BRICES 820.59 B25 B ARTES LIBRARY 1837 SCIENTIA VERITAS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LURIOUS PLURI TUEBOR SI-QUÆRIS-PENINSULAM-AMŒNAM CIRCUMSPICE wife's Lament 7380 13 Crp. 2 AN ANGLO-SAXON READER EDITED, WITH NOTES, A COMPLETE GLOSSARY, A CHAPTER ON VERSIFICATION AND AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR BY JAMES W. BRIGHT, PH.D. PHILOLOGY PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY AT THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY THIRD EDITION REVISED AND AUGMENTED 1& H C NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1894 COPYRIGHT, 1891, 1894, BY HENRY HOLT & CO. PREFACE. THIS book is planned for an introductory course in Anglo- Saxon. The glossary has been constructed so as both to facilitate the use of a grammar and to reduce the necessity of grammatical notes. Cook's excellent translation of Sievers' Grammar has made available for reference the best exposition of Anglo-Saxon phonology and inflection. March's Grammar will assist the teacher in matters relating to syntax. In the choice of texts by which the student is to be intro- duced to the language and literature of Anglo-Saxon times, an editor is compelled, in view of the practical end, to suppress many considerations: there must be gradation that may contradict chronology, or dialectal relationship; there must be a degree of variety that may do violence to completeness. An adjustment in partial harmony with all reasonable requirements is as much as can be hoped for. The West-Saxon dialect, though not exactly in the line of the subsequent development of the language, is yet best adapted to the conditions of the beginner, for it possesses sufficient uniformity in phonology and inflection, the gram- mars are based upon it, and it embraces most of the litera- ture. The style and the character of the literature also determine the easiest introduction to be through the later form of this dialect. The following texts have been selected and arranged in accordance with these views. The first 209978 iii iv PREFACE. three extracts are intended to supply a sufficient basis for an elementary preparation that will fit the student to pass to the study of the Early West-Saxon dialect, and there- after to read the literature in chronological order. Any slight admixture of dialectal forms will be easily under- stood by the use of Sievers' Grammar. Most of the selected texts, it will be observed, are such as have been employed, either wholly or in part, in other Anglo-Saxon Readers. In the case of some of them, exclu- sion from an introductory course would be welcome to few teachers; in the case of others, the choice cannot be expected to please all. The selections which are now admitted for the first time will, it is hoped, serve an obvious purpose. The texts are given according to the best manuscript sources, without normalization, without silent changes, and, for the most part, with but slight emendations. The vari- ant readings, in some cases complete even for unessential details, are to give a wider view of the condition of the language and of the orthographic fashion of the scribes. The first, second, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and eighteenth selections are based upon my own copies and collations of the manuscripts. For the homily on St. Gregory Professor W. W. Skeat, of Cambridge, has collated the Cambridge MS., and Professor Arthur Napier, of Oxford, has supplied the readings (given in full) of the next best MS., that of the Bodleian Library. The seventeenth and nineteenth selections are according to the collations of Dr. Frank G. Hubbard, of the University of California. For the ex- tracts from the Bede the recent edition by Miller has been used, and for the Wars of Alfred,' Plummer's edition of the Chronicles. The remaining texts have been taken from the publications of Thorpe, Sweet, Earle, and Morris. ( 1 ! PREFACE. V Orthographic variation (chiefly due to chronological differences in the texts) has made difficult a compact yet clear arrangement of the glossary; however, the variant forms in parentheses, the principal parts of the verbs, and the citations will be found, it is believed, to mitigate the somewhat sparing use of cross-references. The etymologi- cal hints conveyed either in the definitions or by the brack- eted forms will suggest some of the fundamental principles of derivation, but they are especially meant to lead the student to consult the Etymological Dictionaries of Skeat and Kluge. It is pleasant to acknowledge the special obligations incurred in the preparation of this book. The kind assist- ance, already mentioned, given by Professor Skeat and Pro- fessor Napier is to be added to many personal kindnesses in the past; I also regard it as a further pledge of their hearty interest in the cause of English studies in America. My thanks are due to Dr. Frank G. Hubbard for the use of a sheaf of his first gleanings in the libraries of England, and to Professor James Morgan Hart, of Cornell Univer- sity, for valuable suggestions always freely given. More than can be expressed in a brief acknowledgment is due to Professor George Lyman Kittredge, of Harvard University; he has read the entire work in proof, with the discrimina- tion of a scholar and with the helpfulness of a friend. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, December 1, 1891. JAMES W. BRIGHT. NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. ! In compliance with a persistent request made by teachers, this edition has been augmented by An Outline of Anglo- Saxon Grammar. This Outline is to be sufficient for a thorough elementary course. Moreover, it has been planned so as to direct the teacher to the more complete work of Sievers, and it may serve perchance to give to the student an impulse toward subsequent study of the more technical aspects of the subject. The favorable reception of this Reader has created wel- come opportunities for the correction of misprints and for supplying omissions in the Glossary. I owe much to the exact observation of those teachers who have discovered and kindly reported many of these errors and omissions. May 1, 1894. J. W. B. CONTENTS. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR, PART I. I. FROM THE GOSPELS: ST. MARK, CHAP. IV.. VII. II. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE III. ACCOUNT OF THE POET CEDMON PAGE ix 1 forme 5 8 PART II. IV. CYNEWULF AND CYNEHEARD V. WARS OF Alfred thE GREAT VI. ALFRED'S PREFACE TO THE PASTORAL CARE . VII. FROM THE PASTORAL CARE 14 16 26 30 13, 38 VIII. THE VOYAGES OF OHTHERE AND WULFSTAN IX. IT IS BETTER TO SUFFER AN INJURY THAN TO INFLICT ONE X. PROVIDENCE AND FATE XI. THE NATURE OF GOD 45 fr 48 59 18 XII. THE CONVERSION OF EDWIN PART III. 62 20 XIII. A BLICKLING HOMILY . 67 XIV. ÆLFRIC'S HOMILY ON THE ASSUMPTION OF ST. JOHN THE APOSTLE 74 XV. ÆLFRIC'S HOMILY ON ST. GREGORY THE GREAT. 86 2 XVI. ALFRIC'S LIFE OF KING OSWALD 98 ۱۳ vii viii CONTENTS. XVII. ELFRIC'S PREFACE TO GENESIS . XVIII. THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW. XIX. THE HARROWING OF HELL. PART IV. PAGË 107 113 129 27,20 XX. CADMON'S GENESIS: THE OFFERING OF ISAAC 142 XXI. THE BATTLE OF BRUNANBURH 146 XXII. THE BATTLE OF MALDON 149 { XXIII. THE WANDERER 160 XXIV. THE PHOENIX . 165 APPENDIX I. LACTANTIUS DE AVE PHOENICE . 189 NOTES APPENDIX II. ANGLO-SAXON VERSIFICATION 195 229 GLOSSARY 241 : AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTORY REMARK. 1. The following outline of Anglo-Saxon Grammar is restricted to the West-Saxon Dialect, that form of the language which in the reign of Alfred the Great (871-901) became dominant for literary purposes and maintained that supremacy to the close of the Anglo- Saxon period. The changes which took place within the West-Saxon Dialect, though slight in respect of phonology and inflection, make it necessary to dis- tinguish Early West-Saxon (EWS), the language of Alfred's time, from Late West-Saxon (LWS), the lan- guage of the following two and a half centuries, with Elfric (died between 1020 and 1025) as the central literary figure. In this outline EWS is regarded as the norm to which LWS is subordinated. PHONOLOGY. ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION. 2. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet, as here employed, has two characters (Þ, ð) that are not employed in Modern English. NOTE. — The MSS. use a special character for w, g for g; 7 (= and) and (=pat) are usual. ix X AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. 3. An approximate pronunciation of the vowels is indicated in the following table: a as in German Mann. ā the preceding sound lengthened. æ like a in at, man. æ e i i O Q 11 ū y J 18 ie ie ea éa eo ēo io io the preceding sound lengthened. } = as in let, men. the preceding sound lengthened, as in they. as in hit, sit, in. the preceding sound lengthened, as in machine. as in German Gott. the preceding sound lengthened, as in German so. as in not. as in full, put. the preceding sound lengthened, as in rule. like ü in German: hübsch, Brücke. the preceding sound lengthened, as in German grün. like ; in German schön These diphthongs (long and short) receive the stress upon the first element; the second element, being unaccented, is very much obscured in pro- nunciation. The sound of ea, ea is approximately that of æ+a, æ+a (perhaps more nearly æ+uh); otherwise the component parts of these diphthongs are to be pronounced as indicated above. NOTE. The diphthongs ie, ie are peculiar to EWS, where they, however, begin to change into i, i; in LWS the most usual representa- tion is y, ỹ. (S. §§ 22, 31, 41, 97.) PHONOLOGY. xi CONSONANTS. 4. (a) The following consonants are pronounced as in Modern English: b, d, 1, m, n, p, r (trilled), t, w, x. The pronunciation of the remaining consonants requires special attention. (b) c has always the sound of k (the use of the symbol k is exceptional). The sound of kw or qu is, accord- ingly, represented by cw (or cu), as in cwēn, cweðan, etc., and es has the value of x. NOTE. This k-sound has a guttural or a palatal quality (somewhat as in English cold, and kind), according to its pronunciation with gut- tural or with palatal vowels. (c) f has two values. (1) In the initial and final positions, in the combinations ff, fs, ft, and in the medial position (cf. the note below), it has the usual (voiceless) sound. (2) In the medial position between vowels and voiced consonants it has the sound of v; e.g., hläford, ofer, sealfian, fre. NOTE. In compounds like ā-fyrhtan, of-lystan, etc., ƒ is strictly not in the medial position, and has therefore its usual sound. (d) g has two values. (1) It almost always repre- sents a voiced spirant, which is either guttural, or pala- tal (like g in German sagen, or like y in English you), according to its pronunciation with guttural or with palatal vowels. (2) It is pronounced like g in English go only when doubled, as in frogga, frog; and in the combination ng, as in English longer. The combination cg (by origin a geminated g) may be pronounced as dy in English ridge. (e) h is never silent; it is always to be pronounced as a voiceless spirant either guttural (as in German ach), or palatal (as in German ich) in quality, according to the sounds with which it is combined. xii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. (f) s has, in all positions, the voiceless sound, except single s between vowels, which has the voiced sound (2); e g., wesan, risan, etc. (g) and Þ are used without distinction to denote the dental spirant th, in all positions, presumably, the voiceless spirant (as in English thin), except (as in the case of f) between vowels and voiced consonants where the voiced spirant (as in English thine) is employed; e.g., ōðor, cweðan, siððan, weorðan, etc. The voiced spirant may also be employed in the pronominal forms ðū, dæt, dēs, etc. ACCENTUATION. 5. In Anglo-Saxon words are accented according to the following rules: Rule I.- Simple (uncompounded) words are accented on the first syllable (the radical syllable); derivative and inflectional syllables are unaccented. Thus, fæder, dágas, léornunga, túnge, túngan, tún- gena, swéotole, bérende, frémede, wúnode, séalfode. NOTE. There are no tests by which to determine the limits in prose of a secondary stress on derivative and inflectional syllables. In metrical usage a secondary stress may fall on the ptc. ending -ende ; on the adj. and pron. endings -en, -er, -ig; on the patronymic ending -ing; on the subst. endings -ung, -ing, -er; on the inflectional ending (gen. pl.) -ena; on the class-vowel in verbs of the second weak conju- gation, etc. See the chapter on VERSIFICATION. Rule II. Compound words constitute two classes, (1) substantive compounds, and (2) verbal compounds. A substantive compound receives the chief stress upon the first syllable of its first component (cf. Rule I); the accent of the second component is usually retained as a secondary stress. A verbal compound is accented on the radical syllable of the verb; the prefix is therefore unaccented. PHONOLOGY. xiii Thus, (1) substantive compounds: góld-smið, mónn- cỳnn, cynn, swíð-mòd (adj.), éarfoð-lìce (adv.), ýnd-gìet, ó̟nd-swàru, bí-gò̟ng, bí-spèll, fór-wèard (adj.), ín-gòng, mís-dæd, ón-gìnn, ór-èald (adj.), tó-wèard (adj.), ýmb- hwyrft. (2) Verbal compounds: a-rísan, be-hátan, for-lætan, ge-bíddan, for-wéordan, mis-fáran, ofer-swidian, tō- wéorpan, wið-stýndan, ymb-síttan. NOTE 1.- An important exception to Rule II is to be observed in the accentuation of substantive compounds with the prefixes ge-, be-, and for-; these prefixes are unaccented; e.g., ge-bód, ge-bróðor, ge-féoht, ge-wéald; be-bód, be-gó̟ng, be-hất; for-gýtol (adj.), for-wýrd. That, however, these prefixes were formerly accented in substantive compounds, according to the rule, is shown by gáfol, gómel, etc., in which the first element is ga-, the accented form of ge-; the accented form of be- is also left in words like bí-gòng, bí-spèll, bí-wìst, etc., and notice bēot <*bí-hat, by the side of the later be-hất; and fræ-bèorht (adj.), fræ-mìcel, frá-coð, show a survival of the accented form of for-. NOTE 2. — This difference in accentuation between substantive and verbal compounds (cf. English ábstract: abstráct; présent: presént; súbject: subject) has (as, in part, seen above) resulted in a correspond- ing difference of form in certain prefixes: άnd-gìet, intelligence άnd-sæc, resistance æf-þùnca, grudge bi-gèng, practice : on-gíetan, to understand. : on-sácan, to resist. of-þýncan, to displease. : be-gó̟ngan, to practice. ór-cnàwe (adj.), recognizable : ā-cnáwan, to know. ór-þò̟nc, device úð-gèng, escape wíðer-sac, hostility a-þéncan, to devise. : oð-gó̟ngan, to escape. : wið-sácan, to resist. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES. 6. By the operation of phonetic processes, the Anglo- Saxon system of vowels is made somewhat diversified and complicated. The most important of these processes affecting the radical vowels will now be briefly described. Xiv AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. THE CHANGE OF a INTO æ. 7. The occurrence of the vowel a is very much re- stricted. In a closed syllable, and in an open syllable followed by e(i) in the next syllable, the vowel a is mostly modified to æ; but a remains unchanged in an open syllable that is followed by a, o, or u in the next syllable. (S. § 49 f.) Thus, dæg, dæges, dæge, dæt, wæs, fægen, wæter; dagas, daga, dagum, faran, hafoc, wacol. NOTE. It might be supposed that the i of endings in the second weak conjugation, as in the infinitive ending -ian, would change a into æ in an open syllable; but this i was originally ō, therefore words like laðian, manian, wanian, etc., constitute only an apparent exception to the rule. into q. THE CHANGE OF a INTO o̟. 8. Before a nasal consonant the vowel a is changed But there is no uniformity in the employment The predominant form in EWS is 9; in (S. § 65.) of o̟ for a. LWS it is a. Thus, ond, and; hond, hand; lo̟nd, land; mqnig, manig; gongan, gangan; gesomnian, gesamnian. NOTE. When the preceding o̟n (< an) occurs before a voiceless spirant, f, ð, s, the nasal disappears, and, in compensation, the vowel is lengthened into ō. Under the same conditions, in and un become i and ū. (S. §§ 66, 185.) Thus, sōfte (<*sqnfte), softly; tōð (<*to̟nð), tooth; ōðor (<*qnðor), other; gōs (<*gọns), goose; sĩð (Goth. sinþs), a going; swīð (Goth. swinps), strong; mūỡ (Goth. munþs), mouth. BREAKING. 9. Before r+consonant, 1+consonant, h+consonant, and h final, the vowels æ (from a. 7), e, and i are "broken" into short diphthongs, æ becoming ea, and e, i becoming eo, io. (S. §§ 77-84.) PHONOLOGY. XV (a) Thus, æ into ea: *hærd (for hard, 7)> heard, hard; *hælf>healf, half; wearð, pret. sg. of weorðan, to become; wealdan, to wield; beald, bold; feallan, to fall ; heall, hall; eahta, eight; seah, pret. sg. of sẽon, to see. (b) e into eo (io): weorðan, to become; eorðe, earth; heorte, heart; feorr, far; weorc, work. e into eo (io) before 1 + consonant is restricted to 1+ c or h: meolcan, to milk; seolh, seal. Otherwise the e remains: helpan, to help; swelgan, to swallow; sweltan, to die. Before h + consonant, and h final: feohtan, to fight; teohhian, to arrange; feoh, cattle. (c) i into io (eo): stem *hirdio *hiordi > hierde (i-umlaut), herdsman. *liht (lioht, leoht, light, not heavy; Piht, Pioht, Peoht, Pict. *betwih > betwih, betweoh, between. NOTE. — Breaking results from the combination of a palatal vowel (æ, e, i) and a guttural consonant (r, 1, h). In passing from the pronunciation of the vowel to that of the consonant, a glide-sound is produced which is a more or less definite guttural vowel. This may be observed in pronouncing well as wœ-al; there as thæ-ar or the-ur ; fire as fi-ur or fi-or. It is this glide-vowel that has supplied the second element of these short diphthongs. PALATALIZATION. 10. The palatals g, c, and sc, in the initial position change a following æ into ea; (= Germanic ē) into ea; and e into ie (i, y; see 3, Note). (S. § 75.) (a) Thus, æ into ea: *gæf (7)> geaf, gave; *gæt> geat, got; *cæf > ceaf, chaff; Lat. castra > *cæster > ceaster, town; *scæl > sceal, shall; *scæft > sceaft, shaft; *scar> scear, sheared (pret. sg.). (b) into ea: *gæefon > geafon, gave (pret. pl.); *gaeton > geaton, got (pret. pl.); Lat. caseus > *cæsi > xvi AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. *ceasi > cīese (i-umlaut), cheese; *scæp > scēap, sheep; *scaron > scēaron, sheared (pret. pl.). (c) e into ie (i, y): *gefan>giefan, to give; *getan> gietan, to get; *sceran > scieran, to shear. NOTE 1. Before all vowels except æ, æ (= Germanic ē) and e, initial g and e do not change the following vowel (S. § 76); but initial sca- and sco- frequently become scea-, sceo-, e.g., scand, sceand, scond, sceo̟nd, shame; pret. scān, scean, shone; Scottas, Sceottas, the Scots; scop, sceop, poet; scacan, sceacan, pret. scōc, scēoc, shake; pret. scop, scēop, created. NOTE 2. The palatal pronunciation of medial c, cc, g, and cg, followed by a, o, or u, is often indicated by the insertion of an e (sometimes of an i). This inserted e (i) represents a trace of an original formative i or j. (S. § 206, 6.) Thus, sec(e)an (<*sōcian, S. § 45, 8; Goth. sōkjan), to seek; cwęcc(e)an (<*cwæcjan), to quake; męnig(e)o (< *manigī ; Goth. managei), multitude; bycg(e)an (Goth. bugjan), to buy; sęcg(e)as, sęcg(e)a, secg(i)um, pl. of sęcg (stem *sægjo), man. NOTE 3.-The inserted letter observed in the preceding note marks with prominence the "glide" effect of palatals. This element in the pronunciation leads to further variation in the written forms. Thus, for example, for ia (ja) the graphic substitutes may be ga, iga, igea ; for ie they may be ge, ige: nerian, nergan, nęrigan, nęrigean, to save; her(i)g(e)as, her(i)g(e)a, her (i)gum, pl. of here (stem *hærjo-), army; wundriende, wundrigende, wondering; wini- g(e)a, gen. pl. of wine (stem *wini-), friend. Also as a graphic substitute for final i, some use is made of ig: bi-spell, big-spell, parable; hi, hig, pron.; sī, sig (Opt.), be; and medial ig is occasionally represented by igg: igað, iggað, small island. (S. § 24, Note.) NOTE 4. It is also to be observed that initial *jæ, *jo become gea, geo (gio). Thus, gear (<*jær; Goth. jēr), year; geoc, gioc (<*joc; Goth. juk), yoke. In like manner initial *ju becomes geo, gio, or is represented by iu (io). Thus, geong, giong, iung (<*jung; Goth. juggs), young; gēo, gio, ĩu, io (Goth, ju), formerly. (S. § 74.) GEMINATION BEFORE j. 11. A single consonant (except r) when preceded by a short vowel is geminated by a following j. The PHONOLOGY. xvii vowel is also umlauted (13), and the j itself disappears. (S. § 228.) Thus, cynn (stem *cunjo), kin; sellan (<*sæljan; Goth. saljan), to give; lecgan (<*lægjan; Goth. lag- jan), to lay; hebban (*hæfjan; Goth. hafjan), to heave; scieppan, 13 (<*sceapjan, 10<*scæpjan; Goth. skap- jan), to create; hliehhan (<*hleahjan, 9 <*hlæhjan ; Goth. hlahjan), to laugh. But is not geminated: here (stem *hærjo; Goth. harjis), army; nerian, 10, Note 3 (<*nærjan; Goth. nasjan), to save. NOTE 1. - It will be noticed that geminated f and g become bb and cg respectively. NOTE 2.-On the other hand, when the radical vowel or radical syllable is long, this formative j, first becoming i (S. § 45, 8), has not caused gemination of the preceding consonant. Thus, sēc(e)an (<*sōcian), to seek; dẽman (<*dōmian), to judge; sęndan (<*sqndian), to send. FINAL DOUBLE CONSONANTS. 12. Double consonants (except cg) at the end of a word are usually simplified. (S. § 225.) Thus, monn, mo̟n, man; menn, men, men; eall, eal, all; cynu, cyn, kin; będd, bed, bed; sibb, sib, peace. — But, secg, man; hrycg, ridge; węcg, wedge. UMLAUT (i-UMLAUT). 13. The accented vowels (radical vowels) are palatal- ized by an i or j of the following syllable. This species of palatalization is called i-umlaut, or, briefly, umlaut. The i and j causing the umlaut were, for the most part, either changed into e or entirely lost in an early period of the language. (S. §§ 85-100.) xviii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR, The results of umlaut may be tabulated thus: becomes ę. (Sometimes æ. S. § 89, 1, Note 1.) becomes ę. æ ( *wealmi, 9), a surging; eald, old, comp. ieldra, supl. ieldesta; hierde (stem *hirdio > *heordio, 9), herdsman. feorr, far, afyrran, to remove; hieran hīeran (<*hēarian; Goth. haus- jan), to hear; geliefan (<*geleafian; Goth. galaubjan), to believe; lēoht, light, liehtan, to illuminate; friend, fiend, dat. sg. and nom. (acc.) pl. of friond (frēond), friend, fiond (feond), foe. u- o-UMLAUT. 14. In the accented syllable, and when followed by a single consonant, a may be changed into ea, and e, i into eo, io, by the influence of u or o (a) in the follow- ing syllable. This process is called u- o-umlaut. It is, however, not uniformly operative in the West-Saxon dialect. (S. §§ 103-109.) Thus, eafora, heir; heafola, head; weorold, world; heofon, heaven; metod, meotod, Creator; seofon, seven; wita, wiota, wise man; tilian, tiolian (<*tilōian), to endeavor; clipian, cliopian, cleopian, to cry out; medu, medo, meodo, mead; siodu, custom. Intervening c and g prevent the operation of this umlaut: nacod, adj. naked; magu, mago, son; racu, narrative; sacu, strife; regol, rule; plega, play; sigor, victory. XX AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. PALATAL-UMLAUT. 15. In some instances, eo (io) which resulted from the breaking of e before h+consonant (9) becomes ie (i, y). This process presupposes the change of the guttural h, which caused the breaking, into a palatal h, which then produces an effect agreeing with that of i-umlaut. (S. § 101.) Thus, reoht, rieht, riht, ryht, right; cneoht, cnieht, cniht, cnyht, boy; seox (x = hs), siex, six, syx, six. NOTE 1.- In LWS ea, ea before h, x, g, and c are sometimes changed into e, ē: sleh (for sleah) imp. sg. of slēan, to strike; seh (for seah) pret. sg. of sēon, to see; geneahhe, geneh(h)e, enough; nēah, nēh, near; Jēah, Jēh, though; weaxan, wexan, to grow; bēag, bēg, ring; ēac, ēc, also. NOTE 2.- In LWS ea, ea after the palatals g, c, and sc are also sometimes changed into e, ē (S. § 102): gef (for geaf) pret. sg. of giefan, to give; get (for geat) pret. sg. of gietan, to get; geat, get, gate; gear, gēr, year; ongēan, ongēn, against; cealf, celf, calf; sceap, scēp, sheep. LOSS OF MEDIAL g. 16. After a palatal vowel, g (palatal) often disap- pears before d and n, and, in compensation, the vowel is lengthened. (S. § 214, 3.) Thus, bregdan, brēdan, pret. sg. brægd, bræd, to brandish; pret. sg. sægde, sæde, pp. gesægd, gesæd, of sęcgan, to say; frignan, frīnan, to inquire; mægden, mæden, maiden; degen, den, servant; degnian, denian, to serve; wægn, wæn, wain. The occasional disappearance of g (guttural) after a guttural vowel is therefore due to the influence of palatal forms: pret. pl. brūdon, pp. brōden (for brug- don, brogden) follow the pattern of bregdan, brēdan, etc. PHONOLOGY. xxi NOTE. The spirant quality of medial g, which underlies this process of disappearance, is further shown in the frequent change (especially in LWS) of final (and occasionally of medial) g into h. This change is most frequent after a long guttural vowel and after 1 and r, but it occurs also under other conditions. Thus, beag (bēah), ring; burg (burh), borough; earg (earh), cowardly; iergðu (ierhðu), cowardice; sorg (sorh), sorrow; flōg (flōh), lōg (lōh), slōg (slōh), pret. of flean, to flay, lean, to blame, slēan, to slay. LOSS OF MEDIAL h. 17. Medial h (not hh) preceded by a consonant and followed by an inflectional vowel disappears, and, in compensation, the stem-vowel is lengthened. (S. § 218.) Thus, mearh, gen. mēares, horse; feorh, gen. fēores, life; seolh, gen. sēoles, seal. CONTRACTION. 18. Intervocalic h disappears, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted, or the first vowel absorbs the second. (S. §§ 110-119, 218, 222.) Thus, feoh, gen. feos, property; coh, gen. eos, horse; pleoh, gen. plēos, peril; hēah, gen. hēas, and hēan (<*heahan), high. NOTE 1.—This disappearance of h also occurs (with variation) before inflexional syllables beginning with n and r; before the com- parative ending in r, and in composition and derivation: hẽah, acc. masc. hēane (hēanne, S. § 222, Note 2), dat. fem. hēare, comp. hiera (hierra); hēalic, high; plēolic, perilous; nēa-læcan, to draw near. NOTE 2. Many contracted themes are due to the early loss of intervocalic h. Thus, ah + a (q), o, u results in ēa: slēan (Goth. slahan), to strike; dwēan (Goth. ♂wahan), to wash; tēar (<*tahur), tear. eh + a (q), o, u results in ēo (io): sēon (<*seh (w) an; the end- ing of these infinitives should perhaps be written -în), to see; gefēon <*gifehan), to rejoice; twēo (<*tweho), doubt. i, i + a (q), o, u results in io (ēo): Jēon (<*Jihan <*Jenhan ; xxii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Goth. þeihan), to thrive; wrēon (< *wrihan), to cover to cover; bēot (<*bihāt), boast. A long vowel absorbs the following vowel: fōn (<*fōhan < *fqnhan), to seize; hōn (< *hōhan < *ho̟nhan), to_hang; tēon (<*tēohan), to draw; flēon (<*flēohan), to flee. INFLUENCE OF W. 19. The diphthongs eo, io produced by the breaking (9) or by the u-o-umlaut (14) of e, i are sometimes labialized by a preceding w into u or o. (S. §§ 71, 72.) Thus, weordan (<*werðan, 9), to become, appears also in the form wurdan; weorðian, wurðian, to honor; weorpan, wurpan, to throw; weorold (14), worold, world, world; sweord, swurd, sword; wita, wiota (14), weota, wuta, wise man; widuwe, wioduwe (14), wuduwe, widow; betwih, betweoh (9), betwuh, with disappearance of w, betuh, between. INFLECTION: DECLENSION. xxiii INFLECTION. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. THE O-DECLENSION. (S. §§ 235-250.) 20. The o-declension (which includes the stems in -jo and -wo) represents the inflection of the greater number of the masculine and the neuter nouns. MASCULINE O-STEMS. 21. (a) Monosyllabic themes: stan, stone; dæg, day; weal(1), wall; mearh, horse. Sing. N.A. stān dæg G. stanes dæges weal (1) (12) wealles D.I. stane dæge wealle mearh mēares (17) meare Plur. N.A. stānas dagas (7) weallas mēaras G. stāna daga wealla mēara D.I. stānum dagum weallum mēarum 22. (b) Dissyllabic themes: edel, property; engel, angel; heofon, heaven; fugol, bird. Sing. N.A. ēdel engel heofon fugol G. ēðles engles heofones fugles D.I. ĕðle engle heofone fugle Plur. N.A. ĕðlas englas heofenas fuglas G. eðla engla heofena fugla D.I. eðlum englum heofenum fuglum 23. (1) In the inflection of dissyllabic themes, when the radical syllable is long, the (short) middle vowel is xxiv AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. syncopated (ēðles, engles); when the radical syllable is short, the middle vowel is retained (heofones). (2) But certain of the themes in -el, -ol, -er, -or almost regularly do not retain the middle vowel after a short radical syllable (fugles; S. § 245). : (3) A middle vowel which is long (by position) is retained wafels, wæfelses, covering; fætels, fætelses, vessel; hengest, hengestes, stallion; færeld, færeldes, journey. NOTE. — There is always more or less deviation from the normal forms in the matter of the loss and the retention of the middle vowel. The middle vowel tends to assume the form e before a following a, o, u (heofones, but heofenas; S. § 129), but there is much of unregu- lated distribution of o and e as middle vowels. NEUTER O-STEMS. 24. (a) Monosyllabic themes: gear, year; word, word; fæt, vessel; lim, limb; feoh, property. S. N.A. gear word fæt lim G. gēares wordes fætes limes D.I. geare worde fæte lime P.N.A. gear word fatu (7) limu, leomu (14) fata lima, leoma feoh (feo) feos (18) fēo G. gēara worda D.I. gearum wordum fatum limum, leomum 25. The case-ending (u) of the nom. and acc. pl. disappears after a long radical syllable; after a short radical syllable it is retained: gear, word, but fatu, limu (liomu, leomu). NOTE. The case-ending u of the nom. acc. pl. is often weakened to o or a. Monosyllabic themes may also have prefixes: gebed, prayer, gefeoht, fight; gewrit, writing; bebod, command. INFLECTION: DECLENSION. XXV 26. (b) Dissyllabic themes: heafod, head; nieten (nỹten), animal; wapen, weapon; water, water. S. N.A. heafod nieten wapen wæter G. heafdes nietenes wæpnes wæteres D.I. heafde nietene wæpne wætere P.N.A. heaf(o)du nietenu wapnu, -en wæter, -u G. heafda nietena wapna wætera D.I. heafdum nietenum w@pnum wæterum 27. The middle vowel is generally syncopated after a long radical syllable (heafdes, wæpnes); it is retained after a short radical syllable (wæteres), and in some words in -en having a long radical syllable (nietenes). The case-ending u (o, a) of the nom. acc. pl. gener- ally remains after a long radical syllable (hēaf(o)du, nietenu), and disappears when the radical syllable is, short (water). NOTE. — Usage is not uniform in the treatment of either the middle vowel or the case-ending u. MASCULINE AND NEUTER jo-STEMS. 28. (a) Monosyllabic themes: Masculine, hierde, shepherd; here, army; hrycg, ridge. Neuter, wīte, punishment; cynn, kin. S. N.A. hierde (13, ƒ) here (13, α) G. hierdes D.I. hierde P.N.A. hierdas G. hierda D.I. hierdum hrycg(12) wite cyn(n) (12) hęr(i)ges (10,3) hrycges her(i)ge hrycge wītes wite cynnes cynne her(i)g(e)as hrycgas wītu cyn(n) her(i)g(0)a hrycga wita cynna hęr(i)gum hrycgum wītum cynnum 29. Nouns in -jo (= io after a long radical syllable, 11, Note 2) have umlaut of the radical vowel (if it be a vowel that can be affected by umlaut), and gemination XXVİ AN OUTLINË OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. of a single consonant (except r) before j when the radical vowel is short (11): stem *hrugjo-> hrycg, etc. 30. (b) Dissyllabic themes: Masculine, æfen, even- ing; fiscere, fisher. - Neuter, wēsten, waste. S. N.A. G. æfen æfen(n)es westen fiscere fisceres wēsten(n)es D.I. æfen(n)e P. N.A. æfen(n) as G. æfen(n) a fiscere westen(n)e fisceras wēsten(n) u fiscera westen(n) a fen(n) am fiscerum wēsten(n) um 1)um D.I. NOTE. A medial geminated consonant is often simplified before an inflectional ending: æfen(n)es, wēsten(n)es, etc. MASCULINE AND NEUTER WO-STEMS. 31. Themes: Masculine, bearu, grove; deow, servant. -Neuter, searu, device; cneo(w), knee. S. N.A. G. bearu, -o bearwes deo (w) deowes searu, -o searwes cneo (w) cnëowes D.I. bearwe deowe searwe cnĕowe P. N.A. bearwas deowas searu, -o cnēow(u), cnēo G. bearwa deowa searwa cneowa D.I. bearwum Jeowum searwum cnĕowum 32. (1) After a short radical syllable the w of the stem has become final u (o) of the theme: stem *barwo-> * *baru; gen. *barwes > bearwes (9); the broken vowel ea is transferred to the theme. (2) The wo-stems are relatively few in number. Some of the more common ones are: masc. sna(w), snow; deaw, custom ; masc. and neut. dēaw, dew; hlaw, hlaw, mound; hrā(w), hræ(w), corpse;-neut. bealu, evil; mealu, meal; hlēo(w), protection; trēo(w), tree. NOTE. — A parasitic vowel, u, o, or e, is often developed before w: bear(u)we, bear(o)we; sear(u)we, sear(e) we; beal(o)wes, etc. (cf. 37, Note). INFLECTION: DECLENSION. xxvii THE ā-DECLENSION. (S. §§ 251-260.) 33. All nouns of the a-declension (which includes the stems in -jā and -wā) are feminine. ā-STEMS. 34. Themes: giefu, gift; lār, lore; frōfor, consola- tion; firen, sin; costung, temptation. S. N. giefu, -0 lār frōfor firen G. giefe lāre frōfre firene costung costunga, -e D.I. giefe lāre frōfre firene costunga, -e A. giefe lāre frōfre firene costunga, -e P. N.A. giefa, -e lāra, -e frōfra, -e firena, -e costunga, -e G. giefa, -ena lāra, -ena frōfra firena costunga D.I. giefum lārum frōfrum firenum costungum 35. The case-ending u of the nom. sg. is retained only in words like giefu (with short radical syllable). In the gen. pl. some use is made of the case-ending -ena, which is taken from the n-declension (44). Nouns in -ung have commonly the case-ending -a in the gen. dat. acc. sg. After a long radical syllable the middle vowel is synco- pated (frōfre); it is retained when the radical syllable is short (firene). jā-STEMS. 36. Themes: wylf, she-wolf; sib(b), peace; byrden, burden; hālignes, holiness. S. N. wylf sib(b) (12) byrden hālignes G. wylfe sibbe byrden(n)e hālignesse D.I. wylfe sibbe byrðen(n)e hālignesse A. wylfe sibbe byrden(n)e hālignesse P. N.A. wylfa, - sibba, -e byrden(n) a, -e hälignessa, -e G. wylfa sibba byrden(n) a hälignessa D.I. wylfum sibbum byrden (n) um hälignessum xxviii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Some of the more common jā-stems are: bên(n), wound; blids, bliss, bliss; brycg, bridge; byrgen, tomb; condel, candle; ęcg, edge; giemen, care; gyden, god- dess; hell, hell; hild, battle; līds, liss, favor; milds, milts, mercy; sciell, scyll, shell, synn, sin; wynn, joy; ỹð, wave. wā-STEMS. 37. Themes: stow, place; beadu, battle; læs, pas- ture; mad, meadow. S. N. stōw beadu læs mæd G. stowe beadwe læs (w)e D.I. stowe beadwe læs (w)e mad(w)e mad(w)e A. stōwe beadwe læs(w)e mæd (w)e, (mad) P. N.A. stōwa, -e beadwa, -e læs(w)a, -e mad(w)a, -e G. stōwa beadwa læs (w) a mäd (w) a D.I. stōwum beadwum læs (w)um mæd(w)um Here belong also hrēow, repentance; trēow, faithful- ness; nearu, distress; the plurals frætwa, -e, geatwa, -e, getāwa, -e, ornaments, arms; and ēa, water (<*ahu, 18, Note 2; Goth. ahwa), gen. sg. ea (eas, ie), dat. sg. ēa (īe, ēi), acc. sg. ēa; nom. acc. pl. ēa (ēan); dat. pl. ēaum (ēam). There is also a trace of this declension in the nom. acc. pl. clea, cleo, dat. pl. cleam (clām), claws. NOTE. - A parasitic vowel, u, o, or e, may be developed before w : bead (u)we, bead (o)we, near(o)we, geat(e)we, etc. (cf. 32, Note). THE i-DECLENSION. (S. §§ 261-269.) 38. The i-declension includes nouns of all genders, but it has been much affected by the adoption of case- endings of the o-declension. INFLECTION: DECLENSION. xxix MASCULINE AND NEUTER i-STEMS. 39. Themes: Masculine, hryre, fall; frēondscipe, friendship; pl. Dene, the Danes; feng, grasp; pl. Engle, the Angles. — Neuter, sife, sieve. S. N.A. hryre G. hryres freondscipe feng sife frēondscipes fenges sifes D.I. hryre frēoudscipe fenge sife P. N.A. hryras Dene Engle sifu G. hryra Den(ige) a Englas sifa D.I. hryrum Denum Englum sifum 40. The original i of the stem has produced umlaut of the radical vowel, and survives as e in the nom. acc. sg. when the radical syllable is short: *hruri > hryre. The proper case-ending of the nom. acc. pl. masc. is e ( ī; ai, i; i). Thus, ei>ī; (a) bīdan, bide; bitan, bite; bād, bidon; (ge) biden. bāt, biton; (ge) biten. INFLECTION: CONJUGATION. li glīdan, glide; rīdan, ride; risan, rise; writan, write; (1) sníðan, cut; rād, glad, glidon; ridon; rās, rison; wrāt, writon; snað, snidon; (c) Jeon (18, N. 2), thrive; Jah, digon ; (ge) gliden. (ge)riden. (ge) risen. (ge) writen. (ge) sniden. (ge)digen. (2) In sniðan and deon (< *ðīhan, 18, Note 2) medial and h of the first two parts are changed into d and g in the pret. pl. and pp. (past participle). This change from a to d, h to g, also (in other classes. of verbs) from h to w (g) (< hw - gw) and s to r, is called Grammatical Change (S. §§ 233-234). NOTE 1.— Grammatical Change (only partially preserved) is due to an original (proto-Germanic) difference of accent, according to which the pret. pl. and the pp. were accented on the final syllable (Verner's Law). NOTE 2.-The weak verb rignan >rīnan (16), to rain, pret. rinde, has also a preterit rān (cf. frignan > frīnan, 85, Note 3). (3) To the contract verb deon is to be added lēon, to lend; seon, to strain, sift; teon, to censure; wrēon, to cover. The accidental agreement in the present between these verbs and the contract verbs of Class II has resulted in the production of double forms in the other tenses. Thus, tēon; tāh (tēah), Jeon; Jah, wrēon; tigon (tugon); Jigon (Jugon); wrāh (wrēah), wrigon (wrugon); tigen (togen). digen (dogen). wrigen (wrogen). NOTE 3. Jeon has also forms according to Class III, such as pret. pl. ofer-Jungon; pp. ofer-ðungen; pp. (adj.) ge-ðungen, grown, excellent, etc. These are traces of the original form *Tenhan > *Jihan (18, Note 2). NOTE 4.—The prefix ge- is not always used with the past parti- ciple. Hereafter it will be omitted in giving principal parts. lii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 84. Class II.-Vowels: eo (u); ēa, u; o.-(Germ. eu (u); au, u; u). Thus, (a) beodan, command; bēad, budon; boden. clēofan, cleave; clēaf, clufon; clofen. crēopan, creep; crēap, crupon; cropen. drēogan, endure; dreag, drugon; drogen. flēogan, fly; fleag, flugon; flogen. (b) brūcan, enjoy; brēac, brucon; brocen. būgan, bow; bēag, bugon; bogen. dūfan, dive; deaf, dufon; dofen. (c) cẽosan, choose ; ceas, curon (83,2); coren. freosan, freeze; frēas, fruron; froren. hrēosan, fall; hrēas, hruron; hroren. (for)lēosan, lose; lēas, luron ; loren. sẽoðan, seethe ; seað, sudon; soden. (d) flēon (18, N. 2), flee; flēah, flugon; flogen. tēon, draw, teah, tugon; togen. 85. Class III.-Vowels: e (i, eo); æ (q, ea), u; (o̟, u (o).— (Germ. e (> i before nasal + cons.); a, u; u (o)). The verbs of this class are best considered in three divisions. (1) Verbs with a nasal + consonant after the radical vowel. Thus, bindan, bind; bọnd(8), bundon; bunden. drincan, drink; drone, druncon; druncen. findan, find; fond, fundon ; funden. (on)ginnan, begin; gon(n), gunnon; gunnen. grindan, grind ; grond, grundon; singan, sing; song, sungon; swimmam, swim; swqm(m), swummon; grunden. sungen. swummen. NOTE 1.-The verb rinnan, to run, rọn(n), runnon, runnen, is more commonly used with metathesis in the first two parts: irnan (iernan, yrnan), orn (arn). — There is also metathesis in beornan (= Goth. brinnan), to burn, bro̟n(n) (bo̟rn, barn, bearn), burnon, burnen. INFLECTION: CONJUGATION. liii (2) Verbs with 1 + consonant after the radical vowel. Thus, () helpan (9, b), help; healp (9, a), hulpon ; holpen. belgan, be angry; bealg, bulgon; bolgen. delfan, delve; dealf, dulfon; dolfen. meltan, melt; mealt, multon; molten. swelgan, swallow; swealg, swulgon; swolgen. swellan, swell; sweal (1), swullon; swollen. sweltan, die; swealt, swulton; swolten. (b) gieldan (10, c), yield; geald, guldon; golden. giellan, yell; geal(1), gullon; gollen. gielpan, boast; gealp, gulpon ; golpen. fealh, fulgon (83, 2); folgen. (c) fēolan, reach; — NOTE 2. fēolan < *feolhan (9, b) (= Goth. filhan); there is also a pret. pl. fælon and a pp. folen according to Class IV. (3) Verbs with r or h + consonant after the radical vowel. Thus, (a) feohtan (9, b), fight; ceorfan, carve; deorfan, labor; smeortan, smart; (b) hweorfan feaht (9, α), fuhton ; fohten. beorgan, protect; bearg, burgon; borgen. cearf, curfon; corfen. dearf, durfon ; dorfen. smeart, smurton; smorten. turn; hwearf, hwurfon; hworfen. } cast; wearp, wurpon; worpen. wurdon worden. (83, 2); 19)}, (hwurfan, 19) weorpan (wurpan) (c) weorðan (wurdan, 19)}, become; wearð, (4) Certain remaining verbs of this class are best considered together. bregdan (brēdan, 16)}, brandish; { brægd stregdan (repeat)} strew; berstan, burst; brugdon (bræd), (brūdon); strægd f brogden (brōden). strogden (strūdon); (strōden). burston; (stræd), {strugdon bærst, borsten. liv AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. derscan, thresh ; frignan Jærsc, Jurscon; Jorscen. Į frugnen (frinan, 16)}, inquire; {frægn {frugnon murnan, mourn; spurnan (spornan)}, spurn; (frān), (frūnon); (frünen). mearn, spearn, murnon. spurnon. NOTE 3.- stregdan has also become a weak verb.-By the loss of g and the compensative lengthening of the radical vowel frignan becomes frīnan (16), and being thus attracted to Class I, yields the preterit frān. There is also occasionally assimilation of g to n result- ing in frinnau, pret. pl. frunnon, etc. The metathesis of n appears in pret. sg. freng, pret. pl. frungon. Other forms are: pret. pl. frugon; pp. gefrugen, gefregen, gefrægen and gefrigen (cf. 87, Note). 86. Class IV.-Vowels: e; æ, æ; o (u). — (Germ. e; a, ē; o (u)). In this class the radical vowel is fol- lowed by a single liquid or nasal (1, r, m). Thus, (a) beran, bear; bær (7), bæron; boren. cwelan, die; cwæl, cwælon; cwolen. helan, conceal; hæl, hælon; holen. stelan, steal; stæl, stælon; stolen. teran, tear; tær, tæron; toren. (b) brecan, break; brac, brācon; brocen. (c) scieran (10), shear ; scear, scearon; scoren. nōm f nōmon (d) niman, take; (nam), (nāmon); cuman, come; c(w)ōm, c(w)ōmon; { numen. cumen (cymen). NOTE.. In brecan the r precedes the radical vowel; it should therefore be found in Class V (cf. sprecan).—niman has changed e to i before m, and the u of cuman is exceptional. The preterits of these two verbs are also exceptional in having ō (<æ before a nasal), in the pl., which has also been transferred into the sing. The LWS forms are usually nam, nāmon, cōm, cōmon. INFLECTION: CONJUGATION. lv 87. Class V. - Vowels: e (i); æ, æ; e. (Germ. e (i); a, ē; e). The radical vowel is followed by a single consonant (except a liquid or nasal; cf. Class IV). Thus, (a) metan, measure; mæt (7), mæton; drepan, strike; dræp, dræpon; lesan, collect; læs, læson; (ge)nesan, recover; næs, næson; meten. {drepen (dropen). lesen. nesen. sprecan, speak; spræc, spræcon; sprecen. specan (LWS); spec, spacon; specen. tredan, tread; træd, trædon; treden. wagon wegan, carry; wæg, wegen. (wägon); (b) etan, eat; æt, æton; eten. fretan, devour; fræt, fræton; freten. (c) cweðan, say; cwæð, cwædon (83,2); cweden. (d) giefan (10), give; geaf, geafon; giefen. gietan, get; geat, geaton; gieten. (18, N.2) a), (e) (ge) feon}, rejoice; { sefa gefagon (83, 2); (adj.) gefægen. (9,₫ plēon, risk; pleah. sāwon (83,2); seon, see; seah, s@gon; { sewen (sawen). segen. (ƒ) Several presents are formed in -jan. In Ger- manic the radical vowel e, when thus followed by -j, became i (cf. 13, Note); and the final radical conso- nant is geminated (11). Thus, biddan (= Goth. bidjan), bit; a asks bæd, bædon; beden. licg(e)an, lie; læg, sittan, sit; sæt, lægon (lāgon); legen. sæton; seten. fricg(e)an, inquire; frigen. ðicg(e)an, take; Jeah (Jāh). NOTE. The quantity of æt and fræt are exceptional. — Verbs in g may have ā in the pret. pl. (lāgon, wāgon). — fricg(e)an does lvi AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 1 / not occur in the pret. The pp. frigen may belong to frignan (cf. 85, Note 3). — Vicg(e)an has also weak preterits digede and ðigde. 88. Class VI. - Vowels: a; ō, ō; a. (Germ. a; ō, ō; a). Thus, (a) faran, go; fōr, fōron; faren (færen). bacan, bake; bōc, bōcon; bacen. dragan, draw; drōg, drōgon; dragen. galan, sing; gōl, gōlon; galen. grafan, grave; grōf, grōfon; grafen. hladan, load; hlōd, hlōdon; hladen. 히 ​sacan, contend; soc, sōcon; sacen (sæcen). sto̟ndan, stand; stōd, stōdon; stonden. wadan, go; wōd, wōdon; waden. [wæcnan], awake; wōc, wōcon. scōc, scöcon. (b) sc(e)acan shake, sc(e)acen (10, N. 1) hasten; scēoc, scēocen; (scæcen). sc(e)afan, shave; scof, scōfon; sc(e) afen. (c) sponan, entice; { spon spōnon spanen. weaxan (9), grow; (spēon), (wōx) weox, (spēonon); W {(wōxon) wĕoxon; weaxen. (d) flẽan (18, N. 2), flay ; flōg (flōh), flōgon; flagen. lagen (legen, lean, blame, lōg (lōh), lōgon; slean, strike; slōg(slōh), slōgon; lægen). {slagen (slegen, slægen). wagen wean, wash; dwōg (Jwōh), (wegen, dwōgon; dwægen, Jwogen). (e) Presents in -jan (cf. 87, f): hebban (11), heave; hōf, hōfon; hafen (hæfen). hliehhan, laugh; hlōh, hlōgon (83, 2). scę dan, injure, scōd, scōdon. sceaððan (10, N. 1); scĕod, sceodon. INFLECTION: CONJUGATION. lvii scieppan (11), create; stęppan (stappan)}, step; sweri(ge)an }, swdre; (10, N. 3) scop, scōpon; scępen scēop (10, scēopon; (sceapen). N. 1), stop, stōpon; stapen. swōr, swōron; swaren (sworen). NOTE 1. In the pp. the vowel a is often changed to ę or æ. wæenan is a weak present, which, in the absence of a strong form, is associated with the pret. wōc. sponan (LWS also sponnan) has the additional pret. spēon, which is due to association with redupli- cating verbs (cf. sponnan, to span). weaxan (weahsan) has adopted commonly the pret. of a reduplicating verb. NOTE 2. ·In flōg, lōg, slōg, etc. (for flōh, etc.), grammatical change (83, 2) has yielded to the influence of the pl.; the return to flōh, etc., is due to the change of final g to h (16, Note). NOTE 3. Some of these verbs have also weak forms: hebban, pret. hęfde, pp. hęfod; scęððan, pret. scęỡede; swęrian, swę- rede, etc. (b) REDUPLICATING VERBS. (S. §§ 393-397.) 89. (1) Reduplicating verbs originally formed the preterit by prefixing to the radical syllable a syllable of reduplication, which consisted of the initial radical consonante, the vowel of reduplication. A fusion of these two syllables resulted in the surviving pret- erits. In a few instances there are indications of the mode of that fusion; e.g., pret. of hātan: *he-hāt (= Goth. haihait) > *hé-hat heht > het; similarly > leole, leort, reord, ondreord, occasional (Anglian) preterits of lacan, lætan, rædan, ondrædan. (2) Reduplicating verbs have the same resultant radical vowel in the entire preterit; and the radical vowel of the past participle is the same as that of the present. lviii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 90. Reduplicating verbs may be considered as form- ing two classes: (1) the e-preterit class, and (2) the eo-preterit class. The radical vowels of the present are regarded in subdivisions of these classes. (1) -Preterit Class. (a) blondan (8), blend ; blend, blendon; blonden. (b) hātan, call heht, hēt, hēton; häten. lacan, leap; (leolc) lēc, lēcon; lācen. scădan, separate, scēd, scēdon; scăden. scēadan (10, N. 1); scēad, sceadon; scéaden. NOTE 1. The verb hatan has other forms of special importance: (ic) hatte, I am called (named, hight') is the sole relic of a medio- passive conjugation, and corresponds to Goth. haitada; the corre- sponding pl. hatton has the common weak pret. form. As to tense hätte, hätton are used both as presents and as preterits, and the infinitive hātan is also used with this passive sense. (c) (on)drædan, fear ; lætan, let; rædan, counsel; S (dreord) drēd, (leort) lēt, (reord) rēd, rēdon; drēdon; lēton; dræden. læten. ræden. slæpan (släpan)}, sleep; slēp, slēpon; { slapen. (slāpen). NOTE 2. — (on)drædan and slæpan occasionally have the pret. weak: ondrædde, slēpte, slāpte, etc. — rædan, on the other hand, is commonly conjugated as a weak verb: pret. rædde. (d) fōn (18, N. 2), seize; hōn, hang; (2) éo-Preterit Class. fēng, heng, fēngon; fongen. hēngon; hongen. (a) fealdan (9, a), fold; feold, feoldon; fealden. feallan, fall; feoll, feollon; feallen. healdan, hold heold, heoldon ; healden. wealean, roll · wēole, weolcon ; wealeen. wealdan, wield; weallan, well; weold, weoldon; wealden. weoll, weollon; weallen. weaxan (88, N. 1)} , grow; weox, weoxon; weaxen. INFLECTION: CONJJGATION. lix (b) bo̟nnan, summon; (bēnn) bēonn, -on; bonnen. sponnan, attack; (spēnn) spēonn, -on; sponnen. (geng) geong, -on; gongen. gongan, go; NOTE 3.-gongan is very irregular; there is an inf. gengan, pret. gẽng and gẽngde; also gang. The most commonly used pret. eode belongs to gān (106, 4). (c) bēatan, beat; bēot, bēoton; beaten. hēawan, hew; heow, heowon; heawen. hlēapan, leap; hlēop, hlēopon; hleapen. (ā)hnēapan, pluck; hnēop, hnēopon; hneapen. (d) blōtan, sacrifice; blēot, blēoton; blōten. hrōpan, shout; hrēop, hrēopon; hrōpen. hwōpan, threaten ; hwēop, hwēopon; hwōpen. blōwan, bloom; blēow, blēowon ; blōwen. flōwan, flow; fleow, flēowon; flōwen. grōwan, grow; grēow, grēowon; grōwen. rōwan, row; spowan, succeed; rēow, reowon; spēow, spēowon; rōwen. spōwen. (e) jan-presents (cf. 87, ƒ): hwēsan, wheeze; hweos, hwĕoson; hwōsen. wēpan, weep; wop, weopon; wōpen. (ƒ) blāwan, blow; blēow, blēowon; blawen. cnāwan, know; cnĕow, cneowon; enāwen. crāwan, crow; creow, creowon; crawen. sāwan, sow; seow, seowon; sāwen. swapan, sweep; swĕop, swēopon; swāpen. 1x AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. CONJUGATION OF STRONG VERBS. (S. §§ 350-378.) 91. Themes: Ablaut verbs, singan, to sing; beran, to bear. Reduplicating verb, heaidan, to hold. PRESENT. Indicative. Sing. 1. singe bere healde 2. singest bir(e)st hieltst, healdest 3. singeð bir(e)ð hielt, healt, healder Plur. 1-3. singað berað healdað Optative. Sing. 1-3. singe bere healde Plur. 1-3. singen beren healdan Imperative. Sing. 2. sing ber heald Plur. 2. singað berað healdað Infinitive. singan beran healdan Gerund. { tō singanne beranne healdanne (-enne, -onne) Pres. Part. singende berende healdende PRETERIT. Indicative. Sing. 1. song bær heold 2. sunge bære heolde 3. song bær heold Plur. 1-3. sungon bæron hēoldon Optative. Sing. 1-3. Plur. 1-3. sunge sungen bære heolde bæren heolden Past Part. (ge)sungen (ge)boren (ge) healden INFLECTION: CONJUGATION. lxi 92. Themes: Contracted presents (18, Note 2), seon, to see; fōn, to seize (reduplicating verb). — Presents in -jan, biddan, to bid; licgan, to lie. PRESENT. Indicative. Sing. 1. seo fo bidde licge 2. siehst fēhst bid (e)st bitst bideð 3. sieho feho { bit (t) }lig(e)st {lig (e) 8 lið Plur. 1-3. seor fōð biddað licgað Optative. Sing. 1-3. seo fō bidde licge Plur. 1-3. seon fōn biddan licgen Imperative. Sing. 2. seoh fōh bide lige Plur. 2. seoð for biddað licgað Infinitive. seon fōn biddan licgan Gerund. tō sẽonne fōnne biddanne licganne Pres. Part. sẽonde fonde biddende licgende PRETERIT. Indicative. Sing. 1. seah fēng bæd læg 2. sawe fēnge bæde læge 3. seah fēng bæd læg Plur. 1-3. sawon fēngon badon lægon Optative. Sing. 1-3. Plur. 1-3. sawe sāwen fēnge fēngen bæde bæden læge lægen Past Part. (ge)sewen (ge)fongen (ge) beden (ge)legen · İxii AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 93. (1) The personal endings of the verb exhibit some variations. The older ending of the 1 sg. pres. indic. is -u (-o), but its use is restricted even in EWS; the prevailing ending is -e (conforming to -est, -eð). The 2 sg. pres. indic. originally ended in -es (<*-is); the subjoined pronoun du contributed the added t. In EWS -es is occasionally found, and sometimes the inter- mediate form -eso, but the common form is -est. The older ending of the pret. indic. pl. -un is used in EWS, but not as frequently as -on (-an). In LWS the regular ending -on is often weakened to -an, -un, etc. For the opt. pl. ending -en, pres. and pret., -on and -an sometimes occur in EWS; but in LWS this ending -en is very commonly disguised under the weakened forms -on, -an, -un, etc. (2) When the pronominal subjects wē, we, gē, ye, are placed immediately after the verb, the verbal ending is often (not uniformly) reduced to -e. Originally this form was in all probability restricted to the adhortative optative; the -e would therefore represent a reduction of -en. But in the historic periods of West-Saxon the indic. pres. and pret. and the imperative (-að and -on also giving way to -e) are found attracted into this usage. Thus, we (ge) cwedad, but cwede we (gē); wē (ge) magon, but mage we (gē); wē (gē) nimen, but nime wē (gē); wē (gē) cōmon (sōhton), but cōme (sōhte) wē (gē). (3) The 2 sg. imperative of presents in -jan with short radical vowel have the ending -e, and simplify the geminated consonant (bide, lige). NOTE. - The 2 sg. pret. of ablaut verbs has that form of the radical vowel which belongs to the pret. pl. and optative; it is, presumably, an optative form transferred into the indicative (cf. 104, 2). INFLECTION: CONJUGATION. lxiii (4) The 2 and 3 sg. pres. indic. have three special feat- ures: (1) The geminated consonants of presents in -jan are simplified: bidest, bideð; ligest, ligeð. (2) The radical vowel is changed in a manner corresponding to the operation of umlaut. This process is therefore called umlaut, although it is older than the ordinary umlaut and includes the change of e into i. This umlaut is not uniformly operative; it is most regular in EWS. (3) The personal endings may be syncopated, that is, the e of -est, -eỡ may disappear; the consequent combi- nation of the final radical consonant and -st, -ð produces results the more common of which are the following: (a) d +st becomes tst: biddan, ðū bitst; sto̟ndan, du stentst. This coincides with t + st: bītan, dū bītst; gietan, dū gi(e)tst. (b) ð + st becomes tst or st: snīðan, ðũ snītst; weorðan, ðū wi(e)rst; cweðan, ðū cwist. (c) g +st becomes (less frequently) hst: leogan, đū li(e)hst; stīgan, du stīgst, stihst. And occasionally c+st becomes hist: secan, du secst, sēhst; but brūcan, dū brycst, etc. (d) d and t + become t or tt: biddan, hē bidt, bit(t); bebēodan, he bebiet(t); etan, hẽ it(t); feohtan, he fieht; hatan, hē hæt. (e) ð + ð becomes ỡ: cweðan, hẽ cwið; snīðan, hẽ snið; weorðan, hẽ wierð. (ƒ) s +ð becomes st: cēosan, hē ciest; gehrēosan, hē gehri(e)st; forleosan, he forli(e)st. (g) g + ỡ becomes (less frequently) hỡ: drēogan, hẽ drī(e)gð, drī(e)hð; lēogan, hē lī(e)gð, li(e)hð. Occasionally e + o becomes hồ: sẽcan, hè sẽo, sẽhồ; but dyncan, dyncð, etc. lxiv AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. : CLASSIFICATION OF WEAK VERBS. (S. § 398.) 94. There are three classes of Weak Verbs: (1) the jo-class, (2) the ō-class, and (3) the ai-class. The Pret- erit and the Past Participle of all classes are formed in d (t). NOTE 1. The formative and derivative -jo- (more strictly, -ejo-) is the same element which is employed in the presents of strong verbs in -jan. The verbs of the First Class may, therefore, with equal pro- priety, be called verbs in -jan. NOTE 2. Most weak verbs are derivative. Thus, dōm, judgment, dēman (<*dōmian), to judge; cũð, adj., known, > cýðan (<*cūð- ian), to make known; feorr, adv., far, > ā-fierran (< *-feorrian), to remove; tāc(e)n, token, > tacnian (<*tācnōjan), to betoken. Some weak verbs are the transitive (or causative) complements of corresponding intransitive strong verbs, the radical syllable of the weak verb corresponding to that of the pret. sg. of the strong verb. - Thus, licgan, to lie, pret. sg. læg, —lęcgan, to lay (<*lægjan); sittan, to sit, pret. sg. sæt, — sęttan, to set (<*sætjan); cwelan, to die, pret. sg. cwæl, — cwęllan, to kill (<*cwæljan); rīsan, to rise, pret. sg. rās, — ræran, to rear, raise (<*rārian; r-de), and usually in the inflected forms of the past participle that have a vocalic case-ending. The radical vowel is umlauted: pret. dēmde, pp. dëmed, pl. dēmde. NOTE 3. The pp. of verbs in d or t (cf. 97, Note 2) often synco- pate the middle vowel: læded, læd(d); hỹdan, to hide, pret. hydde, pp. hŷded, hyd(d); mētan, to meet, pret. mētte, pp. mēted, mēt(t). When preceded by a consonant, d + d and tt (Mod. afloat) 147, 12; 150, 20. flota, m., sailor, seaman, pirate: as. flotan 156, 22; np. flotan 151, 20; gp. flotena 147, 9. flōwan, flēow fleowon flōwen (R.), flow ptc. flowende 151, 13; as. flōwendan 87, 14; 3 sg. flōwồ 119, 16; pret. 3 sg. 123, 8. flyht, m., flight, escape : ds. flyhte 133, 5; as. flyht 151, 19; is. 169, 13; 176, 28. flyht-hwæt, adj., bold or swift of flight: gs. -hwates 176, 23; ap. -hwate 170, 6. fold-agend, m., (earth-possessor) carth-dweller: gp. -agendra 165, 5. folde, f., earth, land, country: ns. 166, 8; gs. foldan 161, 10; as. 10, 5; 151, 2; is. 182, 5. [feld.] fold-wæstm, m., fruit of the earth: dp. 187, 25. fold-weg, m., way, path (on the earth): ds. (is.) -wege 143, 13. folgian (fylgean) (W. II. III.; S. 416, n. 5), follow, serve, observe, obey (w. dat.): inf. 15, 17; ptc. fylgende 114, 1; fyliende 127, 24; 1 pl. fylgeað 72, 26; imp. 2 pl. folgia 61, 15; opt. 1 pl. fylgen 64, 14; fylgeon 69, 19; pret. 3 sg. filgde 6, 26; folgode 74, 16; 2 pl. fyligdon 77, 20; 3 pl. folgodon 75, 27; 108, 23; filigdon 77, 8. folgoð, m., service, official dignity, office: as. 30, 14. [folgian.] flỹma, m., fugitive: gp. flymena folme (folm), f., hand: ds. folman 136, 20. [fleam.] fnæst, m., blowing, breath: ns. 165, 15. fōddor (fōdor), n., food : as. 174, 5. fōdor- þegu, f., partaking of food, repast: gs. -bege, 173, 21. [bicgan.] folc, n., folk, people, nation, army : ns. 89, 3; 150, 24; gs. folces 11, 10; 19, 22; 22, 20; is. folce 66, 5. folc-ge-feoht, n., general engage- ment, pitched battle: np. 17, 16. folcisc, adj., vulgar, popular: np. -isce 6, 15. folc-stęde, m., place of assembly ; battle-field: ds. -stęde 147, 18. 149, 21; 152, 25; 154, 6; dp. 144, 16. [félan 'feel.'] fōn, fēng fengon fongen (R.), seize, grasp, capture, take, receive : 3 pl. fōd 40, 3; pret. 1 sg. tō rīce fẽng, came to the throne, 27, 1; 3 sg. 17, 11; 102, 28; tō þære spræce fēng 63, 30; tō wæpnum fēng 149, 10; 3 pl. fengon tōgædere, engaged in battle, 102, 19; 141, 21. 1. for, prep. (w. dat., instr. ; and acc.): (w. dat., instr.) before (place): 27, 7; 68, 21; 102, 11.-2. (w. dat., instr.) for, on account of, because of, owing to (cause, condition, remedy): 8, 8; 14, 2; 28, 2 ; 39, 5 ; 55, 19; 131, 3; 151, 12; 181, 6; - for dæm о GLOSSARY. 281 (dām), conj., for, because, since, | for-būgan (2), avoid, escape : pret. 1, 9; 3, 17; 6, 13; 7, 6; 7, 20; 19, 13; for don 8, 2; 8, 13; for dan 33, 14; for dæm (dām) de 20, 5; 27, 16; for dÿ þe 22, 1; 33, 11; for on þe 31, 10; 31, 16; 31, 28; for dan be 74, 17; for dy for this, therefore, 24, 18; 25, 2; 29, 11; for di 79, 27; 91, 18; for þig 141, 23; for don 27, 3 ; 32, 2 ; 33, 3 for hwæm, wherefore, 48, 7; for hwig 136, 21; for hwon 12, 8; 31, 17; 71, 16. — 3. (w. acc.) for, instead of : 145, 9. } for, adv. (intensive), very: 23, 15, 70, 12; 88, 19; 95, 13; 95, 24; 157, 3, for, conj., for, because: 3, 18. for, f., journey: ds. fōre 142, 16. [faran.] foran, adv., before, in front: 19, 4; 21, 24; 24, 12; 175, 10; foran tō, 109, 5; to foran 133, 25. for-bæran. 89, n. 2) (W. I.), cause to burn; burn (trans.) : inf. 65, 27; 104, 27; 142, 14; 3 sg. -bærneð 43, 28; 3 pl. -bærnad 43, 9; opt. 1 pl. -bærne (S. 361) 65, 1; pret. 3 pl. -bærndon 20, 3; 21, 25; pp. -bærned 27, 13; 44, 2. for-beodan (2), forbid: inf. 7, 12; pp. pl. forbodene 179, 5. for-beornan (3), burn (intr.) : pp. -burnen 104, 23. 3 sg. -beah 159, 28. ford, m., ford: ds. forda (S. 273) 19, 6; 151, 29; as. ford 152, 5. for-dōn (S. 429), destroy : pret. 3 sg. -dyde 66, 2. fore, prep. (w. acc.), before (place) : 182, 29; 186, 2. for-ealdian (W. II.), become old": pp. forealdod 52, 15. fore-bēacen (-bēacn), n., fore- token: dp. 138, 15. fore-genga, m., predecessor, an- cestor up. -gengan 180, 12. fore-gisel, m., preliminary host- age: gp. -gīsla 18, 13. [Ger. Geisel.] fore-mihtig, adj., prepotent: ns. 170, 20. fore-scēawung, f., fore-sight, prov- idence: ns. 48, 13; as. -scēawunga 35, 10. fore-secgan (W. III.), 1. say be- forehand pret. 1 pl. -sædon 103, 2; 104, 4; pp. sg. -sæde, afore- said, 86, 11; pl. -sædan 77, 11. 2. foretell, predict: pret. 1 sg. -sæde 129, 16; 134, 8. fore-spræc, f., defence: ns. 46, 20. fore-sprecan (5) speak or mention beforehand: pp. sg. -sprecena, aforesaid, 22, 17; -sprecenan 65, 5. fore-stæppan (-stęppan), -stōp -stōpon -stapen (6), precede (w. dat.): 3 sg. -stæpð 91, 14; 3 pl. -stæppa 91, 23. for-beran (4), suffer, permit: 3 fore-tiohhung, f., predestination: sg. -bireð 32, 23. for-berstan (3), burst asunder; vanish, fail: 3 sg. -birste 184, 25. ns. 49, 19; 49, 24; 52, 20. fore-þingian (W.II.), plead for one; defend: 3 sg. -þingað 46, 21; opt. 3 sg. -þingie 46, 18. 4 282 GLOSSARY. fore-þonc, m., forethought, fore- knowledge: ns. 48, 13; 48, 18; 49, 4; ds. -Þo̟nce 49, 8. fore-witan (PP.), foreknow : 3 sg. - wat 49, 1. f›re-witegian (W. II.), prophesy: pret. 1 sg. -witegode 129, 17; 134, 2. for-faran (6), get in front of, ob- struct : pret. 3 pl. -fōron 24, 12. for giefan (-gifan, -gyfan) (5), give, grant; forgive: ger. -gief- anne 37, 15; pret. 3 sg. -geaf 66, for-helan (4), conceal: inf. 141, 18. for-hergian (W. II.), harry, dev- astate, lay waste: pp. -hęrgod 27, 13. for-hogdnis, f., contempt: ds. -nisse 8, 9. for-hogian (cf. for-hycgan) (W. II.), despise ptc. -hogigende 95, 8; 3 sg. -hogað 67, 13; 3 pl. -hogia 78, 12; opt. 3 sg. -hogige 76, 13; pret. 3 sg. -hogode 157, 18. 11; 153, 26 ; 2 pl. -gêafon 78, 14; | for-hradian (W.II.), hasten be- pp. -gifen 10, 18; pl. -gifene 57, 1; -gyfene 2, 9. for-gifennis (-gyfennis), f., for- giveness: ns. -gyfennys 78, 23; as. -nisse 110, 2; -gifenysse 139, 21. fore-gongan (R.), go before, pre- cede opt. 3 sg. -gange 64, 12. for-grindan, -grond -grundon -grunden (3), grind to pieces, destroy, consume: pp. 147, 20: 172, 30. for-gripan (1), seize, (1), seize, snatch away: 3 sg. -griped 182, 22. for-gyldan (-gieldan) (W. I.), re- pay, requite, buy of: inf. 181, 18; 3 sg. -gilt 61, 18; 1 pl. -gylda 122, 27; opt. 2 pl. -gyldon 150, 11. for-gytan (-gietan, -gitan)(5), for- get: pret. 3 sg. -geat 60, 16. for gytol, adj., forgetful: ns. 87, 13. for-hæfednis, f., restraint, absti- nence as. -nysse 88, 9; 100, 10. for-heard, adj., very hard: as. -heardne 154, 12. for-heawan (R.), hew, cut down pp. -heawen 153, 2; 156, 18, fore, anticipate, prevent: inf. 91, 27; 3 sg. -hradað 91, 15. forht, adj., afraid: ns. 62, 10; 162, 15; np. forhte 4, 9. forhtian (W. II.), fear, be afraid (intr.): ptc. ap. forhtgendan 67, 12; 3 pl. forhtigað 125, 18; opt. 3 sg. forhtige 83, 1; pret. opt. pl. forhtedon 149, 21. forhtung, f., fear: ds. -unge 83, 14; 92, 5. for-hwæga (-hwega), adv., at least, about: 43, 13; 43, 18. for-hycgan (S. 416, n. 3; cf. for- hogian) (W. III.), despise: 1 sg. -hycge 184, 9. for-lætan, -lēt -lēton -læten (R.), leave, leave off, omit, abandon, neglect, lose: inf. 7, 1; 7, 10; 7, 23; 70, 10; 93, 16; ptc. lætende 3, 29; 13, 8; 3 sg. -læt 57, 11; opt. 3 sg. -læte 30, 18; 56, 23; 3 pl. læten 54, 27; pret. 3 sg. 7, 22; 9, 10; 66, 18; 74, 16; 147, 19; 3 pl. 23, 1; 28, 3; 95, 26; pp. 27, 23. for-lætnes, f., remission: gs. (or gp.) -nessa 69, 28. GLOSSARY. 283 for-lēosan, -lēas -luron -loren (2), lose, abandon, destroy : 3 sg. -lýst 7, 24; opt. 3 sg. -lēose 31, 6; 1 pl. -lēosen 64, 28; pret. 2 sg. -lure 79, 25; 3 sg. 60, 18; 2 pl. 78, 4; 80, 7; 3 pl. 79, 31. forma, fyrmest (S. 314), supl. adj., first: 37, 13; forme 74, 13; as. forman 151, 25; - fyrmest: ns. 32, 6; 159, 26; firmest 109, 10. for-niman (4), take off, destroy : pret. 3 sg. -nōm 162, 27; 174, 14; 3 pl. -nōmon 163, 15. for-ridan (1), intercept by riding before (trans.): inf. 21, 24 ; pret. 3 sg. -rād 19, 3. for-rotian (W. II.), rot away, de- cay: opt. 3 sg. -rotige 101, 1; pp. -rotad 36, 3. for-sacan (6), oppose, refuse : pret. 3 pl. -sōcon 103, 18. [Mod. for- sake.] destruction, perdition: gs. -nysse 136, 18. forst, m., frost: ns. 167, 7; 173, 21; gs. forstes 165, 15. for-standan (6), understand: pret. 1 sg. -stōd 29, 4. for-stelan (4), steal away (trans.): pret. 3 pl. -stælon 141, 20. for-suwian (-sugian -swugian -swīgian; S. 416, n. 5; 214, 6) (W. III.), keep silent (trans.): inf. 141, 22. for-swalan (-swēlan) (W. I.), burn, scorch (trans. and intr.): 3 sg. -sweled 183, 18; pret. 3 sg. -swælde 1, 11. [swol; Ger. schwül.] for-swelgan (3), swallow up: pret. 3 sg. -swealh 126, 23. for-teogean (W. II.) ordain : pp. pl. -tēode 66, 22. for-tredan, -træd -trædon -treden (5), tread down: pret. 2 pl. 33, 28. ford, adv., forth, forwards, on- wards, away: 3, 16; 7, 14; 8, 8; 19, 22; 39, 5; henceforth, 62, 19; ford mid ealle, forth- with, 80, 19; and swa forð, and so on, 81, 27. forð-fēran (W. I.), depart, die: pret. 3 sg. -fērde 25, 10; 3 pl. -fērdon 23, 19. for-scrincan, -scronc -scruncon -scruncen (3), shrink, wither (intr.): pret. 3 sg. 1, 11. for-scyldigian (W.II.), condemn : pp. -scyldigod 79, 10. for-searian (W. II.), sear, dry up. wither: pp. -sẽarod 52, 16. for-sēon (5), overlook, despise, reject: 3 sg. -syhð 67, 14; -sihð 110, 4; 3 pl. -sẽop 51, 15. for-sewennis, f., contempt: -nysse 76, 5. [sēon.] for-sittan (5), delay: pret. 3 sg. forsæt (w. inst.) 142, 15. for-spęndan (W. I.), spend utterly, squander: 3 pl. -spendað 43, 29. for-spyllan (-spillan) (W. I.), spill, waste, lose, destroy: pp. -spylled 136, 25. for-spyllednis, f., spilling, waste, │for-þolian (W. II.), go without, ds. forð-fōr, f., departure, death: ns. 12, 9; gs. -fōre 11, 27; 13, 14; ds. -fōre 12, 4; 12, 15. ford-georn, adj., eager to advance : ns. 158, 14. forð-gongan (R.), advance, suc- ceed: pret. opt. 3 sg. -genge 93, 19. 284 GLOSSARY. miss, lack (w. dat.): inf. 161, | fōt-mæl, n., foot-print, space of a foot: as. 158, 8. 15. -swadum 80, 18. for-drysmian (W. II.), choke suf- fot-swæð, n., foot-print: dp. focate pret. 3 pl. for rysmodon 1, 13. [brosm, smoke, vapor.'] forð-sið, m., departure, death: ds. fracod (fracoð, fracuð) adj., of bad repute, detestable, vile, wicked: dp. 105, 8. [*fra-cūồ.] -side 87, 20. forð-weard, adj., enduring: as. fram, see from. -weardne 181, 26. forð-weg, m., way leading forth: ds. forðwege, 162, 28. for-bylman (W. I.), envelop, suffo- cate: consume: pret. 3 sg. -þylmde 175, 2. for-weard, adj., forward, fore: ns. 175, 9; ds. -weardum 33, 14. for-wegan (5), overcome, kill: pp. forwegen 156, 23. for-weornian (W. II.), wither (intr.): opt.2 pl. -weornion 78, 6. for-weorðan (-wurðan) (3), come to grief, perish: 1 pl. -wurþað 4, 6; opt. 1 pl. -weorbon 126, 9; pret. 3 sg. -wearð 25, 9. for-wiernan (-wirnan, -wyrnan) (W.I.), prohibit, prevent, refuse (w. gen.): inf. 22, 24; opt. 3 sg. -wyrne 139, 9. for-wordenlic, adj., perishable: 72, 8. [weorðan.] for-wundian (W.II.), wound seri- ously: pp. pl. -wundode 25, 7. for-wurðan, see for-weorðan. for-wyrcan (W. I.), barricade, obstruct: inf. 22, 26. for-wyrd, f. n., fate, destruction: ds.forwyrde 68, 19; 91, 22; 137,2. for-wyrdan (W. I.), perish: 3 sg. -wyrð 124, 24. föt, m., foot: gs. fōtes 157, 11; dp. fōtum 34, 1; 62, 11; ap. fët 112, 6. franca, m., spear: ds. francan 151, 25; as. 153, 27. Francan, pl. in., the Franks : gp. Francena 94, 18. Franc-land, n., the country of the Franks ds. -lande 104, 30. frætwe, pl. f., ornaments, decora- tions, equipments: np. 167, 22; 174, 3; gp. frætwa 170, 11; dp. 110, 26; 168, 14; ap. frætwe 172, 3; 176, 18. [*fra-tawe.] frætwian (W. II.), adorn: pret. 3 sg. frætwode 70, 28; pp. ge- frætwad 169, 6; 173, 12; ge- frætewod 88, 4; -ed 174, 20; 185, 13; pl. gefrætewode 77, 12. frēa (S. 277, n. 2), m., lord: ns. 10, 5; 143, 13; gs. frean 142, 16; ds. frean 149, 12; 149, 16. frēcednis, f., danger, harm: dp. -nyssum 85, 16. · frēcennes, f., danger, harm: ds. -nesse 114, 16. frēcne, adj., dangerous, perilous : as. frecnan 178, 20; 180, 25; ap. frēcne 33, 27. [cf. Mod. freak.] frēcnes (fræcnes), f., danger, harm np. frëcnessa 67, 18; dp. fræcnessum 68, 14. frefran (W. I.), comfort, console, cheer inf. 161, 5. frēfrend (ptc.), m., comforter : ns. 179, 23. GLOSSARY. 285 fugron = cat, engine о fremde (fremde), adj., strange, frignan (frīnan; S. 389, 4, n.), foreign, alien: np. fremdan 43, 31; fremde 117, 12. Ger. fremd.] [from ; fręmian (W. II., S. 400, n. 2), benefit, profit (w. dat.): inf. 76, 25; 3 sg. fręma 94, 5. [from 'valiant'; Ger. fromm.] frægn frugnon frugnen (3), ask, inquire: ptc. frignende 63, 12; 3 pl. frínað 37, 6; pret. 3 sg. 12, 13; 12, 27. [Ger. fragen.] frimdi (frimdig), adj., desirous, petitioning: ns. 155, 4. [fric- gean.] fręm-sumlice, adv., kindly: 30, frio (frēo; frĩoh fréoh, S. 297, 2), 1. frem-sumnes, f., kindness, bene- fit: gp. -nessa 73, 2; dp. 11, 18; ap. -nesse 63, 22. freo, see frio. frēod, f., good-will, peace: as. fréode 150, 18. frēolice, adv., freely: 94, 27. frēo-mæg, m., free kinsman: dp. 160, 21. frēond, m., friend: ns. 71, 21; as. frēond 79, 27; dp. 43, 3; 63, 6; ap. frỹnd 156, 24. frēond-leas, adj., friendless: as. -léasne 161, 5. freondlice, adv., in friendly man- ner: 26, 2; 30, 1. frēorig, adj., cold, chill: ns. 161, 10. [freosan.] freoðu, see frið. Frēsisc, adj., Frisian: as. on Fresisc, in the Frisian manner, 24, 6; gp. -iscra 24, 29. fretan (