particularized on pages 11–14 of the intro- ductory to this publication, making the total mileage in the Territory to-day 4,207, or more than had, (January 1, 1887,) any one of twenty-five states of the Union, and the equivalent, almost, of the combined mileage of all the other territories. At this writing, eight of the strongest railway corporations of the North- west, viz.: The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; the St. Paul, Minne- apolis and Manitoba; the Chicago and Northwestern, (controlling also the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley, and the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne- apolis and Omaha;) the Northern Pacific; the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern and the Minneapolis and St. Louis—both under the man- agement of the “Rock Island ’’ system—the Illinois Central, and the Minneapolis and Pacific have a foothold in the Territory, with the cer- tainty of the addition, each year, of the future, as in the past, of some new giant competitor for the division of Dakota's growing and profitable traffic. The advent of a new season of railway construction invariably brings with it a struggle among the great and wealthy corporations for the pos- session of valuable territory—a rivalry which must continue, at least, until JDakota, with three times the area of the state of Illinois, (for example,) shall possess a corresponding ratio of railroad accommodation to the ex- tent of her boundary, or, in other words, Illinois, with an area of 56,000 square miles and railroads 10,000 miles in length, is a demonstration that Dakota, with an area of 151,000 square miles, may confidently expect the extension of her railway systems, of the future, to exceed the astounding sum of 30,000 miles. The following comparative table of the railway mileage of the United States, January 1, 1887, is compiled from the statistical abstract issued by the national treasury: 246 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. DAK ()TA's RAI I, ROAD MI LEAGE, IN 1887, CO \l PA RED WITH STATES AND oth ER TERRITO RIFS, Tank. States. * rºos, 210 316 363 735 47 RHODE ISLAND, 46 DELAWARE, 45 INDIAN TER., 44 WYOMING TER., 43 Id Año, 812 42 washington ter., 945 Lº 41 VERMONT, 947 40 NEVADA, 954 39 CONNECTICUT, 976 1,005 38 ARIzoNA, 37 NEW HAMPSHIRE, - 1,050 36 MonTANA, 3, 1,065 35 UTAH, - 1,139 34 MAINE, 1,152 33 WEST VII:GINIA, 1,156 32 OREGON, 1,230 31 NEW MEXICO, 1,233 30 MARYLAND & Dist. of coi... . . 1,265 29 I.OUISIANA, 1,380 28 SOUTH CAIROLINA, 1,819 27 FLORIDA, 1,924 26 NEW JERSEY, 1,963 25 MASSACHUSETTS, 2,017 24 KENTUCKY, 2,070 23 MISSISSIPPI, 2,094 22 AIRIXANSAS, 2,168 21 TENNESSEE, 2, 183 20 NORTH CAROLINA, | | 2,195 19 ALABAMA, 2,289 18 VIRGINIA, 2,734 17 COLORADO, 2,956 16 CALIFORNIA, * *r 9,812 15 GEORGIA, • 3,358 14 NEBRASKA, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,727 13 DAKOTA, T 4,2O7 12 wisconsin, - - - - - - - - - -- ------------ - - - - 4,789 11 Minnesota, ºf 4,828 10 MISSOURI, . ". . . . . . " . 5,060 9 Michigan, 5,539 8 INDIANA, 5,715 7 RAN'sAs, 6,009 6 texas, 7,313 5 OHIO, 7,437 4 NICW YORK, 7,486 3 prºnn. 7,845 T2 Iowa, 7,884 1 ILLINOIS, 9, 274 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 247 NEWSPAPERS. A glance at the comparative table, on the following page, will tell the reader that a greater number of newspapers are published in Dakota than in any one of twenty-four states of the Union, the list including Minne- Sota, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Virginia, New Jersey, and North Carolina. The number of newspapers, printed in the Territory, is double that pub- lished in either Alabama, Mississippi, Maryland, Arkansas, Maine, Connecticut, West Virginia, New Hampshire, Florida, Colorado, or Louisi- ana; three times as many as in either South Carolina or Oregon; five times the number given to Vermont or Rhode Island, and ten times that of Delaware or Nevada. Of the 352 newspapers published in Dakota, at the time of this writing, twenty-five are dailies, 314 weeklies, and the remainder — thirteen, are published quarterly, monthly and semi-monthly. Three hundred and forty-five are printed in English, three in Scandinavian, one in Dutch, and three in German. Three hundred and thirty-five are news- papers of general information, five agricultural, three religious, one med- ical, and eight educational. There is tot a word of unmerited praise in the following extract from an editorial on the press of Dakota, published in an influential journal of a leading city of a neighboring state: - “Of all the marvels of the great Territory of the Northwest, there is hardly one more remarkable than the press of Dakota. The newspaper press of Dakota is perhaps the most signal index to the intelligence, energy, and progressiveness of the people of the Territory. It is useless to go into the statistics of the subject. If the informed world had not ceased to be surprised at any demonstration of progress in Dakota, com- parisons could be made in both the number of papers, the extent of their issues and the percentage of distribution with reference to population, which would be surprising in the last degree. But such figures and com- parisons suggestive as they are and showing that the newspaper press of Dakota is superior to that of more than one-third of the states of the Union, would fall far below the real truth. Only one, who, day by day, month by month, and year by year, reads and studies the many-paged book of the Territorial press, and sees in all their stages the processes of its growth, is really prepared to appreciate this marvel of marvels.” The railroads and newspapers have been the greatest aids in the rapid development of Dakota's resources. 248 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. DAKOTA'S NEWSPAPERS, 1887, COMPARED WITH STATES AND OTHER TI, RRITOR! FS. Jºamé. States. - NewsAazers. 48 indiAN Trºit., 6 47 wyoming ter., 19 46 idAho, 26 45 UTAH, 26 44 NEVA DA, 28 43 dei,Award, 32 42 A RIZONA, 34 41 NEW MEXICO, 37 40 Mont ANA, 41 39 I) ISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, º 51 38 ſtiropr. 1st And, 52 37 washingtoN TER., 62 . 36 v ERMont, 70 35 oregon, 87 34 south Carolin A, 95 33 Fiorida, 102 32 New IIAMºsimº, 112 31 Louisia N.A., 120 30 Mississippi, 129 29 west virginia, 132 28 MAINE, 141 27 A LA 13 AMA, j46 26 color:Apo, 153 25 ARKANSAs, 156 24 North CARolin A, 162 23 connecticut, 165 22 MARYLAND, 171 21 TENNESSICIC, 208 20 virginia, 215 19 ki:Nºrticky, 220 18 georgi A, 231 17 NEw jersity, 266 16 MINNEsotA, 325 15 DAKOTA, 352 14 TEXAS, 375 13 NEBRAskA, 376 12 CALifornia, 414 11 wisconsin, 422 10 INDIANA, 564 9 MASSA CHUSETTS, 581 8 miciiig AN, 592 7 kAN'sAs, 595 6 Missouri, 663 5 iow A,T 731 4 oilio, 903 3 PICNN., 1103 2 millinois, Tº 1184 1 Nºw York, Jº º 1577 RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. 249 FARMERS ALLIANCE, President, H. L. Loucks, Clear Lake; vice presidents, J. W. Hardin, Plankinton; F. B. Fancher, Jamestown; secretary, C. A. Soderberg, Hartford; treasurer, Z. D. Scott, Milbank; lecturer, A. D. Chase, Water- to Wn. . This organization, of the farmers of Dakota, has been in existence for three years, and originated from the desire of the farmers to avail them- selves of the benefits of co-operation in the purchase of farm supplies, and the sale of grain. It has grown steadily from its first organization, and, at present, numbers over 15,000 practical and operative farmers. Dur- ing the present year, (1887,) the growth of this organization has been phenomenal. This is due largely to the formation of two departments or- ganized within the alliance, viz.: The alliance hail association and the purchasing department. The former was incorporated under the laws of the Territory, in February, 1887, with the following representative far- mers as officers: Alonzo Wardall, president; H. W. Smith, vice presi- dent; S. D. Cooley, Secretary; Z. D. Scott, treasurer; home office, Mii- bank, Grant county. During the season just past, over 2,000 members had about 160,000 acres of crops, protected through the organization. This department insures its members against loss from hail or cyclone, at the actual cost. The pur- chasing department has been under the charge of J. B. Wolgemuth, of Plankinton, and has saved to the farmers a vast Sum of money. Its aim is to furnish farm machinery, twine, coal, etc., at wholesale rates, and as they were brought into active competition with local dealers, prices of these articles were greatly reduced, and was available to every farmer, whether a member or not. It is estimated, that in 1886, one-quarter of a million dollars was thus saved to the farmer in the matter of twine alone; while this year, 1887, it will overreach the immense sum of one and one- quarter millions of dollars. Where fully organized, these alliances saved in the shipment of wheat, from three to eight cents per bushel, and on coal, from $1.50 to $2.00 per ton. This department is yet in its infancy, and will exert an immense influence in the interests of the farmer. July 20, this year, it was decided to incorporate this department with a cap- ital of $200,000. Officers were elected, and the machinery of the company put in operation. INDIAN RESERVATIONS. Schedule showing the names of Indian reservations in Dakota, agencies, tribes occupying or belonging to the reservation. Name Of & reservation. Crow Creek ....... ...... Devils Lake.............. Fort Berthold.......... Iake Traverse.......... Old Winnebago........ Area in Square ſ Date of treaty. Jaw, or other authority ſ Agency. Name of tribe occupying reservation. acres. miles. | establishing reserve. "Crow Creek and LOWer Yanktonais, Lower Brule, and Min- | Lower Brule...; nekonjo Sioux............................................. 203 397 318 Order of Department, July 1, 1863, (see annual ; * report, 1863, p. 318); treaty of April 29, 1868, Vol., 15, p. 635, and executive order, Feb. 27, 1885. (See President's proclamation of April iº annulling Executive order of Feb. 27, i - t’, ;Devils Lake....... Cuthead, Sisseton, and Wahpeton Sioux...... 280,400 360 Treaty of Feb. 19, 1867, vol. 15, p. 505; agreement | Sept. 20, 1872; confirmed in Indian appropria- i i tion act approved June 22, 1874, vol. 18, p. 167. t (See p. 141-152, Comp. Rev. Stats.) - |Fort Berthold.....Arickaree, Gros Vontre, and Mandan............ 2,912,000; 4,550 Unratified agreement of Sept. 17, 1851, and July 27, 1866, (see p. 832. Comp. Rev. Stats.); Execu- : tive orders, April 12, 1870, and July 18, 1880. Sisseton tº gº tº º & e º 'º º sº tº e º ºs Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux............... * * * * * * * 918,780 1,485 Treaty of Feb. 19, 1867, vol. 15, p. 505; agreement, | Sept. 20, 1872; confirmed in Indian appropria- j | i tion act approved June 22, 1874, vol. 18, p. 167. Crow Creek and * (See p. 141-152, Comp. Rev. Stats.) Lower Brui. Two Kettle and Yanktonais Sioux................. 416,915 652 |Order of Department, July 1, 1863, (see annual report, 1863, p. 318); treaty of April 29, 1868, f Vol. 15, p. 635, and Executive order, Feb. 27, : 1885. (See President's proclamation of April ; jº. annulling Executive order of Feb. 27, j 85. Santee, (Neb)......'Ponca ...... ...................................................... 96,000 150 Cheyenne River. Blackfeet, Minnekonjo, Sans Arcs, and ſ Treaty of April 29, 1868, vol. 15, p. 685; and Crow Creek and Two-Kettle Sioux .................................... | Executive orders,Jan. 11, March 16, and May Lower Brule...jLower Brule and Lower Yanktonais Sioux | 20, 1875, and Nov. 28, 1876: agreement, rati- Pine Ridge, (Red Nol thern Cheyenne and Ogalalla Sioux... 21,593,128; 33,739 | fied by act of Congress approved Feb. 28, Cloud)............. Minnekonjo, Ogalalla, Upper Brule, and 3 ºr ºf ºxy y i 1877, Vol. 19, p. 254, and Executive orders, Rosebud, (Spot-i Wahzah Zah Sioux.................................... | Aug. 9, 1879, and March 20, 1884. (Tract 32,- ted Tail) ......... |Blackfeet, Unkapapa, Lower and Upper 000 acres, set apart by Executive order of Standing Rock...] ...Yanktonais Sioux.................................... ! Jan: 24, 1882, is situated in Nebraska.) Devils Lake........ |Chitºpe was of the Mississippi........................ 46,080 72 Fº gºers. Dec. 21, 1882, March 29, and Ull) e 3, * r ... Yankton............. Yankton Sioux............................................... 430,405 672%|Treaty of April 19, 1858, vol. 11, p. 744. Total................ '.................................................................. ................................ 26,847,105' 41,948% § RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 2.5 ! INDIAN RESERVATIONS. The boundaries of these reservations, (see table on opposite page,) are outlined on the maps issued by this office, and their location in the Ter- ritory can be easily determined by a reference thereto. The different reservations have an Indian population as follows: Male. | Female. | Total. | Cheyenne River agency........................ 1,337 l,628 2,965 Crow Creek and Lower Brule............... i 1,121 1,153 2,274 Devils Lake.......................................... } 1,088 1,094 2 IS2 Fort Berthold.................... e e º a s e s sº e º is tº & e º a s e a 4. ($10 712 1,322 Pine Ridge agency................................ 2,376 2,497 4,873 Rosebud............................................... 3,725 4,566 8,291 Sisseton................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 70S 7SS 1,496 Standing Rock................. ë & º gº w tº º º tº e º a tº a tº e º & © & 2,190 2,500 4.(590 Yankton .............................................. 7S(; . 990 1,776 Ponca ................................................... w 103 104 207 Total............................................ 14,044 16,032 30,076 These Indians are confined to the reservations, as designated in the ac- companying schedule; are cared for by agents appointed by the Govern- ment, and one seldom sees them unless induced through curiosity to visit an agency—for that especial purpose. Those who have been led, by the sensational articles occasionally appearing in the press, to believe that the residents of Dakota live in continual fear of an Indian outbreak, are assured that our Indian population gives us far less trouble, or annoyance than is caused, in almost every locality of the East, by the mischievous tramps, always to be found there. So far as displaying characteristics of energy and thrift, or inclinations to create trouble, or to do mischief are concerned, the tramp of the East and the Indians of Dakota make an ex- cellent comparison. - There has not been a single outrage or act of depredation committed by Indians—as a tribe-upon the settlers, since the actual settlement and real development of the Territory began. One is safer in traveling, unarmed, over any part of Dakota, even through , 252 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. the very midst of an Indian reservation, than in going about in certain wards of some of the larger cities of the Nation. Dakota leads all the states and territories (excepting, of course, the In- dian Territory,) in the extent of her Indian population, and the area of her Indian reservation—although she is not so proud of this distinction as She is of her prestige in other directions. It will be observed that 26,847,105 acres, or nearly one-fifth of Dakota, an area greater than that of either Tennessee, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, South Carolina, Maine, or West Virginia, more than four times that of Maryland, Vermont, or New Hampshire, over five times larger than Massachusetts, or New Jersey, eight times the size of Connecticut, twenty-one times that of Delaware, or thirty times greater than the area. of Rhode Island, is set apart for the use of 30,076 Indians. If the existing reservations were divided equally among the Indians of Dakota, there would be 892 acres to every man, woman, and child. A The following interesting statements, regarding the Indian population of the Territory, are gathered from the report of the United States com- missioner of Indian affairs—for the year 1886. Twenty-three thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine of the Indians in Dakota, wear citizens’ dress, either wholly or in part; leaving 6,087 as the number who cling to barbaric styles. The number of male Indians who undertake manual labor in civilized pursuits, is 9,261; of families engaged in agriculture, 5,455; and in other civ- ilized pursuits, 1,166. The number of Indians who can read, is reported at 4,960. Four hundred and ninety-five allotments of land have been made to Indians. Four thousand, four hundred and seventy-six Indian families occupy log-cabins or other rude dwellings, most of which were built by Government aid. The number of births during the year, was 978 and the number of deaths 816—being an excess of births over deaths of 162, and showing that the race is gradually increasing in population, in- stead of decreasing as is the popular opinion. Indeed, it is estimated that there are more Indians in the United States to-day, by a very consid- erable number, than were Dere a hundred years ago. The first relia- ble count of the number of Indians in the coultry, was had in 1873—when the population was found to be, about 240,000, while the census of last year shows an Indian population of 247,761. To support these 247,761 Indians, the Government expended in 1886, $6,099,158, or $24,62 per capita. There are 26,590 acres under cultivation by Indians of Dakota, who raised a lºop in 1886, of 89,628 bushels of wheat, and 89,785 bushels of corn. The stock owned consists of 20,196 horses and mules, 18,547 head of cattle and 2,083 swine. - Although the reports given out by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, relative to the condition of the Indians in the Territory, are quite flatter- ing, and might lead the uninitiated to believe that the tribes are rapidly adopting the manners and customs of the White man,—yet, the high color- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA . 253 ing of his pictures of progress, is too apparent to those who are in posi- tion to know the facts. To see the Indian in all his native filth, decked out in paint and feathers, armed with his inseparable gun and other relics of savagery, followed by his squaw who, as the beast of burden, carries on her back not only the “papoose,” but also such articles de voyage, as her lazy lord and master may deem necessary, does not impress one very favorably, with the idea of his early civilization. Visit one of the Indian agencies on a ration day, (on which occasion a number of cattle is killed, for the beef that is to be issued,) and see the squabble between the dogs and the native red man for the possession of the entrails and offal of the slain cattle, and the impression that the Indian is yet allied closely with his barbarian habits, becomes a conviction. The Government may erect houses for him, but he prefers to live in his tepee, or canvas tent; practical whate-farmers are employed to break and till his land—while he follows the life of a nomad. The Indian has but little taste for agricultural pursuits other than the raising of stock. Most of his time is spent in traveling to and from the agency where he draws his rations, clothing, and annuities, on else in the hunt or chase, living the while in the open air, surrounded by a lot of mangy curs, a scrawny “cayuse,” and a number of dirty, naked children. A committee of United States senators recently visited a tribe of West- ern Indians, which had been subjected to special “civilizing” influences for more than twenty years, and found two or three hundred bucks and squaws, with a thousand snapping dogs, engaged in celebrating an old rite, by an Indian dance. They report that the scene, which included poly- gamous wives, babies bound upon slabs, and naked youths of both sexes, was a painful revelation, and that it was especially sad to learn that two of the sprightliest of the dancers, almost covered with little looking-glasses, sleigh-bells, rings, feathers, and ribbons, were graduates of the Carlisle Indian School, who had lapsed into their original state of degradation. The present Indian policy of the Government, is a total failure, so far as it has resulted in any real benefit—either to the red man or his support- ers—the tax payers of the country. And how can it be expected other- wise? So long as our Government will maintain the Indian in idleness, by furnishing him with food and clothing, and a vast play-ground on which to perpetuate his nomadic traits—so long must we look for him to remain, the idle, worthless vagabond he is to-day. White people, black people, or people of any race or color, would do no.better under similar conditions. The history of the civilization of all the progressive races of the world, dates from the time of the establishment of individual homes by fixed and determined bounds, and the maintenance of those homes by the Sweat of the brow. There is room for a better and wiser Indian pol- icy than the Government has yet adopted or employed. - ALLOTMENTS IN SEVERAINTY. This was a step, decidedly in the right direction, taken by the last Con- 254 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. gress, providing the intent and meaning of the law can be enforced among the Indians. Following is a brief synopsis of its provisions: An act approved so late as February 4, 1887, authorizes the President of the United States, whenever in his opinion, any reservation (excepting the reservations belonging to the five civilized tribes in the Indian Terri- tory and the reservations of Senecas, of New York), or any part thereof, is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause the reser- Vation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed, or resurveyed if necessary, and to allot lands in severalty to any Indian located thereon, in quantities as follows: - To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section. To each single per- Son over eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section. To each orphan child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section. To each other single person under eighteen years of age, one-sixteenth of a section. If any one entitled to an allotment shall fail to make a selection within four years after the President shall direct that allotments may be made in a particular reservation, the Secretary of the Interior may cause a selec- tion to be made for such Indian. Patents covering these allotments are issued to the Indians with a pro- viso forbidding the alienation of the lands for a period of twenty-five years—or for a longer period, if the President deems best. After lands have been allotted to all the Indians of any tribe, or sooner, if in the opinion of the President it shall be for their best interests, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to negotiate, in conformity with the treaty under which the reservation is held, for the purchase, by the United States, of any portion of the reservation not allotted. When such a pur- chase of the residue of an Indian reservation has been ratified by Con- gress, the lands are to be held subject to entry by actual settlers only, under the provisions of the homestead law. The sums paid by the United States as purchase money are to be held in trust, by the Government, for the sole use of the tribe to whom such reservation belonged; and, the principal and interest at three per cent. per annum, is at all times subject to appropriation, by Congress, for the education and civilization of the tribe. - Upon the corºpletion of the allotments, each member of the respective tribes of Indians to whom allotments have been made, is to have the benefit of, and be subject to, the laws, both civil and criminal, of the state or territory in which he may reside. And every Indian to whom allot- ments have been made is declared to be a citizen of the United States, and entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such. This law is now being put to a practical test, where the circumstances and conditions of the Indian tribes will permit of its enforcement, and the results will be watched with deep interest by the people of this Territory —who have almost as great an interest at Stake as the Indians themselves. It is hoped the law will accomplish several desirable purposes. By break- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 255 ing up the tribal relations of the Indians, it will put an end to the anomal- ous condition of affairs which has compelled the Government to enter into a treaty with its own subjects, as with a foreign nation. No matter how wise, humane, and beneficial the plan for the ameliora- tion of the condition of the Indian, heretofore devised by the Govern- ment, before it could be carried out, it must first receive the ratification of two-thirds or three-fourths (according to treaty stipulation,) of the male adults of a people who are rigidly averse to the adoption of the cus- toms of civilization. It is, then, not to be wondered at that the efforts of the Government to lead the Indians into a condition of independence and self support, have ended in miserable failures. The position assumed by the United States, in treating with the poor, degraded, ignorant, red man, is as ridiculous as would be that of a guardian of a minor, if required, to first gain the con- sent of the child before taking steps looking toward future self-support and independence. There are now, upon the reservations of the United States, 247,761 In- dians, occupying 135,978,345 acres of land, or 550 acres to each man, woman and child, or 1,270 acres to every male over the age of sixteen, of the Indian population of the country. But 372,276 acres, (or about an acre in a thousand), are tilled, leaving the enormous number of 135,606,069 acres of idle and unproductive land, an area equal to that of the states of Rhode Island, Delaware, Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maryland, West Virginia, Maine, South Carolina, and Indiana combined. In times past, when these reservations were covered with game, there may have been reason in setting apart such vast tracts of the public do- main as hunting grounds for the Indian. But the game has long since disappeared; the red man relies now entirely upon the Government for his food and clothing, and this vast surplus of land is not of the least ben- efit to him, only So far as its sale, to the best advantage, will create a fund from which to relieve the people of the Nation of the expense of his sup- port. After giving every Indian his allotment, as provided by the law quoted, there will remain considerably over a hundred millions of acres of surplus land, which will furnish homes for five or more millions of people. To longer deprive the home-seekers of the right of entry on this vast area of waste and idle land—most of it, the finest agricultural land in all the world is a wrong greater than the system of landlordism of Europe, against which Americans are accustomed to utter the loudest ex- ecrations. And, to make the comparison more odious, the English land- owner will rent his possessions, thus making them productive, while the II, dian neither tills the land himself nor will he permit others to do so. By the enforcement of the land in severalty act, it is hoped to cure this wrong, and not only open to Settlement the vacant reservations, after having provided each Indian with a farm of reasonable size, but also, give 256 RESOURCES OF DAIKOTA. him (the Indian) the benefit of the civilizing influences of a contact with the commerce and industries of every kind which will be introduced by the white settlers. From the sale of the surplus lands, a fund will be created for the sup- port of the Indians, until they are self-supporting, without expense to the Government. And, lastly, the Indians are made amenable to the laws of the country like every other inhabitant, which is in consonance with the views held by General Crook, General Sheridan and others who, from long associations, are familiar with every shade of Indian charactor. By request of the Indians the President has authorized allotments to be made, under the provisions of the severalty law, of the Devils Lake, and Lake Traverse or Sisseton reservations in Dakota, and the work prelimi- nary to carrying out the President’s directions has already begun. The Yankton, and the old Ponca reservations have been placed upon the list of Indian reservations to which the severalty act will soon be ap- plied. In this way there will be opened to settlement, possibly within another year, about 1,220,000 acres of as fine agricultural land as contained within the boundaries of the Territory. We have these Indians as our neighbors, (where probably they must always remain,) and the Territory is deeply interested in any feasible plan by means of which they, and the immense estates occupied by them, can be brought to contribute some little toward the building up of Da- kota, instead of the parasitic support now demanded. It is believed that the immediate breaking up of all tribal relationship; compelling the selection of land in severalty; endowing with citizenship; the gradual withdrawal of Government support, and the establishment of schools and industrial institutions on or near the reservations, will the Soonest ac- complish the enfranchisement of the Indian. THE GRIEAT SIOUX INDIAN RESERVATION. This reservation stretches from the Missouri river on the east, to the Black Hills on the west, from the northern Nebraska boundary line on the south, almost to the town of Bismarck, in northern Dakota. Including the old Winnebago, which has been decided to be a part, it is the largest reservation in the United States, other than the Indian Territory. It contains 22,010,043 acres, on which reside 23,093 Indians of both sexes and all ages, which would give 953 acres of land to every indi- vidual of the entire population. Within this reservation, through which flow numerous streams, well- timbered, are some of the finest agricultural and stock lands in the Terri- tory, a portion of which will, almost assuredly, be opened to settlement at the approaching session of Congress, by the passage of what has become to be popularly known as the “Dawes Sioux bill.” This bill was intro- duced in the Forty-eighth Congress, was passed by the Senate and re- ceived the favorable report of the House committee on Indian affairs. The same measure was presented to the Forty-ninth Congress, again - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 257 passed the Senate, and would have become a law, undoubtedly, had the matter been presented to the House by the chairman of the committee having the bill in charge. - There is every reason to expect that, before the expiration of another season, at least one-half of this vast domain, larger than the state of Indiana, South Carolina, Maine, or West Virginia; more than three times the size of Maryland, Vermont, or New Hampshire; over four times that of Massachusetts or New Jersey; seven times that of Connecticut, and nearly twenty times the area of Delaware, almost every acre of which is now an unproductive waste, will be thrown open to settlement. This will not only add about 11,000,000 acres to the Government lands of the Territory—increasing to a corresponding extent our wealth and population—but will permit of the extension westward from the Missouri river, into the Black Hills country, of the several railroads which have long awaited this result, and thereby give the settlers east of the river access to the coal-fields, the lumber-mills, the salt, petroleum, and other interests lying west of the reservation. Within a distance of 200 miles west of the Missouri river, these products —now the most expensive items to the people of the Territory—are to be had in abundance, from all of which—and traffic and business inter- course with the 60,000 residents of the Black Hills—the inhabitants of Da- kota east of the river, are entirely cut off, so long as the reservation re- mains closed to development, The difficulty met with in endeavoring to apply the provisions of the severalty act, heretofore alluded to, in the reduction of the immense pro- portions of the Great Sioux Indian reservation, is the fact that the law proceeds upon the fundamental assumption that the full consent of each particular tribe or band of Indians, must be obtained, or the allotments to all cannot be made—or the surplus land opened to settlement—at least not for a term of years. To deal thus with 23,000 Indians, and they show- ing as little progress in civilization as any Indians of the Nation, practically makes the law a nullity, so far as this particular reservation is concerned. It is admitted, by all, that the great and vital interests of the Northwest demand the immediate opening to settlement and railway communication of this barrier to the full development of the Territory, and that this re- sult can only be speedily accomplished by the passage of such a measure as the one referred to—the bill of Senator Dawes, (or one of similar im- port,) which contains all of the valuable provisions and safeguards of the severalty act, has received the approval of the Honorable Secretary of the Interior, the Honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the Indian s Rights’ association, (a society of philanthropic men, who are pledged to protect the interests of the Indians,) the various missionary associations, having representatives among the Indians, has twice passed the Senate, and is acceptable to the people of the Territory. Under the treaty of April 29, 1868, setting apart this reservation for the (9) 258 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. different tribes of Sioux Indians, the Government agreed to furnish them, for a period of years, clothing for men, women and children, and to em- ploy blacksmiths, physicians, school teachers, carpenters, farmers, etc. The Honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs makes the following esti- mate of the annual cost to the United States, of carrying out that treaty stipulation: g Purchase of clothing for men, women, and children.................. $130,000 Blacksmith, and for iron and steel............................................. e 2,000 For such articles as may be considered necessary by the Secre- tary of the Interior.............................................................. 200,000 Physicians, teachers, carpenters, millers, farmers, etc............... 10,400 Purchase of rations and Subsistence ......................................... 1,100,000 Total annual expenditure......................................................... $1,442,400 This is exclusive of the cost of keeping up the Several agencies, em- ployment of agents, interpreters, and other expenses attending the ful- fillment of this agreement between the Indians and the Government. The passage of the Dawes Sioux bill, will relieve the tax-payers of the Nation from the heavy burden by the creation of a fund from the sale of the surplus lands, out of which the Indians are to be supported until they arrive at a condition of independence. TU RTLE MOUNTAIN INIDIAN RESERVATION. In January, 1886, the honorable Commissioner of the General Land Oſijee, Washington, suspended the contracts which had been let by the surveyor general of the Territory, for the survey of some fifty-four town- ships, lying north and west of Devils Lake, and known as the Turtle Mountain region. The Commissioner based his action on the ground that the Turtle Mountain band of Chippewa Indians, numbering about 250, laid claim to the lands in this section, covering, in all, Some 10,000,000 3,CI”(28. April 14th of the present year, the Secretary of the Interior revoked this order of suspension, and directed that the contracts for Surveys should be carried out, and the filing of the plats of Surveys in the proper local land offices, in order that the lands might be at the disposal of set- tlers. The question of Indian title, thus hap pily determined by the Honorable Secretary of the Interior, in favor of the homesteader, has opened to settlement a tract of land in Cavalier, Towner, Rolette, Bottineau, Renville, Wells, and other counties of the Devils Lake, Turtle Mountains, and Mouse river countries, larger than the state of Delaware. The rapid extension, during the past two years, of the main line and branches of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway system, through the rich agricultural and stock lands of this region, had brought about a heavy immigration of home-seekers, who had settled upon a part of these lands without any knowledge of the claims of the Chippewas. While the order of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, sus- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 259 pending the Surveys, as first referred to, caused the many thousand set- tlers in the northern portion of the Territory considerable temporary annoyance, all is now fortunately ended. The contracts for surveys are being rapidly carried to completion, many of the “plats” have already been filed in the land offices at Devils Lake and Bismarck, and some of the most valuable lands are thus open to homestead, pre-emption, etc. FORT B ERTI IOILI) INI) IAN RESERVATION. Ey the terms of an agreement with the Indians residing upon the Fort Berthold reservation, made by the Government commissioners, under the provisions of the act of May 15, 1886, the Indians in question, cede to the United States over 1,600,000 acres of excellent farming land, for the sum of $800,000, payable in ten yearly installments of $80,000 each—which sum is to be expended in their civilization and education. The agreement was completed at too late a date to receive the approval of the Forty-ninth Congress; but the treaty will undoubtedly be ratified before the expira- tion of the present year, and the purchased lands will then become sub- ject to entry. The lands ceded include all that portion of the reservation lying north of the Forty-eighth parallel of north latitude, and all that por- tion lying south of the Forty-eighth parallel, and west of a line drawn from north to south, six miles west from the most westerly point in the big bend of the Missouri river. The tract contains some fine farming lands and excellent stock ranges, lying on both sides of the Missouri and its tributary streams. This reservation is traversed by the main line of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway, and settlement of the lands will be rapid, as soon as the agreement with the Indians has re- ceived the ratification of Congress. “Never was the confidence of the money meri in the East more solid. Millions upon millions will be sent to the Northwest this season for in- vestment. Dakota with the railroad development now going on within her borders, will, I think, secure the lion’s share of the attention of East- ern capitalists.”—Theodore Roosevelt, of New York. vloxi voi Jo SGIO InoSTI ()93 A^N eq} Jo Suloſin)}|sup Kielauout louyo put ‘soluuu săuţAus out! 3uſu.To -A03 SABI all, Topun ºuſt, pools.Iapun si iſ usua Kūapoodso aiour—Blox{BOI Jo 5uptiºns [b]oubug ou, Io; sounſoA sigods “nuoo iod ouo Jo JIbu Ubu'l *IOUT JO Uluguield tº 18 ‘ool ‘qūUI, put: ‘lsalonuſ quoo iod Jºbu e put; Illoy quºt äupteoq spuoq Jo 001'60H; ſo tea A huosoid out) Jo ‘Āb JN up ‘olºs Ápû9.I et L '4tteo Jod oAg tº so.Ionuţ Teod 00g'00Is put hue.) Iod XIs qu 1soroluſ Igod 003'89; $ ‘poulºu 1st I asoul ol Ionid K.Tolſ.I.Iol, out Aq poussy spuoq ol H JO ‘S.OI out 000'gaš put ‘S.03-0T 9 tº 000'91$ : “Juo,) Iod oxy 18 solonuſ 1890 000' [013 : S.g.I ete 008'88IS ‘S,06-0T < 000'6&S ‘S,03-0I 2.18 008°Flº is, 0.3 out 0.09%.8% is, Og-g oſt; 009'36% . Attoo Ted JIBU-auto put; Inoj Jº soleluj Ibog 001'(OF; ‘spuoqJo oussy one ori, JO - ‘000'000“Z$ 1st aſ it? ău Inuosoidal “paybuop spur Jo on ſea out) put: ‘Shuouloxoiduſ queuerniod put, ‘SãuſpUnq ‘spullo.15 Jo suso.) out, 5uppnpoup ‘SuomulusUI opſ (nd uſ quottl -4SøAUIſ IIb Stºll Alonſ.I.I.O.L out] 009'S 10" IS. Jo SSoupol (topuſ popuoq SI(L) IOI UOI) ºn IBA possesse 1SSI ot|} JO ºuao led I ubul ssaſsiellop uoruru Jitſu e put ‘988I uſ potLino, sº “Bostºſ JO UOI]bm|BA passassp oup, Jo 'luoo Jad I (Ibuſa ssoſ ()00'006; ÁIIbou SI Uſoſ (IA —OOS'S10'13. A tºpo, Ssoutpold optly popuoq [t]o) out 5uſ XIbuI—OOL'OIgº; Jo quinoltiº on) on spuoq Jo (‘stionulphsuſ onquil snoſ Iba Iof “olo ‘Shuoulo. Old -tuſ hueubtitled ‘sºutp[Inq Jo uomon.Ilsuoo oth Joj spung oppvoid O. oints| -Spä9T Itºi.IO)I.I.I.e. Loul Jo UOIsses stºl out) tº possed shot: Jo K11TOUAnt: Iapun) aoutºnssy au) Aq pastºo.Iou I (lood Sull SSoupon deputy spuſ) optºp 1bul) eouTS - ‘001'899$ SbA ‘988L ‘0%; looſua.AON ‘A.I.Olſ.IIa I, out) Jo SSoupaklepuſ popuoq [tº]0) ou L '89"z86%;82; Jo entitleq ūseo [b]o) tº “outſ] syſt., 18 ‘A.Illstºo.I] ou! ULI politburo. 3.1aq (1ètſ, put ‘I,’II8‘II; Jo IBoA eu, Io; ‘SluatuosinqSp to Ao Seo Inos Ibnáðſ (u0.1; sqd ſooo..I. Jo Ssooxa (18 3UIſoq—gg'If..."928; 9.19A pung [B.Ioua:3 eul UIOIJ syllautes.Inqspp. aul pub ‘gG’zgg'868; 0% polunou.It’ (‘Søſ] -unoo que.Logºp out] pygd put ‘[o] payoat[oo ‘Nº, såugu.[89 SSOI8 peoiſſºt Jo *AISn(OX9) ‘988I ‘09, IequtoAON 5uſpua IbèA ouſ) ăuţiup uopºtke, UUIOIJ SydToo -01 otil 18th pati.Ito SI || “..IOdo, 1st'ſ sºle.Instºo.I] It'ſ Ion I.I.I.O.I., ou, UIOIJI "NOIJ, HOINOO TWIONVNIJH S.W.LOXIVOI RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 261 England states, the usual purchasers of state and National securities, their reserve funds cannot be invested in the bonds of a territory. The Federal census of 1880 placed the bonded indebtedness of all the states and territories of the Union at $1,117,585,546, of which nearly $1,000,000,000 at that time called for a rate of interest greater than four and a half per cent. and ranging as high as ten per cent. The placing of Da- kota's securities at a rate of interest below that ever before obtained by this, or any other, Territory, and less than is paid by a large number of the states, is, indeed, a flattering comment on Our financial management and credit, and a matter concerning which every Dakotaian has a right to feel proud. This faith of Eastern capitalists in the security offered to those who in- west in the bonds of the Territory comes only after a thorough investiga- tion of Dakota's present resources and future possibilities. It means that careful, discerning investors have looked us over and discovered the fol- lowing facts: A sound and honest financial management exercised by our administrative officials; a limitation by Congress of the total indebt- edness which the Territory may create to One per cent. Of the assessed valuation of all taxable property—and a further limitation of the total in- debtedness which any municipality may incur to four per cent. Of its as- sessed valuation—furnishing the people of the Territory, and the Terri- tory’s creditors a permanent security against possible mal-administration or extravagance; and lastly—the rapid development of our unlimited re- sources, a constant and marked advance in the value of realty and other property, a steady flow of immigration and a corresponding increase of acreage in farms, the addition each year of nearly a thousand miles of new road to our already extensive railway systems, the building up of towns and cities and the extension of mercantile, manufacturing, and mining interests—all of which have convinced the wisest and most cautious judges of financial stability that the world offers no better security than that scheduled by Dakota to her creditors. It is impossible to present a stronger argument in favor of the certain progress and development of the Territory in the future as in the past, and the profit awaiting those who today invest in Dakota's cheap farm lands, than this very confidence of wise and conservative capitalists and investors as displayed by the willing purchase of Our Securities—and the heavy investment of capital in railway extensions and other enterprises. A prominent banker of the Territory, in a paper read before the Dakota Bankers' association, at the annual convention, held at Watertown, in May of this year, speaking of the soundness and safety of investments in realty and Western securities, said: “It may be stated as beyond controversy, that during the past fifty years, in no state or territory, which, at any given time was classed as of the newer West, have farm lands in such state or territory failed during a period of say five or ten years to advance materially in market value. 262 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. For example, unimproved lands, which in certain sections of western Iowa, could in the year 1880, be purchased at a price of from eight to ten dollars per acre, or even less, now find ready market at from ten to fif- teen dollars per acre. So also, in southeastern and extreme eastern Da- kota, lands of like description, which in 1882 were gladly sold at four to six dollars per acre, now readily command from eight to twelve dollars per acre, and it mray be added that in Sections of Nebraska and Kansas a much higher percentage of advance has occurred during the past five years than in the sections first cited. - “The causes which produce this advance in the price of land need hardly be indicated. Among the principal ones may be given: “First. The improvement in the way of cultivation, buildings, tree planting, etc., made by the farmer upon the land, the title to which he has by settlement and purchase acquired from the Government. “Second. Constant immigration, which gradually absorbs the unimproved lands in any given section, and thus advances the price of lands in that immediate neighborhood. “Third. The establishment of villages, the building of school houses, the increasing of mail facilities and other improvements of a similar char- acter. “I’owrth. And perhaps the strongest element, is the rapid, and seeming- ly ever increasing railway building whereby more convenient market fa- cilities, and thereby lower freight rates are furnished, by reason of which the net price obtained by the farmer for his agricultural products is made materially larger. This increased net profit from farming, inevitably en- hances the value as a market commodity of all farm lands in that immed- iate section.’’ * Understanding then, the causes which strengthen the values of realty and lead to the eager investment of capital in Western lands and Western enterprises, a study of the progress and development now going on in Dakota will reveal at once the secret of the confidence of investors in the stability and the future of our Territory. The earliest accessible record of the financial affairs of the Territory is the following “Treasurer's report 1865-6,” copied verbatim: “OFFICE or THE TERRITORIAL TREASURER, YANKTON, DAKOTA TERRITORY, DEG. 5, 1866. To the Council and House of Representatives of Dakota Territory: “I have the honor to report the condition of the treasury, in obedience to the duty imposed upon me by the statutes of the Territory. “I have received from the treasurer of Union county $60, which is now in the treasury. There is still in the hands of the sheriff of Union coun- ty; not paid over to me, $96.42. By the laws of the Territory the sheriffs of the several counties are not required to make their returns of collec- tions until the 1st of December, and there has not been sufficent time { RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 263 since for this amount to be transmitted to me. The treasurer of Clay county reports that there are $40 in his hands due the Territorial treasury, not yet paid over. - “The treasurer of Yankton county makes no report of any money in the treasury. I am unable to lay before you the condition of the amounts due the Territory from that county. “In the counties of Bon Homme, Charles Mix, and Todd, no taxes have been levied, and no collections made. * RECAPITULATION. In my possession................................................................... $60.00 Remaining, unpaid, in the hands of the sheriff of Union - county… * * * tº e º º is tº .................5 96.42 Due from the treasury of Clay county............................ . . . . . . . . 40.00 Total due and unpaid............................................ .......S136.42 Respectfully submitted, ‘I. T. Gore, Treasurer.’” The following table shows the receipts and disbursements by the Terri- torial treasurer from 1867 to to 1879, inclusive: - - - - nisi,..... Excess of re-Excess of dis- Year. Receipts. Pºlº ceipts over bursements * disbursements. over receipts. 1867.................... s 326 49 s 357 75........... • * * * * * * * * * * * § 31 26 1868.................... 529 46 552 40........................ : 22 9.4 1869.................... 548 25. 574 50........................ | 26 25 1870.................... 1,077 56 926 75 § 90 Sl • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1871.................... 1,334 77, 1,287 24 #7 º '........................ 1872.................... 1,895 07; 1,613 21 281 86 ......... .............. 1873,........…....... § 0 ºr 5............... 182 (39 1874… ºf jū 5%; º; "3iº’”........… 1875.................... 3,412 69: 2,826 08: 586 61 ........................ 1876.................... 7,930 (57; 8,494 33}........................ 563 66 1877.................... 19:26 88 ºr ºf 3,783 tº "..................... 1878.................... 21,007 65 23,280 24!........................ 2,272 50 1879 (to Nov. 30). 41,212 11 42,238 26........................ 1,026 15 For each year since 1879, the assessed valuation of all taxable property in Dakota has been as shown in the accompanying table: (See next page.) 264 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. ** *... OF DAkOTA, ID V AI,UATION E From all d in ( SlºSSI A : {}. :luding the year 188 * KO O O | N- (O CN (O • � 7，3 **** O H- 960“Lºgºſ) I Kinių.lua L atļ1 go uoſmunți: A passassy C) ► OO ！== Oco Pae） <+LO_ Oi O COLO«; tºCO <†�•=*��cſ) --73 QoĢ~~ ~~~~ ºf CO•� œušH- «5CNQ OOįOOOſo | sio I ti woJĘ �ÈO §5396'6ī£'[&eºž5 �Fæ•—•—•—•） OO●CO«•#--◄ COGCO3* „ºgsnor. I UŁAKOJ,«3 CNſº Ř9$fºº I,10^{3I5 Ouð«»•��● }3Ț§.sąorĪ TI AAOJ,983. "IĘI*Iaz H- ~��€9CyŞOI*980’GISTOOT S 9 AT CNȘTº|-† !f'998'0'ſisſooņS 0AȚII Ço****●º ſºº** cS€ºOs) or I (TAKOJ,çgſ ºgſųºg I | x{oo} S OAȚII ！~H-* *•o Ģ§țg?,?,!! I ºg I>ļOOļS 0 AğT ~）;ſºG99*g'ſ 'SsnorĮ TI ^^ o ）,{{:{ſ^{)(\gº?:[!$8'998"&& 5sąo“T u.wo I,C ' ! !?..’Gx{noņ§ 3A ("IQŞț^{№.9) ºg Igg޺çGQ*?:?）KļJodo.IOEI \; t * ſ ºvº• • • • №regº º& {|-!?..’G |-lº i '1% ºf shoq tixoſ§§§）,såon S o A [^T�KhatodołąKºļ.10d O.T.OEI[13 (Uos:10ą. z I o ‘n erºt| {{!!!!';Ņnt （1$< ^ A į "I-QË O’9 ſi “ĶIį nºu OS.Ioaſ� ſiºſsſ！!!Y№onŞ æA ĮTſ(\gºſ (), ºg† 19 ºſô’I Įș�•• • • •Țt:Utos 19&I Khunilou, ſ ſv:tiºsiº,ąŽºgºſ(){ º:{{ję \{3， \;• ¡ ¿ ***Kļ.10^{o.I| Ķn ſå}ſvýslaȚ K1.13d ， ſ.I.T:Xq.Tarło.I.T¡¡¡¡№toȚ siglºsſ H--→Țutios.rº,Tſeuos.tº,T• Laev » №.1 • 7c oņtºņsſi l'e0\T&gſ_ºyſgºgȚ spUſerI£&Oºg&&‘Çg 3sputºrſ&Oſ-ºßſgººg COõõsnu brī†g6+? ¡G“， CO|- ±CNsputer IgțŞ’Ig!ººg CO , goçoȘI L’OŤ6'$9 COspumºr.I� OO&20°06&ºŞ8 ●•Ğsput?" I\? SIDUI tº OOputº I uſ) CO CO (O CO► COCO *：）*CO -- " .. * . . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 265 The assessed valuation of the Territory as returned in 1887–$157,084,365 —represents much less than one-half the real value of the property taxed, so it may be said that the taxable wealth of Dakota exceeds by a consid- erable amount the sum of $320,000,000. - - The rapid development of Dakota's resources, in twenty years, from the standing of an unknown quantity to the splendid record of today is surprising even to us who, from a long residence in the Territory, have become somewhat accustomed to the marvelous. For the last seven years the yearly increase in the assessed valuation of taxable property ... has averaged $20,000,000, or an annual growth in Dakota's wealth, if rep- resented in real values, of about $40,000,000. During the past three years the annual increase has averaged $24,000,000—or an aggregation annually of forty-eight milliolis to the Territory's side of the ledger. It may be safely predicted that the next three years, 1890, will see the total footings of Dakota's assessment roll increased by at least $100,000,000. In 1866 the Treasurer reports the collection of $60.00–Territorial taxes and, (according to the next entry in the record,) immediately proceeds to deplete the overflowing coffers of the Commonwealth by cashing a warrant for his annual salary, amounting to the princely sum of $50.00. Ten years afterward, in 1876, his collections amounted to $7,930.27, and his disbursements to $8,007.36. With the lapse of another decade, in 1886 we find the Treasurer's receipts amount to $398,552; his expenditures to $326,741, a surplus in the treasury of $232,982, and an assessed valuation in 1887 of $157,084,365, representing a real value of at least twice this amount. In 1871 Dakota had not a single mile of railroad; today she has over 4,000, or more than twenty-six of the states, and with a certainty of the addition of at least a thousand miles of new track each succeeding year. At this date over 700 miles of new track have been added to the railway mileage of the Territory since January 1st, 1887. In 1875 the value of school property in the Territory was but $24,926, which had increased last year to $3,000,000. Dakota's live stock was valued in 1870 at $779,952; today this invest- ment foots up the enormous sum of $43,195,229. - In 1880 we raised 2,830,289 bushels of wheat, and only four years after- ward (1884,) the crop had increased to 38,166,413 bushels—an advance of more than 1,300 per cent. t To give a better idea of the progress of farm-making and land develop- ment in Dakota, the accompanying tables are presented, showing the value of farms, acreage in farms, and value of farm implements, and ma- chinery, according to the National census reports for the years 1860, 1870, 1880, and the Territorial census of 1885. - - VALUE () F FARMS. Dollars. } 1860 96,445 .# 1870 ºn 2,085,265 : ...A. . . . . . . 22,401,084 tº º 156,767 91S 266 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. It will be observed that in five years, from 1880 to 1885, the number of farms had increased nearly 500 per cent.; the farm areas over 400 per cent. ; their value 700 per cent., and the average value per acre 200 per cent. ACREAGE IN FARMS. s- - - - A cres 1860 § 26,448 1870 Tº: 302,376 1880 . º_3,800,656 1885 º, º 16,842,412 The points of greatest significance in this table are the rapid reduction of unimproved land, from over nine-tenths of the area in 1860 to nearly one-half in 1885, and the lessening in size of farms and increase of their number. - VALUE OF FARMERS' IMPLE- MENTS AND MACIIINERY. - Dollars. 1860 15,574 1870 ºn 142,612 1880 gº 2,390,091 1885 ºn 13,867,687 The average assessed valuation of land per acre and the average levy for all the Territorial purposes from 1881 to date are given in the table below. . Averaged Year. assessed Average tax levy, (Territorial.) value per acre. 1881 $3.02 | 3 7-10......................... ............. Mills. 1882 | 3.49 3 7-10........................................ { { 1883 3.95 3 1-2, ................. ...................... “ 1884 3.49 3 3-7......................................... ( & 1885 . 3.35 3............................................... { % 1 86 3.87 24–10....…..…. ( & 1887 3.67 2 9-10....................................... § { While there is an increase this year of one-half of a mill in the average levy as compared with that of 1886 the average assessed valuation of lands is less by about 5 per cent., thereby making the increased taxation to the land-owner but 1 mill to the acre, or 16 cents to the farm. . The total county indebtedness, bonded and floating of the Territory, amounts to $3,258,442. Deducting from this the amount of cash on hand and in sinking funds, leaves a net indebtedness of all the counties of $2,964,139, or less than two per cent. of their assessed valuation for 1887, or one-half of the statutory limitation. These county bonds bear a rate of interest averaging 7 per cent. and were issued in nearly every instance to provide funds for the erection of court-houses, bridges and other per- manent and necessary improvements. Estimating the population on June 30, 1887, to have been 550,000, Da- kota's total county indebtedness per capita was then $5.39; Territorial, $1.96; county and Territorial, $7.35. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 267 SUMMARY OF COUNTY IN DEBTEDNESS. ad i rº | gº 3 ºf Counties. 2 # *:::: i E | O 3 -d Aurora.................................... $32,000 Barnes.................. ................. 55,000 Beadle...................................... 50,000 Benson.................................... 7,500 Billings............. ...............................….... Bon Homme.............................. 27,000 Bottingau...... ....................................:::::::: Brookings................................. 2,500 Brown................................ ...................... Brule......................................................... Buffalo.............................. ......l................. Burleigh................................... 67,750 Butte (b).................................. 14,849 Campbell.................................................. Cass.......................................... 155,000 Cavalier.................................... 6,000 Charles Mix............................. 4,900 Clark.......................................l................. Clay................. .....….............. 8,000 Codington...................... ......... 35,000 Custer (0)................................. 58,846 Davison (d)............................... º! 8 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'J', bºi * * * * * * * * * * * is e º ºs e º e s e e s e º a e s º g is tº e º 'º e s e s a 11,500 Dickey...................... .............. 20,500 Douglas....................................l................. Iºddy.......................................] . 2,500 Edmunds (e)............................ 15,000 Emmons...................................l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fall River (*)............................l................. Faulk.......................................l................. Foster......................................l................. Grand Forks............................. 42,150 Grant...... ................................ 107,550 Griggs...................................... 30,000 #ºn (f)........ ... ....... ............l................. Hanson (f)................................. 10,000 Hughes.................................... 59,100 Hutchinson.............................. 3,967 Hyde....................................... 18,600 Jerauld....................................l................. Kidder..................................... 20,000 Kingsbury............................... 13,000 ake......... ............................... 30,000 La Moure.................................................. Lawrence (f)............................. 545,450 Lincoln.….............................l................. Logan............................................... ........ McCook (g)............................... 20,000 i $ 3,335 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,766 60,000 6,987 6,764 905 5,073 9,360 8,862 23,452 •) ( | 2,924 6,550 10,745 49,805 7,086 2,663 i : 1,276 i e º s • * * * * * * * * * * * tº e º 'º - - * * * * * * * * * * a e s - 4 & a tº e g º e º 'º t a s • e e s a e º s e e s a º 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 2,800 1,545 - e º e - - - - e. e. e. e. e s - - | : s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - e. e. e s tº a tº a Compiled from returns of County Clerks and Auditors to the Territorial Statistician. | | * * * * * * * * * * * * * s tº * * * * s m e º 'º a º a s e is tº $ tº tº a s a tº a w a tº º sº e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - tº t e º 'º - © ºn e º º & e º e º t e º 'º a ºn e. e. e. e. • * * * * * * sº a tº a tº e e 1 & 6 e º e a s a e e s e < * * i e º 'º e º s e s e s e e a e a & 9 & 4 tº e º 'º º q = e º e - tº e º - - - - e. e º e º 'º - - e tº e º 'º - s as e º te e º 'º - t a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e s & sº e º 'º a e e º 'º - e º ºs e e º e s tº s tº a tº tº a º e º ºs e º e º & 4 • * - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ſº - - - - - - e º 'º - - - s & © - e º e º tº e s a a - - s a tº - e. e º e º 'º e º 'º e - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s & e - - - e s tº $ tº * * * * tº e º e º 'º tº a e º º tº tº 4 - s & e º 'º e a e e s tº a • * * e tº e - - - e º ſº g º 'º - - - tº t t < * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a e º e ºs e º e e º e º e º 'º s e a e º e s - e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is a tº e - * * * * * * * * is e º e - - - a e s tº tº a • * - 4 e º 'º º 4. 268 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. SUMIMARY OF COUNTY INDEBTEDNESS, (Continued.) *. CC: w P . | $–4 # ## £3 3 O P:E Q c : rö . -Q . | - º p w 3.3 - “Tº 33 .** 3 = Counties, © E 2 3 ºf , ºr ; # # ## 3.5 a = ~ º 5.9 E-4 C & © 33 3.: | c. " 3. 3 gº a ‘f £ ~. ; : : -: ! 3 McIlenry................................. ................. 6,094 ............... | 56 McIntosh............................ .... ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i 3,451 ............... t 122 McLean (h)........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..... 13,622 ...............l............... McPherson.............................. … 8,156 ............... 46() Marshall................................... '… 7,220 ............... S50 Mercer .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,496 ............... ............... Miner....................................... 10,000 5,933 ........ .......' 1,002 Minnehaha.............................. | 19,800 ............ . . . . 8,455 ......... ; : . . . . Moody...................................... } 5,200 ............... ‘............... ....… Morton.................. ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 65,000 5,855 2,062 7,292 Nelson...................................... 30,000 ............... ". . . . . . . .… 550 Oliver................................................. … ſ 2,628 i............... 11 Pembina...................... ............ 40,000 ............... |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennington.............................. h 64,900 48,273 ............... 1,417 Potter............................. ...... * . 10,000 10,136 i............... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramsey.................................... : 20,000 18,618 626 4,549 Ransom ()............................... ‘................. . 5,000 ............... '............... Richland............. tº v is 4 tº tº º' s e e e s e a s ... 30,513 ............... ' 9,551 24,630 Roberts.................................... 12,000 14,621 3,038 41() Rolette (k)................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 19,110 ............... 3,053 Sanborn................................... … 13,114 ........:::::: 1,000 Sargent........ ... © e º 'º e º 'º tº t t e a e s is a tº t e g º º w tº 10,000 8,870 ($48 3,150 Špink..…................................................ 10,939 ................ 6,598 Stark............ ........................... 15,000 i............... '.........… '............... Steele.............. ........................ ................. i 28,799 '............... l 4,520 Stutsman.................................. 66,500 21,297 ............... j 2,940 Sully...................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12,000 ............... … 400 Towner..................................... 17,000 5,053 ............... 368 Traill.................................... ... 1,150 | 13,386 1,369 13,819 Turner.............................. ...... ! 2,000 27,525 '............... i 8,311 Union....................................... t 24,150 (%) 7,000 '............... '............... Walsh ................ e e s e - e º 'º e º 'º e s e e s a s a º a 25,000 2,037 ............... 15,600 Walworth (l)............................................ 9,340 ............... 598 Ward (l)......... ......... ................ ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '........…. Wells.................... 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | “..…;....: 7,425 ............... 375 Yankton..................................." 344,300 7,238 2,154 936 $ 2,378,175 : 880,267 & 101,852 & 192,451 REMAIRRS. - º: jºr. (*) Amount taxes for 1884 and 1885, delinquent, $3,041, leaving indebted- 1) ess, $3,322. IIamlin. § As per statement of July 1, 1886. Hanson. (i) Has about $3,000 delinquent personal tax to add to the redemption of War I’all tS. Union. (3) Estimated amount of county debts. there is money in treasury to pay them. Walworth. (I) Delinquent tax due county and sinking fund, 1884, $1,898.05,-1885, $823.83; uncollected taxes du county and sinking fund, $4,266.05. Day. (a) Includes warrant of Marshall county to the amount of $7,404,65, their share of county indebtedness at the time of division. (b) As per report, dated July 1, 1886. (c) As per report, dated July 1, 1886. (d) As per report, daued January 1, 1886. Does not issue warrants faster than "…r.º.º.w…,xkº ir ºr A ºr arr * . . . . . * * ºnfe - - ** RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 269 From the Federal census of 1880 we find the following states and terri- tories have a per capita state and county indebtedness exceeding that of Dakota: . . - . - . - - - . STATE AND COUNTY INDEBTEDNESS PER CAPITA. Louisiana.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......826.10 Kansas........... '* * * * * * * * * * * * * s = • * * * * * * * * * $ 9.0S Virginia.....…....................... 20.24 Arkansas....................... #. . . . . . . . S.98 Tennessee................................. 19.95 Maryland................................ S.91. Colorado....................…......... 13.91 Alabama................................. 8.53 Missouri.................................... 12.98 South Carolina.......................... 8.24 New Hampshire....................... 12.50 Connecticut.............................. S.13 California................................ 12.27 Maine....................................... 7.90 Massachusetts.......................... 12.06 Montana................................. 18.50 - Arizona........................................... $8.78 If the figures giving the present municipal indebtedness of the Terri- tory were obtainable, it is believed Dakota would show a debt per capita below any state or territory of the Union. In 1880 her municipal debt was but $37,290, or one twenty-seventh of her total indebtedness at that time—a showing equaled in the entire Nation by only the two territories of Idaho and New Mexico—while in sixteen of the states the municipal indebtedness amounted to a larger sum than the state and county debt. combined. A reliable authority places the present mortgage debt of the farmers of the Territory at about $3.21 per acre, which probably represents 33% per cent. Of the real valuation of the property. Comparing this with the farm indebtedness of the Eastern states as given in the report of the sta- tistician of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for March, 1887, we find in the great and wealthy state of New York, “30 per cent, of the farms in the state are mortgaged, ranging from 2 per cent. of their value to 100 per cent.; averaging 663 per cent. of estimated value;” that “probably one- third of the farms in the state would not sell for more than the cost of buildings and other improvements,” and that “one in twenty of the farm proprietors is hopelessly in debt.” - The same authority estimates 25 per cent. of the farmers of Pennsyl- vania to be in debt, while not more than 5 per cent. are hopelessly so; Michigan has one-fourth of her farms mortgaged for amounts varying from one-fourth to one-half their value; in Indiana 10 per cent of the farmers are in debt beyond the amount of their credits; 30 per cent. of the farmers of Missouri are in debt beyond their credits—exclusive of store accounts; 20 per cent, of the farmers of Kansas are in debt beyond the amount of their credits, and 50 per cent. of the farms are mortgaged. {} As per report, dated January 1. 1886. ) As per report, dated July 1, 1886. (g) As per report, dated January l, 1886. (h) As per report, dated January 1, 1886. (i) As per report, dated January 1, 1886. (k) As per report, daved January 1, 1886. (l) NO county indebtedness. 270 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. The mortgage debt of the farmers of Dakota is the natural and inevita- ble result of the development of a new Territory. It has been incurred in “proving up’’ on Government land, in purchasing deeded farms, in building and fencing, in stocking with animals and machinery, and in prairie breaking. When we consider the rapid advance in real estate values in the Territory, and the fact that the farm indebtedness was not created through extravagance, the purchase of top buggies or other lux- uries, but was a necessary indebtedness incurred in the development of, and making permanent improvements on, the land mortgaged—we are convinced that the farmers of Dakota are in a far more hopeful condition, financially, than those of any other locality of the Union. It must be remembered that the great majority of our farmers are young men and others, who came West with limited means, having little else besides health, energy, and a determination to succeed; and who are, (in most instances,) for the first time, owners of a farm and a home of their own. * It has been said by those most learned in political economy that the inducement to improve and stock a farm, on the basis of free land, is sufficient to warrant incurring indebtedness in the security of youth, and will, and muscle; and the gradual reduction of the debt, while the prop- erty is increasing in Value, is a surety of ultimate removal of the burden. ·K -X. * º: * * * To such as commenced judiciously, with a full knowledge of the re- sponsibilities involved, and with will and industry commensurate with the burden assumed, a mortgage may prove a blessing. It represents capital, without which the business of farming cannot be undertaken, or its products and profits be secured. It enables a poor, but capable and industrious young man, to secure a home and a profitable business, pay- ing for it in easy installments. The element of time in liquidating debts of pioneer settlement and improvement is obvious, for a large proportion of American farmers have Settled with little capital and have erected houses and barns, built fences, dug ditches, felled forests or broken prairie by labor of their own hands. * Debts of farmers—report of U. S. Department of Agriculture. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 271 LAND ENTRIES THE SETTLEMENT or THE Públic Dot.AIN, IN DAKOTA, FoR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1887. . There were 13,855 new filings during the year ending June 30, 1887, uri- der the general land laws, as follows: Homesteads, 4,771; pre-emptions, 4,946, and tree claims, 4,138. The area newly filed on during the year was 2,067,281 acres. There were 10,750 final proofs made, of which 6,592 were cash entries, 3,787 final homestead entries, and 371 timber culture proofs. Of the cash entries, there were 4,581 proofs made under the pre-emption law, and 2,011 commuted homesteads. The area acquired by final proof and cash entry, during the year, was 1,586,672 acres, and that purchased by land scrip 2,387 acres. There has been a very large immigration during the year named, to the Deadwood, Devils Lake, and Bismarck districts, where much of the public land remains unsurveyed. The area of unsurveyed lands taken up, but not filed on, is estimated as being equivalent to one-third of the area filed on in these three dis- tricts, or about 200,000 acres, and the number of squatter claimants, not including their families, is about 1,400. The sales of lands to settlers by the Northern Pacific railroad company, and private owners in different sections of the Territory during the same period can only be approximated. However, it is safe to estimate these sales as equivalent to 20 per cent. of the area of the Government lands filed on for the year or about 400,000 acres acquired by private sale. The grand total of lands newly filed on and purchased by immigrants for settlement for the year in question, therefore, closely approximates the number of 2,667,281 acres, or 4,168 square miles, an area four times greater than that of Rhode Island, about three times that of T)elaware or nearly that contained within the boundaries of the state of Connecticut. The following table shows the public land entries at each of the ten United States land offices in the Territory for the year ending June 30, 1887: vLoxvg To sºloinosºi àununuoo - - - 'sluos Iglº, Inoqu do “Joquiutt qtul soup) oëlul) Jo Uion bludod tº Kiuruosold O.I ‘1 [16 StºA ‘18SI ‘06 outlaſ juſ -puo tºok out ºupinp sºulig uond Qua-oid put pºonsourou Jo loºttunu ou.J. - : slid Ito A. euſ] Jo Juul st: utºld out's ot() uo so]biu Ilso osotſ) '000'009. Jo ‘988L ‘0:: ounſ: Uto. Ulophuſudod tº thoxt:(I ONtº ‘Ibo A alſ, io) sayinuo put optºnd out, uo ‘gsSI ‘ounſ Jo Susuoo our outs ‘tion -bindod uſ upbā out $USud (dblum(I (Iount"I uOH JO uOH]t'.Inspurſuipº ou? topun) eoljo spun Āq opulu on buſiso oAI]t'AJosuoo put; Injo.Ibo KIOA V 188% 619.989'ſ 186 1906 Ilº 1818 00F isg'ggl 006. Ig: 891 ... 1931.9ll * * * * * * * * & IS Z() I. Obſ, g(FFs ‘’’ ‘’’ ‘’’. IL6'13. I “889'61. I 13, 191981 OF SO901ſ ()8& 999'f'S (99 909"gl OF9 68g'g£I - . . ** * * 808.6% $63.8%. ILG'G13 ºl. I'rg'ſ +S() [9 L61' 16 I66' LII [19'81.I ^6&#"OSI £g L“H-L glººfſ {{OF308 > i & :- § 3 - gº tº 3 § 3 ; ; ; ; o, ºn E & 7) Cy) co º * G E E 3. – s: rº -ā- - ot g s | # |-l # g N : & I LL; of 118 FOI isgå 29; L 1893, 18. I #03 li: 9/.6, 969 11: F89 . (59%, S19 !II (90% SS .308; 00| S ! + o O 2. E | Q E gº * E # # = % | 3:... g. 2-, 3 Q -t- 20 ! :- UD k-ı - E = q. - JG º * T i ºn {{{{f. Gö » (, ) (? ( * ~ (w ()08 &Q; L (50& f()3 198 f * f * {{6}, 983, +[9. Q:19 jo Çlf- .8/f- Fgf- çãf- 181 * I e- £13, 3.18. 99; ggi- 9.1%; |G: > (s fli- Q()}) 189 199 (39;i` 881 Søl Q:06, iTQ4: QQ:4: £6% (38% Q(JS séſ' 111 #9FG'+" sitào.L |*18, ‘ounſ: |’’’ 18. ‘Āt: IAI i" 18, ‘IIId V i 18, ‘TIOIt?IAI ''' 18, “q9.I 18, ... gºſ i’’ ‘98, ‘‘99CI ‘‘ ‘98, “AON “, ſ) § R ' ' ' '98, ‘ĀInſ' 'suruo W. 2S6'331998q'LiS; 190% I --- : Sūquoul KG 5uſ AO (Is outs ou? sº oldt}} |xouſ eul pú V S. *I LU' 00I '318'39 1SI #6T'L6 OSf Ogi fél , ()f £36'68 O#3 800+6 I Of) 968.9% Q9I 633.9% * Öst ſigggg. ISS'303 '181'g03 g! I'6FZ ( gf8'193 Sã $63,931 861.96% 998.0% 691.f63 {}[S' 19, I 1Ig'19 K3 - > k'., hºr. - - }* H C *—- C 23 —; § #: - O 5, º gº o, ºn E *, a # = g- > || § tº Eºc 3 º. 2: , ºr ºf C. 3 S. : ; E. & .." ‘c E’ ºn i * as q : C- a & a E & 3 | # i i V. : i ! 66% {{{{Q SIG 336 SSf (3+S 6()! |309 {}^{: 1f. I c Tº T} | 6 | E | * : E º 2 E E^-5 gig : *#g Elias’s 3|# 3 3 o c. C. 09: 99%: 186 f{}g It:1 ç9F (591. 88C, I98 19| 1QL E. JG - # #i# * 59:F +4); 8/9 Q:{{!) i/SI Ç/ '99 &7.9 3 ("Gº }* , º, ;-— z isg't 881°F 111 HøFG'+” “sluyol, & º 'º - º XI.O.It?UUISIgE “ONIt?' I SIIAOCI “SXLIOCI putº.[3) ... . . . . . . ... O5.It? I '''“poo Apt:90ſ ' ' " Uroop.Ioq W tº º & w t e º º ºr UIO.Ill H. * * * UAA O].[9]8 AA * * * * * * - [[9UIQ}IIAI “” uOlx(UIt X. ‘Skoſ.I]SI(I RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 173 Population of DAKota, 1887, comparED witH EACH state AND TERRITORY, Census 1880. Kans, states. AoA'zelation. 48 INDIAN TER., .- T - --------- ... k- 47 Wyoming TER., 20,789 46 in Ario, -- 4.5 M () N.T.A.N.A. ---------- - 44 A RizoN A. 43 NEwA DA, - - 42 washi NgtoN TER... 4. Nºw MExico, - 40 ºr Ali, - - - - - - - - - - 39 I, ELAwa Riº, 38 of cºox, - - - - - -- - - -- 37 District of colt MBIA. 36 color:Apo. * ---------- - - - - - - - - - - 35 Ploit D.A. - - - - - 34 Riton E isi,ANI), 33 v ERMoNT, - 32 NEW HAMPsittite, - - - - - - - - - - 31 NEBRAskA, - 30 DAKOTA, 1887, 29 west wing N1A, - 28 cox NEcticut, 27 MA INE, - - - ------------------- - - 20 MINNEsotA, - 25 ARKANSAs, $2.4 oA Lifornia. 23 MARYLANo, $2° 1,0 UTIST ANA, 21 souriſ CARoLINA, 20 KANs.As, 19 Nºw JErsºy, 18 Mississippi, 17 ALABAMA, 16 wisco NSIN, 15 Norriſ CARollis A. 14 virgini A, 13 GºongA, 12 TFNNEssº, 11 TEXAS, 10 IowA, 9 Michig AN, 8 RENTUCKY, - 7 MAss Acriº, “rts, 6 INDIAN \, , 5 Missoulu, 4 ſiliiNois, Tºº. 3 ohio, g prºnn., T. - ---------- I Nºw York, 32,610 39,159 40,440 62,266 75,116 119,565 148,963 146,50s 174,768 4 77', tà:2 346,991 45:2, 40:2 600,000 61s. 45: 622,700 648,936 is0,773 S().2, 5:25 864,694 934,943 939,946 995,577 996,096 1,131,116 1,131,597 1.262,505 1,315,497 1,399,750 1,512,565 1,542,180 1,542,359 1,591,749 1,624,615 1,636,937 1,648,690 1,783,085 1,9 4,282,891 *=== 5,082,871 - - - - - - - - - - - --~~~~~ 274 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - The 1,400 squatters on unsurveyed land represent a resident population of 3,500 persons. - The gain in population from the sale of lands by the Northern Pacific railway company and private owners, may be estimated at 3,750, on the basis of a family of three to every 320 acres of land sold. The number of births during the same period is estimated at 17,500, the number of births for the year previous having been estimated at 15,000. The gain in population by the growth of the many hundred cities, towns and villages of the Territory—both the older ones and those newly established, which includes the increase in the number of laborers, miners, mechanics, business and professional men, is estimated to equal One-half of the settlers on the public domain for the year, or 14,576 souls. Therefore, the growth in population during the year amounts to 68,477, making the population of the Territory, (June 30, 1887,) very close to 568,477. POIPULATION. 1860 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,837 1870 14 181 1880 I35,177 1885 §º 415,610 1887 Eººl 568,477 Exclusive of Alaska, and deducting the area yet to be segregated for railroad and private land-claim grants, there remained in the United States, June 30, 1886, (as compiled from the annual reports of the Com- missioner of the General Land Office,) 573,344,605 acres of surveyed and unsurveyed lands—being the entire area of the public domain, good, bad, and indifferent, at the disposal of the Government. Of this total of 573,- 000,000 acres remaining in the hands of the Government June 30, 1886, probably not more than 100,000,000 acres were agricultural lands. The officials of the Government estimated the purely agricultural lands re- maining in the West, June 30, 1883, at only 5,000,000 acres; but this esti- mate was certainly too low. At the present rate of disposal, (more than 20,000,000 acres per annum,) all the desirable lands owned by the Govern- ment will have disappeared within the next five years. A study of these figures must convince the observing that the time is rapidly approaching when the “public domain '' and “free Government homes '' will be an item of history only. The strangest part of this subject is the fact that so many of our own citi- zens living in the overcrowded cities and heavily burdened sections of the East, where to live means a continual struggle against adverse conditions, and the fear of poverty and want is a constant nightmare, instead of grasping at the rapidly vanishing opportunity of acquiring a home, and with it happiness and independence, are allowing a vast army of foreign- ers to rob them of their patrimony. The foreign immigration arriving at the city of New York alone, for the first six months of 1887 numbered 212,655 souls—exceeding the arrivals RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 275 for the same period of the preceding year by 65,000. Since 1880 this country has received nearly 4,000,000 emigrants, or about seven per cent. of our present total population. - The majority of those now coming to America are Italians, Swedes, and Irish in the order named. Sixty per cent. of the emigrants are ticketed through to Western points, nearly all of whom become honest workers and excellent citizens. The remainder, or forty per cent., do not care to go West and, almost withºut exception, remain in the Eastern cities. In this way the great business centers are receiving constant additions to the already too large a population of agitators and fomenters of discord—the result of which is leading the public to a serious contemplation of the problems arising from a free and unrestricted foreign immigration. It is not at all improbable that Congress will be called upon at the ap- proaching session, to enact a law whereby every intending emigrant shall be compelled to exhibit to our consuls abroad satisfactory proof that he is an honest, law abiding citizen and is in possession of suffiéient means to sup- port himself and family for at least a year. While the class of foreigners who come West are invariably of the better element, ranking in intelli- gence, Sobriety, thrift, and observance of the law, with the best of our citi- zens, and therefore, Dakota has not those vital interests at stake that obtain in the East, yet, as people of one common Government, we cannot do otherwise than uphold the justness of such steps as are necessary to stay this growth of ingratitude against a saving hand. V ACANT LAN IDS. The entire area of Dakota amounts to 95,596,480 acres. Of this 26,847,- 105 acres are contained within Indian reservations; about 7,000,000 acres Were granted by the Government to aid in the construction of the North- ern Pacific railroad; 3,000,000 acres are set aside for support of schools; and, according to careful computations made for this office from the rec- ords and plat-books of the several land districts, there had been disposed of, up to June 30, 1887, 35,937,930 acres under the general land laws— leaving a vacant area open to settlement, at this time (not deducting the small area of unsurveyed lands held by squatters), of 23,811,445 acres. The vacant public lands are distributed between the ten land districts of the Territory as follows: - Aberdeen district........ ..................................................... 802,873 acres Bismarck district.............................................................. 14,281,600 acres Deadwood district............................................................ 5,878,449 acres Devils Lake district.......................................................... 1,482,298 acres Fargo district.................................................................... 281,960 acres Grand Forks district......................................................... 800,000 acres Huron district.................................................................. 157,040 acres Mitchell district................................................................ 9,600 acres Watertown district............................................................ 112,625 acres Yankton district............................................................... 5,000 acres Total….................................................. 23,811,445 acres 276 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. The Bismarck land district contains by far the largest area of agricul- : tural lands remaining vacant in any one land district of the United States. * GOVERNMENT LANDS ENTERED FROM 1875 to 1887. . . -- Acres. 1875, - -- - - - - --" - * 205,918 1876 T 391,645 1877 Tºl - - - - - - - - - -- - - 212,555. 1878 IT ------------------ 1,377,948 1879 T. T. - 1,656,851 1880 2,268,808 1882 ºf T 4,360,131 1883" . 7,317,236 1884 T 11,082,818 1885 tº º - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------ - - -- . . . ~~~~-- - - 4,547,749 1886 I. - 3,075,085 1887. Tº T' 2,069,668 Total, 41.289,625 During the past six years, over thirty-two millions of acres of Dakota lands have been entered under the provisions of the Government land laws— being an area greater than that of twenty-one of the states of the Union— (the list including New York, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Maine,) or equivalent to five New Hampshires, Vermonts, or Marylands, six Massachusetts, seven New Jerseys, ten Connecticuts, or twenty-five Delawares. - - Of the 415,610 inhabitants in Dakota, as shown by the Territorial census of 1885–150,090, or about one-third, were born in foreign countries, of which over 33,000 were Canadians—707 were colored, 19.1 Chinese and 647 Indian citizens. - -- . . . The immigration of this year is made up of the same class of sober, in- dustrious people, as in the past, the characteristics of whom as regards sobriety, thrift, and love of law and order have given the Territory a Na- tional reputation. They, as a general rule, are heads of falmilies and in possession of sufficient means to at once begin farming operations. The New England states, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Wis- consin, Iowa, and Illinois, are all supplying their contingent toward the building up of this, the strongest child of the Union; Canadians are cross- ing the International boundary line in such vast numbers as to have fairly startled that country—and the mather of loss of population, through emi- gration to Dakota, has become a subject of inquiry by the Provincial Gov- ernment. * NOTE.—This statement of the Government linds elitered, is compiled frt m the re- ports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office; is accurate, and, is valuable as showing the relative growth of the Territory, by seasons. But, it must be remembered that the actual area acquired by settlement will n of agree with the total number of acres, entered, as given above. for the reason that some entries are relinquished, contested and le-entered many times, before an absolute title obtains. This will explain the ap- parent discrepancy between the otal num), er of a cres entered, as stated here, and the actual number of acres acquired, as ascertained from the 1.aud Office records. : ' RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. . 277 : - AREA ACQUIREI) BY SETTLEMENT, IN 1) A KøTA, ... " From 1876 to 1881, inclusive, as compared with the total area of some of the ates. Raº. Szazes, 4 rea, A cres 23 District of coſtſyn A T 38,400 :23, RIIC I) E ISLANI), 694,400 31 DELAward, 1,254,400 20 cos N ECTICUT, T 3,100,800 {{# NEW J ERSEY, d - 4,771.200 18 MAss ActiusFTTs, - 5,145,600 17' N E W II A MII*SHIIRE, 5, 763, 200 16 visitAio NT, 5, S46,400 15 M A R Y I, A NI), - -------- - --- 6,310,400 1 4 W ICST VII: G IN.I.A. 15,772, S00 19,133.s00 10,30s, soo 22.9sº.100 25,000.000 25,680,000 26,0S6,000 26,720,000 2s, io9,400 29.06s, SOO 29,657,200 30,476,800 13 MAINE, 12 souTir C.A.Ronix A, 11 INDIANA, 10 ki:NTucky, 9 wing INIA, -- 8 ohio, T. rºs Nºssº, 6 PENNsvi. v. NLA 5 LouisiaNA, K, 4 Mississippi. - - - - - - - 3 NEw York, § ) 2 N. C.A.); () I., UNA, ... º. 31.091, 200 1 DAKOTA, E. a as . . . s. . . . . . . . . . . . . #32,OOO,OOO * Area of the public domain taken u hºly settlers during six years from and including 18S ] . The emigration agents of the great railway corporations traversing the Northwest, estimate that fully 70,000 European emigrants, hailing from Scandinavia, Great Britain, and the German Empire, (including the Mennonites, who are of German extraction,) in the Order named, will have been divided between Minnesota and Dakota during the present S63,80Il. The farming lands of the Territory are passing into the hands of actual settlers at the rate of nearly 4,000,000 acres each year. As has been shown, the Government now has at its disposal but 23,811,445 acres of the 96,- 596,480, comprising the entire area of the Territory, or about twenty-five per cent. He who can read the signs should profit thereby. You are offered to-day a free home on the finest lands in the gift of the Govern- ment—and with it all that the word “home” implies. To-day you are given the advantage of 24,000,000 acres from which to make your selection. - Another year and the opportunity is forever past. 2 7 8 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. MANUFACTORIES. An effort was made, by this office, to obtain a complete list of the manu- factories established in the Territory, which would show the varied in- terests covered, the amount of capital invested, etc., but it has been im- possible to get returns of the blanks sent out. So far as could be ascer- tained, there are in Dakota: twenty-nine brick-yards; sixteen brewer- ies; seven blank-book makers; six bottling-works; four boiler-shops; five broom-factories; twenty-six creameries; thirty-three cigar-factories; six cheese factories; one cornice-works; one cracker factory; three coal mines; 114 flour-mills; thirty-two feed-mills; eight flax and tow-mills; Seven foundries; one grain separator manufactory; 582 grain elevators; three gas works; four marble works; seventeen ore-reducing works; five packing houses; three plow factories; five planing mills; two pop fac- tories; one plaster of Paris works; one paint factory; one stone polishing works; four sash and door factories; one spark-arrester manufactory; one shingle-mill; one soap works; twelve saw-mills; one shirt factory; 104 wagon and carriage factories; five wood-working establishments; one woolen-mill and one vinegar works, representing a total capital invested of over $11,000,000. POST OFFICES. Dakota is credited, in the official reports of the Postmaster General, with a greater number of post-offices than either the state of Maryland, South Carolina, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Florida, or Louisiana; twice the number in either Vermont, New Hampshire, Oregon, Colorado, or Connecticut; eight times more than Nevada, Delaware, or Rhode Island, and more than in the territories of Alaska, Wyoming, Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, and Utah combined. January 1, 1887, there were, in the Territory, seven postoffices of the second class, and thirty-nine offices of the third class—a number equal to, or exceeding, that in twenty-three states; 960 fourth class offices—or a greater number than in any one of fourteen states; and 134 money-order offices, which exceeds the record of twenty-four states. In three cities, viz.: Sioux Falls, Huron, and Fargo, the free delivery system has been established. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 279 NUMBER OF POSTOFFICES IN DA KOTA, compa RED WITH EAch STATE AND TERRITORY. Rank. __Słafes. - - Mzzzzzøez- 49 ALASKA, T —s 48 district of coilusiisi A, 9 47 RIIodº IsIAND, 126 46 pei,Award, 132 45 wVoMING TER., 132 44 NEvADA, 137 43 ArizoNA, 141 42 INDIAN TER., 177 41 IDAHO, --- - ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 204 40 New Mexico, T 208 39 UTAH, -- - - 238 38 MontANA, 257 37 washingtoN TER., 406 36 connecticut, 475 35 color:ADo, 480 34 on Egon, 509 33 New HAMpshire, 516 32 version't, 519 31 LouisianA, T, (5S2 30 FIorio A, TT 69S 29 NEw Jersey, T 7S3 28 MAss Achusetts, 27 south CARoi...INA, 26 MARYLAND, 25 DAKOTA, T 24 MISSISSIPPI, 23 M.A INE, 22 CA LIFOIRNIA, 21 NEBRASIKA, 20 MINNEsotA, 19 ARKANSAs, 1,216 18 west virginix, 1,281 17 wisconsin, 1,4S5 16 GForgia, 1,515 15 ALABAMA, 1,520 14 ioWA, 1,647 13 MichigAN, 1,679 12 RANs.As, --- - 1,760 11 RENTucky, 1, S22 10 TEXAS, 1,875 9 INDIANA, Tº 1,924 S piºn Nºssº, I - - 1,948 7 Missouri, T. 2,085 6 North CAttoilin A, # 2,092 5 II.LINois, - * 2,23s 4 virginia, - *-*------- 2,309 3 O IIIO, . 2,7S3 2 NEW York, 3,21S 1 PEN.N., - 4,050 28() RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. (+() VERNMENT LAN I)S IN I.) A « ()TA. TIII. Al ANNER OF PROCEED ING TO Ol:T.VIN TITLE TO PU BLIC LANDs, UNDER THE l’IR E-J. M. PTION, II () \l EST.E.A I), ANI) ()'I' [IISIR LAWS. (Compiled from a circular issue by the General Lalid Oſſice, Washington.) Of agricultural public lands in Dakota, there are two classes—the one class at $1.25 per acre, which is designated as minimum, and the other at $2.50 per acre, or double minimum. The latter class consists of tracts em- braced within the even numbered sections of land reserved to the United States in the acts of Congress making grants of the odd-numbered see- tions, extending forty miles on either side of the line of the Northern Pacific railroad, to aid in its construction through the Territory—such re- served sections being doubled in prico. Titlo to public lands may be ac- quired by virtue of the pre-emption, homestead. timber-culture, and other land laws. Pre-emption.—The pre-emption privilege is restricted to heads of fami- lies, widows, or single persons, (male or female,) over the age of twenty- one, who are citizens of the United States, or who have declared their in- tentious to become citizens, as required by the naturalization laws; an actual inhabitant of the tract clair...ed; and not the proprietor of 320 acres of land in any state or territory. g A person who has removed from Jamds of his own to reside on public land, in the same state or territory, or who has previously exercised his pre-emption right, is not a qualified pre-emptor. All the vacant Government lands in Dakota are subject to pre-emption, the maximum amount of land that can be taken under this privilege being 160 acres, for which the pre-emptor must pay the United States for the same $1.25 per acre, or, if the tract be within the limits of the Northern Pacific land grant, $2.50 per acre, at the times and places provided by law. Lands included in any reservation, or within the limits of an incorpor- ated town, or selected as the site of a city or town, or actually settled, and occupied for purposes of trade and business, and nºt for agriculture, or on which there are know in salines or minerals, are not subject to pre-emption. The leclaratory statement of the pre-emptor must be filed within three RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. 281 months from date of settlement, failing to file which, within the time pre- Scribed, makes the land liable to the claim of an adverse settler, who does file notice of his intention at the proper time. The land-office ſee for fil- ing a declaratory statement is $2.00. When Settlement is made on unsurveyed lands, no definite proceedings can be had as to the completion of the title until the surveys are extended over the land and officially returned to the district land offices. Within three months after the date of the receipt at the district land office of the approved plat of the township embracing their claims, settlers are re- quired to file their declaratory statements with the register and, within thirty months from the expiration of said three months, to make proof and payment for the tract. Pre-emption filings may be relinquished by the claimants, in writing, filed with the register and receiver of the proper district land office, or the relinquishment may be executed by the claimant on the back of the declaratory statement receipt. A pre-emption filing can be made only by an actual settler on the land, a filing without settlement being illegal, no rights being acquired thereby. The existence of a pre-emption filing on a tract of land does not prevent another filing to be made of the same land, subject to any valid rights acquired by virtue of the former filing and actual settlement, if any. Proof and payment must be made within thirty-three months from date of settlement, and may be made at the expiration of six months of actual settlement and improvement. A failure to make proof and payment as prescribed by law, renders the land subject to appropria- tion by the first legal applicant, and the requirements of actual inhabi- tancy and improvement must be observed strictly. Failure to inhabit and improve the land in good faith, as required by law, renders the claim subject to contest and the entry to investigation and cancellation. Final proof in pre-emption cases must be made to the satisfaction of the register and receiver, whose decision, as in other cases, is subject to examination and review by the General Tand Office. The final affidavit must be made before the register or receiver, or be- fore the clerk of the court of record in the county, where the land is situ- ated. If in an unorganized county, the proof may be made in a similar manner, in an adjacent county of the Territory. The pre-emptor must ac- company his notice to make proof, with the names and residences of at least two witnesses, by whom the necessary facts as to settlement, resi- dence, and cultivation, etc., are to be established, and a deposit of sufficient money to pay the cost of publishing, when the register will publish such notice once each week, for a period of thirty days, in the newspaper pub- lished nearest the land in question. The pre-emptor is required to make oath that he has not previously exercised his pre-emptiom right; that he is not the owner of 320 acres of land; that he has not settled upon and im- 2S2 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. proved the land to sell on speculation, but in good faith to appropriate it to his own exclusive use; that he has not made any contract or agreement, directly or indirectly, in any way or manner, with any person whom- soever, by which the title he may acquire from the United States, shall inure in whole or in part, to the benefit of any person except himself. Any person swearing falsely, forfeits all right to the land and to the purchase money paid, besides being liable to prosecution under the criminal laws of the United States. tº - Homestead.—The homestead right, like a pre-emption, is limited, as the maximum quantity, to 160 acres of the public lands. To obtain a home- stead the party must, in connection with his application, make an affidavit before the register or receiver, that he is over the age of twenty-one, or the head of a family; that he is a citizen of the United States, or has de- clared his intention to become such; and that the entry is made for his exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settlement and cultivation; and must pay the legal fee, and that part of the commission which is payable when the entry is made. Where a wife has been divorced from, or de- serted by her husband, so that she is dependent on her own resources for support, if in fact the head of a family, she can make a homestead en- try as such. Upon faithful observance of the law, in regard to settlement and culti- vation, for the continuous term of five years, and at the expiration of that time, or within two years thereafter, upon proper proof to the satisfaction of the land 0 ſlicers, and payment to the receiver of that part of the com- mission remaining to be paid, the receiver issuing his receipt therefor, the register will issue his certificate, and make proper returns as a basis of a patent or complete title for the homestead. Upon the expiration of the time required by law for occupancy and cultivation, the party desiring to make final proof, must first file with the register of the proper land office, a written notice of his intention to do so. Such notice must describe the land claimed, and the claimant must give the names and residence of the witnesses by whom the necessary facts as to settlement, residence, culti- Vation, etc., are to be ostablished. If the homestead settler does not wish to remain five years on this tract, the law permits him to pay cash for it, ($2.50 per acre if within the North- ern Pacific railroad grant, and $1.25 if outside,) upon making proof of settle- ment and cultivation, for a period of not less than six months from the date of entry to the time of payment. This is termed commuting a home- stead entry. A pre-emption settler may change his filing into a homestead, if he con- tinues, in good faith, to comply with the pre-emption laws until the change is effected, and the time he has resided on the land as a pre-emptor, will be credited upon the period of residence and cultivation required under the homestead laws. - The land-office fees and commissions for a homestead entry payable when application is made, are as follows: RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 283 For minimum land, being the land For double minimum land, being outside of any railroad grant. the land within the Northern t Pacific railroad grant. - ---------------------- .7 t - | For 160 acres, fees................... $14.00 For 100 acres, fees.................. $18.00 For 80 acres, fees................ ... 7.00 For 80 acres, fees.................. {).()i) For 40 acres, fees........ e - a 4 × e º e s e a e 6.00 For 40 acres, fees.................. 7.()() When a person desires to enter a tract of land, under the homestead law upon which he has not established a residence and made improve- ments, he must appear personally at the district land office and present his application, and must make the required affidavit before the register and receiver. He must then establish his actual residence (in a house) upon the land within six months from date of entry, and must reside upon the land continuously for the period prescribed by law. The homestead affidavit can be made before the clerk of the county court only in cases where the family Of the applicant, or some member thereof, is actually residing on the land Which he desires to enter, and on which he has made bona fide improvements, and settlement, and when he is prevented by reason of distance, bodily infirmity, or other good cause, from personal attendance at the district land office. In such cases the applicant must state in a supplemental affidavit the facts of such settlement, improvement, and residence; when acts of set- tlement have been performed, and when made; the nature, extent and value of the improvements; time such residence has been maintained, and the cause, specifically, why the applicant cannot appear at the loca. Office. A false oath taken before a clerk of a court is perjury, the same as if taken before the register or receiver. The period of actual inhabitancy, improvement, and cultivation required under the homestead law is five years. In case of the death of a homestead party, before making final proof, the widow succeeds to the homestead right. In case of the death of both father and mother, the right and fee inure to the minor children; if any. A homestead right cannot be devised away from the Widow or minor children. A homestead settler on unsurveyed public land not yet open to entry, must make entry within three months after the filing of the township plat of survey in the district land office. Homestead claims may be relinquished in the same manner as pre- emption claims. In case of the loss of the duplicate receipt an affidavit of such loss must accompany the written relinquishment. Soldiers' Homesteads.—A Union soldier or sailor of the late war is enti- tled to a deduction from the five years of the length of time, (not exceed- 2S-1 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. ing four years,) of his military service. But the soldier, (or his widow, as the case may be,) must actually reside on the land at least one year be- fore final proof can be made. In the case of the death of the soldier, and the death or re-marriage of the widow, the minor children, of the soldier, by a duly appointed guard- ian, are entitled to the privileges of the father. Neither the guardian nor the minor children are required to reside upon the land, but the same must be cultivated and improved for the period of time during which the father would have been required to reside upon the tract. - - - The soldier may file a declaratory statement for a tract of land which he intends to enter under the homestead laws. The fee is $2.00. / This statement may be filed either personally or by an agent, and the soldier is thereafter allowed six months within which to make his entry, and commence his settlement and improvements. The entry can be made only by the soldier in person, at the local land office, and he must com- mence his settlement on the land within six months after his filing, and must continue to reside on the land and cultivate it for such a period as, added to his military service, will make five years. But he must actually reside upon the land at least one year, whatever may have been the period of his military service. | ºulrics cannot be made for a soldier by an agent or attorney. After a declaratory statement has once been filed, whether by an agent or otherwise, the soldier Cannot file again. His rights are exhausted by the first filing, and if he does not, within six months, luake his personal entry at the land office, and commence his settlement as required by law, he obtains no right to the land. A soldier’s homestead declaratory state- ment for a tract of land does not prevent anybody else from making an entry of the same land, subject to such right as the soldier may acquire by virtue of actual residence on the land and full compliance with the law. If the soldier does not establish his residence on the tract as required, the next comer may take the land. Soldiers are not entitled to land, or to bounty land warrants, for their military services in the late war; nor can title to land be obtained for them by agents or attorneys. All repre: sentations to the contrary are false, and soldiers and sailors are warned against imposition by parties who offer to locate land for them, or to sell their rights. Final Proof.--A Settler desiring to make final proof on his homestead. must file with the register of the proper land office, a written notice, in the prescribed form, of his intention so to do, which notice will be pub- lished by the register in a newspaper to be by him designated, nearest the land office, once a week for six weeks, at the applicant's expense. Applicants should commence to make their proofs in sufficient time, sc that the same may be completed and filed in the local office within the statutory period of seven years from date of entry. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 2S5 The final affidavits and proof should be made before the register or re- ceiver, but may be made before the judge, or in his absence, before the clerk of a court of record in the county and district of the Territory in which the land is situated. If in an unorganized county, the proof may be made in a similar manner in any adjacent organized county. When proof is made before the county officers mentioned, the same must be transmitted by the judge or clerk of the court to the register and receiver, together with the same fees and commissions that the land officers would have been entitled to receive if the proof had been made before then, and the testimony reduced to writing by then). - The land office commissions for the homestead entry, payable at time of making final proof, are as follows: For minimum land, being land out- For double minimum land, being side of any railroad grant. - the land within the Northern Pacific railroad grant. For 160 acres, fees........ * * * * * * * * * * * * $4.00 For 160 acres, fees....... © & 4 W is a • * * * * * $S.00 For 80 acres, fees....... tº s e < e < * * * * * * * * * 2.00 For 80 acres, fees..................... 4.00 For 40 acres, fees................... 1.00 For 40 acres, fees..................... 2.00 t The fee for reducing testiniony to writing, in making final proof in Da- kota, is fifteen cents for each 100 words. No other land office fees than those stated are payable or allowable in homestead cases. Commuted Homesteads. -IIomestead entries can be commuted to cash only after actual inhabitancy of the land by the homestead party, and Luis improvement and cultivation of it, for a period of not less than six months. A person who commutes a homestead entry cannot move from that tract and settle upon other public land in the Territory as a pre-emptor. Proof of settlement and cultivation for the prescribed period, must be made in the same manner as in pre-emption cases. A person commuting a homestead entry when he has not actually re- sided upon the land, and improved and cultivated it, as required by law, forfeits all right to the land and to the purchase money paid, and in ad- dition thereto, renders himself liable to criminal prosecution. The Timber Culture Act.—A timber culture applicant is required to make oath that his entry is made for the cultivation of timber, and for his own exclusive use and benefit; that he makes the application in good faith, and not for the purpose of speculation, nor directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever; and that he intends to hold and cultivate the land, and to wholly comply with the pro- Visions of the act. Claimants under the timber culture act will be held to strict compliance with the terms and conditions of the law. Not more than one-quarter of any one Section can be entered under this à (“t. 28(; - RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. Where 160 acres are taken, at least five acres must be plowed within one year from the date of entry. The following or second year, said five acres must be actually cultivated to crop or otherwise, and another five acres must be plowed. The third year, the first five acres must be planted to trees, tree seeds or cuttings, and the second five acres actually culti- Vated to crop or otherwise. The fourth year the second five acres must be planted to trees, tree seeds or cuttings, making, at the end of the fourth year, ten acres thus planted to trees. Perfect good faith must at all times be shown by claimants. Trees must not only be planted, but they must be protected and cultivated in Such manner as to promote their growth. . Final proof may be made at the expiration of eight years from date of entry. It must be shown that for the said eight years the trees have been planted, protected and cultivated as aforesaid; that not less than 2,700 trees were planted on each of the ten acres, and that at the time of making proof there are growing at least 675 living, thrifty trees to each acre or 6,750 in all. - Where less than one quarter-section of land is entered the same pro- portionate amount of plowing, planting and cultivation of trees must be (lone as required in entries of 160 acres. If the trees, seeds, or cuttings are destroyed in any one year, they must be replanted. A party will not be released from a continual attempt to promote the actual growth of timber or forest trees. A failure in this re- spect will subject the entry to cancellation. Only an applicant for the land under the timber culture or homestead laws, can institute a contest under the third section of the act of 1878. Contestants have a preference right of thirty days after cancellation in which to make entry of the land. The Government will, at any period, upon proper application to contest, or upon its own information, investigate alleged fraudulent or fllegal tim- ber culture entries, or alleged failure to comply with the law after entry, and such entries will be canceled upon sufficient proof, either of illegality or failure to comply with the law. - The character of the trees should be such as are recognized in the neighborhood as of value for timber, or for commercial purposes, or for firewood and domestic use. In all cases under this act, it is required that trees shall be cultivated, which shall conne within the term timber, as de- fined above; the cultivation of shrubbery and fruit trees not being suffi- ('ient. . g- The local land office fee for a timber culture entry of more than eighty acres, is $14.00; for eighty acres or less, $9.00. Relinquishment.—When a pre-emption, homestead, or timber culture claimant, has filed a written relinquishment of his claim in the land office, the land covered by such claim is held as open to settlement and entry without further action on the part of the Commissioner of the General I and Office. • RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 287 A settler can obtain 160 acres under each one of the laws named;—480 acres in all. He cannot obtain all of these claims at once, because the conditions under which he acquires the pre-emption and homestead claims require his actual settlement upon them, and it is, of course, impos- sible to live in more than one place at a time. Applications may be filed for pre-emption and a timber culture tract at once, as the latter does not require actual residence; then, after six months, he may pay in full for his pre-emption, and immediately take and occupy a homestead. Occasional temporary absence from a homestead or pre-emption will not imperil the claims, if the fact of urgent necessity is established when proof is made. Settlers are permitted to take from vacant public lands, the timber nec- essary for ordinary improvements on their claims, and wood to be used for their own domestic purposes. This permission does not cover wood or timber taken for sale or speculation. There's room enough in Dakota for a few million more good, honest, hard-working tillers of the Soil, and a cordial hand of welcome is out- stretched to greet the new comer who accepts the invitation to share in our prosperity. s Dakota contains 96,596,480 acres—being larger than any state or territory in the Union, if we except Texas and California. Including the Indian reservations, 50,658,550 acres remain unoccupied. This area would furnish farms of 160 acres each, to more than 300,000 families, or two million souls. 288 - RESOURCES OF I) A KOTA. *sº GOVERNMENT SURVEYS. EXPLA NATION OF THE METI IOI) or MARKING LAN D BY CORNER POSTs, corx ER STONES, ETC. The public lands are surveyed into townships, six miles square, and each township is sub-divided into thirty-six sections, containing (except- ing the tier of sections on the northern and western boundaries,) exactly 640 acres. The sections on the north and west boundaries of a township are fractional, containing sometimes more, sometimes less than 640 acres, and the subdivisions of these fractional sections are designated lots, and are numbered in each section from one upward. A township contains about 23,040 acres of land. The sections in each township are numbered, beginning at the north- east corner, from one to thirty-six inclusive, as shown on the diagram of a township plat below. Sections sixteen and thirty-six of every township in the Territory, are reserved for school purposes, and are not subject to entry. Each section of land is subdivided into four quarter-sections, containing 160 acres, and each quarter is designated either the northeast, Southeast, northwest, or southwest quarter, as it indicates one of the points of the compass named. These quarter-sections are again subdivided, in the manner just described, into sixteenths of a section, containing forty acres each. See section nine of the diagram, below. A TOWNSII IP. North - Townships are num- ——— bered as they are north 6 5 4 § Q | or South of a base line, i and east or west of a 7 t 8 aw ne 1() 11 ; 12 principal meridian. For sw se . . . . . ~ instance, 3 S, means a | $ third township south of # 18 17 16 15 14 18 |g the base line, while 6 N, : | 4 would indicate a sixth 19 :20 2 22 2. 24 township north, and so § on. 7 W, means a town- ! i ship in the seventh tier 30 20 28 2, 20 25 of townships west of the | principal meridian, while a as a a wº 19 E, would refer to the i | nineteenth tier of town- South ships east, etc. The - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 28 Government Surveys in Dakota are, (except lands in the Black Hills,) numbered in townships from 89 to 164 inclusive, north from a base line Surveyed through the Washita mountains, about six miles south of Little Rock, Arkansas, and in ranges from 47 to 107 inclusive, west of the 5th principal meridian, which passes over the western part of the state of Wisconsin. . In the Black Hills the townships are numbered as lying north or south of the Black Hills base line, and in ranges east of the Black Hills me- ridian. - The following extracts from the Manual published by the Government for the instruction of Surveyors of public lands, illustrate the "manner of designating corners by posts, stones, etc. Where a township post is a corner common to four townships, it is to be Set in the earth diagonally, thus: N On each surface of the post is to be / s. / 2. marked the number of the particular 2º Z. & \ township and its range, which it faces. º, 2 ~ Thus, if the post be a common boun- r - Post. , dary to four townships, say 1 and W [ ] 2, South of the base line, of range - - 1, west of the meridian; also, to s^2. & townships 1 and 2, South of the sº / N base line, of range 2, west of the / S N. ' meridian, it is to be marked thus: R. 1 W. 1 W. From N. to E. & T. 1 S. ). From E. to S. & 2 S. S. 31 6 2 W. 2 W. | From N. to W. 1 S. W. From W. to S. - 2 S. gº I J These marks are not only to be distinctly, but neatly cut into the Wood, at least the eighth of an inch deep; and to make them yet more conspicu- ous to the eye of the anxious explorer, the deputy must apply to all of them a streak of red chalk. Section, or mile-posts, being corners of sections, and where such are common to four sections, are to be set diagonally in the earth (in the manner provided for township corner posts,) and on each side of the squared surfaces (made smooth, as aforesaid, to receive the mark,) is to be marked the appropriate number of the particular one of the four sec- tions, respectively, which such side faces; also, on one side thereof are to be marked the numbers of township and | Pi, T. range; and to make such marks yet more * ~ * - *-* - ... -, - conspicuous in manner aforesaid, a streak of red chalk is to be applied. Opposite is represented a corner mound common to two townships or Wis Post. s E. two sections only. = [ ] s In every township, subdivided into – $ _ _ ! thirty-six sections, there are twenty- five interior section corners, each of which will be common to four sections. Pit. (10) 290 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. i , ” A quarter section, or half-mile post, is to have no other mark on it than } S., to indicate what it stands for: --- Township corner posts, common to four tównships, are to be notched with six notches on each of the four angles of the squared part set to the cardinal points. * All mile posts on township lines must have as many notches on them, on two opposite angles thereof, as they are miles distant from the town- ship corners, respectively. Each of the posts at the corners of sections in the interior of a township must indicate by a number of notches on each of its four corners directed to the cardinal points, the corresponding. num- ber of miles that it stands from the outlines of the township (a). The four sides of the post will indicate the number of the section they respec- tively face. Where it is deemed best to use stones for boundaries, in lieu of posts, surveyors may, at any corner, insert endwise into the ground, to the depth of seven or eight inches, a stone, the number of cubic inches in which shall not be less than the number contained in a stone fourteen inches long, twelve inches wide, and three inches thick—equal to 504 cubic inches—the edges of which must be set north and south, on north and south lines, and east and west, on east and west lines; the dimensions of each stone to be given in the field-notes at the time of establishing the corner. The kind of stone should also be stated. MARKING CORNER STONES. Stones at township corners, common to four townships, must have six notches, cut with a pick or chisel on each edge or side toward the car- dinal points; and where used as section corners on the range and town- ship lines, or as section corners in the interior of a township, they will also be notched, to correspond with the directons given for notching posts similarly situated. Posts or stones at township corners on the base and standard lines, and which are common to two townships on the north side thereof, will have six notches on each of the west, north, and east sides or edges; and where such stones or posts are set for corners to two townships south of the base or standard, six notches will be cut on each of the west, South, and east sides or edges. Stones, when used for quarter section corners, will have cut on them— on the west side on north and south lines, and on the north side on east and west lines. (a) Only on two edges, in surveys made since 1864. e RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 29] LAND DISTRICTS. * The Territory is divided into ten land districts, the boundaries of which are shown on the land-district maps issued by this office. These maps are mailed, free, to any address, on receipt of application. The location of land offices, the names of registers and receivers, and the number of acres remaining vacant in each district, on the first of June, 1887, as ascertained from the records and plat-books on file in the various offices, are given below: ABERIDEEN LAND 1) ISTRICT. Office at Aberdeen, Brown county; N. H. Harris, register; L. A. Burke, receiver. . . y Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Walworth.................. ........ 111,210 | Dickey.................................. 19,840 Edmunds........................... 104,940 | Me Intosh............................. 77,124 Campbell........................ :... 146,880 Emmons.............................. 57,5S0 A. C. Pherson........................ 285,299 | Total....................................................................................... 802,873 IBISM.Al{CIN L.AN ID 1) ISTRICT. Office at Bismarck, Burleigh county; John A. Rea, register; D. W. Hutchinson, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. A cres. McIntosh........... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,760 | McLean ........................... 112,640 Emmons.......................... 316,160 | Mercer............................. 114,080 Logan. ............................. 202,240 | Dunn .............................. 327,680 Morton............................. 768,000 | McKenzie........................ 368,640 Hettinger ........................ 614,400 Stevens............................ 652,800 Bowman.......................... 337,620 Ward............................... 761,600 Billings............................ 1,240,000 | Renville........................... 1,044,480 Stark................................ 266,240 Mountraille...................... 1,806,080 Oliver.............................. 174,080 | Flannery.......................... 1,305.000 Burleigh........................... 284,320 Buford............................. 9:34,400 Kidder............................. 256,000 Wynn “............................ 368,640 Stutsman ......................... 215,040 Allred........... * a s e º e s a s a see e o e s a e 326,400 Wells............................... 216,000 | McHenry......................... 204,000 Sheridan.......................... 348,160 Williams.......................... 337,920 Wallace ............................ 164,320 Total............................................ “...................................... 14,281,600 *NotE.— Formerly Wynn county; now divided between Renville, Bot- tineau and McHenry counties. Much of the public land in the Bismarck district is still unsurveyed. 292 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. DEADWooD LAND DISTRICT. - - ~ * Office at Deadwood, Lawrence county; J. R. Whiteside, register; John LaFabre, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Fall River........................... 968,000 | Butte ................................ 621,076 Custer................................. 911,920 | Harding........................... 630,000 Pennington........................ 721,982 | Burdick ........................... 630,000 Lawrence........................... 765,471 | Ewing............................... 630,000 Total.................................................................................... 5,878,449 Of the above, 5,019,000 acres nro ºn ºn rvoved. I and subject to entry Indian IReservation. 28,811,445 acres 26,847,105 acres Area disposed of 35,937,93 O acres 1) EV I lºs L.A. lx lº I, ,\ N 1) I) ISTIR [CT. Office at Devils Take, Ramsey county; II. W. Lord, register; S. S. Smith, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Eddy ................................ 42,240 || Rolette.......................... ..... 249,600 Wells.................... … 150,560 Towner................ 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 236,400 Benson.............................. 133,320 | Church............................... ,4UU McHenry .......................... 277,698 || Pierce................................. 312,560 Bottineau.......................... 12,320 | Ramsey .............................. 45,200 Total........................ • * * * * * * * * * > tº e s is º e º 'º º e º is a tº s tº a t t e a ſº e s tº e s a tº s e e s a se e º e º e º a º e e º ſº a g 1,482,298 *- i i gº * * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. * 293 There remains a large area of unsurveyed land in the Devils Lake dis- trict. *. FARGO LAND DISTRICT. Office at Fargo, Cass county; M. F. Battelle, register; Frank S. DeMers, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Dickey.............................. 70,880 | Barnes................................ 3,680 Sargent ............................. 5,520 | Stutsman............................. 42,560 Richland........................... 13,640 | Griggs................................. 6,080 Ransom............................ 13,120 | Foster................................. 50,440 La Moure........................... 40,800 | Eddy................. ................. 35,240 Total...................................................................................... 281,960 GIRAND FORKS LAND DISTRICT. Office at Grand Forks, Grand Forks county; B. C. Tiffany, register; W. J. Anderson, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Eddy................................ 25,000 | Cavalier.............................. 332,000 Nelson.............................. 25,000 || Ramsey.............................. 194,000 Walsh............................... 64,000 | Not in any county............... 160,000 Total...................................................................................... 800,000 Of the above amount, about 440,000 acres are unsurveyed lands. * FIURON LAND DISTRICT. Office at Huron, Beadle county: J. S. McFarland, register; E. W. Miller, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Hughes............................. 4,800 | Iſand.................................. 16,480 Potter............................... 79,680 | Sully................................... 12,320 Hyde ................................ 22,320 Spink................................. 960 Faulk................... ............ 20,480 Total......... ............................................................................ 157,040 MITCIII.L.I., L.AND IDISTIRICT. Office at Mitchell, Davison county; Geo. B. Everitt, register; Theodore Singiser, receiver. County. Acres. Brule .......................................................................................... 9,600 W.ATERTOWN L.AND IDISTRICT. Office at Watertown, Codington county; M. W. Sheafe, register; D. T. Brarable, receiver. Counties. Acres. Counties. Acres. Marshall............................ 16,680 | Hamlin .............................. 2,840 Roberts............................. 2,230 J2°uel.................................. 4,440 Day .................................. 34,160 || Kingsbury ......................... 1,550 Grant................................ 9,900 || Brookings .......................... 1,865 Codington ........................ 6,260 | Sargent.............................. 4,820 Clark...................... & e in e º s a s is a e 21,480 | Riehland............................ 6,400 Total...................................................................................... 112,625 Y ANKTON LAND DISTRICT. Office at Yankton, Yankton County; Hughes East, register; F. M. Zie- bach, receiver. County. . . . Acres. Charles Mix................................................................................. 5,000 Grand total vacant public lands, June 1, 1887, 23,811,445 acres. 294 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. |EXEMPTIONS. Under the laws of the Territory, the property mentioned below is abso- lutely exempt from attachment, levy, and Sale on execution. First. All family pictures. Second. A pew or other sitting in any house of worship. Third. A lot or lots in any burial ground. Fourth. The family Bible, and all school books used by the family, and all other books used as a part of the family library, not exceeding in value one laundred dollars. Fifth. All wearing apparel and clothing of the debtor and his family. Sixth. The provisions for the debtor and his family, necessary for one year's supply, either provided or growing, or both, and fuel necessary for one year. Seventh. The homestead, (which must not exceed one acro if within a town plat, and 160 acres if not,) as created and defined by law. In addition to the propel ty mentioned in the preceding section, the debtor may, by himself or his agent, Select from all other of his personal property, not absolutely exempt, goods, chattels, merchandise, money, or other personal property, not to exceed in the aggregate fifteen hundred dollars in value, which is also exempt, and must be chosen and appraised as provided by law. Instead of the exemption granted as last above explained, the debtor may select and choose the following property, which shall then be ex- empt, namely: First. All miscellaneous books and musical instruments for the use of the family, not exceeding five hundred dollars in value. Second. All household and kitchen furniture, including beds, bedsteads and bedding used by the debtor and his family, not exceeding five hun- dred dollars in value. And in case the debtor shall own more than five hundred dollars’ worth of Such property, he must Select therefrom such articles to the value of five hundred dollars, leaving the remainder sub- ject to legal process. Third. Three cows, ten Swine, one yoke of cattle, and two horses or RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 295 mules, or two yoke of cattle, or two span of horses or mules, one hundred sheep, and their lambs under six months old, and all wool of the same, and all cloth or yarn manufactured therefrom, the necessary food for the animals hereinbefore mentioned for one year, either provided or grow- ing, or both, as the debtor may choose, also one wagon, one sleigh, two plows, one harrow, and farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not exceeding three hundred dollars in value. Fowrth. The tools and implements of any mechanic, whether a minor or of age, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade or busi- ness, and, in addition thereto, Stock in trade not exceeding two hundred dollars in value. The library and instruments of any professional person, not exceeding six laundred dollars in value. EXEMPT FROM T.A.X.ATION. The following classes of property are exempt from taxation: First. The property of the United States and of this Territory, includ- ing School lands, Second. The property of a county, incorporated city or village, or school district, when devoted to public use, and not held or used for pecuniary profit, Third. Public grounds, by whomsoever devoted to the public use, and including all places set apart for the burial of the dead. Fourth. The engine and implements used for the extinguishing of fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings, and for the meet- ings of fire companies. Fifth. The grounds and buildings of library, scientific, educational, benevolent, and religious institutions, colleges or, societies devoted solely to the appropriate object of those institutions, not exceeding ten acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view to pecuniary profit. Sixth. The books, papers, furniture, scientific, or other apparatus, per- taining to the above institutions, and used solely for the purpose above contemplated, and the like property of students in any such institutions, used for the purpose of their education. Seventh. Moneys and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions, and devoted Solely to Sustaining them, but not to exceed in amount of total valuation, aside from the property of students, as above mentioned, the sum prescribed in their charter or act of incorporation. Eighth. All animals, except horses, neat cattle, mules and asses, sheep and swine. Ninth. Private libraries, not exceeding 3100 in value. Tenth. Family pictures. ICleventh. The household furniture of each family, together with the beds and bedding thereof, and all wearing apparel of every person and family, actually used for wearing, not to exceed in valuation $200. Twelfth. All food and fuel, provided in kind, not to exceed provision for one year's time; provided, that no person from whom a compensation 29(; RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. for board or lodging is received, or expected, shall be considered a mem- ber of a family within the intent and meaning of this chapter. Thirteenth. The polls, or estates, or both, of persons who, by reason of age or infirmity, may, in the judgment of the assessor, be unable to con- tribute to the public charge, such opinion being subject to revision by the county board of equalization. - Fourteenth. Any one-fourth part of any quarter-section of prairie land, the same being a legal sub-division, on which five acres of timber shall be planted, either by sowing seed or by setting trees or cuttings, and the same to be kept in growing order, by cultivation, and not to be more than twelve feet apart each way, together with all improvements thereon, not to exceed in value $1,000, and for a period of ten years from and after the planting of said timber; and any change of ownership of such land shall in no way, affect the exemption from taxation as herein provided: Pro- vided, however, that no person shall derive any of the benefits as set forth in sub-division fourteen, section two, of chapter twenty-eight, of the political code, until such person shall file an affidavit with the assessor that he has in every way complied with the requirements of the law made and provided in such cases, whereupon the assessor shall make a note of the facts in his list, and shall therein state in effect the following words, to-wit: “Exempt from taxation by virtue of tree culture,” and shall de- scribe the particular tract or tracts of land so exempt. I'ifteenth. All in provements made on real property, by setting out either forest or fruit trees, shrubbery or vineyards, which shall not be consid- ered as increasing the value of the land for purposes of taxation. " Sirteenth. All pensions from the United States, or from any of the states of the Union. - Sºventeenth. The polls of all active members in good standing of any reg- ularly organized fire company, not exceeding thirty in number, in cities or towns of more than 500 inhabitants, and not exceeding fifteen in num- ber in towns or cities of iess than 500 inhabitants; provided, that such fire Company, actually and in good faith, possess apparatus for the extinguish- ment of fires, exceeding $250 in value, to be determined by the assessor of the proper county. Eighteenth. All breaking and plowing on Government land. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 297 EXTRACTS FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. - No corporation or association for religious or charitable purposes can acquire or hold real estate in Dakota during the existence of the Territor- ial Government, of a greater value than fiſty thousand dollars.-[Section *1890 Revised Statutes.] All religious societies, sects and congregations have the right to hold through trustees, appointed by any court exercising probate powers in the Territory, only on the nomination of the authorities of such society, sect or congregation, So much real property for the erection or use of houses of worship, and for Such parsonages and burial grounds as shall be neces- sary for the convenience and use of the several congregations of such re- ligious society, Sect or congregation: [Act approved March 3, 1887.] It is unlawful for any person or persons, not citizens of the United States, or who have not lawfully declared their intention to become such citizens, or for any corporation not created by or under the laws of the United States, or of some state or territory of the United States, to here- after acquire, hold, or own real estate, so bereafter acquired, or any in- terest therein, in Dakota, (during the existence of thc Territorial Govern- ment,) except such as may be acquired by inheritance, or in good faith in the ordinary course of justice in the collection of debts heretofore created. No corporation or association, more than twenty per centum of the stock of which is or may be owned by any person or persons, corporation or corporations, association or associations, not citizens of the United States, can hereafter acquire, or hold or own any real estate, hereafter ac- , quired, in Dakota, during the existence of the Territorial Government. No corporation other than those organized for the construction or op- eration of railways, canals, or turnpikes, can acquire, hold or own more than five thousand acres of land, in Dakota, during the existence of the Territorial Government; and a railroad, canal and turnpike corporation is restricted to the possession of only such lands as may be necessary for the proper exercise of its franchise, and the lands which may have been granted to it by an act of Congress. 298 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. This prohibition does not apply to any lands now lawfully held by any corporation. [Act approved March 3, 1887.] All inclosures of any public lands, in Dakota, heretofore or hereafter made, erected or constructed by any person, party, association or corpor- ation, to any of which land included within the inclosure, the person, party, association, or corporation making or controlling the inclosure, had no claim or color of title, made or acquired in good faith, with a view to entry thereof at the proper land office, under the general laws of the United States, at the time any such inclosure was or shall be made, are declared to be unlawful, and the maintenance, erection, construction, or control of any such inclosure is forbidden and prohibited. [Act approved February 25, 1885.] - - The Legislature of Dakota shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: Granting divorces. Changing the names of persons or places. Laying out, opening, altering, and working roads or highways. Vacating roads, town-plats, streets, alleys, and public grounds. Locating or changing county seats. Regulating county and township affairs. Regulating the practice in courts of justice. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates, and constables. Providifig for changes of venue in civil and criminal cases. Incorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing or amending the charter of any town, city, or village. For the punishment of crimes or misdemeanors. For the assessment and collection of taxes for Territorial, county, town- ship, or road purposes. Summoning and impaneling grand or petit jurors. Providing for the management of common schools. Regulating the rate of interest on money. The opening and conducting of any election, or designating the place of Voting. The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability. The protection of game or fish. Chartering or licensing ferries or toll bridges. Remitting fines, penalties, or forfeitures. Creating, increasing, or decreasing fees, percentage, or allowances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or ap- pounted. 3. Changing the law of descent, Granting to any corporation, association, or individual the right to lay down railroad track, or amending existing charters for such purpose. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 299 Granting to any corporation, association, or individual, any special or exclusive privilege, immunity, or franchise whatever. Neither the Territory, nor any political or municipal corporation or sub- division of the Territory, shall make any subscription to the capital stock of any incorporated company, or company or association having corporate powers, or in any manner loan its credit to, or use it for the benefit of any such company or association, or borrow any money for the use of any such company or association. - - No law of the Territorial Legislature shall authorize any debt to be con- tracted by or on behalf of the Territory, except in the following cases: To meet a casual deficit in the revenues, to pay the interest upon the Territorial debt, to suppress insurrections, or to provide for the public de- fense, except that in addition to any indebtedness created for such pur- poses, the Legislature may authorize a loan for the erection of penal, charitable or educational institutions for the Territory, if the total indebt- - - edness of the Territory is not thereby made to exceed one per centum "upon the assessed value of the taxable property, as shown by the last gen- eral assessment for taxation. And nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit the refunding of any existing indebtedness of the Territory, or of any political or municipal corporation, county, or other sub-division therein. No political or municipal corporation, county, or other sub-division in the Territory shall become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose to any amount in the aggregate, including existing indebtedness, exceeding four per centum on the value of the taxable property within such corporation, county, or sub-division, to be ascertained by the last assessment for Terri- torial and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness; and all bonds or obligations in excess of such annount, given by such cor- poration, shall be void: That nothing is this act contained shall be so construed as to affect the validity of any act of the Territorial Legislature heretofore enacted, or of any obligations existing or contracted thereun- der, nor to preclude the issuing of bonds already contracted for in pur- Suance of express provisions of law; nor to prevent the Territorial Legis- lature from legalizing the acts of any county, municipal corporation, or sub-division of the Territory as to any bonds heretofore issued or con- tracted to be issued. - The Legislative assembly of the Territory shall not grant private charters or special privileges, but may, by general incorporation acts, per- mit persons to associate themselves together as bodies corporate for min- ing, manufacturing, and other industrial pursuits, and for conducting the business of insurance, banks of discount and deposit, (but not of issue,) loan, trust, and guarantee associations, and for the construction or opera- tion of railroads, wagon roads, irrigating ditches, and the colonization and improvements of lands in connection there with, or for colleges, semina- ries, churches, libraries, or any other benevolent, charitable or scientific association. - - The Congress may annul any law passed by the Territorial Legislature. [Act approved July 20, 1886.] 300 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. DAKOTA BANKING INSTITUTIONS. INCLUDING SOME IIISTORICAL SKETCHES, AND A SUMMARY OF THE COMMERCIAL LAW OF THE TERRITORY. In 1869 Dakota had one bank with a capital of $1,000. In 1878 there were eleven banking institutions in the Territory, having an united capital of $70,000, which was an increase in eight years of about 7,000 per cent. in the capital thus employed. Of these eleven banks, ten were private banks, and one national; four were located in the Black Hills, one in north Dakota and six in south Da- kota, including the only national bank in existence at that time, viz.: the First National bank of Yankton. In 1880 the number of banks in Dakota, had increased to twenty-four, and the capital employed, (including surplus ſund,) to $513,579, an in- crease in two years of 120 per cent. in the number of banking institutions, and of over 600 per cent. in the capital invested. Of these twenty-four banks, nine private and two national banks were located in southern Dakota; seven private and two national banks were in northern Dakota, and two private and two national banks in the Black Hills. In 1885 the Territory had 195 banks with a combined capital and surplus of $5,106,359, an increase in five years of more than 700 per cent. in the number, and of nearly 900 per cent. in the amount of capital employed. In July, 1887, Dakota had 299 banking institutions, classified as follows: - No. Capital. Surplus. Total. National banks................................ 62 $3,725,000 $ 685,650 $4,410,650 Private banks................................. 237 3,386,105 345,832 3,731,937 / Totals.................................... 299 $7,111,105 $1,031,482 $8,142,587 Of the 237 private banks, only 148 advertise their capital; but estimating the capital behind the eighty-nine banks who do not publish the amount employed, as being in the same ratio as that of the banks who do, would increase the footings of the total capital invested in private banks, by $1,401,394. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 301 . . From an official statement prepared in the office of the Secretary of the Territory, it appears that, up to July 1, 1887, forty-one mortgage and loan companies had been incorporated. These companies have a paid up capi- tal of more than $1,000,000. In addition, some ten companies, incorpor- ated under the laws of different states, are employing about $750,000 in the mortgage and loan business, in the Territory. r Summing up, we find that the grand total of capital engaged in the various branches of the banking business, throughout Dakota, amounts to $11,293,981, distributed as follows: 237 Private banks.................. e e s ∈ e º e s e e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $ 5,133,331 62 National banks....... • a e s a s a e s e º sº e s > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & a e a e º e s is e º a s e º s s & e s a s e º e s - © e s e e 4,410,650 51 Mortgage and loan companies....................... * * * * * * * * * * is tº w w & © e º 'º º tº e 1,750,000 350 $11,293,981 Thus, we see that within the two last years there has been an increase of eighty per cent. in the number of banking institutions of the Territory, and of 125 per cent. in the annount of capital thus employed. Twenty-eight of the states, including Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsiſt,- Texas, Connecticut, California, and Kentucky, have a less number of banks than Dakota. The Territory has more banks than the eight states of North Carolina, West Virginia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Delaware, and Nevada combined; more than twice the number that is credited to the state of Maine, New Jersey, New Hampshire, or Maryland; nearly three times as many banks as Georgia, Virginia, Colorado, or Tennes- see, and more than the states of Vermont and Oregon and all the other territories of the Union put together. For the following interesting facts concerning early banking operations in Dakota, we are indebted to an add 1 ess delivered before the last conven- tion of the Dakota Bánkers' association, by Mr. Frank Drew, cashier of the Bank of Highmore: Mark M. Palmer opened the first bank in the Territory, with a capital of $1,000, at Yankton, in the fall of 1869. At that time Yankton drew her trade from every section of Dakota and, as a result, the bank had a large and widely distributed business with merchants, individuals, Indian agents, post-traders, etc., communication with whom was carried on Solely by means of the stage coach. Borrowers were then accustomed to furnish personal securities only, the chatte] mortgage being an innovation of latex days. The second bank was organized September 21, 1871, by W. E. Prentice, at Vermillion, under the name of the Clay County bank. The third bank to be organized was the Bank of Union County, estab- lished at Elk Point in the spring of 1872, by W. Hoffman. The fourth bank in the Territory was established at Yankton in the fall of 1872 by P. P. Wintermute. In the winter of 1872 the First National bank of Yankton, (and the first national bank established in Dakota,) was organized. 302 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. DAKOTA's BANKs, 1887, compa RED WITH STATES AND OTHER TERRITORIES OF THE UN ION. Rank. Sła tes. Number. 47 ARIZONA, 10 46 NEVA DA, * 45 UTA II, 44 DISTIRICT OF COLUMBIA, * IX ANSAS, 1 Nºw York,ſº 43 WYOMING TER., *~~~~. --- - - - - - --- * ~ *--> -- ~ :- - 21 42 in Año, 21 41 NEw Mexico, T 21 40 pºi, Aw ARE, TT 27 39 Ark ANSAs. Tº 29 38 LouisiaNA, 3 37 Mont-ANA, 31 36 wastingtoN TER., 33 35 Mississippi, 36 34 Filoitin A, 3 33 west virginix, 48 32 Nortif c \nolin A, 48 31 sorºriſ CA Rollis A. - 49 30 orºgoN, 50 29 ALABAMA, 71 28 vºn Mont, -- ------ 76 27 tº NN rºssº, TT ------- 99 26 color:Apo, TT 103 25 V Inc. INTA, 105 24 Giorgi A, . " 107 23 MA Ry LANI), 11.2 22 RHopf isi,AND, 115 21 NEW 11 AMPsirrº, - ` 117 20 Nºw Jºnsidy, ;4 121 19 MAINE, ºf sº ------------- - 141 18 RENTUcky, § r:rs 180 17 c.A Limon NIA, &º TTT 192 16 cox NECTIctºr, ------ 304 15 TENAs, ~~31? 14 Wisco Ns. N, - - - - - - - - --- - ----------- - ------- 219 13 MINNEsotA, - - - - ---------- - - ------ - - - --- - - - - 261 12 INDIANA, ----- - - - 267 11 DA; on A, jº: ----- - - - - - - - --------- 299 10 Micnig AN, sº § -- 3S(5 9 Missouri, ſº - - - - - - - - - - --. -- 301. 8 MAss Aciſ Usºrts, Eğ § 510 7 oil to, sº. T 52 6 Nºitask A, sº 523 5 LLINois, - - - - - - - 623 4 piºn N., 632 3 low A, 646 . . . . - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 3 03 By this time the mode of doing business had somewhat changed and loans were now made on chattel mortgages. Dakota investments so long held in doubt and suspicion, were becoming prominent and sought for. Rail- roads began the exténsion of their lines in every direction, weaving into the present giant web the commercial interests of the Territory. Bank- ing interests, partaking of the general growth and prosperity of Dakota, especially during the period since 1880, have increased in number and the Scope of their business, until today we are enabled to make the marvelous. showing just detailed. The business of real estate loans, which in early years was but small has grown to vast proportions and is now handled by fifty-one incorpor- ated companies. - The treasurer of one of the leading Dakota loan and trust companies says: “The volume of this Western mo: tsage business is very great, as indicated by the fact that in all cities, and in almost every town and vil- lage of the Middle and Eastern states, innumerable agents are engaged in negotiating Western mortgages. As indicative of the magnitude the bus- iness has assumed in some of the largest cities of the East, it may be . stated, for example, that in Boston more than fifty Western farm mort- gage companies are represented by agents or agencies, all engaged in the active negotiation of these securities.” The same authority estimates the total amount loaned upon realty through these agencies, exceeds $10,000,000, annually. The rate of interest charged on real estate loans, by the mortgage and trust companies, ranges from Seven to ten per cent. On page 260 the reader will find a detailed account of the credit and financial standing of the Territory, and of each county separately, includ- ing some remarks in reference to the mortgage indebtedness of the farmers of Dakota, as compared with that of the farmers of the states, A BRIISF SYNC) PSIS OF THIE COMMERC1.VI, LAW OF THE TERRITORY . Interest.—Legal rate seven per cent., but parties may contract, in Writing, for twelve per cent. Usury forfeits usurious interest. Interest on open accounts runs from date of last item charged, whether debit or credit. Legal rate allowed on judgments. Notes and Bills of Erchange.—There is no statutory law defining or des- cribing commercial paper, nor any law requiring that it should be made payable at a bank or at any other specified place. Three days of grace al- ..lowed on all bills of exchange or sight drafts, whether foreign or domes- tic, and on all promissory notes, bills of exchange and drafts, on the face of which time is specified, and notes on demand for payment of same. Acceptances must be in writing by the drawee or an acceptor for honor. To hold endorser, the instrument must be presented on the day of ma- turity, and notice of dishonor given. Damages are allowed in favor of holders for value on bills of exchange, drawn or negotiated within the Territory, and protested for non acceptance or non payment. Apparent 304 & RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. maturity of a non interest bearing sight or demand note is ten days after date, in addition to the time required for transmission; on interest bear- ing notes, one year from date. Holidays are every Sunday, the 1st of January, the 22d of February, the 30th of May, the 4th of July, the 25th of December, every general election day, every day appointed by the Pres- ident of the United States, or by the Governor of the Territory, for a pub- lic fast, Thanksgiving, or holiday. If the 1st of January, 22d of February, 4th of July, or the 25th of December, fall on Sunday, the Monday follow- ing is a holiday. Bills and notes falling due on a holiday, are deemed due and payable on the following day. Mortgages, of realty, must be in writing, with the formalities required in case of a grant of real estate. Wife need not join, except in mortgage of lonestead. If containing power of sale, may be foreclosed by adver- tisement, without intervention of court. Mortgagee has possession of the premises during the year of redemption after sale. Chattel mortgages are void as against creditors and subsequent purchasers in good faith, unless filed in the oſlice of the register of deeds within the county. Acknowledgements, of deeds or instruments, may be made before a justice, clerk of the supreme court, or notary public, at any place within the Ter- ritory, and before either a judge or clerk of a court of record, mayor of a city, register of deeds, justice of the peace, United States circuit or dis- trieſ court, commissioner, county clerk, or county auditor, within the judicial district, county, sub-division, or city, for which the officer was clected or appointed. Iſ without the Territory, before any judge or clerk of a court of record of the Uí nijed States, or any state or territory, notary public, or any other officer of the state or territory where the acknowledgement is made, authorized by its laws to take such proof or acknowledgement, or com- missioner of deeds appointed by the Governor of this Territory. In foreign countries, before a minister, commissioner, diplomatic, or consular agent of the United States, or a judge or notary public of said country. Iletters patent from the United States and final receivers’ re- ceipts from the United States land offices, may be recorded without ac- knowledgement, or further proof. Assignments and Insolvency.—Insolvent debtors may, in good faith, make assignments in trust for the benefit of creditors, which may provide for any subsisting liability of the assignor, whether absolute or contingent. Such assignment is subject to the provisions of the code relative to trusts and fraudulent transfers. Any debtor may make assignment, without preference of creditors, but is not relieved from liability for any unpaid balance to his ereditors. - Attachment process issues at the time of granting the summons, or at any time afterward, in actions on contracts for the recovery of money only, or for wrongful conversion of personal property, against a foreign corpora- tion, or non resident defendant, or when defendant has absconded, or concealed himself, or has assigned, disposed of, or secreted his property, or is about to do so, with intent to defraud creditors, or that the debt was incurred from property obtained under false pretenses. Plaintiff must make affidavit and ſurnish bond in not less than $250, nor more than the RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 305 +*. amount claimed, in district courts, and at least $50 and riot exceeding $300, in justices' courts. Real, and personal property, debts, moneys, credits, and bank-1:otes, may be attached or levied on under execution or attach- ment, but there is no process of garnishment. Swits.--Actions in courts of record are commenced by server of sum- mons, and service may be made by leaving copy with defendant, in per- son, or by delivering a copy to a member of defendant's family, (at de- fendant's dwelling-house,) over the age of fourteen years, or, if defend- ant is a non-resident, by publication. All civil actions must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. Iºwecutions issue as of course, at any time within five years after judg- ment, and must be returned within sixty days. Lands levied on need not be appraised, but notice of sale must be given. Same provisions apply in justices’ courts as to levy, etc., on personal property. There is no stay law, and execution can only be stayed by order of the court, for irregularity, by injunction, or by appeal, with security given. Real estate, sold under execution, may be redeemed within one year. Ju gºnents of courts of record are a lien on all real estate, except the homestead, for ten years from time such judgment is docketed in the clerk’s office of the county where the land is situated, and, by having ex- ecution issued every five years, are good for twenty years. Judgments in courts of records may be obtained within thirty days after service of summons and complaint; in justices’ courts, four days where no defense is interposed. I, imitations.—Personal actions, two years; on contracts or obligations, six years; oil sealed instruments, judgments or decrees of any court, and in real actions, twenty years. *. Al Married Woman retains the same legal existence and legal person- ality, after marriage as before marriage, and receives the same protection of all her rights as a woman, that her husband does as a Inan, and may appeal, in her own name, alone, to the courts of law or equity for redress and protection. She retains her own real and personal property, and may make contracts, sue and be sued as if sole. Neither husband nor wife has any interest in the property of the other. Dower and curtesy are abolished. ...Totaces become due and payable on the first day of November of each year. On the first Monday of the following February, all unpaid taxes become delinquent and draw interest at the rate of ten per cent. per an- num, from the date of such delinquency. To all delinquent taxes a pen- alty of five per cent, on the amount remaining unpaid, is added at the time they become delinquent and, on the first day of each month there- after, an additional penalty of one per cent, is added until the taxes are paid. Lands are sold for delinquent taxes in October of the same year in which they become delinquent, and the land may be redeemed within two years, by payment of purchase money and interest thereon, at the rate of thiſ ty per cent, per annum, and all taxes subsequently paid. Taxes become a lien on real property, as between vendor and purchaser On November 1st of each year. Collectors may proceed to enforce collec- tion on and after January 1st, following the levy by distress and sale, 306 RE-OURCES OF DAKOTA. JUDICIARY. SUMMIA. It Y OF THE JUDICI.VI, POWERS VESTED IN THE V AIRIOUS COURTS OF THE TIERRITORY. The judicial power, in Dakota, is vested in a supreme court, consisting of a Chief justice and five associate justices appointed by the President of the United States, any five of whom constitute a quorum; district courts, (each district being presided over by one of the justices of the Supreme court,) and in county probate courts, and justices of the peace, the officers Of which are named by the people. Writs of error and appeal, from the final decision of the supreme court of the Territory to the Supreme court of the Uhited States, are allowed, Where the value of the property or amount in controversy exceeds the sum of $5,000. - Writs of error, bills of exception, and appeals from the final decision of the district court to the supreme court of the Territory, are allowed in all cases, under regulations prescribed by law. Cases before the Supreme Court are tried by the court, never by jury. - The Supreme court of the Territory meets each year at Bismarck, com- mencing the first Tuesday of February; at Yankton, commencing the sec- ond Tuesday of May; and at Deadwood, commencing the first Tuesday of October. The district courts of the Territory possess exclusive chancery, as well as common law jurisdiction, where the amount at issue exceeds $100, and are always open for the hearing of all actions, special proceedings, motions, and applications, of whatever kind or character, whether of a criminal or civil nature, arising under the laws of the Territory, of which the district courts have jurisdiction, original or appellate, except issues of fact in civil and criminal actions. - Courts of justices of the peace have concurrent jurisdiction with district courts of any matter in controversy where the debt or sum claimed does not exceed $100; but justices courts have no jurisdiction whatever, where the title to real estate comes in question. +. Probate courts hold six special terms during the year, but are always Open. … ', - * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 307 The First, Second, Third, and Sixth judicial districts are vested with powers and jurisdiction appertaining to the district and circuit courts of the United States; and district courts, in and for said First, Second, Third, and Sixth districts, exercising such powers and jurisdiction, are held as follows: First District: At Deadwood, on the first Tuesday of August, and the third Tuesday of January. - Second District: At Yankton, on the first Tuesday of April, and the second Tuesday of November. * Third District: At Fargo, on the first Tuesdays of June and December. Sixth District: At Bismarck, on the first Tuesdays of March and September. The Fourth and Fifth judicial districts are embraced within the boun- daries of the Second judicial district, for the exercise of the power and jurisdiction to try causes in which the United States is a party. SUBDIVISIONS or TIE JUDICIAL DISTRICTs of DAKOTA, TOGETHER witH THE TIME AND PLACE or Holpixg count Is Exch, etc. The Territory is divided into six judicial districts, and each district is subdivided and presided over as follows; FIRST DISTRICT, IION. C. M. THOMAS, DEADWOO1), JUDGE. Sub— division. | Boundaries. | Terms Of Court. ! ... : Rapid City, on the third Tuesday of May, and the fourth Tuesday of Oc- ! - tober, of each year. No. 2.......... Custer county ... .................................. Custer City, Olı the Second Tuesday of - June, and third Tuesday of October, t ! of each year. No. 3.......... Fall River county.......................... . . . . . IIot Springs, on the third Tuesday of No. 4.......... Lawrence, 13utte, Harding, Burdick," June of each year. Ewing, Martin, Wagner, Choteau, - Rinehart, Delano, Scobey, Ziebach, , Washington, Shannon, $ºhnº, Dewey, Pyatt, Washabaugh, Jack- Son, and Lugenbeel........................... |Deadwood, on the first Tuesdays of - August all d January, all d special terms on the first Mondays of March, July, Septem lier, and I cc enter. sEcoRI) DISTRICT, IION. BARTLETT TIRIPP, YANRTON, JUDGE. No. 1..........'Pennington County........................... aſºn. Boundaries. i Terms Of Court. No. 1 ......... Yankton County ................................. Yalıkton, on the first Tuesday of April, t : and the second Tuesday ºf Novem- ber. Special torms on the first Mon- | days of January, March, July, and } - Se] to n\ber. No. 2 ......... Bon Homme county.............................. Tyndall, on the second Tuesday of $ | Septemuber. No. 3......... Charles Mix and Douglas counties...... Wheel r, at such time as the judge | | \may appoint. No. 4.......... Hutchinson County............................. Olivet, at such time as the judge may No. 5.......... Þnvison, Hanson, and Aurora coun- appoint, | ties ................................................... Alexandria, on the second Tuesday of June, and such other Special terms | - as the judge may appoilt. No. 6.......... Jerauld and Sanborn Counties............'.............................................................. No. 7.......... ‘Miner County...................................... Howard, on the first Tuesday of May, No. 8........... Brule, Buffalo, Lyman, Presho, Pratt, and such other Special terms as the | Meyer, Tripp, and Gregory coun- judg may a point. ties .................... .............................. Chamberlain, at such times as the judge may appoint. 308 w - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. THIRD DISTRICT, IION. W. B. MG CONNELL, FARGO, JUDGE. ~ *- ~~~~ * -- ~ * ~ * *-*-*-mº Sub- division. Boundaries. İ Terms of Court. No. 1..... ...|Pembina Coulity .............................. . Pembina, on the first Mondays of April and October. No. 2..........'Grand Forks County........................... Grand Forks, on the Second Tuesdays Of April and October. No 8.......... Walsh county.................................... Gºº, at such times as the judge may Glect. No. 4........., tram County .................................... Caledonia, on the third Tuesdays of i April and October. No. 5.......... Cass county....................................... Fargo, on the first Tuesdays of June aud December. No. 6......... Ransom County................................. *ś, on the second Thursday of 8.TC I) . No. 7.......... Nelson County.................................... Lakota, on the third Monday of August. No. 8.......... Richland County................................ Wahpeton, on the fourth Tuesday of | March, and first Tuesday of October. No 9 ......... Sai gent County ................... ............. Fº at such times as the judge may | Gle Ct. No. 10......... 'Ramsey and Towner counties........ .. Devils º: at such times as the judge i may elect. No. 11......... Cavalier county....................... ......... Langdon, at such times as the judge may elect. f FOURTII DISTRICT, IION. C. S. PALMER, SIOUX ITALIS, JUDGE. | aßn. Boundaries, t Terms of Court. No. 1.......... clay county........................................Vermillion, on the first Tuesday in | February and the third Tuesday in | September. No. 2.......... |Union County .................................... l: ; R Point, on the third, Tuesday in | February and first Tuesday in Sep- tember. NO. 3.......... Turner County.................................... Parker, on the fourth Tuesday in Feb- ruary and the fourth Tuesday in Sep- tember. No. 4.......... Lincoln County ................................. #Canton, on the second Tuesday in { . * and the third Tuesday in Oc- . | tober. No. 5.......... Minnehaha County............................ Sioux Falls, on the Second Tuesday in l i April and the second Tuesday in November. No. 6.......... McCook County ................................. Salem, on the fourth Tuesday in May. No. 7.......... Lake County....................................... Madison, on the first Tuesday in June. No. 8.......... Moody county.................................... Elandreau, on the third Tuesday in June and the first Tuesday in Jan- | liary. FIFTH DISTRICT, IION. JAMES SPENCER, HURON, JUDGE. aßion. Boundaries. Terms of Court. No. 1.......... Brookings count.'.............................. Brookings, on the second Tuesday in June and December. No. 2.......... Kingsbury county.............................. DeSmet, on the third Tuesday in June and I)ecember, No. 8.......... Codington County.............................. Watertown, on the first Tuesday in June and December. No. 4..........|Deuel County..................................... Gary, on the Fourth Monday in May. No. 5..........|Hamlin County.................................. Castlewood, on the fourth Tuesday in November. No. 6 ..|Hughes, Stanley, Sterling, and Now- lin counties.................................... Pierre, on the second Tuesday in April and September. No. 7.......... Hand county...................................... Miller, on the fourth Tuesday in April and the third Tuesday in October. No. 8.......... Beadle conuty.................................... Huron, on the first Tucsóay in May and October. No. 9.......... Spink County..................................... Redfield, on the second Tuesday in July and Jaunuary. No. 10 ........ Brown county.................................... Aberdeen, on the third Tuesday in in July and January. No. 11......... Grant county...................................... Milbank, on the third Tuesday in a' March and November. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, 309 FIIPTH IDISTRICT.-CONTINUED. --- - - --- - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - ------- *------- - - - Sub- Boundaries. ; Terms of Court. division. -------- --- No. 12........, lèdmunds, McPherson, Walworth - and Campbell Counties......... 3 * * * * * * * * * Ipswich, on the second Tuesday in September. • No. 18......... Hyde county.” Hºº on the third Tuesday in September. r No. 14......... Sully county...................................... olº, on the fourth Tuesday in Octo- CJ'. No. 15......... Day and Marshall counties............... websier, On the second Tuesday of August. No. 16......... Potter County.................................... géºg. On the third Tuesday in February. e No. 17......... Faulk county..................................... : Faulkton, on the first Tuesday in Sep- tember and the fourth Tuesday of w January. No. 18.........|Clark county...................................... iClark, on the first Tuesday of Febru- a Ty all d third Tuesday in August. No. 19.........|Roberts county................................... |Wilmot, at least one term, each year, ; and two if deemed necessary by the judge, at such times as he shall desig- llate. * SIXTH DISTRICT, HON. WILLIAM H. FRANCIS, BISMARCK, JUDGE. Sub- division. BOulldaries. Terms Of Court. No. 1.......... Burleigh, Boreman, Emmoils, Mc- Lean, Stevens, Sheridan, and Gar- field Counties.......................... ........ Bismarck, On the first Tuesday in March, and first Tuesday in Septem- No. 2, ........|Morton, Hettinger, Oliver, Mercer,' ber, each year, and Williams counties................... Mandan, on the first Tuesday in Jan- , 11ary and August, in each year. No. 8.......... Kidder and Logan counties .............. |Steele, at such time in each year as the judge may direct. No. 4.......... Stutsman and LaMoure counties. ... Jamestown, on the second Tuesday in May and November, in cach year. No. 5.......... [Barnes countv .............. ................... Valley City, on the last Tuesday of No. 6.......... Benson, Bottineau, and Rolette June, of each year. Counties................. ........................' Minnewaukan, at such time in e.lch * | year as the judge may direct. No. 7..........|Dickey and McIntosh counties ........ |Ellendale, at such time in each year as the judge may direct. No. 8.......... Griggs and Steele counties............... Cooperstown, on the second Tuesday in No. 9........... Ward. Renyille, Mountraille, Flam- June of each year. nery, Buford, and McHenry coun- ties.................................. ....... ..... | Burlington, at such time in each year No. 10....... Stark, Bowman, Billings, Dunn, Me- as the judge may direct. Kenzie, Allred, and Wallace coun- | ties. .............................................. Dickinson, at such time in each year as the judge may direct. No. 11...... Foster, Wells, and Eddy counties..... Carrington, at such time as the court - | may direct. ‘VIOXVI IO SIGInoSºl . 0I8 Jo K.Iſmbuſ 3upſtatu Kq poupe).Ioost od SKBAIt uto Uloſt|A) ‘Solt. Junº.15pulo [g]oods 18 ‘ūāno.IUI) dºtts put: ‘Ido-Moons lo qujyo, J tº odºšuo H.IoI)]os Kuu IAI ‘soot.ICI oqºliostol olynb qu ‘Aloyſ.I.IoI, out uſ oioUAKIOAo put od On oat: “Soſſd -dns pooj put ‘Teſtoretu-šuſpjnq 'sluouroIduiſ-Ittiuſ 'spoof; potiosnoiſ ‘p.IOO Iod ()0'95 O1 ()0%; tı10.1; 11; SILos qſ ‘ptºti og O) SI poo/A Oudt (AA UIQ] Iod 0.3%; O] 09' Iš Utt O.J. Yu ‘pt:0. Iſb.I opſ Iolº, I (IIo (I).ION ou, Jo outſ out 3UOIt ‘stos ‘Utoo snouguinºpſ! Jo Kyiſºnb pooã t ‘opuiſ"I u0). Iod 0.3%, Iş On 00'6's U10, J S]SOO (1300 p.It'H UIO] Iod 15 O1 g; UOIJ SJSO.) 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To hire the work done, costs from $3 to $4 per acre. “Back-setting” is a second and deeper plowing, later in the season, and costs, to hire the work done, from $1.50 to $1.75 per acre. Sowing grain commences as soon as the frost is out of the ground to the depth of a few inches—and is generally begun in the latter part of March or early in April. Small grain is harvested in July and August. An abundant crop of corn, flax, or vegetables, can be raised, the first year, on newly broken Sod. The most successful farmer is he who raises a few horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, hens, and turkeys; makes butter, and diversifies his crop by planting corn, oats, wheat, barley, flax, or such other farm products as can be grown in the neighborhood. Native hay can be put up for about $1.50 per ton. A Territorial herd law obviafes the necessity of fencing, excepting in certain counties in the Black ſills. Very few farmers go to the expense of fencing their lands. For full and detailed information, the manner of proceeding to obtain lands, under the general la” d laws, includiſig the honiestead, pre-emption, and timber-culture laws, fces to be paid, number of acres you can acquire, and, in fact, everything necessºry to i\o known, the reader is referred to an article on the General Land J_aws of the United States, page 280, of this pamphlet. The manner of marking the public lands by township, range, and section corner-posts, is explained on page 288. Under the head of each county, on the pages following, is placed the number of acres of public lands remaining subject to entry on the 1st of June, 1887. By referring to page 291, the reader can ascertain the land district in which each county is situated, and the location of the ten United States land offices, together with the names of the registers and receivers. In looking for land, a good plan to adopt is to apply at the United States land office, or to any reputable land agent, for township plats, showing the occupied and unoccupied land in the vicinity. Then procure a con- veyance, and a driver who is familiar with the district; go over the ground until you find a suitable claim, then return and file an application in the local land office. The Northern Pacific and Chicago and Northwestern railway com- panies, both have lands for sale on easy terms, as will be more fully ºned by correspondence with the proper officers of the corporations Il&IO €(i. 312 RESOURCES OF DA KOTA, A. * In nearly every county of the Territory, deeded lands are to be had at a very low figure—say from $2.00 per acre, up. Parties desiring to purchase deeded land, and being undecided as to location, should read over the county descriptions on the last pages of this publication. Having made your selection, address a letter of inquiry for prices, terms, etc., to some One of the county officials, or to the newspapers, or banks in the county named—any one of whom will answer you, courteously and promptly. Do not ask this office to select a location for you, or to advise you in what part of the Territory to settle, or invest. Thoughtful correspond- ents will understand that this office must always decline to give advice in such matters. The question is often asked: “How much money should I have, to start with, in Dakota?” It is in possible to frame an answer that will meet the varying circum- stances presented in different cases. Some of our most prosperous farmers of to-day are men who came to Dakota with barely sufficient means to provide shelter for their families, and break and plant a few acres the first season. While Dakota soil is prolific, and the opportunities offered to an ener- getic, pushing man, for gaining a livelihood, are better, we believe, than elsewhere in all the world, yet, our advice is to come prepared for a pos- sible emergency. A man, the head of a family and intending to settle upon a farm, should have, in money or property, not less than $500. Even then, the settler must be possessed of grit and energy in order to succeed. Pluck and push often make up for a deficiency of capital. Young men, without families to support, if industrious, can, by employ- ing spare time in breaking and doing other work for their neighbors, get along with very little money to begin with. It will be remembered that we are tendering advice to the thrifty, en- ergetic, and frugal settler, with the understanding that he is a man of good judgment and strong will. The indolent and thriftless man will fail in Dakota, with the same ease and celerity that has followed his career in the East. The description of each county of the Territory (on the pages following,) includes a statement of the different railroads traversing the county, with a list of stations, etc. Ascertain from the map the railway station nearest the town that you wish to go, and inquire either of your home agent or write the general passenger agent of the railroad which takes you into Dakota, for emigrant, passenger, and freight rates. The latest official maps, showing each postoffice, railroad, land district, etc., etc., will be sent to any address on receipt of request. If this pamphlet does not furnish satisfactory answers to all your in- quiries, write to the Commissioner of Immigration, Pierre, Dakota, who will give prompt attention to your communication. AREA, SOIL, TINME3 ER, Railroads, Banks, Newspapers, Schools, FARM STATISTICS, POSTOFFICES, ETC., BY COUNTIES. NOTE : In the county descriptions, following, it has been impossible to obtain reliable information of the population, lands in proved, number of farms, size of farms, potato crop, wool-clip, and dairy products, of later date than the Territorial census of 1885. These figures, if available, would add much to the showing of progress in every county. The data included in the brief description of county seats and impor- tant towns, were obtained, in every instance, from official sources. The blanks, asking for the information, were Sent out in July, and Some changes have, no doubt, occurred since that date. The mention of a number of towns has been unavoidably omitted be- cause of a neglect, by the parties communicated with, to furnish this of fice with the required information, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 315 ALLRED COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883. Formerly a part of Howard county. Bounda- ries changed, March 10, 1885. Unorganized. Allred county lies on the western boundary, near the northwest part of the Territory. Principal streams, the Missouri, forming the northern boundary, and the Yellowstone, flowing through the western part of the county. Both are navigable. Nearly two-thirds of Allred county is in- cluded within the boundaries of military and Indian reservations. The remaining third is unsurveyed, and, practically, unoccupied. That por- tion, of Allred county within the limits of the Fort Berthold Indian reser- vation, is soon to be opened to settlement, under an agreement with the Indians, which awaits the ratification of Congress. Vacant public lands, 326,400 acres. AURORA COUNTY. Area, 460,800 acres. Created, February 22, 1879. Poundaries changed, March 9, 1883. Organized, August 8, 1881, by the appointment by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: E. H. McIntosh, A. B. Smart, Charles Brendenbosh. Aurora county is situated in the southern part of the Territory, in the third tier of counties north of the boundary line between Dakota, and Ne- braska, and in the second east of the Missouri river. The surface, gener- ally speaking, is broad, rolling prairie. Principal streams are the Fire- steel and Platte. Other sumaller streams flowing into the James and Mis- souri rivers drain the southeastern part of the county. There are several considerable bodies of water in the county, notably White lake, in the northwestern part, covering nearly 3,000 acres, and T’latte lake, near the west line. A half dozen smaller lakes are scattered over the central por- tions of the county. The soil is a deep, black, slightly sandy loam, mixed with a light, sandy clay, retains moisture well, and gives a very rapid growth. * Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty-four miles; stations: Plankinton, White Lake. Vacant public lands, none. IBANIKS. There are five banks doing business in the county, as follows; Bank of Plankinton, at Plankinton, E. S. Rowley, president; F. L. Stevens, cashier. Farmers & Merchants Bank, at Plankinton, R. B. Hart, president. Mason’s Bank, at Plankinton, Geo. Mason, president; D. Mason, cashier. Aurora County Bank, at White Lake, F. R. Preston, president, J. P. Vogel, cashier. White Lake Bank, White Lake, J. C. Ryan, president; L. Loevinger, cashier. NEWSPAPERS, Standard, A. M. Andrews, publisher, l’lankinton; Dakota Free Press, Fred Kibbe, editor and publisher, Plankinton; Dakota Beacon, T. N. Treat, editor and publisher, Plankinton; Farmers Mutual Journal, Jour- nal Company, editors and publishers, Plankinton; Times, Hooper Bros., ublishers, *i. Jake; Bj John T. Ronayne, editor and pub- isher, White Lake. - 316 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . COUNTY SEAT. r The city of Plankinton, situated near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,200; school-buildings valued at $7,000; congrega- tional, methodist, and catholic church edifices, valued at $8,500; brick court-house and jail, valued at $18,000; an artesian well costing $4,000 and a flour-mill valued at $10,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $143,782; personal, $127,937; total, $271,719. OTIIER IMPORTANT Towns. White Lake, in the western portion, has a population of 550; artesian water; two story school-building; four churches, methodist, presbyterian, catholic and lutheran, with buildings valued at $16,300; and a roller flour- mill. Assessed valuation, 1886, real, $35,000; personal, $66,545; total, $101,545. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, twenty-one; School population, 1,703; number of school-houses in district, seventy-two; number of school- houses built in 1886, eleven; average monthly pay of teachers, males $31.31 ; females, $27.36; value of all school property, $48,616.67; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $25,750; cash re- maining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,012.78; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $40,995.09: average rate of interest paid on bonds seven per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,226.12. I,IVE STOCK STATISTICS. : Mules and Cattle. Year Horses. I sw & Asses. Sheep. SWille. | Valuation. - - - - - - - ' - - t –––––––– 1885 3,020 207 5,230 1,209 2,513 $167,982 1886 | 3,314 258 5, 5.18 1,080 | 2,144 t 305,217 1887 3,628 255 6,314 1,098 2,544 219.808 VALUATION STATISTICS. - - in. in.....a..., p.a., Total assessed 7 ºn n is A Gros Real g Town Lots 'Personal Prop- e Yoal i.” Valuation. valuation, erty yiuatio. Yººtion of { - - - - ~ county. } # ~ * *** -- * ~ *-- ~~~~ 1885 190,361 $578 901 $166,188 $209,138 $1,122,150 1886 215,878 t 721, 152 200,386 310.565 | 1,537,820 207,679 { 242,010 1,470,123 1887 218,076 800,626 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county for years 1880, 1885 and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. 1887, Wheat................................................ ...... .... . ...... In OID 0. 235,348 319,814 Corn .............. .................... ................................ 395 | T55 115 602,175 Oats..................................................................... 1) Ol) 6 | 200 200 i 225, 100 Rye .................................... “............................... ]] OI) (2 t 1,221 6,182 3uck Wh cat ............................................... ......... Il Oil 6 | 1,884 600 Barley ................................................................. Tl Olle 6,108 15,986 Flax................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... none i = * * * * * * * * * * * * e s is a tº e s a 73,008 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS, CENSUs 1880 AND 1885. * Population of county, 1880, sixty-nine; 1885, 5,950. Lands improved 1880, 3,840 acres; 1885, 89,323 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 2i; 1885. 1,278. Average size of farms, 1880,183 acres; 1885, Seventy acres. ‘Aver. age assessed yaluation per agre, 1887, $3.29. County indebtedness, 1887 $35,335.00. Potato, crop, 1885, 43,637 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 7,463 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; milk, 6,696 gallons; butter, i:34,699 pounds; cheese, 955 pounds; eggs, 76,783 dozen. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 317 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. - - - - - - - - - r-r - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - r- - - - - - ----- | º | Office. Name. P. O. Address. a County Clerk................................ |s. R. Drake................................... Plankinton............... Treasurer...................................... John Rogers................................. Plankinton............... Sheriff.................................... .... Daniel O’Kane.............................. Plankinton............... Clerk District Court..................... A. H. Rogers................................. Plankintoll............... Probate Judge.............................. S. H. Bakewell.............................. Plank inton............... Register of Deeds......................... S. R. Drake.................... .............. Plankinton............... Attorney....................................... H. F. Fellows............................... Plankinton............... Superintendent of Schools........... W. P. Robeson............................... Plankinton............... Suveyor........................................ R. H. Watson................................ Plank inton............... Coroner.........................................}........................... “........ [............... .................. - J. L. Hellntz (chairman)............... White Lake......... ..... -- C. W. McIntosh.............................|Plankinton............... Commissioners.......................... John Davis................................... Plankinton............... H. W. Bruyn................................. Plankinton............... | W. G. Andre W8 ............................. Plankinton............... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Belford.................................... Gilbert.................................... Robey.................................... Canty..................................... !’arsons................................... White Lake........................... Flynn...................................... | PLANKIN TON ........................... Wyatt.................................... BARNES COUNTY. Area, 967,680 acres. Created January 14, 1875, from parts of BU thank and Cass. Organized, August 5, 1878, by appointment by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Christian Anderson, Otto Becker, An- drew Goodwin. Barnes county is in the second tier of counties west of the Red river, and the fifth south of the International boundary line. Principal streams are the Sheyenne, which traverses from north to south through the mid- dle of the county; the Maple, which rises in and crosses the northeastern townships, and Bald Hill creek in the north. . There are several other smaller streams in the county. The surface is about ninety-seven per cent, undulating uplands; bottom lands three per cent. It is estimated that the county contains about 9,000 acres of timber land, distributed along the various streams. The Soil is very productive, and has an aver- age depth of nearly two feet. The sub-soils are a conglomerate, united by yellow clay–frequently extending to depths of ten feet, or more. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific, (main line,) thirty-seven miles; stations: Oriska, Alta, Valley City, Hobart, Sanborn, Eckelson; (Sanborn and Turtle Mountain branch,) 21.4 miles; stations: Sanborn, Ödelſ, Dazey. Total, 58.4 miles. Vacant public lands, 3,680 acres. BAN KS. There are three banks doing business in the county, as follows: Barnes County Bank, at Sanborn, J. H. Evans, president; J. M. Burrell, cashier. Farmers & Merchants National Bank, at Valley City, Herbert Root, presi- dent; A. P. Peake, gashier... First National Bank, at Valley City, John Russell, president; George Kanouse, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. The Farmer and Stockman, John M. Dennett, editor and publisher, Oriska; Enterprise, Wm. McKean, editor and publisher, Sanborn; Record, j. jeff Dobbin, editor and publisher, Valley City; Farmers Alliance, C. H. Eassett, editor and publisher, Valley City; North Dakota Democrat, G. B. Vailandigham, editor and publisher, Valley City. COUNTY SEAT. Valley City, lying near the center, is the cºunty, seat. It has a popula- tion of 1,200; brick school-house, valued at $11,000; methodist, episcopal, 3.18 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. congregational, and lutheran church edifices, valued at $12,000; court- house of brick and stone, costing $35,000; and a flour-mill of the value of $25,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $296,592. OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Dazey, in the northern portion; population 200; school-building valued at $1,500. Eckelson, in the west, population sixty-five; school-building valued at $1,500. Oriska, in the east; population 150; school-building valued at $3,000. Sanborn, between Valley City and Eckelson; popula- tion 400; school-building valued at $3,000; congregational, methodist, and episcopal church buildings, valued at $9,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $60,000; personal, $40,000; total, $100,000. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) - Number of organized districts, eighty-five; school population, 1880; 1,880; number of school-houses in district, seventy-nine; number of school- houses built in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $46.50; females, $26.85; value of all school property, $134,962.30; expended for school purposes during the year ending June 30, 1886, $39,085.74; cash re- maining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $11,626.47; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $68,781,00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $35,192.84. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | Mules alli Cattle. | Year. Horses. | ASSes. | Sheep. SWille. Valuation, g - ! _ 1880 154 10 | 274 1) OI) e. 30 * ........................ 1885 2,7; 3á'í 3,309 "º | 1.8% $193,125 1886 3,077 824 4,077 679 2,17 315,868 1887 3,657 289 5,334 862 1,792 267,851 VAI,UATION STATISTICS. Total assessed A cres ſteal Valuation. | - - - - --- - - - - - - - | Town Lots |Personal Prop- - - Year. . * , w iſ ſº, T. [...] y * * T Ny Yy - Valuation of Estate. | - | valuation. |erty valuation. COUllnty. 1880 ........................ $1,115.205 |........................ * $65,963 $1,181,168 1885 ($13,047 | 1,733,265 $215,044 : 396, 560 i 2,587,994 1886 621,816 . 2,119,710 237,726 l 340,480 3,013. 234 1887 644,300 2,128.809 241,180 $64.872 3.002,162 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. TARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. 1887. Wheat.................................................................. 25,287 1,400,842 1,183,182 Corii.......... ............................... .......................... 617 1,597 14,040 Oats..................................................................... 11,851 623,104 753,300 Rye...................................................... --------------. I}OIl Q 2,516 720 Buck Wheat........................ ..............................“ 1) OIl Q 194 * Barley............................................ ..................... 2,821 57,678 174,998 Flax............................................................... “... In Ol) Q I] Olle 1,100 comparative STATISTICS, CENSUS 1880 AND 1885. Population of county, 1880, 1,585; 1885, 6,093. Lands improved, 1880, 5,053 acres; 1885, 138,572 acres. Number of farms, 1880, eighty-three; 1885, 1364. Average size of farms, 1880, sixty-one agres; 1885, 102 acres. Ayer- age assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.29. County indebtedness, 1887, $93,575. Potato crop, 1885, 80,665 bushels., Wool clip, 1885,2,468 pounds, i)airy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 2,020 gallons; butter, 145,664 pounds; cheese, 1,080 pounds; eggs, 108,414 dozen. " RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 319 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS, or County of FICERS IN 1887. **------ - - ----------------------, -, -ºs º----------------...- Office. Name. | P. O. Address. County Clerk....................... .......... C. S. Walker............... * - - - - 4 & e º s tº g º º g º 'º - a Valley City............... Treasureſ................... * * * * * * * * * * * 5 & 6 º' - e º 'º - C. A. Benson................. 0 & 8 tº gº is is e º º s ºf º 'º 4 Valley City............... Sheriff......................... tº t e º ºs º º * * * * * * * * * * * * John Simons................................. Valley City............... Clerk District Court..................... Alex. McConnel).............. & sº e º e º 'º - 6 4 • * * Valley City.............. Probate Judge............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alex. McConnell........................... Valley City............... Register of Deeds.......................... John C. Evans.............................. Valley City............... Attorney............ 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * G. K. Andrus................................ Valley City. ............. Superintendent of Schools............ ;Belle Sampson.............................. Valley City............... Surveyor.................................... ... Frank White................................. Valley City............... Coroner......................................... J. W. Vida!................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valley City............... County Assessor............................ Nicholas Flagler...........................|Dazey....................... - ſ|S. Van Steinbergh........................ Oriska....................... D. N. Grºen.................................... Valley City............... Commissioners..................... ..... D. O. Malley................................. Valley City............... H. Oppegard.................... . .......|Dazey ..................... lſ B. S. Lawrence.............................. Eckelson........... º e º ºr a v e a LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. i - Alderman......... ..................... Bekelson......................... |Oriska..................................... Ashtabula......... ..................... |Eisbºy is a v e s a s - e º º ºs º e º e º is º e º 'º e º 'º - © tº a 4 tº º |Šamborn * * * * * * * * * * * * g is a e º e s & a tº w w e º e º e s ∈ e º 'º Barnes ............................... Hackett.......... ....................... Uxbridge ............................... Daily.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |Minnie Lake... ....... tº a 6 & © tº a 4 tº tº a tº º WALLEY CITY......................... Dazey..................................... |Odeſi................................................................ **-* - ~ *------------------ - - - PICAIDILE COUNTY. Area, 806,400 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from parts of Burchard, Clark, Kingsbury, and Spink, Boundaries changed, February 22, 1879, part to Brown. Organized, July 9, 1880, by appointment by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Charles Miner, Eli C. Walton, Sinnon Nelson. Beadle county is situated in the Southern part of the Territory, in the fifth tier of counties north of the Nebraska boundary line, and midway between the Missouri river and the Minnesota boundary. Principal streams are the James river, which flows through the county from north to south, dividing it into two nearly equal parts, and Pearl and Cain creeks. A number of smaller streams drain the various sections of the county. Lake Byron, in the northeastern part of the county, is a large sheet of water, covering, about 1,000 acres. The surface is gently undulating prairie, broken, in a few instances, by considerable elevations, including a part of the Wessington Hills. The soil is the black loam of the famous James river valley, extremely fertile, and of ample depth. The sub-soil is a whitish, sandy clay, impregnated with lime and magnesia. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, James river line,) thirty-one miles; stations: Bonilla, Wolsey, Virgil. hicago & Northwestern railway, (main line,) forty-three miles; stations: Cavour, Huron, Wolsey, Wessington; (Huron & Oakes branch,) eighteen miles; stations: Huron, Broadland, Altoona. Total miles of railroad, ninety-two. Vacant public lands, none. I3ANICS. There are seven banks doing business in the county, as follows: Bank of Altoona, at Altoona, C. F. Emery, president; P. C. Tryner, cashier. Beadle County National Bank, at Huron, J. W. Vrooman, president; Ed. Crist, cashier. First National Bank, at Huron, J. W. Čampbeli, presi- dent; J. W. MacKenzie, cashier. Huron National Bank, at Huron, L. W. Hazen, president; J. A. Fowler, cashier. National Bank of Dakota, at Huron, D. L. Stick, president; J. A. Kemp, cashier. Bank of Wessing- ton, at Wessington, W. P. Peirce, president; E. H. Vance, cashier. Bank of Wolsey, at Wolsey, N. W. 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W.J.3IOCIIVI &IGIIIALO '06/'6+z'I; ‘It’)O1 002'60Eğ ‘IbuIOS -Iod :069'0}83, ‘Ital ‘988I ‘Khlodoïd Kyo UtopygmpºA possøSSW ‘olo ‘sdous peoTIſèt"AièAaid “osnoiſ àupobd-Miod “sſiſtii-Itop ÓA] ‘s:Iuibh owe Toys-Iſo :000'gz$ 113 pomſbA ‘JII*[d quin-op.I]oole O00“OF; 1b ponſº (‘(It'ſso] It') ‘SXLIOA -1918A Alſo : 000'03; 18 pontº ‘ue]SAS KöAlſº, 199.11s : 0000C; tº pont'A ‘Iſuſ put osmoſ-linoo Mogg ()0g'93; he ponſeA ‘soog ſpa U2.Illulo “led Oosſ do put ‘ūsppa AS “utº.toU)nſ uſeul.199 ‘oſſoule) ‘Leuophºöo.15uoo ‘Asp1deſ “utºpioi Aqsa Id ‘qsſpoulout 5000'05; 38 pan[8A ‘rāuipúnq-footſos [oſ.1Q OA1 : 00g'; Jo uoſ)?I -Indod B Seq q.I. Jeos Kºunoo out sº “JoJuao out, Ibou ‘ūO.In H 30 Alſo ouſ], "J,VSTS ALN (). OO + ‘ĀoSIOAA “Tou SIIC[nd put 10] ſpa ‘Jolso I (I LIGO “[guanoſ : U onju ISSOAA ‘IOJIpo ‘ed III I, (I ‘SoCal I, (IO.In H ‘Joãeutºtu put ſolſpa ‘runſ (tº)0 IN '...I XI'ſ ‘pit IoH 9(IJ, ; (IO.In H ‘IoMJOAA (It'ſ]sſ.IUIO : (IOIn H ‘Iousſ(qnd put; IOppo ‘dou Slºſ 'S ‘ſ’ ‘,Cotſot:0ſ, bloxi BOſ à (IJ, UIO.In II ‘Joustiqlıd put IOH pa ‘IOAO.1%) ‘’I (I ‘pit putº S 840XI*OI ouſt, UiO.In H ‘IAUIsſould put IOppo “[[ou usng J, 'I AA ‘Ieuilt; I b)OXI*OI ou I, uorn H. ‘sioßbubul pub S.Iolype “Todoo() y unido, ) ‘18.100(UIACI opb.I.L. 99.I.I. olb)S u0.In H ‘S.Iousſiquid put Siol ſpa ‘uſt', ) \, UllſtuS ‘Soulſ I, KIſl:(I : UOIn H ‘SIous IIqnd put Siolipo “Upono.10 y “gºlsâuori ‘spat (I ‘on III.O.In H AII*OI : In OAtº) ‘Tousſignd put ſongpö ‘Katuo) 'J, soutſ ‘lºloo -Udo(I Klumo) orpºog! :ºtioCylv “ious ſquq put IO) ſpo ‘ºlossº S 'O ‘SAAoN a. "S&IGIc{VoISAAGIN ºv.LOXIVO IO STOInoSTI 038 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 321 * TARM STATISTICS. Table Showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushes in | 1880. | 1885. 1887. | | Wheat......................................................... ! In O Il G. 611, 197 1,253.200 Corn................................................ ........... 350 : 207 916 1,240.800 . Oats............................................................ . Il OI162 393,768 | 930,000 Rye......................................................... ... I] OI) 6. | 2,616 : 7,800 Buckwheat.......................................... ...... In OThe | 1,749 | 4,428 Bºrley..…...…...…...…..... II OI) (2 4. 42,817 . 215,000 Flax.............................. ............................! I] ( , Ilé * * * * * is e º ºr g º º is sº a tº e º ºs e º a sº a 137,600 COMPARATIVE STATISTICs, CENSU's 1880 AND 1885. Population of county, 1880, 1,290; 1885, 10,318. Lands improved, 1880, thirty-seven acres; 1885, 135,834 acres. Number of farms, 1880, three; 1885, 1,823. Average size of farms, 1880, twelve acres; 1885, seventy-five acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.24. County indebt- edness, 1887, $59,390. Potato crop, 1885, 93,799 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 29,946 pounds. Dairy and other farm prpducts, 1885: milk, 48,785 gallons; butter, 234,512 pounds; cheese, 843 pounds; eggs, 116,641 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. ! t Office. Name. : P. O. Address. | i County Clerk................................. ;Marvin Cook......... * * * * * * * g º sº º e e s is a s tº s is s s a s | Huron........ ............ Treasurer....................................... James P. Davis.............................. Huron...................... Sheriff................................. ........... J. E. Huffman.............................. | Huron................... . Clerk District Court...................... ReO. W. Woodbury....................... |Huron.................... Probate Judge................................ E. A. Morse......... .......................... |luron..................... Register of Deeds.......................... Marvin Cook .................. ............. Huron * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Attorney......................................... Wm. B. Sterling ........................... | Huron..................... Superintendent of Schools............#Cora M. Shober............................. Huron..................... Surveyor................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * H. J. Bingham ............................. Huron..................... Coroner..................................... ..... M. A. Collins................................ Cavour.................... ASSessor.......... * tº e º s tº e a # 4 gº & © & e º 'º e º 'º s º & 4 & 6 & 8 ° tº * G. F. Lawrence ............................ Huron..................... S. A. Mosher, (chairman) ............ Wessilig On............. ‘l Z. T. Hundley.............. ............... Huron..................... Commissioners........................... A. H. Medbury ............................. Huron..................... | C. S. Sprague ................................ Huron..................... U.J. L. Spaulding............................. Finron..................... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Altoona................................... Earl Ville................................. Virgil.................................... Beatrice...............................Goodle * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Wessington........................... Bonilla.................................... |Huº tº e g º & s é º º e º e º 'º is e s e a e º e º e g g º e s a º e º 'º e Winthrop.............................. Broadland.............................. |Lakeside................................. Wºlsey.................................. Cavour.................................... Lawrence................................ !.................. ........................... BENSON COUNTY. Area, 564,480 acres. Created, March 9, 1883, from parts of Ramsey and De- Smet. Boundaries clanged in 1885 between DeSmet and Ramsey; changed again March 11, 1887. Organized, November 6, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Hugh McGarvey, M. D. Flint, T. J. Larison. Benson county is situated in the northern part of the Territory, in the second tier of counties, south of the International boundary line and the third west of the Red River. Principal stream is the Sheyenne river. The west end of Devils Lake, the largest sheet of water within the Terri- tory, extends into Benson county about tell miles, covering more than a township. of surface. There is a number of other lakes of considerable size scattered through the county. About one-fifth of the area of the county is included within the boundaries of the Devils Lake Indian reser- (11) -322 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - - * vation. The surface of Benson county is, generally, undulating or rolling rairie, broken by a few low hills or ridges, nearly all of which is suscepti- le of cultivation. The soil, a dark loam, is exceedingly productive. It, varies in depth from eighteen to thirty inches, and is underlaid with a sub-soil of clay. Groves of native timber are found on the islands and along the borders of Devils Lake, and fringing the course of ti, ºbeyenne Pl VG.I’. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific (Jamestown and Northern line,) 17.9 miles; station: Ft. Totten, Oberon, Minnewaukan. St. Paul, Minnepolis & Manitoba railroad, thirty-one mill s, stations: Leeds, York, Knox, Pleasant Lake. Total miles of railroad, 43.9. Vacant public lands, 133,320 acres. B.V. NIXS, g One Dank does business in the county, viz.: Bank of Minnewaukan, at Minnewaukan, C. G. Rolfe. president; E. S. Rolfe, cashier. - NI. WSPAI2]. RS. Dakota Siſtings, J. W. Sheppard. editor and publisher, Minnewaukan. C() Uſ NTY SE.V.T. Minnewaukan, on the Western shores of Devils Lake, is the county seat. It has a population of 400; school-buildings, valued at $2,500, and a pres- byterian church edifice, valued at $2,200. The town is not incorporated. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, seven; School population, 1,203; num- bor of school-houses in district, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $38.89; females, $22.87; value of all school property, $10,280; ex- pended for school purposes, during year ending June 30, 1886, $7,206,42; Cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $428,97; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $10,100; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $597,34. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS, } Year. Horses. * "º. and Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. t i | ---—— t ----- - - | --- ~~ 1885 205 30 742 18 87 || $48,710 1886 777 76 | 1,091 28 346 72,044 1887 795 85 2,211 60 301 119,380 W.A.T., UATION STATISTICS. - ~ --- - - - - - - --------- –– - - - - - - ----- - - --- -- -- - riv - - - - - * * 7 2, ... * * Acres Real ºr, * Town Lots iPersonal Prop-ºº: YCal'. i.a. “ Valuation. valuation fºrty valuatio. Yººtion of estate. “ I” “I county. } - - | i ------> -- 1885 ! 46,072 $ 178.277 § 121,285 $ 35,780 $ 384,052 1886 64,579 234,575 80,685 80,911 468,215 1887 78,942 824,897 58,282 91,481 .. 598,440 I',\l{M STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in 1880. Bushels in 1887. | 1885. | ! Wheat.................................................................. none 19 159 946,000 COTIn............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º, e º & s e s a s e s s tº e º e = * * * * * * * * i Il OIl G ; 112 2,500 Oats................................................ ...... ... “... | In ODU, 28,808 420,000 Barley ................................................................. ; In One 62 0,000 Flax.... ...............................:::::::::::::::::::::... ....... 1100e ......... 2,000 MISCE LIANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885,1,255. Lands improved, 1885, 12,-- 953 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 383. Average size of farms, 1885, thirty- four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4.10. County in- debtedness, 1887, $15,445. Potato crop, 1885, 12,753 bushels. Wool clip sº 1885, sixty pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, forty gal- lons; butter, 7,516 pounds; cheese, seventy-five pounds; eggs, 1,786 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. i ° Office. , i Name. P. O. Address. - - - - *., t i - - - County Clerk................................ J. M. Cubbison............................. Minnewaukan.......... Treasurer.....................................|Carl G. Brown..............................|Minne Waukan.......... Sheriff..........................................! Fred. Snore.................................. Minnewaukan.......... Utlerk District Court..................... J. L. Richmond...... ............. • * * * * * * * Mill DeWaukan.......... Probate Judge....... ‘s e 's.'s w w e º is e = e º e º s ſº e º w w a w L. W. Harriman...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ....}Minne Waukan.......... Register of Deeds..................... ...|J. M. Cubbison ...........................}Minne Waukan.......... Attorney.......................... ......... E. S. Rolfe............. ............... ----. Minne Waukall.......... Superintendent of Schools...........M. F. Minehan ........................... .#Minnewaukan.......... Surveyor............... .......................W. B. Matthews..................... ...... Oberon....................... Coroner..........................................!G. W. Dysinger............................. Minnewall kall.......... Assessor ..................* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *|Geo. E. Ingebretsen ..................... Minnewaukan.......... .. " . - - James Michels......................................... -* * * * - - - - - - - - - -s º e - - - - - - - Comm'ssioners.......................... H.U. Thomas................................................................ . . H. B. Pederson...................... ......!......... ........................ LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Abbottsford............................ Leeds * * * * * * * * * * s e s e º e º a e º a e s > * * * * * * * * * * * * * ;Pleasant Lake....................... Fort Totten............................ iMINNE WAUKAS ..................... York...................................... - Larose................................... ...Oberon.................................... | |BILLINGS COUNTY. Created, February 10, 1879, from original territory. Boundaries changed, March 8, 1883, parts to Bowman and Villard; changed again, March 10, 1885, parts of Villard and Dunn; changed again, March 10, 1887. Organ- ized, October 25, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: C. E. Haupt, C. A. Boyle, Hugh J. McBirney. Billings county is situated on the western boundary line, and nearly midway between the north and south boundary lines of the Territory. It is well watered by numerous streams, the principal or e of which, the Little Missouri, flows through the entire length of the county, from south to north. The famous Bad Lands, described in another part of this publi- cation, cover a large part of the surface of Billings county. The valleys and summits of the plateaus of the “Bad Lands,” furnish pasturage for many herds of range cattle. About one-half of the surface of Billings county is good farming land. Only a smail part of the county has yet been surveyed. Lignite coal, of a very fine quality, is found in the hills of the Bad Lands. - Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific, 59.5 miles; stations: Fry- burg, Sully Springs, Scoria, Medora, Little Missouri, Andrews, Sentinel Butte, Beach. Total, 59.5 miles. - Vacant public lands, 1,240,000 acres. - COUNTY SEAT. Medora, on the east bank of the Little Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a school-building, valued at $300, and a catholic church, val- ued at $500. The chief industry of the town is an establishment of the Marquis de Mores, for slaughtering beef, the manufacture of butter, tal- low, neatsfoot-oil, etc., representing an investment of $250,000. There is no town organization. - - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. i Year. Horses. ** Cattle. | Sheep. | Swine. valuation. . - i ! - | | 1886............; 1,345 8 24,608 15 ...... i $428,845 1887............ | 2,120 4 22,641 • . . . . . . -----> . 415,856 324 . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICs. ... Acres Real v.,..., T town Lois personal proviſº.º. Year. Estate Valuation. valuation, erty valuation.] yaliſation of __'. T ...! | val county. | | | – 1836......... . In Oh G Il Olle $11,255 $57,612 $ 497,212 1887......... 1,146,060 | $1,146,000 || 9,880 45,420. 1,616.716 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1885, 737. Lands improved, 1885, 157 acres. Nº. of farms, 1885, ten. Average size of farms, 1885, sixteen acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $1.00. The county has no in- debtedness. - . - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS of county of FICERS IN 1887. 2. Oſijce. - Name. . - P. O. Address, Sº,” 2 ! - County Clerk............................. ..i. C. Williamson............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Medora * * * * * Treasurer...................................... J. C. Fisher ...................................'Medora.................... Sheriff............ ............................ ...!!". A. Wiilard................ ................ Medora.................... Probate Judge .............................. B. F. Lamb.......... … e s is s e s s s w = < * * * Medora.................... Register of Deeds......................... J. C. Williamson............................ |Médora.................... Super ill tendent of Schools ........... W. T. Dantz........ .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Medora.................... Surveyor.......................................l..... . ..... ............ ..................... ... ...!!...................…...…. Coroner .................... .....................'.............................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº e º is e º 'º e º ºr e º 'º e º s ......... * * * * * * * * Assessor......................................... W. L. Eaton........................ ‘tº s e º sº e g º e º Medora................... J. L. Trascott................ ................ |....…....…. … & Commissioners........................... } John Goodall................. tº e s = * * * * * * : * e º e s = '.................... ! is a a e s tº e º ºs & e is | | D. C. Rowe.............................“….'…~~~~ . . _LIST of Postofficiºs IN county, 1887. M EDORA..................,… … | Sentinel Butte............................................... BONHOMME COUNTY. Area, 391,680 acres. Created April 5, 1862. Organized 1862, by appoint- ment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Byron M. Smith, L. H. Litchfield, Henry Hartsough. . - - Bon Homme county lies on the southern boundary of the Territory—the fourth county west of the Iowa line. Principal streams are the Choteau and Emanuel. The surface is considerably diversified, consisting of ex- tensive bottoms, prairie uplands, and, in the neighborhood of the streams, bluffs and broken country. There are fringes of timber, in places, along the Missouri and other streams, and some varieties are quite plentiful on the bottom lands of the great river. The soil is a rich, black loam, pro- ducing every variety of farm crops, in profusion. - - - Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway (Sioux City and Mitchell line,) eight miles; station: Scotland; (Scotlan and Armour line,) three miles; station: Scotland; (Running Water branch,) thirty-three miles; stations: , Scotland, Tyndall, Springfield, Running Water. Total miles of railroad, forty-four. - Vacant public lands, none. - . RANICS. * There are four banks doing business in the county, as follows: Bank of Scotland, at Scotland, Geo. M. Gleason, president; T. O. Bogert, cashier. Bank of Springfield, at Springfield. Bank of Tyndall, at Tyndall. Secur- ity Bank of Tyndall, Joseph S. Wheeler, president; M. P. McArthur, cashier. - - * - Y- - NEWSPAPERS. Scotland Weekly Citizen, J. E. Ziebach, editor and publisher, Scotland; South Dakota Investors’ Guide, C.T. Campbell, publisher, Scotland; Pres- byterian Chronicle, Scotland; Times, Springfield; Tribune, McFarland & Young, publishers, Tyndall; Register, Francis Richmond, proprietor, Dennis & Smith, publishers, Tyndall. : RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 325 - COUNTY SEAT, The city of Tyndall, near the center, is the county seat. . It has a popu- lation of 1,000; a school building valued at $1,200; methodist and presby- terian church edifices, valued at $3,000, and a court-house valued at $7,000. OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Bon Homme, on the Missouri river; population, seventy-five; school- building, valued at $600; methodist church-building, valued at $1,100; flour- mill, valued at $6,000; and two saw-mills, valued at $5,000. Running Water, on the Missouri river; population. 150; school-buildings, valued at $2,000; catholic church-building, valued at $1,30ſ). Springfield, on the Missouri river; population, 500; brick School-building, valued at $2,500; episcopal, catholic, congregational, and methodist church edifices, valued at $7,000; flour-mill, valued at $26,000; creamery, manufacturing 500 pounds of but- ter daily. Assessed valuation of city property, 1886, real, $58,614; per- sonal, $32,705; total, $91,319. Hope Indian school, a building valued at $12,000, is located at Springfield. Scotland, in the northeast; population, 1,000; two school-buildings; presbyterian, congregational, German luth- eran, German evangelical, catholic, episcopal, and methodist church edi- fices, valued at $10,600; artesian water; Inachine-shops; sash and (loor fac- tory; tow-mill, and a creamery of the capacity of 7,000 pounds of butter, er week. Assessed Valuation of city property, 1886, real and personal, $335,000. . . - - SCIIools, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized townships, twelve; school population, 1,980; num- ber of school-houses in district, fifty-one; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $34.18; females, $31.01; value of all School property, $12,915.21; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $24,932.71; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,399.44; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $15,950.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,921.75. LIVE STOCK ST.ATISTICS. ł Year Mules and Cattle. Sheep. ! | • Horses. SWilne. Valuation. | Asses. : 1880 2,484 81 6.9% 2002 48% º 1885 3,456 97 10,167 7,177 , 3,615 § 291,684 1886 3,940 . 55 11 943 r 4,899 t 6,452 261.850 1887 5,480 | 160 | 13,331 4,368 9,658 $29,485 VALUATION STATISTICS. ------ I tºº, ... ºr, Jr.... Total assessed º Acres teal - Town Lots Personal Prop-] *'. * Year. BState. Valuation. Yajuition ſeriyºniuatiºn Yººtion of - “. . . .” “... county. | : - 1886 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $ 344,318 ........::::::::::..... | * $ 255,981 $ 600,199 1885 247 235 ; 891, 129 $ 145,860 | 241,082 | 1,569 755 1886 262,077 1,281,927 203 230 n 280,346 ; 1977,859 iš ºf i_i:sº ºf § 3;i' * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. • Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. A, - | 1880, 1885 Bushels in Bush els in Rushels in * | e 1887. ſ Wheat................................---------------------------------- 122,048 64.888 100,000 Corm. ............. s e a a s = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 140,079 417,933 1,076,660 Oats.......... * * * * * * * a s = e = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * 123,777 ; 296 568 412,500 Rye ......... * , , , , , , , , , , a s a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,449 | 3.145 4,088 Buckwheat.......................................................... Il Oſ) & 215 1,134 Harley................................. “.......... “.......... “ 22 542 2,568 2 795 Flax....................................... ---------------------------- Il Olle ..................... ! 56,560 326 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICŞ. Population of county, 1870, 608; 1880, 5,468; 1885, 7,449. Lands im- proved, 1880, 48,914 acres; 1885, 76,811 agres. Number of farms, 1880, 862; 1885, 953. Average size of farms, 1880, fifty-seven acres; 1885; eighty-one acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887. $4.62. County indebt- edness, 1887, $21,017. Potato crop, 1885, 23,529 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 32,915 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 2,474 gallons; butter, 243,494 pounds; cheese, 955 pounds; eggs, 187,631 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Nanne. P. O. Address. - - ! - - - -- --------- - - - -* -----'------------. . ‘. .--— County Clerk................................ Joseph Zitka................................. Tyndall..................... Treasurer...................................... Paul Landmann........................... Tyndall..................... Sheriff................................. * * s a tº a s a - John R. Petric........................” Tyndall..................... Clerk District Court..................... Chas. H. Stilwill .......................... Tyndall..................... Probate Judge.............................. W. T. Williams ............................. Tyndall..... ............... Register of Deeds......................... Joseph Zitka................................ iTyndall..................... Attorney....................................... James D. Elliott........................... Tyndall..................... Superintendent of Schools........... Francis Richmond....................... Tyndall..................... Surveyor....................................... B. E. Wood................................... Springfield................. Coroner.................. ..................... Dr. O. Richmond............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Tyndall..................... Assessor ........................................ A. C. Haney ................................. Tyndall............ tº e º a 4 & t t tº ſ F. J. Mon fore, (chairu, all)............ Springfield................ James P. Cooley........................... Bon Homme............... Commissioners.......................... Philheaš Crandall......................... Loretta ..................... | T. H. Abbott................................. Tyndall.................... * l W. E. Bardwell............................. Scotland ................... i Avon....................................... Lºretta.................................... *Tabor.................................... Bon Homme............................. Myrtle ....…............................ TYND 11...…. Choteau Creek........................ Ruinuing Water...................... Wallari.................................. Talystown.............................. Scotland................................. |Worms................................... Hawlejek................................ Springfield.............................. | BOREAIAN ('OUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Unorganized. I3oro man county is contained within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, IN 1887. Fort Yates. BOTTIN EAU COUNTY. Area, 852,480 acres., Created January 4, 1873. Boundaries changed, 1883, part to Wynn; changed again, March 11, 1887. Organized, May 13, 1884, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following &om' missioners, viz.: William F. Simerall, Albert C. Barnes, Lorenzo D. Dana. Bottineau county lies on the northern boundary line, half-way between the east and west boundaries of the Territory. Principal stream is the Mouse, which flows, in a northwesterly direction, through the entire width of the county. A great number of lakes and ponds of every size, from a few rods in diameter to Several miles in length, are scattered over the Turtle Mountains, and in the eastern part of Iłottineau county. Timber rows along the banks of the Mouse river, as, also, on the mountains, or ills, before mentioned. The surface is gently rolling in character, with the exception of the Turtle Mountains, only a part of which are in this county. These mountains, or, rather, hills, vary in height from 200 to 700 feet, and cover, altogether, in Bottineau and Rolette counties, an area about forty miles long by about twenty to thirty broad. The soil of the ... . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 327 v county is a rich, black loam, with an underlying sub-soil of clay. Tignite . coal is found in Bottineau county, along the Mouse river. A good quality of brick and potter's clay is also found. * Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad, (Bottineau and Rugby Junction line,) twenty-one miles; stations: Willow City, Bottineau. f Văcant public lands, 12,320 acres. t - BAN KS. One bank does business in the county, viz: Bottineau County Bank, at Bottineau, E. A. Harmon, president; M.S. Harmon, cashier. ~~ N.F. W. SIP.A Płº IRS. Pioneer, Noble & Bennett, ×litors and publishers, Bottineau; Free Lance, Bottineau Publishing Co., blishers, Bottineau; Dakota Eagle, Jacob P. Hagar, editor and publisher, YKJRae. - COU NTY S.J.,\'i'. Bottineau, near the center, is the county seat 350; school-house, of the value of $1,400. Prè, church-buildings, to cost $2,500, under construction. few months old, and is not incorporated. SCIIools, (STATISTICs 18 6.) Number of organized townships, five; school population, 194; number of school-houses in district, two; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $35.00; females, $25.00; value of all school property, $485.05; expended for school purposes during year end- ind June 30, 1886, $912.31; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $138,89; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $400; aver. It has a population of Ryterian and baptist The town is but a age rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school war- rants outstanding June 30, 1886, §31.48. I, IV J. STOC IN STATISTICS. Mulcs and Sheep. Swine. Valuation. Year. ſ Horses. ASSGS Cattle. | *...] ºn W. A.J. e. 1885............ 134 21 1,727 217 125 $39,702 1886............ | 216 24 1,926 124 . 1S3 60,085 1887............ 415 17. 1,220 34 433 75,462 VALUATION STATISTICS. - w - Acres Real - Town Lots Personal Prop- TOtial assessed Year. i.” Valuation. valuation erty valuatiºn, Yºllation of : -- - county. t | - - - -- - 1885......... 120 $ 600 $ 850 $25,512 $ 66,664 1886......... 5, 184 15.397 ......... | 29,749 105,881 1887......... 16,895 64 87.4 ' - - - - - - - - - 48,863 18S 699 º FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in , Bushels in 1880. Bushels in | | 1885. 1887 Wheat............................................................ . ... ll( \ll C 8,016 149,079 COT1)..................................................................... In OT, e 189 680 Oats.......... • a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il OIlê 10,322 126,672 Rye.................................................... * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ll OIl G • - - - - - - - - 52 Barley.......................................................... ....... l] O Il Q | 1,644 6 912 Tlax............. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Il Ol) G. j Il Olle 140 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. - - Population of cºunty, 1880, nºne; 1885, 818. Lands improved, 1885, 7,215 acres. Number of farms, 1885,261. Average size of farms, 1885, twenty-eight acres. Average assessed Valuation per acre, 1887, $3.81. County indebt. edness, 1887, $8,457. Pºtato crop, 1885, 5,569, bushels. Wool-ćlip, iss; 2,554 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 12,030 pounds. cheese, 100 pounds; eggs, 5,251 dozen. * y RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NAME AND PostOfFICE ADDRESS of county of FICERS IN 1887. Office. • Name. . . P. O. Address. . . County Clerk................................. Geo. J. Coulthard.............. ............|Bottineau................ Treasurer.................... , tº * * * g tº tº º sº. # * * * * * * * * Peter R. Ferguson.................., 8 tº tº a .g. s Bottineau................. Sheriff.............................. ........ ......|P. J. Ferguson.................. e º a t < * * * * * * s Bottineau........... - - - - - - *. Clerk District Court...................... John W. Bennett...........................|Bottineau........ ‘........ Probate Judge.............................. A. Thompson............................. ...|Bottineau................. Register of Deeds......................... Geo. J. Coulſ hard.................. • * * * * * * g & Bottineau................. Attorney ....................................... Virgil B. Noble.....................“. . . . . Bottineau................. Superintendent of Schools........... Fred W. Cathro............................. Bottineau................. Surveyor............................. • . . . . . . . . . Ole Hornimalin......................... ...|Bottineau................. Coroner........................... .............|Alex. Maclay................................ Bottineau................. Assessor......................................... Geo. H. Weed...... ............ . . . ........... Lordsburg................ 122ra Turner................. # * * * * * * * * > * * * * * * Bottii) eau ........ e s sº s e s is a Levi Mellon .............................. ... Bottineau ......“........ Commissioners......................... . & Jas. W. Greiner............................] Bottineatl ................ Lewis Brunelle............................ iTursus....................... | James Cudlie...............................] McRae...................... - LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Y - - BOTTINEAU.....................Lordsburg..................... McRae....................... Tarsus................... & & BOWMAN COUNTY. Created, March 8, 1883, from part of Billings. Unorganized. - Bowman county lies on the western boundary of the Territory, just north of the 46th parallel. No Government surveys have yet been made in the county. - - Vacant public lands, 337,920 acres. Population of county, 1885, 162. BROOKINGS COUNTY. Area, 518,400 acres. Created April 5, 1862. Boundaries changed, Jan- uary 31, 1871, part of Hanson; changed again January 8, 1873, parts to Lake and Moody. Organized January 31, 1871; Martin Trygstadt, L. M. He whit, Elias º appointed commissioners, and Medary desig- nated as county seat, by act of Legislature. - - Brookings county is situated in the southeastern part of the Territory, in the first tier of counties west of the Minnesota line, and the fifth county north of the Nebraska boundary. Principal streams are the Big Sioux, which flows through the county from north to South, and its feeders, the Medary, Six Mile, and Deer Greeks. Principal lakes, Poinsett, Te- tonka, Hendricks, Sinai, and Oak, Native timber grows along the Big Sioux, and around lakes Tetonka and Hendricks. Surface, rolling prairie. Soil, a black, vegetable loam, from one to four feet deep, with clay sub-soil. Mileš of railroad in county; Chicago & Northwestern railway, (main line,) thirty-five miles; stations: , Elkton, Aurora, Brookings, Volga; (Watertown & Brookings branch,), fifteen miles; stations: Brookings, iłruce. Total, fifty miles. Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern, (main line,) twenty-eight miles; stations: White, Bushnell, Elkton. Total milés of railroad in county, seventy-eight. Vacant public lands, 1,865 acres. - BANKS. - - There are nine banks doing business in the county, as follows: Bank of Aurora, at Aurora, J., H. Kelsey, president; B. J. Kelsey, cashier. Banking house of C. S. Ricker; at Aurora. , Bank of Brookings, at Brook- ings, W. H. Morehouse, president; Geo. Morehouse, cashier. First Na- tional Bank, at Brookings, T. 1. Fishback, president; Horace Fishback, cashier. Merchants Bank, at Brookings, Thomas Oldham, president; R. S. Lyon, cashier. Citizens' Bank, at lºlkton, H. S. Murphy, president; E. F. Onstine, cashier. Bank of Volga, at Volga, Wm. Fisher, president; OF DAKOTA. 329 Charles F. Eager, cashier. Merchants' Bank, at Volga. Citizens' Ex- change Bank, at White, E. C. Holden, president; N. H. Holden, cashier. NEWSPAPERs. - - Times, H. S. Murphy, editor and publisher, Aurora; Brookings County Sentinel, Whiting Bros., editors and publishers, Brookings; Brookings County Press, G. W. Hopp, editor and publisher, Brookings; Record, J. L. Pratt, publisher, Elkton; Tribune, Thomas. W. Bishop, editor and pub- lisher, Volga. - - - sº .” gounTY SEAT. The city of Brookings, a few miles south of the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,500; school-buildings of the value of $4,000; presbyterian, baptist, methodist, lutheran, Norwegian, and catholic church edifices, valued at $12,000; court-house, valued at $8,000; city-hall, valued at $2,000; flour-mill, valued at $25,000; creamery, valued at $5,000; flax- mill, valued at $1,000; brick-yard, etc. Artesian well contracted for. The Dakota Agricultural college is located at Brookings. For a description of the college, see page 197 of this publication. . OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Aurora, a few miles southeast of Brookings; population, 400; two-story school building, valued at $2,000; methodist Church-building, valued at $1,500; cheese factory; flour-mill, valued at $10,000. Elkton, in the ex- treme southeast; population, 600; school-building, valued at $2,500; baptist and catholic church-buildings, valued at $2,000; shirt factory, valued at $4,000. Assessed valuation of city property, 1886, real, $45,1(10; personal, $25,000; total, $70,000. Volga, west of Brookings; population, 5(N), school- building, valued at $2,500; presbyterian and congregational church-build- ings, valued at $3,500; jail and engine house; flour-mill, valued at $10,000. White, in the northeast; population, 200; school-building, valued at $2,500; methodist and presbyterian church-buildings, valued at $4,500; a $10,000 flour-mill contracted for. - SCIIooLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) - Number of organized townships, twenty-six; school population, 2,313; number of school houses in district, eighty-nine; number of school-houses built in 1886, six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $31.60; females, $26.00; value of all school property, $49,483.00; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $35,915.19; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $7,476.17; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $43,975.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, nine per cent, ; amount of School warrants ou standing June 30, 1886, $1,676.72. LIVE STOCK STATISTICs. - in | : Year. Horses. Mules and Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. - ASSGS. | | } f - i i -* 1880 1,164 97 3.486 || 759 950 tº ......................... 1885 4,019 211 | 7,774 3,172 4,380 $ 207 132 1886 4,651 199 9,283 3.619 3 307 40.5.488 1887 5,214 | 182 | 11,101 3,131 2, 179 429,568 VALUATION STATISTICS. º , ACTeS Real - i o º - Town Lots Personal Pro-Tºº! assessed Year. IEstate. Valuation. Valuation. |tity valuation. Yººn of - i i 1880 ...... # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $ 51,867 º *; º; liº || 5 || 3:00): 1885 274.979 | (554.634 $ 116,860 244,409 | 1 2S3, 35 1886 293,514 1,105 969 240 822 395,642 2.147,921 1887 840,845 1,266,867 286,387 $68338 2.296,110 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. *. 330 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. $ F.W. RM statistics. . Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - i Bushels in | Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. | 1887. Wheat................................................................. 77 646 831,707 810,000 Corn.................................................................... 13,625 51 700 144,000 Oats..................................................................... ! - 75.456 69% 74% Rye..................................................................... . 110 3,191 5,000 Buckwheat......................................................... 3. 588 3.3% 5.3% Barley................................................................. i 9,672 157,082 208,000 Flax.................................................................... i In Olle ......... | 150,000 MISCEI, L.A.NEOUS STATISTI (S. Population of county, 1870, 163; 1880, 4,965; 1885, 8,288. Lands improved, 1880, 31,254 acres; 1885, 155,556 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 729; 1885, 1,472. A verage size of farms, 1880, forty-three acres; 1885, 106 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.71. County indebted- ness, 1887, $7,205. Potato crop, 1885, 51,646 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 19,327 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 266,017 pounds; cheese, 695 pounds; eggs, 156,837 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE AIDI) RESS OF COUNTY Ol"FICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. - - | - --- - - - - - -- - - - - ----- ------------------------------ - -------- - - - --- | Auditor.......................... ....... • * * * * * * W. H. Cornell............................... Brookings................. Treasurer..................................... Wi. Nicholson............................. Brookings................. Sherifſ.......................................... ‘Peter Balgord .............................. Volga........................ Clerk District Court..................... |Louis Patnaud............................. Brooking".................. I’robate Judge........................ ..... iſ’. R. Swenzey.............................. Brookings................. Register of Deeds ........................ Burre H. Lein .............................. HTookings................. Attorney................................. ..... J. O. Andrews.............................. |Brookings................. Superintendent of Schools........... |Q. II. Parker................................. |Brookings................ Surveyor....................................... J. A. Hegemanly........................... Brookings................. Coroner...................................... ... Dr. M. B Mattice,........................ Elktow....................... Thos. R. Qualey, (chairman) ....., |Brookings * * * g e º g º e º 'º e is tº sº e is {I. Atkinson................................... White........................ Commissioners.......................... E. A. Kinney................................. Estelline,.................. | Martin Stumley........................... iVolga........................ \"M. E. Donohoe ............................ Aurora.................... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Argo ....................................... wºmen…rmine Farm ........................ Aurora......... .......................... Elkton.................................... Volga..................….…. J3800 KINGs.............................. Laketon.................................. White................................... g Bruce...................................... '():lkwood | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e a tº e º e = * H ROWN COUNTY. Area, 1,105,920 acres. Created, February 22, 1879, from parts of Beadle and Mills. Organized, July 20, 1880, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: John R. James, Don. C. McKenzie, Clarence I). Johnson. - - Brown, a James river valley county, is situated just south of the 46th parallel, and midway between the Missouri river and the Minnesota state line, Principal streams are the James, which winds in a Southerly direc- tion through the county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts; the Maple, the Elm rivers, and Willow, Moccasin, Foot, and Mud Creeks. Lake Columbia is a sheet of Water about a mile in width. There are several smaller lakes scattered over the county. Some timber is found, at inter- vals, along the banks of the James. Surface, a rolling prairie and river valley. Soil, a rich loam. - es of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway, ain line,) thirty-seven miles; stations: Groton, Bath, Aberdeen; (James River line,) forty-eight miles; stations: Warner, Aberdeen, Westport, Frederick. Total, eighty-five miles. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Huron—Oakes line,) fifty-five miles; stations: Rudolph, Aberdeen, Ord- way, Columbia, Houghton, Hecla; (Doland extension,) eighteen miles; sta- tions: Ferney, Verndon and Groton. Total, seventy-three Iniles. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad, (Aberdeen-Rutland line,) twenty-four miles; stations: Aberdeen, Hadley, Putney, Huffton, Claremont. Total miles of railroad in county, 182. • - Vacant public lands, none. ' Ri •. - . . . . J3 AN. İS. - There are eleven banks doing business in the county, as follows: Aber- deen National Bank, at Aberdeen, J. T. McChesney, president; Robert Moody, cashier. First National Bank, at Aberdeen, S. H. Jumper, presi- dent; G. L. Cadwell, Jr., cashier. Hagerty & Marple, at Aberdeen. Bank of Claremont, at Claremont, F. H. Hagerty, president; R. A. Mather, cashier. Bank of Columbia, at Columbia, Wm. Davidson, president. First National Bank, at Columbia, H. C. Sessions, president; C. A. Baker, cashier. Loomis & Corry, at Columbia. Bank of Frederick, at Frederick, F. H. Hagerty, president; J. C. Simmons, casbier. Bank of Groton, at Groton, L. H. Neff, cashier. Farmers' Bank, at Groton, F. D. Adams, president; H. S. West, cashier. Bank of Westport, at Westport, C. B. Shouse, president. - - NEWSPAPERS. Republican, C. B. Barrett, editor and publisher, Aberdeen; Dakota. Pioneer, John H. Drake, editor and publisher, Aberdeen; Daily News, Starling & Torrey, editors and publishers, Aberdeen; Dakota Catholic Amer-, ican, Rev. Father Hair, editor, P. P. Orth, manager, Aberdeen; Dakota Prohibitionist, F. H. Shoals & E. R. Vallandingham, editors, Aberdeen; The Observer, W. A. Moore & C. J. C. McLeod, editors and publishers, -Aberdeen; The Gazette, W. C. Allen, editor and publisher, Claremont; Dispatch and Tribune, C. S. Baxter, publisher, Columbia; Brown County Sentinel, Chas. E. Baldwin, editor, Columbia; Free Press, W. W. Wilson, editor, Detroit; Free Press, R. E. and F. J. Kenyon, editors and publish- ers, Frederick; Mirror, E. L. Spence, editor and publisher, Frederick; Independent, Reeves & Cole, publishers, Groton; Leader, MI. V. B. Scrib- ner, editor, Groton; Sun, C. J. C. McLeod, editor, Warner; Volcano, W. ; ºr, editor ind publisher, Hecla; Messenger, Ezra Elliot, publisher, Putney. - - Aberdeen, South and west of the center, is the county seat. It has a populäfſon of 5,000; brick school-buildings, valued at $18,000; baptist, methodist, presbyterian, and catholic church edifices, valued at $25,000; court-house; engine-house; fifteen stall round-house; water-works (arte- Sian,) valued at $25,000; electric light plant, valued at $12,000; creamery; flour-mill; plow factory and spark-arrester manufactory—together, value at $100,000. Assessed valuation city property, $1,686,450. - - - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Bath, east of Aberdeen; population 150; school-building, valued at $2,000; methodist church-building, valued at $2,500. Claremont, on the eastern boundary; population, 300: two grain elevators; flour-mill in prospect. Columbia, on the James river; population 1,000; school-buildings, valued at $5,000; congregational, baptist, catholic, and lutheran church edifices, valued at $7,600; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $9,000; flour- mill, valued at $18,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $80,530; personal, $80,720; total, $161,250. Detroit, in the northeast; popu- lation, fifty; school-building, valued at $700; methodist church-building, Yalued at $1,200. Frederick, in the northwest; population, 450, school- building, valued at $1,400; methodist and catholic cliuréh edifices, valued at $3,000; flour-mill, valued at $23,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $60,000; personal, $50,000; total, $110,000. Groton, in the east, population, 700; School-building, valued at $3,500; presbyterian and epis- 332 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. copal church-buildings, valued at $4,000; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $8,000; flour-mil), valued at $30,000; Groton college with build- ings, valued at $10,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $140,675; personal, $82,345, total, $223,020. Ordway, on the James river, near the center of the county; population, 300; school-buildings, valued at $4,000; creamery; grain elevator, etc. Warner, in the south; population 200; school-building, valued at $2,000; methodist church-building, value at $1,800, and four grain elevators. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, $60,000. Westport, north of Aberdeen; population, 100; School-build- ing valued at $1,500. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, $15,000. Huff- ton, in the east; population, 100; church edifice, valued at $1,500; grain elevators, etc. SCIIooſs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, sixteen; School population, 3,155: num- ber of school-houses in district, 126; number of school-houses built in 1886, nineteen; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $35.05; females, $29,04; value of all school property, $114,656.98; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $51,520,89; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $13,409. 10; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $100,500.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; almount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,700.42 * LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | 1 tº ſº. - - - - Year. Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. | `" | - - ſ - - - 1885 5,240 53 6,213 889 1,599 $ 413 962 1886 7,862 572 ſ 7,985 2,864 2,936 467,502 iş #3 #3 1%; 1,939 2 575 874 700 VALUATION STATISTICS. Total assessed y | Acres Real - Town Lots Personal Prop. * '...', . Year i Estate. Valuation. Valuation. [erty º Yººn of ------------ - | | e --- - - - - - - - - - - - 1885 561.498 $1,617,505 $429,464 $ 609,369 $ 3.07.0 300 1886 t 592, 569 - 2080,668 | 481.382 705 93 | 3 7:35 488 1887 | - - - 628,936 3,441.980 i 1,441,885 - -- 1,404.248 ----' . 7. 162,763 TARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | ſ | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in | 18S0. 885. I 887. } l Wheat........................................................ 21 | 1,867,801 4,009 887 Corn........ .................................................. 100 169,072 5S5,900 Oats............................................................ i 1) Ol) & ! 858,413 2,773,164 Rye....................…............................... | ll t) l l G. i 107 (; 460 Buckwheat............................... ..…. … | I) Ol) G. | 1,210 _ ]) Ol) e Barley........................................................ Il () (1G i 58,667 470,680 Flax........................................................... t Il Olle ...... .................. 107,004 MI ISCIELT, \NIEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 353; 1885, 12,241. Iands improved, 1880, 468 acres; 1885, 248,346 acres. Number of farms, 1880, twenty-eight; 1885, 2,438. A verage size of farms, 1880, seventeen acres; 1885, 102 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1886, $3.51. The county has no in- debtedness. , Potato crop, 1885, 143,701 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 6,632 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 60,400 gallons; butter, 247,458 pounds; cheese, 470 pounds; eggs, 113,462 dozen. f * * - - RESOURCES OF DAICOTA. 333 NAME AND POSTO7IPICE AID DIRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS. - { | Office, Name. | P. O. Address. | Auditor......... tº tº º e º º º is tº 4 º' g $ ſº & º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s C. Hedger ................................. columbia * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s & Treasurer...................................... II. S. Williams....................... |Öiumbia. Sheriff.......................................... James L. Cherry........................... 'Aberdeen.................. Clerk District Court..................... E. K. Lodewick............................ Columbia................. Probate Judge.............................. J. R. Beebe ................................... Columbia................. Register of Deeds......................... J. A. Houlahan........ tº tº a 4 is is e º s is is is a tº 8 s tº e º is 8 Columbia................. Attorney....................................... James Wells.................................., Columbº i............... Superintelldent of Schools........... C. J. C. McLeod............................ Columbia................. Surveyor...................... tº g º ſº º º is a $ tº e s & e g º ºs A. J. Pierce................................... :Aberdeen............ ..... Coroner.........................................W. J. FVans................................... Groton ..................... | C. W. Swift.................................... Aberdeen................. g | W. I. Steere.................................. Randell.................... Commissioners.......................... * |E J. Mather.................................. |Groton ..................... | |Pred B. Smith .............................. IIecla........................ UH. Barnard............................. * * * * * * Frederic K......‘........... IIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. ABERDREN............................... Gem........................................ Putney.................................. Amherst......... ........................ Groton.................................... Rºndell................................. Bath..................................... ...] Hecla...................................... Rudolph................................ Columbia................................ Hoºghton............................... |Santa Clara........................... Claremont.........…................Huſſion................................... V“rdon .............* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Detroit.................................... Ma'sfield................................ Warner ................................ * Dodge .................................... Murray................................... Westport.............................. łº Ferney.................................... Ordway................................... Frederick................................. Plana...................................... - § BRULE COUNTY. Area, 537,600 acres. Created, January 14, 1875, from part of Buffalo. The boundaries were changed March 9, 1883, part from Buffalo. The county was organized, January 14, 1875, by act of Legislature; H. M. Leedy, George Trimmer, and James Blacketor appointed commissioners, and Brule City designated as county seat. In January, 1875, President Grant issued a proclamation, declaring certain portions of this county as still constituting part of the Indian lands, and warning settlers to vacate. The lands were again opened to settlement, August 9, 1879, by an Execu- tive order of President Hayes, and, on September 8, 1879, the Governor reorganized the county, by the appointment of the following commission- ers, viz.: Marvin H. Somers, Fred C. Livermore, and Arthur C. Van Meter. Brule county is situated in the southern part of the Territory, on the east bank of the Missouri river, and is the second county in orth of the Ne- braska boundary. Principal streams are the Missouri, forming the west- ern boundary of the county; and Smith and American creeks. Red Lake, not far from the center of the county, is a sheet of water about twelve miles long by six wide. A number of smaller lakes and ponds are dis- tributed over the county. Timber grows along the banks of the Missouri, and on American island—quite a large island—in the channel of the Mis- souri, opposite the city of Chamberlain. The surface is a broad prairie, broken by the bluffs along the Missouri river, . and Bijou Hills covering an area 6f eight or ten Square miles in the southwestern portion of the county. Soil, a deep, rich, loam. The Winnebago Indian reservation covers about four of the northwestern townships. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty-nine miles; stations: Kimball, Pukwana, Chamber- lain, Plainfield. Vacant public lands, 9,600 acres. - B.AN KS. There are six banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Bijou IHills, Bijou Hills; Brule County Bank, Chamberlain, A. G. Kellam, bresident; E. W. Skerry, cashier. First National Dank, at Chamberlain, D. H. Henry, president; Patrick Henry, cashier. I armers' and - - - - Bank, at Kimball, H. E. Gates, president; L. A. Foote, cashier. Heñry. & Case, at Kimball, D. H. Henry, president; A. C. Whitbeck, cashier. Bank of Pukwana, at Pukwana, E. B. Taft, president; W. M. Pratt, cashier. - - - NEwsPAPERs. . . . . . Times, J. R. Lowe, editor and publisher, Bijou Hills; Dakota Democrat, Dan F. Burkholder, publisher, Chamberlain; The Register, G. R. Owen, editor and publisher, Chamberlain; lindex, W. L. Thorndyke, publisher, Kimball; Brule Real Estate Journal, C. D. Savage, editor and publisher, Kimball; ‘The Graphic, C. R. Tinan, publisher, Kimball; The Press, R. E. Shipley, editor and publisher, Pukwana. . COUNTY SEAT. . - . . . . The city of Chamberlain, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a populatiºn of Tºº); school-buildings; congregational and baptist. church-edifices; water-works system, valued at $25,000; opera-house, val- ued at $15,000; flour-mill, valued at $25,000; county jail; machine shops, etc: - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. - - Kimball, east of the center, population, 1,000; school-buildings, valued. at $8,000; methodist, catholic, and presbyterian church-edifices, valued at $12,000; water works (artesian,) system, valued at $8,000; flour-mill, val- ued at $18,000; assessed valuation of city, 1886, real, $138,000; personal, $75,000; total, $213,í100. Pukwana, between Chamberlain and Kimball, population, 500; sehool-building, valued at $4,000; methodist, congrega- tional, and lutheran church-edifices; assessed valuation, 1886, real, $50,000; personal, $20,000; total, $70,0000. * . SC11ools, (STATISTICs 1886.) - - Number of organized townships, twenty ; school population, 1,773; num- ber of school-houses in district, seventy-five; number of school houses built in 1886, five; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $28.50; females, $28.98; value of all school property, $46,127.85; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $25,692.98; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,909.73; par amount of school bonds out- stain ding June 30, 1886, $4 |,150; amount of school warrants outstanding . June 30, 1886, $5,556.32. - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. - lar, as awa . - ---------- Year, Horses. M W.” d ('attle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. i . *. \. * ; | - - º ; - ** : i is 1SSſ) 18S 11 . 677 .................. !.…. '............................. 1885 : 3,108 187 t 5 383 . 562 3.024 $163.348 1886 3,432 181 % 6 656 458 | 2 678 175,459 1887 8, 58 177 : 7,538 586 ; 2,135 196,291 VALUATION STATISTICS. - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Total assessed ~~.,,, . Acres Beal } ºn "1+ n | 1 Town Lnts Personal Prop- * “ twr º Year. Estate. Valuation, valuation, erty valuation. yaluation of . f “. … “, county. 1880 ........................ $ 42 056 ........................ i + $ 20 027 . § 62,088 . 1885 168.8] 7 511,347 $186,610 167,579 º 1,028 884 1886 186 89ſ) - 547 910 . 212,521 - 174,380 . 1.110.220 1887 202.698 . 625, 237 : 223,282. 128,271 t 1,168,081 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. - - FARM STATISTICS. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - i Bushels in Bushels in - º 887. : Bush is in 1880. 1885. -- - . - - - - Wheat................ ~~~~~~~ none 264 550 385,000 Corn..................................................................... 3.370 : 170,886 • 905,976 Oats.................................. -s g º e s tº e º º s a s & a * g a s.a. s. a 9 s & 4 tº tº a s s & tº a w ! ]] ()]] G. 247,445 381,816 Rye ..….....….…........................... ............. . none 1,242. 6, Puck Wheat ........................................... ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * : In Ol) (3 i. 702 750. Barley.................................................................. none | 9,987 40 326 Flax....................... ‘s tº a s • * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : Done .....................]_51,000 : ******* RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 335 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 238; 1885, 7,524, Lands improved, 1880, 2,052 acres; 1885, 71,411 acres. Number of farms, 1880, seventy-five; 1885, 1,226, Average size of farms, 1880, twenty-seven acres; 1885, fifty-eight acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.08. County indebt- edness, 1887, $22,807. Potato crop, 1885, 30,710 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 4,548 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 68,548 gallons; butter, 87,695 pounds; cheese, 1,738 pounds; eggs, 94,941 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY of FICERS IN 1887. Office, | Name. P. O. Address. - - -------------- " - … -- º'------------ - . . . . * - . . - - . | County Clerk.........................ºl. W. Orcutt.................................. Chamberlain............ Treasurer.......................................F. E. Jenkins................................ Chamberlain............ Sheriff............................ ............... E. P. Ochsner................................ Kimbal]................... Clerk District Court ..................... D. W. Spalding.......... .................... Chamberlºin............ Probate Judge..............................; W. C. Graybill.............................. Chamberlain............ Register of Deeds.......................... : J. W. Orcutt.................................. Chamberlain............ Attorney ....................................... J. A. Stroube............... '• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chamberlain............ Superintendent of Schools...........; Alice J. Sanborn...........................{Pukwan't................. Surveyor........................................ Scott Hayes.................................... Chamberlain............ Coroner................................... ...... J. C. Hollinger.............................. Kimbal]................... Assessor......................................... iAlbert Peterson............................. Kimball................... . . . - ſº W. Skerry................................. Chamberlain............ . - - i.James Fry...................................... Chamberlain............ Commissioners....................... ... & C. M. Austin ............................. ... Kimball................... . - - L. S. House..............................* * * * * * * Kimball................... • i Edgar M*SS................................... Kimball................... º LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. . | Bijou Hills............................. |Kirkwood .............................. |rºwan* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * CHAMBERLAIN........................ ily onviºle .............................. {Rives. .................................... Coyle. .................................... Old ......................................... iRed Lake................................ Dunlap......... º º e º 'º - º is tº g º º • . . . . . . . . . . . . lºſſ a s e º e º ºr e º w e s a 5 e º e s = e < * * * * * * * * * * - Kimball................................. |Ployd....'................................. BUFFALO COUNTY. Area, 299,520 acres. As created originally, January 6, 1864, , Buffalo county contained within its boundaries, nearly all of Dakota outside of a few counties in the southeast. Its boundaries were changed January 13, 1871, and, by the same act of the Legislature, the county was organized by the naming of Henry Waller, John Reeves, and George Choteau, county commissioners. The area of this county has been reduced, from time to time, by numerous acts of the Legislature, namely: January 8, 1873, January 10, 1873, and March 9, 1883. Buffalo county, as now bounded, was organized, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following iºnisioners, viz.: Chas. A. Osman, John Finencane and J. P. Cleve- 13, Il Cl. Buffalo county lies on the east bank of the Missouri river, the third county north of the Nebraska state line. Principal streams are the . Missouri river, the western boundary of the county, and its affluents, Sol- dier. Crow, Campbell, and Elm creeks Box Elder is a tributary of Crow Creek. Considerable native timber grows along the Missouri river and the smaller streams. Surface, roughly rolling in the western part, adja- cent to the river; in the eastern part, prairie. Soil, a rich black loam, with a sub-soil of yellowish, clayey, marl. The greater part of the county is included within the boundaries of the Winnebago Indian reservation. Vacant public lands, none. - * . . . - - . (X) UNTY SE.A.T. Gann Valley, in the east, is the county seat. * . . . . schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) . Number of organized townships, five; school population, 206; number of School-houses in district, three; number of school-houses built in 1886, three; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $21,67; females, $21.70; value of all school property, $205.83; expended for school purposes during fear ending June 30, 1886, $1,421.52; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $231.33; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, . 1886, $149.85. •. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIVE STOCK STATISTICs. Year. Horses, Mººnd Cattle. | Sheep. Swine. | Valuation. 1885 426 77 778 40 | 827 $ 28,472 1886 479 64 1,014 818 881 || 38,849 1887 436 - 53 1,024 164 273 || 39,245 VALUATION STATISTICS. - | - - - , Total assessed * Acres Real ] . . - Town Lots |Personal Prop- ** a tir, ºn Year. Estate, Valuation. Valuation. Ferty Valuation. sººn Of 1885 20.8% | $ 58,351 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g is is a e $ 20,866 |s 107,692 1886 $2 132 82,670 $ 678 22,438 | 144,630 1887 41,676 ! 103,055 655 21 091 164,036 * FARM STATISTICs. . . . . Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. . . . . . . - ‘. . Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in A. 1880. 1885. 1887, Wheat................................ ~~~~ 240 4,436 sº Corn ................................................................... 480 12.188 | 67,149 Oats.…..................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 600 5,608 | 58,680 Y9 - “................................................................. 1) Ol) & | none | 1612 Buckwheat....................................... - it tº - - - - - - e º - - - - - - - - In O1) © | 20 300 Barley............................... .................................. ll()]] G. 80 7,125 **:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: • Il ()}) (2 |… 20,420 MISCET, LANIEOUS STATISTICS. - Population of connty, 1880, sixty-three; 1885, 864. Lands improved, 1880, 122 acres; 1885, 8.305 acres. Number of farms, 1880, two; 1885, 247. Average size of ſarms, 1880, six y one acres; 1885, thirty-four acres. Aver- age assessed valu ation per acre, 1887, $2.47. County indebtedness, 1887, $2,600. Potato crop, 1885, 3,217 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 128 pounds. Dairy products, 1885; butter, 2,260 pounds. - - NAMIE AND POSTOFFICE AIDDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. County clerº's H. Orvis.............. * * * * * * * * * * * *• * * * * * * * * * Buffalo Center.......... Treasurer...................................... :W m. J. Hughes............................. Buffalo Center........... - Sheriff........................................... 'Stillman Moulton .............. • . . . . . . ...}Gann Valloy............. Clerk District Court.....................' John A. Kyle .......... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Buffalo ('enter........... Probate Judge.............................. S. K. King ................................... ;|Buffalo Center........... Register of Deeds, ........................ A. H. Orvis.................................... Buffalo Center........... Attorney.….....…................................................................ .................... Superintende: It of Schools........... Harry McCrady............................|Duncan..................... Surveyor....................................... Hugh Donahue............................. iWaterbuly, Jerauld - - - - County................... Coroner......................................... A. J. Wooledge............................. Eldorado................... Assessor........................................ Samuel Robb................................ Duncan..................... ſ jLloyd Thorn, (chairmall)............. Waterbury, Jerauld * - - | - - ‘ounty.................... Commissioners.......................... } Henry Klindt........................ e s - e.s a s Duº w e s a • * s,t e º sº wºº e º sº e º e A. L. Van Buskirk ........................ Eldorado................... LIST or POSTORFICES IN County, 1887. Buffalo Center......................., Eldorado.….................….......' Richards.............................. Crow Creek............................. ( ; A N N VA LLE. Y......................... iVega...................................... Punchi) .................................. Longland............................. ...] - BUFORD COUNTY. Created, March 8, 1883, from part of Wallette. Unorganized. - Buford county is situated in the extreme, northwestern part of the Territory. Principal streams are the Missouri river, the Southern boun- dary of the county, and Muddy, and Sandy creeks. A portion of the Fort Buford military reservation lies within Buford county. The lands of Buford county are unsurveyed as yet. - t Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba rail- way, thirty miles; stations: Williston, (Little Muddy,) Siding 26, Fort Buford. . - . - - Vacant public lands, 934,400 acres. - . NEWSPAPERS. Beacon, McGahon & Wilson, editors and publishers, Williston. MISCEILANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1885, 524. Lands improved, 1885, 2,930 acres. Nº. of farms, 1885, sixteen. Average size of farms, 1885, 183 acres. - . LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Fort Buford............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | Willston s = * * * * * * * * g g g g g g g º & g g º is a ºn e ºs e º s º º it is $ & # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * BURDICK COUNTY. Created, March 8, 1883, from part of Harding county. Unorganized. Burdick county is on the western boundary of the Territory, north of the Black Hills. No Government surveys have been made in this county. Vacant public lands, 630,000 acres. - Pöpulation of county 1885, 75. * , - LIST of PostorFICES IN couxTY, 1887. Camp Crook...................................- “............. | Nashville............................................... ... ... & BUIRLEIGH COUNTY. Area, 1,300,000 acres, Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries were changed February 10, 1879; changed again February 8, 1881, parts from Morton and Mercer; changed again in 1883, part to McLean; changed again March 10, 1885, parts to Kidder and McLean. The county was organized by the appointment, by the Governor, of the fol- lowing commissioners, viz.: James A. Emmons, John P. Dunn, and William IH. Mercer. - Burleigh county lies north of the center of the Territory and midway between the east and west Territorial boundary lines. Principal streams are the Missouri river, which forms the western boundary of the county, and Apple and Burnt creeks. A number of lakes and ponds are distrib- uted over the county—the largest of which, Long lake, in the Southeast, is about twenty miles long by one mile wide. An abundance of timber is found along the banks and covering the islands of the Missouri river. A small part of the Fort Rice military reservation lies within Burleigh county. Surface, rolling prairie and river bottoms. In the neighborhood of the Missouri river, the surface is somewhat broken and hilly. Soil, light, Sandy loam, mixed with vegetable mold. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific (main line) 37.3 miles; stations: Driscoll, Sterling, McKenzie; Menoken, Apple Creek, Bismarck. Total, 37.3. Vacant public lands, 284,320 acres. . . . BAN KS. There are four banks doing busines in the county, as follows: Bismarck Na- tional Bank, Bismarck, J. 'W. Raymond president; W. B. Bell, cashier. Capital National Bank, at Bismarck, C. B. Tittle, president; E. L. Whit- ford, cashier. First National Bank, at Bistmarck, Asa Fisher, president; 338 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. O. H. Whitaker, cashier. Mellon Bros. Bank, at Bismarck, D. W. Dickey, cashier. NEWSPAPEIRS. I)aily Tribune, M. H. Jewell, editor and publisher, Bismarck. Dakota Settler, W. P. Moffet & A. Gray, editors and publishers, Bismarck. COUNTY SEAT. The city of Bismarck, on the Missouri river, the Capital of the Terri- tory, is the county seat. It has a population of 4,500; three school-build- ings, valued at $30,000; catholic, presbyterian, methodist, episcopal, baptist, and lutherain church edifices, valued at $21,000; city-ball, court-house and jail, opera house, valued at $25,000; water-works system, valued at $100,000; electric light plant, valued at $50,000; brewery and malt-house, valued at $100,000; flour-mill, valued at $50,000; cold storage house, etc. Assessed Valuation of city property, 1886, real, $1,123,728; personal, $488,755; total, $1,612,483. ()'I' I I ICR IMPORT.ANT TOW NS. - Sterling, east of Bismarck; population 200; school-building, valued at $1,000; two church-buildings, valued at $3,500. Painted Woods, on the Missouri river, in the northwest; population 200; school-building, valued at $900. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twenty-two; school population,938; number of school-houses in district, 123; number of school-houses built in 1886, nine; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $46.00; females, $35,43; value of all school property, $61,365.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $25,244.90; cash remaining in school treasury June 30, 1886, $3,040.53; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $20,000.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $855.56. LIVE STOCſ. STATISTICS. | ; Mulcs and | | . i 7 tº ; { l - * > Year. | Horses. Asses. Cattle, : Sheep. SWilne, Valuation. - - - - | - - - - - - - -- —-- er-- ~~~~ *- -- 1880 | 838 | 35 1,388 | 1. | 199 ".......................... 1885 : 1,549 213 2,141 1,352 i 633 ſ $138,510 1886 1,846 # | }; 1,532 1,232 176, ". 1887 1,816 179 3,072 1,497 679 152,276 VALUATION STATISTICS. - - --- - - - - - - - –- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - Tot; ) assessod 7 is ºn tº Acros Real & Town Lots Personal Prop-] ‘ ‘....'...'. Year. “...a. i Valuation, valuation. 'erty valuation. Yºu Of Tiš80 T. $ 390,776 ........... .............' *#259,854 5 G50,630 1885 | 157,000 789,455 $1,200,145 l 487,896 . 2,016,066 1886 * 281,052 Q15,002 } 1,122,270 1 576,501 : 2,791,166 išší 5ºsſ, 1,7išší7 i'īāī iófúñ2 5.455.75 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. I'ARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885 and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in 8 Bushels in I 1880. 85. 7. | Wheat...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . none 259,697 | 198,000 Corn .............. .................... ................................ i 9,834 | 18,630 | 7(), ()00 Oats..................................................................... | Gº! ... nº i º) Buckwheat ............................................... ......... 55 (;() | 1]. O Ilê Barlºw ................................................................. | mont. 5 439 | 69 MISCEI., LAN EC) 'S STA’ſ ISTI (S. Population of county, 1880, 3,246; 1885, 5,354; Lands improved, 1880, 10,040 acres; 1885, 44,910 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 14:3; 1885, 713. A verage size of farms, 1880, seventy acres; 1885, sixty-three acres. Aver- DAKOTA. 339 § ti acre, 1887, $3.02. County indebtedness, 1887, .. to grop, 1885,84,440 bushels, Wool clip, 1885, 9,723 pounds. Dai y and other farm'products, 1885: milk, 23,114 gallons; butter 40,770 pounds; cheese, 900 pounds ; eggs, 20,725 dozen. - . NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. – r - º : ' ' . . . - - . . . . ------ - f - - - -- --~~~~ --~~ • *...** *** *-*. . .3-, -w -- - - -.< * ~ *- --- - -- ~~~~~~~~~~------ . . . . Office. : . . . Name. . . P. O. Address. Auditor...................................... ... iP. V. Balties................................. Bismarck.................. Treasurer...................................... Robert Macnider......................... Bismarck .................. Sheriff.................................... .... Frank Donelly.............................. : Bismarck ..... .g. p 3 & e º is ſº * 4 º' is sº Clerk District Court..................... iO. H. Holt......................... * e º ſº g º ºr g... Bismarck .................. º Probate Judge...................... s.s., a * * * * * C. B. Little.................................... Bismarck.................. Register of Deeds..........................ſohn H. Richards.........................; Bismarck .................. Attorney....................................... Louis Hanitch................... ºf º g tº gº is E * * * * * : Bismarck.................. Superinterident of Schools...........W. H. Winchester........................ Bismarck .................. Suveyor........................................ John Bowen................................. Bismarck .................. Coroller................ ..........................B. R. Gage....................................!!ºismarck .................. Assessor........................................H. P. Bogue............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bismarck .................. {}M. J. Edgerly............................. ... Bismarck .................. Commissioners.......................... & E. S. Neal...................................... Menoken.................... . . . G. W. Johnson.................. ............ Painted Woods......... LIST or POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. BISMARCK................................'Edberg...........* * * * - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * Slaughter.............................. Conger....... ............................. Glascock........................... ..... Sterling............ .................... Crofte......................................!Menoken ................................ Stewartsdale......................... Cromwell ............................... iMcKenzie.......‘......................... Wales.................................... is a g º ºs e s = º sº s > 8 & e º sº s ºr º e º ſº tº dº tº Driscoll.................................. Painted Woods..................... . Wogans Ort BUTTE COUNTY. Area, 832,000 acres. Created, March 5, 1881, from parts of Mandan and Lawrence. Organized July 11, 1883, by the appointment, by the Gov- ernor, of the following commissioners, viz.: J. I. Woolstein, Christian Flucken, and Henry Chamberlain. - } Butte county is the northern county of the Black Hills region, in the southwestern part of the Territory. Principal streams are the Belle Fourche or north fork of the Cheyenne river, and its tributaries, Dead Horse, Cherry, Indian, and Owl Creeks, from the north, and White wood and Redwater creeks, from the south. Surface, (outside of the Black Hills, in the southwestern part of the county,) roiling prairie, with valleys along the streams. Soil, a rich loam. Principal industries, farming and stock-raising. Some timber tracts on the higher elevations of the south- west, where are also found a number of small lakes and ponds. For a more extended description of the Black Hills country, see another part of this publication. - - Vacant public lands, 621,076 acres. - . NEWSPAPERS. J3utte County Star, John S. White, editor and publisher, Minnesela. C() (; NTY SEAT. - Minnesela, on the south bank of the Belle Fourche, is the county seat. It has a population of 100; school-building, valued at $800; methodist church building, valued at $1,200; flour-mill, valued at $20,000. - - - SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, five; school population, 234; number of school-houses built in 1886, seven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $41.25; females, $40.00; value of all school property, $6,332.75; ex- . pended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $7,104.86; cash "remaining in school treasury June 30, 1886, $1,282.19; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,550.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $921.95. - ‘UIOUII*H ‘AA A.IIIoH pul; “UOsdruotſ.I., "I ‘ſ “110x108T KIU'a II : ZIA ‘SIOUIoISS|[[Ututio.) juſAOI -[o] att) Jo ‘IOudo A03) out) Aq ‘) (19tul (Hoddu Kq ‘:SSI ‘9 Joquo AON ‘pozi tità -i () ‘Oſtºjugſ Jo quºd Uuouſ ‘g/SI ‘S Altºll (18ſ ‘po) tºo.I.) ‘Solot; 02::'89; ‘tºod V KJLN () ()() TTIGI &ICIJNWO “......…. otiu.A | • * * * * * * * *… VIGSGINNIN | - * * * * * * * * * = …rºoijduºſ i ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"SOIJSIALWJS XIOOJS GIA II WJOXIVOI HO SGIO'Hſ). OSGI’H Op. 9 º RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. 341 Jampbell county lies in the geographical center of Dakota. Principal streams are the Missouri river, the wes (ºrn boundary of the county, and its tributary, the Spring river. Several smaller feeders flow into the last named stream. Considerable timber grows along the river bottoms. Surface, rolling prairie, river bottons, and valleys, with exception of a range of hills extending across the eastern part of the county, and the bluffs bordering on the Missouri river. Numerous ponds of good water are scattered throughout the eastern end of the county. Soil, a rich loam. Vacant public lands, 146,880 acres. BAN KS. One bank does business in this county, viz.: Campbell County Bank, at Mound City. NEWSIPAPERS. Campbell County Courier, Frank E. Devan, editor and publisher, La- Grace; Journal, Horton & Craig, publishers, Mound City. COUNTY SE.A.T. LaGrace, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of 100; school-building, valued at $1,200; methodist church edifice, valued at $300. ()THIER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Mound City, near the center; population, sixty-five. SCIIools, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized townships, three; school population, 168; num- ber of school-houses in district, seven; number of school-houses built in 1886, seven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27.50; females, $29, 17; value of all school property, $6,365.25; expended for School pur- poses, during the year ending June 30, 1886, $6,801.95; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $138.89; par amount of School bonds out- standing, June 30, 1886, $6,400.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, Seven per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding, June 30, 1886, $1,687.25. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Mules and, A Cattle. Sheep. | Swine. Valuation. - ºr Year Horses. | sses. ! *** ****-a-...-4.<-º-ºr--~ * ~ *-*.*.*… < x. - - - - - ------ | --- i - – - - -—- - - - - - ?----------- --—- - -- ~~~~~ | * 1885 34}. 22 1,244 103 66 $ 55,507 1886 585 80 34% 356 236 98,269 išší ºf § 37.5 25 287 iii.20 VALUATION STATISTICS. A...... ..., T row, rais in...sº pºor, Total assessed y Aeres’ Iteal | x; g Town Lots 'Personal Prop- * sº Year. “E. Valuation. valuatiºn ºiliatiº. Yaluatiºn Of –––."--- --------- | - | County. | * | i 1885 6,379 $17,515 $9,775 | $29,415 $112,212 1886 28,61() - 75, 18.) | 8,614 42,982 g 224,995 1887 (30,911 1jº 7,685 63,537 844,877 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in | t ; is iss, Tissi. i | Wheat.................................................................. 1} Ollé 100 47,600 Corn.................................... ................................ i . Il ()Y G. # 6,250 { 126,500 Oats..................................................................... In Olle | - - - Noble..................................... Ayr -.......................................!Gardner..................................] Norman.................. .............. Binghamton...........................'Gill............................. • - - - - - - - - - - - Page...................................... Buffalo.......................... • * * * * * * * * ..!Grandin............. •'a e º se & a • * * * * * * * * * * * * Ripon.................................... Câsselton.......................... is a 4 - a 9 Harwood.............. ................... Tower City............................ Cowali.....................- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hickson....... ...........................Trysil............ w w w , s 4 º' 4 º' - w w ºr * * * * * * * * * s ſº a Davenport.............................. Horace.................................... Watson.................................. Durbin........ ... ..................... ..] Hunter................................... 'Wheatland............................ Eldred.................................... I(indred .........* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * we e Wild Rice...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * s is a s a s is e e s a CAVALIER COUNTY. Area, 437,280 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Pembina. Boundaries were changed March 8, 1883, March 13, 1885, and March 11, 1887. The county was organized, June 16, 1884, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: W. H. Mathews, Patrick McHugh, and L. C. Narveong. - Cavalier county lies on the northern boundary of the Territory and is the second county west of the Minnesota state line. Principal stream, the Pembina river. A number of smaller streams, flowing in an easterly and southerly direction, drain the eastern half of the county. Surface, rolling prairie. Soil, rich black loam. Sub-soil, a deep clay. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad, (Larimore-Langdon line) twenty-five miles; station: Langdon, Easby. Vacant public lands, 492,00 acres. - - NEWSIPAPERS. The Courier, C. B. C. Dohertv, editor, Langdon. COUNTY SEAT. Langdon, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 100; School-building, valued at $500; court-house, etc. - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Olga, in the east, has a population of seventy-five; school-building, valued at $1,500; church edifice, valued at $2,000. . . . - schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) - Number of organized townships, twelve; School population 1,014; number of gchool-houses in district, sixteen; , number of school-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $36.07; females, $29,37; value of all school propery, $10,972.00; expended for school purposes dur- ing year ending June 30, 1886, $8,326.30; cash remaining in school treas- ury June 30, 1886, $966.76; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $10,800.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,319.01. LIVE STOCK STATIS'ſ ICS. - - - . . t i Year. EIOrses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep, SWilne. Valuation. - | - 1885 801 59 2,126 235 1,005 $ 9.4,618 1886 935 69 1,925 • 812 1,589 11.4 129 1887 1, 194 77 8,828 250 982 | 122,723 VALUATION STATISTICs. y Acres Real º | Town Lots Personal Prop. Tº...ºsed Year Estate. Valuation. ºati. [...º.º..] yºuntion of - i County. 1885 76.864 $126,286 & 4 b − a ſº t is s - $ 6,855 $227,709 1886 98,254 249, 794 - - - - - e º e - 80,758 ; 453,701 1887 117,599. 215 998 $22,700 48,984 410,405 346 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - FARM STATISTICs. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885 and 1887. - - Bashels in Bushels in Bushels in 18 - tº tº tº 1887. : 80. - Wheat................................................................. i In OIl Q ; 340,028 1,104,000 Corn ..................................................................." Il () I.Y C : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 2,400 Oats ............................................... .................... none . 120,210 600,000 Rye ..................................................................... Il Oll & : 588 1,050 Barley ................................................................ | 1) () l l (; 8 827 98,000 Tlax ........................................ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | Il () ll G. '..........…...…. | 2.00() MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. - Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 5,029. Lands improved, 1885, 48,467 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 1,570. Average size of farms, 1885, thirty- one acres, Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $1.83. County indebt- edness, 1887, $13,086. I)airy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 102,500 pounds; cheese, 1,200 pounds; eggs, 43,877 dozen; wool clip, 1885, 1,348 pounds. - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Nalme. P. O. Address. - - (‘ounty Clerk................................ P. McHugh.................................... Langdon.................. Treasurer................................ * * * * * * Geo. J". Winter.............................. *Langdon................, Sheriff .......................................... M. D. O'Brien................................ Langdom........... ‘...... Clerk 1)istrict ('où l’t ..................... W. J. Mooney................................ Langdon.................. Probate Judge.............................. H. E. Dorval ................................. ;Langdom.................. Register of Joeeds......................... P. McHugh.................................... Langdom.................. Attorney ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. D. Borden................................. Langdon................ • * Superintendent of Schools............ li. D. Allert ................................. Ilangdon.................. Survey or ............................. .......... J. C. Morrison............................... 'Langdom.................. Coroller ........................................ G. C. Picknell................................ Langdom.................. F. E. Renand, (chairman).............. ............................... W. J. Doyle.….....…................ ................................ Commissioners........................... A. P. Shelp ......…..…...........….. ................................ 'i homas H. Prior........................... ................................ John McBride............................... ................................ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Alma .......................... . . . . ......” LANGDON................................ Olga.…................................... leasby..................................... Lemon.................................... Osnabrock...................... ..... Elgin.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maida .................................... Ridgefield ............................. Elk w O d..................... • * * * * * * * * * * * Milton....... * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Romfo ................................... Gertrude................................. Mona...................................... Woodbridge.......................... Hannah ................................. Mount Carmel........................ . CHARLES MIX COUNTY. Area, 720,000 acres. Created May 8, 1862. Boundaries were changed January 6, 1864, and January 10, 1873, part to Douglas. The county was organized, September 1, 1879, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, yiz: John Johns, William Miller, and J. F. James. Charles Mix county is situated on the Southern boundary of the Terri- tory, and east of the Missouri river, Principal streams are the Missouri river, which bounds the county, on the west and South, and Platte, Snake, Five-Mile, Cedar, and Campbell, Creeks. A number of smaller streams thoroughly drain every Section of the county, Surface, river bottoms and gently rolling prairies, except in the neighborhood of streams. The bluffs along the Missouri, are high, and quite precipitous. The eastern half of the county is contained within the boundaries of the Fort Randall military and Yankton Indian reservations. Soil on the Missouri bottom, which is about one mile in width, is a rich, black loam, and very pro- ductive. The prairie Soil is, generally, a black vegetable loam, and equally RESOURCES of DAKOTA. 347 ile. Sub. soil; clay. Timber grows along the banks and on the islands of the Missouri river. . . . . Vacant public lands, 5,000 acres. . . . . . . . BANKS. - , There are six banks doing business in the county, as follows: Farmers’ Bank, Bloomington, D. H. Henry, president; M. T. Post, cashier. Charles Mix County Bank, at Castalia, D. H. Henry, president; A. B. Lu- cas, cashier. Missouri Valley Bank, at Castalia, F. S. Rowley, president. Bank of Edgerton, at Edgerton, I. H. Welch, president. Hammond & Short, , at Edgerton. Security Bank at Wheeler, D. H. Henry, presi- dent; S. M. Lindley, cashier. . *. NEWSPAPERS. Courier, Ed. L. Bates, publisher, Bloomington. Record and Republi- can, Lucas & Adams, editors, Castalia. Charles Mix County News, Tucker & Anderson, publishers, Edgerton. . * COUNTY SEAT. Wheeler, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of fifty; school-building, valued at $1,500; court-house and iail, valued at $2,500; saw-mill, valued at $3,000. Assessed valuation of city property, 1886, real and personal, $35,000. . . oTHER INPORTANT Towns. . . Bloomington, near the eastern boundary; population, sixty. Castalia, near the Missouri river; school-building, valued at $1,000; catholic church edifice, valued at $600; flour-mill, valued at $10,000. Colvin, in the north; population, forty; School-building, valued at $500; congregational church edifice, valued at $1,800. Edgerton, between Colvin and Bloomington: pop- ulation, fifty; churches, and schools. Jasper, near the eastern boundary; population, twenty; congregational church edifice, valued at $700; school- §. etc. March, northeast of Wheeler; catholic, and methodist church edifices; Schools, etc. - scriodLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, eleven; School population, 1,074; num- ber of school-houses in district, forty-three; number of school-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, male, $18.13; females, $25.78; value of all school property, $24,311.55; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $13,530.24; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $92.80; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $23,210.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,246.40. - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. i Valuation. —----------- s: ! t * , i. - - 1880 140 11 ! 1 485 |....…........ .................. *........................... 1885 2,004 i 229 5,694 779 3.329 $131,272 1886 , 2,053 188 i 5,802 ! 756 : 2,754 | 211, S20 1887 § | f | # ºf #s àº. VALUATION STATISTICS. * | Acres Real || * Town Lots Personal Prop. ***...*. Year. Estate. Valuation. vºidatiº ºiláš. Yººtion of - : { COunty. * … $ 1,115 ....…........ * $25,778 $26,893 1885 § 65,457 144,098 $ 5,443 89,255 370,068 1886 92,762 ; 252,867 8,660 110,447 583,303 1887 105,422 298,586 § 11,069 119.036 | 649,653 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. 348. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. * TARM STATISTICS. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880 1885, and 1887. -* • * Bushels in Bushels lin Bushels in . 1887. 1880. 1885. Wheat.................................................................. 66 52 396 206,250 Corm..................................................................... 9,695 324,563 1,214,400 Oats ..................................................................... Il ()]] (2 | 102,685. 196,866 Rye ............ ......................................................... Il Oll & t 98.1 6 4.08 Buckwheat.......................................................... Il Oil C 948 7,011 Barley ................. ................................................ 900 3,595 | 22 950 Flax.................................................................... Il Oln G. … h 30,709 MISCEI.T., ANEOUS STATISTICS. - Population of county, 1870, 152; 1880, 407; 1885, 4,022. Iands Improved, 1880, 1,560 acres; 1885, 74.279 acres. Number of farma, 1880, thirty-six; 1885, 981. Average size of farms, 1880, forty-three acres; 1885, seventy-six acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.83. County indebt- edness, 1887, $11,564. Potato crop, 1885, 36,542 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 4,268 pounds. Dairy and other products, 1885; butter, 81,797 pounds; cheese, 700 pounds; eggs, 42,667 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. - | Office. Name. P. O. Address. | - { | - County Clerk.... ............................. S. M. Lindley ................................ Wheeler .................. Tº ensurer...................................... H. M. Carroll ................................ Wheeler .................. She iſf...... .................................... Isaac Duffer................................... Wheeler .................. Clerk District Court ... .................. D. L. P. Lamb............................... Wheeler ................. Probate Judge.............................. J. P. Hoar..................................... Jasper......... ............ Register of Deeds.........................S. M. I.ii) diey................................ Wheeler .................. Attorney. ...................................... W. F. McCall................................. Edgerton.................. Superintendelut of Schools........... P. D. Wood.................................... { %stalia.................... Surveyor........................................ W m. Cox ....................................... Edgerton. ............... Coroller..........................................' J. E. Hill....................................... iCastalia.................... ASSessOT ........................................ 'Frank Adams............................... |Castalia.................... ;C. W. Forbes, (chairmall).............. Castalia .................. Commissioners........................... R. A. Smith................................... Burnside.................. W. A. Lathrop............................... Wheeler .................. LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bartholdi...............................!Colvin .................................... iſºsper ................. .................. Bloomington. ... ................... E 'gerton................................ |March .................................... Buru side ......... ..................... Florn ...................................... Platte‘.................................... Castalia ................................. |Fridhem.......................... WHEELER................................ Chandler................................! GreenWood............................. White Swan ..........:.........'• • * - - - - CHOTEAU COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883, . Unorganized. º - Choteau county is contained within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. CHURCH COUNTY. Created, March 11, 1887, from parts of Sheridan and McHenry. Church county is situated in the northern part of Dakota—the third county south of the International boundary line, and midway between the east and west boundaries of the Territory. Small streams of water, flowing in a northerly direction, drain the northern half of the county. Surface rolling prairie, with exception of the southwestern corner, which is crossed by the Coteau du Missouri—a range of low, broken hills, con- - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 349 taining numerous ponds of water, and valleys of good grazing lands. Soil, black loam. - - . Vacant public lands, 22,400 acres. - CLARK COUNTY. Area, 760,320 acres. Created, January,8, 1873, from part of Hanson. Boundaries changed in 1873, part to Beadle, and, in 1877, changed again, part to Codington. Organized, December 21, 1880, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Albert Taft, James Hosmer, and John Bailey. Clark county is situated in the southern part of the Territory—the third county south of the 46th parallel, and the third west of the Minnesota state line. A number of small streams, having their sources in the western and central parts of Clark county—flow into the James river. Numerous small lakes and ponds are scattered over the county, , Surfage, undulating prairie, and broken ridges and hills of the “Coteaus',” which run through the center of the county, forming the divide between the valleys of the Big Sioux on the east, and the James river on the west. Soil, a dark veg- etàbie loam, from two to four feet in depth, underlaid by a stratum of clay, mingled with lime, magnesia and marl. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Madison & Bristol line,), thirty-fhree miles; stations: Elrod, Bradley, Garden City, Naples. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Watertown —Faulkton line,) twenty-five miles; stations: Raymond, Clark, Elrod. Total miles of railroad in county, fifty-eight. Vacant public lands, 21,480 acres. - I3_ANKS. There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Clark, at Clark, I), Wayne, president; G. C. Griffin, cashier, . First Na- tional Bank, at Clark, Fred Ware, president; Carl Jackson, cashier. Bank Of Raymond, at Raymond; J. W. Humphrey, president; A. W. Dunlap, cashier, * NEWSPAPEIRS. Piłot Review, The Clark Publishing Company, publishers, Clark; Clark County Democrat, Isaac Landers, editor, Clark; Gazette, Paul Dutcher, publisher, Raymond. COUNTY SEAT. * Clark, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 900; school-building, valued at $5,000; congregational, and methodist church edifices, valued at $2,500; city buildings, valued at $2,200; flour-mill, valued at $6,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $83, 129; personal, $51,773; total, $134,902, OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Raymond, in the west; population, 270; School-building, yalued at $3,500; catholic, and presbyterian church edifices, valued at $3,000. - SCIIooſs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twenty-one; school population, 531; number of school-houses in district, twenty-three; number of school- houses built in 1886, eight; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27,00; females, $26,06; value of all school property, $10,912.22; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $7,700,55; cash remain- ing in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $1,595.25; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $10,900.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $724.82. - I,IVE STOCK STATISTICS. | Year, Horses. Mººn” Cattle. Sheep. SWine. Valuation. 1885 2,177 144 8,021 890 980 $ 199,268 1886 2,920 178 4,884 1,215 1,595 273 853 1887 8,274 182 5.247 2,507 1,060 | 282,924 Town Lots Personal Prop." Year. i Acres Real | - - - -- 1. * “ºfº” valuation. 1885 169,882 $ 630.980 1886 200,734 1887 IFARM STATISTICS. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, - 1885, and 1887. . . . . . . - - - - - -------------. ---------- ******** - . . - -------, ------------- ºr--------- *-**** , ºne-w- - --------------, -, - a Bushels in Bushels in | Bushels in . 1880. 1885. | 1887. " Wheat... .......................... ................. .................; none . 488,587 . . 840,945 Corn............ . . . . ...................................................: In Oil & !' .. Z,84 114,608 09ts................................................... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | # 2:7; tº R*e ... ................................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * g is a tº it is a º ºs º º 'º e º 'º e ..! In Ol) @ 534 1,403 Buckwheat.......................................................... none 970 | 300 Bârley..................................................................; none 26,038 99,000 Flax...... ............................................................... In Ollè .................... 66,000 - MISCELLANEous STATISTICs. . . . . *. Population of county, 1880, 114; 1885, 4,892. Lands improved, 1880, 225 acres; 1885, 92,005 acres. Number of farms, 1880, thirty-eight; 1885, 1,356. Average size of farms, 1880, six acres; 1885, sixty-eight, acres. Average assessed, valuation per agre, 1887, $3.75, County indebtedness, 1887, $5,806. Potato crop, 1885, 56,804 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 6,170 pounds. Dairy, and other farm products, 1885: milk, 120 gallons; butter, 321,160 pounds; cheese, 393 pounds; eggs, 46,378 dozen. . NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. ------ • - - - - --, --------, - … *-* ***, * *-- - ... • ---wºº vs. º. --> x*. . & - - t - Office. Name. P. O. Address. . ! * w County Clerk................................ P. W. Ware................................... Clark............. .* * * * * * * * * *s: Treasurer...................................... |J. W. Humphrey........................... Clark......................... Sheriff.....................* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * J. Boucher... ................................ Clark......................... Cºerk District Court..................... A. F. Mattice................................. Clark …...................... Probate Judge.............................. S. H. Elrod.................................... Clark......................... Register of Deeds......................... P. W. Ware.................................... Clark ........................ Attorney....................................... Wm. McGhan................................ Clark ........................ Superintendent of Schools..........|Elfie Beiljamín ..... • . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Clark......................... Surveyor............................... ....... E. P. Holbrook............................. Clärk......................... - Coroner......................................... Wm. H. Miller.................. “.......... Clark.......................: Assessor ....................................... A. T. Stewart................................ Clark ...... .........* * * * * * * * * - | W. J. Clemons, (chairman)........... Raymond....... .* * * * * * * tº £ tº tº . » © Chas. Young......................... • * * * * * * * Clark.......... ... ............ Commissioners.......................... A. D. McClelland..................... ......Clark......................... - Jas. Hosmer................................. Henry ..................• * * * * - U Wm. E. Dudley................... .......... Willow Lake............. LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. - Carlton.................................. Julian .................................... Success.................................. CLARK .................................... |Merton.…............ Vandervoort ...... ......s’.” “... Darien.................................... Pitrodie................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |Warren ............“................... Degbert.................................. fººd.a 3 - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . Willow Lake......................... Iºllsworth............................... |Sherwood * * g º º tº a 4 º' - - - - - - - e º 'º e s s tº * * * * * * * * Elrod..................... .............. |Stusted.................................... CLAY COUNTY. Area, 261,760 acres. Created April 10, 1862, and its boundaries were - changed January 3, 1863. The county was organized in 1862, by appoint- IQ:8 vLOXIVO IO SHOHmoSTI { giggis gº Tº Tsºi is º tº gišćSE 998.9 639. I 38III 03T. | 8pg'8 988.I * * * * * * * 068.061 S j91,"l. 92.9"I | 88F'8T ºf T | 66.3% 988.I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 09; ‘II 81.8'T. gg681 0&T | 8018 088I –––------------- | sass, * ~ *-* -º-º- UlOI) unlu A ‘oup AAS ‘deauS '91349, ) buºan ‘SOSIOH ‘l’bà X. *SOILSIALWJS XIOOJS GIAIT Gr -** * * ~ * { '06.000'ſ: '988, '06 oullſ' 3UIpublish no “slut. II*A [ooúos Jo quinout: ‘Judo Iod tie.Aos ‘spuoq UIO pIbd so.Ionuſ Jo equil of B.I.9Al: : 00:00G"O[º ‘998I ‘08 ounſ 5uſ publis] no Sputoq IOOU9s JO Jumoult: Ied ‘Q0'zSz‘F$ ‘988I ‘08 otinſ “Kinsboſ, IOOttos up 3upuſ bul -0. USB) ; SF'fgS“SIS ‘98SI ‘08 ‘ounſ juſtpuo Jeo K Šuſ.Inp Sosod.Ind IOOUIoS JOJ populadko ()0'006' 18& ‘A).Iodoid IOOU os II* Jo ontº A ‘00'08; ‘Seſburley : 99.99$ ‘Solt, UUI ‘SIOUIobo) Jo Ked KIU[]uiOut odeIo.W8 : oo.1 UI.] ‘98SI uſ qLIIld Sosnou-IOOUIQS JC Iaquinu : ouſ UI-A).Ioy ‘qoſ I)SIp UIſ Sosnou-IOOUIOS Jo IOCI -UInUI :26L“a ‘Ulopmendod [oouſos : XIS-KA.Jg ‘shop Llsºp poz ſurgãio Jo Ioquin N ('98SI SOILSILVIS) ‘STOOIOS ‘Og/.g.8% “[bu OS -Iod pur. Ite.I ‘9SSI ‘A).Iodoïd UAO), UIOpenTºA possessW '008'gº tº pönſbA ‘soogſpo Uſo.Into spoulout put “It’Uonuša.Iduo) 006"Ig tº pönſdº 3rippſºnq -IOOu JS : 002, Jo Utoppelindod tº setſ ‘JoAgI (IoIIII U.IoA ou? (IO ‘ºpuoxlt:A\ "SN.A\OJ, J.N. W.J., SIOcIINI SIGIHAI,() '000'OII: “[BUIOS.Iod put [tºo.I ‘9SSL ‘Ālīodo Id Khlo ‘uopybulu A possess V woºi spun JO 202 oiled ‘A ps.I.O.AJull out) Jo uor] dºlosop oëS (IOIII (u.IoA ye poºbooſ SI 310 N13(I JO Alps.IOA ſun ouſ I, ‘Aloutito.10 : Illu-alloU : 000“OIS ºt; poll IgA “[It’ll Alſo soog ſpo (IoInqo [tidoos do put: ‘Jsſpotſ, out ‘lsº deq ‘It’tLogºń -orištroo ()00‘gs Jr. pont; A ‘āUII piſh (I-IOOUIos Ioſ.[C] ‘ĀIO)S-OAA) : 002*I Jo Uſoſ.) -*Ill (ſod tº sºul || 'llos Alulloo Oul sy. “JoAII pilloss! IN ouſ, uo ‘tioſ Ilyuu.IoA * J.W. GIS \J,Nſ) ()() KoLAA*H ‘IOlaj.I (IOId put [O]upo “..Iſ ‘Āo[bu.A. Öſtſ). W’ ‘osſ.Idio) (IGI OUII, ‘Utoſ[[ſtudio A ‘dous ſqlıd pub IO] [po ‘s.IoA W H J. ‘XII*L-III tºld : Uloſ III (I.19.A. “IO]ppo ‘oalſbu.) ‘gſ H ‘ūtoſ Iqudo-I B10MTCI --- "SNIGI, IV, ISAAGIN ‘Joſ (Ise) ‘o:5po.I]]|XI ‘II II “gpu Oxt{AA qu ‘Xiu tº slatu.It?...I UIOIIIIulio A “OO Y Uſetu UI ‘IN (I JO MUtugſ "Ioſuse.) ‘llo Lul?&I H () : ) ([opps).[d ‘Aozo AS I, "I ‘UIOIII]tu.IoA Ju ‘XIUIbg. Kytinoſ) At IO : ‘ZIA ‘Aquino, Sºul uſ ssou Islıq àu Pop sylubq ooltſ, out olou.J., "SYIN \ {[ 'audu ‘sput of and queou,\ ‘OAl-Kh.IIIſ, “Aquinoo III peo.I -Uſe, JO so IIIſ It?)0J, BpLION BAA : UIOI)^3)s :So II (11 UIQAoſo (ou II of ITA®.11u2O -UO)Nut: K) ‘AbAM Iſtºl (I.19.189AAula ON ý 0589 ſuſ() ºutp[00IN put ‘UIOIIITUI -19.A. “Mut:(4,111g : Suo'ſ]?)s :Soſſ (U ouo-Aquo Ak (ou II UO)xut} \ y A110 Xnois) ‘ĀbAA II*.I flutº, I ‘JS pub oox|L18A (IIA ‘Ojºſ (IO : Āquiloo UII ptºod [ſt.I. Jo SøIIIAI ‘qūsodop It'ſ Almºſt Uſoſ. “IOS 'sio.A.I.I aul Jo IQA aſ out) oAoqt; Jooſ bo.Ipuntſ Iº.ſo.AoS go ooutº, -sup tº jū (SII “uoſ]*A aſ a podt:UIS ou Oo tº SI ‘Anulloo our Jo Ioluloo ouſ, Itzou ‘pullo IN 1ſt (ds “JuároU oſſibiopistloo tº Ol esſ. Suttºo.I]9 OA) oth 5uoſº SIJmpd orſ], unprota uſ otout do outti e s (logiſturoA ou? Jo 1801 put ‘uppw Up so Igul (19) 04 a (IO UIO.I., SI ſtuoss, IN out Jo Koſſº.A at I, ,Lolotitsuo up 5uſ -IIQ.I Ainuo; eolj.Ins tº Stºti Aquinoo ot;1 Jo 1.it’d 19,139.13 ouT, .19.A.I.I. ſ.InossIEN ou, Jo Sput:ISI 3 (11 UIO P. Stuo!!oſſ ou" ºuot SAO 13 toduſ, oldſbiopſsuo() ‘Khunoo aug Jo Suomiod IIe on 1946A pooãjo ÁIddns tº qsſuanj Stubøaqs iſsus put säuſ.lds Snodotun N. unnos on tigiou Uuouſ 194tteo ou? (13m0.It]] §uſAAOU uoſll ſulo A ou', put: ‘A.It'punoq (IIottinos out, SU(IIoj qoſu A ‘do Ali I.InoSSITV oul aid stubø.I]s [ed ſouridſ oupſ Katºpunoq BAOI ou tuouſ Kºunod pulooos otſ)—A.1011.I.I.O.L out! Jo qued U.101st autºnos oug uſ poºng's st Khunoo Keï0 s eunu1991 S pub ‘IIOSIIAA 'AA ‘004) ‘Teluod - It'ſ) uo.Iºw : 'ZIA ‘SIOUOISSJUIUIOo 5uTAolloy out, Jo Jottie.AoE) out Kol ‘quouſ 352 RESOURCES OF DA KOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. * Total assessed ** ; ACT'es Real sº Town Lots Personal Prop- y & Year. ES ate. valuation. Valuation. erty Valuation. Yººn Of y. | 1880 ........................ $ 504,113 º * $218 167 | $ 722,280 1885 225,044 790, 565 | $ 74,067 67.508 1,122 530 1886 221,741 1,288,334 101,270 138.001 1,910,450 1887 223, 266 1,108,529 106,659 | 121,914 1,677 414 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - - *-- - - ---> ------------------~~~~ -----------' -- - - ---------------, -, --- ~~~ - ? Bushels in Bushols in 13 ushels in .1880, 1885. 1887, Wheat.................................................................. 8 335 | 71,787 182,468 Corn................... * * * * * * * * * g e º e º 'º g g g g tº e & tº e º is tº º e º e º e º tº e tº e º e º s & tº e & e º º 375 837 908 743 1,705,275 Outs..................................................................... 50 (345 360,114 (380.432 Rye. ................................................................... 1()3 7,380 11,868 Buckwheat.......................................................... 223 437 5.45 Bºrley ................................................................. 5,008 $2,684 48,405 Flax. ..................................................................'.....................'..................... 56,331 MJSCELIANEOUS STATIST, CS. Population of county, 1870, 2,621; 1880, 5,001 ; 1885, 6,201, Lands im- proved, 1885, 114,466 acres. Number of farms, 18S), 782; 1885, 1,025. Av- erage size of farms, 1880, 186 acres; 1885, 112 acres. Average assessed valua- tion per acre, 1887, $4.94, County indebtedness, 1887, $8,295. Potato crop, 1885, 46,335 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 9,971 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 680,206 gallons; butter, 367,348 pounds; cheese, 5,514 pounds; eggs, 33,789 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Office, Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................. A. A. Quarnberg ........................... Vermillion............... Treasurer...................................... Calvin G. Shaw.............................. Vel million.............., Sheriſſ......................................... . Isaac Cop” .................................... Wei million............... Clerk 1)istrict Court..................... Leonard W. Bell............................ Vermillion............... Probate Judge.............................. Selden J. Lewis............................ Vermillion............... Register of Deeds.......................... A. A. Quº Tinberg. .......................... *ermilliºn............... Att011) cy....................................... H. A. Copeland............................. Vermillion............... Superintendent of Schools........... 19. F. Peterson ................ ............. Vermillion............... Surveyor........................................ II, J. A listin ................................. Wermuillion.............., COTOln CT ......................................... Geo. Shott..................................... Vermillion............... Cyrus J. Fry.................................. Me" Kling ................. Commissioners.......................... { |Niels Hansen................................ Greenfield................ John E. Norelius..................... .. ...' Dalesberg ............... LIST of postoffices IN COUNTY, 1887. Alsen...................................... |º]esper; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |Marshalltown ........................ 13 loomingdale......................... *len Wood .............................. !Meckling................................ Bluſt Center........................... Greenfield.............................. Riverside................................ Bolton.................................... Konstad. .... . ........................ VBKM ILLION............................ I3 urbank................................. Lincoln.................................. Wakonda. .............................. Clay Point................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Odi... ... * * , s = * * * * * *º::::::::::::::::::::...' COIDINGTON COUNTY. Area, 460,800 acres. Created, February 15, 1877, from parts of Clark, Grant, and Hamlin. Boundaries changed, March 8, 1883, parts to Grant and Clark. Organized, July 19, 1878, by the appointment, by the Gov- e; nor, of the following commisioners, viz.: Wm. II. McIntyre, Geo. H. Stoddart, Oliver S. Jewell. - . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, 353 Codington, a county of Southern Dakota, the second west of the Minne- sota state line. Principal stream, the Big Sioux river, which traverses the county a little east of the center, flowing southeast. A number of small branches flow into this stream, from the east. . The county is dotted with beautiful lakes—the most important of which are Lake Kampeska, a charming sheet of water, covering about seven square miles near the center of the county; Take Pelican, Goose Lake, Twin Lakes, Nicholson Lake, Chain Lakes, and Punished Woman’s Lake. Tim- ber grows about the borders of Kampeska, and other of the larger lakes. Surface, rolling prairie. Soil, a deep, rich, Sandy loam, strongly impreg- nated with lime. About two townships, in a triangular shape, in the north, are included within the boundaries of the Lake Traverse Indian reservation. - Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway (Tracy- Watertown line,) eleven miles; stations: Kranzburg, Watertown; (Water- town-Faulkton line,) eighteen miles; stations: Watertown, Kampeska, Henry; (Watertown-Brookings line,) six miles; station: Watertown. Total, thirty-five miles. Minneapolis & St. Touis railroad, (main line,) six- teen miles; stations: Watertown, Waverly. Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern railway, (main line,) twelve miles; station: Watertown; St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, eighteen miles; station: Water- town. Total miles of railroad in county, eighty-one. Vacant public lands, 6,260 acres. - BANICS. There are five banks doing business in the county, as follows: Bank of Henry, at Henry, S. E. Wightman, president; L. C. Wightman, cashier. Citizens’ National Bank, at Watertown, A. D. Leet, president; W. D. Morris, cashier, ... First National Bank, at Watertown, H. D. Walrath, president; S. B. Sheldon, cashier. Merchants’ Bank, at Watertown, O. Gesley, president; C. E. Boyden, cashier. Watertown National Bank, at Watertown, W. E. Scarritt, president; E. W. Thomas, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Enterprise, G. H. Varce, publisher, Henry; Daily Courier-News, R. E. Carpenter, manager, Watertown; Journal-Democrat, Geo. C. Jones, ed- itor and publisher, Watertown; Public Opinion, L. D. Lyon, editor and publisher, Watertown; Conklin's Dakotian, S. J. Conklin, editor and pub- lisher, Watertown; Daily Chronicle, Watertown. . COUNTY SEAT. Watertown, on the Big Sioux river, is the county seat. It has a popula- tion of 4,500; three school-buildings, valued at $19,000; methodist, presby- terian, episcopal, congregational, catholic, and baptist church edifices, valued at $20,000; court-house and jail, of brick, valued at $25,000; street- railway, and waterworks, contracted for; electric-light plant, Valued at $10,000; flour-mill, valued at $75,000; paint-factory, valued at $7,000; broom-factory, valued at $4,000; wagon and carriage factory; foundry; planing-mill; plow-factory; bottling-works; brick opera house, valued at $25,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $500,000; personal, $60,000; total, $560,000. - O'THER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Henry, in the west; population 200; school-building, valued at $2,000; congregational, methodist, and catholic church edifices, valued at $6,000; water-works system, Valued at $2,000. Assessed valuation city property, real and personal, 1886, $70,000. Kampeska, between Watertown and Henry; population 65; school-building, valued at $1,000; methodist church edifice; flour-mill, valued at $8,000, IGranzburg, in the east; population 100; school-building, valued at $1,500; catholic church edifice, valued at $1,800; flour-mill, etc. Waverly, in the east; population 75; school-build- ing, valued at $1,500; methodist church edifice, valued at $1,500; flour- mill, valued at $20,000. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, forty-nine; School population, 1,571; number of school-houses in district, forty-two; number of school- (12) 354 r RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - - houses built in 1886, six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $42.78; females, $28.78; value of aii school property, $30,514,84; expended for school purposes during the year ending June 30, 1886, $30,367.03; gash re- maining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $5,779.72; par almount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $23,175.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,517.81. - j, IVI, STOCK STATISTICS. Mules and Cattle. | } t } ! swi g Year. Horses. Asses. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. –––––. ----------- ; 1880 697 41 924 15 892 3: ... :::::::::::::. tº t e º 'º we a 1SS5 2,497 141 3.276 886 1669 | $ 192,733 1886 2,912 , 1.23 3,834 1,491 1.905 261,300 I887 8,277 123 4,779 1,503 1,395 257,669 VALUATION STATISTICS. ! Acres Rehl Total assessed Year. Estate. Valuation. t valuation of County. Town Lots Personal Prop- valuation, erty valuation. | 1880 ........................ $ 136,819 ........................ + $75,103 | i g i $ 211,922 1885 196,813 989,122 i $285,606 k 215,003 1,682,464 1886 213,144 1,100,770 . 40(),610 307,610 2,070,290 1887 237,704 1.2i 4,239 i 519,880 ; 845,588 : 2,337,376 # 1880, personal property includes live stock. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. FARM STATISTICS, Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in iss. " | . 1887. 5 } - - ----- - -- --- - - - - - - - ----- - ----- - - l --- Wheat............................................ ..................... 22,669 629.394 911,983 COI’m ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----- | fi'īāš Tºš3 19,188 Oats. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------- | 35,886 374,857 544,654 Rye ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | none 580 1,575 Huck Wheat.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l] Oll tº | 487 5,250 Barley ............................................ “....... “... | 522 86,816 182,000 I'lax............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | none |.....................: 45,861 - MI (SCEI.T.,.\ NIEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 2,156; 1885, 5,648. Lands improved, 1880, 13,667 acres; 1885, 78,307 agros. Number of farms, 1880,389; 1885, 825. Av- erage size of farms, 1880, thirty-five agres; 1885, ninety-five, acres. Ayer- age assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.11, County indebtedness, 1887, $36,170. Potato crop, 1885, 59,207 bushels, Wool clip, 1885, 4,058 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 1,715 gallons; butter, 123,205 pounds; cheese, 903 pounds; eggs, 81,746 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE A D DRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Oſſioe. Name. P. O. Address, - - - - - - | i - -------- ----- Auditor ........................................ F. H. Adams.................................. |Watertown............... Treasil rer.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. P. l'hillips................................. Watertown ............., Sheriff........................................... L. S. Deming................................. Watertown.............. Clerk District Court..................... J. B. Hanten.................................. Watertown............... Probate Judge .............................. A. J. But]]............ ....... : - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Watertown .............. Register of Deeds......................... G. R. Williams.............................. Water to Win..... ........ Attorney.....................: “... . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. E. Van Lie W.............................. Watertown ... ............ Superintendent of Schools........... F. P. Crane.................................... Watertown .............. Survey Or...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. W. Carpenter............................ Watertown .............. Coroner.................… S. W. Groesbeck............................. Watertown.............. ASSGSSOT .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. E. Hanson................................. Watertown.............. ſi.John Giese ...................................|Watertown.............. º #. Wheelock............................. * s tº a s e a e º ſº e º a issioners........................... . B. Henry................................... Henry ...................... Commis O. D. Stevens................................. Waterio Wn............... John Fox....................................... Kranzburg............... . . . . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 355 LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Appleby.........…. | Henry........................ WATERtown....................… Dexter.................................... #Kampeska.............................. | Waverly............ .................... Esterly .................................. iRranzburg.............................. § CUSTER COUNTY Area, 2,240,000 acres. Created, January 11, 1875, from original terri- tory. Its boundaries were changed, February 10, 1877; again, February 19, 1881, and again, March 6, 1883, part to Fall River. Organized, April 3, 1877, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: E. G. Ward, Charles Hayward, and M. D. Thompson. Custer, is a county of the Black Hills, in the Southwestern part of the Ter- ritory, and the second north of the Nebraska boundary line, Principal streams are the south fork of the Cheyenne, and its tributaries from the north, viz.: Spring, Battle, French, Red Canon, and Beaver creeks; and Fall river, and Horsehead, and Beaver Creeks, ſlowing in from the south. Small streams, and springs of excellent water, abound in every part of the county. Surface, mountainous, and agricultural and grazing lands, about equally divided. The open country includes the principal valleys and a considerable extent of the prairie, region along both banks of the Chey- enne river. The western and northern Sections are mountainous and hilly, and contain valuable deposits of gold, silver, tin, and other miner- als. (See article descriptive of the Black Hills, on another page of this pamphlet.) . A considerable area of the county is covered by a growth of hard, pine timber. Soil of the valleys and prairies, rich, black loam, from two to four feet deep. Sub-soil, a yellow clay. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Fre- mont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley,) thirty miles; stations: Buffalo Gap, Fairburn, Iſermosa. Vacant public lands, 911,920 acres. I3ANKS. There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: Lake & Halley, Buffalo Gap. Bank of Custer, Custer City, D. Carrigan, president. Bank of Hermosa, at Hermosa, E. E. Miller, president. Commercial Bank, Hermosa, M. R. Maxson, president. |NEWSPAPERS. News, Geo. E. Iſair, editor and publisher, Buffalo Gap; Chronicle, Joseph Kubler, proprietor, Custer City; Pilot, J. A. Stanley, publisher, Hermosa. COUNTY SEAT. Custer City, in the north, is the county seat. It has a population of 600; brick School-building, valued at $9,000; congregational, and baptist church edifices, valued at $4,000; brick court-house, valued at $16,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $80,000. OTIII. It IMIPORTANT TOWNS. Buſſalo Gap, in the southeast; population, 600; School-building, valued at $1,000; congregational church edifice, valued at $2,000; city building, valued at $2,500; artesian well; flour-mill, valued at $5,000. Assessed val- uation city property, 1886, real and personal, $213,000. . . Hermosa, in the north; population, 300; school-building, valued at $400; congregational church edifice; flour-mill. Assessed valuation city property,’ 1886, real and personal, $63,000. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, eight; school population, 468; number of School-houses in district, twenty : number of school-houses built in 1886, eleven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $45.00; females, $40.00; value of all school property, $16,500.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $11,313.55; Cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,700.53; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,000,00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $800.00. 356 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. I, IVI, STOCK STATISTICS. Year HOTSes. Mºna Cattle. Sheep, Swine. Valuation. . # • $ 1880 { 825 29 8,629 84 114 ............................ 1885 • 1,677 60 7,989 6,838 299 $ 210,150 1886 2,562 81 5,671 3,984 201 278,148 # $º 1% ºf # # | # VALUATION STATISTICS. --- ty Acres Real - | Town I/Ots |PerSonal Prop. Tº assessed Year. “º. Valuation. ºft. º.º. Yººtion of I “” ſº “” county, } | 1880 '........................ | $ 28,883 4 º' is a 6 s a t t e s tº e s ∈ a s g g g g º a g | # $73,456 $ 102,839 1885 6,911 | 14,009 $ 43,861 66,501 } 38.4 521 1886 r 10,406 109.950 90,056 | 179,798 | 657,952 iáši 28,425 | 2ſi 898 188463 13.565 786,781 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. * TARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. <--.… • - ~~~. --- * * * * ** * - - ------ - - - - - - - - ---------------------——---— l3tushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. | 1885, 1887. Wheat.................................................................. 128 945 24,000 Corn.......................................... .......................... 288 g 1,500 65,000 Oats..................................................................... 2,758 19,150 64,000 Rye..................................................................... Il () lº & In Olle 2,000 Barley............................................ ..................... 158 2,136 6,600 Flax............................................. * * * * * a we e s e e º e s e e s w w s a • * In Olle IV. ................... 750 MISCEI, I, ANEOUS STATTSTICS. Population of county, 1880, 995; 1885, 1,292. Lands improved, 1885, 4,689 acres. Number of farms, 1880, eighty-eight; 1885, 224. Average sizé of farms, 1880, 156 acres; 1885, twenty-one acres. Average assessed valua- tion per acre, 1887, $8.61. County indebtedness, 1886, $60,981. Potato crop, 1885, 7,245 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 20,029 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 2,870 pounds; cheese, fifty pounds; eggs, 4,775 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE AI) I) RESS OF COUNTY OFFICIERS IN 1887. Office, Name. P. O. Address. | + County Clerk....................... ..........}}os. E. Pilcher.............................. Custer City,.............. Treasurer.......................................ilºdwin H. Flynn ........................... Custer City............... Sheriff........................................... |B. F. P91 ter........... ....................... Custer City............... Clerk District Court..................... |Alfred T. Feay .............................. Xuster City............... Probate Judge.............................. C. W. Robbins................................|Custer Čity. - Register of Deeds.......................... J. E. Pilcher. ................................ Custer City............... Attorney............ } • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * iWink. H. Frye........................ ......, Custer City............... Superintendent of Schools............Willis C. Bower............................. Hermosa .................. Surveyor........................................] I. W. McIntyre.............................. Hermosa.................. Coroner'......................................... |J. L. Conant................................... Buffalo Gap.............. Assessor......................................... S. R. Maddox................................. Hermosa .................. * |S. Al, Booth.................................... Custer City............... Commissioners..................... ..... | no. F. Street......................... * * * * * * * Hermosa................... |Jas. Humphrius............................ Custer City........ ‘...... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bakerville.............................. Fairburn................................ Rocks.................................... Buffalo Gap............................ Folsom.................................... CUSTER CITY........................... Hermosa................................. *------ - - ** *** * * * *rº-ºº: -º-º-º: RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 357 IDAVISON COUNTY. * & Area, 376,480 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Hanson, The boundarics were changed February 22, 1879; were changed again February 24, 1881, and were changed again March 1, 1881, part to Hanson. The county was organized in 1873, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: John Head, Levi Hain, J. Platt. Davison county is situated in Southern Dakota, the third county north of the Nebraska state line, and about midway between the Missouri and the Big Sioux rivers. Principal stream is the James river, which flows through two townships in the northeast corner, and its tributaries from the west, Morris, Firesteel, Enemy, and Twelve Mile Creeks. . Some na- tive timber is found along the banks of the James river, and Firesteel Creek. Surface, even and slightly rolling prairie. In the northeast cor- ner, contiguous to the Jannes river, the prairie lands terminate in low bluffs. Soil, a rich loam of the famous Jatnes river valley. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (James river line,) eleven miles; station: Mitchell; (Mitchell-Yankton line) fifteen miles; statigns: Mitchell, Ethan; (main line) eighteen miles; stations: Mitchell, Mt. Vernon. Total, forty-four miles. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha railway, (main line,) three miles; station: Mitchell. Total miles of railroad in county: forty-seven. Vacant public lands, none. IBAN KS. There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: First National Bank, at Mitchell, J. D. Tawler, president; J. E. Gilbert, cashier. Mitchell National Bank, at Mitchell, W. G. Davison, president; N. L. Dav- ison, cashier. Security Bank, at Mitchell, M. H. Rowley, president; J. H. Green, cashier. Davison County Bank, at Mt. Vernon, J. C. Tatman, president; L. B. Tatman, cashior. - N 12WSPAPERS. Daily Republican, R. W. Wheelock, editor, Mitchell. Mail, R. H. Mc- Bride, editor and publisher, Mitchell. Gazette, E. S. Johnston, editor and publisher, Mt. Vernon, Medical Brief, Andros & Sivey, editors and publishers, Mitchell. CQUNTY SE.A.T. The city of Mitchell, in the east, is the county seat. It has a population of 5,000; two school-buildings, valued at $20,000; methodist, presbyterian, congregational, baptist, episcopal, and catholic church edifices, valued at $50,000; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $50,000; flour-mill, ma- chine shops, foundry, packing-house--of the total value of $114,000. Assessed valuation of city property, 1886, real, $369,460; personal, $157,117; total, $526,577. The methodist university, with buildings valued at $100,000, is located at Mitchell. For a description of the institution, see page 216, this publication. * OT III.R IMI POIRTANT TOWNS. Mount Vernon, in the west; population, 400; School-building, valued at $1,200; methodist, and congregational church edifices, valued at $4,000; flour-mill, etc. scitools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twelve; School population, 1,007; num- ber of school-houses in district, forty-seven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27,88; females, $24.75; value of all school property, $30,- 549.00; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $17,158.55; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,531.75; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $25,843.69; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; amount of school warrants out- standing June 30, 1886, $5,458.48. Live stock STATISTICs. . Year. | Horses. M "...ºnd Cattle. Sheep. | Swine. Valuation. 1880 . . . 462 48 , 852 ................. ..! 248 | *.......................... . 1885 1,936 81 4,106 2,141 1,841. $185 558 - 1886 2,257 102 4,224 1.32% 1,934 160,925 , i; ; ; ; ; ; ; 4 || 4,616 || “...ºf iš2 179,940 . VALUATION STATISTICS. . - - | r < . . º ... . . . Total assessed .* Acres Real * * Town Lots Personal Prop- **. ; on of . Year. Estate. Valuation. vºti. Iº º: yaluation of - . : - | County. * is .…. sº … 's sº | $ 62,821 . 1885 125,774 545,553 $374,686 264,030 1,369,827. 1886 139,192 513,195 $86,495 | 218,170 1,273,785 1887 159,800 : 610,918 453,866 i 244,487 1,489,206__ * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICs. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. . | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in i. 1880. 1885. - 1887. Wheat.................................................................. : 2,020 170,167 381,440 Corn............ ............................................. ... ...... 3,675 134,129 728,271 Oats..................................................................... 4.724 219,267 401,200 Rye. ..................................... … … ............ Ilone 287 4,208 Buck Wheat. ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! none - 310 1,200 Barley............................................................. . . . . . . 1,185 6.211 23.380 Flax .......................................... … … ... ll Oll (3 !------------......... 63,330 • MISC1, LT, A N E() US STATISTICS. - - Population of county, 1880, 1,256; 1885, 5,940. Lands improved, 1880, 5,170 acres; 1885, 58,636 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 3(4; 1885, 684. Average size of farms, 1880, seventeen acres; 1885, eighty-six at res. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.83. Potato crop, 1885, 33,158 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 11,661 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 1,250 gallons; butter, 108,247 pounds; cheese, 705 pounds; eggs, 175,308 dozen. - - NAME AND Posrol'EICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk ............ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... J. K. Smith................. … Mitchell............. tº ſº w & e. ** Treasurer....................................... R. D. Prescott......... ...................... Mitchell.................. Sheriff. ........................................... Q. O. Stanehfield........................... M:tchell ............… Clerk D jStrict Court................ ...... º oh Il C. McBride........................... Mitchell.................. - Probat e Judge.......................... . * . . . . Hohn N. Crow. .............. • * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * Mitchell.................. Register of Deeds.......................... V. K. Smith................................... Mitchell.................. Attorney......................................... J. I. Hannett............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mitchell................ • * Super intendent of Schools............ H. L. Brass.................................... Mitchell.................. *Survey Or........................................ |. Green................................... • - - - - - Mitchell.................. COTO in er.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |John Tatman........................ * * * * * * * * Mitchell.................. . Assessor ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |B. H. Pe. nett................................}............................ • . . . ſº. Platner.................................. ...'................................ - | iM. M. McDonald...........................!. 'a e º is a tº e s e º & g a s gº tº 4 m e º º sº e º & © e t' s & e Commissioners............................ - E. T. Malmsberry....... e º $ tº e º e g g tº $ tº e < e º 'º. . . ............ . .* s e º & tº $ tº $ tº t tº 4, 4 º' is ſº & Jº |W. W. Gardner........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -s e º s e a e ........................ , & a tº q ! John Cook............................. '.......'............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Emsley................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MITCHELI, ..............................Stover ............ “................... .a. is a , Ethan............................ ........] Mount Vernon........................IVictor............ ........................ RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 359 Area, 691,200 acres. Created, February 22, 1879, from part of Stone and all of Greeley. Houndaries changed, March 8, 1883, changed again, March 10, 1885, part from Clark, part to Marshall. Organized, December 5, 1881, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz: Lansing Sykes, Geo. Brant, and Chauncey Warner. - Day county lies the second county south of the 46th parallel, and the second west of the Minnesota state line. . It contains a number of lakes within its borders, the largest of which, are Waubay, Blue Dog, Prairie, and Lake Parker. Considerable timber grows in the immediate vicinity of the larger lakes, notably, Waubay lake. Surface, about equally divided between the hills of the “Coteaus” and the prairie and valley lands of the lower level. Soil, of the more level portion, a rich, black loam, with clay Sub-Soil. - e Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, º line,) thirty-seven miles; stations: Waubay, Webster, Bristol, An- dover; (Andover line,) thirteen miles; station; Andover; (Madison Bris- tol line,) thirteen miles; station: Bristol. Total: sixty-three miles of railroad in county. Vacant public lands, 34,160 acres. F3 ANKS. There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Andover, at Andover, S. W. Webber, president; E. C. Bowen, cashier. Bank of Bristol, at Bristol, C. E. Dickerman, president; T. E. Egge, cash- ier Bank of Webster, at Webster A. J. Leetch, president; W. W. Severy, cashier. Day County Bank, at Webster, J. Alley, president; Albert Smith, cashier. - - r - NEWSPAPERS. Gazette, A. E. Baines, editor and publisher, Andover; Day County Herald, G. L. Sharretts, publisher, Webster; Reporter and Farmer, J. C. Adams & Co., publishers, Webster; Independent, W. F. Bostian, editor and publisher, Bristol. - ~ COUNTY SEAT. * Webster, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,000; school-building, valued at $3,000; congregational, methodist, and lútheran church edifices, valued at $9,000; court-house, valued at $8,000; flour-mill, valued at $18,000. - . . - - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Andover, in the west; population 500; School-building, valued at $2,000; methodist and catholic church edifices, Valued at $3,000; artesian well. Assessed valuation city property, 1887, real and personal, $55,475. Bris- tol, between Andover . Webster; population, 500; school-building, valued at $2,500; two church edifices, valued at $5,000. - SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, eighteen; School population, 1,583; number of school-houses in district, forty-six; number of School-houses built in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $28.80; fe- males, $24,62; value of all school property, $25,136,64; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $16,847,32; cash remaining in school treasury, Jnne 30, 1886, $1,550.80; par amount of School bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $17,800.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $5,216,60. - - - - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. . | | - Year. - Horses. * Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. 1885 is 1,841 128 4,181 628 797 $ 158,569 1886 2,501 -175 | 5,829 1,195 1,893 | 199,480 1887 8,242 164 7,511 1,544 1,871 226,208 360 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. Acres Real | “. . Town Lois iPersonal Pro Total assessed Year. Estate. | valuation. valuation, erty valuation. ºn of .. ----- - - ------ – ----------------- – ------------ - - - - - - - - . - - - ------- ~~~~. . . . . - i - - , •. . — – - is liºn is 2.84% s assº is lºsis is ºn 1886 148,181 301,569 65,872 i - 196,501 | 768,872 1887 186.859 374,561 74,508 i 188,742 ! 864,019 - - FARM STATISTICS. - . . . . . . Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - - Dushels in Bushels in Bushels in | 1880. . 1885. 1887. Wheat...................................... e s s = a a e s s a e v c s s = < * * * * * * * * * none 368,860 $75,000 Corn................................................ ..................] none 89,884 104,500 Oats .................................................................... | none 28533i 637,566 Rye.................. .......... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , 1101) © 666 5,520 B Glºw heat......................................................... none 597 750 . Burley.............................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e e s m = a a º e s - a • * s s is s a Il Oll G. 15,228 i 161,250 Flax................................................................... ll olte ....................." 48,620 - - MISCELLANEOUS STATISTIcs. . . . . . . Population of county, 1880, ninety-seven; 1885, 5,601. Lands improved, 1880,238 acres; 1885, 74,717 acres. Number of farms, 1880, six; 1885, 1,407. Average size of farms, 1880, forty acres; 1885, fifty-three acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.00. County indebtedness, 1887, $9,915. Potato crop, 1885, 40,904 bushels... Wool clip, 1885, 1,849 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 165 gallons; butter, 134,464 pounds; cheese, 785 pounds; eggs, 273,812 dozen. . . NAME AND I’OSTOFFICIE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | - - Office. Name. P. O. Address. . - | - - | Auditor......................................... Thºmas Brigham.......................... iWebster..................... Treasurer................ 'w w s a s e s a se e º a • * * * * * * * * iT. M. Loomis................... tº e - tº - - - - - - - Webster..................... Sheriff.............................. ............ H. J. Hanson.................................. |Webster................. Clerk District Court..................... |J. A. Lee............................. ...' ...... 'Webster..................... Probate Judge.............................. Geo. Bryant.................................. iAndover.................... Register of Deeds.................. ....... G. L. Sharretts............................... Webster..................... Attorney....................................... A. J. Wolfe........................... ........ iWebster..................... Superintendent of Schools........... {A, B. Barker......................... . . . . . . . . Webster..................... Surveyor....................................... W. Allºy.…............................ . iWobster........ ............. Coroner...................................... ...' HI, A. Peabody.......... . . . . . . . . . ........... Webster.......... • * * * * * * * * * * * Assessor........................................". J. Cowan................................... Gros........................... ſ J. I. Ilarris, (chairman)............... Webster................... |L. Hazelden.................................. Nutley.............. ....... Commmissioners ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . iT. IIowell......... “........................... |Bristol; º's º is a & e º e s a tº e º a tº a * * * - iſ: T. Good Win .............................. |Audover.................... B. H. Egeland........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {ISgeland............ ......... LIST of Postoffices IN County, 1887. Andover................................. |Gros..… Roslyn.............. ..................... Bristol.................... e º e º a s s º º ſº e º tº * ..! ſounsberry........................ ... Seth........................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - Butler.................................... | Lily........................................Thorson...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . Tayton.................................... |{{\ºgº..…. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |Waubay................ ** * * * * * * * * * * * .* * * * * Egèland..................................!Nutley....…....................... ...... WEBSTER............................... - DELANO COUNTY. Created, January 11, 1875. Its boundaries were changed March 8, 1883. Unorganized. º ... . . . 4 . . . . . . - Delano, is a county included within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. • * . . . . . • RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 361 DEUEL COUNTY. Area, 422,400 acres. Created April 5, 1862. Boundaries changed, Jan- uary 31, 1871, part to Hanson; changed again, January 8, 1873, parts to Grant, Hamlin, and Renville. Organized, April 26, 1878, by appointment. by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Henry H. Her- rick, B. J. Cochran, and Andrew J. Torgensen. - Deuel county is situated in southern I)akota, south of the 45th parallel. and has the Minnesota state line for its eastern boundary. Principal streams are the Yellow Bank river, and Ilost, Cobb, and Hidewood creeks. Numerous springs, brooks, and beautiful lakes, afford an ample water sup- ply. . Principal lakes are, Cochrane, Fish, Clear, Coteau, North, Two- woods, and Lake Alice. Timber grows along the borders of some of the larger sheets of water. Surface, rolling prairie, and low broken hills of the “Coteaus,” which traverse a portion of the county in a northwesterly direction. Soil, a dark vegetable loam, from ten inches to three feet in depth, underlaid with clay sub-soil. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Tracy— Watertown line,) twenty-three miles; stations: Goodwin, Altamont, Gary. Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern railway, (main line,) twenty-eight miles; stations: Palmer, Clear Lake, Toronto. . Total miles of railroad in fifty-one. - . - Vacant public lands, 4,440 acres. . . . . 13. AN INS, There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: ISank of Clear Jake, at Clear Lake, J. Q. Houts, president; T. F. Hanley, cash- ier. Bank of Gary, at Gary, B. A. Wade, president; N. M. Wade, cashier. Deuel County Bank, at Gary, M. E. Shelley, president; C. L. Shelley, cashier. Sevatsou & Jenson, at Toronto. 4 NISWSP.A l’ERS. . Deuel County Advocate, A. G. Warner, publisher, Clear Lake; The In- ter-State, C. J. Ronald, publisher, Gary. CC) UNTY SEAT. Gary, in the east, is the county seat. It has a population of 800; school- building, valued at $2,000; methodist and presbyterian church edifices, valued at $9,000; public building, valued at $3,000; creamery; flour-mill, valued at $25,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, $100,000. OTIII.R IM TORTANT TOWNS. Alfamont, north of the center; population, 100; school-building, valued at $500. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $8,000. Clear Lake, south of the center; population, 3(10; school-building, valued at $3,500; methodist and presbyterian church edifices, valued at $3,000; flour-mill, yalued at $20,000; cheese factory, valued at $2,500. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $38,513. Goodwin in the west; school-building, valued at $2,500; baptist church edifice, valued at $2,000, Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $48,000. Toronto, in the south; population, 150; school-building, valued at $1,400; church edifices; creamery, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $15,957. - SCIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) . Number of organized districts, fifty eight; school population, 1,398; number of school-houses in district, fifty-three; number of school-houses built in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $30.75; fe- males, $28.00; value of all school property, $33,476,00; expended for school purposes during year ending Julie 30, 1886, $21,949.22; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $5,639.37; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $25,978.30; average rate of interest paid on bonds, º pºr cent, ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,456,45. %. 362 g RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. iIVE STOCK STATISTICs. ! was tº Pºwl ºut sº I sº vºlution Asses. e P. & e | ſ l -> ------------> --...------------------- ~~~~~~~. -----------~~~~~ :-- ~~~~ * ~ * * ***** 1880 744 19 1,852 233 800 * ....................... # jº. 62 4,421 2,017 1,222 $ 123,804 1886 ... -7. 5,027 2,033 1,050 140,729 1887 2,222 76 || 3:009. § “; 157,320 VALUATION STATISTICS. - - ----- *- - - - -- ~~~~ * ~ *~~~~' -- - - - … ... ...------ ------ ------- - - - - - - --- ~...~ - - - - -- * * ~ * *-. - Total assessed y Acres Rea * * TOW 11 Lots | Personal Prop- e Year RState. Valuation. | Valuation. . valuation. valuation of *-*-*-*--- } -- - - --- - - “uation. | county. } t 1880 …........ s 50.614 4..…. * $ 89,842 $ 439,956 1885 237,515 575,606 $ 83,526 86,806 819,242 1886 248.5% | ºt 49.912 109,289 939,484 1887 266,182 698,438 51,155 i. 108,716 | 1,010,629 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. r g FARM ST.VTISTICS. º Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushelsi n iss, " | "iss, Wheat “..…....................................................... |. 89,785 860,832 736,661 Corº.…....................................... 4,807 14,581 82,200 Oats.….... ................................................. | 29,294 209,845 297,000 Rye.…............................. .......... | In O Il Ge 1,246 ,171 Buckwheat......................................................... In O I, C | 1,006 3,990 Barley.….................................................... 2,310 58,239 . 70,995 ***.….…................................ | Il () il 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 4,800 - MISCELIAN E() US STATISTICS, Population of county, 1870, thirty-seven; 1880, 2,302; 1885, 4,403. Tands improved, 1880, 8,501 acres; 1885, 59,663 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 450; 1885, 841. Average size of farms, 1880, nineteen acres; 1885, seventy- one acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.66. County in- del)tedness, 1887, $8,243. Potato crop, 1885, 37,606 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 11,212 pounds. I)airy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 505 gal- lons; butter, 176,743 pounds; cheese, 1,732 pounds; eggs, 56,620 dozen. NAMIE AND POSTOFFICIE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. g * i | Oſſice. $ \ Name. i P. O. Address. & rry | * y Auditor.................................. ......Jno. A. Thronson.......................... Gary......................... Treasil rer...................................... Joseph Hebal................................ Gary.…. Sheriff.................... ....................... Frank E Millard ........................ Gary ......................... Clerk Districi Court ..................... Jos. E. Boyer................. ............... Gary.…............. Probate Judge.............................. Iril H. Cnse.................................... Gary......................... Register of Deeds.......................... T. C. Pe erson............................... |Gary......................... Attorney ....................................... T. E. Samb TT1................................ |Clear Lake............... Suj e rint Glm dent of Schools........... A. A. Merrill................................. Gary......................... Surveyor........................................ |John Cronin.......…................... A tamont.................. Coroner.................. ...................... Z. C. Green.................... ............... iſ lear Lake .............. ſ | 3. J. Gorton .............. .................... |$ºry..…....... | M. S. Weeks................................... |Goodwin .................. Commissioners........................... { 0, J. 1 eterson................................ |Deuel....................... 8. T. Adams................................... |Altamont,................. | J. L. Mellou................................... !Clear Lake............... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN county, 1887. Alth mont................................. Goodwin * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * c & & e º a g Togstad............................... w Brundt.......... ......................... Nºrtle'),................................... Toronto................................ Cleo.” I duke.............................. Pºliner.................................... | Willoughby.......................... Denel...................................... Sº an initvia ........................... - - GARY............ .......................... Sºjold...................................... ; - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 268 DEWEY COUNTY. F greated, March 9, 1883, from Rusk. Unorganized. Dewey is one of the counties contained entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. - - DICKEY COUNTY. Area, 737,280 acres. Created March 5, 1881. Organized, July 1, 1882, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: R. C. Olin, A. H. Whitney, Henry Geschke. Dickey county is situated in the central part of Dakota, midway be- tween the Missouri river and the Minnesota boundary line. The princi- pal streams are the James river, which trave rses the eastern end of the county from north to South, and Maple, and Elm rivers draining the cen- tral and western portions. A few small lakes and marshes are distributed over the eastern part of the county. , Surface, a broad, level prairie, river valley, and the terraced hills of the Coteau du Prairie, which traverse the western end of the county, from north to south. Soil, deep, rich loam. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (James river val- ley line,) eleven miles; stations: Glover, Oakes. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (James River line,) twenty-five miles; stations: Ellen- dale, Monango. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Huron-Oakes line,) fourteen miles; stations: Tice ville, Ludden, Oakcs. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, (Ellendale extension,) twenty-four miles; stations: Crescent Hill, Riverdale, Guelph, Silver Leaf, Ellendale. Minneapolis & Pacific railway, (main line,) twenty-eight miles; stations: Oakes, York- town, Monango. Total miles of railroad in county, 102. Vacant public lands in county, 90,720 acres; Aberdeen land district, 19,840 acres; Fargo land dis rict, 70,880 acres. - . I3,\ N INS. There are five banks doing business in the county, as follows: Security Bank, at Ellendale, C. P. Haseltine, president; T. M. Evans, cashier. Gannon, Smith & Co., at lºllendale, F. B. Gannon, cashier. Bank of Monango, at Monango, W. A. , Caldwell, manager, Bank of Oakes, at Oakes, H. C. Sessions, president; T. F. Marshall, cashier. Bank of Ludden, at Ludden, S. L. Kem interer, president; I. J. Kemmerer, cashier. . . . . NjëWSPA PIERS. . Leader, Moore & Godard, editors and publishers, Ellendale. Commer- cial. Bowsfield & Wilson, proprietors, Ellendale. The Times, Ellis & Brown, publishers, Ludden. The Oakes Weekly Republican, Ellis & Brown, publishers, Oakes. - - COUNTY SEAT. . Ellendale, South of the center, is the county seat; population, 1,000; schoo!-building, valued at $5,000; methodist, and presbyterian church ed- ifices, valued at $5,000; court-house, valued at $10,000; water-works (ar- tesian) system, valued at $8,000; flour-mill, valued at $15,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $280,000. - - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Ludden, in the Southeast; population 400; school-buildings, valued at $2,500; church edifices, etc. . Monango, west of the center; population 150; school-building, valued at $500; presbyterian church edifice, valued at $2,000. Oakes, in the east; population 500; school-buildings; church edifices; flour-mill; grain-elevators, etc. Yorktown, northeast of Ellen- dale; population, fifty; school-building; methodist church edifice, valued at $800, etc. - schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, sixteen; school population, 924; num- ber of school-houses in district, forty-two; number of school-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $35,00; females, $30.00; value of all school property, $25,220.47; expended for school purposes during year euding June 30, 1886, $20,711.73; cash remaining in 364 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. school treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,347.59; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $20,600.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,400.41. LIVE STOCK STAT (STICS. | : |Mules and ASSes. Sheep. SWine. Valuation. Cattle. | –––. t ------------- | 1,606 wo | 1,970 400 s 12.2% 1886 2,250 259 2,787 400 | 1,031 | 203,096 249 | 3,549 492 || 763 226,990 VALUATION STATISTICS. Town Lots Personal Prop- y A Cres Rea. I | e Year. Estate. Valuation. - - ------------------- p'ſTo al assessed valuation of t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - valuation. erty valuation. ... !; | | 1885 230,793 $ 652.030 i § 78,452 $141,094 $1,024,712 1886 283,652 991,863 85,753 222,483 1,503,195 1887 432,409 1,207,848 209,940 285,488 1,930,216 FARM STATISTICS. w Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bush elS in . | 1880. 1885. | 1887. | Wheat................................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1) O1) @ 311,836 1,558,822 Corn.................................. ................................. | none $38,232 185,000 Oats..................................................................... Inone 34,452 978,320 Buckwheat “....................................................... Il () il G. | 1,948 4,500 Barley.............................. ................... s ºf & is s tº e º e º 8 e < * * * : In Olle 8,061 122,500 Flax........................................................ _* * * * * * * * * * * * none ..................... 13,497 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 3,897. Lands improved, 1885, 87,077 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 1,396. Average size of farms, 1885, sixty-two acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.79. County indebtedness, 1887, $22,662 Potato crop, 1885, 65,313 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 1,774 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 499 gallons; butter, 136,676 pounds; cheese, fifty pounds; eggs, 29,377 dozen. - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS, IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address, -------------- ~~T------------ Auditor......................................... 'Ei. N. Leiby................................. Ellendale................. Treasurer...................................... Chas. W. Potter............................. Ellelldale................. Sheriff ............ .............................. Thomas C. Rice............................. Ellendale................. Clerk District Court..................... T. A. Evans................................... Ellendale................. Probate Judge.............................. S. A. Bowes...................... ............ Jºlendale................. Register of Deeds......................... Frank Jerabek.............................. Ellendale................. Attorney....................................... A. D. Plemington.......................... Ellendale................. Superintendent of Schools...... .... iQ. A. Kent..................................... Elletidal “....... Surveyor........................................ |E. J. Hermºns............................... |Ellendale................ Coroner......................................... iP. Thomas............................ ........ Ellendale................. ſ|D. B. McDonald, (chairman)........ Montingo ................. | H. J. Mallory................................ fludden. .................. Commissioners........................... 3 J. P. Walker................................... Iºl lendale................ Geo. W. Towers............................. Ellendale................. iTormod Wet tre............................. 'Oakes....................... LIST OF POSTOFFICEs tº COUNTY, 1887. Eſ, LEN DA 1.1............................ Lorraine................................. Oakes....................”. . . . . . . . . . . . Glover.....................................' 'ºudden.................................. Ticeville................................ Guelph...................................! Merricourt............................. Wright.................................... Hillsdale................................ | Monango..…........…....... Yorktown.............…......... RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 365 Area, 299,520 acres. Created, January 10, 1873, from part of Charles Mix, Organized, February 16, 1881, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Walter H. Brown, Charles H. Stil- well, and Edward B. Hoyet. This organization was revoked by Govern- or's proclamation of July 10, 1882, and new commissioners appointed, viz.: Chas. E. Huston, Chas. A. Houlton, and Ferdinand Deisterhaupt. Douglas is a county of southern Dakota, half way between the Janies and Missouri rivers, and the second county north of the Nebraska line. Prin- cipal stream, is the Choteau creek. Smaller streams lead the drainage of the county into the James river, on the west, and the Missouri on the south. Surface, a fine undulating prairie. Soil, chocolate colored loam, with a porous clay sub-soil. º Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, MIliwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Scotland & Armour line,) thirteen miles; stations: Delmont, Armour. Vacant public lands, none. BAN KS.. There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Citi- zens' State Bank, at Armour, H. W. Johnson, president; E. S. Johnson, cashier. Douglas County Bank, at Armour, G. W. Lumley, manager. Bank of Harrison, at Harrison. NEWSPAPERS. Douglas County Chronicle, T. B. Roberts, editor, Armour; South Da- kota Tribune, W. F. Duncan, editor, Armour; South Dakota Tribune, Woolman Bros., editors and publishers, Grand View; The Globe, Geo, C. Culver, publisher, Harrison; De Nederlandsche Dakotaan, W. P. Van- Derzan, editor and publisher, New Holland. - COUNTY SEAT. Grand View, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 200; school-building, valued at $2,000; methodist church edifice, valued at $1,200. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, $50,000. OTHER IMPORTA NT TOWNS. Armour, south of Grand View; population, 500; school-building, valued at $3,000; methodist and congregational church edifices, valued at $2,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal. $85,000. Del- mont, in the east; population, 200; school-building, valued at $1,000. IIar- rison, northwest of Grand View; population, 200; school-building, valued at $2,000; church edifice, etc., New Holland, in the northwest; popula- tion, forty; school-building, church edifices, etc. Scuools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, fiftteen; school population, 1,120; num- ber of school-houses in district, twenty-seven ; number of school-houses built in 1886, twenty-three; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27,87; females, $26.70; value of all school property, $14,446.61 : expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $18,821.73; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $1,196.74; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $12,500,00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, § per cent. ; almount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,825.54. I, IV lº STOCK STATISTICS. Year. : HIOrses. i k - - - - Mules and Cattle - - ---- | • { \ y - Asses. | . . Sheep. | SWine. | Valuation. – | : --- 1885 1,479 222 8,654 694 1,837 $ IS4,940 i; ; is ºf ºf § ičğ 1887 2,184 178 4,266 , 494 i 2.196 179,078 366 : RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, VALUATION STATISTICs. - Acres Real | vonoatia, Town Lots Personal Prop-ºu.”. Year. i ſºstate. . w alu ation. - Valuation . ferty valuation. i y nºtion of .. i . i . . . . : - - i. ~~~ 1885 | 93,883 $267,583 $ 18,721 i $ 124,415 $ 5% ſº 1886 117,881 | 287,235. | 15,298 110,544 581,730. 1887 iššū $58,388 £375 105,018 G47419 . FARM STATISTICs. . . . . Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887, . - . . . . . . . º, Bushes in Bushels in Busbels in 1880. 1855. 1887. - } - . . . . . . . . - Wheat............ ......................... , & e º 'º e g º ºs s a º ................ 110116. | 56,796 | 147,375 Corn.................• - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i none 188,025 671,875 Oats.….…................................................... b) OIlê 151,004 249,900 Rye.…................................................. ............... : DOEle | 656 2,025 Buck Wheat.........'................................. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * none 939 1,560 Barley................................................................. | In one 2,428 22,800 Flax................................... . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : 11 Olle e it e º s ......... ....... 85,500 MIscELLANEOUS STATISTICS. ... ', Population of county, 1880, six; 1885, 3,801. Lands improved, 1880, none; 1885, 71,654 acres. Number of farms, 1880, one; 1885, 873. Average size of farms, 1885, eighty-two acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.66. County indebtedness, 1887, $8,000. Potato crop, 1885, 27,847 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 1,611 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 100 gallons; butter, 96,060 pounds; cheese, 2,792 pounds; eggs, . 45,965 dozen. • . . . . - .. - - NAME AND Posroºpicſ, ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office, Nanne. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................. K. J. Foster ................................. Grand View........ •... • Treasurer...................................... P. Dernisse...................................|Grand View ............ Sheriff........................................... | Harry Thompson ...... .... 's is tº e º e º s a tº a tº e º 'º |Gralld View............. Clt I'k District Court..................... ‘K. G. Foster................................... Grand View............. Probate J dge.............................. |W. N. Streeter............................... (#rand View............. . Register of ) ecds.......................... ‘K. G. Foster.................................'Grand View............. : Attorney ....................................... ºl. W. Clike............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . Grand View............. Superill tendent of Schools........... L. H. Parks.................................... Grand View............. Surveyor................... ................... James A. Parrish............... ............;Grand View............. Coroner......................................... 'Dr. J. W. Ward.............................. *Grand View............. Assessor....................... … | Fred Schroder..............................|Delmont.................. |J. F. Keeton, .............. ..................'Grand View............. - |Alex Duncan.................................IGrand View........... Commissioners...........… |Henry Ruff....................................!Grand View............. i F. Le Cocq, Jr................................|Harrison.................. U II. Wilson.....................................! belmont,.................. LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Armour. ................ ~rº- Plainview............................. . Revºluh....................................; Harrison................................Schatzville ...... .... ................ Delmº int................................. Hillside. ................................ - . GRAND VI EW.........................., ; New Holland................... .. • * * * DUNN COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883, from part of Howard. Its boundaries were changed, March 10, 1885, parts to Billings and Villard and parts from Wil- liams and McKenzie. Unorganized. . . . . . . . . . Dunn county is situated in northern Dakota, South of the Missouri river * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 367 * and the second county east of the Montana boundary line. Principa streams, the Little Missouri and its tributaries, and the Green rivers. Sur- face, agricultural and pastoral lands. Vacant public lands, 327,680 acres. y MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, thirty-two. Lands improved, 1885, 640 acres. Number of farms, 1885, four. Average size of farms, 1885, 160 acres. EDDY COUNTY. Area, 414,720 acres. Created, March 9, 1885. from part of Foster. Or- ganized, April 15, 1885, by appointment, by the Governor, of the follow- ing commissioners, viz.: Paul J. Braman, F. J. Dunham, John Prader. Eddy county is situated in Northern Dakota, south of the 48th parallel, and equally distant from the Missouri river on the west, and the Red River on the east. Principal streams are the James, and Sheyenne rivers. A large number of lakes and ponds are scattered throughout the county, notably in townships 148 and 149, north of range 63. Surface, a rolling, undulating prairie. Soil, a fine, productive loam. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (Jamestown & Northern line,) 19.6 miles; stations: New Rockford, Tonkinson, Sheyenne. Vagant public lands, 102.480 acres; Fargo land district, 35,240 acres; Devils Lake land district, 42,240 acres; Grand Forks land district 25,000 à,CI'êS. * - I3.ANICS. There is one bank doing business in the county: Bank of New Rock- ford, M. H. Dunnell, president, F. A. Sebring, cashier, New Rockford. N EWSPAPERS. Transcript, W. G. Dunn, editor and publisher, New Rockford. Eddy County New Era, C. T. Canfield, manager; N. O. Fanning, editor, New Rockford. (2OUNTY SEAT. New Rockford, in the west, is the county seat. It has a population of 200; School-building, valued at $800; congregational aud baptist church edifices, valued at $1,500; flour-mill, valued at $10,000. Assessed valua- tion town property, 1886, real and personal, $70 000. Scilools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, six; school population, 142; number of School-houses in district, five; number of school-houses built in 1886, two; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $40.00; females, $32.07; value of all school property, $3,160.00, expended for school purposes dur- ing year ending June 30, 1886, $2,678.58; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $561.31; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,000.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per Cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,387.9S. LIVE STOCK ST.ATIS 'i'i ("S. iMules and Yz, n - h - * ºn ſy i ^: S * . r = r º YG ar. \ IIOI'SeS. Asses. Cattle. Sheep. ! Swine. t Valuation. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1885 292 49 | (381 25 . 77 $45,317 1886 . 369 | 50 77.[ - 10 227 60,325 išš i 563 || 5 || 1.išć 12 188 84,995 VALUATION STATISTICS. - - - - - - Total assessed », or Acres Real y t | Town Lots | Personal Prop- * *...*," Yeal'. ſ Estate. Valuation. ºntº. lºſſ. Yºjoa of * & county. 1885 44,457 | $ 117,670 $ 23,142 t $ $1.361 $ 217,400 1886 62,435 º; 40,972 67,202 370, 1:35 1887 10,591 366,160 55,779 8 t,369 591.303 w * 3(38 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. FARM STATISTICS. tº - + s Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in | 1880. sº 1 885. 887. Wheat. ....... º º º e º e s tº º e º 'º e º e º 'º e º e i e º 'º - º it w tº º a tº e e g it tº t e º ſº e s tº e º a tº a tº º 'º º º & Il () The 60,958 268,000 Corn..................................... .............................. Il OI! 0. | 870 ! 520 Oats.............. .................................. tº dº a e s a s a s a s a e s & v e < * Il () I) (2 i 57,199 135,000 Buckwheat...... tº e g tº a s a s set g º e º 'º - - - - tº - © - - © tº s tº º e º e º e º e º s is a tº e a º º 'º - tº In Olle 126 ; 360 Barley ................................................................ Il ())) & 1,170 22,000 Flax........ ........................................ tº a l] Ol] G. |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - tº • 2,080 - MISC15. LLANEOUS STATISTICS. - Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 825. Lands improved, 1885, 8.796 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 137. Average size of farms, 1885, sixty-four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.31. County indebtedness, 1887, $4,738. Potato crop, 1885, 14,420 bushels. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk; 202 gallons; butter, 11,385 pounds; eggs, 11,513 dozen. - NAME AND POSToIPEICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. NaIme. P. O. . Address. wº - is, County Clerk..............................C. T. Canfield................................, New Rockford........ Treasurer. .... ............. ................ : P. J. “13raman................................. New Rockford........ Sheriff........................................... 'J. B. l'aley...... ............ . . . . ............ New Rockford ....... }lerk District Court..................... !" V. Many .................................... New Rock ſord........ Probate Judge........ ................... F. A. Sebring................................. New Rockford........ Register of Deeds ... ............. C. T. Canfield................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ‘New Rockſord..... ... A 1601 hey . … Jos. Cleary … . Ne W. Rockford. . . . . Superintendent of Schools......... S. N. Putnam.................. ...... ......., Tiffany.................... Surveyor ............ ....................... J. W. Perry.................................... New Rockford........ Coroner . . . . . ................................. R. S. Miller..... ....... .................... New Rockford........ ASSCSSOT. ......... ......................... A. Q. Tomlinson...................... ..... New Rockford........ - I. W. Sheldon, (chairman)............. New Rockford........ Commissioners. ......... ............... i.John Prader............................ ...... New Rockford....... E. P. Cosgrove............................... | New Rockford......., LIST OF POST) FFICES IN. COUNTY, 1887. Morris, ..................... | NICW ROCK FOR D..... ...... | Sheyenne............, | Tiffany... ................ EDM UNDS COUNTY. Area, 437,280 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Buffalo. }oundaries, changed February 6, 1885, (tier of unorganized towns added to.) Organized, July 14, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Charles N. Skillman, Lewis F. Dief- endorſ, Loren A. Barbour. Edmunds county lies in central Dakota, south of the 46th parallel, and the Second Cast of the Missouri river. It has no large streams within its borders, but is amply supplied with water in the shape of branches of the Snake river, and numerous ponds (list ributed throughout the county. Surface, broken somewhat, from north to south in the central part of the county, by the Coteaus. Sloping east and west from the Coteaus—surface, gently rolling prairie. Soil, on the more level land, heavy, productive loam, Sub-soil, clay. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) forty five miles; stations: Mina, Ipswich, Roscoe, Orono, 13) will (; ; (I&oscoe line, south,) ſiſt cen miles; stations: Rosco.o, Vermont City, (nºrth,) thirteen iniles; sations: Roscoe, Hosmer. Total miles of railroad in county, seventy-three. * Vacant public lands, 104,940 acres. l?.V N IN. S. - There are seven banks doing lousiness in the county, as follows: Bank of 130 wille, at 130 wille, D. W. Burright, cashier. Peoples' Bank, at Bowdle, W. R. Green, president. 1)avies & Iºuston, at Bowdle. Bank of Roscoe, ** ... \ at Roscoe, F. M. Hopkin * - * * *. T - - : A Bank and Investment Co., at Ipswich, E. A. Mears, president; W. # “. . ins, president; F. A. Googins, cashier. Mortgage sº. Mears, cashier. Bank of Ipswich, at Ipswich, M. P. Beebe, president; º, \ . C. A. Kinney, cashier. Edmunds County Bank, at Ipswich, John L. \ weig, resident. F.W. civiºniº NEWSPAPERS. \ Pioneer, Fred J. Bowman, editor and publisher, Bowdle. Central Dakota - kota Tribune, ) ley, editor, Roscoe. \ Democrat, Geo. L. Campbell, editor and publisher, Hosmer. The Gazette, A. H. Ruggles & S. A. Cochrane, editors and publishers, Ipswich. Da- A. B. Chubbuck, editor, Ipswich. Herald, J. W. Parm- - Magnet, Bernard & Ranshaw, publishers, Roscoe. journal, W. P. Watson, publisher, Vermont City. COUNTY SEAT. Ipswich, east of the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,200; school-buiding, valued at $5,000; methodist, congregational, and | catholic church edifices, valued at $6,000; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $6,500; court-house; flour-mill, valued at $4,000. Assessed Val- uation city property, 1886, real and personal, $225,000. OTHER IMPöRTANT TOWNS. - Bowdle, in the west; population, 500; congregational church edifice, valued at $1,200. Powell, south of Ipswich; sehool-building, valued at $600; presbyterian church edifice, valued at $1,200. Roscoe, between Ips- wich and Bowdle; population 500; school building, valued at $5,000; ) methodist, and presbyterian church edifies, valued at $10,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, $85,000. Vermont City, in the south; pop- Aulation, fifteen; school-building, valued at $1.200. - * -i. i } | Nunaber of organiz SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) - ed townships, 1 wenty; school population, 742; number of school houses in district, twenty-eight; number of school- houses built in 1886, fifteen; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $29,67; females, $26.30; value of all school property, $13,913,04; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $16,209,91); cash remain- ing in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,580.67; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $14,829.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $236.00. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. M*.* Cattle. | sheep. swine. Valuation. - - Asses. | . - 1885 1,146 124 1,048 96 289 $ 78,834 1886 1,756 127 1,887 42 GS3 , 156,261 1887 2,830 i. 145 3,150 812 458 195," US VALUATION STATISTICS. 1885 1886 1887 '. Year. - - i Table showin 1885, and 1887. Acres Real Estate. 176,602 200,337 217,779 Town Lots | Personal Prop- tºº, º Valuation1. . . . x ** T vz. * ~ * > . -- | valuation. [erty valuation. County, $427,200 $ 6S.813 - $118,493 $ 693,370 582,673 79,983 222,926 1,041,843 753,836 173,024 242,884 1,365,452 FARM STATISTICS. g product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880 'Hye | Bushels in Bushels in bushels in | 1880 1S$3. : 1887, - - - - . | Wheat. ............................................................. 65,052 683,995 Coru. ... . . . . ....................................... . . . . ........... *...* 16,620 104.181 Oats ............................. -----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ol) & - 56,853 653,720 *Ye...... ..... . . . . . . . . ................ ......... .................. Il () l l e ‘......... . . . . ..... 575) Buckwheat........................................................ Il Oll G. . 113 4:35 Barley. ...... .......................................... . . . . . . . . }l Oll & 1,549 48,076 •. . . . . . . --------- * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . | none i .................... 156,010 - MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS, - - - Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 2,422. Lands improved, 1885, 26,101 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 653. Average size of farms, 1885, forty acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.04. Potato crop, 1885, 13,026 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 606 pounds. Dairy and other i. products, 1885: milk, 723 gallons; butter, 24,891 pounds; eggs, 10,140 OZé]]. - w . . . . . . . - ... NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. ſ - -- - Office. Name. P. O. Address. Af County Clerk...............................}J. W. Pºrmley................ ~irwich…~ Treasurer. .................................... F. W. Cadwell........ tº º, a tº º e º e º e tº e º sº a • * * * * * Ipswich................. Sheriff........ ................................. }J. H. Hughes..............................Ipswich.......... • ------ tº e º Clerk District Court .................... H. S. Mott. ................................... Ipswich.................... Probate Judge............................ W. O. Stout.............................. [Ipswich.............. ..... Register of Deeds ............... ...... J. W. Parmley............ ........... a • * * * * Ipswich ........... ...... Attorney....................................... H. C. Briggs................................. Ipswich ........... ...... Superintendent of Schools.........!J no. J. Skahen..........................}Ipswich ......... • * * * * * * * * Surveyor..................................... Jas. H. DWyer...... .....................|Roscoe . ................... Coroner......................................... Dr. A. J. Gilson................ ........ ... Roscoe ...... . . . . ......... Assessor......................................... R. J. Agnew.................................. Ipswich ................ Frank K. Wing ............................. Cortlandt................ g Commissioners......................... D. W. Jones................. ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ipswich .... ............ L. G. Sims, (chairman)............... .. Roscoe ............ ... ...... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bowdle.................................]IPSWICH............................ ......|Roscoe............... ... .............. Cortlandt............ tº w = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Orono................................. Saint Herbert,....................... | ... • Far S...................................... Powell ...................................IVermont City......................... Hosmer................................. .. w | - - i EMMONS COUNTY. Area, 983,040 acres. Created, February 10, 1879, from original territory. Organized, October 16, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the fol- lowing commissioners, viz.: James Gayton, William L. Yeater, and Rob- ert S. Whitney. - - - Emmons county is situated in central Dakota, on the east bank of the Missouri river, and north of the 46th parallel. Principal streams ale the Mis- souri river, the western boundary of the county, and the numerous Creeks flowing westerly, and tributary to the Missouri, notably, Long Lake, Bea- ver, and Cat Tail creeks. Considerable timber grows on the bottom lands of the Missouri, and along the banks of the interior streams. Surface, river bottoms, rolling prairie, and level table land. In the townships bordering the Missouri, the country is much broken and hilly for Some distance back. Soil, of the agricultural lands, rich, black, alluvial deposit, very productive. About two townships in the northwest corner of the county, are included within the boundaries of the Fort Rice Military res- ervation. Deposits of lignite coal have been discovered in Emmons county. - - - . . . . ---> Vacant public lands, 373,740 acres; Aberdeen land district, 57,580 acres; Bismarck land district, 316,160 acres. - - NICWSIPAP]º IrS. Emmons County Record. D. R. Streeter, editor, and publisher, Wil- liamsport; Times, Geo. H. Douglas, editor and publisher, Winona. COUNTY SEAT. - - - Williamsport, north of the center, is the county seat. ... It has a popula: tion of 155; school-building, valued at $1,300; county building, valued at $3,300. - OT III: R IMPORTANT TOWNS. - Winona, on the Missouri river; population, 150; School-building, valued " at $2,500. - - - SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) - Number of organized townships, nine; school population, 243; number RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 371 l of school-houses in district, eleven; number of school-houses built, in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, females, $31.80; value of all school property, $10,741.38; expended for school purposes dur- ing year ending June 30, 1886, $8,225.86; cash remaining in school treas- ury June 30, 1886, $604.16; par amount of school bonds outstanding June # º $12,600.00; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, 3.19.40. I, IV E STOCK STATIST ICS. y Mules and r • Yed, r, ASSes. Cattle. y Sheep. SW in G. : Horses. Valuation. l | * 61 2,329 2,514 65 § 77,767 646 69 2,032 2,909 3.25 94, 167 897 67 || 2,407 3.216 191 95,467 VAT, UATION STATISTICS. 1886 1885 722 iss; Total assessed valuation of Coll tº ty. ; Y. * * | T p l tS i g | i’i * Year. Aces Real e own Lots , e, soil it 19.” IEstate. Valuation. valuatio... |erty Włł uation. 1885 58.439 $ 210,852 $ 1,500 § 37,228 $ 327,847 | | i | 1886 67 684 213,926 12,396 42,308 362,797 1887 255,623 598,825 9,974 27.769 732,035 * FARM STATISTICS. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | | Bushels in Bushels in | 1311shels in | 8$0. 1835. tº sº “ Wheat.......................................... s se e s - s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , 11 Olhe 8,778 168,000 Corp...…................................................. 900 31, 188 74 (300 9*....…....... ......................................... 160 41,465 87,500 Rye.….................................................... 1) O Il C 1]. O Il C 500 Buckwheat......................................................... - 11 ( , !] G. In O Il C * 800 Barley.............................. * 8 & © e º e º tº e º s tº tº a g º g g g g e º e º 'º s e g º º & º º . Ił Oll 62 $ 1,115 ! 12,500 Flax..….......................................................... i l] Oll (2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 MISCELLANEOUS STATIST1CS. Population of county, 1880, thirty-eight; 1885, 1,046. Lands improved, 1880, 649 acres; 1885, 17,200 acres. Number of farms, 1881), eight; 1885, 355. Average size of farms, 1880, eighty-one acres; 1885, forty-eight acres. County indebtedness, 1887, $23,811. Potato crop, 1885, 19,230 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 16,260 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 16,080 gallons; butter, 88,712 pounds; eggs, 14,469 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Nanne. P, O. Address, - } t County Clerk................................|E. T. Her rick................................ Williamsport........... ºº::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: E. Briºllº................................Yilliamsport.…....... Sheriff ........ .....................}W m. V. Wilde................................'Gayton..................... Clerk D strict Court..................... !C. H. Bumstead.............................. Will chester.............. Probate Judge. ............. ..... ....... ... ...................................................'.….…...... Register of Deeds....... .................. E. T. Herrick ................................' Williamsport.......... Attorney....................................... II. A. Armstrong........................... Williamsport.... & º º tº $ & Superintell dent of Schools........... J. H. Worst........... ........................ Williamsport........... Surveyor.......................................H. W. Allen...................................' Armstrong............... Coroner......................................... iDalliel Long ................................. Williams, ort........... Assessor.................................. ..... G. Haak......................................... Williamsport........... * lºs B. Gay toll, (Chairmall) ... ... "Gayton..................... Commissioners..................... |R. W. Child................................... Winona .................... ” W R. E. Yenter......….'........................ Williamsport.….... LIST of Postol RICES IN COUNTY, 1887. * J' | Armstrong.............................. Gayton........ ......'.....................WILLIAMSPORT. ..................... Buchanan .............................|Glencoe................................... Winchester........................... Panbury................................ Livoua....................................' Winona................................. Dimmonsburg.......................... iOmio.......................................: 372 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. EWING COUNTY. Created, March 8, 1883, from part of Harding. Unorganized, Ewing is in the first tier of counties east of the Montana boundary, and the first south of the 46th parallel. Principal streams are the Little Mis- Souri, and branches of the Grand river. Ewing county is unsurveyed and, at present, is occupied only by stock men. 'acant public lands, 630,000 acres. Unsurveyed. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, fifty. FALL RIVER COUNTY. Area, 1,036,800 acres. Created March 6, 1883, formerly Forsyth. Fall River, a Black Hills county, is situated in the extreme southwestern portion of the Territory. Principal streams, the south fork of the Chey- onne and Fall rivers, and Horsehead, Hat, Sand, Cascade, and Black Tail creeks. The “Hot Springs,” the most noted health resort in the Terri- tory, are situated in the northern part of Fall River county. An abund- ance of native timber is distributed through the county. Surface, (south of the Cheyenne river,) high upland, river valleys, and beautiful, rolling prairie. Soil, rich loam, mixed with decomposed gypsum, very fertile, and from one foot to several feet in depth. North of the Cheyenne river the county includes a portion of the broken, and rugged surface of the Black Hills proper, and is rich in deposits of many valuable mineral ores. For a more extended description of the Black Hills region, see other pages of this publication. g Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Fre- mont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley line,) thirty-seven miles; stations: Oel- richs, Smithwicks. - Vacant public lands, 968,000 acres; 920,000 acres unsurveyed. NEWSPAPERS. The Hot Springs Star, LaFleiche & Stewart, publishers and proprietors, Hot Springs; The Times, John H. Harris, editor and publisher, Oei "... r • COUNTY SEAT. Hot Springs, near the northern boundary, is the county seat. It has a population of 500; school-building, valued at $3,000; method;3t ch"rch edifice, valued at $4,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, re; and personal, $100,000. OTIIER IMPORTANT Tow Ns. Oelrichs, in the east; population, 300; school-building, valued at $1,500. sciiools, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized townships, three; school population, 150; num- ber of school-houses in district, one; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $50.00; females, $50.00; value of all school property, $2,800; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $2,228.59; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $9.75; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,500; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. LIVE STOCK ST.VTISTICS. | H { i * 6 g | g Year II Orses. Mººn Cl Cattle Sheep. SWille. Valuatioll. is 90 25,008 1.288 so sº.22 1886 2,954 65 11,181 1,692 179 285,943 1887 1,432 65 ºst, 13,613 1,053 217 281,057 VALüATION STATISTICS, °, Total assessed ” o . A cres Real g g & Town I,ots | Personal Prop- yºn l l l a ti Year. “ijat. Valuation. :*Avaluation, erty valuation. Yººn Of - - - - "... . . . . -------- - ------ - -- 1885 2,924 $ 18,900 $34,935 $ 14.987 s $454,064 1886 4.736 ! 27,040 28.845 234.407 | 576,235 1887 5,004 33,168 22,080 i 164,028 500,328 - - - - K, - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - --------- \ * , RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 373 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. - | 1885. | Wheat. ......... .................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is e s none 43 20,000 Corn..................................................................... I) () Il Q 735 ; 41,400 Outs..................................................................... none 3,750 30,000 Rye........................................... & e º a s e º f tº s e º 4 s a tº a 4 - 4 & 8 º' s e s 9 | 1) Ol) e '..................... : G25 Barley.................................................................. In OI! Gº 160 i 9,000 Flax. .................................................................. | n One ..................... 900 MISCTETLIANIEC) US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880 none; 1885, 472. Lands improved, 1885, 15,182 acres. Number of farms, 1885, eighty. Average size of farms, 1885, 190 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.92. County indebtedness, 1887, $3,322. Potato crop, 1885, 2,995 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 9,900 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; milk, 250 gallons; butter, 3,030 pounds; eggs, 6,405 dozen. º NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Name. P. O. Address. Office. . | - t County Clerk............................... K. F. Harris.…. Hot Springs............. Treasurer...................................... W. P. Phillips................................ Hot Springs............. Sheriff........... tº 4 - e º 'º e º 'º e a t e º ſº tº e º e s tº - * - a tº a º e º e |H. A. Godard................................. Hot Springs............. Clerk District Court..................... !C. E. Sawyer................................. Hot Springs............. Probate Judge ............................. G. S. Pastiman................................ Oelrichs................... Register of Deeds........ ............... K. F. Harris.................................. Hot Springs............. Attorney ....................................... 2. D. Norton................................. | Hot Springs........... . Superintendent of Selmools............ W. C. Thompson........................... Hot Springs............. Surveyor....................................... it. D. Jenniugs......... & e º ºſ s a tº e º a º # 4 º' tº * * * * * | Hot Springs........... . Coroner......................................... L. G. Fuller...................................' Hot Springs............. Assessor......................... * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F. P. “hilson ................................ Oelrichs .................. ſ A. S. Stewart.................................' Hot Springs............. Commissioners........... ......... ..... . .''. A. Powell ................................. 'Cascade. .................. l James Smith................................. Buffalo Gap.............. I,IST OF POS ſº, Fi ſeſs IN COUNTY, 1887. Cascade................... | Hot S1 R, NGs............... | Oelrichs................... | Smithwicks............... FAU [,]\ COUNTY. Area, 670,720 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, March 8, 1883, part to Potter. Organized, October 25, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Thomas L. Haines, Mathew J. Jarvis, and Harvey A. Humphrey. Faulk is a county of southern Dakota, the third south of the 46th parallel, and the second east of the Missouri river. Principal stream is the Snake river, which heads in the southwestern part, and flows in a northeasterly direction through the entire length of the county. Numerous smaller streams drain other portions of the county. Scatterwood lake, the only sheet of Water of any importance, is in the extreme northeast corner, and covers an area of, perhaps, 400 acres. Surface, in the neighborhood of the Coteaus, somewhat broken, and sloping in either direction into undulating prairie. Soil, of the lower ground, rich, deep loam. The eastern two thirds of Faulk county, is in the James river valley region— the western portion slopes toward the Missouri. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Roscoe line,) twenty-five miles; stations: Millard, Faulkton, Orient. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Watertown–Faulkton line,) forty-five miles; stations: Zell, Rockham, Miranda, Faulkton, Burkmere, Seneca. Total miles of railroad in county, seventy. Vacant public lands, 20,480 acres. 374 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. § BANKS. - There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Faulkton, at Faulkton, Chas. White, president. Citizens' Bank, at Faulkton, J. W. Johnston, president; J. H. Bottum, cashier. Faulk County Bank, at Faulkton, L. M. Sprowls, president; F. A. Seaman, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Independent, C. H. Ellis & Co., editors and publishers, Ellisville; Faulk County Times, H. A. Humphry, publisher, Faulkton; Faulk County Democrat, C. W. Dunkle, editor and publisher, Faulkton; Faulk County Record, A. E. Evans, publisher, Faulkton; Radiator, H. A. Humphry, editor and publisher, Seneca; Sun, L. Q. Jeffries & M. G. Simon, editors and publishers, Seneca. COUNTY SEAT. Faulkton, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 800; two school-buildings, valued at $3,000; methodist, congregational, and presbyterian church odifices, valued at $9,000; court-house and jail, valued at $5,000. Assessed valuation city property, 18S6, real, $80,000; personal, $54,000. Total, $134,000. OTIIICR IMPORTANT TOWNS. g Zell, in the southeast; population, 100; school-building, valued at $400; convent of the Benedictine Sisters, property valued at $5,000. SCIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, thirteen; school population, 922; num- ber of school-houses in district, thirty-six; number of school-houses built in 1886, twolve; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $29,84; females, $28,11; value of all school property, $19,243.68; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $14,311.25; cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,734.24; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $19,700.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; annount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,672.65. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. * r * r * so., Mules and * ri | Year. LIOTSes. ASSGS. | Cattle. Sheep. , SWine. | Valuation. } ~ * ----- - ----- - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - --- - - --- ------------- - ------ 1885 1,281 112 1759 655 539 $ 55,261 1886 2,078 169 i 2,532 625 1,165 103,759 1887 2,248 1 (j6 4 047 644 | ſ 109,120 VALUATION STATISTICS. | Acres Real Town Lots Personal Prop-Tºº! assessed Year. JEstate. Valuation. valuation, erty valuation. : - sºn ºf 1885 170,585 s 506,817 s 5,755 | $ 57,212 $ 624,545 1886 213,601 594,585 6,027 | 82,424 786,795 1887 256,611 733 048 7,465 28,378 873,006 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. 13ushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1885, 1887. i - - - - - -- --- Wheat................................................................. ; Il Oil C. | 144,308 i 53.4 525 Corn.................................................................... 110 !] tº 46,095 i 160,850 Oats..................................................................... Il ()]] e 90,627 | 223,125 Rye..................................................................... 1) Ol) (2 113 13 232 Buckwheat......................................................... | 1) () I., 6. 170 i 1,500 Barley................................................................. . In Oln € i 5,072 47.340 Flax............... ..................................................... | In O IT G. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,485 MISCELLANEOUS STATESTICS. & * Population of county, 1880, four; 1885, 3,120. Lands improved, 1885, 54,036 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 1,223. Average size of farms, 1885, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 375 forty-four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.85. County indebtedness, 1887, $2,000. , Potato crop, 1885, 25,034 busheſs. Wool clip, 1885, 4,862 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: butter 57,994 pounds; cheese, 530 pounds; eggs, 40,620 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. | Name. P. O. Address. ! County Clerk.................................I. Allen cornwell.….Faulkton * @ e s a s = º e º t w tº a a º º Treasurer.................. tº 4 º' - e º 'º - º e º t e s a sº e g is e C. E. Warner................................. Faulk to 1)................. Sheriff............................................ H. D. Chamberlin......................... iFaulkton................. Clerk District Court...................... S. D. Griffee................... ................ taulkton. ............... Probate Judge.............................. C. H. Derr....................................... Fatilkton ................ Register of Deeds.......................... I. Allen Cortl Wel}...... .................. Faulkton. ............... Attorney ....................................... Chº S. F. Hardy.............................. Faulkton....... ......... Superintendent of Schools........... A. A. McCoy.................................. Faulkton ................ Surveyor....................................... Sherry B. Smith ........................... 'Faulkton................. Coroner.....................* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A. F. Gosslee................................. Faulkton................. ASSessor ........................................ A. D. Griffee................................. ................................ ſ Chas. Marvin, (chairman) ............ '....................... --------- - | Alex. Garrick................................'................................ Commissioners........................... 3 D. S. Smith.................................... ................................ | O. S. Johnson................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” - - - - l J. S. Nevins................................... .................. -------------- LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Burkmere ............... tº º º e º a º 'º - e º 'º e < * * La Foon.................................... Orient..................... ............ Chain..................................... Millard........................... ........ |Roanoke.........................….. Cresbard................................". |Miranda a w a s = < * * * * * * * * * * a s is a e s e e e < * * * * * * * * 'Rockham............................. jevo. Mioline - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * > * > * > * > - - - - - - - - Scatter wood......... s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ellisville................................. Myron...........................….. Seneca..................... * * * * * * * fººtos....................... McGrawviiie........................] Wesley.............................. Ilion ........................…...... 'Newton.................................... 'Zell.................... FLANNERY COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883, from part of Wallette. Unorganized. Flannery is situated on the northern boundary, the second county from the Montana line. Principal stream is the Missouri river, which forms the Southern boundary of the county. Numerous small tributaries of the Missouri, together with lakes of some size, and the ponds of this Plateau du Coteau du Missouri in the north, afford an abundant water supply. No Government surveys of the public lands have yet been made in this County. The surface of the county is said to be well adapted for farming and stock-raising, with a good soil, well drained, etc. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, thirty-three miles; stations: Siding 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. Vacant public lands, 1,305,600 acres. MISC ELLANEOUS STATISTICS. - Population of county, 1880, none; ISS5, sixty-four. Lands improved, 1885, 3,095 acres. Number of farms, 1885, six. Average size of farms, 1885, 516 acres. LIST of POSTOFFICES IN county, 1887. Gritinell......…................................................. | Nesson.………. FOSTER COUNTY. Area, 414,720 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Tembina. Boundaries changed February 14, 1883, parts of Wells and Griggs; changed again March 9, 1885, by the formation of Eddy county from the northern half. Organized, September 27, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: E. W. Brunner, Horace M. Clark, L. R. Casey, Under the provisions of the act of March 9, 1884, Foster county was reorganized by the appointment, by the Governor, of two commissioners, viz.: A. O. Elder, and F. G. Barlow. 876 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Foster county is in northern Dakota, south of Devils Lake. Principal stream is the James river, which flows through the county in a south- easterly direction, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The Pipestem and other tributaries of the James, in connection with numerous lakes, afford an abundant water supply. Surface, rolling prairie and river valley. Soil, the rich alluvial deposit of the James river valley. . - _Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (Jamestown & Northern line,), 19.8 miles; stations: , Melville, Carrington, Barlow; (Sykeston branch') six miles; stations: Carrington, Ross. Total miles of railway in county, 25.5. - . - . . . Vacant public lands, 50,440 acres. - BANKS. . . . ... There is one bank doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Carrington, Carrington. t -- - NEWSPAPERS. - The News, J. M. Wiard, editor and publisher, Carrington. COUNTY SEAT. - e . Carrington, in the west, is the county seat. . It has a population of 500; school-building, valued at $800; congregational church edifice, valued at $1,200; court house, Valued at $7,000. - . - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. - ; Melville, on the southern boundary; population, 200; school building, valued at $700; congregational church edifice, valued at $1,600. - - - schools, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized townships, seven; school population, 236; num- ber of school-houses built in 1886, seven; average monthly pay of teach- ers, males, $56,0ſ); females, $32.67; value of all school property, $7,836. (5; expended for school purposes, during the year ending June 30, 1886, $7,537.06; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $892.52; par amount of school bonds outstanding, June 30, 1886, $4,900.00, - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. M ºn * Cattle. Sheep. Swiné, Valuation. ---...-- º - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ; ------- - - - - - - - - ----------- - - - ! --- - - - - . - --------------- - - - --------- 1885 329 125 501 70 155 $ 34,027 . 1886 572 i 119 | 834 . 86 867 82,560 1887 548 115 1,106 287 196 || 83,846 VALUATION STATISTICS. Total assessed y Acres Real y * Town Lots Personal Prop * - Year. Estate. Valuation. . . unti. erty valuation. Yºon Of - | - f | t } .* | - . . . 1885 136,409 $395,535 $45,350 $43,774 $ 518,686 1886 | 146,600 . 440,035 : 50,845 : 91.699 665,739 1887 242,560 723,300 52,800 86,358 946,299 FARM STATISTICs. º Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. • - Bushels in . Bushels 1n i IBushels in | 1880. 1885. Wheat... ............................................................... 306 133,992 559,188 Corn.... ................................................................ In O Il G ‘.................... 1,400 Oats ..................................................................... | 2,500 (34,482 144,000 13turley.................* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il () l l G 50 14,368 Flax .................................................................... 1) ()]] Q '..................... - 7,565 . . MISCELLANEOUS STATIS TICŞ. Population of county, 1880, thirty-seven; 1885, 992. Lands improved, 188), 185 acres; 1885, 22,125 acres. Number of ſarms, 1880, three; 1885, 419. Average size of farms, 1880, sixty-two acres; 1885, fifty-three acres. Av- e1 age assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.98. County indebtedness, 1887, $6,856. Potato crop, 1885, 400 bushels. - . r NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. . P. O. Address. County Clerk........................... 's s a s a s G. L. Farnham.…'carrington s • * * * * * * * * is p s a tº Treasurer..................................... B. l'. Strong.................................. Carrington............... Sheriff........................................... Ralph Hall........... • *:- - - - - - - - a se e s a s a tº a se is a 'Carrington............ - - - Glerk District Court.....................G. E. Gregory................................!Carrington............ , ºr s is Probate Judge ..............................j9e3. H. Estabrook......................... Carrington............... Register of Deeds........................G. L. Farnham..............................'Carrington............... Attorney ................................ - - - - - - - ;Heber McHugh.............................. 'Carrington............... Superintendent of Schools..........Wim. Farquer................................ 'Carrington............... Coroner......................................... 'John Templeton ......... • . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - |Cºrringtºn - - - - - - - - - - e º ºs s tº - ASSessOT......... ................................'B. T. Guptil................................... 'Carrington.............. A. , - H. A. Soliday ............................... 'Carrington............... Commissioners........................... { il. G. Barlow........... , a º º is a tº s ºf a s a e is e a s • * * * * * |Barlow..................... - - A. O. Elder.................................... 'Melville................... - LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Barlow................................... ;Glenfield................................. Melville............. .................... CARRINGTON..........................I arrabee.............................. ...' GARFIELD COUNTY. Created March 13, 1885. Unorganized. Garfield county is situated on the 102° of west longitude, north of the Missouri river. All but a very small strip of the eastern portion of this county lies within the boundaries of the Fort Berthold Indian reserva- tion. - LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN county, 1887. - fort Berthºld. - - - - - - -a-, …--ºxº~ *-* - - -- " ------------ ****-*-* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GRAND FORKS COUNTY. Area, 898,560 acres. Created, June 4, 1873, from part of Pembina. Boundaries changed, January 12, 1875, part to Traill; changed again, in 1881, part to Walsh; changed again, in 1883, part to Nelson. Organized, January 4, 1873, and Geo. Winship, Jno. W. Stuart, Ole Thempson, ap- pointed commissioners by act of Legislature. Grand Forks is a Red River valley county, the third south of the Inter- national boundary line. Principal streams, the Red River, the south branch of the Forest river, which passes across the northwest cor- ner of the county, Turtle river, which drains the bulk of the northern and central parts of the county, and the numerous lead-waters of the Goose river, all tributary to the Red River of the North. Considerable bodies of timber are found along the Turtle and Red rivers. Surface, for twenty miles west of the Red River, may be designated as a vast level plain; beginning in town 150, north of range 53, west, are a series of low, parallel ridges, composed of clay, gravel, and occasionally boul- ders, extending in a northwest direction to the banks of the Forest river, near the north line of the county. West of this system of hills and ridges, extends a broad, level region, perhaps ten miles wide, having a splendid soil and known as the Elk Valley. Two western ranges of townships extend into the region rising toward à plateau, and are somewhat broken. Soil, of the Red River valley region, is a rich, alluvial soil, of unsurpassed fertility, having a porous sub-soil, specially adapted to the retention of moisture. A number of small lakes are distributed over the county. JMiles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, forty miles; stations: Grand Forks, Ojata, Emerado, Arvilla, Larimore, Park River Junction, Shawnee, Niagara; (Fargo-Grand Forks line,) sev- enteen miles; stations: Merrifield, Thompson, Reynolds; (Portland branch,) eighteen miles; stations: Larimore, Kempton, Northwood; (Park • 378 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. River branch,) twenty-one miles; stations: Larimore, McCanna, Orr, Ink- ster; (Fargo and Grand Forks line,) twenty-four miles; stations: Grand Forks, Pierson, Manvel, Levant. Total 120 miles. Northern Pacific railroad, (Grand Forks-Grafton line,) thirty-four miles; stations: Grand Forks, Blooming. Total miles'of railroad in county, 154. Vacant public lands, none. * BAN KS. There are eight banks doing business in this county, as follows: Citi- zens' National Bank, at Grand Forks, Wm. Budge, president; S. S. Titus, cashior. Grand Forks National Bank, at Grand Forks, M. L. McCormack, »resident; Wm. O. Mulcahy, cashier. Merchants’ Bank, at Grand Forks, }. P. Gates, president. Second National Bank, at Grand Forks, Alex. Griggs, president; A. W. Clarke, cashier, Bank of Inkster, at Inkster. Elk Vallev Bank, at Larimore, A. W. Warren, p: esident; W. S. Smith, cashier. First National Bank, at Larimore, A. J. Bowne, president; E. C. Bennett, cashier. Bank of Northwood, at Northwood, Sydney C. Lough, cashier. \ N]º WSPAPERS, T)aily Herald, Geo. B. Winship, editor and publisher, Grand Forks; Daily Plaindealer, W. J. Murphy, editor and publisher, Grand Forks; IEducational News, A. R. Griffith, editor and publisher, Grand Forks; Northwest News, W. R. Bierly, publisher, Grand Forks; Tidende, T. Guldbrandson, editor and publisher, Grand Forks; Pioneer, W. M. Scott, editor and publisher, Larimore. COUNTY SEAT. Grand Forks, on the Red River of the North, is the county seat. It has a population of 7,')00; two public School-buildings; court-house and jail, city }.}}| engine house, etc., of the total value of $80,000; eight church edifices, valued at $40,000; waterworks system, valued at $60,000; electric light plant, valued at $5,000; street; railway contracted for; gas works, valued at $50,000; two saw-mills, capacity, 200,000 feet per day, valued at $150,000; two planting-nills, valued at $50,000; brewery and malt-house, valued at $50,000; two flour-nills, valued at $30,000; boiler-works; foundry; opera house; steamboat, lines, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $756,000; personal, $400,000. Total, $1,156,000. The university of north IDakota, and Ursuline academy (catholic,) are located at Grand Forks. For a description of the university, see page 199 of this publication. O'THITER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Arvilla, in the center; population, 200; School-building, valued at $1,500; presbyterian church edifice, Valued at $2,700; Arvilla, academy, etc. 1'or a description of the academy, see page 221, this publication. Larimore, west of the center; population, 1,200; School-building, valued at $15,000; presbyterian, methodist, and catholiº church edifices, valued at $8,500; city hall, jail, and engine house, valued at $7,500; flour-mill, valued at $40,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $87,545; personal, $72,650; total, $160,195. Northwood, in the South; population, 200; school- building, value at $1,500; two church edifices, valued at $3,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and Fº $85,000. Reynolds, in the southeast; population, 150; school-building, valued at $1,000; metho- dist church edifice, Valued at $2,000. Thompson, South of Grand Forks; population, 150; school-building, valued at $1,500; methodist church edi- fice, valued at $1,600. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, ninety-five; school population, 3,379; number of school-houses in district, eighty-six; number of school-houses built in 1886, fifteen; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $43.00; females, $34.00; value of all school property, $131,195,00; expended for school pur. poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $58,735.81; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $13,304.91; par amount of School bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $92,800.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,241.00. - Live stock STATISTICs. Year. Horses. s * Cattle. Sheep. : Swine. Valuation. 1880 | 1,077 75 301; 217 458 * ~~~~ 1885 5,812 925 6,768 710 3,059 $ 598,674 1886 6,343 i 815 4,992 885 4,882 660,522 1887 6,180 | 697 i 7,232 1,176 3,481 607,879 VALUATION STATISTICs. - Acres Real Total assessed * | valve tº Town Lots Personal Prop- wº - year *ś.” Valuation. valuation, erty valuation. sºon Of . is .…. • * .…. • sºus s wººl 1885 615,378 2.245 320 $ 798,445 . 756,945 . 4,399,384 1886 646,713 2.896,908 . 792,768 812,170 4,662,368 1887 672,435 2,542,774 . . . 957,054 968.389 ſ 5.076.096 5. 1880, personal propert y includes live stock. - FARM STATISTICS. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - • Bushes in Bush Gls in Bushels in - 1880. 1885. i 1887. Wheat..................................... * - tº º & º - - - - - * * * * * * - - tº e º ºr * * - - - - 98,362 3,615,741 5,460,000 Corn.................................................................... 511 . 4 480 30,000 Oats..................................................................... 72,043 1,408,936 2,585,000 Rye. ............................* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *• - - - - - - - - - - none 89,811 ..................... Buckwheat....................... ** a 4 + 4 + 4 + & p e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il OI) & w 265 ‘.......... ......... Barley ............................................................…. 2.001 149,446 360,000 - MISCELLANIEOUS STATISTICS. * Population of county, , 1880, 6,248; 1885, 20,454. Lands improved, 1880, 42,967 acres; 1885, 315,611 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 1,039; 1885, 2,885. Average size of farms. 1880, forty-one acres; 1885, 109 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.78. County indebtedness, 1887, $23,274. Potato crop, 1885, 365,372 bushes. Wool clip, 1885, 9,179 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 33,290 gallons; butter, 352,091 pounds; cheese, 8,211 pounds; eggs, 360,371 dozen. - - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. i : Office. | - Nanne. | P. O. Address. - | - | Auditor.......................................... John P. Bray................................. Grand Forks............ Treasurer........................... ........... 'A Abrahamsen.................. - * * * * * * * * * * Grand Forks............ Sheriff............. = < * * * * * * * * * * * * * *• - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 'James K. SWall.............................. GTalld Forks............ Clerk District Court...................... ;Geo. T. Shutt................................ Grand Forks............ Probate Judge .............................. j. M. Cochrane.............................. Grand Forks... ........ Register of Deeds......................... |B. C. Elwood................................. Grand Forks............ Attorney ....................................... Wim. A. Selby................. .............. Grand Forks............ Superintell dent of Schools............M. A. Shirley............................... Grand Forks............ Surveyor.................... e s º'e - w e s - a e < * * * * * * * Alex. Oldham............................... 'Grand Forks............ Coroller.......................---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. P. Rounsvel]............................ Larimore............ ..... - J. J. O'Leary...................... .* * * * * * * * * * * * Northwood............... | Chas. Treenian.............................. Thompson ............... Commissioners............. ............ ... & Omer L. Steele................... * * * * * * * * * * * linkster….......... ...... . . . - A. Christialli.................................Turtle River............ | M. Rueth....... ...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Grand Forks............ LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. - | Arvilla................................... Johnstown.............................. Northwood............................ Belleville................................ Kempton............... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ojata..................................... Emerado................................ 'Tarimore................................Orr......................................... Gilby...................................... McCanna................................ Reynolds * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s a s tº e º 'º a s a r a GRAND FORKS................- - - - - - - - - *Ian Wel....... “.......................... Thompson............................. . Holmes.................................. Mºrrifield................. • * * * * - - - - - - - - - iTurtle River.......................... Inkster............................ a s sº se see Niagara...................................IWalle.................................... 380 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. GRANT COUNTY. Area, 426,240 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Deuel. Boundaries clanged, February 15, 1877, part to Codington; changed again March 8, 1883, parts from Roberts and Codington; changed again February 2, 1885, part from Roberts. ... Organized, June 5, 1878, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Solomon Itoberts, James G. Lamoreaux, Levi A. Card. Grant county is situated on the Minnesota state line, the second county south of the 46th parallel. Principal streams are the Whetstone, and north and south forks of the Yellow Bank rivers. The county is well watered by small streams, and a number of lakes, scattered over its sur- ſace. Considerable timber grows along the streams and in the Coteaus. Surface, of the Coteaus, hilly and broken; of the country'sloping from the Coteaus, gently rolling prairie. The hills of the Coteaus are about fourteen miles wide, containing many streams of good water, bodies of timber, and 2xcellent hay-meadows—a country peculiarly adapted for stock-raising. Soil, between the hills and the eastern boundary of the county, is a rich, black loan, enriched by a considerable admixture of lime. A part of the northwestern corner of Grant county, equivalent in area to nearly three townships, is within the boundaries of the Lake Traverse Indian reserva- tion. The southern extremity of Big Stone lake, a large and navigable body of water, touches the northeastern corner of Grant county. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) thirty-four miles; stations: Big Stone City, Milbank, Twin Brooks, Siding; (Whetstone brançh,) seven miles; station: Milbank. Total, forty-one miles. Minneapolis & St. Louis, railway, (main line,) twenty-three miles; stations: Wilson, Troy, Revillo. St. Paul, Minné- apolis & Manitoba railway, (main line,) twenty-three miles; station: Oporto. Total miles of railroad in county, eighty-seven miles. Vacant public lands, 9,900 acres. - - - BAN KS. There are five banks (loing business in this county, as follows: Craig's J3ank, Big Stone City, D. ſ. Craig, president; Chas. H. Keith, cashier. Grant County Bank, at Big Stung, City, IX. R. Murphy, president; D. W. l'ountain, cashior. Iłank of Milbank, at Milbank. Farmers’ Bank at Milbank, A. M. Knight, president; R. F. Gibson, Jr., cashier. Merchants’ Bank, at Milbank, A. C. Dodge, president; W. B. Saunders, cashier. NE\VSIPA PIERS. Herald, Downie & Neill, editors, and publishers, Big Stone City; Grant County Review, H. A. Volkmar, editor and publish Gr, Milbank; Index, D. M. Evans, editor and publisher, Milb unk; Graphic, Harris & Lyon, pro- prictors, Revillo. º C() UNTY SEAT. Milbank, north of the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,800; school-buildings, valued at $8,000; methodist, congregational, catholic, and Scandinavian church ediſices; court-house and jail, valued at $48,000; water-works system, valued at $26,000; two flour-mills, valued at $19,000; bottling-works; creamery, valued at $4,000. Assessed valua- tion city property, 1887, real and personal, $340,000. O'I’III.R IMPOIRTANT TOWNS. Big Stone City, in the northeast; population, 700; School-building, val- ued at $3,000; imethodist, evangelical, presbyterian, and catholic church edifices, valued at $11,000; flour-mill, valued at $15,000; wood-working establishment, valued at $3,000, Assessed valuation city pro erty, 1886, real and personal, $104,356. Revillo, in the Southeast; school-buildings; congregational church edifice, valued, at $1,500; grain elevators, etc. Twin Brooks, west of Milbank; population, 250; School-building, valued at $1,000; methodist church edifice, valued at $2,600..... Assessed valuation town property,’ 1886, real and personal, $62,000. Wilson, in the south; population, 100; School-building, valued at $600; flour-mill, etc. sciiools, (STATISTICs 1886.) - Number of organized townships, sixteen; School population, 1,688; RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 381 number of school-houses in district, fifty-seven; number of school-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $33.46; females, $28.31; value of all school property, $43,275; expended for school purposes during the year ending June 30, 1886, $30,559.35; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,838.27; par amount of school bonds outstand- ing June 30, 1886, $38,250; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $10,849.23. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | ; i | ,------ Year, Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. swine. Valuation. - | bº - ! : 1880 229 10 415 13 82 ° ........:::::::::........ 1885 2,602 93 4,217 850 1,605 $153,398 # ; . 5,496 1,062 2,052 196,140 1887 3,282 80 6,108 1,247 1,303 1s5.957 VALUATION STATISTICS. : Total assessed : Acres Real Town Lots Personal Prop- Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation. ierty valuation." valuation of | i CO till ty. - ſ t 1880 i............. .......... $49,570 ........................ * $115,832 ; $ 165,402 1885 186,345 578,669 $ 177,505 174,024 1,083 596 1886 206,034 668,764 - 212 182 t 230,659 ; 1,307,745 1887 228,314 l 714,33 229,705 206.898 1,334,898 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. \ FARM STATISTICS. able showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. 1 - Bushels in Bushels ill Bushels in 1880. 1885. | 1SS7. Wheat.................................................................. | 1780ſ 732,899 ($72,000 Corn..................... • a s - a • a s e s e º 'º - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18,285 72,518 220,00ſ) Oats......................................... ........................... 11,566 301,110 4SU), ()()() Rye..................................................................... | l] OI) tº 4()() 1,84) Buckwheat........................................................ - l] Oll (2 293 1,500 Barley........................................... ...................... | 585 52,250 55,000 Flax..................................................................... '......... ... . . . . . . . . . .…........... - 6,800 MISCIELIAN ISO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 3,010; 1885, 6,793. Lands improved, 1880, 3,601 acres; 1885, 88,474 acres. . Number of farms, 1880, eighty-seven; 1885, 1,039. Average size of farms, 1880, forty-one acres; 1885, eighty-five acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.12. County indebtedness, 1887, $107,550. Potato crop, 1885, 41,124 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 6,304 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 15,331 gallons; but- ter, 192,093 pounds; cheese, 3,663 pounds; eggs, 45,799 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. Auditor..... .................................... John Douglass.............................. unbank * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Treasurer...................................... F. B. Roberts................................. Milbank .................. Sheriff...... .................................... H. J. Benedict............................... Milbank.................. Clerk District Court ..................... S. A. Stream................................. Milbank................. Probate Judge.............................. B. A. Dodge................................... |Milbank .................. Register of Deeds......................... J. C. Knapp. ................................. i Milbank .................. Attorney. ...................................... Jas. F. Fisher................................ |Milbank .................. Superintendent of Schools........... C. S. Amsden................................. Milbalik .................. Surveyor........................... © tº e º 'º tº it is º º ºr w a W. S. Crowl................................... Milbank ........... ...... Coroller.........................--------------... Dr. C. E. Daniels........................... Milbank.................. B. P. Murphy, (chairman)............ Big Stone City......... Commissioners.................. tº e < * * * * * * C. B. Williams .............................. Marvin...................., W. T. Burman............................... Milbank.................. 382 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. LIST or POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. *-- --- 13ig Stone City......................... |MII.BANK................................ :Troy............... tº 9 - > * * * * * s tº e º a tº e. tº e º e s s a º Elmira.................................... Revillo................................... |Twin Brooks......... º, º is tº a q = * * * * tº e & 4 tº Kilborn ................................. St. Joseph.............................. Wilson.............. 2 * * * * * * - Marvin...................................Stockholm ............................. Yellow Bank * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * h g º 'º e º a w GREGORY COUNTY. Created May 8, 1862. Boundaries changed, January 8, 1873. Unorgan- ized. Gregory is a county entirely within the limits of the Great Sioux Indian reservation, bounded on the south by the Nebraska State line, and on the east and north by the Missouri river. GRIGGS COUNTY. Area, 460,800 acres. Created, February 18, 1881, part from Traill, Boundaries changed March 8, 1883, part to Foster. Organized, June 10, 1882, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commission- ers, viz.: Allen Breed, Rollin C. Cooper, Wm. A. Glines. Griggs county is situated in the northern part of the Territory—the sec- ond county south of the 48th parallel, and the third west of the Minnesota state line. Principal stream is the Sheyenne, which traverses the eastern part from north to south. Numerous small streams serve as feeders to the Sheyenne, and afford a general Supply of water. Lakes Jessie, Addie, Sibley, and Red Willow and Clear lakes are some of the largest sheets of water. Timber, such as oak, box-elder, elm, hackberry, and bass-wood skirt the Sheyenne river nearly its entire course. Surface, except in the narrow limits of the Sheyenne Valley, undulating, upland prairie. Width of the Sheyenne bottom yaries from half a mile to nearly a mile. Soil, a black loam, of a depth of about twenty inches with a sub-soil of clay, having an admixture of many components, and carrying heavily the alkaline salts, lime and silicious sands. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific, (Sanborn, Cooperstown & Turtle Mountain branch) 15.1 miles; stations: Hannaford, Coopers- {() W ). - Vacant public lands, 6,080 acres. IBAN KS. There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: , Griggs County Loan and Trust Co., Cooperstown; Lawrence Bros., Cooperstown, J. A. Lawrence, cashier. NEWSPAPERS, Courier, Frank H. Adams, editor and publisher, Cooperstown; Inde- pendent, J. II. Vallandigham, publisher, Cooperstown. COUNTY SEAT. Cooperstown, near the center, is the county seat. . It has a population of 500; school-building, valued at $6,000; congregational, baptist, and metho- dist church edifices, valued at $5,000; court-house and jail, valued at $30,- ()00. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $73,154; personal, $60,- 830; total, $133,984. sciſools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, ten; School population, 482; number of school-houses in district, twenty-seven; number of School-houses built in 1886, five; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $38.37; females, $36.73; value of all school property, $24,583.78; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $17,368.33; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,006.15; par amount of School bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $14,500.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $12,41490. . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 383 - - LIVE STOCK STATISTICs. - ----- ; ; - Sheep. Swine. Valuation. } t Mules and Cattle. , Year. PIorses. ASSes *** **** - - f - - - - - - ------ - - ---- * | – ... -- - 4.- :--- " --- * *-*. --- - - -º-º-º-º- *** * 1885 597 | 136 2,268 | 385 } 669 : $ 82,195 1886 1,056 170 2.53 236 1,213 162,352 *-**w- anº1887 --- | 1,208 --> ------- - - - 162 • - x - « 3,321 j 386 | 7.45 – 191,961 - - - - - ----------------------------------------- - - --- - - -- ~~~. -- w ALUATION STATISTICS. - - - - - - - - - r | Acres Real i v. g Town Lots Personal Prop- Toº! assessed Year. | ES! alie. Valuation. valuation. 'erty º Yººn Of ! ; | , - $ 67,491 $ 125,507 $ 1,003,712 § 76 004 177,768 1,224,484 1jići §§ ičiš ičiš - - † I’ARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | º 1885 158,122 $ 728,519 1886 188,098 išš7 370485 i Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in i 1880. 885. 1887. f & | i Wheat......................................................... none . 428,714 444,864 Corn................................................ ........... : 1]O Il G 2.4() 2,442 Oats............ A s = < e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ; Il ().I] G. 191,817 i 242,446 Rye.................. tº e s tº e e s a tº a s a s e s s = < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s & a e s & 4 a. . 11 OITC t 2() '.......... ............. Barley.................................................. . . . . I) { }]] G. 18,660 42,000 Flax.............................. ............ ... . ; 1101) © . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 870 MISC'ſ, LI, A NEO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 2,093. Lands improved, 1885, 57,137 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 612. Average size of farms, 1885, ninety-three acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4.23. County indebtedness, 1887, $57,197. Potato crop, 1885, 28,817 bushels Wool clip, 1885, 710 pounds. J)airy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 710 gallons; butter, 52,562 pounds; eggs, 11,635 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. - P. O. Address. l i ; County Clerk................................. ; Rollef Berg.................................... 'Cooperstown ........... Treasurer....................................... |Knud Thompson........................... |Cooperstown.........., Sheriff................................. ...........' M. L. Michaels.............................. Cooperstown ........... Clerk District Court. ..................... i.J. N. Jorgeusen.............................. !Cooperstown ........... Probate Judge.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | Peter E. Nelson............................., Cooperstown ........... Register of Deeds.........................|Rolleſ Berg.................................. ("OOlyel'Stow) , ........... Attorney........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 'Iver Jacobson................................ Coolierstown ........... Superintendent of Schools............ *Theo. F. Kerr................................ Cooperstown ........... Surveyor ........................................ M. A. Uland...…........................... Cooperstown ........... Coroner..................... tº e º # 3 tº e º e g º $ is tº s tº * is tº # s Pr; (i. F. Newell ........................... Cooperstown ........... Assessor............... tº tº º e º tº e º is º g tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * J. W. Feirº..... .................. * * * * * * * * * * * * Cooperstown ........... - Rollin C. Cooper........................... Cooperstown ........... º, H. Moseley.......................... Helena..................... Commissioners........................... DeForest Conal) U........................... Willows .................. Nels Hemmingson......................... !Cooperstown.......... + | John Hogenson ............................. Romness................. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. COOPERSTOWN......................... Hannaford * * g = & 5 º º ºs & Cº º sº e : ...... ------- ..Romnes: * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e º & * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Gallatin .... ............................ Helena.................................... |Willows................................. Jessie...................................... Ottawa... . …. HAMILIN COUNTY. Area, 345,600 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from parts of Deuel and Hanson. Boundaries changed, February 15, 1877, part to Codington. Or- anized, August 12, 1878, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the º commissioners, viz.: Jacob Hänson, Magnus Hanson, Louis GISOIl. 384 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. j Hamlin county is situated in southern Dakota, south of the 45th parallel, and the second county west of the Minnesota state line. Principal stream, the Big Sioux river, flowing from the north in a southeasterly course, through the east end of the county. The Big Sioux is fed, in Hamlin county, by a few smaller tributaries. The valley of this river is from one to six miles wide. The county contains a half dozen or more lakes, which cover, in the aggregate, an area of 15,000 acres; the largest of these are Takes Poinsett, Albert, St. John, and Norden. Quite a growth of timber surrounds Lakes Poinsett and Norden. Surface, generally level, or gently undulating. Soil, a black, sandy loam, from eighteen inches to two feet in depth, underlaid by a good, clay sub-soil. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Madison & Bristol line,) ten miles, Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Watertown-Brookings line,) twenty miles; stations: Castlewood, Demp- ter, Estelline. Total miles of railroad in county, thirty. Vacant public lands, 2,840 acres. - I3 AN KS. There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Ham- lin County Bank, at Castlewood, J. P. Cheever, president; H. H. Curtis, cashier, Bank of Estelline, at Estelline, W. H. Morehouse, president; II. H. Reeves, manager. Commercial Bank, at Estelline, C. P. Gould, president; O. E. Anderson, assistant cashier. w NEWSPAPERS. Hamlin County Times, Geo, T. Reddick, editor and publisher, Castle- wood; Beil, F. A. Parsons, editor and publisher, Estelline. & C() UNTY SE.A']". Castlewood, on the Big Sioux river, is the county seat. It has a popula- tion of 500; two church edifices, valued at $2,500; school-building, valued at $3,000; flour-mill. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $20.000; personal, $15,000; total, $35,000. OTIIER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Estelline, in the southeast; population, 400; school-building, valued at $2,200; two church ediſices, valued at $1,200. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, six; school population, 952; number of school-houses in district, forty-one; number of school-houses built in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $30.38; females, $29.06; value of all school property, $31,507.59; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $19,144.93; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $1,075.50; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $24,472; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,012.85. LIVE STOCR STATISTICS. - - --- - - - - - - - --- - - - - - -- ------- - - - - -----. --~~~~~----- ~~~~ sº-º-º-º-º-ra -º-º-º: -ºº-ºrº -º-º-º-rº- - *-* *-*. ! !-- ---- | Year Horses. Mules and, Cattle. Sheep Swine. Valuation. Asses. | i | ~3 - - - - - - - - --------- - - - - - - ------- — — . . .---- - - F--- 1880 199 | 14 228 146 44 * ........................ 1885 1,681 .. 98 . 3,568 1,063 1,754 $ 110,286 1886 | 1,981 ! 96 | 4,819 722 2,051 147,694 1887 2,144 99 4,812 L_1,878 1,296 189,592 VALUATION STATISTICS. - - - - - • - - - - - - - - --- ------|-> -------- Total assessed i Acres Real e Town Lots Personal Prop- * g Year. Estate. Valuation. ºft. ºtić. Yºllation of – | County. 1880 ........................ $ 128,844 '........................ | * $ 21,808 $ 145,147 1885 120,595 | 561,061 $ 58,840 187 174 867,461 1886 140,187 610,297 | 50,285 157,848 966,124 1887 165,945 : 645,395 s 49,233 | 182,351 966,571 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 385 IfARM STATISTICS. ' Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - Bushels in . Bushels in 1 188 Bushels in 880. 1887. Wheat.................................................................. | 9,499 434,937 700,000 Corn.................................... ................................ $ 1,885 i 14, 110 49,500 Oats..................................................................... 10,043 t 256,746 ſ 450 00ſ) Rye........................ ............................................. i l] Olló 505 2,250 Buckwheat.......................................................... : 100 772 1.275 Barley.................................................................. ! 1,700 ! 64,295 125,000 Flax..................................................................... none ...................... 20,000 - - MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 693; 1885, 3,757. Lands improved, 1880, 6,275 acres; 1885, 64,110 acres. Number of farms, 1880, ninety-six; 1885, 672. Average size of farms, 1880, sixty-five acres; 1885, ninety-five acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.88. County indebtedness, 1886, $5,130. , Potato crop, 1885, 43,099 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 5,730 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; milk, 6,300 gallons; butter, 88,886 pounds; cheese, 470 pounds; eggs, 35,983 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | y Office. | Name. P. O. Address. * | -------------------, -ºr º- * -- *---, -º-º-º-º- ºr-----------º-º-º- ºr- - - - - ----------- - - - ~~~~--- ----- - - ------------------~~~~ *---- - - - - - - - - - - -,-,-, County Clerk................................. I. C. Gilbertson............................. ('astleWood............... Treasurer...................................... H. P. Horswill.............................. CastleWood............... Sheriff......................................... .A. A. Horten................................. Casi le Wood............... Clerk District Court..................... John E. Hanna............................. Castlewood.......... Probate Judge.............................. L. F. King............... .............. ...... Castle Wood............... Register of Deeds.......................... I. C. Gilbertson............................. CastleWCod..... ......... Attorney ....................................... E. C. Webber................................. Castle Wood............... Superintendent of Schools........... Thos. Ward....... ............................ Flowerfield............... Surveyor........................................ C. E. Andrews ............................................................... Coroner ......................................... G. W. Daniels............. .................. Estelline.................. William Marshall.........................!Castlewood............. . Commissioners.......................... |Robert Dixon................................ Dixon....................... Jacob Cass..... ............................... Estelline...... ........... LIST OF POSTORFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. CASTLEWOOD........................... |Estelline.................................' Opdahl Dempster................................ |Hayti........................... .......... |9tto.…................................. Dixon..................................... Kellerton................................ Seward.................................. Elkhorn .................................! OT8... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; HAND COUNTY. Area, 983,040 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, February 22, 1879, part of Burchard annexed; changed again, February 24, 1881; changed again, March 1, 1881; changed again in 1883, part to Hyde, part from Hyde. ... Organized, July 10, 1882, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: G. W. Livingstone, John M. King, Frank G. Wilkins. Hand is a county of southern Dakota, south of the 45th parallel, and the third east of the Missouri river. Principal streams are, the Turtle river, and Wolf, Ree, and Turtle creeks. Numerous smaller tributaries of these streams, and a number of ponds and Small lakes make the county a well-watered one. , Surface, of the north part of the county, generally uniform and smooth prairie, except at the north boundary, where the foot- bills of the Bald mountains and Garfield Peak are reached. The Wes- sington hills extend from a point about six miles west of Wessington sta- tion, in a southeasterly direction, to the Southeast corner of the county. The slope of the plateau toward the east is broken into innumerable ravines, through which flow a great number of Small streams, fed by (18) - . . ." . * * ~ * *. :- 88: RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. “. , - . . . .”.…” . - r * * *: springs. The Ree hills, in the western part of the county, cover an area of about twenty-five square miles, and are elevated above the surround- ing prairies from 100 to 150 feet. Soil, throughout the whole valley, a black, rich, vegetable loam, varying in dépth from one to three feet, with a substratum, generally, of yellow clay, impregnated with lime and mag- nesia. A part of two townships in the southwest are contained within. the boundaries of the Winnebago Indian reservation. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway, (main line,) thirty-one miles; stations: Silex, St. Lawrence, Miller, Ree Heights. Vacant public lands, 16,480 acres. 13.V N INS, There are five Joanks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of St. Lawrence, at St. Lawrence, W. H. Waters, president; R. C. Anderson, cashier. Citizens' Bank, at Miller, R. C. Anderson, president; W. II. Waters, cashier. II and County Bank, at Miller, J. C. Yetzer, president; A. I.). Hill, cashier. Farmers’ and Merchants' Bank, at Miller, Charles Morrill, president: Fred. S. Morrill, cashier. Ree Valley Bank, at Ree Heights, G. W. Clayton, cashier. N JEWSP.A PERS. $pring Lake Star, E. A. Williams, publisher, Dean; Chronicle, Adams Bros., editors and publishers, Howell; Republican, J. M. Templeman, proprietor, Miller; Hand County Press, Kephart & Bushfield, editors and publishers, Miller; Gazette, J. M. Gass, editor and publisher, Miller; Da- kota State Journal, S. T. Sage, editor and publisher, St. Lawrence; Satur- day Tribune, Chiquet & Waggoner, publishers, St. Lawrence; Ree Valley Free Press, S. V. Ghrist, editor and publisher, Ree Heights. ("() (7 NTY SEAT. Miller, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 800; school-building, valued at $5,000; presbyteriºn, catholic, and methodist church edifices, valued at $45,000; court-house and jail, valued at $4,000; opera-house, valued at $4,000; flour-mill valued at $15,000; flax-mill; water- works (artesian) system, valued at $20,000. Assessed valuation city prop- erty, 1886, real, $88,775; personal, $40,186; total, $128,961. OTII ER IMI IPORTANT TOW NS. Ree Heights, in the west; population, 450; school-building, valued at $2,700; congregationai church edifice, valued at $1,500; water-works sys- tem, valued at $5,000; artificial stone-works, valued at $1,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $85,000. , St. Lawrence, east of Miller; population, 600; school-building, valued at $4,000; presby- terian and methodist church, edifices, valued at $5,000; public buildings, valued at $3,000; artesian well, valued at $4,500; two flour-mills, valued at $50,000; brick-yard. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and per- sonal, $113,000. - SC11ools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, thirty-six; School population, 1,927; number of school-houses in district, ninety-three; number of school- houses built in 1886, thirty; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $31.05; females, $27.35; value of all school property, $60,986.36; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $37,787.60; cash re- maining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $5,385.42; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $53,900; average rate of interest paid on honºls, seven per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $7,674,38. I, IV’l. STOCK STATISTICS. . Mules and Cattle. Sheep. Swine. , Valuation. Y Car HOTSes Asses. - – - - - - - - ----- - - - -----> ----------- 1885 3,612 529 4,407 642 1,467 $ 264,206 18S(; 4,161 5-10 6,222 840 2,172 312,919 1887 4,199 400 7,411 1,125 2,063 258,351 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 387 YALlſ ATION STATIS'ſ ICS. ----- ~~ - - - - - - - -- ~~~ - - - - - - w - . . . . . . . . - "… . . ... o..., Total assessed V" ºn Acres teal r & Town Lots Personal Prop-, * ... * ~ Year. “islate.” Valuation. valuation. erty Valuation. Yºon Of - y. -- - - - - ------------- - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - 1885 378,096 $ 904,988 $ 12.5.198 $ 262,058 ' $ 1,556, [91] 1886, | 412,671 - 1,174,429 ; 125,995 ſ 311.444 1,924.787 1887 - 455,419 1,000,770 148,117 370,932 : 1,868,170 - FARM STATIstics. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1887. 1880. 1885. Wheat................................................................. | In Oll & 'not reported (;40,718 Corn.................................................................... In OII e not reported , 24,556 Oats.................................................................... In O)) (> Inot reported ::::1,4] 2 Rve......................................... ........................... 1) O)10 not reported :(3,-20.4 Buckwheat......................................................... 1) Olle not reported 3,300 Barley...................... ................................... ...... 1) Ol) (3 not reported $1,807 Flax.................................................................... l}OI) (? not reported 22,014 MISCELIANEO US ST,\TISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 153; 1885, 7,057. A verage assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.40. County indebtedness, 1887, $27,640. ‘NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. - : Name. P. O. Address. |- . * * County Clerk................................ S. S. Keeler....... ........................... Miller........................ Treasurer...................................... 13 R. Howell............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miller........................ Sheriff.......................................... Peter E. McCray......................... . Miller............ ........... Clerk District Court..................... Chas. W. Bowne........................... Miller........................ Probate Judge.............................. l". E. Parish ................................. Miller.................. ..... Tegister of Deeds, ........................ S. S. Keelet'................................... Miller........... ........... Attorney.................................... .. John L. Pyle................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miller........................ Superill tendellt of Schools........... E. H. Wood................................... Miller........................ Surveyor....................................... G. A. Gray.................................... Miller................. ...... Coroner......................................... I}r. H. Hewling............................ Miller........................ ASSCSSol ....................................... A. Sebring.................................... Mill T........................ John M. King............................... St. Lawre 11¢e ............ F. D. Ensign................................. Ree Heights.............. Commissioners......................... * Levi Harris. ................................. Howell...................... Chsis. Thompson........................ ... Bailey........................ | J. A. Woolhiser, (Chairman)........ St. La W rein Ce............. LIST OF POSTORRICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Ames....................................... Eagle * * * * * * * s e º s a wº e s a e º a s : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Melbourne......................... 4 * Bailey...................................... ilºlizabeth................................ MILLER ................... ..........-- Bates. .......................... ......... Florence ................................. Odessa.............................. Burdette... ............................. |Glendale................................. Ree Heights..................... Cedar....................................... : Hand....................................... St. Lawrence.............. Como....................................... Heimick tº a # * g { * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = Silex.........................…....... Tanſorth......... ....................... Hopeland................................ Sweetland ... ....................... Dean ....................................... |#$!...i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Volney................ Area, 230,400 acres. Created, January 13, 1871, from parts of Brookings, I)euel, and Minnehaha. Boundaries changed, Janual y 8, 1873, parts to Davison, Hamlin, Kingsbury, Lake, McCook, Mercer, Miner, Spink, Clark, and Stone; changed again, February 22, 1879, part of Cragin annexed; changed again in 1881, part of Tavison. Organized, January 13, 1871, and Geo. E. Vernon, G. H. Whetmore, Jno. Coffrey, appointed commission- ers, and Rockport, (old Fort James,) designated as county seat, by act of Legislature. r Hanson, a James river county is situated in southern Dakota, in the third tier of counties north of the Nebraska boundary line, and the third 38S y RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. \ * . f west of the Minnesota state line. Principal stream is the James river, which flows through the southwest part of the county. Rock, Chalk- stone, and Pierre creeks, are tributaries of the James, from the north and east. Black Earth or Wolf Creek, is a stream of considerable size, flowing through two of the eastern townships, and Twelve Mile Greek waters the extreme southwestern township. Surface, generally, undulat- ing, and gently rolling prairie., Land bordering on the streams, more broken, and in places quite hilly. Soil, a rich, black loam, averaging about two feet in depth, with a clay sub-soil. A few lakes and ponds are found in the northeastern portion of the county,+the largest of which, Long lake is a sheet of water about four miles in length and half a mile in width. The Sioux Falls quartzite, a valuable building and paving Stone, crops out along the James river, notably at Rockport and Redstone. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty miles; stations: Emery, Alexandria, Burton, Chica- go, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha railway, (main line,) eighteen miles; station: Fulton. Total miles of railroad in county, thirty-eight. Vacant public lands, none. IBAN KS. There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Far- mers' Bank, at Alexandria, I. J. Gray, president; M. C. Whitney, cashier. Hanson County Bank, at Alexandria, Donald Grant, president; E. P. Brown, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Advocate, Dilworth & Parshall, editors and publishers, Alexandria; Herald, L. C. Taylor, editor and publisher, Alexandria; Journal, M. J. Simpson, editor and publisher, Alexandria; American Swineherd, James Baines, editor and publisher, Alexandria. COUNTY SEAT. Alexandria, in the center, is the county Seat. . It has a population of 1,000; school-building, valued at $2,500; presbyterian, catholic, methodist, episcopal, congregational, and baptist church edifices, Yalued at $18,000; court-house and jail, valued at $15,000; sewerage system; flour-mill, valued at $5,000; greamery, valued at $3,500; music hall, valued at $5,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1887, real, $101,794; personal, $91,040; total, $192,834. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, fourteen; School population, 1,041; number of school-houses in district, fifty-two; number of School-houses built in 1886, eight; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27.70; females, $27.11; value of all school property, $43,250,00; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $20,407.53; Cash remain- ing in school treasury June 30, 1886, $3,449.01; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $20,650,00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $432.04. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. ------- ~~~~ - - - ** -- – w - Year. Horses Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. | Valuation. | t * * ~ *-- *** ; ! f 1880 514 37 1,155 * * ~~~~ 1885 2,019 121 4,808 3,353 || 3,467 $ 136,091 išć 3% 113 5,224 2.9% 2,780 156,581 ; É; ii. ÉÉ º 5.4; 159,777 *=------ VALUATION STATISTICS. ---------—--- | Total assessed r Acres Real sº Town Lots Personal Prop- Year, ja.” Valuation. viuatiºn eity waitiatioš. Yºon Of | --------------- - - y. --- a-- *-*-**** | * 1880 |........................ $ 36,156 º * $ 24,979 $ 61,185 1885 188,733 502,469 ; $ 96,378 110,109 845,047 1886 151,236 £1,707 | 78,916 181,229 1,048,383 1887 168,726 §§§4 §iń iń.5% 1,123,184 * 1930, personal property includes live stock. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA 889 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1885. ; 1880. 1887. Wheat............................ tº s & a e s s a s h ∈ n a tº e º is a s s as a e s e s e s tº e s s a s , ; ; 3,674 229,099 360,000 Corn ................................................................... 3,625 176,236 560 000 Oats..................................................................... ! 6,615 297,052 350,000 Rye..................................................................... t In O1) © 2,723 8,000 Buckwheat......................................................... Il OI! Gº f 307 180 Barley...................................................... * . . . . . . . . . . . 156 } 20,474 105,000 Flax.................................................................... ! Il ()]] G. '..................... k 70,000 MISCEI.L.A.NEO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 1,301; 1885, 3,933. Lands improved, 1880, 12,877 acres; 1885, 57,399 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 282; 1885, 774. Average size of farms, 1880, forty-six acres; 1885, seventy-four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4,19. County indebted- ness, 1887, $16,616. Potato crop, 1885, 27,861 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 9,191 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 153,781 pounds; cheese, 400 pounds; eggs, 70,601 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFTICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. --~~~mº-º-ºs---------, * v -- ~~~---------ºº------ ~ * * * * ***** *-- x- - - - - - - - –––––––––––– Office. | Name. i P. O. Address. County Clerk................................ Geo. E. Foster............................... Alexandria * * * * * * * * * * g e Treasurer.................................... . P. F. Wickhem.............................. Alexandria.............. Sheriff............ ..... ........................ Thos. J. Wilson............................. |Alexandria.............. Clerk District Court ............. ....... Thos. R. Flick............................... Alexal) dria.............. Probate Judge...............................ſas. K. Hochkins............... ........... Alexandria.............. Register of 1)eeds......................... |Geo. E. Foster................................ Alexandria.............. Attorney ....................................... R. M. Dott..................................... |Alexandria............. Superintendent of Schools...........' Jas. H. Petrie.................... ........... |Alexandria.............. Surveyor....................................... B. B. Colborne ............................... :Alexandria.............. Coroner ......................................... iM. S. Wilson .................................|Alexandria.............. Assessor......................................... |Henry Gordon .............................. Alexandria.............. J \º S. Logan................................ Hazelton................. Commissioners........................... M. Sansen................ ~|Alºis * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | A. B. Brown.......................... Alexandria.............. List of postoffices IN county, 1887. ALEXANDRIA........................... Fulton......................... .......... ;Redstone................... § tº $ tº e º is e e º e Bard........................................ Hazelton............... ................. | Rockport............................. Emery..................................... Maywood.….................….. . . . . . . . : HARDING COUNTY. Created, March 5, 1881, from original territory. Boundaries changed, March 8, 1883, parts to Burdick and Ewing. Unorganized. Harding county is situated on the western boundary of the Territory, and just north of the Black Hills. Principal streams are the Little Mis- souri and the Moreau rivers, and their tributaries. None of the public land in IHarding county is Surveyed, and, as yet, are occupied only as stock ranges. Vacant public lands, 630,000 acres. Unsurveyed, LIST or posTof RICES IN COUNTY, 1887. --- Macy. EIETTINGER COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883, from part of Stark. Unorganized. Hettinger is a county of western Dakota, the second east of the Mon- tana boundary line, and iust north of the 46th parallel, Principal streams 390 RESOURCES ( are the Cannon Ball and the north fork of the Cannon Ball r - Chanta Peta and Coal Bank creeks. No Government surveys have ye been made in Hettinger county, but much of the land is broad and spºooth, with an extremely fertile soil. There is quite a fringe of timber border- ing on the streams. Lignite coal, lime-stone, building-sand, and good water abound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacant public lands, 614,400 acres. - - - NEWSPAPERs. . . . Rainy Buttes Sentinel, Mead & Ayers, editors and publishers, New Frgland City. . . . . . . - - . - - FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. ... " . . . . . . . . . Bushels in 1887. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- Bushes in Bushels in 1880. 1885. Wheat.................................. ................................; none none 125 Corn............ - * * . s. e. a w e - 4 - 4 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...--------------............. In OThe none 150 Oats.................... - * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * ~ * º … Il Oil U. . none 200 Barley ................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : In Oll C. none 80 List of postoffices IN county, 1887. New England City. HUGHES COUNTY. Area, 495,360 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed in 1883, part to Hyde. Organized, November 20, . 1880, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commission- ers, viz.: Joseph Reed, W. P. Ledwich, and Geo. L. Ordway. Hughes is a county of southern Dakota, bounded on the west and south by the Missouri river, and the north by the 3d standard parallel. Prin- cipal stream is the Missouri river, w hich washes the western and southern border, for a distance, including its windings, of about seventy- five miles. Tributaries of the Missouri in Hughes county, are Medicine creek, which flows west for fifteen miles, near to, and parallel with the north line of the county, and then turns and runs nearly south to its junc- tion with the Missouri; Chapelle, and Spring creeks. A number of smaller" streams, fed by springs, flow into these rivers, and creeks. A considerable growth of native timber borders the banks and covers the islands of the Missouri river. Some timber is also found along the course of the smaller streams. , Surface, high, rolling prairie, river and creek bluffs, and bottom lands. The Missouri bluffs adjacent to the river, are quite rugged and broken, rising to heights of from 150 to 300 feet above the stream. Medicine Butte, a few miles Southwest of Blunt, is an im- mense, isolated hillock, flanked by lesser, ones, towering some 500 feet above the bed of the Missouri river. Soil, a rich and productive black loam—with clay sub-soil. About seven townships, in the Southern part of the county, are within the boundaries of the Winnebago Indian reserva- tion. * . . . . Miles of railroad in county: Chieago & Northwestern railway, (main line,) forty-seven miles; stations: Harrold, Clearwater, Blunt, Canning, Rousseau, Norbert, Pierre. - . . . Vacant public lands, 4,800 acres. - - IBAN KS. - • There are ten banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Blunt, at Blunt, C. N. Lukes, cashier. Citizens' Bank, at Blunt, R. W. Beebe, president. Hughes County Bank, at Blunt, N. C. Warren, presi- dent; E. C. Garvin, cashier. Bank of South Dakota, at Harrold, Thos. H. Leach, president; Moses Young, cashier. William Summerside, at Harrold. Bank of Pierre, at Pierre, C. G. Robinson, cashier. Citizens’ Bank, at Pierre, S.S. Clough, president; Eugene Steere, cashier. Dakota Central Bank, at Pierre, T. W. Pratt, cashier. Traders' Bank, at Pierre, . W. W. McDonald, cashier. First National s, president; W. G. Nixon, cashier. Advocate, Advocate Publishing company, publishers, Blunt; Dakota School Journal, Henry Hoffman, editor and publisher, Blunt; Free Press, J. C. McManima, editor, East Pierre; Collegian, presbyterian college fac- ulty, publishers, East Pierre; Star, H. O. Besancon, editor and publisher, Harróld; Sentinel, Sentinel Publishing company, publishers, Harrold; Signal, E. B. Miller & S. G. Dewell, editors, Pierre; Dakota Journal, Da- kota Publishing company, publishers, Pierre; Dakota Ruralist, Geo. C. Crose, editor, J. C. McManima, manager, Pierre. ... " COUNTY SEAT. - - Pierre, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of 2,000; school-building, valued at $5,000; congregational, presbyterian, methodist, catholic, and episcopal church edifices, valued at $20,000; court- house, jail, city hall, and fire department houses together, valued at $43,- 000; street railway, valued at $15,000; water-works system, valued at $75,- 000; flour-mill; brewery; public hall; two packing houses; brick-yard, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $489,000; personal, $175,000; total, $664,000. For a description of the Pierre university, see page 217. this publication. . - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Blunt, in the north; population, 1,000; School-building, valued at $5,000; presbyterian, methodist, and baptist church edifices, valued at $6,000; opera house, valued at $7,000; two flour-mills, valued at $40,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $110,000. Canning, east of Pierre; population, 150; school-building, valued at $2,500; church edifice, valued at $1,500; flour mill, valued at $3,500; Sorghum manufactory, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $40,000. Har- rold, in the northeast; population, 250; school-building, valued at $2,200; water-works system, valued at $2,400. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $50,000. Rousseau, between Pierre and Canning; population, fifty; school-building, valued at $750. . . . SCHOOLs, (STATISTIC's 1886.) Number of organized townships, fifteen; School population, 1,026; num- ber of school-houses in district, thirty-five; number of School-houses built in 1886, five; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $45.00; females, $33.86; value of all school property, $25,411.91; expended for School pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $23,543.23; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $6,034.69; par amount of School bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $12,900,00; ayerage rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $569.30. - I, IV E STOCK STATISTICS, Year | Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. . | --~~~~. 1885 1,315 | 146 | 1,447 . 25 617 $ $ 93,181 1886 1,482 i 125 i 2,211 | 86 1,066 i 109.108 # iº iſ 3.6% § "š 102,974 VALUATION STATISTICs. — |------------ ~~~~ . Total assessed - | Acres Real 7 a 11 ºn Fi Town Lots Personal Prop- *'. > Year. Estate. v aluation. valuation enty valuatio. Xºlºtion of - ; . - : County. . - | - - I * 1885 | 166,630 $ 465,834 $ 704,968 $ 190,925 ; $ 1,454,358 1886. | 186,011 | 577,544 : 604,476 | 249,867 1,540,990 1887 # 181,570 | 515,452 } 666,908 . 191,818 1,476,647 392 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . . . FARM STATISTICS. * * Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. 1887. wheat…~~~~ nothe 68,301 300,000 Corn........ .................................................. 1,160 ; : 57,018 437,506 Oats............................................................ In OI) e. t 70,630 | 231,250 Rye............................................................ I] OI) e. 890 > 8,250 Buckwheat.......................................... ...... 1) Ol) e | 1,256 | 1,200 Barley........................................................ In O110 i 2,147 11.900 Flax........................................................... ; In Olle … i 12,288 MISCE LIANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 268; 1885, 5,268. Lands improved, 1880, 146 acres; 1885, 56,587 acres. Number of farms, 1880, twenty-nine; 1885, 965; Average size of farms, 1880, five acres; 1885, fifty-nine acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.83. County indebtedness, 1887, $57,035. Potato crop, 1885, 29,764 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 267 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 9,461 gallons; butter, 49,158 pounds; cheese, 456; pounds; eggs, 59,574 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. º | Office. Name. P. O. Address. - $" | | County Clerk................................ |James S. Sebree............................ iPierre ...................... Treasurer............... p s a se e s a e s e e s = * * * * * * * * * | Everet B. Palmer.......................... Pierre...................... Sheriff.......................................... Geo. W. Harris.............................. Pierre..................... Clerk District Court.......... ... ....... |Dell CoV::..................................... |Pierre...................... Probate Judge.............................. iWilliam Stough........................ • - - - - - "Pierre ...................... Register of Deeds.................. # * * * * * * Wºme; S. Sebree............................. Pierre ...................... Attorney..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... Coe. I. Crawford........................... 'Pierre ...................... Superintendent of Schools........... |Crosby G. Davis............................ |Pierre...................... Surveyor..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Cha; Heigher…....................... !Canning................... Coroner......................................... Pr: C. C. Sprague.......................... |Pierre ...................... ASSesBOT................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Samuel C. Hayes.........................., |Pierre...................... - ) iè; 2. Nºiott............................... Pierre..................... Commissioners.......................... W. S. Wells.................................... East Pierre............... y Thos. H. Green.............................. iHarrold.................... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, IN 1887. Blunt....................................... DeGrey................................... one… * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Bussard............................. ----- East Pierre............................. PIERRE................................. Canning .................. --------------. Giddings................................. Rousschu............................. Clear Water.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . |Harrold.............. ..................... [Shiloh.................................. HUTCHINSON COUNTY. Area, 552,960 acres. Created May 8, 1862. Boundaries changed, Janu- ary 13, 1871; changed again, January 8, 1873, and changed again february 22, 1879, Armstrong annexed: Organized, January 13, 1871. T. J. Max- wéll, Jno. Brey, and Henry Maxwell were appointed commissioners, and Maxwell City designated as the county seat, by act of Legislature. Hutchinson, a James river, county, is situated in Southeastern Dakota, being the second county north of the Nebraska boundary line, and mid- way between the Missouri river on the west, and the Big Sioux river on the east. Principal stream, the James river, which flows through the county, from north, to South, dividing it into two nearly equal divisions. Smaller streams, affluents of the James river, such as Wolf, Red Earth, Furlong's, Dunn's, Schamberg's, Ulmer's, Dawson, Ferguson, Lone Tree, Dry, Pony, Coffee, and Twelye Mile creeks, furnish an abundant supply of water to nearly every section of the county, Silver lake-the largest sheet of water—is in the northeast corner. Surface, a fine rolling prairie, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 393 . except in the neighborhood of streams, where it is more broken and un- even. Soil, the rich, black loam, of the James river valley, with a bluish, or yellow, clay sub-soil. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Scotland & Armour line,) sixteen miles; station: Tripp; (Mitchel] & Tripp line,), twenty-one miles; stations: Tripp, Parkston; (Running Water branch,) twenty-one miles; stations: Freeman, Menno. Total miles of railroad in county, fifty-eight. Vacant public lands, none. - BAN INS. There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Parkston, at Parkston, Jacob Schaetzel, president; Wm. Schaetzel, cashier. Menno Bank, at Menno. NEWSP.A PERS. Herald, Williams Bros., publishers, Olivet: Rural Voice, A. Sheridan Jones, editor and publisher, Olivet; German American, Freeman; School and Home, A. Sheridan Jones, publisher, () livet; Parkston Advance, Hipple & Fletcher, publishers, Parkston; Patriot, H. A. Pike, editor, Parkston; Budget, Tripp. g C() UNTY SE.A.T. t Olivet, on the James river, is the county seat. It has a population of 200; school-building, valued at $2,000; christian and methodist church edifices; court-house and jail, valued at $5,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $50,000. OTHIER IMPORT.ANT TOWNS. Menno, east of Olivet; school-building, valued at $2,000; catholic, luth- eran, German reformed, church edifices; creamery, valued at $1,000. Milltown, in the north; population, eighty ; school-building, valued at $700; united brethren church edifice, valued at $1,500; flour-mill, val- ued at $10,000. Tripp, in the southwest; population, 200; school-building, valued at $1,500; German lutheran church edifice, valued at $1,000; cream- ery, valued at $1,000. Parkston, north of Tripp; population, 250; school- building, valued at $1,800; catholic and fºliºt church edifices, valued at $3,500. Assessed valuation town property, 1887, real and personal, $55,000. SCIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, eighty-one; school population, 2,914; number of school-houses in district, sixty-two; number of school-houses built in 1886, five; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $29.10; females, $25.25; value of all school property, $29,905.46; expended for school pur- poses, during year ending June 30, 1886, $21,617.20; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $5,290.92; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $17,095; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,123.06. I, IV E STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. SWI he. Valuation. # #; 72 6, 165 11,940 242 | * ~~~~ 1885 5,026 104 12 954 19,084 4,888 $ 504.87() 1886 5,260 106 13,346 12,801 5,431 5ſ)7,109 1887 6,083 120 15,886 11,280 7,254 559,701 VALUATION STATISTICS. ------ - --------------> --> ------- Total assessed ra..., Acres Real 7 ºn 1* + c + + Town Lots Personal Prop- y e * Year. | JEState. Valudition. valuation. erty valuation. Yºon Of ; t – - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - & --- - 1880 … … $ 102,946 ........................ * $296 041 $ 398.987 1885 267,827 i 1,168,452 | $ 80,957 w 284,706 - 1,988,485 1886 324,146 | 1,408,749 | 80,050 - 175, ()76 | 2,115,984 1887 349,878 | 1,740,897 52,617 339,278 2,692,493 *1880, persºnal property includes live stock. * . . . . . . * : . . . . . . . . . . .”. . . . " . . . * : *.*.*- “ . . . 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OW .. . … * tº ſº º vº - - - - - - - … s & - # * * * * * * * ' tº e º $ & a º e º 'º a tº w g | g o UIAA Stoll; I ‘. . . 500 6ff - . º: . $91.g.9 …e = * : * * * * * * * g a … tº e s º gº & is a . s is tº # 4 e.g. * * * * . as a e º ºs e º ºs~~~~ sit O ! º 899.3% *- . 9938g º & = & 2 tº g tº …& ſº u g º e º º q as # * * * * * * * … s: s = ~p → ~ 4. & 4 e º e Y- S. - $ 1-odge Butte C W. I - * N G ſº ---- Fºº ºš Eagle's Nest Hills “ I 2 103° 3 4. 1029 5 THIS MAP HAS BEEN CORRECTED TO JUNE 1st, 1889. |O N - | M MAR. le S H. LXVII rºl THE LAND OF FREE HOMES 20,000,000 ACRES OF GOVERNMENT LAND FOR HOMESTEADS, PRE-EMPTIONS, AND TREE CLAIMs --- A"; A. | K º Wo º Tºner" LX|| 149 LX|| º Newburg R. errºic LXVI 99° - El " ..."...Lºl! WTTW --- Illel o sººn Ottof f LXI LX L. ºlºt - | 12 989 O WI O w LW. *AHatt inder 13 ON, 1N 1889, WITH 3OOOOO PEOPLE ºbº 49. 52 a * 1. IQ 1. –C Holmes º º 1||19|Stan- Lítiº u sºlº IXVIll All |- Elias Ilmont, 17 unter e *}|S SPLENDID OPENINGS IN BUSINESS, FARMING, STOCK-GROWING, Manufacturin G, ETC. Complete Information of an official character furnished freely and cheerfully by F. H. HACERTY, Commissioner of Immigration, ABERDEEN, DAK - | º º - Tighm f ne;) eighteen miles; lsº, pp ... Vacant public lands, 22,320 acres.’ * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BANKS... . . . . . . . . . . . . There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of . Highmore, at Highmore, S. Drew, president; Frank Drew, cashier. Hyde County Bank, at High more, A. H. Everhard, president; (), P. Everhard, . . . . . . . NEWSPAPERs. . . . . ... . . . . Pioneer, A. H. Bell, editor and publisher, Bramhall; Blade, J. L. How- ard, editor and publisher, Bramhall; Hyde County Bulletin, Howard C. Shober, editor and publisher, Highmore; Herald, Ely Johnson, editor and publisher, Highmore; Advocate, A. B. Vines, publisher, Holabird; Hyde County Star, J. A. Sedgwick, editor and publisher, Sedgwick. . . . . . . . . . . Coux'ry sº.A.T. Highmore, near the center, is the cqunty seat. It has a population of 600; School-building, valued at $4,00); methodist church edifice, valued at $2,500; court-house and jail, valued at $8,000; artesian well, valued at $7,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $$3,000. . . . . . . - OTHER IMPORTANT Tow Ns, - Bramhall, in the east; population, fifty; school-building, etc. Chapelle, in the Southwest; school-building, church edifice, etc., Holabird, west of . High more: School-building, etc. Sedgwick, in the north; population, twenty-five; school-building, valued at $500, cfc. - SC11ools, (STATISTICs 1886.) - . - Number of organized townships, seventeen; school population, 601 ; number of school-houses in district, thirty-nine; number of school-houses built in 1886, twelve; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27.33; females, $27.79; value of all school property, $29,470.02; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $14,740 29; cash remaining in school treasury June 30, 1886, $1,330.96; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $28,066.66; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $9,362.13. - . . LIVE STOCK STATISTCs. t t ! | ; i i Iules and Asses. } Year. Horses. P Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. - - - t . - lsº & III . . 9% & 3.0 s 39.80% 1886 901 120 1,425 141 479 55,797 1887. 956 125 1,918 - 127 400 73,701 - . . . . VALUATION STATISTICs. Acres Real Estate. . . . . . a ". - ..........., n-... iTotal assessed "as ºn tº r # ,-\, Town. Lots Personal Prop- - * Year. Valuation. valuation, erty valuation.} Yºon Of 1885 128,909 $ 357,525 $ 32.351 $ 57,714 $487,892 * 1886 153,554 449,778 42,032 170,261 717 868 1887 109,418 450 512 48,505 64,949 637,667 . . . . FARM STATISTICS. . Table showing product of field grops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - - . . - . Bushels in Bus!...sls in Bushels in . 1880. i 1885. 1887. ſ , - - - - ! | | - - - - - - - - - - Wheat….............................................................. none 20 975 194,250 Corn......................• - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘....... . . . . . . . . . . . . e. e. e g º e º a s none - 8,499 171,000 Oats.….............................................................…. 11 () In e 23,905 259,000 Rye.................... ................................................. 11 Olhe 30 1,820 Buckwheat.......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ h9ne 17 25ſ) Barley................ ............ * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1) Oth & - 585 21,675 ºflax.................................................................... In one • . . . . . . . . . . ; 55,000 396 .RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . MISCELLANEOUs statistics. . . . . . . . . . . Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 2,157. Lands improved, 1885; 32,541 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 516. Average size of farms, 1885, sixty-three acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.67. County indebtedness, 1887, $20,600. Potato crop, 1885, 7,653 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 408 pounds. Tairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 29,912 gal- lons; butter, 18,415 pounds; eggs, 18,433 dozen. . . . . . . . . . . . - . NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERs IN 1887. Office. . . Name. . - P. O. Address. County Clerk................................ M. G. Sinon.................. ................|Highmore................ Treasurer...................................... ; Homer James...............................|Highmore................ Sheriff.................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 8. R. Meigs.................................... HighThore................ Clerk District Court .....................: L. Q. Jeffrics................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Highmore................ Probate Judge......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. W. Beebe.................... .............|Highmore................ Register of Deeds.......................... M. G. Simon.............. .....................|Highmore............... Attorney .......................................A. N. VanCamp.............................|Highmore........ ........' Superintendent of Schools............T. E. Price..................................... Highmore................ . Surveyor........................................D. L. Cadwallader ..........• - - - - - - - - - - - ..] Highmore.............. Coroner.........................................H. H. Stoner.................................] Highmore................ Assessor................................... .... iSimoil Fritzson............................. Sedgwick................. . - ſº B. VanCamp, (chairman).........! Highmore................ iW. F. Pidge ............. .............. ------. Hawley.................... Commissioners........................... |W. H. Triplett ............................. Sedgwick................. - R. E. Murphy............ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holabird.................. UiL. W. Harvey............................... ..] High more................ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | - Aſton.….Hawley. s ſº º e º 'º a tº $ tº º e s s is º º tº $ tº e º 'a e e º s º 'º a tº sº a e Sedgwick.............. ................ I31amhall................................ HIGHMORE........ ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephan.......... “..................... Chapelle................................. biolabird ................................ Tennis............ s e a wºº & e =............... Goudyville.............................. |ida......................................... , JACKSON COUNTY. Created March 8, 1883. Jackson is a county within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. ------------ - - - - - - - - - - -------- - - - - ------------- - - - - - - - ------- - --- . JERAULD COUNTY. Area, 345,600. Created, March 9, 1883, from parts of Buffalo and Aurora. Organized, October 1, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the follow- ing commissioners, viz.: Hiram Fisher, Samuel H. Melcher, and A. B. . Smart. - . - - Jerauld county is situated in southern Dakota, on the 44° latitude, and midway between the Missouri and James rivers. Principal, streams, are Firesteel and Sand creeks, tributaries of the James river, which drain the eastern portion of the county, and two branches of Crow creek, which drain the western slope into the Missouri river. There are a num- ber of springs and lakes in the county. The largest sheets of water are Xrow and Shallow lakes. Surface, of the eastern part, generally level; of the western part, considerably broken by hills and bluffs, but not sufficient- ly to interfere with cultivation. The county is divided, near the center, north and south, by the eastern slope of the Wessington hills—which ex- tend entirely through it. These hills rise abruptly on the east, and for some half a mile back, are broken, rough, and somewhat stony, but are well adapted for grazing purposes. After leaving this rough strip, the land is a rolling prairie, with beautiful valleys, watered by never fail- ing springs, and small lakes, Soil, a productive loam, with clay sub-soil. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (James river line,) five miles; station: Alpena. Vacant public lands, none. . . - - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 397 ... i BANIKS. . There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: D. F. Royer, at Alpena, Bank of Wessington Springs, at Wessington Springs, C.E. Thayer, president. Jerauld County Bank, at Wessington Springs, C. W. McDonald, president. l NEWSPAPERS. Jerauld County Journal, D. F. Royer, editor and pubisher, Alpena; Homesteader, W. R. Pooley, editor. Crow Lake; Jeratild County. Messen; ger, O, P. Hail, editor, Waterbury; Herald, Blank & Blank, editors and publishers, Wessington Springs; True Republican, B. B. Blosser, editor and publisher, Wessington Springs. COUNTY SEAT. Wessington Springs, near the center, is the county seat. It has a pop- ulation of 300; school-building, valued at $800; church edifices; public buildings, valued at $3,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $25,000; personal, $30,000; total, $55,000. OTH ISR IMP; ) RTANT TOWNS. * * * * Alpena, in the northeast; population, 250; school-building, valued at $2,500; méthodist church edifice, valued at $2,500. Waterbury, in the west; population, 200; school-building; cheese factory, etc. SCIIOOLs, (STATISTICS 18 6.) - Number of organized townships, fifteen; School population, 976; Inun- ber of school-houses in district, fifty-three; number of School-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $26.35; females, $24,09; value of all school property, $29,807.96; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $10,891.71; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $888.61; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $27,600.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,216.63. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | t Mulles and Cattle. y - ---. two vower Year. | EIOrses. Asses. Sheep. SWille. Valuation. 1885 1,751 277 3,965 1,713 1,372 t $ 11.1.866 I886 1,927 201 4.388 1722 1, 148 127,245 1887__2,181 | 188 || 5,044 1,888 1.243 150,058 . --- ------- --------- VALUATION STATISTICS. y | Acres Real y - Town Lots Personal Prop. *...*& Year : IEstate. Valuation. | valuation. erty valuation. Yºon Of | 4. -------- ---- 1885 114,786 $ 284,625 i Ś 19,069 $ 95,747 ; $ 511 807 1886 134,800 ; : 338,875 ! 21,317 | 34,228 i 521,665 _1887 i. 138,870 375,890 20,514 85,185 631,592 * FARM STAtistics. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in JSS0. º a Y - SS5. ISS7. Wheat “.............................................................. Il OI) (2 S5, 296 34S,(\{}{} Cor" .…...........................….................... Il () 1) {} t 71,066 (3-1(), ()()) Oats ….................................. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . - ll Ol] & 109, 193 858,75t) Rye ..….......…........] Il () || C. 105 7, 125 Buckwheat ......................................................... in one 1,300 “…. Barley ............................ • * * * * is e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ! ll () l l 6. 1,281 X,Y,\}(0 "lax …...…............................….................. r 1) Oll G ..................... i 75,000 MIl SCIEH, I, AN E() ('S STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 3,458; Lands improved, 1SS5, 41,699 acres. Number of farms, 1885, S23 acres. Average size of farms, 1885, fifty-one acres. A verage assessed valuation per acre, ISS7, $2.81. County indebtedness, 1887, $13,923. Potato crop, 1SS5, 23,811 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 8,229 pounds, pairy an 505 gallons; butter, 63,786 pounds; chees NAME AND POSTOFFICE Appress of G County, Clerk.......... ‘..................... L. N. Loomis......................... Treasurer..................................... W. J. Williams............... Sheriff.................. * * * * * * * * * * *.* * * * it - - - - - - - - J. M. Spears .................... Clerk District Court.............. ........ C. W. McDonald................. Probate Judge................. .......... ... H. M. Rice........................…....... Register of Deeds........................ T. N. Loomis.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Attorney.......................... .........". H. Null.................................. iiigto Wessingt ... Wessingt ... Waterbury.... |Wessington S. : Wessington S. .................................: Lynndale.... Surveyor. ..................................... H. J. Wallace................................ Wessingto Coroner.......................... , s a • * * * * * * * * * * * * E. L. Turner................................. Wessington S Assessor ................... .s e < * * * * * * * * * * * *'..... J. Q. Gray................ .....................; Alpena ...... - } 'O. A. Knudtson............................. Starkey...... - 12. G. Wilson, (chairman)............. Parsons...... \ Jeff Sickler................................... Bates............. List of Postoffices iN county, 1887. e - - - e s - - Superintendent of schools........... i. S. Binford.: CC mm 8sioners.......................... Alpen'.............................. ... ... starkey................‘................... Waterbury.................. Crow Lake ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- Stock.................. .................... WESSINGTON SPRINGS. Gordot, ......... e s a - w w = * * * * * * * * * * * * … Sullivan.................................. . . . . Lylindale........................ ....... Templetoll ............... --- - - --------- - - ---4--,--------wº--- KIDDER COUNTY. . . - - - Area, 737,280 acres. Created, Janual y 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, March 10, 1885, part from Burleigh and part to Stan- ton. Organized, December 21, 1880, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: W. F. Steele, John Van Deusen, Frank S. Whipple. - - - " " - * , . . . . . . . . Kidder county is situated in northern Dakota, midway between the 46th and 48th degrees of latitude, and the second county east of the Mis- souri river. There are no streams of any size within its borders, but a great number of natural springs, lakes and ponds, furnish an abundant supply of water to nearly every section. Principal lakes, are Horsehead, and Long. Surface, gently undulating prairie, broken by lakes, hills, and Valleys. Along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad, the surface is, generally, level, except in the eastern portion, which is slightly hilly. The southeast corner of the county is lilly, and broken by ridges or low buttes. East of Horsehead lake niarks the commencement of the famed Mouse river pass, run ing in a northwesterly direction, to the Mouse river valley, with a width varying from five to twelve miles. The north- eastern portion of the county is similar in topography to the southeastern. Soil, generally, a rich, black loam, reaching, in some localities, to a depth of six feet. Sub soil, clay. - - - - - - - - Miles of railroad in county; Northern Pacific railway, (main line,) 28.3: miles; stations: Crystal Springs, Tappen, Dawson, Steele, Geneva. Total, miles of railroad in county, 28.3 miles. . . . . . . . . Vacant public lands, 256,000 acres. There is one bank doing business in this county, as follows: Dawson. I}anking Co., at Dawson, J. D. Thomson, president; E. F. Heyd, cashier. - f - - NEWSPAPERs. . . . . .” - Ozone, F. S. Corwin, editor and publisher, Steele; Breeze, J. J. Sarger editor and publisher, Dawson. . . . . . couſ NTY SEAT. . . . . . Steele, Southwest of the center, is the county.seat. It has a pop of 700; school-building, valued at $5,000; presbyterian churc. valued at $3,000; court-house, valued at $30,000; water-works syste ued at $15,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $150,000 sonal, $120,000; total, $270,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ** ãº-º-º-; Kºx º'. carrº . . - Sopºgºs of DAKOTA: . 399 º “... . . . . . . . . . * . . º'opiii:RºſpokTANT Towns. . . . ºãwson, ſe - -s " ", e sº church edifice, valued at $2,000; flour mill, valued at $17,500. Tappen, east of Dawson; population 175; school-building, Val- ued at $800; congregational church edifice, valued at $2,500. \ . . . . . . . . SCIIooſs, (STATISTICs 1886.) - z Number of organized townships, six; school population, 228; number of schºol-houses in district, four; number of School-houses built in 1886, fourſ; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $45.00; females, $33.50; * ; of all school property, $11,000; expended for school purposes during j ~< *. ast ot, Steele; population, 300; School-building, Yalued at . .- year ending June, 30, 1886, $3,021.56; cash remaining in school treasury, Juhe 30, 1886; §§§37,63;par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, , 1886, $6,400; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. LIVE stock STATISTICS. | Year. Horses. Mºna Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. | " . . . i .* : . º t - -- 4 -- - -- " - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - r: - ------- - ----, --------- - : - - - - - f - || 1885 382. 72 434 871. 115 5 33.97% ! 1836 534 69 , , 472 . . 830 273 52,976 | # # tº 1: 13; # * vALUATION STATIstics. —----------- ! III, ....I Total assessed 2- | Acres Real . . v. tº - Town Ilots Personal Prop- * * Year. *...* Valuation. Vºti. jºij. Yººtion of - - - - - | | - COllnty. - : : * * * 1885 104,263 $ 318 701 $ 114,271 ; $ 57,748 $ 519,694 1886 | 105 905 i 384,265 | 179,200 | 82,019 | 697,560 1887 i 456,658 ‘l 1,177.225 118,788 ..., 113,224 1,492,272 FARM statistics. . Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887, - - , Bushels in Bushels ill Bushels in 1880. 1885 t 1887. 85. i ; Wheat............................................................ . . . 11t \ll 6. 241,593 245,663 Corn........ 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | none ſ 3,100 3,000 Oats.......................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s ea º º | 18,540 18833; 121,560 Buckwheat........................................................... | Il OI) e 936 ...................... Barley......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : Il Ol) & ſ 33,480 * 23 O(() Flax................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 11 One |.…. … 2,100 - - MISCIELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, eighty-nine; 1885, 1,572. Iands in proved, 1880, 3,365 acres; 1885, 20,687 acres. Number of farms, 1880, three; SS5, 293, Average size of farms, 1880, 1,122 acres; 1885, seventy-one acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.58. County indebtedness, 1887, $36,323. Potato crop, 1885, 45,753 bushels, Wool clip, 1885, 7,62S pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 2,040 gallons; butter, 35,180 pounds; eggs, 16,933 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN ISS7. Office. t - Name. P. O. Address. – º –----- - - - - - County Clerk...................... * * * * * * * * * * E. M. Wilcox................................Steele........................ Treasurer...................................... W. A. Fridley................................ |Steele........................ Sheriff.......................................... 'J. D. Smith................................... |Steele........................ Cerk District Court..................... G. G. D. Watkills........................... 'Steele........................ Probate Judge..............................' E. N. Parker................................ 'Steele........................ Register of Deeds......................... E. M. Wilcox..............................., Steele........................ Attorney....…......:::::::::::::.............J. W. Walker................................'Steele.......... ............. Superintendent of Schools...........C. M. Fulton........................ ........ Dawson................... . Surveyor................. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;Geo. II. Cook................................ Steele..... .................. Coroner............ • * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |R. II. Dodds....... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Steele...... ................. Assessor....................................... jJ him F. Simpson.......................... Steele........................ . . . . * . ‘John Harcourt ............................. Steele........................ Commissioners............. w w ł $ $ tº e º sº wº ... } |Thos. Neill.................................... Dawsoil..................... . . . . . . . . . . . ! W. R. Holliday............................, 'Steele........................ 400 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. LIST of Postofºrſch's IN COUNTY, 1887. f — `-- ~~~~ --> --- ~~~~ Crystal Springs...................... IIazlebrock............................. iTappen ..............................l. Dawson................................... McGuire............................... ." De Morris.. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... STEſ tº.................................... KINGSBURY COUNTY. wº Area, 552,960 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of -- Boundaries changed, February 22, 1879. Organized, December 13, 1879, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Henry J. Burvie, Ben Loker, Herbert R. Palmer. - Kingsbury is a county of southern Dakota, between the Big Sioux and James rivers, and just north ot the second standard parallel. There are no streams of any size in the county. Redstone, Iroquois, and Rock creeks, are small streams draining the western portion. A prominent feature of Kingsbury county, is the large number of lakes of good water within its borders—the most noted of which are Lake Preston, Lake Thompson, Lake Albert, and Lake White wood, each covering from five to fifteen square miles of surface. The water surface of the county prob- ably equals forty square miles. Surface, generally level, with some roil- ing prairie. The county being on the water-shed constituting the great eastern Coteau of Dakota, occupies an elevated position, the land grad- ually sloping away, on the east, toward the Big Sioux, and on the west, to- ward the Dakota, or James river. Soil, the usual black loam, underlaid with a substratum of yellowish clay. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Madison–Bristol line,) twenty five miles; stations: Lake Preston, ()ld- ham. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (main line,) thirty-eight miles; stations: Arlington, Take Preston, DeSmet, Manchester, Iro- quois; (IIawarden, line,) thirteen miles; stations: Iroquois, Esmond. Total, fifty, one miles. Total miles of railroad in county, seventy-six. Vacant public lands, 1,550 acres. H.W. N. K.S. There are seven banks doing business in this county, as follows: Central Dakota Bank, at Arlington, L. A. Kidder, president; H. L. Whitney, cashler. Burt & Bradbury, at Arlington. Bank of Iroquois, at Iroquois, Wm. P. Thorp, president; C. F. Zimmermann, cashier, Farmers’ and Merchants’, Bank, at Iroquois, D. M. Fredericks, president; L. L. Los- tutter, cashier Merchants' Exchange Bank, at Lake Preston, A. S. Shep- herd, president; G. W. Fifield, cashier. First National Bank, at DeSmet, J. II. Carroll, president; P. Lawrence, cashier. Kingsbury County Bank, at DeSmet, A. W. Newman, president; T. H. Ruth, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Sun, II. A. Whiting, editor and publisher, Arlington; Kingsbury County News, Hopp & McDonald, editors and publishers, DeSmet; Leader, C. P. Sherwood, editor and publisher, DeSmet; Land and Labor Spy, Spy Pub- lishing Co., editors and publishers, DeSmet; The Herald, B. M. Price, editor and publisher, Iroquois; Times, L. J. Bates, editor and publisher, Lake Preston; The Times, L. L. Bancroft, editor and publisher, Man- chester; Oldham Rustler, Oldham. COUNTY SEAT. I)eSmet, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 800; school-building, valued at $5,000; methodist, Catholic, congregational, and baptist church edifices, valued at $8,000; flour-mill, valued at $8,000; cheese-factory, valued at $2,000. ()'T] I lº R J M P() RTANT "I () WNS. Arlington, on the eastern boundary ; population, 400; school-building, value. I at $3,000; methodist church edifice, valued at $2,500; flour-mill and creatnery, together, valued at $15,000. Assessed valuation city prop- erty, ISSG, real and personal, $95,000. Esmond in the southwest; popula: tion, forty; school-building, valued at $600; methodist and congregational . g y . - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 401 church edifices, valued at $5,000. Iroquois, on the western boundary; population, 500; School-building, valued at $1,500; opera house; methodist and congregational church edifices, valued at $4,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $87,000. Iake Henry, in the center; population, 100; School-building, valued at $500; congregational church edifice, valued at $2,800, Lake Preston, between DeSmet and Arlington; population, 300; school-building, valued at $2,000; church edifice, valued at $2,500. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $72,017. Manchester, between DeSmet and Iroquois; population, 100; school- building, valued at $1,000; presbyterian church edifice, valued at $1,500; cheese factory. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $10,000. - SCHOOLs. (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, fourteen; school population, 1,817; number of school-houses in district, eighty-eight; number of school- houses built in 1886, six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $31.39; females, $26.78; Value of all school property, $26 S21.93; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $32,881.69; cash remain- ing in school treasury June 30, 1886, $5,308.23; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $56,000; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $10,368.81. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Mºſes and, Cattle Year. Horses. Asses * Sheep. Swine. Valuation. | ~\º & - ! : j ! | * f 18.0 43 4 112 ............. ... : 9. *......................... 1885 3,326 t 137 6,630 | 947 2,421 - $ 273,221 18S6 * 4,219 198 8,191 ; 1,252 2,322 818, 143 1887 4,827 177 9.109__ 1,386 1,682 372, S62 VALUATION STATISTICS. Acres Real + a Town Lots Personal Prop-Tºº! assessed Year. | Jºstate. Valuation. valuation. Herty valuation. Yaluation Of -------- - - - ' ' - - - - county, 1880 ........ § º e < * * * * * * s tº e º a tº $ 13901 ..…. * $ 37,273 § 53,234 1885 193,587 (;08,909 $ 119,508 226,928 1,228,566 1886 222,026 683,115 t 56,601 291,938 - 1,449,797 1887 266,253 925,233 177,512 396,787 , 1,872,304 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. I'ARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushols in Bushols in | Bushols in 1880. 1885. - * tº * * 887. Wheat... . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e e s tº s º e s is a s e º e 180 672,791 1 678,720 Corn... --------. . ..................... ........................... 160 68,698 , , 293.250 Obts....................................................... ............. 985 428,812 1,054 375 Rye ... ................................................................ ll Ol) (2 1,969 5,607 Buckwheat..................................... .................... Il Oil Gº 3, 116 | 9, 88.1 Barley...................... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s a tº a e s = • Il () l l e 80 ($29 232 400 Flax............................. & e º ºs & tº e º t e º ºs e e s a tº e º º sº º ſº gº º ºs º e º sº tº gº gº a s tº e g º a I” OThe ..................... 107,750 MISCEI, L.V.NET ) US S'I',\TIS'TI (‘S. Population of county, 1880, 1,102; 1885, 7,345 L n.ds improved, 1880, 197 acres; 1885,130,068 acres. Number of farms, 1830, twelve; 1885, 1,700. Average size of farms, 1880, sixteen acres; 1 SS5, seventy-six acres. Aver- age assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3 4S, County indebtedness, 1887, $8,000. Potato crop, 1885, 90,042 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 5,412 pounds, Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 2,775 gallons; butter, 251,722 pounds; cheese, 1,550 pounds; eggs, 469,376 dozen. ſº NAME AND Postoffice App office, Auditor…. …R. N. Bunhº..….. Treasurer........... ..........................Howard Hall..... gº º º º ſº a tº º' ſº Sheriff......... .....................: L. S. Fieldby. Clerk District Court...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. L. Dawley............... * Probate Judge.............................'...l.. E. Rised orph............................. DeSmet. Register of Deeds ........................ J. ('. Gipson..................................; DeSmet... Attorney............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John A. Owen............................... DeSmet............ Superintendent of Schools........... Miss E. H. Stead...........................jpesmet............ Surveyor............, ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. S. Wheeler..............................|Iroquois............ Coroner......... ................................JP S Willett..................................: Lake Preston... - • * . Ed. Benke ....................................|Arlington.............. | Ben Loken.................................... [Lake Preston ...... Commissioners.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . - I'erry Lawton, (chairman)........... Iroquois.............. | A. Mſ. Aspanwaii.......................Mañchester............... | E. H. ("ouse......... * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DeSmet..................... LIST of POSTORFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. , tº - - . |. - - Arlington............................... Jºsmond...........'............... ....... Neptune................................. Bartram ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Iroquois.............. ….......Oldham............................... Clyde...................................... Lake Henry ................. • * : - - - - - - - Spring ake.......................... DRSM ET.................................. Like Prº stou..........................' . - Drwin...........…...................... 'Man Chester................... … . LAKE COUNTY. Area, 36S,640 acres. Created, January S, 1873, from part of Brookings, Hanson, and Minnehaha. Boundaries changed, February 22, 1879; changed again, in 1883, part to Miner. Organized, September 1, 1873, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: John T. Hare, Herman N. Luce, Joseph Dupuis. . . . . . . . . . . Iake is a county of southern Dakota, immediately south of the 2nd stand- ard parallel, and in the second tier of counties west of the Minnesota State. line. Principal streams are Battle creek, which drains the northeastern portions of the county, , ; kunk creek, which drains the southeastern por- tion, and the east fork of the Vermillion river, which drains the western Jortion. The county received its name from the large number of small łºithí its boundaries. The largest of these is Lake Madison, a beautiful sheet of water, some four miles in length. Other principal bodies of water are Brant lake, Lake Herman, and Lake Miłºś. Groves of native timber fringe the margins of these lakes. Surface, a . gently, undulating prairie, broken by river and creek Valleys, and the basins of the numerous lakes. Soil, a dark colored, Handy loam, Very pro- ductive. Sub-soil, clay. . . . . . . Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty-eight miles; stations: Wentworth, Madison, Winfred; (Bristol-Madison line,) fifteen miles; stations: Madison, Romona. Total miles of railroad in county, forty-three. . . . . . . Vacant public lands, none. . . . . . . . - - J3 A NICS. . . . . . . . . There are live banks doing business in this county, as follows: Citizens’ National Bank, at Madison, W. F. Smith, president; J. A. Trow, cashier. First National Bank, at Madison, F. I). Fitts, president; L, H, Keene, cashier, Madison National Bank, at Madison, E. H. Jacobs, president; S. W. Jacobs, cashier. Bank of Wentwort, at Wentworth, G. W. Wright, cashier. Dakota Loaning Association, at Winfred, E. L. Bradbury, pres- ident; G. L. Wright, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. . . . . Sentinel, F. L. Mease, publisher, Madison; Lake County Leader, J. Stahl, editor, Madison; Dakota. Letter, C. F. Shaffer, editor, Wentw Public Ledger, J. E. Patten, publisher, Winfred. *. * . a’ --> & -- . . º * a. tº r 403° *...* -. ‘Y º) * * * * : *, *.x - cott NTY SEAT. - *... ****º "... . . . . . . . . g : * : 5x. -- º: *... , , , -**. * * *. º, fºſſadiščn, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,200; school-buildings; valued at $5,000; methodist, presbyterian, two baptist, ºº::::::::::: valued at $13,500; court-house, and jail; city, hall, engine house together, valued at $18,000; flour-mill, valued at $15,000; creaméry, valued at $3,000; flax-mill; opera house. Assessed yaluation city property, 1886, real, $262,895; personal, $235,993; total, $498,- 888. The state normaſ school is located at Madison. For a description of the institution, see page 204, this publication: - - O'THER IMPORTANT Towss. . - Wentworth, east of Madison; population, 250; school-building, valued at $3,600; German lutheran, episcopal, and presbyterian church edifices, valued $2,000; flax-mill, valued at $8,000; flour-mill, valued at $8,000. Winfred, on the western boundary; school-building, valued at $1,000; epis- copal church edifice, valued at $1,500; grain ware-houses, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal. $110,000. • SCHOOLS, (STATISTICs 1883.) Number of 'organized townships, thirteen; shool population, 1,616; number of school-houses in district, sixty-five; number of school-houses built in 1886, three; average moºthly pay of teachers, males, §35.50; ſeº males, $37,30; value of all school property, $39.517.00; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1885, $24,451.23; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,524. IS; par amount of school bouyls out- standing June 30, 1886, $72,359.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, º per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstancling June 30, 1 SSG, $1,769.7:. - .** I, IV l; ST( )('K Si".' 'i'i: 'I' ('S. Year. Horses. M. il * {} - l g * * - +, * M. *:: * Cattle. , Sheep. S \\ 1 Il (?, Valuation. 1880 860 (śl 2,685 199 Slă "… .* ** *** * * j ** f , ºe * - ** * * *** * * 1885 f 2,355 ; j{18 5.833 2 7] 1 s 2,808 . § 173, tº S } - - a . " *, *s- * tº - * -- s º 1886 2,922 | 2.É 'i, 378 3,273 ... :).23 381,452 1 SS7 t 3,343 ; | 3-1 # S.79ſ, 3,724 ; 1,933 , - 4:36, (305 VALU,\"I'ION STATISTICS. Acres Real Town Lots Personal Prop-, *.*.*.*. 3. t t } & a fi * f s - Year. jº" Valuation. Vºltiº ºil. Yººtion of • ‘ 4. COU in ty, 1% lºgº $ 57,169 ........................ * $ 128,846 § 186,015 1885 178,146 340,511 $ 90,510 188,854 St]9, f(.3 -1886 | - 2012,098 ! 1,082,709 $ 278,744 403,680 2,099 585 1887 216,745 1,228,373 290,082 405,479 2 3:30,590 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. S. - * FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. . .r-" - i * e Bushels in Bushels in Bushe's in 1880. 1885, 1887. - – º – - - - - -- Wheat...... * I k tº se e º e º & ſº tº A a n e s º a w w s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 60,467 245.292 5-1984S Corn..................................................................... i tº 216 2S,36() $17,808 Q&ts ..................................................................... 94,546 284,098 ! 75S,406 Rye * * * * * * s seas s = * * * * * * * * * x * * * tº e º e 8 & 9 º' s ................................. 1,808 1 77() 4,000 £ugkwheat.......................................................... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 72 Barley ......., tº $ tº $ tº s s tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ! 10,482 46,194 59,825 Flax.................................................................... ' l?' 'll G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,399 , MIšCELLANEOUS STATISTICS, . . . . Population of county, 1880, 2,657; 1885, 5,432, Lands improved, 1880, 17,500 acres; 1885,-79,520 acres. , Number of farms, 1880, 489; 1885, 1,025. Ayerage size of failms, 1880, thirty-six acres; 1885, seventy-eight acres. * - 3: Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5,67. County indebte 1887, $31,436. Potato crop, 1885, 26,734 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 21; pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 6,050 gallons; É ter, 189,929 pounds; cheese, 5,485 pounds; eggs, 10,652 dozen, NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. - . . . Name. | P. O. Address. Auditor....................... ... . . . . . . . . . .----- A. H. Palmer................................|Madison.................... Treasurer............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* |Wm. Tobin ............... ....................|Madison.................... Sheriff.......................................... Wm. Lee.......................................|Madison.................... Clerk District Court..................... H. O. Curtis............. .....................!Madison.................... Probate Judge.............................. N. H. Downs.................................|Madison.................... Register of Deeds......................... V. R. Wadden...............................'Madisori........... “....... Attorney....................................... Wm. McGrath ..............................!Madison.................... Superintendent of Schools........... E. H. Evenson............ ........ ..........Madison.................... Surveyor................................. • * * * * * John Gregor..................... ** a sº e - © tº 4 ... Madison.................... Coroner.................. ..................... E. L. Clark....................................|Madison,................... Assessor....................................... David Theophilus............... * * * * * * * * * Madison........... ........ - J John Fleming.............................. iMadison.................... Commissioners.......................... H. P. Smith ..................... s' sº e a tº tº s ºº e º a Madison......... ... . . . . ...-- | J. B. Sommars.................... • - - - - - - - - - - Madison.................... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. - Balus..................................... Franklin............... --------.... ----- Towles • * * * * * “................‘. . . . . . . . . . . Battle Creek........... ................ Gilman * * * * *, * is a tº * * a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Wentworth.,.......................... Brant Lake............................ iMADISON................................. Wicklow .......................... ... Chester................................... Orland.................................... :Winfred....... • * * * * * * * .................. Delmage.............. ‘e e s s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Prairie Queen...................... ... . . . - lºgge....................................... Romona ................................. . LA MOURE COUNTY. Area, 737,280 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from parts of Buffalo and Pembina. Boundaries changed, February 24, 1881, part to Dickey; changed again, March 9, 1883. Organized January 29, 1881, by the ap- pointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: John R. Crum, Homer T. Elliott, Chas. H. Porter. . -- La Moure is a county of the upper James river valley, South of the 9th standard parallel. Principal stream, the James river, which flows through the county in a general southeasterly direction, with a very tortuous course. Bone Hill and Cottonwood creeks, and the Maple river, thorougly drain the western end of the county. Bear creek waters the eastern tier of townships. A great number of lakes and ponds, and numerous springs are distributed about the county. Scattering bodies of timber are found along the banks of the James. This river, at Grand Rapids, furnishes a good water-power. Surface, in the west, rough and hilly elevations of the Coteau region, sloping toward the James river in a vast, undulating prairie; of the country adjacent to the James river, a fine, level, Valley, varying from three-fourths of a mile to three miles in width, and bordered by a double line of bluffs, which rise to a height of from fifty to seventy-five feet above the plain. ... Soil, generally, the deep, rich, black loann, of this noted valley. Sub-soil, clay. * . - - Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (James River Val-. Iey branch,) 29.3 miles; stations: Adrian, Dickey, Grand Rapids, La Moure, Valley Junction; (Fargo & Southwestern branch,) 33.8 miles; stations: Verona, Valley Junction, La Moure, Medbery, Edgeley. Total, 63.1 miles. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (James River Valley line,) six miles; station: Edgeley. Total miles of railroad in county, 69.1. Vacant public lands, 40,800 acres. - 13 AN KS, . . . . - There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Edgeley, at Edgeley, E. A. Mears, president; G. W. Brown, cashier. Farmers' Bank, at Grand Rapids. Bank of La Moure, at La Moure. . Lloyds, bankers, at La Moure. *}} * $. - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 405 - NEWSPAPERS. Journal, Joe M. Chapple, editor and proprietor, Grand Rapids; Pro- gress and Chronicle, Potter & Potter, publishers, La Moure; Edgeley Mail, Rowe & Gordon, publishers, Edgeley. COUNTY SEAT. La Moure, on the James river, is the county seat. It has a population of 650; school-building, valued at $3,000; presbyterian church edifice, val- ued at $3,000; city hall, valued at $4,500; flour-mill, valued at $10,000. As- sessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $150,770; personal, $54,395; total, $205,165. OTIIFR IMPORTANT TOWNS. Dickey, northwest of La Moure; school-building, grain-warehouses, etc. Bdgeley, west of La Moure; population, 150; new and growing town, with flour-mill, churches, and schools in prospect. Grand Rapids, on the James river, between La Moure and Dickey; population, 300; School-building, valued at $1,600; church edifices, valued at $2,500. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $75,000. { scHools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, fourteen; school population, 397; num- ber of school-houses in district, eighteen; number of school-houses built in 1886, two; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $50.83; females, $34.88; value of all school property, $22,763.60; expended for school pur- oses, during the year ending June 30, 1886, $10,739.03; cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,264.16; par amount of school bonds outstanding, June 30, 1886, $12,839; average rate of interest paid on bonds, nine per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,880. I, IVIE STOCK STATISTICS. |Mules and Cattle. Sheep. | y } : & & Year. Horses. Asses. | SWine. : Valuation. 1885 785 207 1,129 115 680 $ 61,950 1886 - 1,124 242 i 1,867 113 765 * 93, 160 __1887 - 1,404 -- - - - - - 235 --- 2,298 --- 144 353 Ilj, 625 VALUATION STATISTICS. T , ... , ..., "...., , ... o........, n. Total assessed t A Cres Real º Town Lots Personal Prop-] *'. e Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation erty valuatio. Yºſion of --- __________” “‘’’ ‘’” “I county. º i 1885 854,160 $ 1,175,220 $ 146,733 $ 64,999 $ 1,448,902 1886 h 382,325 4 1,339,985 - 165,326 92,914 1,601,3S5 1887 482 290 1,491,576 188,588 144,507 1,940,241 FARM STATISTICS. º Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. | 1887. Wheat...................................................... * * * * * * ... l] OIl C : 279,176 550,000 Corn …............................... ................................ Il Oll C ! 2 706 17,325 Oats.....…........................................................... 1) Oil & 207,412 3GS,000 Rye..................................................................... ll Ol) & 150 25ſ) Buckwheat ............................................... ......... }] O]] (2 3() 230 Barity................................................................. ll Oil C 6,607 t 52,640 Flax.................................................................... Il () II & ..................... S,000 MISC). L.T.,.\ N E() US ST.V."l'ISTICS. Population of county, 1880, twenty ; 1885, 2,072. Lands improved, 1885, 45,359 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 772. Average size of farms, 1885, fifty-nine acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.45. County indebtedness, 1887, $9,931. Potato crop, 1885, 18,516 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 145 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 21,975 pounds; cheese, 149 pounds; eggs, S,845 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFI office. Sheriff............................... .............C. W. Oakley............. Clerk District Court...................... E. M. Whitmau...... Probate Judge............................. ...J. W. Johnston........., - Register of Deeds........................... L. C. Harris................................... L Attorney............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. M. Bartholomew........................' Superintendent of Schools,........... J. M. l'evine.................................: La Suryey or............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * E. O. Ellison..................................: La Moure... Coroher....... * * * * * * * * * * * * g e s s a a 4 tº e s s a tº a • * 4 .....' Dr W. T. Good.............................. LaMoure... Assessor.................................. .......'G. Büetow ....................................' La Moure... ſ J. F. Ellis...................................... I a Moure........ - - S. F. Campbell.............................. 'Edgeley........... Commissioners........................... 3 Geo. Newell..................... * * * * * * * * * * ...I)ickey..........., - | A. E. Raney................................... Adrian........ A.- ** * * *.*.*.* * * * * * J. O. Lyon.............…...... … Ft. Ransom. * * * * * * List of Postoffices IN county, 1887, - . ," Adrian.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Griswold...................... … Medbery..................... Pickey ............................... • * * * * Jake view ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . kussell ....................... Edgelew.................. .* * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - Litchville ..........,................... Verona .................. Grand Rapids......................... LA At OUR F................................ . . - ... -------- - - - - - - - - - -------- - - - --------------------------. -- - - - - ---------------------------------------------- LA WRENCE COUNTY. Area, 1,280,000 acres. Created, January 11, 1875, from original territory Boundaries changed February 10, 1877; changed again, February 19, 1881; changed again, March 5, 1881; changed again. In 1883, part to Butte, and changed again, March 10, 1887. Organized, March 5, 1877, by the appoint-- ment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Fred T. Evans, John Wolzmuth, and A. W. Lavender. . . . . . . . . . . . Lawrence is a county of the Black Hills, in the south Western part of Da- koła, and the fourth county, north of the Nebraska ()oundary. Principal streams, are the Belle Fourºbe, or the north, fork of the Cheyenne, and the Cheyenne rivers, on the northern and easterli boundaries of the county. The other smaller streams of Lawrence county, are Redwater; Spearfish, Whitewood, Bear Butte, Warrens, Inyankara, and Elk Creeks. Surface, about one-third of the county lying in the south-, west part, hilly and mountainous, and mostly covered with a good growth of pine timber; the remaining two-thirds, stretching. froun the foot hills, to the two branches of the Cheyenne river, con- stitutes a portion of the broad spreading plains which sweep around the hills on the north, south, and east. The average-height of the hilly region of the county, may be estimated at 6,000 feet above sea level, while the open country varies from 2,000 to 3,500 feet, the lowest points being along the Cheyenne river. The hilly portion, especially within a rad- ius of half a dozen miles around Deadwood, is exceedingly rough and broken, and the hills descend very abruptly toward the plains on the north and east,--the streams having a descent of from 150 to 200 feet per mile until they reach the open plains. Toward the Southern part of the county there is a more level region, around the headwaters of the streams, The valleys of the Spearſish, Rod water, and other streams, and Pleasant valley, and the Centennial prairie—are fertile, agricultural regions, occu-º pied by farmers and ranchers. Gold, silver, tin; copper, iron, mica, salt, gypsum, asbestos, and many other Valuable deposits—are mined and . worked in Lawrence county, and other sections of the Black Hills, Sóme of the best paying mines in the United States are situated in this county, For a more extended description of the Black Hills—see a descriptive ticle elsewhere in this book. . . . -- ~ Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern, railway mont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley line,) twenty-two miles; stations: Black Hawk; Postville, Sturgis, Whitewood. Black Hills & Ft. Pi ... . 407 mile fteen miles; stations: Lead City, Central City, ownsville. Total miles of railroad in county, even: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ant public lands, 765,471 acres. 460,000 acres unsurveyed. here are ten banks doing business in the gounty, as follows: Iron Hill Bank, at Carbonate; D. A. McPherson, president; Will Ickes, cashier. Bank of Central City, at Central City. Central City Bank, at Central City, Wm. R. Stebbins, president; Fred M. Clary, cashier. Deadwood National Bank, at Deadwood, Geo. C, Hickok, president; J. L. Maxwell, Jr., (ash- ier. First National Bank, at Deadwood, O. J. Salisbury, president; 1). A. McPherson, cashier. Merchants’ National Bank, at Deadwood, W. R. Stebbins, president; Wim, Selbie, cashier. Bank of Galena, at Galena, Wm. E. Adams, president; Geo. C. Hickok, 'cashier. Lead City Bank, at Lead City, D. A. McPherson, president; Alex, Ross, cashier. Bank of Spearfish, at Spearfish, L. W. Valentine, president; J. F. Summers, cash- ièr. First National Bank, at Sturgis City, D. A. McPherson, president; J. J. Davenport, cashier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NEWSP.A PERS. - Black Hills Pioneer, R. D. Kelly, managing editor, Deadwood; Daily Black Hills Times, Porter Warner, proprietor, Deadwood; Black Hills Herald, W. S. Elder, proprietor, Deadwood; Daily Tribune, T. D. Ed- wards, publisher, Lead City; Register, Henry & Grant, editors and pub- lishers, Spearfish; Record. C. C. Moody, editor and publisher, Sturgis; Advertiser, I. R. Crow, editor, Sturgis; Black Hills Teacher, Fayette L. Cook, editor, Spearfish; Sentinel, Whitewood. . . . . s' CouxTY SEAT, Deadwood, in the west, is the county seat. It has a population of 4,500; two school-buildings, valued at $20,000; methodist, catholic, episcopal, and congregational church edifices, valued at $21,000; court house and jail, city hall, fire department houses, together, valued at $50,000; water-works system, valued at $50,000; electric light plant, valued at $10,000; two bot- tling works, brewery, foundry, flour-mili, and other manufactories, valued at $50,000; opera house; telephone system. Assessed valuation city prop- erty, 1886, real and personal, $1,074,870. oTHER IMPORTANT Towns. ' .* Bear Gulch; southwest of Deadwood; population, 200; school-building, valued at $500; church edifice, valued at $1,200; tin mines; quartz-mill; four steam hoists; tin smelter; concentrator; two saw-mills; etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $575,000. Carbonate, northwest of Deadwood; population, 35); school-building, valued at $1,000; sixty-ton smelter; concentrator; thirteen steam hoisting works; mines; mills, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real ind personal, $167,000. Central City, west of Deadwood; population, S(0; school-build- ing; three church edifices; public buildings; water-works; extensive min- ing, milling, and ore reducing works. Crook City, northeast of Dead- wood; population, 150; school-building, valued at $1,500; church-building, valued at $1,001). Galena, west of the center; school-building, valued at $500; catholic and congregational church edifices. Valued at $2,000; two smel- ters, valued at $40,000; silver-mill, valued at $50,000; two gold-mills, valued at $30,000; numerous mining plants. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $162,000. Lead City, in the west; population, 2,500; school-building, valued at $4,000; church edifices, valued at $7,000; public buildings, valued at $2,500; telephone; Homestake gold mine, one of the largest plants of the kind in the United States, employing about 1,500 men.'. Assessed valuation city property, ISS6, real and personal, $1,300,000. Spearfish, in the northwest; population, S00; school-buildings, valued at $5,000; congregational church edifice, valued at $5,200; waterworks system, valued at $20,000; electric light plant contracted for; flour-mill, valued at $25,000; sash, door and blind factory, valued at $10,400; plaster of Paris works, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $260,000. The Territorial normal school is located at Spearfish. For a description of the institution; see page 208, this publication. Sturgis, 408 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . " t east of Deadwood; population, 1,200; School-buildings, valued at $2,000; presbyterian, methodist, and catholic church edifices, valued at $9,000; lumber mills; planing mills; stone quarries; brick yards, etc. ... Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $230,000. Terraville, west of Deadwood; school-building, valued at $1,000; three quartz mills, valued at $150,000; and numerous other mining plants. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, thirty-five; school population, 2,280; number of school-houses in district, forty-three; number of school-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $78.76; females, $54,15; yalue of all school property, $70,850.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $56,085.02; cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $27.510.00; par amount of school bonds Outstanding June 30, 1886, $39,640.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $100.00. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. *...* } Year. Horses. Mºº * Cattle. sheep. Swine. Valuation. | | sses. | | . : --- - ----- - - - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - - - -- mºm-a-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- - - - - - --- ----- - - - - - - - -------- ---------- --- - ---------------------------- 3. | | 1880 1,152 292 4,489 1.806 717 *........................ 1885 3,425 299. 11,645 13,860 896 $ 447,324 1886 5,083 #1 lºš 15 gº iñº G27,867 1887 6,114 430 16,034 9,808 616 587,710 VALUATION STATISTICS. year || Acre. Real valuation. Toyººs personºpºlº; Estate. ‘ valuation. Merty valuation. | t “. … “, county. ! . 1880 ........................ $ 738 969 '… * $1,454.300 $ 2,193,269 1885 78.490 289,365 $ 2,444,679 692,526 8,873,894 1886 119,297 , 495,467 953,226 2,609 934 4,685,994 1887 141996 733 385 1,510,020 1,348 722 4,179,987 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880 1885, and 1887. Bushels ill Bushels in 885. 1887. | Bushels in 1880. Wheat................................................................. 18,000 87,975 216,000 Corn.................................................. ................ # 12,848 27,881 | 237 500 Oats. .................................................................. 120,968 } 145,694 t 922,500 Rye..................................................................... | 387 984 16,100 Jłuck Wheat......................................................... 442 i 80 5 000 Barley................................................................. & 9,811 - 9,405 i 201,250 Tlax....................................................... ............ | Il Oll C ..................... 1 375 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 13,248; 1885, 10,326. Lands improved, 1880, 20.54) acres; 1885, 94,850 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 518; 1885, 732. A verage size of farms, 1880, forty acres; 1885, 130 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.16. Potato crop, 1885, 85.640 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 157,517 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk; 50,000 gallons; butter, 126,429 pounds; cheese, 8,600 pounds; eggs, 113,560 dozen. - , “.. - ** § ‘. . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 409 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. } Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................ |J ohn Baker........ :- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . Deadwood................. Treasurer...................................... J. C. Shurts................................... Dead wood................. Sheriff........................................... iA. J. Knight................................. Deadwood ................ Clerk District Court..................... W. H. Janes................. . ........ & e º º ºs & Dead Wood....... ......... Probate Judge.............................. 'L. Gordon..................................... ‘Dead wood. ............. - Register of Deeds......................... John Baker................................... Deadwood ................ Attorney....................................... W. L. McLaughlin........................ "Dead Wood ................ Superintendent of Schools........... .W. W. Giddings............................. Deadwood................. Surveyor....................................... Geo. S. Hopkins........................... Deadwood................. Coroner......................................... W. H. Wright................................ Crook ( 'ity................. Assessor........................................ T. J. Sparks.................................. Lead City.................. D. A. McPherson.......................... Deadwood................. Commissioners.......................... } F M. Allen................................... Sturgis.......... ........... S. B. Crist................................... ... Central City............... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. - | Bear Gulch............................. Crook City.............................. |Postville............................... Bend....................................... DEADWOOD.............................. Saint Onge............................ Big Bottom............................. i Fort Meade............................. Smithviñe s tº a 9 s tº a º & e s & e is g g g g g º º $ tº e º e º 'º e Black Hawk............................ Galena.................................... Spearfish............................... Brownsville ........................... Grashull................................. siuºis. e e s is a s & a tº s º º º e s s e º a s a º º e º a tº e º a $ Carbonate .............................. |Patlºº::.................................. |Terra Ville.............................. Centennial Park.................... iLead City................................ iViewfield .............................. Central City ........................... Perry...................................... volunt €Iſ...... . . . . . . . . . . . ------------ I,IN COLN COUNTY. Area, 350,000 acres. Created April 5, 1862. Boundaries changed, December 30, 1867; changed again, January 13, 1871, part to Turner. Or- ganized, December 30, 1867; Augustus J. Linderman, H. P. Hyde, and Benj. Hill, appointed commissioners, and Canton designated as the county seat, by act of Legislature. Lincoln, a county of southeastern Dakota, is bounded on the east by the Iowa state line, and the Second county north of the Nebraska boundary. Principal stream, is the Big Sioux river, which washes its entire eastern boundary, flowing through a tortuous course. This stream furnishes good water-power at several points within the county. The Beaver, and two or three smaller streams, drain the central and northern portion, into the Big Sioux river. Saddle creek is a tributary of the Vermillion, from the east, through the Second tier of townships. A few small lakes and ponds are distributed over the county, one of which, Silver lake, in the south, is a beautiful sheet of water, covering about 200 acres. Groves of native timber, such as box-elder, willow, and a few other varieties, grow along the ravines which cut through the bluffs, and on the margin of the river. Surface, generally, undulating or high-rolling prairie. A bold line of bluffs borders the Big Sioux river through the county, sometimes near the river, and at others leaving a considerable width of bottom lands. The valley of the Sioux is an extremely fertile one. Soil, a deep, Sandy loam, with a compact, clay sub-soil—not hard-pan. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty-one miles; stations; Lennox, Worthing, Canton; (Sioux City & Egan branch,) twenty-six miles; stations: Harrisburgh, Canton, Fair- view, Eden. Total, forty-seven miles. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Hawarden line,) eight miles. Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern rail- way, (main line,) six miles; station: Springdale. Total miles of railroad in county, sixty-one. Vacant public lands, none. BANIKS. There are six banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Canton, at Canton, C. B. Kennedy, president; J. D. Cloud, cashier. Ta- kota Loan and Trust Co., at Canton, J. S. Myres, president; C. E. Judd, cashier. First National Bank, at Canton, F. A. Gale, president; J. H. Gale, cashier, Lincoln County Bank, at Canton, A. R. Brown, cashier. * - -- -- A’ 2. * * * 41 () RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . . . . º of Eden, at Eden. Exchange Bank, at Lennox, B. C. Jacobs; presi- Clent. - - NEWSPAPERS. * g The Advocate, Carter Bros., editors and publishers, Canton; The Sioux Valley News, George W. Nash, editor, Canton; Echo, E. G. Worden, edi- tor and publisher, Eden; The. Independent, P. F. Haas, editor, Lennox, C() Uſ NTY SE.A.T. * Canton, on the Big Sioux river, is the county seat. It has a population of 2,000; school-building, valued at $15,000; Augustan a college, with build- ings, valued at $15,000, (see page 222, this publication;) court-house, val- tled at $3,500; episcopal, methodist, presbyterian, congregational, and two lutheran church edifices, valued at $9,000; creamery, valued at $3,000; flax-mill, valued at $2,000; flour-mill, valued at $2,500; artesian well and electric light plant projected. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $450,000; personal, $200,000; total, $650,000. t ()'\\} {}. R. [M P() RTANT TO} \\ N.S. • Eden, in the southeast; population, 400; school-building, valued at $500; church edifices, grain elevators, etc. Ilennox, in the west; population, 400; school-building, valued at $3,000; methodist, catholic, and lutheran church edifices, valued at $6,000; city hall, valued at $1,200; creamery, valued at $2,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and per- sonal, $50,000. Worthing, between Canton and Lennox; population, seventy-five; school-building, valued at $800; catholic church edifice, Val- ued at $2,000. s SCITools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, seventy-seven; School population, 2,547; number of school-houses in district, seventy-five; number of school- houses built in 1886, three; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $32,42; females, $28.47; value of all school property, $58,763.35; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $30,277.47; cash remain- ing in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $6,066.60; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $28,827.68; average rate of interest paid on bonds, nine per cent. ; amount of School warrants Outstanding June 30, 1886, $5,598.36. l,1 \' E ST()CK ST.VTISTICS. Year IIorses. Muſes ºnd SWine. ASses. Cattle. t Sheep, Valuation. - -- i ------------- - - - - ----------------- 1880 , 3,165 11() 9,058 | 1,039 8,681 *........................ 1885 3,79. 111 11,694 5,249 10,395 $ 100,792 I SS6 4,231 122 14,391 4,613 10,733 209,070 1887 4,687 118 16,765 . .145 | 9.249 408,700 VALUATION STATISTICS. ſa a " A Cres R C a Y " : tº Town Los Personal Prop."º.º.d Year', £State. Valuation, , ºftuatiºn. ºitatiº. Yaluation of - “: “ ”“ county. I | 1880 ........................ $ 641,207 … '................ : * $ 258,080 $ 899.287 |SS5 298,82) 894,824 $ 120 388 118,262 ; 1,324,266 1 SSG 311,121. 1,157,498 154,391 117,594 | 1,638,553. 1887 305,438 | 1,970,200 239,301 215,725 : 2,834,016 T & 1880, personal property includes live stock. IPA RM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. in Bushels in Bushels in | Bushels t 1880. 1885. 1887. ! i Wheat....…. …~~~~~ 34.87 84,982 250,875 Cor 11..................................... ...... ---------------------.” 368,241 561,583 | 996,629 Oats................................................................... 1öö,112 518,561 698,250 Rye............................................................ . . . . . ..." 3,743 10,871 19,826 Buckwhent ................ * @ e is sº e º a s º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº e º & 244 1,189 1,750 Barley ............................... --------...... ... ............... 8,897 45,271 58,850 Flax........ ........................ . . . . ... “ . . . 110 Il G “…. 166,188 *** *-*. *...* : ** *...*, * * : **** - ... ', º £3.3- ºr **, *, *, * ~ * . . * , - -, ºššº: *:::::::: ñº 2. ~ *%. 2: 3: . §§§tjićES:Of EARGTA, 411 tººk Jºigºsºvº. Jºzzº, * +, ++ e * * * * - - " ... * * * > * - . . * * .*~~r . . . . . . . *, gº.º.º.º. . . . Mſsºliº.otºs.ſgs. ... . . . . . . . . . . ºpopulation .giºunty, 1879, 712; 1880, 5,896; 1885, 7,598. Lands in- ſºproved, 1880, 76,146 acres; 1885, 93,536 acres. Average size of farms, 1880, fifty acres; 1885, eighty-five acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887; $645. No county indebtedness. Potato crop, 1885, 85,640 bushels. WQol clip, 1885, 22,705 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk,213,037 gallons; butter, 370,490 pounds; cheese, 3,026 pounds; eggs, * 141,972 dozen. - - * NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF county of FIceRS IN 1887. & 3, . & Office. . . Name. P. O. Address. Auditor.................... … H. N. Cooper................................. canton * * * * * * * * * * s tº is sº is a sº e s is tº Treasurer......................................[Edgar Dean................................... Canton..................... , Sheriff................ • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - H. B. Wright................................. Canton..................... Clerk District Court .....................! J. W. Carter................................... Canton.................... Probate Judge......... ... .................. D. H. I ſawn...................................Canton..................... Register of Deeds......................... N. M. Jacobson............................. Canton........... ......... Attorney. ......... '............................. A. R. Brown.................................. Canton..................... Superintendent of Schools........... C. B. Isham................................... Canton..................... Surveyor........................................A. C. Huetson............................... Canton..................... Coroner..................... As a s a s e º s e s a s a v s s e s s a A. G. Noid..................................... Canton..................... • * Fred Gerber.................................. iWorthing................. Commissioners..................... • * * * * * { Ole Hokenstad.............................. Canton..................... -- J. A. Fowles.................................. 'Eden............... * * * * * * * s & LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. } - *utioch.....................…....... 'Haram.…............… Nurey. * * * * * * * : * s > * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Brooklyn.,.............................. : Lennox...................................!Saddle Creek......................... CANTON,.................................. Linden.................................... Selina.................................... Eden....................................... Long Creek................... ... ....... iSpringdale............................ -Fairview......... ... Maple Grove........................... iWorthing.............................. I,()(FAN (C) {TNTY. A rea, 643,12) acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, March 9, 1883, part to McIntosh. Organized, April 17, 1884, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commis- sioners, viz.: Geo. Lightfoot, J. A. Wise, Edmond R. Weed. Logan county is situated in central Dakota, in the second tier of coun- ties north of the 46th degree of latitude, and the second east of the Mis- souri river. It has no large streams within its borders. Beaver creek, and several tributaries of the Missouri, take their rise in, aud cross, the western townships. A great number of lakes and ponds are scattered over the surface of the county, the largest of which are Beaver and Blue lakes; and Lake Emily. The Alkali Flats, a sheet of water just west of Napoleon, covers an area of several square miles. Surface, moderately undulating, except where thrown up into, and broken by the Coteau formations, which, in the south part of the county, begin to 1 etire into the general level of the prairie. Soil, of the agricultural lands of the county, occupying a large proportion of its surface, is, in general, the same as in other sections of the Missouri plateau. Vacant public lands, 202,240 acres. * * - N lºw SPAPERS. Homestead, G. A. Bryant, publisher, Napoleon. COUNTY SEAT. Napoleon, northwest of the center, is the county seat. It has a popula- tion of fifty; school-building, valued at $1,500; church organizations, etc. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. |Mules and 3 Year. | Horses. ASSGS. Cattle. Sheep, Swine. Valuation. sesses. --→ ------~~~~ ****a- - - --~~~~ --- - - - ----- - - , ~- ~~~~~~ - - ------------------- ~ :- - - ------------—----- i 1886 43 * | *; 13 $43; 1887 - 46 4__ __77 . . . . .8. 1%. 6.2% 412 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICs. Town Lots Personal Prop-ºº: Acres Real valuation of Year. Estate, | Valuation. valuation. arty valuation. County. . . : , ſ - 1886 25,794 $ 117 594 5,128 $ 4,220 $ 131,297 1887 300. 829 | S51,012 19,927 i. 5,437 882,674 FARM STATISTICs. w | Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. : 885. i 887. Wheat............ • * * * * * * * • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1) OI) 0 In O1) © 6,776 Oats........................................... ......................... Il Oll Q Il () In e 10,140 Buckwheat '........................................................ I) Oll C In OI) e. } 32 Barley...…...................... .................................. Il Olle | J) One 860 Flax........................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In Olle } In OIle . 110 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. - - . Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 336. Lands improved, 1885, 4,472 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 155. Average size of farms, 1885, twenty-nine acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.82. County indebtedness, 1887, $7,297. - - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS, IN 1887. Office. Name. - P. O. Address. County Clerk................................. Julius II, Hoof.............................. Napoleon................ Treasurer............................ ....…. Chas. J. Hoof................................. Napoleon................ Sheriff ............ .............................. John G. Kroeber.......................... Napoleon................ Probate Judge.............................. Israel Freeze................................. Napoleon................ Register of Deeds......................... Julius H. Hoof.............................. Napoleon................ Superintendent of Schools.......... John Orner.................................... Napoleon................ Coroner......................................... John B. Spangler...........................|Napoleon................ Assessor......................................... Filmmett J. Crouch......................... Napoleon................ Wm. H. Spangler, (Choirman)...... .......................... ... • • Commissioners .......................... Ed. R. Weed.................................................................. . John M. White.............................. [................................ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. NA poison. LUGENEEEL COUNTY. Created, January 11, 1875, from original territory. Tugenbeel county is situated entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. LYMAN COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory, Lyman county is situated on the west bank of the Missouri river, in . southern Dakota, and entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. . . = º MARSHAL I, COUNTY. Area, 552,96) acres. Created, March 10, 1885, (formerly part of Day.) Organized, at a º election held, July 23, 1885, by which Ole Ruswick, Ralph Hay, and Henry M. Gerberick were elected commissioners. - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 413 Marshall is a county of eastern Dakota, south of the 7th standard paral- lel, and in the second tier west of the Minnesota state line. The Minne- sota and Wild Rice rivers have their sources in this county. Numerous lakes and ponds furnish water throughout its area. , Native timber, such as box-elder, ash, burr-oak, elm, iron-wood, quaking-ash, bass-wood, maple, willow, and cottonwood, is found in scattering groves. Surface: the western half of the county lies in the James river valley, and is com- paratively level, while the eastern half lies on a plateau, and includes, a art of the Coteau formation. These hills, though stony and broken in ocalities, contain some excellent farmingland and meadows, and numerous cowlees, with timber and running springs of water. Soil, generally, a dark, calcareous loam, with an admixture of clay and mineral salts. Sub-soil, heavy clay. Y Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Andover line,) twenty-five miles; stations: Langford, Britton, Newark. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, (Aberdeen-Rutland line,) cighteen miles; stations: Kidder, Burch, Amherst. Total miles of railroad in county, forty-three. - \ Vacant public lands, 16,680 acres. H.A NICS. There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Britton, at Britton. Marshall County Bank, at Britton, C. J. Harlow, president; George H. Craig, cashier. Job, VOak & Co., at Britton, J. J. Aplin, cashier. Bank of Langford, at Langford, E. C. Bowen, president; L. R. Knight, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Bugle, R. G. Bestor, publisher, Langford; Times, W. W. Wilson, New- ark; Dakota Daylight, J. W. Bank bury, publisher, Britton. C() UNTY SE.A.T. |Britton, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 400; school-building, valued at $2,000; church edifices, etc. Assessed valua- tion town property, 1886, real, $26,000; personal, $16,500; total, $42,500. OTIIER INIIPORT.ANT TOWNS. Langford, in the south; population, 150; school-building, valued at $800. Assessed valuation town property, ISS6, real and personal, $27,500. New- ark, in the north; population, 200; school-building, valued at $2,500; church edifices; public building, valued at $1,000; flour-mill, valued at $8,500. SCIIooſs, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized townships, thirteen; school population, 596; num- ber of school-houses in district, thirty-three; number of school-houses built in 1886, sixteen; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $31.69; females, $27.58; value of all school property, $25,154.18; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $15,713.04; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $1,256.40; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $22,658; average rate of interest paid on bonds, § º cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, ,278.51. - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | ; | Year, Horses, * Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. – ----------------------------------------- 1886 1,364 | 110 1,917 125 729 $ 138,529 1887 2,188 171 2,779 187 858 - 141407 VALUATION STATISTICS. v. Acres Real J town Lots personal prop. Tº...ºssessed Year. išiai." | Valuation. ºt. ièrtyväijätiöä. Yºon of * '- County. 1886 117,515 $ 310,000 $ 67,000 $ 101,978 $ 612,507 1887 125,088 370,807 109,478 171,107 i 792,794 t _, . • . . . . . . \ . s ...” 414 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. FARM STATISTICs. - ~ * Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887, - t - : * ' Bushels in i Bushels in Bushels in 1880 ; SS5. 1S87, Wheat.…........….............................. Th Oil (2. 139,806 , 546,000 ‘’orº.....…..….......................... .................. } l} Ol) G 25,981 . 86,321 94ts “…......….................................. t Il Ol) & | 115,071 390,875 Rye…... .................................................. } In Oll & 410 * 1,269 B. Clºwheat.................................................. ...... : 1) () ll tº r 371 + | 706) *Y…........................................... Il ()]] G. * , 2,343 84,000 Flax................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. | 1) O Il Q '.................. 65,000 MISCIEI, L.A.NEOUS STATISTICS, J’opulation of county, 1880, none; 1885, 2,187. Lands improved, 1885, 38,265 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 668. Average size of farms, 1885, fifty-seven acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.96 County indebtedness, 1887, $6,370. Potato crop, 1885,17,895 bushels. Wool clip, 1889, ninety-five pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; but- ter, 30,074 pounds; cheese, 300 pounds; eggs, 6,161 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE A1)DRESS OR COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887, Office. | Name. P. O. Address. ; 4 te - i Auditor......................................... J II, McCoy.................................. Britton...................... Treasurer...................................... P. Gro enhalgh.............................. Britton...................... Sheriff'....... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. I. Hinkley.......... ................... Britton...................... Clerk District Court..................... H. C. Hamilton............................. '*Titton...................... Probate Judge.............................. Cºco. L. Baker............................... "Britton...................... Register of Deeds......................... E. A. Cooper.................................'Britton...................... Attorney....................................... T. B. McDonough ........................ Britton...................... Superintendent of Schools........... Wm. Cook..................................... Britton,............. ....... Survey Or............................... ....... Saml. Tent on...... .............. .......... Brittoſ...................... Coroner........... ............................. Dr. Young................... ...... ........ Britton..... ..... . ASSessor.................................... ... Albert Wismer................... tº t e º s e s r. º. º. J3ritton............... * * \ ºbº Hºvºri!.…............................. Newark....'................ Commimissioners ...................... - H. M. Gerbrick........... ................. Langford .................. ł Ś A. Wooddard. Britton....................... LIST OF POST01 FICES IN COUNTY, 1887. i !!!";08 ...…. Kidder....................................Stena...................... Burch: .................................... Langford................................ Fort Sissel on.......................... Newark............................. MIAIRTIN COUNTY. Created March 5, 1881. Boundaries changed, March 9, 1883. Martin is a county just south of the 46th degree of latitude, and entirely within the boundaries of the (Freat Sioux Indian reservation. See article on this reservation in another part of this publication. MCCOOK COUNTY. Area, 368,640 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from parts of Hanson and Jayne. Boundaries changed, February 22, 1879. Organized, May 16, 1878, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: David Manary, Wm. H. Wells, Isaac Manary. McCook is a county of Southeastern Dakota, situated in the Second tier of counties west of the Minnesota state line, and the third north of the Nebraska boundary. . Principal streams are the east and west forks of the Vermillion river, which flows through the center and east, and the Black Earth creek, which drains the western tier of townships. A few small lakes Hoons oAII sopmtout Kilodoid Iguosiod '0881 & ºf 1981 g[gróð 0.1891 Ogºgº 060.90% 1881 ISSSIg"I 158.I.G gFS'808, 80S'8#1. IZ9'fll | 98SI $80 is: 983, fºll } f{}}''LL $ 1.I3'19F 8&I $88T SFQ Cº) $ S68'88 $ * ..........…....... 099'SZ, § * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 088I | : • A luth O.) * "a ~ ! & | - Utopitºll It?A Aquo 'uoiº unſº.A & | oqt,4SGI ! . 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I : [GI I IJ, () - ‘Olg'09:I; ‘It:10] : 01S'lf; ‘It’UOSIod : 001'SS$ “[bo.I ‘9SSL ‘A).Iodo,Id Aljo (IOI) unlºy possoss W spuno.13 Iſºj Khunoo {000'93; 18 poll [B.A ‘[[[[II-In OII : U19).s.As (VoIſo H) SXLIOAA-logb.A ‘000'OI; 113 poniba ‘ASnOUI. -8.Iodo fluouſ].It?dop eig : [ſeſ Ang) : osuouſ-lino) : 000' lºg tº pontº A “Seogſpo II).Illulo pouloja.I puts ‘ls ſpoulouſ ‘opſoulb.) : 000“z$1.8 peutºA ‘āupp[Inq-IOOUIoS :00S JO (IOI) tº Unclod B stºrſ 11 ºt:0s Aquinoo a UI) sy. “requad out] about ‘U eſt's "J, VºIS \,\, N \} (), Y Utioſes ‘IO) ſpo ‘Ulo)]t'. I ‘GI ſ” “[bgoods : UIoIt'S ‘..[O][pa ‘l (Ioan N of Ioos) “Jolsſºo's Ioat[of] : oso.I]uo IN “Toppe ‘UIbuIAOgſ 'GI ‘O ‘pſe.IoH : JoJºA oxipſ. I ‘ious IIqud put; Ioppe III.i.19.L. J. W. “soul.I. a UIL : [0]*Aóżipſ.IgE ‘Io (ISHclind pub Iolypo ‘tutºſ ºf 'J, “[gu.Inoſ tº OXIbCI "SNIGIK.I.V.ISAAGIN -- r 'aoyusto ‘IIAAOI&T âu IIo -Loſ. I : ) iſ oppsoid ‘UAA 0.1%l H ‘ſ’ ‘UIoIRS 18 ‘Mub:I tuoſºs juopſsord ‘prºdeuS IV \\ ‘UUIotes tº ‘Mutºgi stroz I, IO Ioſuse.) ‘Koſ.It I : H +) fluopſso.ICI ‘UO) -II (II*H 'ſ, ‘ſ’ ‘osO.Ilu-OI\ }t; ‘XI (Ibg| 980.I]uo IV Io, BAošpſ.1%I qt, “Oſ) y J.It'O 'S ’, ) : SAOtto.J St. ‘Ālūllo. SIU[] uſ SSou Isnq àulop SXI Uſeq j noj out alou.J., *SXIN VEI ouou ‘spubſ oriq.hd UIbog. A oa.IUIl-Ah XIs ‘Āquinoo up pbO.III B.I. Jo Soll UUI [tº] O.J., '...Loou ods ‘tuoſºs ‘osO.I] (IOIA. : SULOI) gºs : SøIIUI inoſ-Agua Al (‘ou II uſuru) ‘ĀbAA II tº tributo Y SHOdeoutſi IN “Int, I -1s ‘o:38oſtſ.) blogsput:, ) ‘Uloſt's :Suonº!s soliuti (19.Aos-K][19A1 (‘ouſ trop.18At H) ‘AbAſſº.I U.Iolsa A tin.ION X Ożpopu() .IoyºAA63p'ſ.IgE : U of 184s : Soſru as [a/Aq ("all II UſºuT) ‘Āg.A[It] [Inted “S X oaxing.WHIN ‘OABoſ (IO : Āquinoo uſ pºo.IIIb.I. Jo setſ IAI U1jop UI 199] 23.I.U) 04 OA! Luouſ ‘Syſsodap of qaja3a.A. Jo du eptu put ‘sputIdn eq; Io.so poundſ.Insp AIULIoyſuñ ‘urbot Hogſq ū ‘IſoS 'stion eſtipun jūāţis unfº “[o.sol AIoAge.It dittoo “oogans ‘Āquinoo ou? JoJIBTI uroqsaA alſº uſ punoy attºº gif vioxvg IO Sºloinos'ſ * * > ... ? - #& & ~. * '. - •r i - *…* * - - - - 3 & ! y - * - ~. § d ,-, * *. -> ... " . . . . . - * → - * * : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ; : - .* * - - - 3 ** -- * re -* = . . . * * - * ... ', º ż, , . . . . $ - - 416 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. e FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in 1880 i Bushels in Bushels in | 1885 1887. f t | ! Wheat. .............................................................' 11,013 217,122 t 600,000 Corn.... . . . . ........................................... ........... 10862 175,917 | 987,500 Qats “................................................. . . . . ........ 9,166 289, 994 406,250 Rye...... ..... . . . . . . . . ................ ......... ................. 221 2,258 | 4,250 Buckwheat......................................................... none 1,441 1,500 Barley. ...... .......................................... . . . . . . . . 1,543 24,550 | 68,000 Flax..…................................................... ........ ll OT16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 141,246 MISCEI.,LANIE() (JS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 1,283; 1885, 5,641. Lands improved, 1880, 7,746 acres; 1885, 88,177 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 239; 1885, 998. Average size of farms, 1880, thirty-two acres; 1885, eighty-nine acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.53. Potato crop, 1885, 57,156 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 6,363 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; milk, 36,678 gallons; butter, 203,993 pounds; cheese, 1,125 pounds; eggs, 107,358 dozen. NAME AND Postoff ICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. | i Øounty Clerk..................…..….H. J. Tºdd:::::::… ;Salem...................... Treasurer. .... .............................. J. H. Shanard................................ Salem...................... Sheriff........................................... |Mathew White............................... Salem...................... Clerk District Court.............. * = & e º a s |R. R. Crandall............................... salem. Probate Judge........ ................... J. T. McKee.................................... |Bridgewater............ . Register of Deeds......................I. J. Todd,..................................... ;Salem...................... Attorney. ... . . . . . ........................B. H. Wilson.................................. |Salem...................... Superintendent of Schools......... M. A. Lange................................... Salem...................... Surveyor ............ .......................'I M. Stanton................. ............... |Salem...................... Coroner ......................................I. M. Howard................................. Canistota................ Assessor. ......... ......................... Joshua Watson.............................. gapistota................ Wm. Blankortz.............................. |Salem..................... Commissioners. ......... ............... & T. F. Deifendorf............................. Montrose................. |J. Stalting.................................... ...Canistota,................ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | Bridgewator........................... | Montrose................................Spencer................................. CanistOth................................ |Ramsey .................................. Tover...................................... iSALEM e & g º & © º º ſº tº º & ſº is tº e º e º ºr º e s º is e º sº º a dº e º 'º ſº. MCHENRY COUNTY. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, March 13, 1885, part of Stevens; changed again, March 11, 1887. Or- ganized, April 15, 1884, by the appointment, by the Governor of the fol- lowing commissioners, yiz.: Aaron Pace, John Kingman, and E. Hackett. McHenry is a county of northern Dakota, situated north of the 48th de- gree of latitude, and midway between the eastern and western boundaries of the Territory. Principal stream, the Souris, or Mouse river, which enters the county at the southwestern corner, and flows north in a semi- circular course through thirteen or more townships. The Wintering, Cub Bank, and other important tributaries of the Mouse—together with num- erous lakes and ponds—supply an excellent quality of water throughout the county. Native timber, consisting of oak, ash, aspen, box-elder, and other varieties, line the banks of the Mouse, and cover the Sand hills of this region. Surface, river valley, gently sloping hills, and rolling prairie. Below Villard, the Mouse river valley is wide, and not often well defined. Above that point the encompassing hills are much higher, and the RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 417 stream flows from 150 to 200 feet below the general surface of the county. Perhaps one-twentieth of the surface is covered with so called sand hills which are clothed with grass and timber—affording excellent forage and shelter for stock. Soil, a rich, productive loam, covered with most nutri- tious of natural grasses, a paradise for farmers and sockmen. Lignite coal is found in McHenry county. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad, thirty-six miles; stations: Berwick, Towner, Denbeigh, Granville, Norwich. Vacant public lands, 481,698 acres; Bismarck land district, 204,000 acres; Devils º district, 277,698 acres. W. NEWSPAPERS. Mouse River Advocate, Frank W. Spear, editor and publisher, Towner; Leader, R. H. Copland, editor and publisher, Villard; News and Stock- man, Robert McComb, editor and proprietor, Towner. COUNTY SEAT. Towner, on the Mouse river, is the county seat. It has a population of 200; School-building, valued at $650; court-house; town hall; hotels; gen- eral stores, etc. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, four; School population, 132; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $23.00; females, $35.00; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $305.35. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. . ... Mules and c.a. s. i e v º Year. HOTSes. Asses. Cattle Sheep. | Swine. | Valuation. --- ----- - - - - - ------- – -------------, -–--- 1885 204 | ; ; i 98 ; $ §§ 1886 232 7 1,48 2S7 70 : 47,771 1887 972, | 58 # 688 258 128,870 VALUATION STATISTICS. . . . . . . . . . . m..... . ... ...--...., n.- Total assessed Acres Real e Town Lots Personal Prop-ºº: - Year. Estate. Valuation. ºaſiſ. §§ valuation. Yºon Of y. –––––– – ſº-s-- | 1885 1,280 $ 4,078 - - - - - - e º 'º e º º s º º tº e º 'º - - - - $ 18,882 ; $ 54,771 1886 8,848 11,245 |........................ 16,976 i 75,992 1887 10,56 81,070 .................... ...] §§§ | 18.8% FAIRM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in --sº Bushels in | Bushels in 1885, 1887. 1880. | Wheat............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e º a tº e º 'º e < e e º e s m e º ºr a s e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il Olle 285 - 9,440 Corn..................................................................... | I]. OIle 800 : 150 Oats..................................................................... | none |......... .......... 81,620 Rye...................................................................... i Il Old C. ... .................. 180 Barley................. & sº e s is a s is e º a sa e s a se e s a s a º e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il OIle i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | 1,180 MISCELLANEO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 800. Lands improved, 1885, 6,118 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 280. Average size of farms, 1885, twenty-two acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, County indebtedness, 1887, $5,938. Potato crop, 1885, 950 bushels. (14) 418 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. - P. O. Address. . Auditor......................................... Allan Mitchell.............................. Towner................... Treasurer......................................] Marion Pace................................. Pendroy......... tº º & tº $ tº * * * Sheriff ..........................................W. R. Pitts.................................... Villard.............. tº s e º a Clerk District Court ..................... iWm. D. McClintock...................... Towner................... Probate Judge.............................. |Wim. D. McClintock...................... Towner.................. Register of Deeds......................... ;Geo. T. Inkster.…......................... Towner................... Superintendent of Schools........... iB. J $º rdahl ............... tº e s tº º e = * * * Towner................... Surveyor............................--------... John T. Bailey.............................. Mouse River............ Coroner ........................................ Chas. B. Jones.............................. TOW ner................... Assessor......................................... Levi B. Pendroy ........................... Pendroy.................. |J. M. Pendroy. ........... ................. Pendroy.................. - Ole Gilbertson............................... Towner................... Commissioners........................... Benjamin Reed............................. Mouse River............ Gordon B. Sewell....... .................. Towner................... U John Ely............................... † s = e a s = • TOW Der.................... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Lane....................................... Mouse River........................... TOWNER......................... ...... Logan.....................................'Pendroy.... ............................. Villards................................. MCINTOSH COUNTY. Area, 645,120 acres. Created, March 9, 1883, from part of Logan. Or- ganized, Sept. 25, 1884, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the fol- lowing commissioners, viz.: Chas. C. Morrell, Geo. W. Lilly, and Chas. V. Basye. Mºsh is a county of central Dakota, bounded on the south by the 46th degree of latitude, and the second county east of the Missouri river. There are no streams of any considerable size in McIntosh county; but numerous small creeks, lakes, and ponds, furnish a good supply of water. Surface, rolling prairie, with occasional buttes and high plateaus. Soil, a rich mold, varying in depth, from eighteen inches to four feet. Sub-soil, clay. Lignite coal is found in the buttes along the source of Beaver Creek. Vacant public lands, 290,884, acres; Aberdeen land district, 77,124 acres; Bismarck land district, 213,760 acres. BAN KS. There is one bank doing business in this county, as follows: McIntosh County Bank, at Hoskins, Geos W. Lilly, president; C. C. Hammond, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. McIntosh County Herald, J. W. Kenagy, publisher, Hoskins; McIn- tosh County Democrat, T. J. Lamunyon, publisher, Hoskins. COUNTY SEAT. Ashley, in the center, a new town regently platted, on the line of the Aberdeen, Bismarck & Northwestern railroad, was selected as the county. seat, by a vote of the people, in November of the present year, (1887.) OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Hofkins, south of the center; school-building, valued at $800; church and Sabbath-school organizations; general stores, hotels, etc. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, one; average monthly pay of teachers, females, $20.00; expended for school purposes during the year ending June 30, 1886, $99.29; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,500; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. I,IVE STOCK STATISTICS. *-*--- *- :---------------~~~~ *-* - - - - -- ~~~~~~~~~~ * > - - - ---sº | Year. EIOT868. Mules and Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. | Asses. | 1885 45 6 150 … 8 $ 8,265 1886 154 ! 19 | 668 | 13 69 31,720 išš7 || 486 | 16 | 1,909 896 214 74,190 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 419 * - - VALUATION STATISTICS, ... • r | Total ... assessed Acres Real sº Town Lots Personal Prop- a -- s Year. isia: “ Valuation. valuation, erty valuation. Yººn of | ; j885 969 $ 3,889 A $6,842 $ 6,262 $º 24,758 1886 10,383 | 28,595 7,202 | 16,979 • 84,496 i; 1㺠23.3% 5,100 37,949 - 407,708 - FARM statistics. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 885, and 1887. *** *****-*-*.*.*, * ~ *- BuShels in Bushels in 1885. Bushels in 1887. 1880. Wheat. ............................................................... Il Olhe # tº º ºs º is € $ tº tº $ tº tº ſº * * * * * * * 71,825 Corn.... ................................................................ | l] OIlê 200 33,000 Oats ..................................................................... | none '.… 111,072 Barley............................... * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---- In OLl (2 -....…... … | 12,558 Flax …................................................................. T] Olle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 87,924 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 390. Lands improved, 1885, 883 acres. Number of farms, 1885, seventy-one. Average size of farms 1885, twelve acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.22. County indebtedness, 1887, $3,329. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: butter, 530 pounds; eggs, eighty-nine dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. i Office. Name. P. O. Address. ! | County Clerk................. .............. J. H. Wishek................................Hoskins................... Treasurer...................................... W. F. Smith...... ........................... iHoskins................... Sheriff.......................................... Alex McDonald ........................... Hoskins................... }lerk District Court..................... C. C. Hammond........................... |Hoskins................... Probate Judge ............................. A. Richards.................................. Hoskins................... Register of Deeds......................... J. H. Wishek,................................ 'IIoskins................... Attorney ....................................... Geo. H. Fay.................................. iHoskins................... Superintendent of Schools............ John Ogden.................. ............... Hoskins .................. Surveyor....................................... Geo. W. Lilly................................ Hoskins................... Coroner......................................... Dr. H. Paasgh .............................. Hoskins................... Assessor......................................... H. A. Garb limann......................... Hoskins...... ............ | Geo. W. Lilly, (chairman)............; Hoskins .................. Commissioners........................... {: C. Mi orrell......... * & e º & e º º v tº tº gº tº gº dº e º º ºs º º sº e º ſº : Hoskins................... C. V. Basye................................... !Cold Water ............... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. t - Asºº Boskius....…'Youngstown… Coldwater .............................. 'Jewell.....................................' MCRENZIE COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883, from part of Howard. Unorganized. McKenzie is a county of western Dakota, on the Montana boundary line, north of the 47th degree of latitude. Principal stream, is the Little Mis- souri, which flows through the county from the south to the northeast, Beaver creek is its chief tributary. No Government surveys have been made, as yet, in this county, but the surface and soil are said to be espe- cially adapted to farming. Vacant public lands, 368,640 acres. MCLEAN COUNTY. Area, 400,000 acres. Created, March 8, 1883, from parts of Stevens, Sheridan, and Burleigh, Boundaries changed, March 12, 1885, part from Burleigh. Organized, October 16, 1883, by the appointment, by the Gov- ernor, of the following commissioners, viz.: John S. Veeder, Warner F. Lewis, and Chas. T. Martinson. 420 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. \ McLean county is situated in northern Dakota, Cn the east bank of the Missouri river, north of the 47th degree of latitude. Principal stream, is the Missouri river, which washes the western and Southern boundary of the county for a distance—including the windings of the stream—of sixty or seventy miles. Smaller streams are Painted Woods and Turtle creeks, watering the southern and eastern portions, and Wolf and Snake creeks, flowing through the north and west. There are many fine lakes in Mc- Lean county, some covering several thousand acres of land, and others quite small. The largest sheets of water are Turtle, Veeder, and Williams lakes. Springs of pure water abound in every part of the county. About twenty square miles of the surfage of this county are covered with a growth of native timber, the chief varieties of which are cottonwood, willow, box-elder, and ash. This timber is distributed along the banks of the Missouri and its tributaries. Lignite, or brown coal, is found in quanti- ties sufficient to supply the entire Territory with fuel, for all time. It is found in all parts of the county, in strata varying in thickness from a few inches to fifteen feet. Surface, generally, gently rolling prairie, except along the Missouri, where it is bluffy and broken. In the extreme east- ern part, the surface is also slightly broken and hilly. Much of the sur- face is valley land. Soil, chiefly, a rich, black loam, sometimes taking on a tinge of gray. Sub-soil, clay. A small part of the Ft. Stevenson mili- tary reservation extends into the extreme northwest corner of the county. Vacant public lands, 112,640 acres. * NEWSPAPERS. Times, C. F. Garrette, editor, Washburn; McLean County Mail, J. E. Britton, editor and publisher, Washburn. COUNTY SEAT. Washburn, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a popula- tion of 100; school building, valued at $1,000; court-house and jail, valued at $4,000; flour-mill, valued at $6,000; church organizations. Coal is mined in the neighborhood of Washburn. OTIIER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Coal Harbor, on the Missouri river, in the northwest; population, sixty; school-building, valued at $1,000. Extensive deposits of coal are found in the vicinity of Coal Harbor. Hancock, on the Missouri river, between Washburn and Coal Harbor; population, 100; School-building, valued at $750; church organizations, coal mines, etc. SCIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, nine; school population, 246; number of School-houses in district, twelve; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $42.40; females, $24,05; value of all school property, $8,530.93; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $4,955.51; cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $645.44; par amount of School bonds outstanding . . June 30, 1886, $6,384; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. ! Year. Horses. Mº. ºn º Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. |-- --------- ------- - - -------- 1885 291 68 600 15 106 $ 33,296 1886 882 104 834 45 442 50,521 1887 501 97 981 21 305 46, 110 VALUATION STATISTICS. Acres Real g Town Lots Personal Prop-] Tora! assessed Year. Estate. Valuation. ºatſá. º: ...] valuation of } COunty, 1885 | 89,291 $ 820,139 $ 13,080 $ 14,868 $ 881,878 1886 89,291 883,800 17,401 | 21,202 472,424 1887 207,449 626,275 21,140 23,820 717,345 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 42. FARM STATISTICS. *-*. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels ill Bushels in % / 1880. ; 1885. 1887. i ! | Wheat.........................................…................ none 27,593 77,129 Corn..................................................................... | Il OIle 12,346 30,240 Oats..................................................................... | none 62,462 105,000 Rye…" In O he | 17 800 Buckwheat........................................................ 1) Oll 6. 24 ..................... Harley.................................................................. : 1) One 202 2,880 - MIISCELLA NEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 942 Lands improved, 1885, 9,470 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 276. Average size of farms, 1885, thir- ty-four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.02. County indebtedness, 1887, about $19,000. Potato crop, 1885,22,329 bushels. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 5,518 pounds; cheese, 380 pounds; eggs, 2,084 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. | County Clerk................................. Laurence Casselman..................... Washburn................ Treasurer. .................................... J rry A. Barnes............................. Washburn................ Sheriff........................................... Alfred Von Steiger........................ Coal Harbor............ Clerk District Court ..................... Chas. F. Garrette..... ..................... Washburn ............... Probate Judge ..............................'Peter Stewart............................... Conkling............. Register of Deeds........................ Laurence Casselman.................... Washburn................ Attorney ....................................... Nelson F. Boucher..... .................. Washburn................ Superintendent of Schools...........| L. M. Wallin, ................................. Washburn................ tir VCYOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... | Andrew F19tlin............................. Washburn................ OTOlleſ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. W. Harris ................................. Conkling.................. ASSessor......................................... J. O. Fjarli.................................... Ingersoll.................. James Bartron, (chairman)........... Coal Harbor............ Commissioners........................... {; P. Lindeleaf.............................. Ingersoll.................. Oliver O. Rhude ..... *5- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Washburn ............... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | { | Coal Harbor................. .........|Falconer * e º º a 4 tº £ tº s º a s a g º sº tº a v s & e s = e a s e e s tº * Turtle Lake.......................... Conkling................................. | Hancock......................... ....... iWASHBURN........................... Erickson................................. Ingersoil....................... 'Weller * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * MCPHERSON COUNTY. Area, 737,280 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, February 6, 1885, (tier of unorganized towns added to.) Organized, November 3, 1883, by appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: John H. Darlington, L. Dow, Henry L. Moulton. McPherson is a county of central Dakota, bounded on the north by the 7th standard parallel, and in the second,tier of counties east of the Missouri river. Principal streams are Elm, Spring, Willow, and Foot creeks. Sur- face, in the eastern part, is, mostly level prairie land; in the central por- tion, somewhat broken, and in the western, generally undulating. Soil, a rich loam, with clay sub-soil. Several lakes, and numerous ponds are scattered over its area. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul railway, (Roscoe line,) thirteen miles; stations: Hillsview, Eureka. Vacant public lands, 285,299 acres. IBA NKS. There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Ex- change Bank, at Hillsview, E. L. Hopkins, president. Bank of Leola, at Leola, C. N. Herried, president; C. Johnson, cashier. McPherson County Bank, at Leola, Chas. Turner, president; F. H. Turner, cashier. - - A -- - 422 4. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - NEWSI*A PERS. . Blade, J. W. Sheppard, editor, Leola; The Northwest, Beach & Corn- wall, publishers, Leola. º * * C() UNTY SEAT. \ t Leola, southeast of the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 300; school-building, valued at $1,500; court-house, valued at $2,000; church organizations, etc. - OTIIER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Hillsview, in the southwest; pº 200; school-building, valued at $800; church organizations, etc. IGoto, in the east; population, 150; school- building; church organizations, etc. Eureka, in the west; railway ter- minus; schools; church Organizations, etc. *- scIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, nine; school population, 296; number of school-houses in district, eleven : number of school-houses built in 1885, seven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $26.25; females, $26.83; value of all school property, $7,168.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $4,733.24; cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $621.75; par annount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,700.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $395.30. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. * Cattle. Sheep. Swine, Valuation. — — — -----. - - - - - - - --— 1885 496 78 i 996 21 288 $ 42,585 1886 , § 43 34% 186 541 97,801 1887 1,087 54 8,318 : 180 494 i 129,154 wVALUATION STATISTICs. Town Lots Personal Prop "...º. Acres Real - | ! Yy - Year. Éstate. Valuation. valuatiº. ºitati. Yººtion of i t --- " - - - - - county. ------ t i * | | | 1885 58.579 $ 185,682 $ 2,109 $ 19,530 $ 240,906 1886 98,890 281,463 91-1 | 52,977 432,655 360,595 8,877 61,597 560,223. 1887 128,828 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. \ Bushe's in | Bushels in 88 1887. Bushels in 1880. --- * 1885. * { | - Wheat................................................ ... ............... 1) OI) e 12,819 175,500 Corn.......................................... .............. ............ . . In Olle 2,902 40,000 Oats..................................................................... 1) Oil & 18,568 194,000 Rye............................................................--------- ! In O]] G. - 114 630 Buckwheat................................. ..... .................. Il () R162 18 ..................... Barley...........................................' ..................... I] O)). C. 117 49,000 Flax...............". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... none '......... ... ......... f 144,000 MISCEI,I, A NIEOlúS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 1,422; Lands improved, 1885, 9,800 acres. Number, of farms, 1885, 385. Average size of farms, 1885, twenty-five acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.79. County indebtedness, 1887, $7,697. Potato crop, 1885, 4,329 bushels. Wool clip, Í885, eighty-five pounds. , Dairy and other farm products, 1885: butter, 4,800 pounds; eggs, 3,121 dozen. r RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 423 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office, Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk....................... .......... Chas. Turner...... ......................... Leola........................ Treasurer....................................... John H. Mason.............................. Leola........................ Sheriff................................. * - - - - - - - - - Fred Junge, Jr.............................. Leola........................ Clerk District Court..................... S. P. Hardenbrook........................ Leola........................ Probate Judge.............................. Chas. N. Herreid........................... Leola........................ Register of Deeds.......................... Chas. Turner................................ Leola........................ Attorney........................................|L. T. Boucher. ............................. Leola........................ Superintendent of Schools., .........|C. J. Collier....................................|Leola........................ Surveyor........................................ Ira D. Taylor........... ..................... L' old........................ Coroner............................. tº º ſº e & e º & tº º º º Dr. W. I. Hewitt........................... Leola........................ Assessor......................................... D. A. Kingsley................ ............. Leola........................ ſ|Geo. W. Chamberlain, (chairman)|................................. W. W. Cornwall.............................l................................. Commissioners..................... ..... ! S P. Howell .................... ............ [........................... ..... º Geo. C. Knickerbocker..................] ................................ | Peter Wittmeier............................................................. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Alpha .................. ----- ~lsº …~Protº- Arena...................................... |Hillsview......................... ...... Long Lake............................ Delhi...................................... [Kato.......................... ............. Westboro .............................. MERCER COUNTY. } Area, 691,200 acres. Created January 14, 1875. Boundaries changed, in 1881, part to Burleigh; changed again, March 12, 1885, part from Williams and part to Oliver. Organized, November 6, 1883, by the ap- ointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Thomas §. Horace C. Walker, George Williams. $ Mercer county is situated in, northern Dakota, north of the 47th degree of latitude, and on the south bank of the Missouri river, which forms its northern and eastern boundary. The Big Kni!e river, and its tributaries, are the only other important streams within the county. Considerable native timber is found along the banks of the Missouri and other streams. Extensive deposits of lignite coal underlay the surface. Surface, river bottoms, bluffs, and high, rolling prairie. The northern and eastern por- tions are somewhat broken by bluffs and Sand hills, and there are, here and there, small buttes and stony ridges. Soil, the alluvial deposit and glacial drift of the Missouri plateau. A part of the Fort Stevenson mili- tary reservation crosses the Missouri river and lies within the boundaries of Mercer § Vacant public lands, 114,080 acres. NEWSPAPERS, Pilot, A. C. McCrorie, publisher, Stanton. COUNTY SEAT. a Stanton, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of seventy-five; school-building. valued at $1,500; court-house; saw-mill, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real, $15,000; personal, $3,500; total, $18,500. - O'THER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Hazen, on the Knife river; population, sixty; school-building, valued at $750. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $38,- 000. Mercer, on the Knife river; population, 100; school-building, val- ued at $800; presbyterian and German lutheran church edifices, valued at $1,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $12,326. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, three; school population, sixty-four; number of school-houses in district, six; number of school-houses built in 1886, six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $36.50; females, $39,59; value of all school property, $5,706.75; expended for school pur- 424 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $6,99590; cash remaining in school treasury, Jnne 30, 1886, $421.86; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $5,000; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,055.01. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. Mºº * Cattle. Sheep. , swine. Valuation. | SeS, # , i | - | t 1885 88 8 i 742 5 : 29 | $ 8,715 1886 164 : 9 465 5 . 148 i 12,885 1887 146 7 : 370 § iş 14,066 VALUATION STATISTICS. & | Acres Real X a * Town Lots Personal Prop. Tº...ºse? Year. Estate. Valuation. | valuation, erty valuation. Valuation of __ __* | | | “ I” “I county. iss, sº s 21&n ºf is sis i 77,485 1886 7,746 29,273 i 28,924 § 11,273 76,855 1887 101,110 809,204 19,081 | 738; ____349,587 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | | Bushes in -- --~~~~ **-º-º-º-º-º-º-º: Bushels in Busbels in 1887. | 1S80. $5. | Wheat............ ................................................... | Il () I) e. | 3,197 9,970 Corn.................................................................... In Olle 4,593 12,690 Oats..................................................................... J 1) OI) & 10,800 14,730 Barley............................................. !................... , none 256 448 Flax.................................................................... | ll. Oll C } • * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - , 868 Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 254. Lands improved, 1885, . 2,386 acres. Number of farms, 1885, seventy-five, Average size of farms, 1885, thirty-two acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.80. County indebtedness, 1887, $11,496. Potato crop, 1885, 5,095 bushels, . and other farm products, 1885; butter, 1,660 pounds; eggs, 1,600 O Zé]). | NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887, | Office. . Name. | P. O. Address. | - ------ 3. County Clerk................................. H. C. Loy....................................... Stanton * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Treasurer...................................... T. J. Hangeberg............................ :Stanton.................... Sheriff........................................... R. W. McGahan............................. stanton * * * * * e º e º s is s s & ºn e º 'º º e Clerk District Court ..................... '...................................................... º:::::::::-----.......... ...... Probate Judge.............................. 'B. F. Hills.................................... |Slaton...................... Register of Deeds.......................... H. C. Loy...... ................................ Stanton................ Attorney ....................................... '…...…. L. : Superintendent of Schools........... Z. L. Jones....................................' Hazen..................... Surveyor................... ................... Stephen Card................................ Mercer..................... COToiler......................................... D. E. Wood.................................... liferº. * * * * * Assessor......................................... Irven H. Rinard............................ Mercer..................... - | i. Moore, (chairman)............... Mercer..................... James Roberts.............................. Hazen...................... Commissioners........................... 3 T. W. Jones.................................... Stanton.................. | Otto Kriger.................................... Causey.................. .. t|N. P. Nyman................................. 'Stanton.................... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. STANTON ............................. i . Causey......….!Mercer.…. Hazen ................................ Slaton.…..….... RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 425 i s MEYER COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Unorganized. Meyer county is entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux In- dian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation in another part of this publication. LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Rosebud. MINER COUNTY. Area, 368,640 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Hanson. Boundaries changed, February 22, 1879, parts to Bramble and Wetmore; changed again, March 3, 1881, part to Aurora; changed again, in 1883, part to Sanborn, and part from Lake. Organized, November 8, 1880, by the ap- pointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: George Arnold, Ephraim Corlies, and James I. Longley. Miner county is situated in southeastern Dakota, on the 44th degree of latitude, midway between the Missouri river and the Minnesota state line. Principal streams, are the west fork of the Vermillion river, and Red- stone and Marsh creeks, two branches of the James river. A few small lakes, and quite a number of ponds are scattered over various portions of the county. Surface, generally, a slightly undulating prairie, with valleys along the streams. The water-shed, or elevated lands, between the James and Vermillion rivers, includes a strip of country from six to ten miles through the center of the county, north and south. Soil, a rich loam, well adapted for all purposes of agriculture. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty-four miles; stations: Roswell, Vilas, Howard. Chi- cago & Northwestern railway, (Hawarden line.) twenty-seven miles; sta- tions: Carthage, St. Mary’s, Vilas, Canova. Total miles of railroad in county, fifty-one. Vacant public lands, none. -- BAN KS. There are five banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Carthage, at Carthage, Frank B. Ward, president; W. L. Palmer, cashier. Bank of Howard, at Howard. Security ºnk of Dakota, at Howard, W. H. Wilson, president; C. L. Oleson, cashier. Dank of Vilas, at Vilas, Abe Cohn, president. , Vilas Banking Co., at Vilas, W. W. Girton, president; H. Winden, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. The Breeze, J. M. Welch, editor and publisher, Canova; Dollar Weekly, F. C. Stowe, editor, Canova; The News, W. W. Cole, publisher, Carthage; Prairie Home, Thomas McConnell, editor and publisher, Carthage; Press, F. N. Robinson, editor and publisher, Howard ; Advance, S. H. Bronson, editor , and publisher, Howard; Miner County Farmer, Girton & Tonne- son, editors and publishers, Vilas. (*OUNTY SEAT. - Howard, on the Vermillion river, is the county seat. It has a popula- tion of 1,000; school-building, valued at $1,600; methodist, lutheran, epis- copal, catholic, and congregational church edifices, valued at $12,000; court-house, valued at $10,000; public hall; library, and free reading-room; creamery; flour-mill, valued at $20,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $200,000. OTHER IMPORTANT TOW NS. Canova, in the south; population, 175; school-building, valued at $1,500; public hall, valued at $1,400; church organizations. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $2,978. Carthage, in the north; population, 450; school-building, valued at $4,000; episcopal, and metho- dist church edifices, valued at $7,000; opera-house; flour mill, valued at 426 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. $20,000. Roswell, west of the center; population, fifty; º valued at $800; methodist church edifice, valued at $1,800. Assessed val- uation town property, 1886, real and personal, $35,000. Vilas, in the center; population, 300; school-building, valued at $600; baptist church edifice, valued at $1,200; artesian well; tow-mill, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $48,000. SCHOOLs, (STATI-TICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, thirteen; school population, 1,298; number of school-houses in district, sixty-six; number of School-houses built in 1886, eight; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $31.31; females, $30.54; value of all school property, $47,675; expended for School purposes, during year ending June 30, 1886, $25,900.07; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $785.28; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $45,700; averare rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $12,849. º - & LIVE STOCK STAT1STICS. - i *...* -- Year. Horses. M Wºnd Cattle. | Sheep. Swine. Valuation. | | 1885 2,084 98 4,466 1,123 1,609 $ 168,611 1886 2,638 109 5,329 | 1,225 1,743 210,575 1887 2,896 129 5,759__ 896 1,226 213 497 VALUATION STATISTICS. JTTotal assessed * | Acres Real g Town Lots |Personal Prop- * Year. “Esa. Valuation. Valuation. |erty Valuation. yº. On of - | | 1885 144,050 | $ 489,033 $ 93,212 $ 147 24 $ 898,070 1886 138,885 | 570,845 101,687 186,675 1,072,782 1887 162.955 632,021 } 118996 218 168 1,182,677 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 0. 85. 1887. 188 Wheat. ........................................... ................... | 1 688 281,645 682,500 Corn .................................................................... | 8,070 85,240 813,500 Oats. ..................................................................* * 2,509 | 178,681 368,000 Rye..................................................................... 60 628 3,575 Buckwheat......................................................... In O () tº 3,634 | 2,250 Bariey .................... ............................................ 160 18,258 54,000 Flax.................................................................... Il () l] b • * * * * * * * * * * g g g tº º 135,000 MISCELLAN ISO US STATISTICS. * Population of county, 1880, 363; 1885, 4,928. Lands improved, 1880, 8,242 acres; 1885, 69,497 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 100; 1885, 1,026. Average size of farms. 1880, eighty-two acres; 1885, sixty-eight acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.87. County indebtedness, 1887, $14,932. Potato crop, 1885, 40,553 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 8,422 ounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 50,030 gallons; utter, 161,224 pounds; cheese, 1,365 pounds; eggs, 62,625 dozen. NAME AND POSTO FFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | i Office. i Name. P. O. Address, Auditor ........................................ Hugh Smith................................ ..] Howard.................... Treasurer...................................... L. OleBot....................................... Howard.................... Sheriff........................................... M. H. Dhly..................................... Howard.................... Clerk District Court..................... C. A. Crissey................................. Howard.................... Probate Judge.............................. J. H. Wells..... . ............................. Howard.................... Register of Decds......................... j. E. Mallery................................. Howard.................... * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - 427 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS of county of FICERS IN 1887–Continued. | ſ Office. | Name. | P. O. Address. Attorney...................— G. Enke ....................................... |Howard.................... Sup3rintendent of Schools........... |A. W. Mc' 'laran......................** * * * * * * [Howard.................. g Coroner......................................... J. B. Walters................................. Howard.................... Assessor........................................ |Geo. M. St Tatton........................... |Carthage........... ...... E. G. Reeves.................................. iCarthage.................. lººr: ... -- * H. W. Eddy................................... iCalhova..................... Commissioners........................... J. P. Ryan.................................. .. |Howard.................. T. P. Reese.................................... Howard.................... --------- - - - - - - - -- -- B. B. Sander, Jr. s & e º s a e < * * * * e s s & & & s a tº e s tº s a s i Howard.................... LIST of PCSTOEFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | - . * Beaver................. is a e s e s w a 9 s s a tº a tº a s , e. 'Hanchett................................ |Saint Mary’s........................ Berton.................................... Hºwa Rp................................. Vilas.................. ................. & Canova.................................... |Miner tº gº e s & ºr e g º gº º tº tº gº & © tº tº € e º & & ſº e º & & & © & & e º 'º e º a { Carthage................................. iRoss ell. ... ............................ MIN NEHAHA. COUNTY. Area, 522,240 acres. Created April 5, 1862. Boundaries changed, Jan- uary 31, 1871, part to Hanson; changed again, January 8, 1873, parts to Lake and Moody. Organized, January 4, 1868, and Jno. Nelson, John Thompson, and Wm. Melville, appointed commissioners, by act of Legis- lature. - Minnehaha is a county of southeastern Dakota, bounded on the east by the Minnesota state line, and in the third tier of counties north of the Nebraska boundary. Principal stream is the Big Sioux river, flowing through the county a little east of the center, in a generally southerly direction. Near the south line, it turns back upon its course, flowing north- east, then north and northwest, through the city of Sioux Falls, then turning northeast, southeast, and, finally south, in which course it flows until its union with the Missouri river, near Sioux City, Iowa. Within a radius of six miles around Sioux Falls, its course, measuring its windings, is fully thirty miles. Its whole course, in the county, is approximately forty miles. At Sioux Falls and Dell Rapids, and at various points be- tween these two places, the river furnishes magnificent water powers. At Sioux Falls it has a total fall of ninety-one feet in a series of cascades, covering a distance of half a mile—and the en ire fall of the stream in its course through the county, is estimated to be about 175 feet. The Skunk river—an important affluent of the Sioux, draining the western portion of the county—also has a number of water powers along its course. The Pipestone creek, Split Rock river, and Beaver creek, all tributaries of the Big Sioux, drain the eastern end of the county. There are quite a number of lakes in Minnehaha county, the largest of which, are Wall, Clear, and Buſfalo lakes. Extensive groves of native timber are found within the county—notably along the Big Sioux river. At Sioux Falls, Dell Rapids, and other points, along the Big Sioux river and Pipestone creek, are out-croppings of the famous Sioux Falls quartzite or granite, sometimes called jasper. At Sioux Falls nearly eighty foet of the rock is exposed. It is a most valuable building stone,—beautiful, and ever- 1asting, and immense quantities are quarried annually, and shipped to all sections of the northwest. Surface, undulating, or rolling prairie. A line of high bluffs from 100 to 150 feet in altitude, marks the course of the Big Sioux, from Sioux Falls to the Missouri riyer. The valleys of the rincipal streams, in Minnehaha county, are quite extensive—especially is this true of the broad and fertile valley of the Sioux. Soil, deep, rich, alluvial loam. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Sioux City, Sioux Falls & Egan line,) twenty-seven miles; stations: Dell Rapids, Keyes, Sioux Falls. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha 428 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. railroad, (main line,) forty miles; stations: Sioux Falls, Hartford. Burling- ton, Cedar Rapids & Northern railway, (main line,) four miles; station: Sioux Falls. Illinois Central railway, (main line,) sixteen miles; station: Sioux Falls. Total miles of railroad in county, eighty-seven miles. Vacant public lands, none. w - BAN KS. There are eight banks doing business in this county, as follows: Dell Rapids Bank, at Dell Rapids, G. H. Johnson, president; G. E. Bowerman, cashier. First National Bank, at Dell Rapids, John A. Cooley, president M. R. Kenefick, cashier. Citizens' National Bank, at Sioux Falls, E. Beebe, president; E. M. Hills, cashier. Dakota National Bank, at Sioux Falls, Geo. H. Brace, president; C. C. Carpenter, cashier. Minnehaha National ISank, at Sioux Falls, I. A. Sherman, president; C. E. Johnson, cashier. Sioux Falls National Bank, at Sioux Falls, C. E. McKinney, president; C. L. Norton, cashier. Sioux Falls Savings Bank, at Sioux }. Wrm. Van Eps, president; Mark Russell, cashier. Minnehaha County Bank, at Valley Springs, J. M. Bailey, Jr., president; N. Deisher, cashier. & y - NEWSI*AIPIERS. Times, W. C. Nisbet, editor and publisher, Dell Rapids; Exponent, E. E. Griswold, manager, Dell Rapids; Daily Argus-Leader, Argus-Leader Com- pany, editors and publishers, Sioux Falls; Daily Press, Caldwell & Bliss, editors and publishers, Sioux Falls; Lºnd and Labor, News, Klunder & Notton, editors and publishers, Sioux Falls; Minnehaha Teacher, H. J. Whipple, editor and publisher, Sioux Falls; Church News, Rev. Fred- erick Gardiner, Jr., editor and publisher, Sioux Falls; Dakota Deutsche Zeitung, Carl Klein pell, editor and publisher, Sioux Falls; Vesterheimen, S. O. Nordwold, editor and publisher, Sioux Falls; Educational Echo, H. M. Goddard and Geo. Dickson, editors and publishers, Sioux Falls; Enter- prise, Thomas J. Martin, editor and publisher, Valley Springs. COUNTY SEAT. Sioux Falls, on the Big Sioux river, is the county seat. It has a popula- tion of 10,000; four brick, public school-buildings, valued at $65,000; epis- copal, two baptist, two methodist, congregational, presbyterian, two luth- eran, catholic, unitarian, Swedish, adventist, and reformed church edi- fices, valued at $101,100; water-works system, valued at $65,000; electric light plant, valued at $40,000; gas works, valued at $60,000; telephone sys- tem; street railway, valued at $40,000; two flour-mills, valued at $500,000; polishing works, valued at $80,000; packing house, valued at $50,000; cor- nice shops, valued at $20,000; vinegar works, valued at $10,000; cracker factory, valued at $40,000;. two foundries, valued at $30,000; brewery valued at $50,000; bottling works, valued at $20,000; broom factory, ºned at $10,000; cooper shop, valued at $5,000; creamery, valued at $10,000; wagon and carriage factory, valued at $25,000; cheese factory, valued at $5,000; two brick yards, valued at $10,000; two cigar factories, valued at $10,000; pop factories, valued at $12,000; tank, line ware-house, valued at $10,000; blank-book manufactory, valued at $10,000; other smaller manu- factories, valued at $25,000. , Baptist college; episcopal school, and St. Rose's catholic academy, denominational institutions, located at Sioux Falls, with buildings and grounds, valued at $150,000. For a descrip- tion of the baptist college and episcopal school, see pages 217 and 219 of this publication, Territorial institutions located at Sioux Falls; peni- tentiary, (Territorial and National.) and school for deaf mutes. For a description of the penitentiary and school for deaf mutes, see pages 213. and 225 of this publication. One of the leading industries of the city, 1s the quarrying and Shipping of native granite, building stone, and paving blocks. The granite is also polished and worked into various shapes for ornamental purposes, and employed where a beautiful and costly finish is desired. Two concerns operating these quarries, have a cash capital in- vested of $125,000. The city has an opera house, fire department, county jail, etc, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1887, real, $2,975,455; per- sonal, $736,815; total, $3,712,270. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 429 g OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Brandon, in the east; population, fifty; School-building, valued at $850; lutheran church edifice, valued at $850. Dell Rapids, in the north; popu- lation, 900; school-building, valued at $10,000; methodist, presbyterian, baptist, Scandinavian church edifices, valued at $12,000; creamery, with a daily capacity of 1,000 pounds of butter; flour-mill; brick yard. The granite quarries, of Dell Rapids, employ several hundred men, and ship, during the season, from 200 to 300 car loads of building and paving stone, each month. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, 336,043. Hartford, southwest of the center; population, .300; School- building, valued at $1,000; catholic and methodist church, edifices, valued at $2,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $50,000. Keyes, north of Sioux Falls; population, 100; flour-mill; grain elevator; stone quarries, etc. Valley Springs, on the eastern boundary; opulation, 350; baptist and congregational church, edifices, valued at §§ ; city hall; fire department; creamery; flour-mill, valued at $12,000. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized districts, 111; School population, 3,609; num- ber of school-houses in district, ninety-one; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $33.89; females, $28.63; value of all school property, $101,543.99; expended for school pur- poses during the year ending June 30, 1886, $55,922.95; Cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $23,721.77; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $57,855.78; average rate of interest paid on bonds, nine per cent. ; amount of school warrants Outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,455.31. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. * Cattle. Sheep, Swine. Valuation. } 1880 3.29 10 8,898 1,701 44% "… 1885 4,767 175 12,850 : 5,691 10,602 | $ 224,637 1886 5,620 228 16,303 5,631 9,346 644,844 1887 6,169 214 19,085 5,932 8,491 725,424 ------ VALUATION STATISTICS. - - - ---------- ------ ~~~. -- - - ---- ! . . . . . ...--I., All Total assessed Yo ºn " Acres Real y tº Town Lots Personal Prop- *'. * Year, Estate, Valuation. valuation. § Valuation. Yaluation Of --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - * “ county. t s | { | 1880 i........................ $ 885,812 [........................ $412,149 : 1,297.461 1885 ; 376,656 1,837,348 $ 798,451 7S, 121 { 2,633,552 1886 894,150 2,995.299 2,170,834 | 958,700 : 6,769,177 1887 404,715 3,181,489 } 2,699,114 d 996,372 7,602,399 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. ; j } | Bushels in | Bushels in ushels' in | 1880 1885. 1887. Wheat................................................................. 245,019 229,449 • 789,328 Corn......................... .......................................... | 151,282 818,948 | 1,088,654 Oats.................. .......................................... ....... 270,204 665,916 840,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i 7,966 5,999 20,700 Buckwheat......................................................... . 81 2,081 6,000 Barley................................................................. 50,909 i 110,319 288,325 Flax.................................................................... | Il OIle !.........…. ; 800,000 * MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1870, 355; 1880, 8,251; 1885, 13,857. Lands im- proved. 1880, 104,618 acres; 1885, 220,429 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 1,286; 1885, 1,753. Average size of farms, 1880, eighty-one acres, 1885, 126 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $7.86. County indebt- edness, 1887, $11,345. Potato crop, 1885, 67,911 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 34,909 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 273,492 gal- lons; butter, 375,476 pounds; cheese, 7,572 pounds; eggs, 211,067 dozen, 430 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. - Name, | P. O. Address, County Clerk................................. !N. E. Phillips................................Sioux Falls............. Treasurer.......................................O.S. Swenson ............................... Sioux Falls ............ g Sheriff.................................. • * * * * * * * * 'John Sundback.............................|Sioux Falls............. Clerk District Court...................... Cyrus Walts.........• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * Sioux Falls............. Probate Judge.............................. R. C. Hawkins............................., Sioux Falls............. Register of Deeds................ ......... |N. E. Philips........... * * * * * * * * * * * 4 * g e º 'º is 8 tº ſº Sioux Falls............. Attorney ....................................... iA. A. Polk...................................... Sioux Falls ........ tº e º te ł Superintendent of Schools........... H. J. Whipple................................ Sioux Falls............. Surveyor....................................... D. C. Rice.......... * @ e º is ſº tº º • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * SiO71X Falls ......, e s s a s. v. Coroner........................................ , R. C. Roberts................................ . Sioux Falls..... a ºn g º tº sº tº wº . ſ John M'Kee, (chairman)....... * - - - - - - - Sioux Falls............. |G, D. Bannister............................. Valley Springs......... Commissioners........................... : John Thompson........... * > * * * * * * * * * * s is s a e Republican ............. |Arthur Jones................................. Wellington.............. O. F. Rowles ................................. Dell Rapids............. a’ List or "POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Brandon,............................. ºlkeyes.” St OUX FA LLS......................... Celton .................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |ake City................................|Sverdrup ........................... Dell Rapids.............................|Lyons......................................|Taopi .................................... Fleetwood..............................|New Hope.............................. Valley Springs...................... Grand Meadow.......................|Palisade..................................|Wellington................... Hartford................................. Pennington ........................... West Point.................. Highland................................[Republican............................. MOODY COUNTY. Area, 337,920 acres. Created, January, 1873, from parts of Brookings and Minnehaha. Organized, August 11, 1873, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: º F. Pierce, David Faribault, and Harry Stoughton. . Moody county is situated in southeastern Dakota, on the Minnesota state line, and in the fourth tier of counties north of the Nebraska bound- ary. Principal stream, is the Big Sioux river, which flows through the county from north to south, in a very devious course, Squaw, Bachelor, and Skunk creeks are tributaries of the Sioux, from the west, and Spring, Flandreau, Brookfield, and Pipestone Creeks, are feeders from the east. These streams afford good water powers, at various points. A few small lakes are located in the southwestern part. A limited amount of native timber grows along the banks of the streams. Surface, generally, an un- dulating prairie, and river valley. The Coteau region, forming the water- shed between the Big Sioux and the James rivers, extends into the west- ern portion of the county. The Valley of the Big Sioux river is a beauti- ful and fertile one. Soil, chiefly, a rich loam. Sub-soil, yellowish clay, mixed with some gravel. - . . . Miles of railroad in county: Chigago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (main line,) twenty-six miles; stations: Colman, Sioux Falls Junction, Egan, Flandreau;. (Sioux Falls & Egan line,) ten miles; station: Sioux Falls Junction. Total, thirty-six miles... Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern railway, (main line,) four miles. Total miles of railroad in county, forty. Vacant public lands, none. . 13 A N R. S. • . There are three banks doing business in this county as follows: Bank of Egan, at Egan, James Smith, president; Geo. M. Smith, cashier. Farmers' and Merchants’ Bank, at Flandreau, A. J. Smith, cashier. Moody County Bank, at Flandreau, T. H. McConnell, cashier. - NEWSPAPERS, - - - Express, Geo. R. Lanning, editor and publisher, Egan; Moody County Enterprise, II. M. Williamson, publisher, Flandreau; Herald, Alf. T. Whitman, editor and publisher, Flandreau; Bee, George L. Bentley, edi- tor and publisher, Colman. . ** RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, 431 COUNTY SEAT. Flandreau, east of the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,000; two school-buildings, valued at $12,000; catholic, methodist, epis– copal, and two presbyterian church edifices, valued at $11,000; court-house; flour-mill, valued at $12,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $140,390; personal, $39,445; total, $179,835. OTELER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Colman, in the west; population, fifty; school-building, valued at $800. Egan, in the center; population, 500; school-building, valued at $6,000; baptist, and methodist church edifices, valued at $3,000; flax-mill, valued at #!” Trent, in the south; population, fifty; school-building, valued schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, sixty-four; School population, 1,613; num- ber of school-houses in district, fifty-six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $27.50; females, $23.86; value of all school property, $32,930; ex- pended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $22,928.78; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $21,603,42; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $30,789.50; average rate of in- terest paid on bonds, nine per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstand- ing June 30, 1886, $215. a’t LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. *. X | ------- - Year. Horses. M tºld Cattle. Sheep. Swine Valuation. * * } | | | --- i 1880 1,482 72 3.285 : 988 || “........................ 1885 3,100 108 6,488 1,274 3,178 $171,132 1886 8,265 102 11,594 1,681 2,458 885.825 1887 8,661 | 84 Šiš i & is; ºf VALUATION STATISTICS. Town Lots Personal Prop- Total assessed p Acres Real e y e Year. IEstate. Valuation. ºati. iść... Yºon of ; º i County & | - ; 1880 * * * g e s a e º a tº & e a e s tº a s is a s e. $ 28373 ........................ * $195,297 $ 429,010 1885 211,794 590,814 $ 94,815 124,549 981, $310 i886 229,089 1,349,485 178.625 229.140 2,143.075 1887 288.782 | 1,393,675 | 170. 450 | 176,705 i 2 118,055 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. * º |FARM STATISTICS, Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bush els in 1880. 1885. 1887. ſ | - Wheat… 119785 859.5%; 41.728 Corn.................................................................... 49,847 52,185 158,270 Oats, ... 11-1,011 428,129 502.464 Rye...“.....….......... ......................................... 1,450 2,939 8,360 Buckwheat.................................................... ----. 300 1875 ..................... Barley................................................................. : 20,716 107,822 80.500 Flax...... |................................ 197230 *-**s-ºx-º-º-, -º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º--- a------ ~~~~~ - - ------- - - - - - - - ------------- MISCIELLAN ISOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 3,915; 1885, 5,189. Tands improved, 1880, 31,440 acres; 1885, 87,338 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 818; 1885, 905. Average size of farms, 1880, thirty-eight acres; 1885, ninety-seven acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.83. County indebtedness, 1887, $5,200. , Potato crop, 1885, 29,215 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 9,247 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 205,916 pounds; cheese, 550 pounds; eggs, 78,286 dozen. 432 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NAME AND PostoRFICE ADDRESS or county officIRS IN 1887. Office. - Name, , P. O. Address. Auditor....................................... ...!J. F. goodsen…'Flanateau • * e º a tº 8 ºr t < * * * * * Treasurer...................................... Albert Faegre............................... Flandreau............... Sheriff............................................l.J. W. Bennett.................... • * * * * * * * * * * * Flandreau............... - Clerk District Court...................... James Wilson................................ |Flandreau............... Probate Judge .............................. C. D. Pratt .................................... Flandreau.............. g Register of Deeds................. ........ F. E. Minier................................... Flandreau............... Attorney ....................................... E. R. Young.................................. Egan........... ............ Superintendent of Schools........... W. W. Spear....................... ... e º is - - - - - - - - - | \ell Rapids, ............ Surveyor....................................... J. Otis............................................ Fland Teau.............. Coroner........................................ [Dr. J. H. Scholl............................. Egan..... .................. Assessor.........................................C. H. Rorebeck............................. |Brookfield ............. Jacob Lorentzen .......................... Blinsmon................. Commissioners......................... º L. Hasvold..................................... Flandreau..............* * Dennis Jacobs.............................. Fland reau............... LIST of PostoffICES IN county, 1887, Blinsmon................................ FLANDREAU............................ |Midway e e s m e º sº e º e º 'º e º e s º e s is a s e º 'º a s a • * * * Colti,an.................................... Galla....................................... Trent.................................... Egan........................................ Groveland............................... MORTON COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, February 10, 1879; changed again, February 8, 1881, part to Burleigh; changed again, February 19, 1887, part from Stark. Organized, February 21, 1881, by the appointment, by the Gºvernor, of the following commis- Sioners, viz.: Elijah Boley, Lovett Gill, Michael Lang. Morton is a county of northern Dakota, on the west bank of the Missouri river, and bounded on the South by the Cannon Ball. Other important streams of the county, are the Heart and the north fork of the Cannon Ball, both of which traverse its entire length from east to west; Square Butte, Otter, and Glen Ullin creeks, and Sweet Briar, Little Heart, and Knife rivers. In addition to the streams named, the county contains many smaller brooks, and Springs of excellent water. Surface, table land, high rolling, prairie, river valleys and bottoms, and hilly ranges. The country, aljacent to the Missouri river is marked by the usual fortification of high and rugged bluffs. The Heart river and other water courses of the county are bºrdered by bluffs—reaching beyond, into stretches of high prairie, broken by low, sweeping undulations. Between the ranges of hills, marking the courses of the various streams, are con- tained valleys, somewhat narrow, of great richness of soil. Soil, of the upland, the usual deep, productive loam, or glacial drift of the Missouri at eau. Along the banks of the streams, and covering the islands of the issouri, are found groves of native timber, including the following varie- ties: Cottonwood, elm, ash, oak, and box-elder. Inexhaustible beds of lignite coal underlie Morton county, near the surface, and is mined with little or no expense. Quarries of excellent Sand-stone abound, as also, de- osits of fire, brick clay, and terra cotta clay. Something more than one- alf of the Fort Rice, and all of the Fort Abraham J incoln military reser- vations, are included within the limits of the county. * Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific, 75.4 miles; stations: Mandan, Sunnyside, Marmot, Sweet Briar, Sedalia, New Salem, Blue Grass, Sims, Alm ) nte, Curlew, Kurtz, Glen Ullin, Fugles Nest, Hebron, Knife River. Total, 75.4 miles. Vacant public lands, 768,000 acres. ºx. IBAN KS. - There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: First National Bank, at Mandan, H. R. Lyon, president; H. Van Vleck, cashier. German American Bank, at Mandan. Northern Pacific Bank, at Man- dan, T. D. Merwin, president; Chas. E. Meech, cashier. - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 433 NEWSPAPERS. Times, J. E. Cates & Co., editors and publishers, Mandan; Daily Pioneer, R. M. Tuttle, editor and manager, Mandan. COUNTY SEAT. Mandan, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of 2,500; school-buildings, valued at $7,600; presbyterian, baptist, catholic, methodist, and congregational church edifices, valued at $22,000; brick court-house and jail, city hall and fire department houses, together valued at $42,50 ); water-works systern, valued at $10,000; flour-mill, sash and wood-working factory, feed-mill, together valued at $125,000; exten- sive car repairing shops. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $600,000; personal, $200,000; total, $800,000. OTIIER IMPORT.ANT TOWNS. Glen Ullin, in the northwest; population, 100; School-building; congre- ational, and catholic church edifices, valued at $2,500; flour-mill, etc. Hebron, in the northwest; population, seventy-five; German evangelical church edifice, valued at $1,200; parsonage, valued at $1,300; schools; grain elevator, etc., New Salem, north of the center; population, 200; school-building, valued at $2,800; German evangelical church edifice, valued at $1,100; flour-mill, valued at $9,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $45,000. Lignite coal, and an excellent clay for the manufacture of brick and tile, are found in the vicinity of New Salem. Sims, near the center; population, 400; School-building, valued at $4,000; lutheran church edifice, valued at $1,000. Two large coal mines are operated at Sims, and an excellent quality of lignite coal is mined, and shipped to various points along the line of the Northern Pacific rail- road. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $37,560. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of , organized townships, fifteen; School population, 895; number of school-houses in district, fifteen; number of school-houses built in 1886, eight; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $43.00; females, $35,37; value of all school property, $19,599.00; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $12,555.94; cash remain- ing in school treasury June 30, 1886, $3,097. 14; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $12,200,00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,992.16. LIVE STOCK STATIST [(‘S. Year. Horses *::" Cattle. sheep. swine. Valuation. `... . . . . . . . * --- i 1885 944 | 110 | 1 901 } 392 410 : $ 114,807 1886 1,225 77 | 2,781 ! 1 26S 868 ! 142,742 1887 1,620 67 3.518 1,433 563 i76,357 VALUATION STATISTICS. iſ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~..... r,..., Total assessed | Acres Roal - * Town Lots Personal Prop- s Year. “ºsta. Valuation. | valuation eity ºuătăţ... Yºon of – ---------------------- - - - - - - - - ~ : “ county. 1885 94,865 $ 888 628 $ 752,174 $ 313,663 $1,568,772 1886 106,818 i 427,335 * 659,583 271.709 | 1,501,369 1887 1,081,474 | - 2.912.980 701,850 283,078 | 4,074, 165 FARM STATISTICs. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. I3 ushels in 1880. } f Wheat................................................................. In O In e 29 681 100,000 Corn.................................................................... | 1) Ol) e 50,228 182,000 Oats.…................................................................. | In Olle 99,252 248,000 Y9-------------------................. ................................. Il Olle 480 1,170 Buckwheat......................................................... In O In G. 292 3,000 Barley................................................................. i 1) O Il Q 4,584 19,550 Flax::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | ll Olle I..................... 2 880 434 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS, - Population of county, 1880, 200; 1885, 5,873. Lands improved, 1885, 20.853 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 898. Average size of farms, 1885, twenty-three acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.68. County indebtedness, 1887, $61,502. Potato crop, 1885, 97,525 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 1,508 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk .. gallons; butter, 39,010 pounds; cheese, 9,900 pounds; eggs, 31,1 OZ (2 I). NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Office. Name, P. O. Address. ----------------- - ----- i - Auditor.......................................... Wm. P. Hilles.............. ................. Mandan -................ Treasurer....................................... Frank Briggs................................. Mandam .................. Sheriff................................. ........... G. W. Harmon............................... Mandan ................. ë Clerk District Court...................... M. B. Doyle'.................................. Mandan .................. Probate Judge................................ H. G. Voss..................................... Mandan .................. Register of Deeds.......................... Jos. Miller................... # * * * * * * * * * g e º a s a Mandan .................. Attorney.........................................l.......................... ............................l............... ............. ... Superintendent of Schools............] E. J. Steele.................................... Mandall ...... * * * * * * * * * * * * Surveyor ........................................ H. H. Harmon. ............... ....... .... Mandan .................. Coroller..................................... ..... D. W. Read.................................... Mandan ................. Assessor........................... ......... ..... Max Schultze................................ New Salem .............. Orville Brown, (chairman)........... New Salem, ............ George Peoples............................. Malldan ................. Commissioners ........................... Elijah Boley ................................. Mandan .................. lſ. S. Parkin ................................. Mandan ................. H. F. Eidmann....................... ...... Hebron.................... List of postoffices in county, 1887. Ft. A br. *…*… Sweet Briar.......................... Glen Ullin.............................. New Salem.............................. MOUNTRAILLE COUNTY. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, in 1885, part to Garfield. Unorganized. Mountraille is a county of northwestern Dakota, bounded on the north by the International boundary line, and on the south—reaching to the Missouri river. Other principal streams, are the River of Lakes, White JEarth, and Little Knife rivers. A great number of lakes and ponds are scaſtered throughout the county, and especially is this true of tº Coteau region, which extends athrough the northern part. Surface, river bot- tom, bluffs, undulating prairie, and low, sweeping hills of the Coteaus. The surface of Mountraille county, the character of the soil, and its rich, native grasses, together with an abundant supply of water and shelter, make the lands desirable for the farmer and stock grower. No Government surveys have been made, as yet, in this county. About one-half of the county is within the boundaries of the Fort Berthold in- dian reservation; but, under a recent agreement with the Indians—which agreement awaits the approval of congress—much of the land now with- held from settlement, will be thrown into market at an early day. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, forty-five miles; stations: Sidings, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Vacant public lands, 1,806,080 acres. MISCELI, A NEC) US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, thirteen; 1885, thirty-seven. Lands im- proved, 1885, 381 acres. Number of farms, 1885, five. Average size of farms, Ísá5, seventy-six acres. NELSON COUNTY. Area, 645,120 acres. Created, March 9, 1883, from parts of Ramsey, Grand Forks and Foster. Organized, May 15, 1883, by the appointment, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 435 by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: David S. Dodds, Geo. S. Martin, and Francis I. Kane. Nelson county is situated in northeastern Dakota, being the second county west of the Red River of the North, and the third south of the International boundary line. Principal streams, are the Sheyenne river, which drains the southwestern portion of the county, and the Goose river, which drains its eastern surface. The northeastern section is watered by feeders of the Park river. A great number of lakes, ponds, and marshes, are scattered over nearly every part of the county. Wam duska, or Stump lake, covering an area approximating sixteen square miles, or more than 10,000 acres, is probably the second lake in importance in the Territory. Its waters are charged with chloride of Sodium and other chemicals, the same as the waters of Devils Lake, on the west, with which it was con- nected at one time. Qther large sheets of water are, Lake Laretta, and Deer lake. Native timber fringes the shores of Wamduska lake, and grows along the course of the Sheyenne. Surface, generally, nearly level prairie. The surface of the southern portion of the county may be bet- ter described by the term “rolling prairie.” Along the South bank of the Sheyenne river, the land is somewhat bluffy. Wells of good water are easily obtained at a depth of from twenty-six to thirty feet. Soil, is com- posed of a deep, black loam. Sub-soil, limestone marl. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, twenty-six miles; stations: Petersburg, Michigan City, Mapes, Lakota. Vacant public lands, 25,000 acres. H A N KS. There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Lakota, at Lakota, Chas. A. Bowne, president. Nelson County Bank, at Lakota, M. S. Northcote, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Nelson County News, Emery Mºhº editor and publisher, Lakota; Nelson County Capital, W. S., Fowler, editor and publisher, Michigan City; Times; J. W. Wallace, editor, Michigan City. COUNTY SEAT, Lakota, northwest of the center, is the county seat. It has a popula: tion of 600; school-building, valued at $4,000; methodist and episcopal church edifices, valued at $3,500; court-house and jail, valued at $5,000; grain elevators, etc. OTI IER IM P() RTANT TOWNS. Adler, in the east; population, thirty; school-building, valued at $950. Harrisburg, on Stump lake; population, thirty; school-building, * valued at $200. Mapes, east of Lakota, school-building; church edifices, etc. Michigan City, north of the center; population, 300; school-building, valued at $3,300; catholic and congregational church edifices, valued at $2,000; grain elevators, Qtc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $90,000. Petersburg, in the east; population, forty; school- building, valued at $800. SCIIoo Ls, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twelve; school population, 487; num- ber of school-houses in district, eighteen; number of school-houses built in 1886, two; average inonthly pay of teachers, males, $45,00; females, $35,50; value of all school property, $21,000.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $15,700.00; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,677.00; pay almount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $12,800.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,500.00. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. |Mules and Year. Horses. ASSGS. ('attle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. --- ----, ----- -- - - - --- ***-* ~ -* *- :------------- ~ *-* - - - - …~ -------- - - - ------ 1885 958 189 2,132 257 386 $ 144,181 1886 1,878 225 2,880 881 1.019 192,455 iáš iº gº §§ | #5 752 202,501 436 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. Acres Real º Town Lots Personal Prop-Tºº! assessed Year Estate. valuation. valuation. Herty valuation. sºon Of | | – ſº- | | 1885 168718 $ 594,886 $ 86.955 s 109,881 |s 885,852 1886 | 233,099 700,295 | 48,596 . 150,124 1,091,470 1887 259,077 || 747,138 62,063 ičiš iii.33. FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885, 1887. | Wheat......................................................... In OHC 132,525 930,278 Corn.…....................…................... ........... | I] OIlê 15 429 Oats............................................................ | DOI) e. 128,450 396,806 Rye................................. ....................... ... } 11 OIlê 800 |.......... ............. Burley...................................................... Il()]] e 3,696 67,184 Flax −-º'- Il Olle |........................ ----------- 5,200 MISCELLANEO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 3,031. Lands improved, 1885, 70,532 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 1,141. Average size of farms, 1885, sixty-two acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.88. County indebtedness, 1887, $29,450. Potato crop, 1885, 20,830 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 243 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 1,158 º lons; butter, 19,537 pounds; eggs, 7,213 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. Auditor.......................................... "A. N. Tofthage” ........................... Lakota * * * * * * * g a s a e e s a s is s m e Treasurer........................................Wim. C. Daniels............................. Lakota.................... Sheriff............................................ F. K. McCoy ................................. Lakota.................... Clerk District Court................ ...... W. S. Tallant................................. 'Lakota.................... Probate Judge................................ 'H. D. "Tuit............. ...................... Lakota.................... Register of Deeds.......................... Wn. Parker..... ............................. Lakota................... Attorney......................................... 'M. N. Johnson........... .................. |Lakota.................... Superintendent of Schools............ .J. M. My res................................... Lakota.................... Surveyor........................................ Wm. Groves................................... Bartlett................... Coroner.......................................... W. R. Hubbert.............................. |Michigan City........ Assessor......................................... : Q. Q. Forde.................................... Ottofy..................... ſ J. H. MC aughlin, (chairman).....'Iakota................... J |T. T. Morken ................................ |Baconville.............. Commissioners............................ | Jas. Collins .................................. Ottofy..................... |9. B. Olsgard................................. Bue ........................ i.J. H. Ryall.......... ......................... Adler.................... * * LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | Adler......................................' Harrisburg............................. McVille................................. Aneta...................................... [a KOTA..................................|Ottofy.................................... Baconville.............................. Lee .…...................................'Petersburg ........................... ue........................................Mapes..................................... Ruby.................................... Crosier................................ ...'Michigan City........................Sogn.......................... NOW LIN COUNTY. Created March 8, 1883. Unorganized. Nowlin is a county of Southern Dakota, situated between the Cheyenne and White rivers, and entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 437 OLIVER COUNTY . Area, 460,800 acres. Created, March 12, 1885, from part of Mercer. Or- ganized March 12, 1885, and Henry Sawyer, H. E. Fisher, and Lewis Con- nolly, appointed commissioners, and Raymond designated as county seat, by act of Legislature. Oliver is a county on the west bank of the Missouri river, and north of the 47th degree of latitude. Principal stream is the Missouri river, the eastern boundary of the county. The Knife river and its tributaries drain the northern and western portions, and Square Butte creek flows southeasterly, from the center of the county. There are quite a number of springs, ponds, and small brooks, watering every township. Surface, near the Missouri river, has the usual characteristics—high, rugged bluffs, river bottoms, numerous islands, small bars, bayous, etc. The county, generally, is somewhat hilly—although there is an abundance of excellent farming land along the valleys of the streams, and on the rolling prairie between the dividing ridges. Soil, the rich, alluvial deposit, found on the Missouri plateau. Čonsiderable 11ative timber grows along the margin of the great river, and of the smaller streams. Lignite coal underlies the county, near the Surface, outcropping at Inany places. Vacant public lands, 174,080 acres. COUNTY SEAT. Sanger, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of seventy-five; school-buildings; church organizations; county building; business houses; hotels, etc. OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Harmon, in the Southeast; population, twenty-five; schools; church Or- ganizations; two cheese factories; business houses; hotel, etc. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, two; school population, ninety; num- ber of school-houses built in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $30.00; females, $30.00; value of all school property, $1,017.32; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $881.97; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $115.96; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,000.00; average rate of interest º on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding une 30, 1886, $517.7 LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | | º Year. Horses. * Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. w i 1886 177 14 702 8.9 163 $ 81,545 1887 175 16 654 i__428 188 26,912 VALUATION STATISTICS. | Acres Real º Town Lots Personal Prop-Toº! assessed Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation. |ºrty Valuation. Yººn of 1886 8,789 $ 41,285 $ 949 $ 10,457 $ 84,286 i887 281,030 486.917 1.0% ió265 535,133 † FARM STATISTICS. J Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in i IBushels in Bushels in 1880. | 1885. 1887. | Wheat.................................................................. 1) OI). C. 1,816 6,000 Corn.................................................................... In Olle | 8 165 15,000 Oats................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & 1) Olle 29,010 12,000 Buckwheat..... '• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Il OIle 20 tº º g ſº tº e º º e s tº a tº $ tº 8 tº tº & e & } 60 |..................... Barley.............................. .................................. In Olye 438 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - º MISCELLANE( ) US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 327. L nds improved, 1885, 3,612 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 100. Average size of farms, 1885, thirty-six acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2 11. County, indebtedness, 1887, $2,618. Potato crop, 1885, 8,475 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 3,558 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: butter, 7,760 pounds; cheese, 4,400 pounds; eggs. 7,665 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................. Rºbt. Piutchinson......................... Range: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e º 'º º Treasurer...................................... .W. B. Smith..................................."Sanger.................... Sheriff ............ .............................. |W. B. º - 0 - 4 º' 4 tº s is tº s a e º sº a tº 9 tº tº Probate Judge.............................. H. M. Manley............................... ." Harmon.................. Register of Deeds.......................... Robt. Hutchinson...... $ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * 'Sanger.................... Superintendent of Schools.......... Mrs. Susan Penney............. ......... Sanger.................... Surveyer....................................... E. G. Chapman......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sauger.................... Coroner......................................... |Jas. A. Cºlligan............................. Sanger.................... Assessor......................................... Geo. W. Gordon.............................. Sanger.................... Louis Connolly, (chairman).......... Hensler .................. Commissioners .......................... J. W. Hendricks.............................|Sanger..................... |John D. Alhers.............................|New Salem.............. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Harmon..................... | Hensler....................... | Klein..................... | SANGER..................... PEMBINA COUNTY. Area, 967,680 acres. Created January 9, 1867. Boundaries changed, January 31, 1871, parts from Chippewa and Kittson; changed again, Janu- ary 4, 1873, parts to Cass, Cavalier, Foster, G1 and Fork 8, La Moure, Ram- º ſ Hansom, Renville, and Stutsman; changed again, in 1881, part to & I SI) . Pembina, a Red River valley county, is situated in the extreme north- eastern corner of the Territory. Principal streams, arc the Red River of the North—the castern boundary of the county; the Pembina river, which rises in Canada, but flowing south, and then east, it traverses the northern tier of townships, adding its volume to the Red at the city of Pembina; the Tongue river, which enters the county on the west, takes a north- easterly course, emptying into the Pembina river, not far from its mouth, and two branches of the Park river, which drain the Southwestern por- tion of the county. Groves of native timber, including oak, elm, cotton- wood, and other varieties, fringe the streams of this county. The Pem- bina river is quite heavily timbered. The slopes of the plateau, in the western portion of Pembina county, are also thickly timbered, with a growth of aspen, oak, elm, willow, etc. The greater portion of the county is a vast, level plain, or valley, of the famous Red River region. Beyond this plain, to the west, the surface rises in a series of terraces and is quite hilly and broken. Soil, the deep, rich, black Soil of the Re River Valley. Sub-soil, yellow clay. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, thirty-three miles; stations: Neche, Bathgate, Hamilton, Glasston, St. Thomas. Northern Pacific railway, (Grand Forks-Pembina line,) thirty- three miles; stations: Drayton, Roane, Pembina. Total miles of railroad in county, sixty-six. Vacant public lands, none. r IBAN KS. There are eight banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Drayton, at Drayton, S. R. Smith, president; H. L. Crandall, cashier. Bathgate Dakota Bank, at Bathgate, E. A. Harman, president; C. T. Har- man, cashier. Citizens' Bank, at Bathgate, C. L. Parker, cashier. Bank of Hamilton, at Hannilton, W. H. Randall, president; B. P. Dayman, cashier. Bank of Neche, at Neche, H. L. Holmes, president; James RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 439 Thomson, cashier. First National Bank, at Pembina, L. E. Booker, º: G. W. Ryan cashier. Pembina County Bank, at St. Thomas, . Strong, president; H. P. Smith, cashier. Bank of St. Thomas, at St. Thomas, John D. Batson, president; A. B. Little, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Pembina County Democrat, Frank A. Wilson, editor and publisher, Bath- gate; Pioneer-Express, Wardwell & Thompson, publishers, Pembina; Times, Grant S. Hager, editor and publisher, St. Thomas; Pembina County News, McMillan & Muir, publishers, Hamilton. COUNTY SEAT. Pembina, on the Red River of the North, is the county seat. It has a opulation of 1,000; school-buildings, valued at $10,500; methodist, catho- ic, episcopal, presbyterian, and two lutheran church edifices, valued at $9,000; court house and jail, valued at $16,000; flour-mill, valued at $22,000; brewery, valued at $16,000. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $160,000; personal, $120,000; total, $280,000. OTHIER IMP, ) RTANT TOWNS. Bathgate, northeast of the center; population, 500; School-building, valued at $1,200; baptist, methodist, presbyterian, and catholic church edifices; town hall, valued at $2,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $100,000. Beaulieu, in the west; school-building, valued at $1,500; baptist church edificé, valued at $2,000. Cavalier, west of the center; population, 200; school-building, valued at $500; church edifice; valued at $2,500. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, $37,000. Gardar, in the southwest; population, eighty; school-building, valued at $1,000; business houses, hotels, etc. Glasston, South of Bathgate; popu- lation, 100; school-building, valued at $500; general stores; grain eleva- tors; hotel, etc. Hamilton, between Bathgate and Glasston; population, 300; school-building, valued at $2,00; baptist, presbyterian, and metho- dist church edifices, valued at $9,000; city building, valued at $4,000; ar- tesian well; four grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $120,000. Mountain, in the west; population, 120; School-building, valued at $400; lutheran church edifice, valued at $1,500. Neche, on the northern boundary ; population, 400; School-building, val- ued at $2,000; presbyterian, methodist, and catholic church, edifices, val- ued at $5,000; city building, valued at $2,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $50,000 St. Thomas, in the south; pop- ulation, 850; school-building, valued at $1,500; baptist, catholic, and meth- Odist church edifices, valued at $6,500; city buildings; artesian well, val- ued at $6,000; six grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, \#108,000. Stokesville, in the southwest; popula- tion, fifty; school-building, valued at $10,000; catholic church edifice, val- ued at $1,500; lime-kilns, etc. Walhalla, in the northwest; population, 100; school-building, valued at $6,000; catholic church edifice, valued at $700; flour-mill; two steam feed-mills; saw-mill; creamery; carriage- works. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $18,000. - - schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, 100; school º 3,658; number of school-houses in district, seventy-one; number of School-houses built in 1886, twelve; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $45.17; females, $30.75; value of all Sobool property, $55,045; expended for School purposes during year ending Xune 30, 1886, $39,478.32; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1888, $7,692 85; par amount of School bonds outstand- ing June 30, 1886, $51,350; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,718.88. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. HOTSes. * ('attle. Sheep. Swine, Valuation. 1880 780 • is .… 871 || “........................ 1885 4,157 201 || 6,632 707 4, 159 $ 895.842 1886 # #3 | . 987 5,818 484, 247 1887 5,688 214 9 806 1,422 3.357 485,095 440 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. ' | Acres Real T -- ~ +3 | Town Lots Personal Prop-] "º, ºg Year i IEstate. Valuation. valuatiº. j valuation of ----------. -- * | ---------- - - county. | | | 1880 ........................ $ 118,107 |........................ * $149,636 $ 267,743 1885 429,734 ſ 1,288,742 $ 112,211 | 432,151 : 2 228,946 1886 i 456,812 | 1,236,311 182,966 # 474,810 2,328,334 1887 } 477,151 | 1,244.739 268.45.1 541,056 2,534,841 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS, Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushe] G in Bushels in | 1880. | 1. t i 1885. 887. Wheat.................................................................. ºis 20%iss 4,062,500 Corn.................................................................... 582 4,888 84,000 Oats..................................................................... 29.609 693,631 1,715,000 Rye. ................................................................... Il () l l e 105 ..................... Buckwheat.......................................................... 1 | Oll G. g 184 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barley .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 8,678 106,612 448,308 MISCELIANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1870, 1,213; 1880, 4,862; 1885, 11,510. Lands im- proved, 1880, 20,879 acres; 1885, 226,519 acres. Number of farms, 1880,498; 1885, 2,680. Average size of farms, 1880, forty-two acres; 1885, eighty- four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.60. County in- debtedness, 1887, $40,000. Potato crop, 1885, 180,874 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 3,337 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 5,940 gal- lons; butter, 271,165 pounds; cheese, 725 pounds; eggs, 224,754 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Office. Name. P. O. Address. Auditor.................................. ...... J. H. Bird.......... … ....................... Pembina................... Treasurer...................................... T. J. Lemon................................... Pembina................... Sheriff.................... ....................... Wm. James.................................... Pembina................... Clerk District Court ..................... Henry I). Boyden.......................... Pembina.................. Probate Judge.............................. E. A. Armstrong.... ...................... Pembilla................... Register of Deeds.......................... W. M. Holbrook ........................... St. 'I homas............... Attorney ....................................... G. H. Megguire............................. Pembina................... Superintendent Of Schools........... C. E. Jackson ............................... Pembina................... Surveyor........................................ Frank Hebert................................ Cavalier.................... Coroner.................. ...................... Dr. Muir........................................ Hamilton................. ſ|E. H. Bergman, (chairman).......... Gardar..................... ! H. C. Arnold................................. Crystal..................... Commissioners........................... H. McGuinn ................................. Ernest...................... | L. L. Flaight.................................. St. Thomas............... Jud La Moure............................... Pembina...... ........... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bathgate................................. º a tº tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * s is a 4 & # * * * * * * * * * * * PEMBINA....... ....................... Bay Center.............................. Hallson .................................. Pittsburgh............................. Beaulieu................................. ºilº e ºf a g º e º 'º & º e g g º & Gº & e º e º 'º £ tº ſº tº * * * * Phexton................................ Bowesmont............................. Hyde Park.............................. Prattford .............................. Carlisle................................... |Joliette iſ a tº 4 & g g a s g º e s a s a g º º f is a a 4 s & tº a º e s s e s Saint Thomas........................ Cavalier ................................. |Leroy...................................... Stokesville............................. Crystal.................................. . McConnell ........ ................. Twner.................................... Drayton, ................................ MoVintain................................ Walhalla............................ * * * Ernest..................................... Mugford ................................. Welſord................................. Eyford.............. ..................... Neche............... ..................... Young................................... Gardar.................................... |Nowes a................................... PENNINGTON COUNTY. Area, 1,024,000 acres. Created, January 4, 1875, from original territory. Boundaries changed, February 10, 1877; changed again, in 1879, part to Ziebach; changed again, in 1883, part of Martin. Organized, March RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 441 # 5, 1877, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commis- sioners, viz.: R. H. Vosburg, M. M. Fuller, and Edwin Loveland. Pennington is a county of the Black Hills, in the southwestern portion of the Territory, and the third county north of the Nebraska state line. Principal streams, are the Chevenne river, which forms the eastern boun- dary of the county, and Box-Elder, Rapid, Spring, and Battle creeks, all tributaries of the Cheyenne. At Rapid City, Rapid Creek furnishes an excellent water-power. Surface, about equally divided into mountainous and open country, the western portion extending into the heart of the Hills, and the eastern including the main valley and plains. One third of the great granite region of the Hills is within the limits of Pen- nington county, including Harney’s Peak, the loftiest summit in the Black Hills, which reaches an altitude of 8,200 feet above the sea, and is situated twenty-three miles southwest of Rapid City, in an air-line. To the 1, orth and northwest of Harney, the horizon is pierced by innumerable peaks, and ridges, with many beautiful valleys intervening. In places there are open prairie lands, elevated from 4,500 to 6,000 feet above the sea . A line drawn north and south, through Rapid City, very nearly divides the billy from the level or plains region, lying to the east. The valleys of the lower Box-Elder, Rapid, and Spring creeks, are broad and fertile. The valley of the Cheyenne is, for the most part, narrow, with high, steep bluffs. This valley, as also others in the county, is occupied by extensive cattle ranches. Deposits of tin, gold, silver, copper, and other valuable mineral ores, and beds of gypsum, marble, and building stones of every de- scription abound, and are inexhaustible. The whole western part of the county is heavily timbered, principally with hard pine, spruce, balsam, fir, birch, oak, aspen, and willow. For a more extended description of the Black Hills country, see the article elsewhere in this publication. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Fremont, Flkhorn & Missouri Valley line,) twenty-nine miles; stations: Maverick, Brennan. Rapid City. Vacant public lands, 721,982 acres; 506,000 acres unsurveyed. * BAN KS. There are two banks doing business in this county as follows: Black Hills National Bank, at Rapid City, H. G. Hall, president; H. S. Hall, cashier. First National Bank, at Rapid City, Richard C. Lake, president; James Halley, cashier. NEWSI’APERS. Daily Journal, J. B. Gossage, publisher; R. B. Hughes, editor, Rapid City; Daily Republican, John P. McManus, editor and publisher, Rapid §: Black Hills Democrat, G. W. Barrows, editor and publisher, Rapid ity. - y COUNTY SE.VT. Rapid City, in the north, is the county seat. It has a population of 5,000; school-buildings, valued at $25,000; congregational, methodist, presbyte- rian, and catholic church edifices, valued at $8,000; brick court-house and jail; city hall; library; fire-department houses; street railway, valued at $10,000; water-works system, valued at $50,000; electric light plant, valued at $7,000; flour-mill, valued at $30,000; broom factory; telephone system. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $1,100,000; personal, $400,000; total, $1,500,000. The Dakota school of mines is located at Rapid City, for full description of which see page 210 of this publication. scIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, eleven; school population, 731; num- ber of School-houses in district, twenty; number of school-houses built in 1886, four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $73.33; females, $46.67; value of all school property, $28,890; expended for school pur- poses, during year ending June 30, 1886, $16,064.53; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $595.78, par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $14,900; average rate of interest paid on bonds, §§ per cent.; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, 4,517. 442 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. \ Year, Horses, Mºº cºnd Cattle. Sheep, Swine. Valuation. 1880 284 58 2,951 59 101 * ........................ 1885 1,803 149 9,869 2,250 253 $ 251,455 1886 2,590 143 7,725 2,520 256 296,185 1$87 2,929 217 7,833 4,037 288 819,185 VALUATION STATISTICS. TOtal assessed Y” Aeres Real º Town Lots | Personal Prop. * Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation, erty Valuation. sººn Of 1880 ........................ $ 40,686 |........................ * $148,887 $ 189,448 1885 20.808 115 860 $ 307,829 252,845 927,989 1886 44,500 874,370 1,147,967 447 818 2 265,840 1887 75,118 435,020 1,057,180 419,575 2,230,910 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. 1887. © Wheat................................................................. 1,428 18,115 144 000 Corn ................................................................... 710 | 6,815 30,400 Oats ............................................... .................... 10,509 81,432 360,000 RYe ..................................................................... Il Olle t 76 | 1,250 Buckwheat ......................................................... 83 12 1.250 ar'ev ................................................................ 1,339 5,076 17,500 MISCELLANEOljS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 2,244; 1885, 3,224. Lands improved, 1880, 1,359 acres; 1885, 28,386 acres. Number of farms, 1880, fifty-three; 1885, 352, Average size of farms, 1880, twenty-six acres; 1885, eighty-one acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.79. County indebtedness, 1887, $111,756. Potato crop, 1885, 24,029 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 11,585 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 49,321 pounds; cheese, 228 pounds; eggs, 29 246 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. H Name. P. O. Address. -- --- --- Auditor....................... ................. Geo. C. Hunt................................ Rapid City................ Treasurer................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * John Keliher.................... ..........|Rapid City................ Sheriff.......................................... Robert Boyd, Jr............................ |Rapid City................ Clerk District Court..................... B. D. Padgett................................ Rapid City................ Probate Judge.............................. Levi McGee.................................. |º City................ Register of Decds......................... Jacob S. Gantz.............................. Rapid City................ Attorney....................................... W. J. Walker................................ Rapid City................ Superintendent of Schools...........|Jas. C. Mears................................. Rapid City................ Surveyor....................................... Cha§ W. Bryden.......................... |Rapid City................ Coroner................... ..................... Abel Mathias................................ |Rapid City................ Assessor ....................................... Horace Crockett........................... Rapid City................ Geo. Hunt............... .... tº e º 'º e º e º a e º e s = e - Rapid City................ Commissioners.......................... } J. B. Scruton................................ Rockerville............... R. D. Kellnedy............................. "Lookout.................... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. CrestOn................................... Link....................................... RAPID CITY........................... Etta Mine............ .................. Lookout ................................. Rochford............................... Farmingdale.......................... Maverick................................ Rockerville.............. tº # 4 tº a tº 4 º' tº * * e Hayward................................ Moulton ................................. Sheridan s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Hill City......................... tº s a a n e º a |Pactola........... v's “ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Silver City * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e is e º e - e e s m a RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 443 P IRXRCE COUNTY. Created, March 11, 1887, from DeSmet, parts of Rolette, Böttineau, and McHenry. & Pierce county is situated in northern Dakota, in the second tier of counties south of the International boundary line, and between Devils Lake and the Mouse river, . Principal stream, the Sheyenne river, which drains the southern half of the county. A great number of beautiful and picturesque lakes abundantly supply the northern portion with water. Surface, river valley, rolling prairie. The county is filled with rich agri- cultural lands, and fine pastures of native grasses. Scattering groves of native timber grow in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Sheyenne. Soil, a rich loam, from eighteen to twenty-four inches deep, under which is a sub-soil of about eight feet of gray marl. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad, twenty miles; station: Rugby, Junction; (Bottineau extension,), eighteen miles; stations: Rugby Junction, Barton. Total, thirty-eight miles. Vacant public lands, 312,560 acres. NEWSIPAPERS. Rugby Junction Advance, Rugby. & LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Dºnney................... ... [Hurricane Lake.............................. | Rugby.…...… PoſtFR county. Created, 1873, (as Ashmore,) from part of Buffalo; January 4, 1875, name changed. Boundaries changed, March S, 1883, part from Faulk. Organ- ized, November 6, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the fol- lowing commissioners, viz.: Chas. A. Gilchrist, O. S. Shaw, and F. G. Kretschmer. - Potter county is situated in Southern IDakota, and is bounded on the north by the fifth standard parallel, on the south by the fourth standard parallel, and on the west by the Missouri river. The county is traversed, in the northwest, by the Little Cheyenne river, and its numerous branches. A large branch of the Okobojo creek, drains the southeastern part; Arti- choke creek waters the townships of the south West. A number of large lakes and ponds are distributed over the county. A considerable growth of native timber, consisting of white ash, box-elder, Cottonwood, and elm, borders the banks of the Missouri. Surface, of the nuiddle, eastern, and southern portions, rolling prairie, broken, only near the eastern boundary, by the foot-hills of the elevations—miscalled the Bald mount- ains. Adjacent to the Missouri river and º creek, the country is broken, more or less, by bluffs and ravines. The bottom-lands, along the Missouri and other streams, are sometimes quite extensive. Soil, a deep, dark, grayish loam, composed of Sand, clay, disintegrated rock, and vege- table deposit. Sub-soil, a yellow elay. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Water- town-Faulkton line,) twenty miles; stations: Lebanon, Gettysburg. Vacant public lands, 79,680 acres. J3 A N FCS. There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Potter County Bank, at Gettysburg, E. S. Ormsby, president; J. R. Hughes, cashier. Bank of Forest City, at Forest City, Andrew W. Smoot, presi- dent; B. F. Bullard, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Herald, Heaton & Willis, editors and publishers, Appomattox; Dakota Blizzard, G. A. Nichols, editor, Copp; The Press, W. S. Ingham, manager, Forest City; Herald, King & Kiplinger, editors and publishers, Gettys- burg; Unión-Index, Arnold & Houtz, editors and publishers, Gettysburg. COUNTY SEAT. - Gettysburg, near the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 700; school-building, valued at $1,000; baptist church edifice, valued at 444 RESOURCES OF DARCOTA. - . . . . . . . . . $2,500; court-house, valued at $5,000; artesian well; flour-mill; business houses; grain warehouses, etc. Gettysburg is the western terminus of the Watertown and Faulkton branch of the Chicago & Northwestern railroad. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $60,000; personal, $75,000; total, $135,000. - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Appomattox, in the west; population, fifty; School-building, valued at $800; church organizations; business houses; hotel, etc. Copp, in the Southeast; school-building, valued at $600; church organizations; general store, etc. Forest City, on the Missouri river; population, 150; school- building, valued at $1,500; flour-mill, of the capacity of 100 barrels per day; packing-house; general stores; hotel, etc. Pembroke, in the north; popula- tion, flſty; School-buildings; church organizations; mill; general store, etc. SCIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, seventeen; School population, 522; number of school-houses in district, twenty-five; number of school-houses built in 1886, fourteen; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $33.00; females, $27.50; value of all school property, $15,000; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $10,500; cash remaining in school treasury June 30, 1886, $1,358.87; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $13,800; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; annount of School warrants Outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,500. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. --- --— | | - Year. PIOI SeS. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. 1885 862 81 1,429 159 824 $ 57,867 1886 | 1,107 | 117 2,385 210 705 111,418 1887 1,295 119 2,838 - 457 722 128.220 VALUATION STATISTICS. } | | k Total assessed y Acres Real º Town Lots Personal Prop-] **. s Year Estate. Valuation. ºt;. erty valuation. Yººtion of l | | - - - - - - - - ------ * County. - ------ | | { | * 1885 29,618 $ 234,556 $ 14,852 | $ 35,206 $ 342,481 1886 126. 296 t 286,901 f 16,917 | 208,592 l 623,828 1887 | 158,013 439,852 40,865 82,684 691,621 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. *- ~mºmº- -------> -- Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in | 1880. 1885. 1887. | Wheat...................................................... ..... ...... | In One 6,800 220,000 Corn .............. .................... ........................” “... 400 28,020 200,000 Oats...................................................... ...... --------- | 600 21,28 64,000 e... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In Oll C 55 8,600 Buckwheat ............................................... ......... | ſh OI) e. 222 |..................... Barloy................................................................. | In O Il 6 218 40,000 Flax.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il OI) (2 |..................... 24,899 MISCEI,I, A NIEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 2,336. Lands improved, 1880, forty acres; 1885, 25,540 acres. Number of farms, 1880, one; 1885, 940. Average size of farms, 1880, forty agres; 1885, twenty-Seven acres. Avérage assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.77. County indebtedness, 1887, $20,- 136. Potato crop, 1885, 10,342 bushels. ...Wool clip;, 1885, 791 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 1,714 gallons; butter, 23,630 pounds; eggs, 22,022 dozen. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 445 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. ! * Office. t i Name. P. O. Address. } | | Auditor......................................... |Evan F. Gross............................... ;Gettysburg............... Treasurer...................................... #1. T. Meagham............................ |Gettysburg............... heriff.......................................... L. J. Ferris................................... Gettysburg............... Clerk District Court............ ....... |T. J. Bales..... ..............................'Gettysburg............... Probate Judge.............................. ; F. W. Burdick.............................. Gettysburg............... Register of Deeds......................... R. B. Carr..................................... Gettysburg............... Attorney....................................... O. W. Shoenfeldt........................... |QTamer..................... Superintendent of Schools........... 'Helen M. Williams....................... ;Gettysburg............... Surveyor....................................... A. W. Young................................. |Gettysburg............... Coroner......................................... A. J. Landis ................................. Gettysburg............... ASSessor......................................... Wm. Austin.................................. Pembroke................. } iI, Mſ. Bishop................................. |Gettysburg...... ........ Commissioners.......................... iQ. M. Brooks................................. Appomattox............ \ }. J. Loveless................................. Davidson.................. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN County, IN 1887. | i Appomattox........................... Forest City............................. |Morrillº................................ Copp....................................... GETTYSBURG............ .............. Pembroke.............................. Cornelion............................... jºustine & e s & e s tº a $ & e º 'º e º is is e º & º & is a $ 5 & # * * * * * is s Potter,........ .......................... Cramer.................................... Hoven.................................... iWelland ............................... Davidson................................ Lebanon................................. : PRATT COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, March 9, 1883. Unorganized. Pratt county is situated in southern Dakota, within the limits of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this pºublication. PRESHO COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, March 9, 1883. - Presho is a county of southern Dakota, west of the Missouri river, and bounded on the north, in part, by the Missouri river. It lies within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. PY ATT COUNTY. Created March 8, 1883. Pyatt is a county bounded on the north by the 45th degree of latitude, and reaching to the Cheyenne river, on the south. It is entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. Area, 633,600 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Pembina Boundaries changed March 9, 1883, parts to Benson, and Nelson; change again, 1885, part to Benson, six townships from Cavalier, and two townships segregated on, the east. Organized, January 25, 1883, by the ap- Ointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: D. W. Ensign, E. V. Barton, and F. C. Sanders. Ramsey county is situated in northeastern Dakota, the second county south of the Canada boundary, and midway between the Mouse river on the west, and the Red River on the east. The county is covered with in- numerable lakes, -nearly 100 Square miles of its surface being water. Devils Lake—the largest sheet of water in the Territory—having a total 446 **- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. length of ahout forty-five miles—is all within the limits of Ramsey county, except the western extremity. Its waters are salt, resembling those of the ocean; The lake varies in width from a few hundred yards to several miles, and, in places, is a 100 feet or more in depth. Near the central part Qf the county there is a large body of pure and sweet water, covering some 4,000 acres—and known as Sweet Water lakes. Dry lake is another very large sheet of water, situated in the northwestern portion of the county. The islands and peninsulas of Devils Lake are covered with timber. Surface, generally, rolling prairie, -except a range of low hills from one- half mile to a mile in width, extending from the south end of Dry lake al- pºst to the eastern boundary of the county. The land north of these hills is quite level. The Grand Coulee—a long and fertile valley, from ten to forty miles in width, has a length of about twenty miles in Ramsey County, extending north from the west end of Devils Lake, Soil, black 192m, slightly Sandy, from one to three feet deep, and overlying a thick deposit of clay. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba rail- rºad, forty miles; stations: Bartlett, Crary, Devils' Lake, Grand Harbor, Church's Ferry. Vacant public lands, 239,200 acres; Devils Lake land district,45,200 acres; Grand Forks land district, 194,000 acres. BAN KS. There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: First National Bank, at Devils Lake, C. S. Hulbert, president; Geo. Juergens, cashier. Merchants’ National bank, at Devils Lake, F. R. Fulton, presi- dent; E. A. Gowran, cashier. North Shore Bank, at Devils Lake, John A. Burnett, cashier. The North Dakota Bank, at Church's Ferry. NEWSPAPERs. - The Sun, S. A. Nye, editor, Church’s Ferry; The Inter-Ocean, H. G. Hansbrough, editor and publisher, Devils Lake; Devils Lake News, J. F. Carruthers, publisher, Devils Lake. COUNTY SEAT. Devils Lake, on a body of water of that name, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,500; School-buildings, valued at $5,500; episcopal, presbyter- ian, methodist, and catholic church edifices, valued at $7,900; fire depart- ment houses; flour-mill, valued at $10,000; artesian well, water-works sys- tem, and city hall projected. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, reai, $211,000; personal, $135,000; total, $346,000. OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Bartlett, in the southeast; population, fifty; school-building, valued at $800; Catholic church edifice, valued at $1,000; general stores; grain eleva- tors, etc. Church’s Ferry, in the west; population, 200; school-building, valued at $800; methodist church edifice, valued at $1,000. Assessed val- uation town property, 1886, real and personal, $61,000. Crary, in the Southeast; population, seventy-five; school-buildin g; three general stores; hotels; grain elevators, etc. Grand Harbor, west of Devils Lake; popula- tion, 225; school-building, valued at $1,500; church organizations; business houses; hotels; grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation, town property, 1S86, real and personal, $70,000. Jerusalem, on the eastern extremity of Devils Lake; school-building; church organizations, etc. scIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, fourteen; school population, 723; num- ber of school-houses in district, twenty-six; number of school-houses built in 1886, eleven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $40.50; females, $35.00; value of all school property, $16,000.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June, 30, 1886, $17,000.00; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,755.37; par amount of School bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $11,500.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,390.00. arº- RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 447 - *, LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. 1885 838 112 1 447 29 211 $ 105 232 1886 1,403 133 | 2,255 - 64 | 738 | 207,187 1887 1,978 ... .............. 3,288 200 779 213,071 VALUATION STATISTICS. Total assessed * Acres Real se Town Lots |Personal Prop- - Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation. |erty valuation. Yºon Of 1885 119,828 $ 542,740 $ 231,366 $ 141,575 $ 1,020.913 1886 150, 152 700,970 207,826 288,330 1,353,813 - 1887 193,948 884,090 j 276,360 | 323,005 1,696,526 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Hushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1885 887. | 1880. Wheat... .. | ll ODG 162,267 785 000 Corn............ & Il Olle § 707 8,000 Oats....................................................... ............. 60 | 180,641 { 564,000 Rye ..................................................................... El OIlé !--------------------. 270 Barley * | none 2,038 42,000 Flax..................................................................... | none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 2,100 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, .281; 1885, 3,271. Lands improved 1880, fifty acres; 1885, 65,830 acres. , Number of farms, 1880, one; 1885, 1,252. Average size of farms, 1880, fifty acres; 1885, fifty-three acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4.56. County, indebtedness, 1887, $33,443. Potato crop, 1885, 34,619 bushels, Wool clip, 1885, 145 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; milk, 11,255 gallons; butter, 33,074 pounds; cheese, 320 pounds; eggs, 4,848 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Office. Name. P. O. Address. | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - County Clerk................................ John A. Percival........................... Devils Lake............. Treasurer...................................... Ole Sermgard........................ * * * * * * * * Devils Lake.......... Sheriff........................................... Ever Wagness............................... Devils Lake............. Clerk District Court .....................I.T. C. Faunders.............................. Devils Lake............ Probate Judge.............................. P. J. McClory................................ Devils Lake....... . . . . Register of Deeds.......................... John A. Percival...........................}Devils Lake............. Attorney ....................................... D. B. Morgan ................................ Devils Lake........... Superintendent of Schools........... J. F. Cowan................................... Devils Lake............. Surveyor........................................ Frank. D9ty................................... Devils Lake. ...... ... Coroner......................................... Chas. T. Zuluich............................ Devils Lake............. Assessor................................... .... T. Thorson.................................... Devils Lake............. - |ºus. A'.9%rrier...........................l................................ Wm. R. Mahood ...... *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissioners........................... john Barton...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Éd. Lohnes.…..................................................... |James McCormick........................................................ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bartlett................. DEVILs LAKE.......................... Kildahl................................ Church's Ferry.......................|Grand Harbor......................... Pocke.................................... Crary.......... • * * * s s sº e s e º s s e s is e e s is e s e e s = 4 tº Jackson..................................|Rutten.............................. DeGroat .................... * * * * * * * * * - - - - Jerusalem.............................. Starkweather................ 448 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. RANSOM COUNTY. Area, 552,960 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Pembina. Boundaries changed, in 1883, part to Sargent. Organized, March 7, 1881, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Geo. H. Colton, Gilbert Hanson, and Frank Probert. Ransom county is situated in eastern Dakota, in the second tier of coun- ties, north of the 7th standard parallel, and in the second west of the Minnesota state line. The principal stream is the Sheyenne, which tra- verses the county, in a very tortuous course, entering at the northwest, and flowing south and west, until near the south boundary, when it turns northeast, and finally passes across the northeast border, on its way to- ward the Red. Bear and Dead Colt creeks, drain the townships of the South and west. A curve of the Maple river, waters a single township on the northern boundary. A few small lakes, and a number of marshes, are scattered throughout the county. The Sheyenne, along its whole course, is bordered by groves of cottonwood, oak, elm, ash, and other varieties of native timber. At Lisbon, the river furnishes a good water-power. Sur- face, of the southeastern part, generally level, with light, Sandy soil; in the northeast township the country is shaped into a group of Sand-hills, covered with a scanty growth of scrub-oak, and with an abundant supply of water but a short distance beneath the surface; along the course of the Sheyenne runs a picturesque and beautiful valley, Sometimes narrow, and, in many places, not distinctly defined, owing to the encroachment of the prairie. In other places the valley is quite wide, and is bordered by lofty bluffs, seamed and furrowed, with deep gulches and ravines. A broad valley, ranging from one-and a half to three miles in width, occu- pies a part of the southwestern townships, to the west of which is a stony ridge, extending as far north as Bear creek. Soil of the county, elsewhere than named, a deep, black loam, with a sub-soil, generally, of clay. In portions of the southeast and of the southwest, a sub-soil of quicksand is found. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (Fargo & South- western line,) 41.8 miles; stations: Sheldon, Buttzville, Lisbon, Elliott, Marshall. Vacant public lands, 13,120 acres. BAN KS. There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Lisbon, at Lisbon, J. E. Wisner, president; C. B. Wisner, cashier. First National Bank, at Lisbon, R. S. Adams, president; H. K. Adams, cashier. Bank of Sheldon, at Sheldon. NEWSPAPERS. The Star, Chas. E. Johnson, editor and publisher, Lisbon; Ransom County Gazette, Aplin & Buckley, editors an º Lisbon; Enter- prise, E. A. Kling, editor and publisher, Sheldon; The Blade, Neelands Pros., publishers, Sheldon. COUNTY SEAT. Lisbon, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,700; school-building, valued at $7,000; methodist, presbyterian, baptist, epis- copal, and catholic church edifices, valued at $15,000; fire department houses; foundry; flour-mills, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1887, real, $160,000; personal, $122,350; total, $282,350. OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Elliott, in the west; population, fifty; School-building, valued at $1,200; methodist church edifice, valued at $500; grain elevators; general stores, etc. Plymouth, northwest of Lisbon; population, fifty; School-building; flour-mill; general stores, etc. Sheldon, in the northeast; population, 400; school-building, valued at $2,000; presbyterian, and Catholic church edi- fices, valued at $3,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $70,000. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 449 s • . schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, Seyenteen; school population, 794; number of school-houses in district, thirty-two; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $39.67; females, $33.81; value of all school property, $29,203 (2; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $19,732.63; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,452.43; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $10,500; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,799.02. . LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. | | Year. Horses. *Wºnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. | Valuation. tº A.3 * * *-j is | | i ! | ! 1885 1,567 150 2,611 484 1,158 8 185968 1886 2,066 160 8,267 # jº: 19 S. 302 1887 2.753 166 3 814 $73 1.173 225,890 VALUATION STATISTICS. * TOt, l asses-sed Acres Real & Tow in Lots Personal Prop- **. º Year. Est-ite. Valuation. valuation, ery valuation. yºn Of 1885 281,095 | $ 1 088,795 $ 145.133 $ 151,315 $ 1,522,206 1886 289,721 | 1,219,984 159 823 170,721 1.748,330 1537 | $88,180 1,783, 104 186 689 328 920 3. 2,524,553 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880 1885, and 1887. Bushels in BushelS in Bushels in 1880, 1885. 1887. Wheat................................................................. 8,060 | 881.837 669 O.84 ('orn ................................................................... 1.375 48,052 28,527 Oats..................................................................... 4,290 568,908 415.389 \e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------------- Il () I., 62 427 l, ()(10 Buckwheat................................….…. In OIle 2,904 50 Batley................................................................. 1,520 57,868 I3 515 Flax.................................................................... 11011e ..................... 1,260 M ISCELLANEO US STATISTICS. & Population of county, 1880, 537; 1885, 4,286. Lands improved, 1880, 702 acres; 1885, 109,003 acres. Number of farms, 1880, thirty-two; 1885, 1,076. Average size of farms, 1880, twenty-two agres; 1885, 101 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4.65. Potato crop, 1885, 101,115 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 707 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 181,505 pounds; cheese, 350 pounds; eggs, 36,809 dozen. - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Office. Nanne. P. O. Address. Auditor........... ...................---------- Treasurer. .................................... Sheriff ..... Clerk 1)ist Probate Judge........................... Reg ster of Deeds ............... At torney...... ................................ Superintendent of schools......... Surveyor.................. . . . . ............... Coroner.......................... ------------... Assessor......................... ------ * & & # * * * * | ... T. N. Quin in ; |R. M. Davis................................ A. C. Kwello............... ................ Ulyses Hertig R. v. Allen * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e º 'º e < * g g g e = * * * * !'. W. Grange................................. \!. E. Severall (;e A. B. Herriºk.............. ................. John H. Oerding........................... M. L. Engle, (“hairman) A. D. Lucas................................... l'a'l B. Rains................................ James Au de TS ºn * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s j ...Lisbon ... i.isbon * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |Lisbon Lisbon I,isbon * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s ∈ e g º ºs s. sº a Lisbon ..................... Lisbon .... ................ Ft. Ransom .............. Commissioners.... ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g g g g º 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A. H. Berland a & e º is tº e s e s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (15) 450 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bonnersville........................... Fort Ransom........................... Scovill....................... ........... Buttzville............................... DISBON.................................... Sheldon................................. EngleVale............................... Owego..................................... Shenford............................... Elliott .................................... Plymouth............ .................. RENVILLE COUNTY. Created, January 4, 1873, from parts of Deuel, and Pembina. Bound- aries changed, 1883, part to Wynn; changed again, March 11, 1887, part from Wynn. Unorganized. Renville is a county of northwestern Dakota, bounded on the north by the International boundary, and the fourth county east of the Montana line. Principal stream is the Mouse river, which flows through the county from north to south, its entire length, Renville county is in the rich agricultural and grazing districts of the famous Mouse river valley. Vacant public lands, 1,044,480 acres. MISCEI,I, A NIEC) US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, thirty-one. Lands improved, 1885, 1,282 acres. Number of farms, 1885, nine. Average size of farms, 1885, 142 acres. RICHLAND county. Area, S47,360 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, March 8, 1883, part to Roberts; changed again, March 9, 1885, from part of Roberts. Organized, in 1873, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: J. W. Blanding, D. Wilmot Smith, M. T. Rich. - Richland is a county of the Red River valley, situated on the Minnesota state line, just north of the 7th standard parallel. Principal streams, are the Red and the Bois de Sioux rivers, which form the eastern bound- ary of the county. The Wild Rice river enters the county from the west, and makes a wide curve to the Southeast, flowing out at the northeast corner, traversing about two-thirds of the length, and five-sixths of the breadth of the county. The Sheyenne river flows through the r orth- western townships. There are upwards of fifty Small lakes and ponds scattered over the face of Richland county, the largest of which are Swan, Elk, Dry Slough, Taylor, Twin, Elm, Star, and Moran lakes, and Lake Wiliard, situated in the Southwestern townships. Scattered groves of native timber fringe the banks of the various streams of the county. Surface, of the eastern part, a level plain, undulating gently toward the west, until it terminates in the Sand hills, which lie along the western part. Soil, light clay, mixed with black Band, fine, black sediment, and decomposed vegetable matter. In many places, if the surface was re- moved to a depth of twenty feet, the new surface would be as productive as the old. Sub-soil, of the county, is unmistakably a drift deposit. The Lake Traverse Indian reservation occupies a part of the Southern tier of townships. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (Northern Pacific, Fergus & Black Hills line,) thirty-two miles; stations: Wahpeton, Farm: ington, Mooreton, Barney, Wyndmere, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Fargo Southern line,) fifty-one miles; stations: Fairmount, Tyler, Wahpeton, Abercrombie, Christine, Sewall, §º St. Paul, Min- neapolis & Manitoba railway, (Wahpeton & Ripon line,) thirty-three milés; stations: Walcott, Colfax, Dwight, Wahpeton; (main line,) thirty- four miles; stations: Fairmount, Sonora, Hankinson, Stiles, Lidgerwood. Total, sixty-seven miles. Minneapolis & Pacific railway, (main, line,) thirty-four miles; stations: Hankinson, Belmont, Fairmount. Total miles of railroad in county, 184. Vacant public lands, 20,040 acres; Watertown land district, 6,400 acres; Fargo land district, 13,640 acres. ; - * RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 451 BANKS. There are four banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Wahpeton, at Wahpeton, W. J. Van Derveer, president. Farmers' and Merchants' Bank, at Wahpeton, C. B. Pinney, president; R. B. Carson, cashier. Northwestern Balak, at Wahpeton, T. W. Kellog, president; W. A. White, cashier. People's Savings Bank, at Wahpeton, T. L. French, president; C. N. Wood, cashier. NEWSIPAPERS. Richland County Gazette, E. K. Morrill, editor and publisher, Wahpe- ton; Dakota Globe, Falley & Fritz, proprietors, Wahpeton; Times, Geo. P. Garred, editor and publisher, Wahpeton; Mercury, Greig & Glasier, editors and publishers, Wahpeton; Herald, F. J. Smith, editor, Fair! mount; Fort Abercrombie Scout, F. J. Smith, publisher and editor, Fort Abercrombie. * COUNTY SEAT. Wahpeton, on the Red River of the North, is the county seat. It has a population of 2,100; three school-buildings, valued at $20,000; methodist, baptist, congregational, episcopal, and two catholic church edifices, val- ued at $28,000; court-house and jail, valued at $15,000; city hall and fire department houses; water-works system, valued at $72,000; flour-mill; brewery, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real, $352,662; per- sonal, $230,417; total, $583,079. OTHIER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Colfax, in the north; population, 150; school-building, valued at $1,300; artesian wells; flour-mill, valued at $12,000; grain elevators; business houses; hotel, etc., Dwight, northwest of Wahpeton; population, fifty; School-building; lutheran church edifice, valued at $1,500; city jail; arte- sian wells; grain elevators; general stores; hotel, etc. Fairmöuiſt, in the Southeast; population, 250; school-building, valued at $700; church edifice, valued at $1,500; grain elevators; business houses; hotels, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $50,000. Fort Abercroin- bie, on the Red River, north O. Wahpeton; population, 200; school-build- ing, valued at $600; congregational church edifice, valued at $1,500; busi- ness houses; hotels, etc. Hankinson, in the south; population, 160; school- building, valued at $1,000; congregational church edifice, valued at $2,000; artesian well; grain elevators; business houses; hotels, etc. Lidgerwood, in the Southwest; population, 150; School building, valued at $800; catho- lic church edifice; grain elevators; business houses; hotels, etc. Walcott, in the north; population, 100; School building, valued at $1,000; artesian well, etc. Wyndmere, in the west; population, 100; school-building; busi- mess houses; hotels, etc. SCHOOLS, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twenty-four; School population, 2,271; number of school-houses in district, eighty-six; number of school-houses built in 1886, nine; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $38.72; females, $33,51; value of all school property, $58,-,02; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $41,661.20; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $11,001.53; par, amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $19,100; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,768.42. JLIVE STOCK STATISTICS. ----- $ | Year. Horses. M Wºnd ('attle. Sheep, SW1ne. Valuation. # | | 1880 606 47 1,762 183 360 * ........................ 1885 4,127 346 7,29 1,853 2,554 $ 360,466 1886 4,859 587 8,370 2,109 8,034 49; ,7{}5 1887 4,983 652 10,277 1,861 2,801 465,442 452 - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. Total assessed | * | * , , e, as Acres Real - Town Lots |Personal Prop- * . - Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation |éry *ś. yaluation of } County. 1880 - - - - - e º e g º e º - - - - - - - - - - e - $ 82.1% i..…. . * $ 815,656 $ 1,097 808 1885 589,286 2 (66.247 $ 851,956 452.979 3,240,648 1886 611,876 2,676.880 363.427 504,552 4,035 564 1887 | 649,275 2.812,307 444 627 554,025 4,306,451 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. * b’A HM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880 1885, and 1887. IBushels in | Bushels in $80. 1885. Bushels in 87. ºv. | Wheat................................................................. 184,753 1,510,015 1,161,996 Corn............................................. ‘s e s s s - e s - e = * * a s sº a s a s 845 19 486 82 500 Oats. .................................................................. º 63,243 798,635 1,038,658 Rye..................................................................... Il () l l (2 2,44 2 000 Buck Wheat......................................................... Il Oll Q 521 1,500 Burley................................................................. 15,330 41,894 95,826 Flax....................................................... ............ 110110 ! ..................... 15,024 MiscellANEous statistics. Population of county, 1880, 3,597; 1885, 9,043. Lands improved, 1880, 14,743 acres; 1885, 144,862 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 265; 1885, 1,418. Average size of farms, 1880, fifty-six acres; 1885, 102 acres. Average as- sessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4.33. Potato crop, 1885, 88.962 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 7,331 pounds, Dairy and other farm products 1885: milk, 3,055 gallons; butter, 223,525 pounds; cheese, 6,873 pounds; eggs, 158,619 dozen. NAME ANI) POSTOFFICE AIDIDRIESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Nanne. P. O. Address. Auditor......................................... A. E. Stinderhauf........................... Wahpeton................ Treasurer...................................... |6ičić. U.Saker..............................|Wahpeton..... • * * * * * * * * * * Sheriſt......................................... . |J. H. Miller................................. Wahpeton................ Clerk District Court..................... J. W. Cope..................................... Wahpeton................ Probate Judge............................. J. R. Buxton................................ Wahpeton................ Regisler of Deeds.......................... J. M. Ruggies................................ Wahpetoll................ Attorney ........................ ... ............ S. H. Snyder......... ; : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wahpeton................ Stuperintendent of Schools........... Wm. M. House.............................. Wahpeton................ Surveyor........................................ J. W. Blºnding.............................. Wahpeton...... ......... Coroner......................................... it has. Wiensma............................. Wahpeton................ ſiPeter S. Larson ............................. Abercrombie..... ....., I B. "akken..................................... Kongsberg............... Commissioners.......................... 3 |Fritz Wessel..................................|Farmington............. |}}. McMillan, (chairman)......... Stiles........................ |Theo. Doerr.......................... ....... Wahpeton ... .......... I,IST OF POSTORFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Barrie............................... Christine............................. Colfax .................................... J)wight................................ .. Fairmºunt.............................!! idgerwood .......................... Farmington............................'Mooreton................................ Kloeppel........ ...... .......... Walcott. Created March 9, 1883. ..... |Fort Aºmºrower… tº w tº tº 4 e º a tº ... Hankinson.............................W.A HPETo N ........................... s = ºr º e - - - - - - - - - e º 'º e - - - - - - - - - - e º 'º - Kongsberg.............................. Wyndmere............................. ** Rinehart county is situated in western Dakota, and north of the 45th degree of lititude. It is within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the “ioux reservation elsewhere. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 458 ROBERTS COUNTY. Area, 800,000 acres. Created, March 8, 1883, from parts of Grant and Richland. Boundaries changed, February 2, 1885, parts to Grant and Richland. Organized, August 1, 1883, by the appointment, by the Gov- ernor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Charles Cressy, Fred W. Dittes, and R. R. Hall. ‘. - Roberts county is situated in eastern Dakota, on the Minnesota state line immediately south of the 7th standard parallel. The Minnesota riyer and the north branch of Whetstone creek, are the principal streams of the county. The county boundary on the east runs through the center of lakes Traverse and Big Stone, for a distance of fifty miles. Both of the lakes named have an extraordinary length, as compared with their width —and are navigable for stealthers of considerable size. Lake Traverse is the virtual head of the Red River of the North, and Big Stone is the source of the Minnesota, or St. Peters river. A number of other lakes, ponds, and marshes dot the surface of Roberts county. The largest of these in. terior sheets of water are, Dry Wood lake on the western boundary, and Bull Head lake, a few miles west of Big Stone. Surface, of the west- ern portion, the hilly elevations of the Coteau region; of the country be- tween the Coteaus, and the eastern boundary, gently rolling prairie and fine agricultural lands. Soil, of the prairies, a deep, black loam, enriched by a considerable admixture of lime. All of Roberts, county, except about six townships in the Southeast, and a few sections in the northeast, is contained within the boundaries of the Lake Traverse, or Sisseton and Wahpeton Indian reservation. - Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, (main line,) twelve miles; stations: Summit, Sand Cut; (Whetstone branch,) twenty-three miles; station: Wilmot. Total, thirty-five miles; Chicagó, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Fargo, Southern line,) one mile; station: White Rock, Total miles of railroad in county, thirty-six. - Vacant public lands, 2,230 acres. - 13ANKS. There is one bank doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Wilmot, at Wilmot, Wm. M. Sargent, president; W. J. Speer, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Dakota Sun, Sun Publishing Company, publishers, Travare; Rober County Record, W. G. Ashton, publisher, Wilmot. Reporter, Fuller & Perkins, publishers, Wilmot. - CC) UNTY SEAT. Wilmot, in the South, is the county seat. It has a population of 300; school-building, valued at $1,800; methodist and presbyterian church edi’ fices, valued at $5,000; court-house and jail, valued at $4,500. Assessed yaluation town property, 1886, real, $35,000; personal, $30,000; total, $65,000. - - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Corona, in the south; population, thirty; school-building, valued at $500; grain elevator; business houses, etc, Geneva, on Big Stone lake; popula- tion, fifty; School-building, valued at $1,000; grain elevator; hotels; busi- ness houses, etc. Travare, north of Wilmot ; population, Seventy-five; school-building, valued at $500; flour-mill, valued at $10,000; general stores' etc. White Rock, in the northeast; population fifty; school-building. valued at $800; grain elevators; general stores; hotels, etc. y SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, six; Sºhool population, 591; number of School-houses in district, twenty one; number of school-houses built in 1886 six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $28,43; females, $24.26; value of all School property, $11,565.00; expended for School purposes during ear ending June 30, 1886, $11,012.09; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $1,351.62; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30. 1886, $11,750.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight percent. amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,717.13. * y 454 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. LIVE Stock STATISTICS, Year. - Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. | valuation. . 1885 90.9 sº 1905 tº 692 $ 72,878 1886 1,058 88 | 2,270 534 686 | dº. 82,054 1887 1,077 35 | 2,461 622 584 85,037 VALUATION STATISTICS, | - | rºw... - |Total assessed Yoo - Acres Real e Town Lots Personal Prop- “. . Year. JEstate. Valuation. i.valuation. erty valuation. Yaluation of . | County. 1885 51 (347 $ 192.621 | 6, 22.98 $ 50,669 $ 888 656 1886 75, 895 } 257 410 . 27,650 72,109 ! 489,228 1887 106,870 i 340,089 88 692 | 52,660 511 478 - FARM STATISTICS. . . Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in | 1880, 1885, 1887. Wheat...................................................... .. In O In e 250 142 110,250 Corn........ • * * g º is a g + = e g a tº a s s º e º ºs s e s ∈ s s º 8 s tº s $ e º e a tº sº t e º w tº g g s 6 tº e ſº | In OI) e. 22,765 34,450 Oats............................................................ i none 114,374 74,750 Rye............................................................ . Il Oil & 850 i................... * * Buckwheat.......................................... ...... Rı () 1162 º 196 ſ........................ Barley........................................................ : Il () Ilê 11,205 10,440] Flax........................................................... ; Il O Il C | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 MISCEI, LANIEOUS STATISTICS. . - Population of county, 1880, n \ne; 1885, 2,154. Lands improved, 1885, 29,430 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 454. Average size of farms, 1885, sixty-five acres. A verage assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.18. County indebtedness, 1887, §23,172. Potato crop, 1885, 18,367 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 2,058 pounds, Dairy and other farm products, 1885: butter, 67,737 pounds; cheese, 375 pounds; eggs, 44,398 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | - Office. * Name. P. O. Address. | | County Clerk................................. D. Eastman................................... Wilmo!..................... Treasurer...................................... Wm. McKusick............................ Wilmot..................... Sheriff...... .................................... M. W. Gorman .............................. Wilmot..................... Clerk District Court ... .................. W. G. Ashton.................................! Wilmot,.................... Probate Judge.............................. F. A. Country man ........................! Wilmot..................... Register of Deeds......................... P. Eastman................................... Wilmot........ “.... -----. Attorney. ...................................... Geo. E. Mattice............................. Wiś * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g g . g g g g º e Superintendent of Schools........... B. S. Ireland................................. Wilmot....... ... ............ Surveyor........................................ P. M. White................................... Wilmot..................... Coroner.......................................... J. H. Whitford.............................. | Wilmot.................. * 19. G. Merriam, (chairman)........... Travare..................... Commissioners........................... { Jal ob Webb................................... |Wilmot........... * * * * * * * * º Moses Mireau................................ 'Geneva..................... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Corona.................................... Osceola................................... Travare. ............................... Geneva................................... $18Seton Agency..................... White Rock........................... Lockwood............................... Staveley …................ WILM OT * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is e º e s º a a e s & e g g : ROLETTE COUNTY. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, * March 8, 1883, part to Towner; changed again, March 11, 1887. Organized, November 6, 1885, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following x 455 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. of the county is the Willow river. commissioners, viz.: James Malloy, Jasper Fearnot, and Arthur Foussard. Rolette county is situated in north Dakota, on the International bound- ary line, east of the Souris, or Mouse river. The only important stream Numerous lakes, ponds, and springs in the Turtle Mountains of the north, and elsewhere in the county, furnish a good supply of water. In the north, covering the Turtle Mountains, there is a considerable growth of native timber, consisting of oak, ash, elm, Coal is found in these mountains, and cherry, birch, and other varieties. an excellent quality of building-stone. noticeable surface feature of the county, is a range of hills miles long by twenty miles broad, lying two-thirds in Dakota and the Other third in Canada. The mountains on the Dakota side of the International boundary line, are contained within the northern limits of Bottineau and Rolette COUIIl ties. They rise to The Turtle Mountains, the most about forty an elevation of a few hundred feet above the surrounding prairie, and are surmounted by one or two peaks of somewhat greater altitude: The Sout h side of the mountains descends in gentle rolls, and is govered with excellent pastur- age. tle Mountains, Numerous small streams, fed by Springs, flow down the gorges of the hills. Surface, of the county, from its southern boundary to the Tur- a gently rolling reaching to a depth of several feet. clay, and limestone abound. Vacant public lands, 249,600 acres. NEWSI prairie. Sub-soil, clay. *APERS. Soil, black, rich loam, Brick clay, potters’ Herald, C. I. F. Wagner, publisher, Dunseith; Turtle Mountain Times, B. W. Lair, editor and publisher, Dunseith; Journal, II. D. Wilcox, pub- lisher, St. Johns. St. Johns, in the northeast, is the county seat, COUNTY SEAT. It has a population of 150; school-building, valued at $1,500; catholic church edifice, valued at $2,500; court-house; saw-mill; business houses; hotels, etc. Assessed valuation town pro total, $28,000. Dunseith, OTHIER IMPORTANT TOWNS. west of the center; population, 150; perty, 1886, real, $8,000; personal, $20,000; School-building, Valued at $1,300; flour-mill, valued at $5,000; saw-mill; brewery; pottery; business houses; hotels, etc. real and personal, $13,000. SCIIools, (STATISTICs 18S6.) Number of organized townships, five; school school-houses in district, five; number of Schoo Assessed valuation town property, 1886, oopulation, 342; number of - houses built in 1886, five; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $33.33; females, $25.50; value of all school property, $3,583.15; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $4,671. 11; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,808.22; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,576; ayeräge rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cont. ; annount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,549.95. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. i Year. HOTSes. ** ‘Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. ! |-- - 1885 412 17 } 842 14 276 $ 41,050 1886 685 10 1,206 11 402 83, 179 1887 781 80 1,504 47 465 96 3.48 VALUATION STATISTICS. Acres feal * Town Lots Personal Prop-ºººº...ºsessed Year Estate. Valuation. valuation |erty valuation Yºtion of County. 1885 2,925 $ 6,868 $ 12,577 $ 85,815 $ 95,810 1886 9,188 34,509 t 76,812 218,865 1887 27,122 91,453 38,215 78,061 304,077 456 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. FARM STATISTICs. º - • Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and .887. - Bushe is in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. 1887. Wheat............................................................ . ... .11ſ y lle 6,957 182,000 Corn..................................................................... Il Olle 10 2,280 Oats.................................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il () Il Q 16,792 229,130 Buckwheat........................................................... DODe l'..................... 255 Barley.................................................................. In Olle 4,195 31,500 Flax..................................................................... DOlle I..................... 400 MISCET,LANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 2,232. Lands improved, 1885, 5,424 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 414. Average size of farms, 1885, thirteen acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.37. County indebtedness, 1887, $16,057. Potato crop, 1885, 11,731 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, twenty-five pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 4,400 pounds; cheese, forty-five pounds; eggs, 2,775 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. ---- - - ------------ - - Office. Name. P. O. Address. Auditor......................................... C. J. Partridge.............................. St. Johns................... Treasurer...................................... Thos. Heske h.............................. St. Johns................... Bheriff.............................. ............ Thos. C. Flynn............................. Dunseith .................. Clerk District (Xourt..................... F. F. Phillips................................ St. Johns.................. w Probate Judge.............................. M. ses Labounty........................... St. Johns .................. Register of Deeds......................... ''. R. Lyman................................. St. Johns................... Attorney.......................................T. T. Tillotson.............................. St. Johns................... Superintendent of Schools........... John E. Brown ............................ St. Johns................... Surveyor....................................... Gustave Deschenes....................... Dunseith .................. Coroner.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Stephen Howard............. ............ Dunseith. ................. Assessor....................................... Ule E. Peterson........................... ..] Dunseith .................. John Cain, (chairman)................. St. Johns................... Commissioners ......................... } Patrick Forrest...... ..................... Dum Seith................. . Alfred Nattrass ............................ Island Lake............... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Benoit .................................... Hurricalle Lake...................... sais, JOHNS........................ Boydton ................................. Island Lilke ........................... Dunseith................................ Laureat................................... SANBORN COUNTY. Area, 368,640 acres. Created, March 9, 1883, from parts of Aurora and Miner. Organized June 23, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Hiram Roder, Jóhn Tannelill, and Samuel J. Mitchell. Sanborn, a James river valley County, is situated in southern Dakota on the 44th degree of latitude, and about midway between the Missouri river on the west, and the Big Sioux river on the east. Principal stream is the James river, which flows in a southerly direction through the center of the county. This river with its affluents, Redstone, Silver, and other creeks, afford ample drainage facilities. Long lake, a marshy body of water about nine miles in length, by from one half-mile to two miles in width, is a noted feature of the county. It lies a few miles southeast of Woonsocket. . Surface, generally, a gently rolling prairie. Numerous lake beds are found, here and there. The bluffs along the James are high, and add much to the beauty of the country." The distance between the bluffs on each side of this stream is, in Some places, considerable—afford- ing a large area of extremely fertile bottom lands. Soil, chiefly, a black RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 457 Vegetable mold, though in some places, it is of a more Sandy nature. It averages from eighteen inches to two feet in depth, and is underlayed throughout by a clay sub-soil. 2' i. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (James River line,) twenty miles; stations: Woonsocket, Letcher; (main line,) twenty-three miles; stations: Artesian City, Forestburgh, Woon- socket. Total, forty-three miles. Vacant public lands, none. * IBANIKS. There are five banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Diana, at Artesian City, W. G. Williams, president; E. H. May, cashier. Cameron Bros’. Bank, at Artesian City, J. B. Cameron, cashier. Sanborn County Bank, at Woonsocket, Geo. W. Corkings, president; Leon L. Stev- ens, cashier. Citizens' Bank, at Woonsocket, E. S. Rowley, president; W. M. Sheldon, casbier. Bank of Woonsocket, at Woonsocket, Ed. L. Baker, president; Chas. E. Hinds, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. The Blade, H. E. Mayhew editor, Letcher; Times, Kanouse & Folsom, ublishers, Woonsocket; News, Frank Kelley, publisher, Woonsocket; akota Immigration Journal, Frank Kelley, editor, L. F. Shaffer, mana- ger, Woonsocket; The Advocate, H. S. Douglas, editor, Artesian City. COUNTY SEAT. Woonsocket, in the west, is the county seat. It has a population of 900; School-building, valued at $12,000; presbyterian, methodist, episcopal, united presbyterian and catholic church edifices, valued at $10,000; pub- lic buildings, valued at $3,500; flour-mill, valued at $30,000; creamery; brick-yards; wagon and carriage factory; furniture factory; pork packing establishment. Assessed valuation city property, 1887, real, $126,000; per- sonal, $58,000; total, $184,000, OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Artesian City, in the east: population, 400; school-buildings, valued at $1,500; methodist and presbyterian church edifices, valued at $5,000; water-works (artesian) system; flour mill, etc., Assessed valuation town roperty, 1886, real and personal, $9),000. The place derives its name rom the number of artesian wells, flowing in the vicinity. Forest- burgh, on the James river; population, 150; presbyterian church edifice, valued at $2,000; school building, valued at $1,550; business houses; hotels, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1885, real and personal, $20,000. Letcher, in the southwest; population, 100; school-building, valued at $1,500; congregational church edifice; artesian well; feed-miſſ, general stores; grain ware-houses, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $46,000. SC11ools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, sixteen; school population, 1,029; num- ber of School-houses in district, fifty-six; number of school houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $28.37; females, $27.80; value of all school property, $41,470.77; expended for school pur- poses, during the year ending June 30, 1886, $22,564.95; cash remaining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $1,353.76; par amount of school bonds outstanding, June 30, 1886, $39,400 00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $6,835.30. I,IVE STOCK STAT ISTCS. i | --------- Year. Horses, *::::" Cattle, Sheep, Swine. Valuation. 1885 1,788 188 8,978 1,467 2,227 $ 176 881 1886 • 2,131 126 | 4,748 957 1 688 | 186 241 1887 2,458 96 6. 121 1,974 1,949 162. 143 458 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. . ..., | | T Ti I... ... R.I., "... Total assessed * ACTQS Real g Town Lots |Personal Prop- " ... • Year. Estate. Valuation. Vºitatiºn ºustič. Yºon of ---- - - - - - ?”; county. 1885 | 142 500 $ 580,680 | $ 132,136 | $ 136,952 | $ 1,025,099 1886 158,988 569,042 140,966 | 171,945 1,048,194 # | # §§§7 |_iº || 35.865 1,060,712 FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885, 1887. | Wheat................................................................. . 1) Olle 120,127 872,720 Corn.................................................................... Il OI) e. 131,512 649,600 Outs.....................................................................' ll ()]] tº 198 897 $57,840 Rye..................................................................... ! 1101) 6. 881 15,000 Buckwheat......................................................... Il OIl 8 1,402 8,000 Barlºy................................................................. ! Il () I. C. 7,063 '74,700 Flax................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e e s s - 4 - - - - - w e º e s e s tº Tl Olle | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,260 MISCE LLANEO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 4,106. Lands improved, 1885, 45,300 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 752. Average size of farms, 1885, sixty acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.66. County indebtedness, 1887, $12,114. Potato crop, 1885, 34,784 bushels, Wool clip, 1885, 5,869 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 3,050 gal- lons; butter, 88,084 pounds; eggs, 42,364 dozen. - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF county of FICERS IN 1887. | g Office. Name. P. O. A doll'ess. County Clerk................................. i. M. Kintner...................... ......... Woonsocket............. Treasurer............ .......................... Chas. C. Hayes.............................. Woonsocket............. Sheriff............................... ............ W. N. Sevey................................... Wooll Socket............. Clerk District Court..................... |David S, D till kel........................... Woolnsockel............. Probate Judge,............................. R. M. Church........... .................... Artesian City........... Register of Deeds.......................... J. M. Kintner................................ Woolnsocket............. Attorney........................................ John I. Whiting........................... Artesian City........... Superill tendent of Schools............H. A. Moses.................................... Woonsocket............ Surveyor................ ....................... A. McGilly ray ... ........................... Forestburgh............. Coroner......................................... A. V. Bonesteel.............................. Forestburgh............ Assessor......................................... j. E. ()ison. |Brisbine 6 t t e º a tº e s a 4 + 4 = + º- tº e º - Wm. H. McKeel, (chairman)........ ! Artesian City........... Gib. Dziewanowski....................... 'Wool) Socket............. Commissioners..... ..................... Ole J. Norain. .............................. Artesian City.......... º | Geº. Brodrick................................ Letcher.................... U J. Rubenda 1 .............................. 'Artesian City........... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Artesian City......., ‘.…~~ Callihan................................. Forestburgh.......................... Alwilda.................................. Cornell.................................... Letcher................................. Amboy................................! Farnsworth...................... Medaş.................................... Brisbine.................................! Farwell................................... WOONSOCKET........................ SARGENT CONNTY. Area, 552,960 acres. Created March 3, 1883. Boundaries changed, Murch 8, 1883, part to Hyde. Organized, August 1, 1883, by the appoint. ment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz: John Herring, C. C. Newman, and B. G. Haskell. e Surgent is a county of eastern, D.lkota, north of the 7th standard par- allel, and the second wes, of the Minnesota state line. The principal RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 459 stream of the county, is the Wild Rige river, which heads in the southeast portion around the swell of land of which Airy Mound is the highest ele- vation, and flows northeast into Richlan. I county. Surgent cºunty has within its byrders, rn uny lakes, pon 13, and marshes. The largest sheets of water, are lake Te Waukon on the northern elfe of the Indian reserva- tion, which covers about 1,000 acres, and lake Kandiotta, about ten miles northwest. covering some 500 acres. Both are beautiful and picturesque in their surroundings. Near Milnor, are four or five lakes with areas vary- ing from 160 to 400 acres each. In the northwest are two extensive but Somewhat marshy lakes—one known as lake Dili. At other points, par- ticularly in the central and eastern portions, there are many smaller bodies of water. Surface, of the mujor p \rt of Surgent cotinty, is gentl rolling prairie, with large tracts of level land. The hilly region surround- ing Airy Mound in the southeast, covers an area nearly equal to a congressional township. The lower course of the Wild Rice river is con- siderably broken by bluffs and ravines Around the lakes, near the town of Milnor, the surface is somewhat broken, as also are some of the town- ships of the southwest. The Whitestone hills extend into a township of the same name on the northern boundary, and near the center of the county are two or three isolated mounds or but es, rising to a considerable elevation above the prairie. The banks of the Wild Rice river are fringed in many places, with groves of native timber, and a group of sand hills in the northeast corner of the county, is covered with a growth of small trees. ... Soil, of the prairie, a deep, black loam, underlaid, with a sub-soil of clay. About ninety square miles in the southeast part of the county, lies within the boundaries of the Lake Traverse, or Sisseton and Wahpeton Indian reservation. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (Northern Paci- fig, Fergus & Black Hills line,) 10.1 miles; stations: Milnor, DeLamere. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway. (Andover line,) seventeen miles; stations: Sargent, Forman, Harlem. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, (Ellendale extension,) thirty-six miles; stations: Geneseo, Sene- ca, Rutland, Belle Plain, Brooklane, Straubville; (Aberdeen—Rutland ex- tension,) nine miles; stations: Rutland, Sprague Lake, Webber. Total forty-five miles, Minneapolis & Pacific railway, (main line,) thirty-six miles; stations: Ransom, Forman, Nicholson. Total miles of railroad in county, 108.1. Vacant public lands, 10,340 acres; Watertown land district 4,820 acres; Fargo land district, 5,520 acres. 13.ANKS. - . There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Sargent County, at Milnor, D. F. Vail, president; F. W. Vail, cashier. Bank of Forman, at Forman, L. V. Babcock, manager. NEWSPAPERS. The Item, A. H. Ellsworth, editor, D. F. Ellsworth & Son, publishers, Forman; Sargent County Teller, Moore Bros., publishers, Milnor; Rustler, J. F. Rowins, editor, Sargent. . COUNTY SEAT. Forman, west of the center, is the county seat. - . . . . . . . OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Harlem, north of Forman; schools; church organizations; grain eleva- tors; business houses; hotels, etc. Milnor, in the north; population, 500; school-building, valued at $2,200; presbyterian, methodist, and lutheran church edifices, valued at $6,000; grain elevators and ware-houses; tele- phone; flour-mill, projected. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, real and personal, $133,067. , Rutland, southeast of the center; population, 250; school building, valued af $1,500; church organizations; artesian well, : valued at $1,500; grain elevators; business houses; hotels, etc. Ransom, in the east; population, 100; School-building, valued at $1,000; church organi- zations; business houses; grain elevators, etc. Sargent, south of Forman; population, Seventy five; School-building; church organizations; grain ele- vators; business houses; hotels, etc. 460 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. - - SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of , organized townships, sixteen; school population, 822; number of School-houses in district, thirty-three; number of school- houses built in 1886, seven; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $35.37; females, $31.35; value of all school property, $32,222.00; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $11,827.24; cash remain- ing in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $2,218.37; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $29,650.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,181.34. - - - - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. 1885 1,020 189 1,972. | 122 | 361 $ 121,021 1886 1,864 168 2,586 | 858 792 159,883 1887 . 1,883. 154 3,180 445 869 195,880 - VALUATION STATISTICS. - - - - Total assessed Acres Real | xr. tº Town Lots | Persºnal Prop- 1 in ti, at , of Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation. erty Valuation. yºu of • - Inty. 1885 185,835 $ 747,157 $ 87,687 $ 87,399 | $ 1,043,264 1886 205,101 748,125 79,870 108 320 ,090,648. 1887 246,006 962,007 96,757 170,256 1,424,900 - FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - - Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. 1887. Wheat.................. .............................................. none. | 244,024 765,000 Corn....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In Oll 6 6,155 - 12,000 9**"…................................................. Il () Ilê 161,181 800,000 *ve......................................... .** 4' e º 'º e s s e º sº a 4 + 8 + n e º 'º - - - - * * T] OI)0 : ,980 4,375 . . Buckwheat......................................................... noue 1,834 1,500 Barley........... ............................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * Il Oli Ö 1,218 51.800 **..….…............................................ Il () I) e. |. • * * * * s = < * * * * * * * • * 7,500 - MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. - Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 3,234, Iands improved, 1885, 47,419 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 1,02), Average size of farms, 1885, forty-six attres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.91 Cºliity indebtedness, 1887, $15,063. Potato crop, 1885, 29,652 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 576 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: but- ter, 404,02;) pounds; eggs, 31,419 dozen. - ‘. . . . . NA XI is .\.N 1) POST) Fl'ICE ADD tº SS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. ** ---------------------------- - --> -- --- Oſlice. - Name. . . P. O. Address. , i - - . * . - Auditºr ................................ • . . . . . chas. Afdem................................. Forman.................s. Treasurer...................................... ;Magnus Nelson............................ Forman. ........… Sheritſ.......................................... ! }''. G. Bartlett........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Milnor....................... 'Clerk District Court.......... .......... 'John W. Christian............. ........... Forman............... ..... Probate Judge.............................. ‘A. Wells ....................... ................ Forman ......... ......... Register of Deeds.......................... A. F. Price............... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Forman..................... Attorney................................. '• * * * * '('. C. Newman ...... • . . . . . . . . “............] Milnor...................... 8tu perii, tendent of Schoºls.......... . S. A. Dºnſord............. .......... .......|Forman.................... Surveyor....................................... H. A Soule,............................ ..... Prampton.................. Corother......................................... |J. G. Ecker................................. ...] Ransom .............. Assessor ....................................... :Ole F. Johnson......................... ..|Milnor............. T. W. Nicholson (chairman)........ Nicholson...... * , is - | ohn Herman .................. * * * * * * * * * * * Hairlin....... Commissioners...................... ... + i E. W. Barton................................ Harlem ......... |Z. O. Patten................. • - - - - - - - -.......] Forman......... | |Randolph Holding...................... ..[Ransom .............: List of Postoffices IN county, 1887. Created March 9, 1883. - Schnaase is a county of central Dakota, west of the Missouri river and Created March 8, 1883. - * Scobey county is situated in southwestern Dakota, between the 44th and 45th degrees of latitude, and is entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. § tº 9 . ..|Hamlin........ ~~~~ tº sº º ºs º º Ransom........ • * * * * * * * * * * •,• *-------, * * * * * * * * * * *sses--s • * * ...[Harlem...................................|Ripley ... .............................. re..............................[Havana................................... Rutland - * * * * jºki ..................................] Kandiotta .............................. Sargent............... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FORMAN. ................................. Milnor......... ........................ Tewaukon. .......................... Geneseo.................................."Nicholson....... .......................]Verner.................................. schnasse county. south of the Cannon Ball river. It is entirely, within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. SCOBEY COUNTY. SHANNON COUNTY. Created, January 11, 1875, from original territory. Shannon county is situated in the southwestern part of the Territory, on the Nebraska boundary line, and lies entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reserva- tion elsewhere in this publication. LIST of Postoffices IN county, 1887. ... Fine Ridge Agency. .e. a s is a s ºf s 4 & s is s a p is e e s = < e < * a s . . Woºded Knee............................................ SHERIDAN COUNTY. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed in 1883, part to McLean; changed again March 11, 1887. Unorganized. Sheridan county is situated in the central part of northern Dakota. ... There are no streams of any considerable size in this county. Numerous lakes in the western part, and the many lakes, ponds and springs of the Coteaus, furnish an ample supply of excellent water. Sur- face, undulating praiſie, and broken and hilly elevations of the Plateau du Coteau du Missouri, which traverse the county, diagonally, from the center of the northern boundary to the Southeast corner. The surface º, formations, the rich quality of the soil, produ'ing, as it does, the finest of natural grasses, and the many springs and sheltered nooks of the Coteaus, make the lands of Sheridan county especially desirable for farming and stock-raising purposes. - - , Vacant public lands, 348,160 acres. ... - Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, forty, spink county. Area, 967,680 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Hanson. Boundaries changed February 22, 1879. Organized July 22, 1879, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: ... James B. Churchill, Geo. M. Bowman, and Charles Foster. - Spink, a James river valley county, is situated in southern Dakota, on the 45th degree of latitude, midway between the Missouri river, on the º west, and the Minnesota state line, on the east. Principal streams, are the James river, which flows through the county from north to south; the 462 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Turtle river, flowing from the southwest; Snake creek, from the north- west, and Timber creek, which drains the eastern townships into the • * . 3. t'. . º, ." * * * *… - * . . . º. - ... . ; ‘. . . * James river. Two or three smaller streams flow into the James, thorough- ly draining all portions of Spink county. The county has within its boun- daries a number of small lakes and ponds. The great Coteaus of the Mis- souri and the James rivers extend in two immense semi-circles, with their convex sides facing, through the county, and, at Redfield approach with- in about eight miles of eath other. To the north and south of this point the surface assumes the shape of two grand basins, both of which, proba- bly, were once the beds of fresh water lakes. These basins consist of beautiful, undulating prairie, with a rich, black, loamy soil, of inexhaus- tible fertility. • - g . . . Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul railway, (James river line,) forty-two miles; stations: Bright, Mellette, Ashton, Redfield, Tulare, Spottswood. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Huron- Oakes line,) forty-five miles; stations; Crandon, Redfield, Athol, North- ville; (Watertown-Faulkton line,) thirty-six miles; station 3: Doland, Frankfört, Redfield: (Doland extension,) twenty-four miles; stations: Doland, Turton, Coral. Total, 105 miles. Total miles of railroad in county, 147. Vacant public lands, 960 acres. I3A NIKS, - . . There are twelve banks doing business in this county, as follows: First National Bank, at Ashton, S. F. Hammond, president; F. W. Kammann, cashier. James Valley Bank, at Ashton, M. F. Scofield, president; Rob- ert T. Lang, cashier. Billinghurst Bros., at Ashton, B. R. Hawley, cashier. Bank of Athol, at Athol, S. Horton, president. Bank of Doland, at Do- land, F. H. Doland, president; W. I. McMaster, cashier. First National Bank, at Doland, O. W. Barlow, president; S. E. Morris, cashier. James River Bank, at Frankfort, Frank Drew, president; S. Drew, cashier. Bank of Mellette, at Mellette, John Gange, president; A. J. Gange, cashier. Bank of Northville, at North ville, B. A. Bissell, president. Bank of Red- field, at Redfield, D. R. Miller, cashier. First National Bank, at Redfield, W. W. Taylor, president; H. M. Benedict, cashier. Spink County Bank, at Redfield, H. H. Wood, president; F. A. Dawes, cashier. NEWSPA I2ERS. Spink County Leader, C. L. Downey and C. M. Downey, editors and publishers, Ashton; Tribune, H. S. Woodworth, editor, Crandon; Record, Geddes & Lane, editors and publishers, Doland; Times, Len V. Doty, ublisher, Doland; The Advocate, W. B. Tapley,' editor and publisher, Frankfort; Spink County News, Chas. I. Foster, publisher, Mellette; Tribune, C. M. Howe & Son, publishers, F. A. Howe, editor, Mellette; The Advance, John Bushell, editor, Northville; Independent, F. E. Pierce, publisher, Northville; Journal, Journal Publishing Co., publishers, Red- field; Dispatch, H. L. Henry, editor and publisher, Redfield; Dakota . Methodist, O. S. Basford, editor and publisher, Redfield. g COUNTY SEAT. Redfield, on the Turtle river, is the county seat. It has a population Of 1,500; five church edifices, valued at $10,000; court-house and city hall, val- ued at $15,000; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $10,000; flour-mills, valued at $35,000; creamery, valued at $6,000; opera-house; wood-working establishment, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1887, real, $140,000; perstonal, $105,000; total, $245,000. The congregational college is located at Redfield. Fo: a description of the institution, see page 220 of this pub- lication. ()'THIER IMPO ISTANT TOWNS. - - . . . Ashton, on the James river; population, 1,000; school-building, valued at $5,000; church edifices, valued at $5,000; city buildings, valued at $10,- 000; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $9,000, flour-mill, valued at º $25,000; brick-yards. Assessed valuation town property, . real and personal, $159,000. Athol, in the west; population, 300; school building, valued at $4,000; congregational church ediſi, e, valued at $2,000; brewery, valued at $6,000; telephone. Crandon, Southeast of Redfield; population, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 463 250; school-building, valued at $500; methodist church edifice, valued at $2,000; flour-mill. Doland, in the east; population, 500; school-building, valued at $1,200; methodist church edifice, valued at $3,500; grain eleva- tors; business houses; hotels, etc., Frankfort, on the James river; popu- lation, 500; School-building; church organizations; water-power; grain ele- vators, etc; artesian well projected. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $80,000. Mellette, in the north; population, 250; School-building, valued at $1,200; presbyterian and methodist church edifices, valued at $4,000; grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $104,000. Northville, in the northwest; population, 300; school-iſſuilding, valued at $1,200; methodist church edifice, valued at $1,000; grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $65,000. Tulare, south of Redfield; opulation, 150; School-building; church organizations; grain elevators; usiness houses; hotels, etc. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized townships, nineteen; school population, 2,993; number of school-houses in district, 127; number of school-llouses built in 1886, twenty-two; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $36.62; fe- males, $31.12; value of all school property, $104,640.06; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $66, 04.77; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $8,278.73; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $99,300; average rate of interest paid on bonds, Seven per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $9,864.42. I, I \"E STOCK STATISTICS. t t Year. Horses, ** Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. *** -- * * * ~ -- ~ ** **-* * * * * * * * * ~ *** - º---- i | { i ! i 1880 174 25 290 .................. ‘.................. * *... .................. 1885 5,043 461 6,580 2,500 2,873 || $450,938 1886 6,875 497 8, 207 j 4.951 | 4, 171 56.4 597 1887 6,733 || 518 8,305 5,147 2.858 546,906 VALUATION STATISTICS. *.*.*.* --- *- ſ ! * |Total assessed y Acres Real * Town Lots Personal Prop. “‘. •x + i. Year. Estate. Valuation, valuation, erty valuation. Yºon Of --- - - - - - ------------ - -------- -------------------------- : --------— 1880 .…....... s 1748 ºr º $ $ 8,132 $ 9,875 1885 | 469,805 1,787 126 $ 295,350 51(), 198 3.043 622 1886 506,083 1,837,665 814, 171 676,088 3,392,471 1887 548,868 1,718,887 861,455 621,602__3,263,850 T* 1880, personal property includes live stock. FAIRM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. | Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in i 1880. 1SS5, } 1887. - - - | --------------- : Wheat................................................................. In OI: € 1,616,449 2,550,000 Corn................................................ .................. 11 O 1162 | 266,918 t 510,000 Oats .................................................................... Il Oll G. 740,675 1,200,000 Rye.................. .................................................. 1) Ol) & ! 2,178 | 4,800 Buckwheat.................................................. ...... 110 l) e . 50s 1,000 Barley................................................................ | 1) Ol) (2 | G6,172 217,500 Flax .................................................................. | 1) () l l e '• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,997 MISCEI,I, A NEOUS STATISTICS. Topulation of county, 1880, 477; 1885, 10,446. Ilands improved, 1880, 4,335 acres; 1885, 219,471 acres. Number of farms, 1880, ninety; 1885, 2,358. Average size of farms, 1880, forty-eight acres; 1885, ninety-three acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.15. County indebt- edness, 1887, $4,341, Potato crop, 1885, 107,638 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 22,788 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 5,539 gallons; butter, 277,905 pounds; cheese, 1,725 pounds; eggs, 122,049 dozen. 464 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. “ Name. P. O. Address. Auditor.......................... .............. J. M. eidleman........................... Redfield ............. ...... Treasurer..................................... C. G. Winched............................. Redfield ........ ........... Sheriff.......................................... M. J. Starr .................................... Redfield .................... Clerk District Court..................... H. L. Henry ................................. Redfield .................... Probate Judge........................ ..... Isaac Howe...................................' Redfield .................... Register of Deeds ........................ B. Goo" Win, Jr............................. 'Redfield.................... Attorney................................. ..... Thos. Sterling.............................. Northville................. Superintendent of Schools........... Read Matheney............................ Ashton....................... Surveyor....................................... W. H. Hedges............................. ." Redfield..................... Coroner...................................... .. J. P. Hinckley... .......................... Tulare...................... Assessor........................................ J. B. Churchill....................... ..... Arma lale........ ſ|J F. Huggins.............. ................. Beotia........................ A J Tuthill................................. Frank ſort........ ......... Commissioners.......................... J. W. SWit Żer........ ....................... Altoona..................... John Bushell................................ Northville................. J. B. l.abrie, Jr............................. Doland.... ................. LIST or POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Armadale................................ Ashton.................................... Athol...................................... Beotia................................... Doland....................................] Ridge.................................... Frankfort................................[Rose...................................... Grobe......................................|Saint Paul............................ ..|Irving.....................................|Spottswood...................... - La Delle...................................ISumner................................. Rright º Mellette.................................. Tetenka................................. COr ... Northville. .............................Tulare................................... Crandon .................................|REDFI* D................................ STANLEY COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, January 11, 1875; changed again March 9, 1883, part to Pyatt. Unorga ſized. + Stanley county is situated in the central part of southern Dakota, on the west bank of the Missouri river. It is entirely within the boundaries of Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation in another part of this publication. f LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. -, *...*.*.*.* ~ *-* - --------- | Fort Ben I) (* (t Coulson, (Fort Pierre).......º STARK county. Created, February 10, 1879, from original territory. Boundaries changed, March 9, 1883, part to Hettinger; changed again, March 10, 1887, part to Morton, and part from Villard. ()rganized, May 1, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Horace I. Dickinson, Jas. Collister, James Y. Campbell. Stark county is situated in western Dakota, south of the 47th degree of latitude, and the second county east of the Montana boundary. Principal stream is the I eart river, which, with its many smaller tributaries, drain the central and southeastern portion". The northeastern part of the county is drained by branches of the Big Knife river. The Green river waters the northwestern Section of the county. Numerous springs are scattered throughout its area, and considerable native timber grows along the banks of all the streams. Iignite coal abounds in many locali- ties, and sandstone outcrops occasionally. Surface, high, rolling prairie, river valleys, level prairie, , with a few isolated buttes and eaks. The country adjacent to the streams, is marked by a line of low É. which sweep away in a rolling prairie. In the western part of Stark county the surface rolls in beautiful and more regular undulations. Soil, a rich loam, growing the finest and most nutritious native forage. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . - 465 The lands of Stark county—with their supply of springs and brooks, are peculiarly fitted for agricultural pursuits, and stock growing: gº Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, 46.9 miles; sta- tions: Antelope, Richardton, Taylor, Gladstone, Dickinson, Eland, South Heart, Belfield. Total, 46.9 miles. Vacant public lands, 266,240 acres. BANKS. There is one bank doing business in this county, as follows: Stark County Bank, at Dickinson, H. J. Whitley, president; A. Hilliard, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Press, J. T. Scott, editor and publisher, Dickinson; Stark County Her- ald, Chas. Wilson, publisher, Gladstone. COUNTY SEAT. Dickinson, on the Heart river, is the county seat. . It has a population of 700; school-building, valued at $2,200; catholic and baptist church edi: fices, valued at $3,000; court-house and jail, valued at $15,000. A good quality of lignite coal is mined in the vicinity of Dickinson. OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Belfield, in the west; population fifty; schools; church edifice, etc. Gladstone, east of Dickinson; population, 400; school-building, valued at $700; congregational and methodist church edifices, valued at $3,000; flour- mill, valued at $20,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and §. $54,000. Richardton, in the northeast; population, 100; School- uilding, valued at $800; church edifice, valued at $2,000; water-works system, valued at $10,000; creamery. Lignite coal is found in the vicinity of Richardton, Assessed valuation town property, 1887, real and personal, $25,015. South Heart, in the west; schools; general stores, etc. Lignite coal is mined in the vicinity of the town. Taylor, between Gladstone and Richardton; schools; general stores; hotel, etc. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, eight; school population, 391; num- ber of school-houses in district, four; number of school-houses built in 1886, three; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $36.00; females, $29.80; value of all school property, $4,500.00; expended for school pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $6,492.44; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $639.24; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $3,200,00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $57.50. LIVE STOCK STATISTICs. Year. - Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation, 188 407 22 740 88 240 $ 86,506 1886 478 89 | 1 958 58 510 93,558 1887 1 ſ)84 88 3,508 || 145 266 115,424 | VALUATION STATISTICS. Acres Real || Town Lots |Personal Prop-] *...*** Year. Estate. Valuation. vºiuatiºn erºtiatiº. Yºon of - | “… --> “I county. 1885 | 56,204 $ 139.076 $ 18,216 $ 49,162 $ 242,960 1886 | 66,868 - | 188,550 | 155,626 85.399 518,188 1887 284,988 780 811 208,059 88,989. 1,188,288 - 466 , RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. tº |FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. 4. t Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880, 1887. 1885, - - - - - " * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - } -- Wheat. … …..….........................' In OIl G 18,538 82,676 Corn..................................... ........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * none | 4,776 ,650 Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ - - -------------------------... . . . . . none 94,309 90,714 *Y*.…............…........................................... none | 20 286 Buckwheat........................... ....................... ..... | Il Olle 198 l 56 Barley ........................................ ~~~~~ I] Oſlo | 2,069 5,475 Flax........ …......................... * - - - - ... . . .-------. Il Olle lº." 320 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 1,507. Lands improved, 1885, 11,480 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 419. Average size of farms, 1885, twenty-Seven acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $2.56. County indebtedness, 1887, $15,000. Potato crop, 1885, 38,406 bushels. Wool clip, 1885 709 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 2,295 gallons; butter, 20,806 pounds; cheese, 318 pounds, eggs, 12,497 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887 | t Office. Name. P. O. Address. -—- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - -- ----- County Clerk................................ |Geo. Auld..................................... Dickinson................. Treasurer...................................... J. A. Farrah .................. .............. Dickinsºn................. Sheriff.................................... .... | M. A. Sebastian............................ Dickinson................. Clerk District Court..................... !C. D. Briggs................................. Dickinson................. Probate Judge.............................. J. G. Campbell............................. Dickinson................. Register of Deeds......................... Geo. Auld..................................... Dickinson................. Attorney....................................... "Wm. Gibson................................. Dickillson................. Superintendent of Schools........... |Thos. Evans.................................. Gladstone.................. Surveyor....................................... J. G. Saunders.............................. Gladstone.................. Coroner......................................... 'Peter Ellison................................ Richardton... ........... Assessor....................................... John Riessbeck............................. |Antelope.................... f : H. L. Dickinson........................... |Dickinson.................. Commissioners.......................... { Rºbert Lee.................................... |Gladstone................. ! Thos. S. Underhill....................... |Ānteiope............ - - - - - - LIST OF POSTC) FFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Antelope............... ................. Gladstone.….Taylor.…. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Belfield...................................|Richardton.............................] DICKINSO's...............................|South Heart................ ... STEELE COUNTY. A rea, 460,800 acres. Created, March 8, 1883, from arts of Traill and Griggs. Organized, June 8, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of W. glowing commissioners, viz: P. S. McKay, R. W. Berry and Thos. Ward. Steele county is situated between the 47th and 48th degrees of latitude, in the northeastern part of the Territory, and is the Second county west of the Minnesota state line. The Goose river flows through two of the north- eastern townships, and the Sheyenne river touches two of the Western townships. The north, south and middle branches of the Goose river, lºfty drain the northern and eastern townships. The Maple river flows through the southwestern part. The county has within its borders a number of simal] lakes and ponds. The water, everywhere in the county, is excellent, being clear and free from alkali. Steele county lies within the great wheat beſt of the Territory, and has a deep, rich soil, adapted not only to the raising of wheat, but of all other farm products. Surface, gen- erally, a rolling prairie. Milés of railroad in county. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, (Ripon and Hope line,) eight miles; stations: Hope, Colgate. Vacant public lands, none. - " ... RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 467 * - w * BAN KS. * There is one bank doing business in this county as follows: Bank of Hope, at Hope. - NEWSPAPERS. e Pioneer. R. H. Simpson, editor and publisher, Hope; Steele County Tribune, W. E. Snowden, Jr., editor and publisher, Sherbrooke. COUNTY SEAT. Sherbrooke, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 100; school-building; church organizations; public buildings, etc. AS- sessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $8,000. OTIHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Colgate, in the south; population fifty; schools, etc. Hope, South of the center; population, 250; school-buildings, valued at $4,000; congrega- tional church edifice, valued at $2,500; grain elevators; hotels, etc. Assess- ed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $90,000. Pickert, west of Sherbrooke; general stores; grain warehouses, Cte. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, eleven; school population, 795; num- ber of school-houses in district, twenty-five; number of school-houses built in 1886, ten; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $40.00; females, $37,00; value of all school property, $19,387.55; expended for School pur- poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $7,608 84; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,089.78; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $14,000; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,725 67. - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. wº |Mul d -- -- - - - - F -- – - -- Year Horses. i* "..." Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. -- - --- ------ ---------- ---- Asses. j - | | 1885 1694 221 2,280 314 658 $ 153,782 1886 2,090 | 277 | 2,877 8t,8 1 266 210,749 iš ºš i 388 Sºi is 1,082 156,721 VAI, UATION STATISTICS. --- -- - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... In Total assessed A Cres Real & Town Lots Personal Prop- r Year. EState Valuation. Kºś. |erty valuation. valuation of __i º –– County. . . | | I885 259,812 $ 661,891 $ 60,894 $ 99,861 $ 975, 878 1886 285.367 1,327,880 76,853 117,702 | 1,733,134 1887 301,531 1,615,169 61,382 142,347 i 1,975,619 farm statistics. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - --- - - - • ** -- - - - - - - - - - - ------ 4 W Bush, ls in Bushels in Bushels in 1880 * e 1885. 1887 Wheat.................... ............................................. none 762,280 975 000 Corn..................................................................... Il Oile - 5,587 11,691 Oats..................................................................... In Olle 319,140 509,976 Rye “….......................................................... | mone } 600 6 0 Puckwheat ......................................................... In O (le 1 818 ‘..................... *tley.................................................................. none t 9,092 24 510 Fux..................................................................... | Il () [16. '---------........... | 528 - & MISCET,L.A.NEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 3,080. Lands improved, 1885, 7(; 469 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 942. Average size of farms, 1885, eighty-one acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887. $5.37. County, indebtedness, 1887, $24,279. Potato crop, 1885, 29,025 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 922 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, ; gallons; butter, 64,400 pounds; cheese, 380 poun is; eggs, 37,584 O ZéIl. - , NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF County of FICERS IN KS37. Office. Name. . . . . , P. O. Address. County Clerk.................. ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . “ E. S. Seymour..................6 s tº a tº s - * * ** * * * * * sherbrºoke… Treasurer...................................... K. H. Brunsdale........................... Sherbróoke.............. Sheritſ............ ..... ........................ |B. F. Walden................................. |Hope ............ • * g e s e º ºs * * * Clerk District Court ............. ...; H. Ward........................... " * * * * * s is a tº iShºrbrooktº.............. Probate Judge .............................. R. W. Berry................. .................. Sherbrooke............ is a . Register of Deeds.........................] E. S. Seymour............... e < * * * * * * * * * .... Sherbrooke.............. . Attorney ....................................... |C. J. Paul.............. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hope............. * * * * * * * * * * Superintendent of Schools ........... |G. W. Winchell............................. Sherbrooke.............. Surveyor....................................... E. W. Palmer..............- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hope........... ..... ......' Coroller......................................... Dr. W. H. M. Philip................ ......Hope............ Assessor............................. e º sº tº e s is º ºs e a º R. B. Cochrane.............................. Sherbrooke.. - ſ L. C. Goplernd.............................. Portland.............. s • a s || |Marten Hanson.............................|Golden Lake............ Commissioners........................... 8 'John Oxton ...................... ... ......... Sherbrooke.......... a s, e º J. L. Wilcox.................................. Hope ....................... S. H. Nelson.................................. Mardell.................... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Pellevyria ............................. Hope • * * * * * * * * * * * e < * * * * * ................... surmoor. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s tº $ 3 º'e ... Colzate................................... |Mardell................................... Golden Lake...........................|Pickert.................................... STERLING COUNTY. Created March 8, 1883. - - Sterling county is situated in southern Dakota, west of the Missouri. river between the 44th and 45th degrees of latitude. It is entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. STEVENS COUNTY. Created, January 4, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Boundaries changed, in 1883, part to McLean; changed again in 1885, between Ward, McHenry and tâarfield. Unorganized. - - Stevens county is situated in northern Dakota. It reaches from the 48th degree of latitude, on the north, to the Missouri river, on the South. With exception of the Missouri river, which forms a part of its Southern boundary, there are no streams of innportance within the limits of Stevens county. Surface, river bottons, high rolling, and gently undulating prairie. The hills of the Plateau du Coteau du Missouri cross the northeastern corner . of the county. The course of the Missouri is marked with the usual line of broken and rugged bluffs. Soil, the alluvial deposit and glacial drift of the Missouri pleateau. The Ft. Stevenson military reservation covers perhaps two townships in the southwestern corner of Stevens county. The public lands in the county are unsurveyed. - Vacant public lands, 652,800 acres. - - List of PostofficIES IN COUNTY, 1887. Fort Steven SO11. STUTSMAN COUNTY. - Area, 1,474,560 acres. Created, January 4, 1873, from parts of Buffalo and Pembina. Boundaries changed, in 1885, part to Stanton. The county was organized, June 10, 1873, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the {". commissioners, viz.: A. W. Kelley, Geo. W. Vennum and H. }. Miller. . - . r Stutsman is a county of the northern James river valley, and is situated RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. .469 f & on the 47th degree of latitude, midway from the Missouri river on the west, and the Minnesota state line on the east. Principal stream is the James river which enters near the center of the northern bounda- ry, and flows through the entire county, in a course east of south. The Pipestem river rises in the northwest and, crossing several townships, meets the James near the city of Jamestown. Beaver creek drains the southern tier of townships. A number of other smaller streams flow into the James, from either side. The county contains within its limits numer- ous fresh water lakes and ponds. The varieties of native timber on the wooded belt of the James are the elm, box-elder, oak and backberry. Surface of the county, undulating prairie with considerable fine bottom lands and meadows. Along the courses of the streams, the land is some- what hilly. The southwestern townships are broken by the low chain of the Coteaus. Soil, a dark, rich and somewhat sandy loam, of a depth of from two to three feet, under which is a sub-soil of clay, or marl, impreg- nated with lime. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railway, (Jamestown Northern branch,) 32.8 miles; stations: Jamestown, Parkhurst, Buchanan, Pingree, Edmunds; (main line,) 50.9 miles; stations: Spiritwood, Bloom, Jamestown, Eldridge, Windsor, Cleveland, Medina; (James river valley line,) 23.9 miles; stations: Jamestown, Ypsilanti, Montpelier. Total, 107.6 miles Vacant public lands, 257,600 acres; Fargo land district, 42,560 acres; Bismarck land district, 215,040 acres. . BANKS. - There are three banks doing business in this county as follows: James River National Bank, at Jamestown, E. P. Wells, president; Geo. L. Webster, cashier. North Dakota Bank, at Jamestown, R. M. Winslow, manager. Lloyds, Bankers, at Jamestown. . º - * NEWSPAPERS. Daily Alert, W. R. Kellogg, publisher, Jamestown; The Capital, J. C. Warnóck, editor, Jamestown; Der Pioneer, A. Steinbach, editor and pub- lisher, Jamestown; North Dakota Farmer, Chas. W. Blew, editor and publisher, Jamestown; College Campus, Jamestown. s COUNTY SNSAT. - Jamestown, on the James river, is the county seat. It has a population of 2,500; school-buildings, valued at $40,000; baptist, catholic, episcopal, resbyterian and two methodist church edifices, valued at $18,000; court- house, valued at $35,000; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $40,000; flour-mill, planing-mill, two brick-yards and two breweries, together, valued at $60,000; railway division shops; opera house; line-kilns; water- ower. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real, $800,000; persºnal, 200,000; total. $1,000,000. The presbyterian college located at Jarnestown is described on page 221 of this publication. For a description of the 1)a- kota hospital for the insane, Jamestown, see page 227. - • O'I'HER I MPO i*TANT TOWNS. Eldridge, west of Jamestown; population, 10.0; school-building, valued at $3,000; grain elevators; general stores, etc. Pingree, in the north; population, 100; school-building; grain elevators; general stores, etc. Spiritwood, in the east; populatiºn, 10ſ); school building, valued at $1,500; grain elevators; general store, etc. . . Windsor, in the center; population, I')0; school-building, valued at $2.000; grain elevators; hotels; business houses, etc. . * . . - schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twelve; school population, 746; num- ber of school houses in district, forty-four; number of school-houses built in 1886, fifteen; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $36,67; females, $33 33; value of all school property, $40,094,05; expended for school pur- , poses during year ending June 30, 1886, $27,478.07; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $8,614.44; par amount of school bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $15,639.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; almount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,971.08. 470 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. Live stock statistics. —------- --- º !-- - - — — } -- -- + - - - : . . . Year. | Horses. ** Cattle. Sheep. Swine. | Valuation. . f - t § - - . s - . . . . • ‘’ - - . . i . . -- . 1880 . 328 4 49 176 75 | *...................... 1885 1,785 398 2,750 864 891 $ 116,782 1886 #9 | 361 3,487 1.356 1,634 184,786 1887 2,114 / 866 4,891 1,484 || 515 156182 VALUATION STATISTICS. - ! - Total assessed y A Cres Real - • Tow in Lots Personal Prap. y iºn of Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation. Herty Šišič sººn of 1880 ........….' s 91915 … “s 71.686 s 98.82. 1885 558,121. 1,252,785 $ 670 634 193,821 | 2 234,022 1886 567 587 1,814,468 658,412 2.84% 2.Élºi 1887 $55,785 1687,168 642,955 237 Q89 2.728,889 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICs. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, ... . 1885, and 1887. els in Bushels in . g | 1885. Bushels in 1887. | Bush | “º Wheat..…........................................................... 10,985 1,100,456 379,792 Corn............ ....................................................... 705 405 17,568 Oats.…............................................................. 34,730 703,201 576,303 Rye. …...…........................ .............................. | ll. OI) e. 220 4,000 Buckwheat.............. .......................................... | 80 827 2,970 Parley......... .... .................................................. | 1,075 30,406 91,814 Flax .................................................................... | none ..................... 6,418 - MISCELLAN ISU) US S'l’.ATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 1,007; 1885, 5.632. Lands 9,319 acres; 1885, 103,322 acres. Number of farms, 1880 Average size of farms, 1880, ninety-one acres, 1885, Se Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $1.97. edness, 1887, $84,857. Potato crop, 1885, 85 285 bushels. 4,505 pounds. lons; butter, 117,353 pounds; cheese, 775 pounds; eggs, 73 improved, 1880, 102; 1885, 1,402. wenty-four acres. County indebt- Wool clip, 1885 Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 13,462 gal- ,687 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | - Office. Naume. P, O. Address, ... i . ... • Auditor......................................... A. C. McMillan............................. Jamestown......... ..... Treasil rer...................................... S. K. McGinnis............................. Jamestown............... Sheriff ..........................................] S. McKechnie .............................. Jamesto Win............... Clerk District Court..................... Chas. T. Hills................. ..............jJamestowt! .............. Probate Judge. ............. ..... ....... Wm. P. Farrell............................. Jamestown............... - Register of Deeds.......................L. B. Miner .................................. James'OWI)............... . Attorney....................................... iRoderick Rose.............................. Jamestown............... Superintendent of Schools ...........'Peter H. Foley............. .................!Jamestown .............. Surveyor......................... ...............T. F. Brauch................................. Jamestown............... Coroner.........................................|F. E. Thorold, M. D............................. .......................... Assessor.................................. ..... Chas. R. Flint........................ tº º tº it s tº 4 Jamestown......... - | |{). C. Buck, ("hairman).................}... ..................... ........ Commissioners........................... 3 |Geo. H. Woodbury........ ................................................. J. J. Eddy.......... .......................... .................................. e LIST of Postoffices IN county, 1887. Albion........................... ........|Dsler....................................... Rio................................. .... Arrowood................................ |Gray.................. ......................!ºharlow................................. Atwili...............................] Horn.......................................Spiritwood....…......…. Corin ite......... tº e º a w a dº s : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * JAMESTOWN............................. Windsor........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edmunds.............. … Mºlier § 1 g º q e s e g º 'º º a s is is tº ºf s is..........|Ypsilanti ................ .... “........ Eldridge......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |Pingree............................…: s - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 471 SU J.LY COUNTY. Area, 668,160 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, 1883, part to Hyde. Organized, April 4, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: . H. Young, Benjamin P. Hoover, and Geo. J. Millett, Sr. Sully is a county of southern Dakota, situated on the east bank of the Missouri river, between the 44th and 45th degrees of latitude. The Mis- souri river washes the western boundary of Sully county for a distance of nearly fifty miles, including the many windings of the stream. The only other stream of any importance, is Okobojo creek, which enters Sully county near the northeastern corner, flows thence in a general Southwest direction across the county, and discharges into the Missouri close to the South line in the southwest corner. Several small feeders of Medicine Creek have their source in the southeast part of the county. There are a number of springs of excellent water found within the county—one of which, in the extreme southeast, a sulphur spring, is quite noted for its remedical properties. Surface, generally, a high rolling prairie or table land, cutthrough, diagonally, by the valley of Okobojo Creek—which is somewhat narrow—though widening in places to a mile or more. High bluffs border the Missouri river from the northern to the southern line of the county. The most prominent elevations, are the well-know Arti- choke and Sully buttes. There is considerable bottom land along the course of the river. Quite a growth of native timber borders the banks of the Missouri river and Okobojo creek. The numerous large islands of the first named stream, are covered with trees. Soil, a black, Sandy loam, underlaid with clay. The Fort Sully military reservation occupies about two townships adjacent to the Missouri river. Vacant public lands, 12,320 acres. BAN KS. There is one banks doing business in this county, as follows: Sully County Bank, at Onida, Frank Drew, president; C. R. Drew, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Sully County Watchman, Jno. Gropengeiser, publisher, Clifton; Times, S. A. Travis, editor, Okobojo; Journal, Frank A. Everts, proprietor, Onida. COUNTY SEAT. Onida, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 150; school-building, valued at $1,800; church organizations; court-house, valued at $2,000; business houses; hotels, etc. ()THIER IM PORTANT TOWNS. Clifton, on Okobojo creek; population, fifty; school-building; church organizations; business houses; hotel, etc., Fairbank, on the Missouri river; population, seventy-five; school-building, valued at $2,500; general stores; hotel, etc. Norfolk, in the east; population, twenty-five; school, etc. Okobojo, on a stream of the same name; population, fifty ; school- building, ºd at $500: church organizations; flour-mill, valued at $6,000; general stores; hotels, etc. SCIIooſs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twenty-five; school population, S04; number of school-houses in district, fifty-four; number of school-houses built in 1886, twenty-one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $30.23; females, $29.32; value of all school property, $31,348.38; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $20,722.32; cash remain- ing in school treasury June 30, 1886, $2,661.76; par annount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $32,100.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, seven per cent, ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $5,225.81. LIVE ST()CK STATISTICS. ~~~ * ~ *-* ~ * *-* * *~~~~. -- * * * * ~~ * ~ * * * ~ * * *. ----- --------------- YG ar. | FIOrSCS. | Mºna Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. # e r | F---------, ------— --- ------ 1885 1,487 212 142 851 597 $ 126,114 1886 1,451 l; 34; 206 664 124,455 1887 | 1,526 206 8,291 605 416 126,301 *-* * ~ * * *- :- • , \ 472 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. VALUATION STATISTICS. Total assessed ºr Acres Real • * Town Lots | Personal Prop- s Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation. [erty Valuation. Yººn Of - y. 1885 | 207,876 | $ 581,810 $ 28,938 . . $ 85.166 | $ 772,028 1886 2.41 170 r 759 725 23 226 68,872 976,278 1887 269 108 868,240 18,844 57,214 1,065,099 * FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880, 1885. 1887. Wheat............................................................ * - - - - - I) Olle 36,646 190,130 Corn..................................................................... Il OIle 27 479 462 521 Oats ..................................................................... Il ()]] 6. 36 740 133,400 Rye ... ........ ......................................................... In OI) e. 484 6,765 Buckwheut.......................................................... Il Ol) € 40 140 Barley ................. ....................................... is * * * * * * * * Il()]] (2 774 28,625 Flax.............................................. ..................... In Ollé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 940. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 296; 1885, 3,233. Iands improved, 1885, 36,147 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 1,160. Average size of farms, 1885, thirty-one acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.21. County indebtedness, 1887, $11,600. Potato crop, 1885, 15,565 bushels... Wool * 1885, 2,080 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 9,482 gal- . butter, 33,776 pounds; cheese, eighty-four pounds; eggs, 30, 102 OZ (*I). NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................ | D. Q. Jordan................................ Onida........................ Treasurer..................................... William Toomey.......................... Onida........................ Sheriff.......................................... L. H. Bruner................................ Onlda........................ tºlerk Districu ('ourt..................... W. A. Lynch................................. On1da................ ....... Propate Judge.............................. J. H. Gropengeiser....................... Onida........................ Register of Deeds........................ D. Q. Jordan................................. Onida........................ Attorney.......................... ......... Thomas M. Goºid ard..................... Goddard.................... Su erintendent of Schools........... L. D. Carr..................................... Brayton..................... Surveyor...................................... L. M. French........... ... ................ Onida ....................... Coroner......................................... E. J. L. Tighlen, M. D.................... Onidh........................ º A88essor ....................................... |F rall k. Lillibridge........................ Onidh........................ |H. E. Kimmel, (chairman)........... Marston..................... W. J. Johnston........................... . Fairbank .................. Comm 8sioners.......................... W. H. Little ................................. Warnſ:cke.................. Jas. lawrence.............................. Copp.......................... E. W. Eakin ...................... .......... Blunt................... ..... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Augusta............................ • * * * * * Goddard.................................. onto, * A v 8 º' - e a º e º 'º w tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Brayton.................................. |L"wiston................................ Percilla................................. Carsott.................................... |McCamley............................. Turley................................... Clifton.................................... Marston.................................. Warnecke.............................. Fairbrink................................ Norfolk...................................|Waterford.............................. Fort Sully............................... Okºbojo.................................. TODID COUNTY. Created May 8, 1862. Boundaries changed January 8, 1873. - Todd is the smallest county of the Territory and is situated on the Ne- braska state line, where the Missouri river first touches it. It is entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. \ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Fort Randal]. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 473 TOWNER COUNTY. Area, 691,200 acres. Created, March 8, 1883, from parts of Cavalier and Rolette. Organized, Nov. 6, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: P. T. Parker, H. C. Davis, and J. W. Connella. Towner county is situated on the northern boundary of Dakota—the third county west of the Minnesota state line. A great number of lakes and coulees, supply water to the various sections. Surface, a plateau of fine agricultural lands, and meadows of excellent pasturage. Along the course of the Big Coulee river there is a valley of great fertility, from ten to twenty miles in width, extending the full length of the county. Soil, a rich, black loam, from eighteen inches to three feet in depth—underlying which, is a º marl sub soil, from ten to thirty feet in deptly. Vacant public lands, 236,400 acres. NIEWSPAPERS. Towner County Tribune, Ed. F. Sibley, editor and publisher, Cando. C() UNTY SEAT. Cando, in the south, is the county seat. It has a population of 150; school-building, valued at $2,000; church organizations; court-house; gen- eral stores; hotel, etc. Assessed valuation town property,’ 1885, real, $8,500; personal, $7,000; total, $15,500. - - SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) .* Number of organized townships, three; school population, 108; num- ber of school-houses in district, five; average monthly pay of teachers, females, $33.54; value of all school property, $4,750.00; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $3,222.98; cash re- maining in school treasury June 30, 1886, $137.43; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $4,600.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,174.88. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. M ºnd Cattle. Sheep. SWine. Valuation. 1885 123 47 | 178 a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 64 | $ 21,166 1886 190 180 267 | 8 196 | $5,0|| 6 1887 345 - 120 431 21 283 56 S34 VALUATION STATISTICS. f t Total :ussessed Acres Real s Town Lots Personal Prop- Tota g Year Estate. Valuation. Valuation. |ertyväinition. Yºon Of Olli ty. 1885 24,520 $ 122,593 | $ 4,128 | $ 9,895 • $ 157,782 1886 85,852 179.266 | 4,815 | 2 1.281 242,878 1887 41,986 210,659 1,185 87,107 305,2-5 * FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. ^ Pushels in Bushe]S in Bushels in t 1880. 1885. 188 Wheat.................................................................. Il () [10 8,455 862,822 Corn..................................................................... Il () the 40 l..................... Oats.................... ........................... .......... ..... Il () ll tº 15,986 275, (\{*0 Barley ................................................................. Il O C 586 12,000 Flax, ........ * e tº e g º ºs e º is ºr e g º e º ºs e º ſº t e º e º e º a tº º is a s m e º s & a e e s is s a º ºs 4 & 3 is a e < * * * * Il Olle |......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 MISCELLAN lºC) US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 366. Lands improved, 1885, 8,445 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 108. Average size of farms, 1885, seventy-eight acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.02. County indebtedness, 1887, $21,685. Potato crop, 1885, 800 bushels. 474 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA, NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................ W. E. Pew.................................. tº º Cando..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Treasurer...................................... C. J. Atkins..................................Cando........................ Sheriff........................................... Edward Gorman........................... Cando........................ Clerk District Court..................... P. P. Parker.............. • * * * is º is ºf a tº s e e s a a e s a e Cando........................ Probate Judge.............................. J. W. Hardee................... * & e & © tº s $ $ is a e a Cando....................... Register of Deeds.........................W. E. Pew........................... ... .... Cando............... * * * * * * * * g Attorney....................................... H. W. Dickinson............ tº a s a tº is a e s a tº e s as Cando....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e s ºr Superintendent of Schools........... R. D. Cowan......................................... tº tº s tº e s tº $ tº it 4 s • * * * © tº g g º º tº tº ASSessor.............. tº e º e º e g g º e º is g º a s a º e º a s a s a Jas. Dunphy.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i e e s s a s is sº e e º e s & ſº s is e < * g a s s a s gº º s is a s g J. S. ‘ Onyers.................... ............Cando........................ Commissioners.................. & s e º 'º e s s R. J. Cowan.... ................... § tº ſº tº * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * g g º ºs º º a tº g is a tº e s tº e º is a s e ( lºames McCanna................... .......Cando........................ LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | CANDO.,................................... COO lin .............. Snyder.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Cecil....................................... Picton...................::::::::::::::::: TRAILL COUNTY. Area, 576,000 acres. Created, January 12, 1875, from parts of Burchard, Cass, and Grand . Forks. Boundaries changed, March 8, 1883, part to Steele. Organized, January 12, 1875, Asa H. Morgan, John Brown, and James Ostland, appointed commissioners, and the southeast quar- ter, section fifteen, township 146, range forty-nine, designated as county seat, by act of Legislature. Trail] is a Red River valley county,and is situated in northeastern Dakota, between the 47th and 48th degrees of latitude. In addition to the Red River of the North, which forms the eastern boundary, Traill county is watered through its central and northwestern sections, by the Goose river and its several tributaries, and in the south tier of townships, by the Elm river and its branches. The county contains a few small lakes, and numerous springs of pure, fresh water. It is estimated that there are 30,000 acres of timber along the banks of the Goose and the Red livers, and 10,000 more in what is known as the Grand Coulee, in the north, and along the Elm. The principal varieties of native timber include the Oak, basswood, ash, elm, soft maple,box-ºlder,and cºttonwood. Surface.gºnerally level prairie, with just enough slope to drain it properly. More than three-fourths of the entire surface of the county is in the Red River Valley. Soil, a rich, deep loam, formed of calçareous, and decomposed vegetable deposit, heavily charged with the lime carbonates, and phosphates, mixed with clay and silicious sand. . When dry it is friable like ashes, but when wet, it is slippery and adhesive. Sub Soil, Clay. <- e Miles of railroad in county: , St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, (Fargo-Grand Forks line,), thirty-one miles; stations: Buxton, Cumings, iHillsboro, Alton, Kelso; (Casselton-Larimore line,) thirty-one miles; sta- tio S. Hatton, Mayville, , Murray, , Blanchard, Weible; (Ripon branch,) twenty-two miles; stations: Portland, Roseville, Clifford, Gales- burg. Total, eighty-four miles. Vacant public lands, none. BANKS. There are seven banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Buxton, at Buxton, Oliver S. Han; on, president. Bank of Caledonia, at Caledonia, J. H. Sarles, president; E. Y. Sarles, cashier. First National Bank, at Mayville, G.S. Albee, president; J. Roshºlt, cashier., Goose River Bank, at Mayville, N. K. Hubbard, president; C. S. Edwards, cash- ier. Citizens' Bank, at Portland,...G. A. White, president; Q. Cranston, cashier. First National Bank, at Hillsboro, S. B. Sarles, president, E. Y. Šarles, cashier. Hillsboro National Bank, at Hillsboro, A. L. Plumnaer, president; A. L. Hanson, cashier. . . . . . . . . . . .NEWSPAPERS. . . . . . . . . . . The Independent, Henry Martín, editor and publisher, Buxton; Traill ounty Times, E. N. Falk, editor and publisher, Caledonia; The 13anner, G. A. Bowers, editor, Hillsboro; Tribune, Elmer I. Smith, editor and pub- lisher. Mayville; Inter-Ocean, A. L. Heikes, editor and publisher, Port- land; Dakota Bladet, H. A. Foss, editor and publisher, Portland. COUNTY SEAT. - Caledonia, at the junction of the Goose with the Red River of the North, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,000; school-building, valued at $2,000; congregational church edifice, valued at $2,000; court- house and jail, valued at $20,000; flour-mill, valued at $15,000; wagon and carriage factory, , etc. . . Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real, $50,000; personal, $100,000; total. $150,000. - - • * * - OTHER IMPORTANT TO WNS. Bellmont, in the northeast, on the Red River; School-building, valued at $2,500; baptist church edifice, valued at $1,500; artesian well; wagon and carriage factory, Saw-mill, etc. Blanchard, Southwest of the center;. population, seventy-five; schools; grain elevators; artesian well; business #. etc. Buxton, in the 11orth; population, 250; School-building, valued at $1,000; church edifice, valued at $2,000; artesian well; grain ele- vators; business houses; hotels, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $23,228. . Clifford, in the west; population, sixty- five; school-building, valued at $1,000; church organizations; grain eleva- tors; hotels; business houses, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $12,000. Cumings, northeast of the center; popu- lation, seventy five; school-building, valued at $500; congregational church edifice, valued at $2,000; artesian Wells; grain elevatºrs; business houses; hotels, etc. Hatton, in the northwest; population, 100; schools; church organizations; grain elevatºls; hotels; business houses, etc. Hillsboro, on the Goose river; population, 1.2 0; School-building, valued at $5,000; church edifices, valued at $8,000; city buildings, valued at $3,000; artesian wells; oper a house; flour-mill, valued at $40,000; grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation town pl Operty, 1886, real and personal, $225,000. Kelso, in the south; population, fifty ; School-building; grain elevators; general stores; hotels; artesian well, , etc., , Mayville, in the west, on the Goose river; population, 1,250; School-building, valued at $4,000; congre- gational, episcopal, and lutheran church edifices, valued at $9,700; city buildings; water-works; artesian well; fire department; flour, mill, valued at $48,000; opera house, valued at $8,000; telephone; water-power; public library, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $143,773. Portland, west of Mayville; population, 500; ... valued at $3,000; two Norwegian lutheran church edifices, valued at $8 000; city building, valued at $1,500; flour-mill, valued at $20,000; grain eleva- tors, etc. Assessed valuation town }. 1886, real and personal, $45,953: Weible, in the South; grain elevators; business houses; hotel, etc. - SCHOOLS, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, nineteen; School population, 1,841; num- ber of school-houses in district, sixty-three; number of School-houses built in 1886, nine; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $43.03; females, $37.45; value of all school property, $61,875.60; expended for school pur- poses, during year ending June 30, 1886, $40,325.27; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $23,757.94; par amount of School bonds out- standing June 30, 1886, $25,500.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, § Fº cent.; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,494.94. - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. . - | | i Year. EIOTSes. ** Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. - s - - - º | | - 1880 1,216 178 8,255 890 2,582 | *........................ 1885 - 4,817 | 1,819 5,281 785 2,814 $ 897,310 1886 4,656 | 1,150 6,128 '755 8,885 360,066 1887 | 5,569 1.216 || 7.454 872 2,532 898.357 - - - * 476 : - RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . . - VALUATION STATISTICS. - - l assessed Yo A Cres Real - Town Lots Personal Prop- Tota. * Year. £State. Valuation. Wriluation. E. §. Yººtion of A | | county. 1880 ........................ $ 648,867 |..... .................. * $228,927 $ 872,294 - 1885 438 542 2,354.214 $ 120,292 475,023 3,346,889 1886 453, 170 1,939,050 1.13 888 569,500 8,011 999 1887 468,139 2,100,222 178,062 560 111 8,236,752 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. - Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. *---------- -------------- ~~------- ------ ~ *-* ---------------------------------------- -------- *----. Bushels in 80 Bushels In Bushels ill 1885. 188 Wheat. ............................................................. | 883,409 | 2,726,447 | 2,681,250 Cºrn.... . . . . ........................................... 1 916 - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * º & 8 º' - e º 2,392 17,880 Outs “............................................................ 114,575 838,552 895,500 *Yes..... ..... . . . . . . . . ................ ......... ................. 1) () Il G. 1,176 1, Buckwheat................. tº b - tº e º & # tº e < * is a e e º 'º - e. e. e. e. e. e g º & e g º º 6 tº e tº º 4 e > Il Olle | ........ ............ ,000 Barley. ...... .......................................... . . . . . 13,339 62,402 | 154,000 MISCELLA NEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 4,123; 1885, 8,119. Lands improved, 1880, 39,088 acres; 1885, 223,967 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 591; 1885, 1,247. Average size of farms, 1880, sixty-six acres; 1885, 180 acres. Average as- sessed valuation per acre, 1887, $4.49. Potato crop, 1885, 71,8SL bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 5,113 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; but- ter, 205,329 pounds; cheese, 4,075 pounds; eggs, 102,377 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. Auditor............... ..........................! H. A. Langlie............................... Caledonia Treasurer. .... ............. ................ K. J. Nomland ............................. Caledonia. .............. Sheritſ.......................................... J. Kern .......................................... Caledonia............ * * * * Clerk District Court..................... W. D. Baker................................... Caledonia.......... & e º $ tº Probate Judge............................ [L. E. Francis.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Hillsboro ............... Register of Deeds ... ...................'Asa Sargeant.................................Caledonia............... Attornºy . . . . . . . . ........................ A. B. Lewissie. ................... .........' Portland................. Su perintendent of Schools.........|Win. A. Kelly................................. Caledonia............... Surveyor ............ .......................l.john Amb................ ................... ... Portland................. Coroner ...................................... S. B. Rognlie................................. Caledolia............... R. J. Johnson.... ........................... Hillsboro ............... | ||P. Herb randson...........................|Caledonia............... Commissioners. ......... ............... J. O. Kjelsberg....................... ...... Mayville................. | 19. Aum.......................................... Buxton.................. º U | H. C. Lucken ..... ........................... Portland................. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Bellmont................................ cºmmºdrow * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Planchard.............................. |Galesburg..............................., Mayville................................ Buxton...................................! Hague .................................... Portland.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * CA I, EDONIA............................. |'' atton............................. ...... |Quincy ........................... ..... Clifford................................... |Hillsboro....................... Weible........................... TRIPP COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Tripp is a county near the center of the southern boundary line of the Territory. It lies entirely, within the boundary of the Great Sioux In- dian reservation. See article on Sioux reservation elsewhere in this pub- lication. RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 477 TURNER COUNTY. Area, 399,360 acres. Created, January 13, 1871, from parts of Jayne and Lincoln. Organized January 13, 1871; Wm. W. Aurner, Valentine P. Thiel- man, and Lewis H. Elliott appointed commissioners, and the county seat located on the southeast quarter of section nine, township ninety- seven, range fifty-three, by act of Legislature. Turner, a county of southeastern Dakota, situated in the second tier of counties west of the Iowa boundary, and in the second north of the Ne- braska state litte. Principal streams, the Vermillion river, which traverses the eastern side of the county from north to south; the west fork of the Vermillion, which enters the county near the northwest cor- ner, runs in a southeasterly course and joins the main river near the cen- ter of the county, and Turkey Ridge creek, which rises in the west, flows through the width of the county and empties into the Vermillion, near the southeast corner. Swan lake, near the town of that name, is a beau- tiful sheet of water about one and a half miles long and one and a half miles wide. An island near the center of the lake is covered with native timber. Limestone, and carbonate of lime, or imperfect chalk, are found in this county. Surface, principally prairie land, gently rolling in charac- ter. The bottom lands of the Vermillion river average several miles in width, and are very fertile The valley of Turkey Ridge creek is from three to ten miles in width, and most excellent land. , Soil of the county, º alluvium, varying in depth from two to four feet, with a sub-soil OI C la V. Kºi. of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad (main line) twenty-nine miles; stations: Marion Junction, Parker; (Run- ning Water branch), six miles; station: Marion Junction. Total, thirty- five miles. Chicago & Northwestern railway (Hawarden line), thirty- three miles; stations: Parker, Mansfield, Hurley, Hooker, Centre ville; (Yankton & Centreville line), three miles; station: Centreville. Total, thirty-six miles. Total miles of railroad in county, seventy one. Vacant public lands, none. BAN KS. There are six banks doing business in this county, as follows: Ban” of Centreville, at Centre ville, J. L. Bennett, president: W. E. Briggs, cashier. Turner County Bank, at Hurley, Edward May, president; Augustus May, cashier. Banking House of Ernst Reiff, at Marion, Chas. I) onders, cash- ier. Danforth & Knapp, at Parker. Citizens Bank, at Parker, G. M. Gilch- rist, president; W. A. Houts, cashier. First National Bank, at Parker L. K. Lord, president; Geo. W. Stone, cashier. NEWSPAPERS. Chronicle, F. F. Hanaford, editor and proprietor, Centreville; Index, J.E. McMullen, editor, Centreville; Turner County Herald, W. Q. Brown, editor, Hurley; Sentinel, J. E. Hazlitt, , , editor, Marion; The New IEra, Chas. F. Hacket, editor and publisher, Parker; Press, M. T. Hoyt, editor and publisher, Parker; Western Educator, Parker. COUNTY SE.A.T. Parker, north of the center, on the Vermillion river, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,000; School-building, valued at $2,500; presbyte- rian, episcopal, baptist and methodist church edifices, valued at $5,000; water-works system; flour-mill; oat-meal mill; creamery; broom factory; granite quarries; artesian well project' d. Assessed valuation city prop- erty, 1886, real, $99,040; personal, $55,900; total, $154,940. OT IIER IMPORTANT TOW NS, Centreville, in the Southeast; population, 700; school-building, valued at $4,000; baptist, reformed, ñº. and catholic church edifices, valued at $8,000; flour-mill, valued at $15,000; water-power, Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $195,000, Hurley, near the center, population, 40); School-building, yalued at $5,000; baptist, presbyterian, episcopal, methodist, and catholic church edifices, viilued at $10,000; town hall, valued at $1,500; artesian wells; creamery, valued at $3,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, y - **- .” 478 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. $89,197. , Marion, west of Parker; population, 500; school-building, valued at $2,500; two church edifices, valued at $3,000; public buildings, valued at $2,000; artesian well; flour-mill, creamery, and cheese factory, together, 'alued at $25,000. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and person- al, $55 000. Swan Lake, in the south, population, forty; school; church e difice, etc. - scIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, twelve; school population, 2,470; num- ber of School-houses in district, seventy-seven; number of school- houses built in 1886, three; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $39,25; females, $32.27; value of all school property, $49,940; expended for School purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $38,0si i8; cash re- maining in School treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,103.37; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $21,100; average rate of interest aid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding une 30, 1886, $7,348.55. I, IV E STOCK STATISTICS. | is,..., | - - - Year. Horses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. | e - — — | : ------- 1880 2.356 76 7,516 1,995 8,577 * ........................ 1885 3,753 97 12.331 7,515 5 436 $ 293 836 1886 4,096 108 13,706 5,193 5,981 278,088 1887 2,612 58 9,699 4,141__4,065 i 178,502 V AI, UATION STATINTICS. , ... ,..., " a....., , ... ",........., ... Total assessed w A Cres Real v, - Town Lots Personal prop - Year. ** Valuation. y - } f ...!" Valuation of Estate. “ valuation, ery valuation º’ | | | | t 1880 ........................] § 294,654 '… | * $262,651 i $ 557,308 1885 252 363 908,890 $ ió1370 2:54 ºf 1,579558 1886 276.875 938,025 ºlº ; ; ) iłºś. 1887 286,182 | 1,073,580 238,630 209,897 1,700,109 * 1880, personal property includes live stock. FAIRM STATISTI ('S, Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1SS7. i Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1880. 1885. J.887. | t - - - - | Wheat.......................................…......................... | 90,236 i 96,514 172,685 Corn..............................,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 173,971 414.446 i 781,305 Oats..................................................................... 140,463 883,152 675,710 HYC........................ ............................................. 2,896 5,658 2,660 Buckwhent..........................................................! 68 1,794 616 Batley.................................................................. i 24,986 16 867 8,840 Flax..................................................................... | lione___'........ ............ 141,291 M ISCELIANEO US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, 5,320; 1885, 8,282 Lands improved, 1880, 41,212 acres; 1885, 101,243 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 1,062; 1885, 1,403. Average size of farms, 1880, thirty-nine acres; 1885, seventy-two acres. A verage assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.75. County indebtedness, 1887, $21,215. Potato crop, 1885, 47,016 bushels; wool clip, 1885, 51,043 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885, milk, 21,550 gallons; but- ter, 532,304 pounds; cheese, 3,412 pounds; eggs, 252,515 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. --- - * - - - - - - - - - - | Office. Name. P. O. Address, County Clerk................................ M. J, Hogan.….Parker * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e s a s a s s a s #º • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * R. M. Smith ................................. Parker....................... Sheriff......................................” I. H. Newby................... e Q & Q e º e º 'º a s e s a e Parker....................... (; c. I, District Court..................... V. P. Thielman............................. Parker...................... & Prº te Judge.............................. O. C. Stuart........................... tº e a g º º ºr 4 - Parker. .................... I&cgisler of Deeds......................... M. j. Hogan...................... 4 & a se p s is a tº e s Parker....................... RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 479 NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887.-Continued, Office. Name. P. O. Address. Attorney..................... s is e º a s m e º ºs e o is a s a e s S. V. Jones...................... tº º e º 'º ºn e º a s s a s s (Parker....................... Superintendent of Schools.......... Cortez Salmon.............................. Parker tº ſº º tº £ tº sº tº s a s tº $ & a tº 8 ° tº e º 'º e Surveyor............................... ....... J. H. Shurtleff...............................; Parker................‘. . . . . . . Coroner......................................... B. C. Hamilton..................... $ tº ſº e º le º 'º Marion, ..................... Assessor ........................ tº tº e º e g º º g º ºr & 4 & 9. Thomas Espie............................... Parker....................... | Joseph Allen, (chairman)............ |Hurley............... A. W. Bacon............... ................. Spring Valley............ Commissioners.......... * * * g e g º # 4 & 8 a s is a º | S. C. Nelson.................................Centréville................ A. Bertelsen................................. Hººker.…...... & is g º & g tº $ tº |J. H. Shurtleff..............................! Parker....................... LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Centreville........... …lºng a * * * * * * is a $ $ & & & a tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * shank * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g º e s a Childstown..................... ....... Idylwilde............................. .. Spring Valley....................... Danville................ tº g º s & s & © tº & # n w s a º a Lost Lake............................... |Swan Lake........................... Freya.......................... * * * * * * * * * * ..!Marion. ................................. Turner................................... Home...................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : PARKER.................................. | UNION COUNTY. Area, 276,480 acres. Created and organized as Cole county, in 1862, in honor of Austin Cole, a member of the first Territorial Legislature. Janu- ary 7, 1864, the Legislature rearranged the boundaries of Cole and Lin- coln counties, and the name of Cole county was changed to Union, with. the following proviso included in the act, viz.: “All acts of William Frisbie, William Mathers, and John R. Wood, as county commissioners, M. M. Rich, as register of deeds, and A. R. Phillips, as judge of probate, for the county of Cole, are hereby legalized.” Union County is situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the Ter- ritory. The Missouri river washes the southern boundary of the county, in a very tortuous course of about forty miles, with numerous islands and sand bars in its channel, and a quantity of low meadow lands parallel to its course. The Big Sioux river, the boundary line between Dakota and the state of Iowa, flows along the eastern border of Union county. It runs an exceedingly devious course of as much, perhaps, as 100 miles in going a direct distance of only forty. The principal inland stream, is Brule creek, which enters the county on the north, and flows south, dis- charging into the Big Sioux, about four miles northeast of the city of Elk Point. Other smaller brooks, are Union, Jim, and Green creeks. Groves of cottonwood, elm, willow, box. elder, and other varieties of native timber, fringe the bottom lands and islands of the Missouri, and grow, sparsely, alongthe Big Sioux. The county is nearly equally divided into rolling prairie and river bottom lands. The country back of the Valley is an undulating plain, in some places rather uneven, but always excellent farming and grazing lands. The bottom lands, along the Missouri are very broad in this county. , Soil, a black, loamy deposit, averaging from two feet on the prairies or plateaus, to five or six feet in depth, on the bottorns. Miles of railroad in county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, (Sioux City & Egan line,) five miles; station: Elk Point; (Sioux City & Yankton line,) twenty-three miles; stations: McCook, Jefferson, Elk Point. Total, twenty-eight miles. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Ha- warden line,) seventeen miles; stations: Beresford, Alcester. Total miles of railroad in county, forty-five. Vacant public lands, none. BANICS. There are three banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Beresford, at Beresford, ğ. A. Potter, president; R. Z. Bennett, cashier. Union Banking Company, at Beresford, J. Schaetzel, president; fienry Schaetzel, cashier. Union County Bank, at Elk Point, Geo. Schaetzel, cashier. 480 . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. NEWSPAPERs. . News, J. R. Carleton, publisher, Beresford; Union County Courier, C. F. Mallahan, proprietor, Elk Point; Dakota Blizzard, Stephenson Bros., editors and publishers, Elk Point. COUNTY SEAT. Jºlk Point, in the south, is the county seat. It has a population of 1,200; school-building, valued at $4,000; catholic, methodist, congregational, baptist, and episcopal church, edifices, valued at $10,000; court-house; opera house; flour-mill, valued at $30,000; creamery, valued at $7,000; brick yards, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real, $42,864; personal, $31,097; total, $73,961. - OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. * g Alcester, in the north; population, 150; Schools; church organizations; business houses; hotels; grain ware houses, etc. Beresford, in the north- west; population, 400; school-building, valued at $2,000; two church edi- fices, valued at $2,500; creamicry, etc. Jefferson, in the Southeast; schools; church organizations; general stores; hotels, etc. McCook, in the south: east; population, thirty ; Schools; church Organizations; general stores, etc. Richland, on the Big Sioux river; population, 300; School-building, valued at $1,200; methodist church edifice, valued at $2,000; flour-mill; general stores; hotel, etc. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized districts, seventy-five; school population, 2,607; number of school-houses in district, sixty-four; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $32.69; females, $29.03; value of all School property, ... $35,249.42; expended for school purposes during year ending June 30 5 1886, $22,234.57; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $3,623.83; par amount of School bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $3,632.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, nine per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,830.23. - LIVE STOCK STATESTICS. Year. FIOrses. Mººnd Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. 1880 3,976 164 14 855 1,177 11,065 * ........................ 1885 4,569 162 15,288 1,423 11,726 $ 824,411 , 1886 4,771 155 17,035 1,074 8,987 842,745 1887 5,141 148 18,917 599 9,835 581,126 VALUATION STATISTICS. Total assessed Acres Real e Town Lots |Personal Prop- *'. 3 .. Year. Estate, | Valuation. valuation |erty valuation. Xºlºſion of | County. —------------ 1880 ........................ $ 554,898 |........................ * $261,836 816,229 1885 234,812 65°, 531 $ 60.814 90,067 1,183,828 1886 241,903 675,651 66,205 98.258 1, 182,859 1887 248,258 1,452,886 -85,218 124,807 2,244,087 Tº 1880, personal property includes live stock. FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. Bush “ls in Bushe] e in Bushels in 1880. 1885, 1887. W t........................... . . . . . .-----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” 18,023 131,979 294,000 Whº * * is g e , ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *** * * * * * * **** 805.189 1,279,050 2,250,000 Oat 8.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” --- 's s e s ºf 30.672 405,097 855,000 R v G. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” ------- 1.6% ; #. 8,500 uckwheat............................................…”.” * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #: ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,844 47,480 84,000 Flax.............................. ............:::::::::::::::::::::::::: Il O Ilê * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 84,496 MiscellANEous STATISTICs. '. Population of county, 1870, 3,507; 1880, 6,813; 1885, 8,017. Lands im- proved, 1880, 89,846 acres; 1885, 160,281 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 1,246; * * * - * - * ~ * .** -- * . .* RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . - , 481 1885, 1,356. Average size of farms, 1880, seventy-two acres; 1885, 118 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.97. County in- debtedness, 1887, $31,150. Potato crop, 1885, 57,379 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 9,072 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 2,929 gal- ons; butter, 554,343 pounds; cheese, 2,055 pounds; eggs, 201,127 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk................................. W. W. Ellis.… Elk Point................. Treasil rer. .................................... | A. O. Ringsrud.................... ......... 'Elk Point................. Sheriff...........................................! Alsor. Bowee................................... | "…~~~~ Clerk District Court ....................., N. A. Kirk..................................... Richland... .............. Probate Judge .............................. i.J rom Mangan.............................Beresford ................ Register of Deeds.........................J. W. Ellis .................................... Elk Pºint................. • Attorney ....................................... J. W. Wallace..................... ..... ..... Elk Point................. Superintendent of Schools........... W. H. H. Fate.................... ........... Elk Point................. Surveyor....................................... Wm. Vinson................................. Elk Point................. Coroner.........................................l. J. G. Cºnley. ................................. Elk Point............... ſº Halver Knudson........................... ‘Brille........................ Commissioners.................. ~! ''. H. Williams.............................. Calliope, Iowa......... Chas. LaBreche............................. Jefferson.................. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. | Alcester.................................. |Bºx POINT..........-----............... M"Cook................................ Beresford................................ Emmet............ ..... ----------------- 'Richland ............................. Big Springs...........................'Gothland......... . . . .” ---------------,Spink................................... Brule.............................. --------- |jewerson ... & e s g g : * s a s sº e º 'º e º is sº e º is a s e s sº see e sº | WAGNER COUNTY. Created March 9, 1883. Wagner is a county of western Dakota, south of the 46th parallel, and west of the 102d degree of longitude. It lies entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reserva- tion, elsewhere in this publication. WALLACE COUNTY. Created, March 9, 1883, from parts of Howard. Boundaries changed, March 10, 1885, between Williams and Allred. Unorganized: Wallacé county is situated in the northwestern part of the Territory, on the south bank of the Missouri river. Other principal stream is the Little Missouri—which flows through a few townships in the Southeast. Nearly all of Wallace county is within the boundaries of the Fort Berthold Indian reservation. Under an agreement with the Indians, (which agreement is awaiting the ratification of Congress,) nearly all of these lands will be opened to settlement, at an early day. No Govern- ment surveys have yet been made of the lands lying outside of the pres– ent boundaries of the Indian reservation. Vacant public lands, 164.320 acres. MIISCICI, L.A.NE() US STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, forty-six. Lands improved, 1885, fifteen acres. Number of farms, 1885, two. Average size of farms, 1885, seven and one-half acres. wALSH county. Area, 832,000 acres. Created, February 18, 1881, from parts of Pembina and Grand Forks. Organized, July 30, 1881, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Geo. P. Harvey, Wm. Code, and B. C. Askelson. Walsh, a Red River valley county, is situated in the northeastern cor- ner of the Territory, the second county South of the International boun- dary line. In addition to the Red River of the North, its eastern boun- dary, the county is thoroughly drained, from west to east, by Park and Forest rivers and their numerous branches. The four considerable lakes.” in the county are, two salt lakes in the 1: Cit}}east, ( Gºvering an area of about 600 acres; another in the southeast, covering about 1,000 acres, and one in Lampton township, with a surface of 200 to 300 acres. In the southeastern corner of the county, stretching thio Igh Walshville, and a part of Pulaski townships, is a long, crooked bayou, probably an old channel of the Red River. On the Red, Park and Forest rivers, there are very considerable bodies of timber, and especially around the head branches of the Park river, on the slope of the plateau, in the northwest part of the county. The numerous ravines and gulches of the hilly portions in the western townships, have more or less timber of an inferior growth outlining their courses as they slope toward the plains. Surface of the county, from the Red River west, to the east line of range fifty-six, may be described as a vast plain with an impergeptible slope toward the east, and having a deep, rich alluvial soil, identical with that of the other counties of the great valley, so famous for its wheat producing capabilities. The western ranges of townships are more hilly and broken, rising quite sharply to- ward the plateau lands to the west of the valley. . This western portion contains a few small conical hills, or buttes, and occasional ridges, or low hills. Nearly the whole of the county is susceptible of cultivation. Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad (Fargo-Grand Forks line), twenty-four miles; stations: Ardoch, Minto, Grafton, Auburn; (Langdon-Larimore line), twenty-four miles; stations: Pan k River, Conway. Total, forty-eight miles. Northern Pacific railroad (Grand Forks—Pembina line), twenty-eight miles; stations: Graf. ton, Forest River. Total miles of railroad in the county, seventy-six. Vacant public lands, 64,000 acres. - - IBANIKS. - There are six banks doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Ardoch, at Ardoch, E. R. Jacobi, president; F. L. Streit, cashier. Tirst National Bank, at Grafton, F. T. Walker, president; J. L. Cashel, cashier. Grafton National Bank, at Grafton, F. R. Fulton, president; D. C. Moore, cashier. Bank of Park River, Henry Keller, president; C. D. Lord, cashier. First National Bank, at Park River, David H. Beecher, presi- dent; Sidney Clarke, cashier. Bank of Minto, M. S. Titus, cashier. - NEWSPAPERS. -- * . The News-Times, Upham & Pierce, editors and publishers, Grafton; Herald, W. W. Hillis, publisher, Grafton; Forest River Jou, nal, W. G. Mitchell, publisher, Minto; Park River Gazette, – Smith, editor and publisher, Park River. Monitor, J. R. Lyons, editor and publisher, Ar- doch. - COUNTY SEAT. Grafton, on the Park river, is the county seat. It has a population of 2,500; two-story brigk school-building, valued at $25,000; gatholic, presby- térian, baptist, methodist, and two lutheran church edifices, Wººd at . $18,000; court-house and jail, city hall, fire department houses, opera house, together, valued at $45,000; water-works (º system, valued at $25,900; flour-mill, valued at $47,000; custom flour-mill; two carriage works; two boiler shops; pork-packing house, etc. Assessed valuation city property, 1886, re. 1, $128,000; personal, $214,000. Total, $342,000. ” OTHER IMP, RTANT "I'() WNS. w * . Ardoch, in the Southeast; population, 300; school-building, valued at $2,000; catholic, methodist, and presbyterian church edifices, valued at $5,000; city buildings, valued at $1,000; water-works system, valued at . $2,000; grain elevators, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $50,000. Forest River, in the South; population fifty; school- building, valued at $800; general stores; hotels; grain elevators, etc. Minto, on the Forest river; population, 700; School-building, valued at $2,- 000; methodist, presbyterian, and Catholic church edifices, valued at $8,- 000; artesian wells; flour-mill, valued at $28,000; grain elevators, etc.. As- sessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $136,945. Park River, in the center, on a stream of the same name; population, 1,000; . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 483 school-building, valued at $7,500; presbyterian, methodist, and baptist church edifices, valued at $9,000; city building; water-power;grain elevators, etc. Asssessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $144,340. SCHOOLs, (STATISTICS 1886.) Number of organized districts, ninety-three; School population, 3,445; number of school-houses in district, º number of school- houses built in 1886, º average monthly pay of teachers, males, $38.58; females, $32,81; value of all school property, $82,883.80; expended for school purposes during the year ending June 30, 1886, $61,853.94; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $17,755.18; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $84,300; averege rate of interest aid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of School warrants outstanding une 30, 1886, $650.25. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. ; Year. HOTSes. Mº. ºn * Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation. — t | iss, 4.9% | sm 6,687 | 668 2,942 $ 512.696 1886 5,963 847 7,858 808 4, 182 i 527,199 1887 6,480 380 9,074 912 3 249 | 591 90S valuation statistics. . . . Tºro; Ji J. G.F. Personal Prop- ***.*.*.* erty valuation. County. Year. Valuation. Acres Real Estate. Town ſlots Valuatiou. | 1885 441,156 $ 2 163,392 $ 266,342 $ 533 401 1886 475,873 2,026,794 || 321,806 1887 505,120 2.296 173 836 820 I’ARM STATIS tº ICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. $ 3,475.88 6(2,452 3,477,751 689,0.45 3,918,446 Bushels in Bushels in Bushols in 1SS(). 1885. ISS7. Wheat.................................................…..” I) () ll C 2,497,699 4,987,992 Corn...... * * * * * * * * * * * * e s 6 s is e s e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * t 1) () lle * 4:0 i 4.2.1 ( 10 Oats............ ........................................…" | Il () il C. 896,720) | 2,031,682 y &........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l! Ollé ‘...)0 150 Ruckwheut........................... ..................... 1) ( , 1) e 6-0 .......... ............. Barley.................... … . . . . . Il ()] e 72,607 2.29, .00 M JSCE LIAN E() ['S STATIST'ſ ('S. Population of county, 1880, nong; 1885, 12,775. Lands improved, 1885, 212,001 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 2,797. Average size of farms 1885, seventy-six acres. Average assessed Valuation per acre, 1887, $4.55. County indebtedness, 1887, $11,347 Potato crop, 1885, 155,501 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 2,102 pounds. I)airy and other farm products, 1885: butter, 228,163 pounds; cheese, 330 pounds; egºs, 159,259 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS Ol' Count'Y OFFICERS 1N 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address, Auditor...................... ..... … … E. O. Faulkner.............................. Grafton..................... Treasurer.....s................................ P. E. Sillidager.............................. Grºl ſtoll..................... Sheriff........?........... ....................... Gunder Olsen................................ its rafton.................... $ Clerk District Court ..................... M. K. Marrinan ..... ..................... Grafton..................... Probate Judge..... ........................ M. Raulnin.................................... Grafton .................... Register of Deeds.......................... John Connolly................. tº e º is is tº s tº a s º º v Grafton..................... Attorney .................. * e s a s e e s is tº e < * * * * * * * * ‘’. A. M. Spencer........................... Grafton.................... & Suterintendent of Schools........... R. M. Evans ................................. Minto........................ Surveyor........................................ J. B. Warrell ......................... ........] Forest River ............ Coroner......... * * * * * * * * * * & e º 'º e º sº e s tº e < * * * * * * * * * John McGlynth................. * * * * g e & e & 8 s Minto............... * * * * * * * * * Wm. Code, (chairman) ................ I’ark River.............. * N. O. Nobell......, tº º ºs & tº g º º is $ tº e s tº 8 & e é º a g º is tº it tº e Grafton.................... g Commissioners........ .................. AleX. "1 homson..................... * * * * * * * * (Minto....................... 2. J. B. Sanborn ................................ Medford.................... K. P. Levang................................. Park River.............. 484 k RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. Acton.......... tº s is a s sº a e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e º 'º is s Lambert.......................... ....... [Richmond............................. Ardoch.................................... Lampton.......... tº e º & º a u ę & is tº $ tº a tº ſº e º a s e º e Saint Andrew........................ Auburn................................... Latona....................................Silvistºl................................ Conway................................... [Medford ........................ * * * * * * * * * Tomey....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *... Dundee................................... Minto...................................... Vesely.............................. ..... Edinburg.............................. ... iNova....................................... Westº.................................... Forest River........................... Park River.............................. Walshville .............. tº º º tº as a g º e s g º g Galt................................... * * * * * * Pisek...................................... G RAF Fon................................. 'rº ha..................................... WALWORTH COUNTY. Area, 460,800 acres. Created, January 8, 1873, from part of Buffalo. Organized, May 5, 1883, by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Oliver Shannon, Frank H. Kennedy, and Charles (). Wilkins. Walworth county is situated in central Dakota, south of the 7th stand- ard parallel, and on the east bank of the Missouri river. The Missouri washes the western boundary, a distance measuring its windings, of about thirty miles. The other principal streams of the county, are Swan creek, which flows through the southern tier of townships from east to west, and Bois Cache creek, which drains the northern portion of the county. Swan lake is a considerable body of water, covering some 1,800 acres, in the southeast. An extensive lake bed, in township 124, range 77, covers about 3,000 acres. A great many small lakes, ponds, and marshes, are interspersed throughout the northern and eastern pºrtions of the county. Numerous small streams and springs abound. There is quite a growth of native timber along the bottoms, and covering the islands, of the Missouri. The smaller streams are also fringed with scattering groves. Surface of the major part of Walworth county, back of the Missouri bluffs, consists of elevated rolling prairie, or table land. The south central portion of the county is covered by a range of bluffs and conical hills, generally well watered, and excellent for grazing purposes. The bluffs along the Missouri are from 100 to 200 feet high, cut by wide ravines and valleys along the creeks. The bottom lands between the river and the bluffs, are from one to four miles wide, and exceedingly fer- tile. Soil of the county, generally, the rich, alluvial deposit, of the Mis- souri slope. • Vacant public lands, 111,210 acres. BAN KS. There are two banks doing business in this county, as follows: Wal- worth County Bank, at Bangor. Bank of LeBeau, at LeBeau, R. H. ' Fairbairn, president; W. H. Burns, cashier. NEWSPA PièRS. Pioneer, C. E. Cobb, editor and publisher, Bangor; Rustler, W. G. Brown, publisher, Bangor; Central Dakotian, F. K. Griflin, editor and publisher, Bangor. Pioneer, F. J. Bowman, editor and publisher, Scran- ton. COUNTY SEAT. Bangor, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of sev- enty-five, school-building, valued at $2,000; court-house, valued at $1,500; church organizations; business houses; hotels, etc. O'T III.R IMPſ) RTANT TOWNS. Ile Beau, on the Missouri river; population, fifty; school-building, valued at $3,300; general stores; hotels; church Organizations, etc. Assessed val- uation town property, 1886, real and personal, $40,000. Scranton, on the Missouri river; school-building, valued at $500; general stores; hotel, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real and personal, $35,000. schools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, ten; school population, 231; num- ber of school-houses in district, ten; number of school-houses built in 1886, six; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $37.50; females, $29,44; value of all school property, $7,287.00; expended for School purposes dur- . . . *. * * 'sa- a?, * § f $ * # * , , , t. i. ** * .." ing year ending June 30, 1886, $5,708.84; cash remaining in School treasury, }^ , ; ; , . . . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 485 June 30, 1886, $575.73; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $8,700.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, Seven per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, 1886, $2,960.69. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Swine. Valuation. Mules * Cattle. Sheep. ASSes. Year. | Horses. 649 44 1,889 575 95,255 | - | iss, aw 42 1,011 | 258 | los | $ 73.448 1886 682 36 1,503 322 97.240 1887 | VALUATION STATISTICS. y Acres Real & & Town Lots Personal Prop- ***.*.*.*.*. Year Estate. Valuation. valuatiºn ºilatiº. Yºon of | | Coll 11ty. 1885 48,148 § 193880 $48,408 $66,878 s 377,100 1886 69 809 280,575 f 44,288 | 67,045 489 148 1887 83,482 275,700 25 ()31 | 66,042 463,028 º FARM STATISTICS. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. & -- Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1889. 1885. 1887. | | Wheat........................................................... ...... D. On 6 3,906 | 165,750 Corn ................................... ................................ 1,850 I0,010 153 (100 Oats..................................................................... I] O.) C. 11,766 | 153,750 Rye..................................................................... In Olle 165 .................... ſº Buckwheat............................................... ......... ]] Ollé 105 |..................... Barley................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1) Ol) Đ 160 17,100 Flax................................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * }} {}}} & |- - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . 27.000 MISCEI.,LANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, forty-six; 1885, 1,412. Lands improved, 1880, eighty-five acres; 1885, 20,290 acres. Number of farms, 1880, two; 1885, 800. Average size of farms, 1880, forty-two and one-half acres; 1885, twenty-five acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.3). County, indebt- edness, 1887, $8,742. Potato crop, 1885, 7,253 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 2,202 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 22,867 pounds; eggs, 9,443 dozen. - NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. | Office, * Name. | P. O. Address. - . ; County Clerk................................ T. G. Orr .......................................; Pangor..... ............... Treasurer............. # s º e º ºs e º º is sº a e is a tº tº & e is tº 4 a w ś B. F. Elliott................................... | Pangot ................... Sherifſ............................................ H. Webster.............................. ..... Bangor... ................. Clerk District Court...................... H. C. Grupe..…............... …Bankor.….............. & Probate Judge ..............................' James R. Howell.......................... | \lueblankel......... .. Register of Deeds......................... T. G. Orr ....................................... |Bangor ........ ........... Attorney ....................................... W. B. Burr... .......................... .... º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • Superintendent of Schools........... 'G. J. Schellenger... ...... * * * * * * * * * * g g g g e |Bangor.................... * Surveyor....................................... J. Ludlam. ................................... i ºil rigor... ................ y Coroner........................... ............. C. J. Sturgeon ............................. Walworth.......... * * * * g ºn Assessor......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e º 'º e s a s h tº º is e s = T. J. Thompson.......................... .. Walworth............... * ( Jºcob Elfimick................................Bangor......... ........... Commissioners......................... . 3 Ole O. Romslow............................ \\ alworth........... ..... | H. H. Maso............................. .....Bowdle......... ........... LIST of POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. BANGOR ................................. seranton tº e º & tº º te ł. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ë & tº º q tº # * * * * Walworth.............................. Blueblanket....... tº º 4 m e º 'º it tº e ∈ E is a tº * * * * Smalley...................... ... • * * * * * * * * * | Le Beau........ ......................... Theodore................................ Created in 1885, from parts of Stevens, Renville and Wallace. Boünd. aries changed, March 11, 1887, part from McHenry. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ward county is situated in northern Dakota, between the 101st and 102d degrees of west longitude, and the second county south of the Interna- tional boundary line. Principal stream is the Souris or Mouse river, which enters the county on the northwest, and flows through diagonally, passing out at the extreme southeast. The DeLacs river, an important tributary. , , ºf the Mouse, waters a few of the northwestern townships. Numerous. 1 wi: , s and ponds of good water are found in the Coteaus. These lakes Y.: ; y in size, from five to 500 acres. , Heavy timber, including the oak, ash, aspen, box-elder, and other varieties, line the banks of the Mouse. An abundance of coal is found in Ward county. Surface of the eastern and northern portions, extensive prairie and river valley. The Goteaus, of the Plateau du Missouri, cross the southwestern part of the county—on a line parallel with, and about twenty miles west of the Mouse. The Co- teaus have the usual hilly, broken surface of well-watered lands, covered with nutritious pasturage—extending several miles in width; beyond which, the country again descends to a level plain. Between the Co- . teaus and the Mouse, the country is high and rolling. The valley of the Mouse is from one-half to two miles in width, hemmed in by steep and rugged bluffs. With its rich soil, abundant supply of pure water, perfect. shelter, and cheap fuel—the county offers great inducements to farmers. and stock growers. - / - - Miles of railroad in county: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, forty-two miles; stations: Minot, Siding 10, Siding 11, Siding 12, Siding 13. Vacant public lands, 761,600 acres. . . : BANKS. There is one bank doing business in this county, as follows: Bank of Minot, at Minot, E. A. Mears, president. - *} - - . NEWSPA PlēlēS. * , , - . The Times, E. J. Taylor, editor and publisher, Minot; The Tribune, Charles E. Gregory, editor and publisher, Minot; The Reporter, Charles Blair, editor and manager, Burlington. . . . . * CoUNTY SEAT. - . . . Burlington, in the center, is the county seat. It has a population of 150; school-building, valued at $700; public buildings, valued at $2,000; brick- yard; court-house and jail contracted for. An excellent quality of lig- nite coal is mined near the town. - . . OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Minot, on the Mouse river; population, 1,000; schools; church organiza- tions; division car-shops, employing, Seyeral hundred men; business houses; hotels, etc. An abundance of lignite coal is found in the vicinity of Minot. , - - LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. PIOrses. Mºº and ('attle. Sheep. Swine. Valuation, SS08. 1886 94 1,792 44 108 || $40,836 1887 297 19 2,589 780 166 69,891 - v.ALUATION STATISTICS. V . A cres Real * in n. Town Lots Personal Prop. ** resoned Year. Estate. Valuation. valuation, lèrty valuatiº. Yººtion of - . “ county. ! - - - - - - -- - w - . '.. 1886 680 $ 3,950 ---------------........ $14,919 || $ 59.205 1887 2,120 7,890 | $27,395 - 69,415 174.091, . . . . RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 487 * * 1885, and 1887. - - - * FARM statistics. Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, | Bushe's in Bushels in | Bushels in | “iº. " | "g; “ “gº. Wheat.................................................................. Il O1) & 2,445 9,000 Corn.............................. tº a tº e º 'º e s s a s tº e º e º a s tº e s - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * Il O1) © | 730 4,500 Oats......................................... ........................... Il Oil 6 ! 1,335 60,000 Rye ....... & s h tº e s tº us tº e s s tº a tº a tº e º e < e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11 Oil & | 8 * * s e º ºs º it gº tº s tº a tº º a Buckwheat................................................... * * * * * * | 1) Oll G. | 47 ..................... *arley........................................... ...................... | ll () il (2 '..................... 4.200 MISO'ſ. LLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1880, not e, 1885, 257. Lands improved, 1885, 3,028 acres. Number of farms, 1885, eighty-nine. Average size of farms, 1885, thirty-four acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $3.73. Potato crop, 1885, 4,176 bushels. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: butter, 11,840 pounds; cheese, 400 pounds; eggs, 2,697 dozen. NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS 1N 1887. i Office. Name. P. O. Address. County Clerk............................... I. S. Foot. ................................... purpºston * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * º Treasilver...................................... Michael Muir............................... Burlington. .............. Sheriff.......................................... A. T. Tracy............................. .....jºur'ington ............. tº º }lerk Dixtrict Court..................... James Johnson............................. Burlington ............... robate Judge.............................. John Bouholzer..... ......... ..... ..... 'Burlington ............... Register of Deeds......................... L. S. Foot............. ....................... Burlingtoll ............... Attorney ...................................... Chus. Gregory .............................. Minot...... ................. Superintendent of Schools........... Purt J. Griffith............................'Minot....................... & Surveyor....................................... II. C. Salisbury............................. Burlington .............. Coroner................... ..................... Geo. Cºrpſen ter............................. Minot........................ Assessor....................................... O. C. Benson................................. Burlington .............. º J Chris. Rasmus e1, ......................... Burlington ............... Commissioners.......................... & Wm. Naek.................................... Burlingtoll .............. Denis Brogan ...... ...................... 'Minot........................ w LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. BURLINGTON............... Echo...................... | Minot........................ | Saint Call................ * - WASHABAU GH COUNTY. Created March 9, 1883. Washabaugh county is situated in southern Dakota, west of the Mis- souri, and south of White river. It is entil ely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation else where in this publication. wASHINGTON county. Created March 9, 1883. Washington county is situated in southwestern Dakota. It lies entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. - weLLs county. Formerly Gingras. Created January 4, 1873. Name was changed Feb- ruary 26, 1881. Boundaries changed in 1883, and again in 1885. Organized June 25, 1884, by the , appoint ment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: Thos. R. Williams, Joseph P. Cox, and Marshall Brinton. Wells county is situated in northern Dakota, at the very head waters of the James river, between the 47th and 48th degrees of latitude. The Sheyenne river drains the northern townships. The James river takes it rise in the middle-western portions. The Pipestem waters the southern * zº f . . . . . . . . 488 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. . . . . half of the county. Timber along the streams is comparatively light, though some fine groves border on the Sheyenne. . Several lakes are scat- tered over the area of Wells county. Surface, generally, undulating, up- land prairie—some portions quite level. The bottom lands, along the Sheyenne, average about half a mile in width. The southwestern part of the county is broken by the low hills, and uneven surface of the Coteaus —the most noticeable elevation of which is the majestic, towering peak, in the southern boundary, known as the Hawk's Nest. Its slopes are well timbered. A large portion of the lands in Wells county are admira- bly adapted to farming, and the growing of stock Soil, a dark, deep loam, beneath which is a stratum of clay sub-soil, containing shelly, calca- reous marl. Miles of railroad in county: Northern Pacific railroad, (Jamestown- Northern line,) 6.8 miles: station: Sykeston. Vacant public lands, 366,550 acres. Bismarck land district, 216,000 acres; Devils Lake land district, 150,560 acres. COUNTY SEA'ſ'. Sykeston, on the Pipesterm river, is the county seat. Population, 200; school-building, valued at $900; church edifice, valued at $900: business houses; hotels; grain warehouses, etc. Assessed valuation town property, 1886, real, $20,000; personal, $50,000; total $70,00). scIIools, (STATISTICs 1886.) Number of organized townships, five; school population, eighty-eight; number of school-houses in district, two; number of school-houses built in 1886, one; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $42.50; females, $36.00; value of all school property, $1,887.62; ex- pended for school purposes during year ending June 30, 1886, $2,009,13; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $334.87; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1886, $1,200.00; average rate of in- terest paid on bonds, eight per cent.; amount of School warrants outstand- ing June 30, 1886, $8,872.47. LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. Year. Horses. Mºno Cattle. Sheep. SWille, Valuation, | 1885 187 44 1% |-- 96 $ 19,760 1886 332 58 320 17 274 31, 60 1887 421 85 | 507 så 1.47 44,840 VAI, UATION STATISTICS. - Total assessed y | Acres Real & Town Lots | Personal Prop- - Year | Estate. Valuation, valuatiºn |&tty viºlation. Yºon of | * “ county 1SS5 136,728 $ 443,850 $ 34,045 $ 16,360, $ 514,015 1886 159,807 52ſ) 735 3', 305 21 653 G!)9,563 1887 217,959 i. 716.350 | 37 080__ _ 821,140 22,870 FAIR M STATISTICS, Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. 13ushols in Bushels in Bushels in º 887. 1880. 8S.). Whent................................................................. 1) Oil & 100,553 220,320 Corn................................. ................................... Il () l l (2 25 6 Oats........... & e s ∈ is , º, e º e º e s s ∈ a e.............................…........ T] ( ) l l e 78 ($12 76,164 Rye..................................................................... I) ()ll & 600 ................. © tº º & Barley................................................................. I] O Il G. 1,030 875 Flax............... ..................................................... 1) ( ) l l (2 • * g s a tº e s a e s s a s tº º a s 50 M ISCE L LAN E() US STATISTICS. - r Population of county, 1880, none; 1885, 285. Lands improved, 1885, 13,054 acres. Number of farms, 1885, 173. Average size of farms, 1885, seventy-six acres. Average assessed valuation per acre. 1887, $2.88. County indebtedness, 1887, $7,050. Potato crop, 1885, 4,700 bushels. r - - - r - tw - , 2 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA. 489 - rº Dairy and other farm products, 1885; butter, 4,400 pounds; eggs, 2,- 585 dozen. - • * NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 1887. Office. Name. P. O. Address. * | : County Clerk............. # tº e º e s - w w w tº e º a tº s a tº tº C. V. Brown................................. Sykeston... ............ tº º Treasurer...................................... 'D. T. Davis.................................. 'Sykeston................ * @ Sheriff .................... * * * * * * * tº tº e º 'º - a - .......J. J. O’Connell............ tº tº º e º w a e º ºr e º is tº e s is sº º Sykestoli................ * * ('lerk District Court............ ....... {Newton Athow............................. Sykeston.................. Probate Judge.............................. | H. B. heš5................................... Sykest 11.----. . . . . . . . . .--- * Register of 1) eeds................ • * * * * * * * * !C. V. Brown...... .......................... |Sykeston..... ............ Superill lendent of Schools...........: Marshall Brinton......................... |*y keston........... ...... Coron r................'......................... iSeymºur Lee................................ Sykesion • e e e º ºs s a a • a s - e s - - o ASSes Sor........ & © & º º º tº 6 & e & & ſº * * * * * * * is 4 e º e º a tº e º 'º e a ‘J. P. Hardy...................... ............ Sykeston...... • * * * * * * * * * > º E. Spokesfield (chairman)...........!-yke-ton tº e s is ſº º nº e º e º a ºn a a 4 - Commissioners.......................... {: W. Foster.............................. Sykeston............ * |Mark Kady ............................ ..... iSykeston.................. LIST OF POSTOFFICES IN COUNTY, 1887. SY KESTON. WILLIAMS COUNTY. Created, January 8, 1873, from original territory. Boundaries changed, 1885, parts to Mercer, Dunn, and Wallace. Unorganized. Williams county is situated in Inorthern Dakota, north of the 47th de- gree of latitude, on the west and south banks of the Missouri river. In addition to the Missouri river, which forms the northern boundary, Wil- liams county is watered by the Little Missour: through the north, and by the Big Knife, and its numerous affluents—flowing in an easterly course through the central and southern portions. Surface, high, rolling, and level, even prairie, river and creek bottoms, and bluffs. The Mis- Souri river, adjacent to the northern boundary of Williams county, has the usual characteristics of broken bluffs, ravines and gorges, creeks and narrow valleys. The river bottoms are fringed with a considerable growth of lative timber, and also the numerous islands of the latter Stream. Williams county contains a large amount of excellent farming and grazing lands. The surface and soil compare favorably with that of neighboring counties. Vacant public lands, 337,920 acres. MI ISCE LLAN ISU) US ST \ TI STICS. Population of county, 1880, fifteen; 1885, thirty-six. Y ANKTON COUNTY. Area, 337,920 acres. Created April 10, 1862. Organized the same year by the appointment, by the Governor, of the following commissioners, viz.: O. B. Wheeler, Justus Townsend, and Henry Bradley. Yankton county is situated in the southeastern part of Dakota, on the Nebraska boundary line, at the point where the James river adds its Volume to that of the Missouri. The Missouri river washes the southern boundairy of the county its entire length, and the James flows through it, diagonally, from northwest to southeast. There are several smaller Streams in the county. In the northeastern part there are ma ly Small lakes and ponds. Groves of native timber, consisting principally of cottonwood, elin, box-elder, willow, and oak, are found in considerable bodies along the bottom lands, and on the islands of the Missouri river. The course of the James is fringed with a scattering growth of trees. Al- though Yankton county lies in two great river valleys, but a small propor- tion consists of what is generally known as “bottom land.” The surface is mostly beautiful, rolling prairie, with now and then a stream of water or a little lake. The Missouri river bottoms vary in width from one mile to several, and are extremely fertile. The Valley of the James averages, perhaps, a mile in width of equally good land. A high range of bluffs 490 RESOU borders the Missouri river above Yankton - flanked on either side by lesser elevations. Soil, a de warm, and quick; dries easily on the surface, but holdsm sub-soil, clay. Yankton county is well watered and thoro Óisture below - - roughly drained, Quarries of chalk-rock, and depysits of fine, brick clay are contained within in its limits. • … . . . . . . . . Miles of railway in county: , Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway (Sioux City & Mitchell line,) thirty-one miles; stations: Gayville, Yank- ton, Utica, Les' erville. Chicago & Northwestern railway, (Yankton—Cen- treville line,) fourteen miles; salions: Yankton, Volin. Total miles of railroad in county, forty-five miles. - . . . . . . Vacant public lands, none. - IBAN KS. . . . . . . . . . There are five banks doing business in this county, as follows: First Na- tional Bank, at Yankton, J. C. McVay, president; W. H. McVay, cashier. Mortgage Bank, at Yankton, E. A. Bruce, cashier. Yankton Bank, at Yankton. McKinney & Scougal, at Yankton, R. W. Burns, cashier. Yankton Savings Bank, A. W. Howard, president; M. T. Wooley, cashier. NEWSPAPERs. . . . Daily Press and Dakotaian, Bowen & Kingsbury, editors and publishers, Yankton. Telegram, John L. Pennington, Jr., editor and pilblisher, Yankton. Dakot v Herald, W. S. Elder, editor an i pºlblisher, Yaºukton. Globe, L. D. Cavalier, elitor and publisher, Yankton. Dakota Freie-Presse, John C. Wenzlaff, editor and publisher, Yankton. W. C. T. U., Miss Louisa Tanner, editor, Yankton. Tribune, Tribune Publish- ing Association, editors and publishers, Yankton. Dukofa. Post, Paul Harmann, editor, Yankton. Student, F. B. Riggs, editor, Yankton. …” - COUNTY SEAT. - ... " . . . Yankton, on the Missouri river, is the county seat. It has a population of 4,500; five school b:11] dinigs, value, l at $25,00); seven church edifices, valued at $30,000; court-house and jail, valued at $16,0)0; water-works (artesian) system, valued at $50,000; electric light plant projected;flour-mill; woolen mill; pressed-brick manufactory; two brick yards; linseed oil- mill; tow mill; two breweries; foundry and machine shops. Total amount investeſt in manufactories, $500,000. The congregational college, located at Yankton, is described on page 215 of this publication. Assessed val- uation city property, 1886, real, $500,000; personal, $150,000. Total, $650,000. For description of the Dakota hospital for the insane, Yankton, Sce page 231. - - . . . . . . . . OTHER IMPORTANT TOWNS. Gayville, in the southeast; School building, valued at $1,000; artesian well; general S' ores; grain warehouses, etc. Jamesville, on the James river; population, fifty; school building, valued at $750; flour-mill, valued at $8,000; general Stores, etc. Lester ville, in the west; populatio , 200; school building, valled at $600; church organizations; business houses; grain Warehouses, hotels, etc. - - scufools, (STATISTICs 1886.) - Number of organized districts, fifty nine; school population, 3,631 ; number of school-houses in district, sixty-one; number of school-houses , , built in 1886, nine; average monthly pay of teachers, males, $32.00; females, $30.00; value of all School property $60 515.00; expended for school pur- poses during the year ending June 30, 1886, $30,412.56; cash remaining in school treasury, June 30, 1886, $4,667.20; par amount of school bonds outstanding June 30, 1885, $22,250.00; average rate of interest paid on bonds, eight per cent. ; amount of school warrants outstanding June 30, ... 1886, $341.71. . . . . . LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. ** . . . . Year. Horses. " "...ºnd Cattle, Sheep. Swine. valuation. 1880 2.952 77 9.737 4724 5,886 || “........ gº 1885 3,600 100 18,070 9,180 || 6,482 $ 312,637 ° ºr 'Atistics. Total assessed Real ºf Town Lots Personal Prop. ** a #5 ran 1880 ....... ................ $ 1,182,688 ........................ * $449.465 $ 1,582.103 1885 || "... 258,547 913 720 || $ 661,095 291,299 2,178,751 1886. . . . 265,994 || 972,195 - 660,605 300,200 2,242,105 1887 275,249 1,444 235 | 951,913 849,090 3.144.933 * * 1880, personal property includes live stock. . . . . . FARM STATISTICS. * Table showing product of field crops, on farms in county, for years 1880, 1885, and 1887. - ... < -- . . -- Bushels in Bushels in Bushels in 1 : - : - * 1880. 1885. 1887. Wheat................................................................. | 76,741 81,349 217,456 Corn ................................ • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - } 220.953 418,393 866;888 Oats .............................................. ............ ....... 120 644 2S1,790 484,128 Rye ..................................................................... | 590 2,071 3.280 Buckwheat........................ ................................. 61 - 391 - 300 Barley ................................................................ 11,127 8 853 11,822 Flax............................................. ................................. * = a - e º a • * * * ! • * * * s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 72,518 ... " - MTSCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. Population of county, 1870, 2,097; 1880, 8,390; 1885, 9,404, Lands im- proved, 1880, 47,017 acres; 1885, 144,519 acres. Number of farms, 1880, 879; 1885, 925. Average size of farms, 1880, fifty-four acres; 1885, 156 acres. Average assessed valuation per acre, 1887, $5.23. County in- debtedness, 1887, $348.448. Potato crop, 18S5, 40,524 bushels. Wool clip, 1885, 50,070 pounds. Dairy and other farm products, 1885: milk, 1,069 gallons; butter, 323,024 pounds; cheese, 4,801 pounds; eggs, 110,397 dozen. . . - . . . . . . NAME AND POSTOFFICE ADDRESS OF COUNTY OFFICERS IN 18S7. . . | Office. - Name. P. O. Address. Auditor..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christian Häge.................... ........Yankton.................. Treasurer ...................................... i Herman Ellerman........................ Yankton.......... ....... Sheriff...........................................] Frederick Kincel.......................... Yankton.................. Clérk I)istriºt ou lºt .................... : E. G. Edgerton.............................. Yankton.................. Probate Judge.............................. Leo initias Coºgletºn...................... Yankton.......... ....... Register of Deeds......................... Christian | | a theister..................... Ynºkton.................. Attorney .............. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, 13, French....... ... ...... .....… Yankton.................. Superintendent of Schools........... N. M. Hills ....................................! Yankton............ ..... Survey or........... e' < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Edward Palmer............. * * * * * * * ... * * * * * * * - - Yankton.................. Coroner .......................... .............. S. B. McGlum phy.......................... Yanktoi.................. Assessor......................................... Ellery H. Dunn...................... - ....|Yankton................ s . . . . . - - ſ Wm. H. Edmunds, (chairman)...... Yankton... ........ “ ... . . . - | Ole Kjeldseth.................................. Wakonda................ Uommissioners........................... 8 James Donahue. .................... ..... Yankton.............. . . . . . . . | John ). Aaseth............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * GayVille.................. - | Anton L. Peiffer ........................... 'Lºkeport......... ....... LIST OF PostoRFICES IN county, 1887. Gäyville... ..... .................. ..... Lesterville............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Volin .................................... Jamesville ............ .......... .....|Mºrindahl............... .............. Walshtown..................... ..... LaGr, inge................... .... ... |Mºſell s º 4 + º- a - a - e º e º 'º • * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - . YANKtos.............. * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Lakeport................................ Norway..................... ........ .... Zºskov........ .......................... . . . . - x ~ * ". . . . Created February 10, 1877. • . . Ziebach county is situated in southwestern Dakota, entirely within the boundaries of the Great Sioux Indian reservation. See article on the Sioux reservation elsewhere in this publication. - ZIEBACH COUNTY. INDEX. A Aberdeen land district, vacant land - 1T), el Cº...................................... ...... Acknowledgements........................ * tº 3 g º 'º e Acknowledgenue uts, legal.................... 804 Acreage ill farms, 1860, 1870, 1830, and 1885............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 266 Admission of Daltota as a state, legis- lation in regard to.................... 17- 19 Agencies, Ilidium............................. 250–251 Aglicultural college....................... 197–199 Agricultural products......... ......... 78–151 Alºids in wheat, comparative *918'....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ Albuminoids in corn, comparative table........................................ .e. º º g º & º e Alfalfa.............................................. 107–11() Alliance, falmers................ ................ ... 249 All ºthnellts in severalty to Indians. 253 256 Allred county....................................... 815 All Saints' school........................... 219–220 Altitudes, table of........................... 189-190 A na!y Ses, artesian waters..................... 185 Allulysis, cºal (lignite)........................ 160 Analyst's, Coru......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 97 Aua lysis of water from the Hot Springs...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ........ 163 Analyses, wheat.K.................................. 78 Arhor Day.............‘...........…....…. 127–128 Area of Dakota, comparative tables... . 26-27 A Tea by Counties............................. 315-491 Area pitblic lands disposed of, etc........ 292 Artesian Wells................................. 179–188 A I tesiall Welis, an:llyses of waſ ers of... 18.5 Artesia it wells, table showing depth, Pressure, etc.............................. 186–187 Artesia 11 Wells, record of strata pene- trated by.......................................... 188 Arvilla actitelny.................................... 221 Assessed valuation of “the Territory; 1879 to 1887........... ......................... .. 264 Assign ments, legal.................... e º g º º ºs º 4 & 8 tº e 304 Attach me tº t, etc., exemptions from...... 29 | Attachments, legal, process of............. 804 Average assessed Valuai ion, by coul:- ties ................. ........................ . 8] 5 491 Average size of farms, by counties. 3 5-491 Augustaita college................................. 222 Aurora County....................................... 815 B Ranks, Conn parative table of............... 302 Banks, by Counties.......................... 31 —491 Banking illstitutions.......... & is a g º & 8 s a tº a # e. 300–305 Burley............................................. 101–102 Barley crop, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and 188 - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * m a.º. 8.4 fl ºf g is º º is ſº e i s & s º is e g º g º gº º is s sº º is tº s Beadle county....................................... 819 Beets, Sugar............... - - - - - - sº e.e. s - sº a • * * * 111–112 Beilson County...................................... 821 Billings county..................................... 823 Bisma clº land district.......................... 291. Black Hills, the.............................. 165–178 Black Hills, an article by Prof. F. R. . . Carpenter, A. M......... .............. 167–177 Black Hills, building stone in.............. 176 . Black Hills, Copper in.................,......... 176 Black Hills, fire and potter's clay in.... 177 Black Hills, gold and silver........... 170–173 º 176 Hlack H1 11s, gypsum ill.......... is a s = • , s = * * * * * * 6 Black Hills, inlca in.............. ................, 176 Black Hills, titl in................... ........ 173–176 Black Hills, yield of precious metals from 1877 to 1887.............................. 178. Blue grass.................... ------------------- 107–110. Bol) F. Omme county............... • - - - - - - - - - - -..... 824 Boreman county.............. s • * * * * * * ............. 826. Bottineau County. .............. ................... 326 Bowman county............................. .. .... 328 Brick clay....................................... 168-164. brookings County................................. 328 Brown County..................... • * * * * * ............ 880 . Brule county. ................................. ...... 888 Buckwheat......... 01–102 Buckwheat crop, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, ºi. * Ind 1887.................... - - - - - - - - - - - 02: Building stone........................ 157–159,176 Buffalo county....................... ! ſº s º ºs e g º º ....... 385. Buford County......... ............................. . 337 Huildings, public. ............. 197-215, 225–284 Bui dings, public, amountiuvested ill. 288 . Burdick county............... & a tº e º a s is t e º e ºs & s. sº * * * 337 Burleigh county..........................* * * * * * * * * ... 837 - Butte county....... ................................ , 889 Butter, product in 1885, by counties 315,491 C Campbell county.................... … ........ 840 Capitºl building..................... Froutispiece , , Capital of the Territory........................ 225 Carpenter, Prof. F. R., article on Black . . Hills by, .... ................................ 167-177 Cass Cºunty...................... ..................... 842 Cattle, Comparative table..................... 130 ° Catule, number in Uthited States........... 149, Cattle, cost of raising...................... . 146–149 Cattle, average value........... ................. 149 Cu Valier county.................................. ... 345 Cement........... .......... ............. ......... 168-164 Centennial award on wheat........... ....... .79 Charles Mix county.............................. 346 Cheese, product in 1885, by counties 815–491 ‘’hotºau Colility, .................................. 848. Church Cotinty...................... ................ 848 . Church statistics............................... - Cities and towns, growth of................... 10. < Clark County........................................., 849 Clay, brick................................. 168-184, 177". Clay, potter's........ ..................... 168-164, 177, RESOURCES OF DAKOTA-INDEX. 493 A*- Clay, fire.............. Clay Couilty. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 850 Climate of Dakota........................... 48- 71 Ciimate, healthfulness of............... 67-71 Coal....... p e s ºr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 159–161 Coal, map showing area of.............. 160–161 Coal, analysis of............................ ....... 16 Codington County.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 352 College, agricultural................. ...... 19.-199 College, All Saints............. ............ 219 220 College, Aligustana .............................. 222 Colleges, commercial and business...... 222 College, deal mute............. ............. 213 245 College, Fargo............. ......................... 221 College, GT toll........ * * * * * * s tº t * tº $ tº e º q + 4 & 9 - * * 21 S-219 College, Jalalestown............................. 221 College Madison not mal............... 204–2('7 College of milies alld unilling ......... 210–213 Coll ge, Rvd field............................. 2-0-221 (‘ollege, Spearfish normal............... 2 8 209 College, Yankton............................ 215–2, 6 Commercial laws.............. tº e º s º 'º e & 4 ~ * * * * * 303-305 Commuted homesteads........................ 285 Councilmen, number of....................... 20 Counties of 1)akºta.................... • * * * * * 315–491 Allred county ..................... - - - - - - - - e º e s 315 . Aurora County................................. 315 Barnes County................................. 317 Beadle coul' ty, ................................ 319 BellSoln County......................... ....... 821 Bill 111gs County ............... .............. 323 Boll home County.......................... 324 Borem all County.............................. 826 Botti neau county................. tº º 4 e º e º 'º e º a 326 Bowlins, n Coutity....................... ....... 328 Brookings County............... ............ 328 Brown county................................. 380 Brule County................. - - - - - - - - - - - - - a s & s 333 Buffalo County. ............................. 335 Buford county................................. 337 Purdick County......... * * * sº tº & º a • * * * * * * * * * * * s 337 Burleigh County.................... * e º e º e s e º ºs 33 Butte county...................... ............. 889 Campirell county............................ 340 Cass county.............................. ....... 842 Cavalie T coull ty............ & e = * * * * * * * * * ...... 345 Charles Mix (;0 U. In ty............... * * * * * * * * * 346 Choteau County........ & e º ºr * * * - - - - - - - e º sº gº tº ſº. . 348 ('hurch Collilty.............. * * * * * * * * * * * s • e < * * * 3.18 Clark county................................... 349 Clay county. ................................... 3:00 Coºlington County............................ #52 Custer County ............................... ... 355 DaVisol) county ................. & sº º tº w w ł s e s tº º a 357 Day County...................................... 359 19elano County................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * 360 Deuel Coull ſty, .......... * ºn e º – e = - - - - - - - - - - - e º s e a 3:31 Dewey County............ ........... • * * * * * * * * 363 Dickey County...................... ........ . 363 Douglas “Ollºl ty....... ....................... 365 Dull 1) County........ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 366 Eddy Cºunty.................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 367 Edmullds Collilty............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.63 Emmons county....................... ---. ... $70 Ewing coul) by ........ • * * s e < * * * * * .............. 872 Fall River County............... - * * * * * * * > * g e 372 Faulk Coull V............ * - - - - - - - - - 6 * * * * * * * * * * * 373 * Flail nery coull ty......................... ... 375 Foster Coll inty ................................. 375 Garfield county............................... 877 Grand Forks County................. * Grant county...................... - e º 'º - e s tº .... 380 Gregory county .............................. 382 Griggs County.................... • tº e º e º 'º º ſº e & ... 382 Hamlin County................................ 3S3 Hand count ............. ...................... 385 Hanson collnty........... ..................... 387 Harding County...... • & g s tº a tº e º 'º - - - - - ......... 889 Hettinger County............................ 389 Hughes county............................... 390 Hutchinson county........................ 392 Hyde county................................... 394 Jackson county .............................. 396 Jeruuld county................................ 396 Kidder county................................ 398 . Kingsbury county...... . .................. 4 0 Lake count.'.......................... ......... 4)2 La Moure county............................. 404 Lawrence County..................... • * * * * * * 406 Lincoln county ........... .................. 4(j9 Logan county ................................. 411 Lugellbeel county........................... 412 Lyuman county ................................ 412 Marshall Co. 11ty............................. 4 [2 Martin county......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 414 McCook co mily.......... ............. ...... 41 p Mc Henry county............................. 416 McIn osh county............................. 41S McKenzie county ........................... 419 McLean county............................... 419 Mc Pierson County.......................... 421 Mle T(zer coul, ty...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * s • * * * * * * * * * * * * 423 Meyer C. ulity.................................. 425 Miner county.................................. +25 Minnehaha outſty.......................... 427 Moody couilty.... . ......................... . 43 Morton county....... ........... * - - - - - - - - - - * * 432 Mount aille County........................ 434 Nelson county........... : --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 Nowlin county................................ 436 Oliver county ................................. 43 Pembina county.............................. 43 reuniugtºn county........................ 4 £0 Pierce county................................. 443 Potter county.................................. 413 Pratt County......... .......................... 4-15 Presh9 county................................. 445 Pyutt county......... ......................... 445 Ramsey Cour.ty............................... 445 Ranson county................ * * * * - - - - * * * * * * * 448 Renville County.............................. 45) Richland county.......... • * * * * * * * * * * * * .... 450 Rinehart county............................. 452 Roberts county........................ - a • * * * * * 453 Rolette count Y................................ 454 Sanborn county......... .................... 456 Sa 'gent County............................... 458 Schnusse county........................ ..... 461 Scobey connty................................. 461 Shannoll county...................... * * * * * * * * 4, 1 Sheridan C is inty............................. 461 Spink county. ................................ 461 Stanley c unts... ............................ 464 Sturk County.................... .............. 464 Steele county....... .......................... 4t;6 Sterling county .............................. 468 Stevens county........ ....................... 468 Stutsman county............................ 468 Sully county....... ........................... 471 Todd County..................... .............. 472 Towner county................................ J73 Traill county.................................. 474 Tripp County................................... 4, 6 Turner Cºunty......................... ...... 477 Union County ..... • * * * * * * * is e s tº * * > * - - - - - - - - - - - - 479 Wagner county................................ 4S1 Wallace Cºunty ............................. 4S1 Walsh County ...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 481 Walworth county.................., • * * * * * * * s 484 Ward county........ ..... º e = * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - 48 6 Washabaugh County................... ... 487 Washington County....... tº e º 'º - a • * * * * * * * * * s 487 Wells county....................... ........... 487 Williams county............. ............... 489 489 Yankton county.............................. 48 491 Ziebach county .............................. Counties, indebtedness of... 267–268, 315–491 County in debtedness per capita, conn- parative table of.............................. 269 County officers, address...................................... County, postoffices in each.......... County-seat of each county.......... Corn ...........................- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98–898 Corn, analyses of, comparative table. 97 | Corn crop of 1886, comparative table..., 94 : Corn crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and Öſ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” ------------------- - : Copper............... ... tº º sº. & e º ż żº º º &- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 176 Courts, district, time and place of holding................................ ...... 807–309 Counts, summary of the powers ol. 306 807 Crops of 1887....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 9–10, 315-491 Custer county................... •e e s e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {}) D I)airy products, 1885, by counties... 315-491 Dakota illniversity....... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 216–217 Davison county.............. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Day CUuilty........ tº e s ∈ º e º ºs is & s is a º E & a n e º tº 4 s a s a • * * * * * * * * * 359 Deadwood land district......... ............. 292 Deaf inutes, School for..... .............. 213–215 Delanº Coulity....................................... . 35ſ) Delegates it, Congress, 11almes of....... ... 20 Deuel coulity........ e s - e º is e º is s is s is e a < * * * * * * *......... 36 | Devils Inke land district ..................... 292 Dewey county....................................... * Dickey Coun Y.......................... ............. 363 District courts, time all d place of holding................... ................. . 397–309 Districts, Legislative, number of........... , 20 I), vision of the Territory, legislation on th” subject of...................... . 17- 19 Douglas County. ..... ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 865 Dull in County....... .................................. 360 E Eddy County.......................................... 867 lºwl nullds gouilty..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Education itſ ill still, titºlls................ 191 & 24 Education) of the India us............... 222-224 Eggs, product is 1885, by coul; ties. 345-491 lºurholts courity.................................... 370 lºw ing County ............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 372 10xecutions, leg l................................... 305 Exemptions, legal.................. ........ 294-296 Extracts ſrom the United States Strut- utes............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 297–299 - F Fall River County............ tº e s # 8 s & e º sº e s & a tº a tº $ 8 & 9 372 Fargo Cºlleg".................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Fargo land district...................... & e º ºs & & $ $ tº ; :93 I'arms, a creage of, ill 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1885.............................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * 266 Farm alliſi) ills............ tº º is g g a # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 129-151 Farm animals, nu; , , ber and average value, in United States................... 149 Farmers all it lice....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Faryas, average assessed valuation per acre fronn 1381 to 1887..... ................. 2 Farms, average size of, in each County. 315-491 Farms, average Territorial tax levy, ... 1881-1887....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $ e º s is e º sº tº 266 Farms in each Coulity....... # * * * * * * * tº a w s e a 315. 491 Farm machinery, value of, in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1835....... tº e º 'º º & e € $ tº a s e s & # 8 & e º 266 v Farm statistics of each county. 315-491 Farms, value of, in 1860, 1870, 1880, and Faulk County...............-----> ............ 878 Final proof, rules govering............. 284 Financial condition of the Territor; 270 Flannery County................................... 875 name and postoffice i Flax ..................... 815-491 ... 31.5-$91 s: | Fo ster co u : 315-491 - | Gas, natural...?.... old Indian reservati Fruit culture.................. Garfield count \ s's sº e º 'º a s, s = s.s. s is a e s - s s • * * * * * * * ***** * * * §§º gº tº º 'º e º is tº w, º a tº a s & º e, e s & Geography of Dakota..................... Geology of Black Hitls............ Geology of Black Hills showing.................. Geology of Black Hills, • * : * * * * * ***. & “. map showing. 17 .......... ió7–177 , cross section - . 3–177. Geology of Dakota................. * * * * * * * * * 29– 31 Gold and Silver............ ................ ... 170–173. Gold and silver, product 1877 to 1887..... 178 Goverſ, ment land laws.................... 280–287 Government land offices, etc.......... 291-293 Goveruulent surveys, explanation of.... . . . . - - 288–290 Governors of the Territory, names of... 20. Grand Forks County................ ............ 877. Graud lºorks land district..................... 298 Granite......................... tº º ſº e.g. * * * * * * * * Indebtedness of each county. ~ * + stant Cotility...….................................. - - * Great Sioux Indian reservation..... 256-253. . 882 157–159, 1. H ..... 880” Gregory County..................................... 38 Griggs Colliity......... .* * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 382 Growth of cities and towns.......... ......... 10 Groton College........................... * * * * * * 218–219. Gypsum................................................. 176 Hamlin county..................................... 888 Hand County........................ ... e º 'º gº º, e º 'º ........ . 385 It allºot) County .......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * sº e s a , 887 Hay, native and cultivated............. 107–110 and 1887. ~...................................... II ardilig (; , ill, ty...................... § º a tº e º nº e º ſº e º e s $89. He lth; ultiess of the climate......... 67-71 Hetti.it ger coulity ................................. $89 Historiet!'................................ ........ 16- 24. History, early .............. ’s tº t w .e. a. º. is 8 s a g g g ſº s º tº e 20- 24 Histºry of first attenipts at naviga- . . . . tion............ tº e º 'º e º a # s & tº 4 s & e º ºs & tº u + m a º ......, 72-75 Hogs, number in 1886, compºu rative ta- . . . ble................................................... Hogs, laumber IIogs, , , , unaber in U. S., tºld average Value........................ . ----- Horses, cost of raising...................... Horses, number in 1886 Comparat. table...... * s tº $ in a tº s e º e a m = < ... “................ • * - - - - ) Houses, number in each county... Hors; s, number in U. S., and average & ſº tº gº tº £ tº ſº & a 'gº º º is ſº tº e º sº s “ sº a º we . Value................ * * * * * * * * * * .................... 149 Homestead, Commuted.......... ............... 285 Homestead aW............... ...--------...... ...... 282 Homestead law, soldiers....................... 283 Homestead, relinquishments of.......... 286 . . Hops.................. “........................... :06 s. Hospital for the insane, Janies- . . to Wil..... * * * * * * * tº e g g tº a wº ‘tº º ºs º º t t < * * * ............ 227–229 Hospital for the insane, Yankto it......... 23L Hot Springs..................................... 161-168. Hºt Springs, analysis of water of......... 163 Hughes County........ ...............!............. 890 Huron land district.............................. 298 °. Hutchinson county.............................. 892 Hyde county......................................... *- - * its each coulity........ 3.5–491 ....... 184 ... 315–491. y per capita, com— - - . . ; - ... * * 268 s = < * * * * * * * * * * * * * Indian population ......... -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - , ~94. silidian reservations......... ......... 250–259 Indian reservations, area of.................. 2 # reservation, Fort l'erthold........ ...Ell(II Indian reservation, Turtle Mºuntain... ... - - . . . - - ... 258 259 * - - - - - • * * * * * Information for settlers .................. 310-312 Insane hospital, Jamestown........... 227–229 Insane hospital, Yalıkton........... • * s - - t e º s tº 281 Immigration................................ * * * * * * * : * * * 8-9 Imvortant towns in each county. 315-491 Improved lauds in each county..... 315-491 Insolvency, law of......... ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 304 Iuterest, legal rate........... ..................... 303 Introductory................................... 7- 15 - J : . . . \ Jackson county...................................... 896 Jarnestown college........ * * 'é º e º 4 º' & e º dº º is a 4 + 4 + · = s. s = 221 Jasper............... .. .................. ... ...... 157–159 Jerau’ld County...................................... 39(3. Judges of district Couris.............. 5, 307–8; 19 Judgmeuts at law................. - - - - - - - - e º 'º - e º e a 305 Judicial, districts, etc..................... 807–89 Judiciary, powers of tie................. 305-307 R. Kidder county.............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * ~ * * * * 398 Kingsbury County.......... ....................... 400 I. º I.ake Cºunty...................... … * * * * * * * * * * * 402 Lakes and livers........... ....... • * * * * * * * * * 72– 76 Lº Moute County .................................. 404 Laud, average assessed valuation per . . . a “re, 1881 to 1887.................. .. * - - - - - - * * a- Lands, average asse; sºd valuation by - - Coun' it's.................… - - - - - e s = P - 31:)- 491 *Lahti districts............................ ..... 291–2\;3 Lands disposed of, ºrett......................... 292 Løild enties................................... 271-277 land elitries, for year ending June 30, 1887........ * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . 272 Lands eutered from 1875 to 1887, by V (28.1° S...... . - 276 Lands improved in each courity.... 815 491 Land laws................. ..................... 280-287 Land -ui jett to ell try, in tea. Of.............. 292 Land surveys, how made............. . 288-290 , lands taken up by settl rs, compara- * * * * * * * * tive table of.................................... 277 Lands vacaul.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 275 lawi ence county ................................. 4t 6 * Laws, co mercial........................... 8 8-80 Laws land...................................... 280-287 Legislative districts, number of........... 20 legislature, sessions of........ tº e a • * * * * * * * * * : * ~ * - , Levy, average Territorial tax, 1881 to 1887.......... * * * * * * * * * tº e º e º a w w e º e a tº ................... 266 Levy, sale, etc., exem ptiolis from... ..... 294 Lignite.............................. 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 159–161 Lignite, analysis of............................ .. 160 Lignite, map showing known area. ióð-iči º, 76 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * f Limestone.......... ... 305 Limitation.s, law of.............. Lincoln County,............... Live stock............ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Live stock, cost of raising cattle..... 146–149 "... Live stock, cost of Faising horses......... 149 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - 4 & dº º ºs º a _º 2 * * * all reservation, Great Sioux.... 256–258. 495 91. Live stock, cost of raising sheep........... 139 | Live stock, growing interest in....... ..... 15 Live stock, hogs, comparative tº ble of... 144 gencies....... ......................: 251 | Live Stock, horses, comparative iians, allotments in severalty to... 253–256 | table of.... ............................…...... 134 idian education............................ 222-224 | Live stock, mules, comparative table of 140 - 25]. Live stock, Inumber and value of, in United States............... . ........ 4 sº e = * * * * 149 Live stock, oxen, milch cows, etc., comparative table 6f......... ............ 30 Live stock, sheep, comparative table of 147 Live stock statistics of cach Cou laty..... - 315–491 Live stock, value of in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and 1887................................ ... 129 Logail County.......... • e º a º e º sº e 4 º' t < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 411 Lugellbeel County.............. tº a e s tº a c e s a e g a tº e < * * * 412 Lyman county................ .............. ------ 412 M Machinery, farm, value in 1860, 1870. 1880, and 1885.......... tº s = < * * * : * s is a e º a s a s a s = * * * * * 266 Manufactories..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Manufactories, growth of. 14 Map, cross section of 3|ack Hills for- mation,..................... ...................... 169 Map, geological of the Black Hills 176–177. Maj) of know ll coal area.................. 160-161 Marble................................... ... 157-159, 176 Married womell, legal rights of............ 305 Marshall cºunty................................... 4 12 Martill county................... ............ ...... 411 McCook county .................................... + 14 x \; C Hellry county................................... 416 McIntosh cºntity................................... 418 McKeitzie Cºulty ................................, 419 McLean con:lity............... - * * * g s a s a - - - * * * * * * * ~ * 4 19 McPherson Cºunty................................ 421 Mercer county................................ ...... 423 Meyer county ....................................... 425 Mica............ ................................... 161, 176 Milch cows, oxen, etc, comparative table... ......................... .................. 130 Miłch cºws, oxen, euc., number in eitch couilty....................................... 315–491 Milch (; ; ; ws, etc., Ilunubcr anti Value ... in United States...............i............. 149 Miſk, product ill 1885, i.; each county... 2 - is e º s - m a. º. º. º e º a • * * * * s s e º 'º e - w w a e s a • * * * * * * * * * * * ... • * * * * $15-491 Millerial deposits, knap showing...... 176–177 Ai ille ral resou ces........................... 152–18 Milneral result, Tees, of Black Hills... 107-177 Alillºr county...... .......................... ...... 4.25 Mill inehaha tourity............................... 42 Milles, school ºf...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21i) -213 Mitchell laud district........................... 293 Moody county....................................... 430 Mortality statistics...................... tº k is º e s a - . 67 Mortgages, law of................................. 304. Morton county...................................... 432 Mountains all d hills......... * * * * s p s = * * * * * * * * 28-29 Mountraille counity................................434 Mi ules ill each cºullity............. ........ 315–491 Mules, number in 1886, comparative table of.................................. ......... 140 Mules, number and value in Uuited States................................... ... ....... 149 N Navigab'e Streams........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 72- 75. Natural gas....................... * * * * * * * 153–157 Nelson County....................................... 484 Newspapers................................... , 247-248 Newspapers in each county........... 815–491 Newspapers, COIn parative table ef........ 248 Newton, Prof. Henry, map of Black º' Hills.............................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 169 496 RESOURCES OF DAKOTA- * , - Nitrogen in corn, comparative table of 97 Normal school, Madison................. 204–207 | Public schools, expenditures for, com Normal school. Spearfish................ 208-209 || parative table,................. .......... Northern Pa, ific land grant, area of.... 292 Notes and tills of exchange, law of...... 303 1. Public schools, exhibit of growth of... 1 Pyatt county...................................... . . . . . . . ... . . . .* Nowlin county...................................... 486 Number of farms in each county... 815–491 | * : *- . . . . . - - -º - O | Quartzite......................................... 157-159. Oats ................................................ 101–103 - , - - Oats, crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and Railroads..................... … 242-246, 11- 14 1887................... ..... ................ 101-102 Railroads in each county. - 375-491 . Qats crop of 1886, comparative table ... 103 || rºiirºid extensions... iſ iſ . Qfficers, lºud.;................................. 29-293 Railroads in each state, etc.. compara- Qfficers of each county, etc............ 815–491 “tive table.................................... ..... 246 Qſlicors, Territorial, Salary, etc............ 4-5 || Rainfall, annual and monthly average ºf 3. Q1) a & e g g g º a tº a º e s tº º a tº s v - 4 - 6 s is s tº a tº tº e º 'º a 9 tº t e º º 4 - a tº a g º e º 'º a tº e º e º ſº. 159 Rain fºll, April, average............... .... '60 Oliver County......................... .............. 437 Rain fall, May, average......................... 61. oxºlºl. cows, etc., comparative º ſº average........................ 62 3. “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rail) fal '1 1 V. ºl.Vérºlge........................ : Qxen, etc., number and value in U. S.: 149 || Raininii, August, lº. * * * * * * * * *•- . . . . . . . § Oxen, etc., in each county.............. 815 491 || Rainfall, September, average.............. 65. Rain fall, during growing months........ 66. P #. º::::::::::::::::::::: • - - - - - - # - {ll) SO11) COll!ht V........................... ..... ... 448 , Pembina County.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 433 | Redfield college............................... 220-221 Penitentiary, Bismarck........................ 257 | Reform School;............................... ; : Penitentiary, Sioux Falls..................... 225 | Religious intelligence ºf.......... 285–24! Penitentiaries, prisoners confined in, Religions, statistics. table of...............: 288 . compared with population............ 287 RG linquishments, rules of.................... 286 Penning: Oil County.............................. 440 | Renville County.........;........ :----------------. 450 Petroleum............................ 4 * * * tº e º e º 'º tº tº º tº º ... 150 | Representatives, number of........ ,....::::: 20 Pierce county..................... ............... ... 343 | Reservatious, Indian...... .. * * * * * * * * * * * * * 250-259 Pierre university..................... tº ſº tº w w e - 4 - e. e. g. s. 217 Reservations Indian, area of.............. 292 Plaster of Paris........................ 163–164, 176 Reservations, Indian, allotments in . . Population comparative table of......... 273 Bºlty ºf ººº-ºº:::::::::::::::::::: 258-253 Populatiºn in each County............ šiš-Tji | Reservation, in liºn, Fort Bºhºld gº; 3.9 Population in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and Reservation, Indian, Great Sioux. 256-258 1887................................... ............... 274 Reservation, Indian, Turtle Mountaº: 259 - - º t {)ö-Z; - £º..."... } | Richland county................................... 450. Postoffice agićiress, Territorial Officials, 4–5 ºhart ºf Y...............................; 4.2 . postoffive address, county officiais. 315–49i | Rivers and lakes......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 72- 7. Postoffices in each County............... 315–49i | Roberts County............................ ......... 4; Postoffices, number of, comparative 279 gº County....................... ... Toi # table................................................ 7 ..W. W. W., a tº a g º e º º ſº º : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'; : . . . . . . . . . . :UI-1 UZ Potato crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1885, 105 Rye crop, in 1860, 1880, 1885, 1887..... 101–102 l'oth to crop, 1885, by Counties... ..... 815 491 - . . . Potter Cºll rity................................. & a • is e 448 S Potter's Clay............................. 168–164, 177 . . . . . Pratt Coll inty.......................................... 445 | Sanborn County.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 456 Precipitation, annual, and monthſly Sandstone......: ...........:::.......... 157-159, 176 à V tº l'ºl £e......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * s 6 tº 8 ° 4 & 4 & 8 58 | Salary of Territorial officials............... 4.5 Precipitºl tion, April, a Varage............... 60 Sargent Coll n ty................ ...................... 458 Precipitation, May, a Verage................. 61 Schnasse County................. “................. 461 Precipitation, Julie, average................ 62 schools...........:.............;;................. 191–224 Precipit, tion, July, average................. 68 School, agricultural College........... 107–199 Precipitation, August, a Verage............ 64 School. All Saints........... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 219–220 Precipitation, September, average...... 65 School, At villa. H Cademy........... .* * * * * * * * * * * * 221 Precipitation, during growing months, School, Augustal) & College................... .222 8 Vé l'º'; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ; - sº # business...... 222 Pre-emption law............ .............. . * * * g e e 98 School, Dakota university.............. 216–217 Fº relinquishments.............. 286 School, deaf mºlte........................... 218–215 Presho county........................................ .445 Schools, exhibit of growth of............... 192 Prisoners in penitentiaries, compared 287 schººl; expet, ditures for, comparative with population.............................. t th.blé'...... tº e º 'º - - - - - e. e º it * * * * * * * * * * * * * ............... 194 - Progress º development in 1887..., 7-15 School, Fargo college........................... 221 Proof, final, rules of........................ 4 s a s & s 28: School, Groton Collet e................... 218-219 Public buildings............... 197-215, 225-284 Schools, Indian ............................., 222-224 Public buildings, a mount invested ill., 283 School, Jamestow il college....... ſº tº s = e < * * * * * * 221 . Public domain, area taken, by years.... 276 School lands, area of............................. 292 Public domain, how to obtain title School, Madison normal................. 204–207 to the.............. • * * * * * * * * * * * • a s e º 'º a tº a 9 ....... 280–287 School of mines.............................. 210-213 Public domain, settlement of........ 271-277 | School, Pierre university..................... 217 Public domain, settlement of in Six School, Redfield College................. 220–221. years, comparative table.............. ... 277 | School reform. ........................ ...... 281–234 School, Sioux Falls university...... 217-213 School, Spearfish normal................ 208-209 Public domairi, remaining vacant...... 275 Public schools................................. 191-196 t RESOURCES OF DAKOTA-INDEX. 497 School statistics of each county..... 315–491 School, Tower university..................... 2 School, university of Dakota ......... 202–204 School university of 11orth Dakota. 199–202 School, Yankton College................. 215–216 Scobey county................ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 461 Settlers, information for................. 310-3] 2 Settlement, early............................. 22- 24 Settlement of the public domain... 271-277 Settlement of public lands, from 1875 to 1887............................................. 276 Settlement in six years, comparative table................................................ 277 Severally, allotments in................. 253–25(; Shannon county.................................... 461 Sheridan county................................... 461 Sheep, cost of raising........................... 9 Sheep in each county..................... 315–491 Sheep in 1886, comparative table of..... 147 Sheep, number and value in United States....................... ....................... T 49 Sheep, wool clip in 1870, 1880, and 1885. 151 Signal stations, weather....................... 4 Silver and gold............................ 170–173 Silver and gold, product from 1877 to 1887........................................... ...... 178 Sioux Falls university.................... 217-21 Sioux Indian reservation............... 256–258 Sllow fall, comparative table of............. 55 Snow on ground, end of March............ 56 Soil........................ .......................... 32– 42 Soil, &nalyses of.............................. 38- 40 Soldiers homestead law........................ 2s 3 Sorghum.......................................... 111–112 Spink county ....................................... 461 SS Stanley county...................................... 464 Stark county......................................... 464 State , and county indebtedness, per Capita, Comparative table of......... 269 Statehood, legislation with res), ect to 17 – 19 Statutes of the U. S., extracts from.. 207–299 Steele county............................ * * * * * * * * * * * 466 Sterling county.................................... 468 Stevens county...................................... 468 Stock............................................... 129–151 Stock, cost of raising cattle............. 146–149 Stock, cost of raising horses................. 149 Stock, cost of raising sheep.................. 139 Stock in each county...................... 815–491 Stock, hogs, number of, comparative table................................................ Stock horses, number of, comparative table.............................. ................ Stock, number farm animals, in United States, etc............................ 149 Stock, mules, number of, compara- tive table................................ ...... Stock, oxen, cows, etc., number of, Comparative table.... ...................... Stock, sheep, number of, comp rative Table, analyses of coal......................... 160 Table. all ºlyses artesian waters........... 185 Table, analyses of water from the Hot Springs........ & ſº ſº tº tº tº º e º 'º e º e s is e º 'º - º & e a ſº tº g & sº tº a º º e º a j68 Table, altitudes............... .............. 189-190 Table, acreage in farms, 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1885........ .................................. 266 Table, area of states, etc., comparative 26 table..... ....................... .................. 147 Stock, value of, in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885 and 1887.... . ................................. J Stone for building.................... 157–159, 176 Stutsman county................................... 468 Sugar beets...................................... 111–112 Suits at law........................................... 805 Sully county........................... ............. 471 Surveys, Government, how made. .. 288-290 Swine, comparative table for 1886........ 144 Swine in each county:.................... 815–491 Swine, number in United States, etc... 149 T Table, analyses of soils.......................... 38 Table, analyses of Wheat...................... 78 Table, allalyses of corn..... ........... * * * * * * * 97 Table, area acquired by settlement, Comparative.................................... 277 Table, area disposed of, etc.................. 292 Table, artesian Wells, depth, pressure etc........ .... ...................... ...... 186-187 Table, artesian wells, strata pene- trated by.......................................... Table, assesse d value lands, 1881 to 887........ ......................................... 266 Table, assessed valuation 1873 to 1887.... 264 Talyle, barley crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885 and 1887............. ................ I ()1 - 102 Table, buckwheat crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, all d 1887........................... 102 Table, banks, Inumber of etc, compara- tive.…..................….......... ......... 302 Table, church statistics........................ 238 Table, clear, fair and cloudy days, Comparative etc..... ........... ...... 5(;- 57 Ta! le. corn crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and 1887.......................................... Table, corn ('Top of each state in 1886 “Onlparative.................................... 94 Table, farm animals in United States, “.......... ....................................... 149 Table, farm machinery, value in 1860 1870, 1880 and 1885.................... ...... 266 Table, farms, value in 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1885.......................................... 265 Table, gold and silver product... ........ 178 Table, hay crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and 1887................................. 5 * * * * * * * * * 110 Table, hogs in each state, etc., in 1886 Comparative.................................... 144 Table, horses in each state, etc., in 1886, Comparative........................... 134 Table, indebtedness, county......... 267-208 Table, in debtedness, state, etc., per Capitºl. Compara give............ ........... 269 Table, Indian agencies......................... 251 Table, Indian population.................... 251 Table, Indian reservations.................. 250 Table, live stock in 1860. 1870, 1880, 1885, and 1887................................... 129 Table, mortality statistics.................... 67 Table, mules in each state, etc., in 1886, comparative........................... 140 Tab'e, newspapers in each state in 1887, Comparativ: '........................... 2 Table, oats crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and 1887......................... .......... 101-102 Table, oats crop, in each state, etc., Comparative..................................... 108 Tahle, oxen, etc., in each state, com- parative....................... sºv « , ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 130 Table, population of each state. etc., Comparative.................................... 273 Table, population in 1860, 1870, 188), 1885, and 1887..... .............. ............. 274 Table, post offices, number in each State, etc., comparative................ º Table, notato crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1885........................................... 10 Table, prisoners in penitentiaries,com- pared With population................... 237 Table, public buildings, amount in- Wested in............................... .......... 288 Tables, public land entries year end- ing June 30, 1887............................. 272 498 RESOURCES or DAKOTA-INDEX. { * Table, public lands enteredi from 1875 to 1887........................ .............. tº s & s tº g tº 2 Table, public lauds remaining Vacult it.. Table, public schools, growth of......... 192 . Table, public schools expenditures, comparative..................................... Table, railway mileage in each State etc., comparative....... tº ºr a * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..... 246 Table, rain fall, average, au nual, and monthly..................... tº e º s gº e º 'º º a s w e s a s ..... 58 Table, rain fall, April........................... 60 Table, rain fall May............... .... ........ 61 Table, rainfall, June.................... ........ 62 Table, rain fall, July.... ..... .................. 63 Table, raill fall, August....... tº e s - - - - - * * * * * * * * * 64 Table, rain fall, September.................... 65 Table, rainfall during growing mouths 66 Table, eceipts and disbursements, Territorial.............................. ........ 263 Table, rye crop in 1860, 1880, 1886, and 887................................... ......... 101-102 Table, sheep in each state, etc., Colm- parative........ w . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 147 Table, snowfall, comparative................ 55 Table, snow on ground end of March, comparative ................ ...... * - * * * * * * * * . 56 Table, tax levy, average Territorial, 1881 to 1887......................... * - - - - - * * * * * * * * 266 Table, temperature, annual and mouthly, etc......... .......................... 47 Table, temperature, Comparative......... 48 Table, temperature, winter months..... 55 Table, temperature, October. ...... ......... 49 Table, temperature, November............ 50 Table, temperature, December............. 51 Table, temperature, January................ 52 Table, temperature, February,........ .... 53 Table, temperature, Mºrch.................. 54 Table, timber culture ſitual ºr ), its ....... 2 | Table, wheat, cost of raising, yiel i, etc. S1- 83 Tuble, wheat crop in each sºn (c., etc. , Comparative.................................... 87 Table, wheat crop in 1830, 187 1SSU, 1885, all d 1887.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q2 Table, wheat crop of the world, 1 86.... 9 Table, wheat imported by Great Brithin............................................. 01 Table, wheat inspected at Mill nea polis. eLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Table, . wheat, food taken from soil by .. 3 Table, Weather reports................... 4th- 60 Table, wool clip in 1870, 1880, and 18:5. 151 Taxation, exemptions from ............ 295-296 Taxes, become due when, etc............... 305 Tax levy, average Territorial, 1881 to 1887................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 266 Temperature, Comparative .................. 48 Temperature, mean annual and monthly................................. ........ Temperature, will ter mouths, average of.................. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 55 Temperature, October......................... 49 Temperature, November....................... 50 Temperature, I)ecember....................... 51 Temperature, January.......................... 52 Temperature, February........................ 53 Temperature, March............................. 54 Timber............................ ................ 118-12 Timber culture law, trees planted under......................................... 123-125 Timber Culture law........................ ..... 285 Timber culture, reliriquishment, rule of........................... ......................... 236 Timothy........ º .............. 107-110 Tin................................................ .A. 173-176 Todd County.......................................... 472 Topography of Dakota..................... 27. 29 Tower university................................... 221 TOWner County................... * * * * * * * .* * * * * * * * * * * * 473 Towns, important, of each coul, ty. $15-491 Traill County................. * * * * * * * * * * *. . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Trees, cultivated............................. 121-128 Trees, planted on Arbor Day.......... 127-128 Turner county....................................... 477 Turtle Mountains Indian reservation. 258-259 U United States statutes, extracts from. - 97.299 Union County .................. e - a • * * * * * * * $ e º 'º a ſº tº º ſº tº 479 University of Dakota....................... 292-294 University. Mitchell......... 6 º' - w w tº e º ºs g is s is a 6. 216-217 University of north Dakota.......... ... 199-202 Unlversity, Pierre............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 217 University, Sioux Falls. .............. 217-218 University, Tower City......................... 221 V Valuation, assessed, Territorial 1879- 1887. * * - - - - - • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & ſº a s g g s Valuation, assessed, per acre, average 263 Valuation per acre, average in eigh county ...................................... 315-491 Value of farms in 1860 1870, 1880, and Value of farm machinery ill 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1885................................... 266 Valuation statistics of each county. 315-491 Vegetables......... ........ 104-105 Vegetables, sugar hovts................... 111-112 W • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº s e º sº Wigner county..................................... 481 Willace county.................................... 481 Willsh cºunty..... ................................. 48l. “tulwºrth colllity.................................. 484 Will d coºl 11ty..... ...................... 486 Wils liabil ugh County............................. 487 Wilshingtoll cou in Y............................. , 487 Wakerto win land district....................... 293 Walter in who ºut, coin, pºurative table of... 78 \\ eat her reports, tables of.............. 46— 66 Wells, a tes, a n......................... ..... 179- 188 Wells, artesian, analyses of water from 185 Wells, artesian, depth, pressure, etc.,..., : 186-187 Wells, artesian, strata penetrated by..., 188 Wells County......................................... 487 Wheat....................... tº e º tº 4 a s h a 6 tº a tº º º $ tº e a s tº e 78- 92 Wheat analyses of, comparative table. Wheat, amount inspected at Minne- apolis, etc.................................... .. 89 Wheat, Centennial award, facsimile of 79 Wheat, cost of raising................... tº º 4 Wheat crop in 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885, and * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e º sº. 4 & e º e º a sº tº e s m d e s e º e s e º a e s we e 188 * * * * d Wheat crop of each state, etc., in 1886, Comparative ................................... , 87 Wheat crop of the world in 1886............ 90 Wheat imported by Great Britain........ 91 Wheat, food taken from the soil by..... 34 Williams county........................... ....... 489 Women, married, legal rights of........... 305 Wool clip In 1870, 1880, and 1885............. 151 Wool clip in 1885 by counties......... 315-491 Y Yankton College.............................. 215-216 Yankton county..................................... 489 Yankton land *}~ 293 Ziebach County .................................... 491 | | l | §§§ §§§ §§ }; *