ANALYSI
OF THE
OCCUPATIONS
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GENERAL LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
THE
Hagerman Collection
OF BOOKS RELATING TO
HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
BOUGHT WITH MONEY PLACED BY
JAMES J. HAGERMAN OF CLASS OF '61
IN THE HANDS OF
Professor Charles Kendall Adams
IN THE YEAR
1883.
HB
2.673
S73
AN ANALYSIS
OF THE
OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE,
SHOWING THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE
AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, SHIPPING, COLONIAL, COMMERCIAL,
AND MINING INTERESTS,
OF THE
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND ITS DEPENDENCIES,
IN NUMBERS, CAPITAL, AND ANNUAL PRODUCTIONS;
AND ALSO THE PROPORTION WHICH THE AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURING INTERESTS
RESPECTIVELY PAY OF THE DIRECT AND LOCAL TAXATION OF THE COUNTRY.
COMPILED FROM THE
CENSUS OF 1841 AND OTHER OFFICIAL RETURNS.
BY WILLIAM FREDERICK SPACKMAN,
AUTHOR OF AN ANNUAL PUBLICATION ON THE STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
"In every country the FIRST CREDITOR is the PLOUGH. This original indefeasible claim supersedes every other demand."
Edmund Burke.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY AND FOR THE AUTHOR,
AND SOLD BY
RICHARDSON, CORNHILL.-OLLIVIER, PALL MALL.
M.DCCC.XLVII.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY REYNELL AND WEIGHT,
LITTLE PULTENEY STREET.
Reclass, 10-28-29 ER
PREFACE.
THE greatness of a nation is not made up or dependent
on any one particular section of the community, but is the
result of the prosperity of the whole; and the object of the
present work in ascertaining and defining the exact status
of each interest in the body politic is not so much to give
a triumph to any as to do justice to all.
It is unnecessary to enlarge on the importance of pro-
moting agriculture by all the means in our power, as it must
be obvious to every one that it is the first duty of all go-
vernments to provide food for the people. The nation must
be fed, at whatever cost; and the only question at issue be-
tween the two great parties is, whether you can produce at
home the food necessary to sustain the population, or obtain
it from abroad, with greater collateral advantages to the
whole community.
This is the all-important question that has so long en-
gaged the attention of our people, and which our present cir-
vi
PREFACE.
cumstances continue to impress on the public mind with
greater force than ever. Its gravity, as compared with others,
will, in all probability, render it an all-absorbing matter of
interest, until the policy of free trade shall have been con-
firmed or abandoned, as the results of our experience may
dictate.
The considerations which necessarily enter into so im-
portant a subject are many; and so far as they bear on the
interests of each class in society and the importance of
the agricultural, as compared with the manufacturing in-
terest, our labours will probably not be in vain in the present
attempt to place them fully and fairly before the public.
We have no intention to decry the importance of
the mechanical arts or the value of our manufacturing indus-
try. To do either would be as unworthy of the statician as
it would be fatal to the statesman. No one can deny the
great advantages of a constant source of employment for a
large amount of our population, or the benefits derived
from exchanging their productions for those of other
nations.
It were something too much, however, to expect that in
a time of profound peace the rivalry of other nations and the
interests of all mankind should be concentrated in furthering
British industry; and it is therefore not less our duty than
our interest to ascertain with some degree of certainty what
have been the primary causes of our past success as well as
the real character of the principles on which we are to
rely for the future in meeting the competition of other
nations.
PREFACE.
vii
The times and events which gave to Great Britain a
monopoly of the manufacturing and commercial trade of
the world have long since passed away; and, from the year
1815, there has been a constant struggle going on between the
statesmen of this and other countries as to the extent to which
the exclusive privileges acquired by us up to that time
shall be surrendered for the common benefit of all.
On all hands we find this antagonistic principle in full
operation. Nearly all the nations of Europe and the two
Americas, without having any corresponding advantages to
offer, have severally put in claims for the removal of those
restrictions which have hitherto governed our intercourse with
them, and, failing to obtain these, have, by countervailing
duties, sought to exclude us from their own markets.
It is not, therefore, so much reciprocity as a demand for
the surrender of a principle,—a demand to be admitted to a
participation of profits, to an equality of rights; and the
only difficulty on our part in at once conceding all that is
required of us is, that there is no equality in the circum-
stances of the two parties.
During the late war, it is true we enjoyed many
advantages, and almost exclusive possession of the whole
commerce of the seas, but this desperate struggle left us with
a debt of 800 millions. It no doubt operated as a scourge
on other nations. For a time it paralysed every interest, and
swept off generations of their people: agriculture with them
made no progress, their m. nufactures were abandoned, and the
arts and sciences only followed the chariot-wheels of the
viii
PREFACE.
conqueror to record his triumphs and to perpetuate his
fame.
The sacrifice on the part of those countries was, however,
a present, not a prospective one; with us it has operated as a
mortgage of the present possessions and future labour of the
whole population down to the latest posterity.
To dispute the validity of this mortgage we imagine to
be altogether out of the question. It would entail individual
ruin and national dishonour. The taxes necessary to dis-
charge the obligation must therefore be paid, and the labour
which does pay them, we contend, is entitled to protection
against that which has neither part nor lot in the matter.
Some men indeed are sanguine enough to imagine that
even with such an incubus on our exertions, we can leave all
competition far behind us. However highly one may estimate
the energy and industry of our people, it is difficult to
be satisfied with such a conclusion, and the pages of
this work, we venture to say, afford abundant evidence,
from the progress made by other countries, of its being a
most unjust one. It is the same with nations as with indi-
viduals-capital may do much, but not everything, and it is
only indispensably necessary where taxation is high. Large
farms prevail in England because the application of capital
is essential to secure an increase of production on a given
amount of land. In the United States, small arable farms
are the rule throughout the Union, and both, in all countries,
are determined by the presence or absence of taxation. Large
factories may enable the manufacturers of one country to
PREFACE.
ix
compete successfully with those of another, provided there
be any parity in their circumstances; but if the one is heavily
taxed and the other is comparatively untaxed, the cheaper
labour of the latter will, in many cases, completely set all
the multiplying powers of machinery at defiance.
The national burdens of a people, inasmuch as they enter
into everything that is conducive to their daily strength,
must retard their progress in proportion as they are easy
or otherwise, and it was just as reasonable to expect that
the Israelites of old could make bricks without straw, as it
would be that the labour of individuals in this country could
compete with the untaxed labour of the Swiss, the Germans,
and the Saxons in respect of manufactures, or with that
of the provinces of the Baltic in respect of agricultural pro-
ductions.
A writer in one of the most distinguished of our period-
icals, has, with peculiar felicity, enumerated the items of
taxation which the labour of our people is made to contribute
to the necessities of the State, and shown that it embraces
everything within the compass of our wants and wishes, from
our entrance into the world to our final exit from it. The
beer, tea, coffee, sugar, and everything else that we either eat
or drink, the hat which covers the head, the shoes that enclose
the feet, the raiment wherewith we are clothed, nay, all that
is necessary to support the strength and gratify the senses,
must pay an enormous government toll before it can reach the
individual who has nothing but his labour to sustain him. In
health or in sickness he contributes to the taxation of the
State, and after he has departed this life, should his virtues
be chronicled at all, the knowledge of them must be handed
X
PREFACE.
down to posterity on taxed marble, and then, but only then,
can it be said that he is gathered to his fathers, to be taxed
no more.
Since, then, the taxation of a country is so unlimited in its
operation and so imperative in its effects, the actual impor-
tance of each class in the same community must be deter-
mined by the amount which they severally contribute to the
national burdens, and this we have endeavoured to ascertain
and define.
Of the number of persons actually employed by the
agriculturists and manufacturers, no difference of opinion can
exist, as we have adopted the government classification in
every instance, and copied the figures given in the returns.
We believe this classification to be correct in principle, and
but slightly erroneous in details.
Political economists may exercise their ingenuity by
calling in question this classification, but we believe it is the
only one that accurately traces the dependence of an individual
on the one or the other interest, and as this is the primary
object of all such matters, if it attains this end, it is sufficient
for all purposes. By the Landed Interest, we mean not only
the proprietors of the soil, but all that are engaged in its
cultivation, and all the interests that are dependent on and
supported by both landlord and tenant. An Agriculturist
is one who grows the raw material.
The Manufacturer
changes the fabric from cotton into calico; flax into linen;
wool into cloth; raw into manufactured silk; mineral ores
into various combinations of metals; and the skin of an
animal into leather.
PREFACE.
xi
All besides the Agriculturists and the Manufacturers,
are auxiliaries, not principals; thus the handicraftsman
alters the form, but not the substance, and adapts the article
to the use of the consumer,—so, the miller, baker, and
butcher; the tailor, milliner, and shoemaker.
There is also a very numerous class, who neither produce,
manufacture, nor alter the shape or substance of an article,
and these are called merchants, if they buy and sell in a
wholesale manner, or shopkeepers and retail dealers, if they
sell by retail. The business of these is to distribute all articles
imported from abroad or produced at home, through every
city, town, and village in the United Kingdom; and the
Government definition of all these auxillaries is, "Engaged
in Trade and Commerce."
The dependence of any particular class engaged in trade
and commerce, or in handicraft, is not upon the party who
produces, alters, or supplies the article, but upon the indi-
vidual who consumes it, and if there is any tax whatever on
the raw material, or on any thing used in its manufacture,
adaptation, or distribution, it is on him that all and every
item of such tax, together with all profits and charges, must
ultimately fall.
Inasmuch, however, as there is no wealth in this country
of any amount, but what has been derived either from Agricul-
ture or Manufactures, nor any of which the value is not deter-
mined by the success of these; so, again, this consumer, what-
ever his rank or position in society may be, is mainly depen-
dent on them. The rental of land, the income from houses,
or investments in the public funds, are merely the represen-
xii
PREFACE.
tatives of so much labour, and the means necessary to pay
them are principally drawn from either Agriculture or Manu-
factures.
Our annual creation of wealth may be thus stated:
Agriculture
£250,000,000
Manufactures, deductingthe} 127,000,000
value of the raw material
Mining Interest
37,000,000
Colonial Interest
18,000,000
Foreign Commerce (includ-
ing the Shipping Interest),
10 per Cent. on the amount
15,000,000
of our Exports and Imports
Fisheries
3,000,000
£450,000,000
The Peer
And from one or the other of these does every individual in
the land derive his income or means of support.
of the realm, the landed proprietor, the Government annui-
tant, the clergyman, the medical, and the legal adviser, with the
banker, merchant, dealer, and handicraftsman of every class
and kind, derive what is necessary to support their state
and condition and their daily sustenance from these spring-
heads of national wealth. This is the substance of the nation;
and what we call money consists merely of the counters we use
to denote and measure the value of this substance as it passes
from one to another.
To do equal justice to all classes, the legislation of a
country ought therefore to keep steadily in view their rela-
tive importance, not only as regards numbers, but also their
powers of production and the proportion which they severally
PREFACE.
xiii
bear of the national burdens. Unless this is the governing
principle, it strikes at the root of their prosperity, and the
injury inflicted on a class is evinced in the gradual decay of
the whole community.
We live in an age when mankind place but little reliance
on opinions, however authoritatively expressed. The state-
ments of a Prime Minister are subjected, as they ought to be,
to the strictest scrutiny; and when opposed to the policy of
a long political career, are received by all parties with suspi-
cion. The opinions of men, almost gifted with the spirit of pro-
phecy, who have grown gray in writing voluminous works on all
conceivable subjects, are set at nought; for the present ge-
neration is a matter of fact one, and nothing short of demon-
stration will satisfy it.
We submit the present work to its decision, in the full
confidence that, however imperfectly we may have executed
the task, in this particular it will be found to be in accordance
with the public taste. We are also not without the hope
that it will disabuse the public mind of much of the error
which so generally prevails on this matter, and reconcile
both parties to the maintenance in all their integrity of the
most important interests of the British Empire.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction.-Necessity for the present Inquiry
Pages 1 to 7
CHAPTER II.
Objections to the Form of the Government Returns.--Notice of the Fallacies of
Public Writers thereon.-Examination of the terms Trade and Commerce.
Pages 8 to 20
CHAPTER III.
THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST.
Notice of Free Trade Fallacies in respect of the natural Laws governing the
Production of Food.-Superiority of the Agricultural as compared with the
Manufacturing, as regards Numbers, Sex, and Age.-Comparison of the Amount
of Employment given to the Labouring Classes by each Interest.-Review of
the Circumstances of each, and of the Numbers of all other Classes in the
Population dependent on each
Pages 21 to 29
CHAPTER IV.
Erroneous Opinions of Mr Cobden and Mr Bright respecting the Farming Interest.
-Inclosure of Land since 1800.-Improvement in Cultivation and increased
Productions.-Mr Couling's Tables of the Land of the United Kingdom. -
Average Price of Wheat, and Number of Inclosure Bills passed since 1760.-
Import and Export of Grain from 1695.-Prices of Grain in Foreign Countries.
-Rental of the United Kingdom.-Capital employed in Agriculture.-Estimate
of the Annual Productions of Agriculture.—Conclusion
Pages 30 to 52
CONTENTS.
XV
CHAPTER V.
THE MANUFACTURING INTEREST.
Review of the Progress of Manufactures in Great Britain and Foreign Counties since
the Peace.-Locality of the Manufacturing Interest in the United Kingdom.-
Its numerical Strength.-Number of Persons employed in the most important
Branches Number employed in Ireland.-Tendency of Mechanical Power to
abridge Labour
Pages 53 to 64
CHAPTER VI.
The Manufacture of Cotton.-Review of the present Circumstances of this Trade.-
Estimate of the Capital invested and employed in the Manufacture.-Amount of
annual Productions.-Comparison of Home and Export Trade.-Number of
Persons employed and dependent.-Tables of Import of Raw Cotton, and the
Official and Declared Value of the Exports of Manufactured Goods from 1820 to
1846
Pages 64 to 75
CHAPTER VII.
The Manufacture of Woollens. - Change of Fabric caused by the Mixture of Coarse
with Fine Wools.-Numbers employed.-Capital invested.-Annual Produc-
tions. Comparison of Home and Foreign Trade.-Table of Woollen Goods
exported from 1815 to 1844.
The Manufacture of Linen.-Distribution of the Trade.-Number of Persons em-
ployed.-Capital invested.-Annual Productions.--Comparison of Home and
Foreign Trade.-Table of Imports of Flax and Exports of Linen from 1834
to 1846.
The Manufacture of Silk.-Notice of Mr Huskisson's Alteration of Duties in 1824,
and Progress of the Silk Trade since that Time.-Quantity imported and
smuggled into this Country.-Amount of Capital invested -Annual Produc-
tions. Comparison of Home and Foreign Trade.-Table of Imports of Raw
Silk and Exports of Manufactured Goods from 1820 to 1846.
Summary of Manufactures.-The Amount of their Annual Productions.-Com-
parison of the Home and Foreign Trade in the Consumption and Distribution of
these
Pages 76 to 95
CHAPTER VIII.
THE MINING INTEREST.
Its Antiquity.-Coal.-Iron.-Tin.-Lead.-Salt.-Summary of Persons employed.
-Capital embarked.—Annual Productions.-Comparison of Home and Foreign
Trade.
Pages 96 to 100
CHAPTER IX.
THE SHIPPING AND COLONIAI. INTERESTS AND FOREIGN TRADE.
Notice of Commerce previous to the Rise of the Manufacturing Interest.
The Shipping Interest.-Navigation Laws.-Origin and Intention of them.-Reci-
procity Treaties.-Reduction of Protective Duties on Whale Oil, and its Effect
on the Whale Fisheries.-Mistake of Sir Robert Peel as to the Cause of the
xvi
CONTENTS.
Advance in Value of Lard.-Coasting Trade.-Foreign Trade. -Colonial Trade.
Capital invested in Shipping.-Annual Profits.
The Colonial Interests.-The Political Importance of our Colonies.—Opinions of Mr
McCulloch and Mr Porter.-List of our Colonies. Shipping.-Exports.
The Foreign Trade.-Comparative Tables of the Imports and Exports of England,
France, and the United States from 1801 to 1844.-Exports of Great Britain to
all Countries in 1844.-Official and Declared Value of the Exports and Imports
of Great Britain from 1801 to 1846
Pages 101 to 120
Review of the whole subject
CHAPTER X.
CONCLUSION.
APPENDIX.
Pages 121 to 128
LIST of the AUTHORITIES referred to in the compilation of this Work.
PAGE
The Counties of England, in alphabetical order
Summary of England
The Counties of Wales, in alphabetical order
Summary of Wales
The Counties of Scotland, in alphabetical order
Summary of Scotland
The Islands in the British Seas
The Counties of Ireland, in alphabetical order
Summary of Ireland
Summary of the United Kingdom
Summary of Persons engaged in Agriculture
Summary of their Age and Sex
Summary of all the Persons engaged in Manufactures
Summary of their Age and Sex
Summary of Persons engaged in the Manufacture of the Textile Fabrics
Summary of all persons engaged in Trade and Commerce
Summary of all Persons employed in working the Mines
Tabular statement of the Mining Interest
Summary of the Mining Interest
Tables of the Shipping Interest
Professional Persons
Other Educated Persons
•
Persons returned as Independent
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial Town and Church Officers
Domestic Servants
Labourers
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
Workhouses, Hospitals, Gaols, Lunatic Asylums
Criminals
Public Charities
Rental of England and Wales
دو
of Scotland
of Ireland
A Synoptical Table embracing the whole.
1 to 45
46
48 to 59
60
62 to 93
94
96
97 to 137
138
140
142
144
147
•
148 to 151
152
155 to 160
163
164 and 165
·
166
168 to 173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
ib.
182
183
184 and 185
•
186
187
ERRATA.
PAGE 9, for "overwhelming number," read "overwhelming numbers."
14, for "six midland and northern counties," read “ eight.'
""
""
14, for "six out of the fifty-two counties," read "eight."
26, for "Mr M'Culloch estimates the capital employed in the cotton trade
at thirty-four millions," read "forty-seven millions."
27, for "six midland and northern counties," read "eight."
28, for "produces annually three hundred millions," &c., read "two hun-
dred and fifty millions."
""
38, for "if low prices out are," &c., read "for if low prices only.”
""
90, for "the returns in the census for 1811," read " 1841."
tr
IN THE APPENDIX :—
PAGE 27, Northumberland, Property tax on land is omitted. Amount, £24,378.
28, Nottingham, Property tax on land is omitted. Amount, £20,641.
""
""
176, for "the rental of the land of the United Kingdom is about fifty-two
millions," read fifty-eight millions, that of houses forty millions,
government annuitants thirty millions, making together one hun.
dred and twenty-eight millions," &c.
AN ANALYSIS
OF THE
OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction.-Necessity for the present Inquiry.
It has been the subject of remark with writers in all ages, that many
of the most important changes which have been wrought, whether
for evil, or for good, in the social and political institutions of man-
kind, have sprung from very inadequate causes in the first instance,
and have often been carried out without the slightest reference to
any deduction which could be drawn from the experience of the
past, or which the facts relating to the present would justify.
The passions of the multitude are easily influenced to this end.
The long continuance in one line of policy or course of trade often-
times produces a desire of change, and at such a moment the
slightest pressure on the circumstances of a people is sufficient to
turn the current, or direct the course, of public opinion which decides
the fate of the question. If to this we add, that, should at any
time popular agitation have for its object, the transfer of political
power from the few to the many, the reduction of the price of
food,—or an increase in the price of labour, the arguments in
support of such propositions, however impracticable, however absurd
in the abstract, or pernicious in their effects, are seldom examined by
b
2
Occupations of the People.
the masses in the first instance, because, prima facie, they them-
selves appear to have a direct interest in bringing about such
results, and thus a handful of demagogues agitating for their own
selfish ends have not unfrequently overturned what the practical
wisdom of ages had established.
The same remark will apply not only to the masses, but to those
who are entrusted with their government. Ministers of state in
their struggles for political power,-senators whose adherence to a
party, or an interest, is the condition of their election,—and even
the public press, desirous of retaining its hold on the popular will,
have all frequently exhibited the most remarkable conversions to
opinions which, through a long political career, they had previously
opposed.
It is not within our province nor is it our intention in any such
case to impute motives, but to deal with the data put forward in
justification of such conversions, and, so far as the relative im-
portance of the Agricultural and Manufacturing Interests is con-
cerned, to show that they have no foundation in honesty or truth.
With no better security, however, for the stability of any
particular system than the popular will, it is nothing extraordinary
that the most important interest of a country should for a time be
decried, neglected, or sacrificed, or that, in such a state of things,
some of the most time-honoured institutions of a country should
disappear.
If universal peace and good-will always prevailed among the
nations of the earth, and the civil and political circumstances of
every country were alike; or even if the relative importance of
each class in the same community were so nicely balanced, that
the trial of any new principle of national policy would equally
affect all; the argument against violent changes, although still un-
answered, would lose much of its force; but, unfortunately for
this assumption, perfect equality is not a principle in nature. It is
not to be found in the dispensations of Providence, in the civil or
political condition of nations, or in the external or internal circum-
stances of those several classes of mankind who collectively con-
stitute the separate kingdoms of which the earth is composed.
Introduction.
3
We have not the slightest wish to derogate from the importance
of manufactures, the value of new inventions, or the use of ma-
chinery, but it will be a part of our duty to ascertain how far
these have been carried on respectively of the labour which some
suppose they have a tendency to supplant, and, above all, we
desire to estimate them at their real value.
It has been often said that a purely agricultural country never
could be a rich one; but, at all events, Britain exercised a great
and powerful influence among the nations when manufactures
were but yet in their infancy, and it is a matter of record that for
the extension of her power over an empire which has no parallel
in history, and for her dominion of the seas, she is indebted to
which,
"A bold peasantry, their country's pride,"
"When once destroyed, can never be supplied."
On the other hand, were it possible to realize the most sanguine
assertions of the free-traders, and to make these fair islands the
workshop of the world, we should have but a very slight security
for the continuance of any prosperity derived from such a source;
for, independent of the competition of other countries with whom
Cotton, Fine Wool, and Silk are natural productions-assisted as
they are by recent discoveries of Coal and Minerals-the very
principle of our success in the first instance, viz., the increase and
perfection of our mechanical power, would be certain, by its multi-
plication, to insure its own destruction; for, as we shall pre-
sently demonstrate, the increase in the production of manufactured
goods, and the employment of the population, proceed in an
inverse ratio to each other.
For these reasons a mixed community of agriculturists and
manufacturers, and a system that under all circumstances shall induce
the cultivation of the soil to the greatest possible extent, and that
altogether irrespectively of other markets, we believe to be the best
for any nation and people, the only security for the supply of
their own wants, the only certain means of maintaining their
own independence.
4
Occupations of the People.
It is also our firm conviction that the one interest cannot suffer
loss and depression for any length of time without reacting on the
other, and in the end involving it in the same consequences.
The two are therefore interested in mutual protection and support,
and any false principle of legislation which shall endanger the security
of agriculture will undoubtedly seal the fate of manufactures.
It behoves us, then, to take especial care that we depart not
from first principles, for, in national as well as individual instances,
there is a moral retribution which never fails to exact a heavy
penalty in all such cases: thus, the excess of public liberty is
licentiousness, in the end producing a grinding despotism; and
freedom of trade, although when carried out on just and equitable
principles, may be considered the perfection of political economy,
and perhaps of human wisdom; yet, if not based on this principle
of justice to all classes, it may produce the very evils it was in-
tended to check, and, by damaging the most important meinber
of the body politic, may have the effect of laying every other
prostrate in the dust.
We propose to show that these remarks are applicable to the
false estimate which has been made, and which very generally
prevails, of the status of the agricultural interest of the United
Kingdom.
Much of the ignorance which exists on this matter may be
ascribed to the very uninviting character of the Government pub-
lications. To investigate and analyze the formidable array of
figures which form the population returns of the census of 1841,
and a host of others made by Church, Tithe, Poor-law, and Tax
Commissioners, and to collate and concentrate the whole, is a task
indeed which few will undertake for themselves, and which we
believe is now for the first time attempted.
The principles of division and sub-division, the incompleteness of
the details, and the want of uniformity in the returns for Great
Britain and those for the kingdom of Ireland, have been the subject
of much doubt and difficulty to most persons who have ventured on
the inquiry, and in some instances have only stultified it when
made.
Introduction.
Hence men, well informed and intelligent on all other subjects,
have been deplorably deficient in a knowledge of that which ought
to be the foundation of all and every argument affecting the in-
terests of those two great classes of mankind, the agriculturists
and the manufacturers; viz., the exact proportion which they
respectively bear to each other and to the whole population of the
country. They have thus been led to adopt and argue on general
assumptions as extravagant and absurd as they are fallacious and
inconsequential.
The Commissioners for taking the census of 1841 have in
their "Abstract" departed from the practice of their predecessors.
This has deceived many superficial readers, and furnished many
designing men with an argument to depreciate the real strength
and importance of the agricultural interest. The orators of the
League, for instance, in all their speeches and writings, took
especial care to exclude from consideration nearly one-third of
the population of the United Kingdom living in Ireland, seven-
eighths of whom are wholly dependent on agriculture.
To correct these errors, whether of design or misconception, and
to bring before the public the statistical facts which bear on the con-
dition and circumstances of each interest, is the object of the present
work. In the execution of the task, we shall confine ourselves
to facts, and not to opinions,-to figures extracted from the govern-
ment returns in every instance, and not to assertions,—leaving our
readers to draw such inferences from these as the strict justice of
the case may in each instance require.
Our first duty will be to define the general principles on which
this inquiry is to be conducted.
Political economists may differ in their definitions of productive
and unproductive labour, but it is quite clear that there are two great
divisions of mankind-the producer and the non-producer; and also
two great sources from which all mankind derive their wealth-
the raw material and the manufactured one.
The producers of the raw material are certainly the first and
most important class in all communities, not only because, having
no machinery to assist their labours, they must of necessity be the
·
6
Occupations of the People.
most numerous, but because they are in truth the root from whence
all others derive their origin.
In the condition assigned to this class by Providence, they
realize the primeval curse inflicted on our first parents, that man
should cultivate the soil by the sweat of his brow. They are,
in every instance, the pioneers of human civilization, and compel
the earth in many a barren and desolate wilderness to assume
the appearance of an earthly paradise, and to yield up her
countless stores of corn, wine, and oil, of fruits, vegetables,
and flowers in endless variety to sustain the wants, to supply the
necessities, and to gratify the senses of man. Machinery, as applied
to the cultivation of the soil, is yet in its infancy, and contri-
butes little or nothing to the saving of labour, or to the production
of those great results which enable us in all seasons, except when
it shall please Providence to afflict us in common with other
countries with a deficient crop, to feed twice the amount of popu-
lation which existed in the year 1800, this increased production
giving at the same time a corresponding amount of employment to
the working classes, and thus ministering to their wants, instead
of supplanting their labour.
The next in importance is the manufacturer, who by his skill can
give additional lustre to the diamond, can not only transmute ores
into precious metals, but form and fashion them into every
variety of shape for the use, convenience, and luxury of mankind,
and who also by the multitude of his inventions, can turn the pro-
duction of a moth, and the gossamer of a cotton tree, into the most
costly and useful fabrics that either minister to the comforts, or add
to the substantial riches of society.
The manufacturer, however, differs from the agriculturist in one
very important particular. While, with the gigantic and unlimited
power of machinery, he can almost realize the wonders of Alad-
din's lamp, and produce goods to any extent which the demand
of a world might require, he at the same time supersedes nearly
an equal amount of human labour, so that, if this mighty power of
production could be carried on ad infinitum, it would present the
extraordinary anomaly of the accumulation of great wealth on
Introduction.
the part of the mill-owner, with the condition of the labouring
classes in a course of gradual deterioration, hence, except in times
when the opening up of new markets gave a great additional stimu-
lus to trade, the destitution of the lower classes, with every return
of adversity, would become deeper and deeper still, until at last
it formed an aggregate of human misery that would dissolve the
entire framework of society.
These, then, are the two great sections into which a community
necessarily and naturally divides itself; all others, by whatever name
called, are not principals but auxiliaries to these, and therefore all
persons engaged in Trade and Commerce-the Mining Interest,
-the Shipping Interest, and all other classes, must be referred to
these as to a common root, on which they are dependent for their
means of support, and without which they could not exist.
After noticing certain objections to the form of the Government
returns, and the fallacies which have been adopted by many of
our public writers in consequence thereof, we shall proceed to
ascertain the relative strength and importance of each interest, and
the exact degree of dependence, on the one or the other, of every
other class of the community. In other words, we shall range
each under their respective standards, and proceed to number
the people.
8
Occupations of the People.
CHAPTER II.
Objections to the form of the Government Returns.-Notice of the
Fallacies of public Writers thereon.-Examination of the terms
Trade and Commerce.
THE object of taking a Census of the people every ten years we
imagine to be three-fold :
1st. In order to ascertain the numerical strength of the nation.
as a whole, and the causes operating to an increase or decrease of
the population.
2nd. To ascertain the progress of each separate interest in the
community, so that, by the application of wise and judicious legis-
lation, we may protect each according to its importance as com-
pared with the whole.
3rd. To trace the relative degree of dependence of one class
upon another.
It is a little remarkable that in the accomplishment of this
object any difficulty should arise. At first sight it would appear
to be simple enough, and in truth it is as simple an affair as can
well be to those who will take the trouble of examining the details
for themselves; but the Commissioners for taking the Census and
several of our public writers have so perverted the figures which
they themselves have placed on record, that without this examina-
tion the “most abstruse and fanciful theories" imaginable have been
palmed off on the public as the most veritable of truths, and these
form the foundation of nearly all the arguments which have been
adduced in support of the new system of political economy.
What a security for the realization of that millennium of pros-
perity which free trade is to confer on mankind!
But first in reference to the returns made by the Commissioners:
Objections to the Government Returns.
9
The return of 1831 was made under three main heads, viz.—
AGRICULTURE,
ManufactuRES,
ALL OTHER CLASSES;
and the returns under these heads were as follows, viz.—

GREAT.
IRELAND.
BRITAIN.
AGRICULTURE.
Agricultural Occupiers employing Labourers
187,075
95,339
Occupiers not employing Labourers
168.815
564,274
Labourers employed in Agriculture
887,167
567,441
Total employed in Agriculture
1,243,057
1,227,054
MANUFACTURES.
Employed in Manufactures, or in making Manufacturing
Machinery
404,317
25,746
ALL OTHER CLASSES.
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,159,867
298,838
Capitalists, Bankers, Professional and other educated Men
Labourers employed in Labour not Agricultural, as
Miners, Quarriers, Fishermen, Porters, &c.
Other Males twenty years of Age except Servants
Male Servants
214,390
61,514
-
608,712
89,876
235,499
110,595
78,669
54,142
3,944,511
1,867,765
Total number of Males of the age of 20 years and
upwards in the United Kingdom
5,812,276
This was the state of things in 1831; but between this period
and 1841 a new theory had been propounded, and much new light
appears to have broken in upon gentlemen holding high official
situations, and some others of our public writers. Many of these
had sent forth publications assigning such overwhelming numb er
to each branch of manufactures as to form a total perfectly
irreconcilable with the above fact that only 430,063 males of all
ages above that of twenty were engaged in their production. This
was only about one-sixth of the number engaged in agriculture,
and about one-thirteenth of the whole; and although these figures
were perfectly correct and fully confirmed by the Census of 1841,
yet the form in which the fact was presented to the public was
fatal to any argument touching the numerical strength and impor-
tance of the manufacturing interest.
It was also fatal to any conclusion that it would be safe or politic
10
Occupations of the People.
to legislate for so small an interest at the expense of one which
preponderated to such an extent as it is here shown the agricul-
tural interest did at this period.
No course, therefore, was left but to quarrel with the returns
themselves, and to show that, like other statistical returns, they con-
tained many apparent fallacies, which it required no great stretch
of ingenuity to use on the one or the other side of an argument at
the will and pleasure of a writer; but, at the same time, although
so used, and that with much subtlety, the said returns might still
be perfectly correct.
On this head the Commissioners report as follows, page 8:—
+
"In some cases the accuracy of returns of this kind has been impugned, in conse-
quence of the small numbers returned as engaged in making or selling articles of
very general consumption. Thus, the assertion that any large place contains but
one spectacle-maker, two pork-butchers, three coffin-makers, or four hatters, has
been quoted as incorrect or ridiculous; whereas it should be borne in mind, that
only in places of such importance and commercial activity as to require and
support great subdivision of trades, would any such occupations be separately
carried on at all. In many small country towns, the spectacle-maker would merge
in the optician, who would perhaps be also the watch-maker, the barometer-seller,
and the bell-hanger of his neighbourhood. The coffin-maker would be doing the
last offices to his former customers in the cabinet-making line; while the hatter
would figure in the list as draper, grocer, bookseller, or shopkeeper, according as he
might prefer one name to the other."
And yet, notwithstanding this very proper explanatory remark
of the Commissioners, which accounts for and embraces the whole
argument, Mr Porter, in his "Progress of the Nation" for 1847, en-
deavours to show that such a classification is perfectly useless be-
cause it does not correspond in all instances with the number of
Excise Licences granted for carrying on particular trades. Why,
how can any return or classification do so, when as every body knows,
many tradesmen in large towns, and all tradesmen in small towns,
carry on half a dozen or a dozen trades, requiring for each a par-
ticular licence from the Excise: thus, an individual may be a tea-
dealer, tobacco-dealer, wine-dealer, spirit-dealer, soap-maker, tallow-
chandler, vender of patent medicines, and brewer, and many other
trades, all requiring a licence, and yet in the returns of the Census
he may be called by that which in a country town includes the whole,
a grocer.
Objections to the Government Returns.
11
Had Mr Porter shown us that these were improperly classed as
dealers, and that they were in truth manufacturers, there would have
been something in the argument; but the objection that they are
called by one of the trades in which they deal, instead of another, is
puerile indeed, and in fact amounts to nothing.
This, however, was only intended to raise a difficulty where none
actually existed; a trader or dealer in an article, and a manufacturer
of it, are two callings as distinct as any two things well can be, and
about which there could be no mistake.
But it had a far different object, and this will be found in Mr
Porter's books, both of 1837 and 1847.
In both editions we have the following paragraph:
By adopting only two divisions or classes, this difficulty is removed, and a greater
degree of certainty upon the subject is attained. The persons appointed to prepare
the returns might easily fall into errors in classing traders and followers of profes-
sions, but could hardly fail to distinguish from all others those families who drew
their support from agricultural occupations."
And so, because it was possible that the enumerator might have
some doubt about the class to which a few trades or callings be-
longed, whether they were dealers or manufacturers, Mr Porter
in 1837 recommended that for the future the population should
be divided into two divisions or classes, viz., Agriculturists, and
those engaged in Trade, Commerce, and Manufactures ; and in the
Census of 1841 the Government adopted the suggestion, and the re-
turns have consequently been made in this form. Throughout the
editions of the "Progress of the Nation," in 1837 and 1847, we
have accordingly the occupations of the people treated in reference
to two classes only, which for any practical purpose is as great an
absurdity as if we were to call the Agriculturists themselves
Manufacturers. One of the principal objects of taking the Census,
as we have before said, is to trace the relative degree of dependence
of one class upon another; but how can this be done if all the
trade and commerce of the country is to be mixed up and classed
with manufactures?
The real object of this manœuvre was to conceal the weakness
of the manufacturing interest, and at the same time to oust the
agricultural interest from that precedence which, in all former
times, had been accorded to it in the National Accounts, and which
12
Occupations of the People.
it is the object of this work to show it is still pre-eminently enti-
tled to hold in the Statistics of the British Empire.
Mr Porter would have us to consider Trade and Commerce, and
Manufactures as synonymous terms, and that together they only
form one class; and he seems to be so thoroughly haunted with the
numerical weakness of the manufacturing interest, that his fear of
its being discovered peeps out in every paragraph, and by mixing
them up, in every table in which they are mentioned in his book,
with those engaged in trade and commerce, he has effectually
succeeded in his object.
The gross injustice of confounding all persons engaged in trade
and commerce with the manufacturers, is very strikingly illustrated
by the four first counties in the Government summary, which, in
that document, stand thus:-

Bedford
Berks
Bucks -
Cambridge
COUNTIES.
Trade, Commerce, and
Manufactures.
14,333
16,479
19,669
14,744
65,225
Agriculture.
14,933
21.249
21,897
22,918
80,997
This would lead us to the conclusion, that in these four counties.
the two interests are nearly balanced, when in truth, if we separate
those engaged in manufactures from those engaged in trade and
commerce, and then divide all other classes between the agricul-
turists and the manufacturers, in the proportion which these bear
to each other, we arrive at the fact that five-sixths of the whole are
dependent on agriculture, as will be seen by the following table :-

AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.
COUNTIES.
Engaged in
Dependent
TOTAL.
Engaged in:
Dependent
TOTAL.
on :
on:
Bedford
·
14,933
62,703
77,636
5,828
24,472
30,300
Berks
21,249
127,695
148,944
1,741
10,462
12,203
Bucks
21,897
92,989
114,886
7,833
33,264
41,097
Cambridge
22,918 135,981
158,899
802
4,758
5,560
80,997 419,368 500,365
16,204
72,956
89,160
Total engaged in, and dependent on, Agriculture
Total engaged in, and dependent on, Manufactures
Total of the four Counties
500,365
89.160
589,525
Objections to the Government Returns.
13
Could anything be more unreasonable, and in fact more absurd,
than to tell us that the population of a county is dependent on
manufactures where no manufactures exist, or that all the retail
dealers and those engaged in handicraft in such a county are not
dependent on the landed interest, and the numerous trades and
occupations which the cultivation of the soil in the first instance,
and the distribution of its productions in the second, necessarily
give rise to in every class of which society is composed?
The relative strength of these classes in each county will be
treated of under their proper heads, but it will be sufficient for
our present purpose to call the attention of the reader to the actual
strength of these three classes, treated, as they ought to be, as se-
parate and distinct interests :-
AGRICULTURE
see Appendix, page 144
TRADE and COMMERCE
-
see Appendix, page 160
MANUFACTURES
see Appendix, page 152, Great Britain
Ireland
-
3,344,207
2,413,951
1,140,906
300,000
1,440,906
This leads us to the consideration of what constitutes
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
The number of persons engaged in Trade and Commerce, it will
be seen, is 2,413,951. This is about two-thirds of the number
actually employed in Agriculture, and nearly double the whole
number employed in Manufactures.
In this very numerous class are included the merchants, brokers,
agents, wholesale and retail dealers, and all persons engaged in
trade or in handicraft as masters or workmen. Our general propo-
sition in respect of this class is, we imagine, a self-evident one-
that all charges, whether of cost or profit, on the production, sale,
conveyance, and distribution of every article, whether imported
from abroad or manufactured at home, are paid by the consumer ;
and ergo, that all and every one of the classes enumerated in the
table given in the Appendix, at page 155, are supported by the
Agriculturists and the Manufacturers in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other.
14
Occupations of the People.
The tea, sugar, coffee, wine, and every other article of foreign
production brought to these islands, are not consumed by any parti-
cular class, or limited to any particular district, but diffused over
the whole surface of the United Kingdom; and although there may
be some slight inequalities in the distribution of luxuries, and even
of necessaries, as in the case of Ireland, yet it will be seen that
these are not of sufficient importance to affect the general argu-
ment, but on the contrary, they prove that all the incidents of
the condition of the agricultural population, and of those who
draw their means of support from it, as retail dealers, or persons
engaged in handicraft as masters or workmen, of necessity in-
duce a greater amount of what is called Trade and Commerce
than any other interest can possibly do.
For instance, the agricultural population extends over the entire
surface of the three kingdoms. The manufacturing population
of England and Wales is represented by that of the six midland
and northern counties (see Article on Manufactures), and more
than two-thirds of the whole are resident in these six out of the
fifty-two counties composing England and Wales.
The same
remark will apply to Scotland: the city of Glasgow, and the towns
of Paisley, Dundee, Kilmarnock, and a very few others, comprise
the total of their population engaged in manufactures, while the
same amount of agricultural population is spread over thirty-two
counties, extending from the Orkneys to Berwick-upon-Tweed.
In Ireland, if we except those engaged in the linen trade in the
town of Belfast and the immediate locality, there is little that
is worthy of notice.
It is also certain that a very large proportion of the manufactures
exported are shipped in the immediate locality of the place in
which they are produced; and the same remark will apply to all
the foreign produce consumed by this interest, three-fourths of
which is imported at Liverpool and Hull, and distributed through-
out the immediate district at a trifling expense as compared with
the larger proportion required by the agricultural population, and
all the classes dependent on and supported by it, and which is
sent to them by every conveyance that circulates throughout the
United Kingdom.
Objections to the Government Returns.
15
Again, large masses of population congregated in cities and
towns do not support or maintain even pro ratâ the same number of
Retail Tradesmen, Professional Persons (see Appendix, page 174),
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service (see Appendix,
page 177), Parochial, Town, and Church Officers (see Appendix,
page 178), or Domestic Servants (see Appendix, page 179), as the
same amount of population would if spread over the agricul-
tural districts, and for this very obvious reason, that one individual
can supply the wants, superintend the affairs, or be the profes-
sional adviser of a much greater number so situated than under
any other circumstances whatever.
But it may be said that although the manufacturers have these
advantages in respect of their own productions, still the agricultural
produce required for their consumption must be brought from a
distance, and this is perfectly true to the extent of their numbers,
but nothing more. For it must be taken into consideration, that
the agricultural produce of their own localities nearly supplies
their wants, and that the cost of conveying all that they may
require from a distance is but an unit as compared with that of
distributing 300 millions of agricultural produce, and 100 millions
of manufactured goods throughout the three kingdoms: the cost
or profit of the production, and the sale, conveyance, and ultimate
distribution by the retail dealer, being in every instance, as we have
already observed, paid by the consumers, and these consumers being
the agriculturists and the manufacturers, and those dependent on
them, in the exact proportion which they bear to each other in
the whole population of the United Kingdom.
Trade and Commerce are not, therefore, necessarily identified, or
synonymous, with Manufactures, as Mr Porter and many other
writers would have us believe. So far as the internal commerce of
the country is concerned, they form a separate and distinct interest
from either agriculture or manufactures, and are dependent on each
in the exact proportion of their respective numbers, and the relative
value of the contribution which each interest makes annually to
the common stock of the community.
If there is any one branch of our national interests in which
16
Occupations of the People.
manufactures may be said to be predominant, it is in the external
or foreign trade of the country; but this only forms about one-tenth
of the whole, and into all particulars relating to its importance
we shall inquire under the head of "Manufactures."
We, therefore, contend that the classing of all persons engaged in
trade and commerce with those engaged in manufactures is not
warranted in any statistical or economical sense; and that, so far as
regards the returns made by the Commissioners appointed to take
the Census for Great Britain, whoever gave the directions for such
a classification must have done so with the predetermination to
perpetrate an act of great injustice to the agricultural interest,
and with a view of preparing the public mind for a change in
policy which the facts bearing on these two great interests would
in no way justify.
The returns for Ireland, like everything else in that unfortunate
country, fairly defy analysis. The Commissioners for Ireland,
instead of following the form appointed for Great Britain, appear
to have acted without any definite instructions in the matter, and
to have set up one of their own, of so arbitrary, fanciful, and
peculiar a structure as to resemble nothing of the kind known
among men.
For the purpose of legislation, indeed, these returns are worse
than useless, because they conceal the fact of the amount of indi-
vidual dependence on the one interest or the other, the primary
object of all such returns. It is also a remarkable fact, that they
have made no return of any class as Independent, and thus, as to
their dependence or independence we are left equally in the dark.
The English Commissioners fixed twenty years of age as the
period when dependence on the parent generally ceases, and sepa-
ration takes place. The Commissioners for Ireland, without assign-
ing any reason, have reduced this to fifteen years of age, which
has so confounded the relative numbers of each class that it has
made it next to impossible to make any comparison between the
corresponding classes of the two countries.
Again, instead of ranging the population under the respective
heads of Agriculture, Manufactures, Trade and Commerce, and the
Objections to the Government Returns.
17
several other divisions given in the returns for Great Britain, they
have made use of a classification which confounds all the distinc-
tions hitherto observed by political economists. According to it,
we have the various occupations of the people defined as follows:-
MINISTERING TO FOOD.
MINISTERING TO CLOTHING.
MINISTERING TO LODGING, FURNITURE, MACHINERY, &c.
MINISTERING TO HEALTH.
MINISTERING TO CHARITY.
MINISTERING TO JUSTICE.
MINISTERING TO EDUCATION.
MINISTERING TO RELIGION.
VARIOUS ARTS AND EMPLOYMENTS NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING.
RESIDUE OF POPULATION.
To show the extreme fallacy of such a classification, it is only
necessary to make the following extract from the Report of the
Commissioners for Great Britain :-
"We would willingly have given a classification of the occupations of the inhabitants
of Great Britain into the various wants to which they respectively minister, but, in
attempting this, we were stopped by the various anomalies and uncertainties to which
such a classification seemed necessarily to lead, from the fact that many persons
supply more than one want, though they can only be classed under one head. Thus
to give but a single instance,-the farmer and grazier may be deemed to minister
quite as much to clothing by the fleece and hides as he does to food by the flesh of
his sheep and cattle."
Mr Porter, at page 68 of his new edition, has adopted this Irish
classification, and given us a table in which, under the head of
66
Ministering to Clothing," it is gravely stated that no less than
669,310 persons are engaged in the "manufacture of materials.”
If this were true, it would be more than the number employed
in the manufacture of the textile fabrics in the whole of England
and Wales, and be equal to nearly seven-eighths of the whole
number employed in Great Britain. (See Appendix, page 147.)
It is hardly necessary to controvert such a statement, but under
the head of Manufactures we shall endeavour to show, notwith-
standing the deficiency in these returns, what is the extent of the
manufacturing interest in the kingdom of Ireland, as also the
number dependent on those actually employed.
с
18
Occupations of the People.
The division of the two interests of Agriculture and Manufac-
tures in Ireland is so distinct, and the support and dependency
of all other classes on the one or the other is so strongly
marked, as to leave no doubt of our being able to get at a correct
result.
Our principal object in referring thus to the returns
for Ireland has been to point out the fallacy of such a classification,
the errors it has given rise to, and the necessity of adopting on
future occasions one uniform system for the whole of the United
Kingdom.
Such are the returns we have to deal with on the present
occasion, and we shall now proceed to analyse them in strict
conformity with the Government definition of what constitutes
Trade and Commerce, and what Manufactures.
Dividing those engaged in Trade and Commerce between the
Agriculturists and the Manufacturers in each county of the three
kingdoms, on the rule we have laid down, we shall thus arrive at a
complete knowledge of the local circumstances of the population
of each county and be able to ascertain the precise numbers actually
employed in, and actually dependent on, each interest.
We shall adopt the same rule in reference to the local and direct
taxation of the several counties, and although we believe that in
nearly every instance it will materially underrate the actual propor-
tion which is paid by the Agriculturists, yet it is the only general
rule applicable to such an argument, and is the nearest approxi-
mation to the truth which the nature of the subject will admit of.
The tables which form the Appendix to this work have been com-
piled from the Government returns with great care and fidelity.
As regards the number of Agriculturists in each county no ques-
tion or difficulty could arise, because they are strictly defined, and
the precise numbers are copied.
With respect to manufactures, the principal and leading branches
carried on in each county have been extracted, and are given with
great correctness, and the last line under this head includes all the
miscellaneous branches of too small an amount to deserve a more
particular enumeration.
That we have done perfect justice to the manufacturing interest
Objections to the Government Returns.
19
pro-
will be admitted from the fact, that in the summary of all the
counties in Great Britain we make the total number employed by
this interest 42,780 more than the Government returns. It is
bable that we may have included some particular class which the
Commissioners rejected, but they have given no abstract of the
number of persons employed in manufactures in the several counties,
by which the mistake, if there is one, could be detected.
The authorities from which the amount of taxation paid in each
county have been taken are given at the commencement of the
Appendix; and we believe they will be found to be the latest pub-
lished by the Government on the several subjects to which they
refer.
The three metropolitan counties of Middlesex, Edinburgh, and
Dublin, we consider to be the representatives of all the interests
of each kingdom, and have so treated them. Thus, the popula-
tion of Middlesex is divided between the Agriculturists and the
Manufacturers, in the proportion which these bear to each other,
in the whole population of England and Wales, and the same
of Edinburgh, in reference to Scotland, and Dublin is treated in
like manner, as representing the interests of all Ireland. Any
other rule than this, we apprehend, would be perfect nonsense ;
for instance, the nobility, landed gentry, and persons of indepen-
dent means resident in London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, are drawn
from all parts of the United Kingdom. As regards London it
may be said, that these classes, with the members of the learned
professions, have taken possession of all west of Temple Bar, and
support the thousands of tradesmen living within this district.
The learned professions are not the representatives of any par-
ticular interest but of the whole community, and one thing is
quite certain, that the conveyance and management of real pro-
perty is the most lucrative and important branch of the legal pro-
fession. The seat of Government and the Court of Appeal in the
last resort being always held in the City of Westminster, it follows
that it is the representative of the whole empire, and those of
Edinburgh and Dublin, for the same reason, are the representatives
of all the interests of their respective kingdoms.
20
Occupations of the People.
The merchants and dealers of the City do not represent any
particular interest, whether Agricultural or Manufacturing; but
the entire trade and commerce of the country, foreign and
domestic, and inasmuch as the merchant or dealer derives his profit
not from the manufacturer but from the consumer of an article,
it necessarily follows that he is dependent on each of these
interests in the proportion which they bear to each other.
Again, the east end of the metropolis is both occupied and sup-
ported by the shipping interest, which derives its profits from three
sources; first, in regard to a vast amount of external commerce
which is carried on in making trading voyages from one port to
another, all over the globe, and in conveying colonial produce to
the Continent of Europe, without any reference to either Agri-
culture or Manufactures. Secondly, as to the Manufactures ex-
ported from this to all other countries; but, thirdly, and mainly,
in reference to the return cargoes, or the imports into this country,
which we shall show under its proper head, principally consists of
articles of general consumption by all classes. The shipping
interest is consequently the representative of all and every interest
in the British Empire.
On reference to page 22, in the Appendix, it will be seen that
the county of Middlesex contains only 18,164 Agriculturists, and
48,435 Manufacturers, and if to these we add the county of Surrey,
in order to include Southwark, the state of the case will not be much
altered (see Appendix, page 36), so that any division based on a
reference to the actual circumstances of these interests in the
county of Middlesex, would be an absurdity, and the one we have
adopted in respect of the metropolis of each kingdom is the only
one that can do equal justice to both interests, and is the nearest
in accordance with the fact.
We shall thus have furnished the reader with the statistical
details touching the population and taxation of the several districts
into which the United Kingdom is divided, and enabled him
to test the general accuracy of the work, and the application of the
rule we have laid down, by a reference to the circumstances of the
particular county in which he may happen to reside.
The Agricultural Interest.
21
CHAPTER III.
THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST.
Notice of Free Trade Fallacies in respect of the natural Laws
governing the Production of Food.-Superiority of the Agri-
cultural as compared with the Manufacturing Interest as regards
Numbers, Sex, and Age.-Comparison of the Amount of Employ-
ment given to the Labouring Classes by each Interest.-Review of
the Circumstances of each and of the Numbers of all other Classes
in the Population dependent on each.
Ir requires no great insight into the affairs of mankind to arrive
at the conclusion that the cultivation of the soil is at all times and
under all circumstances a matter of primary importance. Calcu-
lations, therefore, such as Mr Porter refers to in opening his
Chapter on Agriculture, of the amount of shipping which would be
required to convey the food of thirty millions of people from a
foreign land to our own shores would only be the demonstration of
an absurdity in itself impracticable.
It has, however, been propounded as a maxim of the highest
political wisdom that we should buy in the cheapest market, even
that which nature has ordained every country should produce for
itself, namely, the food of the people. In this respect, man is
governed by the same natural laws as the lower animals, and every
country brings forth different varieties of food suited to the in-
habitants thereof; but, the governing principle of all is, that the
productions of the soil shall sustain that which is born on its sur-
face, and any system which in its results is opposed to this is a
compact unnatural in its essence, and equally opposed to the laws of
God and the ordinations of nature.
22
Occupations of the People.
We belong not to that class who, to support an argument, would
wish to connect the dispensations of an all-wise Providence with
the legislation of man; but, if ever there was a practical commen-
tary on his presumption and ignorance, it is to be found in the fact
that in this, the first year of free trade, a whole nation should be
placed in jeopardy by a calamity which, unless counteracted by
a forced cultivation of the soil, and that too at any cost whatever,
and altogether irrespective of cheaper markets, will be rendered
perpetual, and sap the foundations of England's prosperity.
Seasons of scarcity are common to all times, and to all people;
and to suspend the laws which, in such an emergency, may inter-
fere with the supply of food from foreign countries, is not less the
duty than it has been the practice of all governments.
Any deduction, therefore, from the fact that in such a state of
things we are dependent on others, or that in the present crisis we
have received supplies of the utmost importance from distant
countries, does not touch the principle of protection, and is only an
exception to the rule.
The rule itself is incontrovertible, and is this: that it is the
first and most important duty of all governments by wise legisla-
tion to induce the cultivation of the soil to the greatest possible
extent, so that under all and every contingency of human affairs,
in seasons of plenty and of scarcity, in times of war and of peace,
we may possess within our own borders enough to satisfy the wants
of the people, and be as little dependent on others as possible for
a supply of the first necessaries of life.
Luxuries, the natural productions of more favoured climates,
could be dispensed with, or taxed much more heavily than they are
at present with but little detriment to the public interest. Mecha-
nical inventions or productions may for a time be suspended or
reduced without materially affecting the security of a country, but
anything that shall endanger or render precarious a supply of food
for the people would give a fluctuating and uncertain character to
every other interest, endanger the manufacturing class itself, and
place our very existence as a nation continually in jeopardy.
The Agricultural Interest.
23
Mr Porter, with the certainty before him that, with the first good
harvest throughout Europe and America, the prices of grain in
this country will be depressed far below anything ever yet known,
recommends the stimulus of low prices as the only one calculated
to ensure an increase in the amount of our agricultural productions.
Without intending any disrespect to so eminent an authority in
these matters, we must be excused for saying that this looks very
much like the prescription of a celebrated quack doctor, who, when
his patients began to decline, commenced a system of counter irri-
tation, which soon exhausted what little vitality was left, and
worked off the unfortunate sufferer in a very short time.
Discoveries of this kind, both on the part of the League and
other political economists, are numerous and novel, and were it
not that the property and safety of millions are at issue, they might
be safely left to excite the risibility of the reader.
We imagine, however, that we shall give the best refutation to
such theories by destroying the premises on which they are based:
by proving the paramount importance of the interest they seek to
depreciate, and by reducing to its own proper standard the one they
propose to exalt at its expense.
We shall therefore proceed to demonstrate what is the actual
status of the agricultural interest in the United Kingdom at the
present time, and the inquiry will be conducted under two
heads :-
1st. What is the numerical strength of the persons actually em-
ployed in agriculture, as compared with those actually employed
in manufactures?
2nd. To what extent are "All other Classes" dependent on
the one or the other of these interests ?
1st.-EMPLOYMENT.
How it could ever have entered into the heads of public men to
conceive that there existed any interest in the three kingdoms that
for its importance, either nationally or numerically, would bear a
comparison with the agricultural, it is difficult to imagine; and yet
24
Occupations of the People.
at Covent Garden Theatre, night after night, and at all the gather-
ings of Messrs Cobden and Bright throughout the country, the
superiority of the manufacturing in all these particulars was the
burden of their song. In both Houses of Parliament the same
assertions were made by those opposed to protection, and the
form of the Government returns materially assisted all parties in
giving currency to the delusion.
To controvert these statements, the tables referring to each county
in the United Kingdom, which form the Appendix to this work,
have been carefully compiled from those returns, and agree with
them in every instance except one, referred to at page 19; and we
now present the result of the evidence collected from them on
the several points of numbers, sex, and age, of the persons actually
employed in agriculture and manufactures.
MALES
-
""
FEMALES
""
NUMBERS.
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 143
MANUFACTURES,,,
SEX.
152
-
""
3,344,207
*1,865,927
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 144
MANUFACTURES,
""
""
""
152
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 144
MANUFACTURES,
""
3,118,557
886,744
-
225,650
152
*979,183
MALES above 20
MALES under 20
""
""
FEMALES above 20
""
""
""
FEMALES under 20
"
-
-
-
AGE.
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 144
MANUFACTURES,,,
2,810,384
152
""
717,780
308,173
152
""
168,964
-
152
""
""
192,654
*788,246
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 144
MANUFACTURES,
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 144
MANUFACTURES,
AGRICULTURE, see Appendix, page 144
MANUFACTURES,
""
152
""
-
32,996
190,937
In order that full justice may be done to the Manufacturing
Interest we have given the whole numbers returned, but from each
of these items marked thus *, we imagine that 425,287 persons
must be deducted, for the reasons given at page 152 of the
Appendix.
1
The Agricultural Interest.
25
From these figures it will be seen that, taking the whole of the
pers ons actually employed in the two occupations, the numbers are
as follows-
AGRICULTURE
3,344,207
MANUFACTURES, estimating those
} 1,440,906
in Ireland at 300,000,
or 33 as to 14 in
favour of Agri-
culture.
It is, however, of the utmost importance that we should call the
attention of our readers to the numerical strength of the male
population actually employed in each interest, as we shall presently
have occasion to speak of the circumstances of each, in reference to
the degree of dependence of other interests on these two classes.
The numbers are as follows:-
AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.

Farmers and Graziers
737,206
Agricultural Labourers
2,312,388
Above 20
Under 20
717,780
168,964
Gardeners, Nurserymen, &c.
All other classes
60,767
9,196
Total males
3,118,557
Total males of all class es
·
886, 744
(See Appendix, page 144.)
(See Appendix, page 152.)
It will thus be seen that the Farmers and Graziers alone, as a
body, are more in number than all the males above twenty years of
age employed in manufactures, and only 150,000 short of the whole
number of males of all ages so employed. If we add the 24 millions
of labourers which these farmers and graziers give employment to,
the male population employed in agriculture are nearly as four to
one compared with those employed in manufactures. The same
remark will also apply as to age: those above twenty are four to
one, those under twenty are nearly two to one.
To sum up this division of our subject, it may be further said,
that in nearly all instances the Agriculturists are the heads and
fathers of thriving families following the most healthy of all occu-
pations, are of full age and able-bodied, and, whether for security
against foreign aggression or internal dissensions, they form the
right arm of England's power.
26
Occupations of the People.
2nd.-DEPENDENCE.
Our definition of what constitutes "Trade and Commerce" is
given in the preceding chapter, and having ascertained the nume-
rical strength of those actually employed in Agriculture and Manu-
factures, we now proceed to trace the degree of dependence of
those engaged in "Trade and Commerce," and of "All other
Classes," on the one or the other of these two divisions of man-
kind. To enable us to do this with any degree of certainty or
justice, it is necessary in the first instance that we should inquire
what are their respective circumstances, and we think the following
will be found a correct review of the facts relating to each as they
exist in society at the present moment.
LANDED INTEREST.
MANUFACTURING INTEREST.
The Peerage.
A large proportion of the Members of
both Houses of Parliament.
Those returned as of Independent means.
The Endowments of the Church.
Four-fifths of the property of all the
Charitable Institutions in Great Britain.
(See Appendix, page 183.)
The first two classes are, of course, in-
cluded in the last, in the returns of the
census; and these, for Great Britain, are
stated to be 511,540. If to these we add
50,000 for Ireland, we have a total of
561,540.
These are in possession of the fee-simple
of the land, which, at 25 years' purchase, is
worth 1,500 millions, independent of their
property in houses and in the funds.
There is no return of the exact number
of Mill Owners and Master Manufacturers
given in the returns of the census; but the
number of mills, including Cotton, Wool-
len, Flax, and Silk, is given in 1839 at
5,281. If we average the number of part-
ners at two to each, we have about 10,500
persons interested as principals in these,
the principal branches of our manufactures.
Birmingham and Sheffield undoubtedly
abound with small manufacturers, many of
them working at their own trade, but we
are quite certain that we over-estimate
the number, when we say that the master
manufacturers of every class and kind in
the United Kingdom do not exceed 25,000.
Mr M'Culloch estimates the capital em-
ployed in the cotton trade at 34 millions;
and this employing the most expensive
machinery of any, and being about one-fifth
of the whole, we may estimate according
to this rule, the actual capital employed
in Manufactures at about 170 millions.
We use these figures for the purpose of
making a comparison in the present in-
stance; but, under the head of Manufac-
tures, we shall presently show there is no
such an amount in existence among them.
The Agricultural Interest.
27
Annual Income from the Rental of the
Land, £58,753,615. (See Chapter iv.)
Annual Income, say 10 per cent. on 170
millions, the amount of their annual pro-
ductions, and about 2 millions, the rental
of all the mills, factories, &c., making to-
gether about 20 millions. It is impossible
to state this precisely, because there is no
distinction between the classes in the Re-
turns of the Income Tax, but in a return
made in April, 1815, the proportions were
given as follows:-
Land
Dwelling-houses
Mills, Factories, &c.
Manorial Profits, &c.
68.8
26.1
3.7
-
1.4
100.0
Making a great allowance for increase since
then, the amount we have given would be
about the present amount.
The Landed Interest occupies the entire
surface of the three kingdoms.
The Manufacturing Interest is located
in the principal towns of the six Midland
and Northern Counties, and in some other
places, but the whole number in England
and Wales, either employed or dependent
on manufactures, is represented by the po-
pulation of these counties.
Supports 779,881 Farmers and Graziers,
in possession of stock and capital amounting
to 250 millions, and all the trades depend-
ent on and supported by them.
This item is, of course, included in the
number given in the next paragraph, as
employed; but they are here described as
an Interest possessing an amount of capital
for which there is nothing to set off or
compare them with in the manufacturing
interest.
Employs 2,810,384 Males above 20.
""
""
""
""
308,173
under 20.
192,654 Females above 20.
32,996
under 20.
"
""
Employs 717,780 Males above 20.
168,964 under 20.
*788,246 Females above 20.
190,937
under 20.
Total - 3,344,207
Total
1,865,927
* Subject to the reduction of 425,287, as stated at p. 24, and in Appendix, p. 152.
28
Occupations of the People.
:
Produces annually 300 millions of Food,
and materials for clothing the people.
(See next Chapter.)
Produces annually about 170 to 180 mil-
lions, two-thirds of which is consumed at
home, and one-third shipped to foreign
parts.
¡
Pays, of the Direct and Local Taxation,
£13,881,911. (See Appendix, p. 141.)
Pays, of the Direct and Local Taxation,
£4,432,997. (See Appendix, p. 141.)
Such are the circumstances of the two interests as they appear
on the surface of things; but let us examine these facts a little
closer, and we shall find there is a still greater disparity.
The nobility, resident gentry, and persons living in a state of
independence, make use of all the superfluities and luxuries of this
life in a much greater proportion than the manufacturers, who,
however wealthy and respectable in society, do not, from their
rank, station, connexions, habits, or business, either require or use
them to the same extent, or in the same degree. Carriages,
horses, servants, town and country residences, on which enormous
sums are expended, are all necessary to the rank and station of a
nobleman, a landed proprietor, or a gentleman living in indepen-
dence, but would be a superfluity to, if not a positive drawback
on the circumstances of, nineteen-twentieths of the Manufacturers.
The same may be said in respect of the patronage of the Fine
Arts. The painter, the sculptor, the engraver, and a host of others,
draw their support principally from persons of independent means,
and these are resident in the Agricultural and Manufacturing dis-
175.
tricts in the proportions given in the Appendix, p.
But without pursuing the inquiry farther as to the higher
classes, about which there can be no doubt whatever, let us make a
comparison of the middling and lower classes.
The Farmers and Graziers, as we have shown, are 779,881, with a
capital of at least 250 millions; and whether we consider their num-
bers, strength, occupation, or wealth, they are unique, and there is no
class in the United Kingdom will bear a comparison with them, in
fact there is no corresponding class among the Manufacturers to
compare them with.
The Agricultural Interest.
29
We must, therefore, descend to those they give employment to,
and these for the greater part are able-bodied men, in most in-
stances with wives and families, and in number 2,810,384, spread
over the whole kingdom. The same class engaged in manufactures,
and living in towns, amount to 717,780, but all the rest, with the
exception of 168,964 boys under twenty years of age, are females,
for the most part unmarried, earning but small wages, and having
no families dependent on their labour for support.
These are the positive facts which bear on the condition and
circumstances of the two interests, and it appears to us that we
have done the Agriculturists a great injustice by the adoption of
the rule we have laid down, that of dividing all other classes be-
tween them and the Manufacturers in the proportion which these
bear to each other in the whole population; for as we have
already observed there is not a single incident in the condition of
the Agricultural Interest, and those supported by and dependent
on it, but what must of necessity give rise to a greater amount of
Trade and Commerce than the corresponding class among the
Manufacturers. The rank and position of the parties, their daily
and hourly expenditure, their residence in every part of the
United Kingdom, their annual income, numbers, and capital em-
ployed, all point to one conclusion-that the land and its pro-
ductions constitute an interest on which not only the comparative
numbers here given are dependent, but on the prosperity of which
the well being of the whole population of this country mainly,
vitally, essentially depends.
The inference, therefore, which the Government returns would
have us to draw by mixing up those engaged in Trade and Com-
merce with those engaged in Manufactures, namely, that the two
interests are nearly balanced, or that the manufacturing prepon-
derates, is a fiction which has not the slightest foundation in fact,
and exists only in the political dishonesty of such a return.
+
30
Occupations of the People.
CHAPTER IV.
THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST.—(Continued.)
Erroneous Opinions of Mr Cobden and Mr Bright respecting the
Farming Interest.—Inclosure of Land since 1800.-Improvement in
Cultivation and Increased Productions.-Mr Couling's Tables of
the Land of the United Kingdom.—Average Price of Wheat and
Number of Inclosure Bills passed since 1760.—Import and Export
of Grain from 1695.-Prices of Grain in Foreign Countries.-
Rental of the United Kingdom.—Capital employed in Agriculture.
-Estimate of the Annual Productions of Agriculture.-Conclusion.
WITH what degree of justice the Agricultural Interest is to be
decried our readers will now be able to judge for themselves; but it
has long been the practice of certain parties to hold it forth as one
possessing neither intellect nor energy. The present race of
farmers have been denounced by the orators of the League as
little better than the serfs of the soil they cultivated, incapable of
being excited to emulation or interested in the march of improve-
ment.
Mr Cobden would sometimes amuse his audience by comparing
the ploughs now used in some parts of the country to that followed
by Cincinnatus, and in his speech in the House of Commons so late
as the 27th of February, 1846, he made the following statement in
derogation of the numbers of the Agriculturists and their import-
ance in the body politic:-
"But I can give you some information on the subject. There are about 150,000
tenants who form the basis of your political power, and who are distributed
throughout the counties of this country. You should bear in mind that less
than one-half of the money invested in the Savings' Banks (£15,000,000) laid
out at better interest in the purchase of freeholds, would give qualifications to
more persons than your 150,000 tenant farmers.”
The Agricultural Interest.
31
And all this of a class of men numbering more than 700,000, and
in possession of 250 millions of capital of their own, and who,
whether we consider their improvements in the breed of cattle, or
in the cultivation of the soil for the production of grain, have made
greater, more substantial, and more enduring progress than any
other interest in the kingdom.
Mr Bright, who occasionally talked of rolling the Crown and
the aristocracy in the dust, has often indulged in vagaries of the
same character, and would hardly give them credit for being any-
thing except a mass of pauperism. "It was nothing but protec-
tion which had damaged them. The farmers had been protected
into a state of decrepitude, and this unfortunate system of legisla-
tion had destroyed the vitality of agriculture.”
Mr Porter also, strongly imbued with free-trade opinions, at the
same time that he admits the vast increase in the amount of agri-
cultural productions since the commencement of the present cen-
tury, comes to the conclusion, in direct opposition to his own
figures, as we shall presently show, that Protection is the bane of
Agriculture, and that it is only by the stimulus of low prices that
we can hope to keep pace with the wants of the people.
Let us examine on what this hypothesis rests. In the year 1801
the population of Great Britain was 10,472,048. In the census of
1841 it was 18,664,761, and at the present moment it may be
estimated in round numbers at twenty millions.
The population has consequently doubled itself in the last forty-
six years.
The number of acres of land inclosed and brought under culti-
vation in the same period is as follows:-

1801 to 1810 inclusive
1811 to 1820
1821 to 1830
1831 to 1840
1841 to 1844
""
1
1
1
INCLOSURE BILLS.
ACRES.
་
906
1,657,980
771
1,410,930
186
340,380
129
236,070
52
95,160
2,044
3,740,520
32
Occupations of the People.
This is about one-twelfth of the whole now under cultivation; so
that evidence of the extent of improvement which has taken place
in the cultivation of the soil, may at once be deduced from this fact:
Thus in the year 1800 we had under cultivation forty-two millions
of acres which produced food for ten millions of people; whereas by
adding one-twelfth to this quantity in a period of forty-six years,
we now produce food for twenty millions of people, and that too,
as every one will admit, of a very superior quality. Nothing, indeed,
can more clearly show the degree of improvement which has taken
place in this respect than the fact that wheaten bread of the
best quality is now common to all classes, and that the middling
and lower orders during this period of protection have made greater
progress than at any other period of our history.
Mr Porter says in a note at page 159, "This calculation proceeds
upon the supposition that not any of the land enclosed was pre-
viously cultivated, which, however, is far from having been the
case." So much the better for our argument, and we want nothing
more conclusive than this to prove the extraordinary degree of im-
provement that must have been carried into every branch of agri-
culture to have enabled it to double its productions within the
period referred to.
We decline following Mr Porter through all his calculations of
pecks and gallons more or less to each individual, and we
also refuse to divide the period of time into sections to suit
one argument or another, in the presence of so grand and important
a fact as this, that the improved culture of eleven-twelfths of the
land now under cultivation has been carried to such a degree of
perfection, since the year 1800, as to have added annually at least
100 millions of produce to the common stock of the community.
In order that the reader may judge of our capability to effect
even much more than this under the same system of protection,
we now present Mr Couling's statement of the land in the
United Kingdom, delivered into a Committee of the House of
Commons in the year 1827.
The Agricultural Interest.
33
ENGLAND.

COUNTIES.
CULTIVATED.
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE.
SUMMARY.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Bedford
Berks
Buckingham
-
248,000
31,000
17,320
296,320
380,000
75,000
28,840
483,840
440,000
5,000
28,600
473,600
Cambridge
500,000
17,000
32,120
549,120
Chester
594,000
40,000
39,280
673,280
Cornwall
550,000
190,000
109,280
849,280
Cumberland
670,000
150,000
125,920
945,920
Derby
500,000
100,000
56,640
656.640
Devon
1,200,000
300,000
150.560
1,650,560
Dorset
573,000
25,000
45,200
643,200
Durham
500,000
100,000
79,040
679,040
Essex
900,000
10,000
70,480
980,480
Gloucester
750,000
6,000
47,840
803,840
Hants
900,000
80,000
61,920
1,041,920
Hereford
-
495,000
24,000
31,400
550,400
Hertford
310,000
8,000
19,920
337,920
Huntingdon
220,000
3,000
13,800
236,800
Kent -
900,000
20,000
63,680
983,680
Lancaster
850,000
200,000
121,840
1,171,840
Leicester
480,000
5,000
29,560
514,560
Lincoln
1,465,000
180,000
113,720
1,758,720
Middlesex
155,000
17,000
8.480
180,480
Monmouth -
270,000
30,000
18,720
318,720
Norfolk
1,180,000
78.000
80,880
1,338,880
Northampton
555,000
50,000
45,880
650,880
Northumberland
900,000
160,000
137,440
1,197,440
Nottingham
470,000
28,000
37,680
535,680
Oxford
403,000
50,000
28,280
481,280
Rutland
89,000
1,000
5,360
95,360
Salop
790,000
20,000
48,240
858,240
Somerset
900,000
88,000
62,880
1,050,880
Stafford
560,000
85,000
89,720
734,720
Suffolk
820,000
88,000
59,680
967.680
Surrey
400,000
50,000
35,120
485,120
Sussex
625,000
170,000
141,320
936,320
Warwick
510,000
30,000
37,280
577,280
Westmoreland
180,000
110,000
198,320
488,320
Wilts
500,000
200.000
182,550
882,560
Worcester
400,000
30,000
36,560
$66,560
York
2,500,000
600,000
715,040
3,815,040
25,632,000
3,454,000
3,256,400
32,342,400
WALES.
COUNTIES.
CULTIVATED.
Anglesea
Brecknock
Cardigan
Carmarthen
Carnarvon -
Denbigh
Flint
Glamorgan
Merioneth -
Montgomery
Pembroke
Radnor
1
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE.
SUMMARY.
150,000
10,000
13,440
173,440
300,000
80,000
102,560
482,560
245,000
80,000
107,000
432,000
342,000
60,000
221,360
632,360
160.000
60,000
128,160
348,160
360,000
20,000
25,120
405,120
130,000
10,000
16,160
156,160
305,000
60,000
141,880
506,880
350,000
20,000
54,320
424,320
240.000
100,000
196 960
536.960
300,000
20,000
70,400
390,400
235,000
10,000
27,640
272,640
3,117,000
530,000
1,105,000
4,752,000
d
34
Occupations of the People.
SCOTLAND.
COUNTIES.
CULTIVATED.
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE.
SUMMARY.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Aberdeen
300,000
450,000
520,740
1,270,740
Argyle
Ayr
308,000
600,000
1,524,000
2,432,000
292,000
300,000
432,000
1,024,000
Banff.
Berwick
120,000
130,000
70,000
320,000
160,000
100,000
25,600
285,600
Bute
-
60,000
40,000
65,000
165,000
Caithness
70,000
75,000
250,680
395,680
Clackmannan
22,000
5,000
3,720
30,720
Cromarty
20,000
5,000
14,690
39,690
Dumbarton
70,000
50,000
27,200
147,200
Dumfries
212,000
320,000
620,000
1,152,000
Edinburgh
181,000
20,000
29,400
230,400
Elgin
120,000
200,000
217,600
537,600
Fife
-
200,000
85,000
37,560
322,560
Forfar
200,000
220,000
117,600
537,600
Haddington
100,000
30,000
30,000
160,000
Inverness
500,000
750,000
1,694,000
2,944.000
Kincardine
110,000
50,000
42,870
202,870
Kinross
30,000
10,000
13,120
53,120
Kirkcudbright -
110,000
200,000
254,480
564,480
Lanark
220,000
195,000
141,800
556,800
Linlithgow
50,000
10,000
11,680
71,680
Nairn
70,000
30,000
28,000
128,000
Peebles
104,000
80,000
46,400
230,400
Perth
500,000
550,000
606,320
1,656,320
Renfrew
100,000
20,000
34,240
154,240
Ross
301,000
545,000
929,830
1,775.830
Roxburgh
200,000
100,000
157,600
457,600
Selkirk
85,000
30,000
53,320
168,320
Stirling
200,000
50,000
62,960
312,960
Sutherland
150,000
600,000
372.560
1,122,560
Wigton
100,000
100,000
88,960
288,960
5,265,000
5,950.000
8,523,930
19,738,930
IRELAND.
COUNTIES.
CULTIVATED.
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE.
SUMMARY.
Antrim
Armagh
Carlow
Cavan
Clare
Cork
Donegal
Down
Dublin
·
East Meath
Fermanagh
Galway
Kerry
Kildare
336,400
218,870
119,136
674,406
4.
166.000
92,430
51,233
309,663
173,000
34,000
15.021
222,021
265,400
160;500
61,720
487,620
579,000
104,400
88.044
771,444
1,188,000
361,000
150,056
1,699.056
507,000
417,920
175,951
1,100,871
349,000
126,170
89,481
564,651
159,130
49,920
21,071
230,121
465,000
40,120
26,078
531,198
254,000
120,500
84,689
459,189
1
829,200
532,040
242,479
1,603,719
556,300
348,410
144,483
1,049,193
259,990
87,670
35,875
383,535
Kilkenny
403,100
58.100
25,367
486,567
King's County -
341,310
80.900
34.954
457,164
Leitrim
222,250
128,200
64,189
414,639
Limerick
460,000
114.110
52,425
626,535
Londonderry
279,400
172.070
80.214
531,684
Longford
121,900
41,460
53,963
217,323
The Agricultural Interest.
35
IRELAND~(Continued.)
COUNTIES,
CULTIVATED.
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE.
SUMMARY.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Louth
Mayo
157,000
12,000
10,415
179,415
502,900
565,570
212,302
1,280,772
Monaghan
-
257,000
12,000
21,952
290,952
Queen's County
311,100
47,120
22,966
381,186
Roscommon
348,000
122,460
91,113
561,573
Sligo
143,500
189,930
66,953
400,383
Tipperary
693,200
113,490
92,329
899.019
Tyrone
539,900
135,020
91,988
766,908
Waterford
348,500
44,220
33,016
425,736
West Meath
287,330
51,200
36,581
375,111
Wexford
340,470
156,200
58,828
555,498
Wicklow
281,000
162,000
61,792
504,792
12,125,280
4,900,000
2,416,664
19,441,944
BRITISH ISLANDS.


COUNTIES.
CULTIVATED,
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE,
SUMMARY.
Man
95,000
23,000
22,800
140,800
Scilly, Jersey, Guern-
sey, Alderney,
68,690
31,000
30,669
130,359
Sark, &c.
Orkneys and Shetland
220,000
112,000
516,000
848,000
383,690
166,000
569,469
1,119,159
ENGLAND
WALES
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
BRITISH ISLES
•
RECAPITULATION.
CULTIVATED.
UNCULTIVATED. UNPROFITABLE.
SUMMARY,
25,632,000
3,454,000
3,256,400
32,342,400
3,117,000
530,000
1,105,000
4,752,000
5,265,000
5,950,000
8.523,930
19,738,930
12,125.280
4,900,000
2,416,664
19,441,944
383,690
166,000
569,469
1,119,159
46,522,970
15,000,000
15,871,463
77,394,433

Arable and
Gardens.
Meadows,
Pastures,
Wastes
capable
Annual
and
Marshes.
of Im-
provement.
Value of
Wastes in
Incapable
of Im-
their present provement.
SUMMARY.
state.

Statute
Acres.
Statute
Acres.
Statute
Acres.
Pounds
Sterling.
Statute
Acres.
Statute
Acres.
ENGLAND
WALES
-
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
·
10,252,800 15,379,200
890,570 2,226,430
2,493,950 2,771,050 5,950,000
5,389,040
6,736,240
4.900,000
BRITISH ISLES
109,630 274,060
3,256,400 32,342,400
200,000 1,105,000 4,752,000
1,680,000 | 8,523,930 |19,738,930
1,395,000 2,416,664 19,441,944
166,000 25,000 569,469 1,119,159
19,135,990 27,386,980 15,000,000 5,000,000 15,871,463 77,394,433
3.454,000
1,700,000
530,000
36
Occupations of the People.
The following are Mr Porter's remarks on this statement :---
"This statement which was drawn up by Mr William Couling, a civil engineer and
surveyor, was delivered in by him when examined before the Select Committee of
the House of Commons, appointed in that year to inquire into the subject of Emi-
gration from the United Kingdom. It does not pretend to absolute accuracy, but
considerable knowledge and industry having been employed in preparing it, the
statement may be received as a near approximation to the truth, and as the best
evidence that can be adduced on the subject. In support of his statement, Mr
Couling told the Committee that his calculations were for the most part the re-
sult of personal inspection, he having carefully examined the greater part of 106
counties, and partially travelled over the remaining 11, the aggregate length of
his journeys, for the purpose, having exceeded 50,000 miles. Mr Couling further
assured the Committee, that when he had not enjoyed the means of making
personal inspection, he had consulted and availed himself of the very best
authorities for completing his estimates."
From these very valuable tables, it will be seen that we have
still fifteen millions of land, waste and capable of improvement;
and, dividing it between arable and pasture, in the proportion
which at present exists, Mr Porter estimates that it would add six
millions to the arable, capable of producing food for 8,726,000
people; but that if all England were as well cultivated as North-
umberland and Lincoln, the quantity now produced would be more
than doubled.
We now present Mr Porter's table of the progress of inclosure,
and the average prices of wheat since the year 1760, which we
imagine disposes of his own conclusion, that protection has been
the bane of agriculture, and that low prices are the only stimulus
to increased production.
The number of Inclosure Bills passed from 1801 to 1844 was
2,044; and the total number of acres inclosed was 3,740,520, as
follows:-
BILLS.
ACRES.

1801 to 1810 inclusive
906
1,657,980
1811 to 1820
19
771
1,410,930
1821 to 1830
1831 to 1840
"
186
340,380
129
236,070
1841 to 1844
·
52
95,160
2,044
3,740,520
The Agricultural Interest.
37
TABLE of the NUMBER of INCLOSURE BILLS passed by Parliament, and of the
AVERAGE PRICES of WHEAT in the several Years from 1760 to 1844.

YEARS.
Number of
Inclosure
Average Price of
Wheat.
YEARS.
Number of
Inclosure
Average Price of
Wheat.
Bills.
Bills.
S.
1760
24
36
1761
21
30
863
d.
3. d.
1800
63
110 5
1801
80
115 11
1762
39
39
0
1802
122
67
9
1763
31
40
9
1803
96
57 1
1764
66
46
9
1804
104
60
5
1765
60
52
0
1805
52
87 1
1766
49
43
1
1806
71
76
9
1767
35
64
6
1807
76
73 1
1768
60
6
1808
91
78 11
60
1769
45
8
. 1809
92
94
5
385
45
10
847
82
2
1770
1771
67
1772
2283
63
41
47
==
70
50
1773
65
51
1774
62
52
4260∞
1810
122
103
1811
107
92
8
1812
133
122
1813
119
106
8
1814
120
72
1775
42
48
4
1815
81
63
1776
58
38
1777
99
45
1778
66
42
1779
68
33
260∞
1816
47
76
1817
34
1818
46
8
1819
44
660
45
0
853
1828
72
35061 ∞ 2 − ∞ ∞
8
8
0
8
3
8
1780
45
35
8
1820
40
65 10
1781
25
44 8
1821
25
54
5
1782
15
47
10
1822
13
43
3
1783
18
52 8
1823
9
51
9
1784
15
48
10
1824
12
62
0
1785
23
51 10
1825
24
66 6
1786
25
38
10
1826
20
56 11
1787
22
41 2
1827
22
56
9
1788
34
45 0
1828
16
1789
24
57
2
1829
24
246
45 9
205
*88
60
5
66 3
58
5
1790
26
53 2
1830
21
64 3
1791
47
2
1831
9
66 4
38
1792
41
9
1832
12
58 8
1793
46
47 10
1833
15
52 11
1794
42
50 8
1834
16
46
2
1795
39
72 11
1835
4
39 4
1796
75
76 3
1836
10
48 6
1797
86
52 2
1837
1798
52
50 4
1838
1799
65
66 11
1839
222
10
55 10
19
64 7
20
70 8
469
55 11
136
56 9
YEARS.
Number of
Inclosure
Bills.
Average Price of
Wheat.
S.
d.
1840
1841
22
1842
11
1843
11
1844
42HH-
14
66
64
57
50
8
51
4431 (~~)
3
38
Occupations of the People.
It will be seen from this last table that, from the years 1800
to 1820, the high average prices of that period caused the inclosure
of land to an extent never equalled before or since, and that, just in
the proportion of the decline in prices, inclosure has also gradually
declined, so that, at this moment, a man must be mad indeed to
venture on the experiment of inclosing poor lands for the purpose
of converting them into arable, in order to grow grain in competi-
tion with the produce of other countries, if, for the future, it is to
be admitted duty free.
Applications for assistance to drain and improve waste lands
may continue to be made, and the English yeoman will adopt
whatever improvements can be suggested by experience, or by
men of skill and science, so as to overcome all and every obstacle
that may oppose his onward course; nay, he will struggle long
against adverse circumstances; but if low prices out are to be the
motive by which he is to be stimulated to action, the world will
have grown old in the discovery of a principle in political economy,
which, if true, and it had been propounded in past ages, would have
made a philosopher immortal.
Our reading of the foregoing table is this, that the high prices of
produce from 1800 to 1820 gave rise to great improvements in the
science of agriculture, both as regards the growth of grain and the
breeding of cattle; and that the abundance of the last twenty-six
years, and the lower average prices of produce, have been a
natural.consequence of the high state of cultivation induced by the
high prices of the preceding twenty years, and of nothing else.
But it has been said, that, even with this increased production of
our own soil, we are still dependent on other countries for a part
of our supplies. On this head we present the following table of
the imports and exports of grain for the last 150 years. In the
compilation of this we have taken the returns made by the
Custom-House authorities, dated Feb. 8, 1842, for the quantities
imported and exported, deducting from these the quantities re-
ceived from Ireland. There are some descrepancies between this
statement and the quantities given in Mr Porter's book, but the
whole difference is very trifling, and of not sufficient importance in
any way to affect the argument.
The Agricultural Interest.
39
IMPORT OF FOREIGN WHEAT AND FLOUR.
STATEMENT of the TOTAL QUANTITIES of WHEAT and WHEAT FLOUR IMPORTED INTO
and EXPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN in each Year, from 1697 to 1846.
YEARS.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
YEARS.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
Quarters.
Quarters.
Quarters.
Quarters.
1697
400
14,698
1749
382
631,007
1698
1,689
6,886
1750
280
950,483
1699
486
557
1751
3
662,957
1700
5
49,057
1752
1701
1
98,324
1753
11
430,117
300,754
1702
90,230
1754
201
356,781
1703
50
106,615
1755
237,466
1704
2
90,314
1756
5
102,752
1705
96,185
1757
141,562
11,545
1706
77
188,332
1758
20,353
9,234
1707
174,155
1759
162
227,641
1708
86
83,969
1760
3
393,614
1709
1,552
71,618
1761
441,956
1710
400
16,607
1762
56
295,385
1711
80,941
1763
72
429,538
1712
1713
11
148,539
1764
1
396,857
179,969
1765
104,547
167,126
1714
16
180,665
1766
11,020
164,939
1715
1716
1717
1718
1111
173,237
1767
497,905
5,071
75,876
1768
349,268
7,433
25,637
1769
4,378
49,892
74,381
1770
34
75,449
1719
20
130,533
1771
2,510
10,089
1720
84,343
1772
25,474
6,959
1721
82,748
1773
56,857
7,637
1722
178,915
1774
289,149
15,928
1723
158,082
1775
560,988
91,037
1724
148
247,162
1776
20,578
210,664
1725
12
211,175
1777
233,323
87,686
1726
143,626
1778
106,394
141,070
1727
31,030
1779
5,039
222,261
1728
74,574
3,935
1780
3,915
224,059
1729
40,315
18,993
1781
159,866
103,021
1730
76
94,530
1782
80,695
145,152
1731
4
130,650
1783
584,183
51,945
1732
202,612
1784
216,947
89,288
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
32
85 22
427,425
1785
110,863
132,685
498,747
1786
51,463
205,466
9
155,280
1787
59,339
120,536
1
18
118,218
1788
148,710
82,971
466,671
1789
112,656
140,014
1738
3
588,284
1790
222,577
30,892
1739
23
285,492
1791
469,056
70,626
1740
5,469
54,391
1792
22,417
300,278
1741
7,540
45,417
1793
490,398
76,869
1742
1
295,698
1794
327,902
155,048
1743
3
375,979
1795
313,793
18,836
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
200110
234,274
1796
879,200
24,679
8
325,340
1797
461,767
54,525
131,105
1798
396,721
59,782
270,491
1799
463,185
39,362
6
545,240
1800
1,264,520
22,013
40
Occupations of the People.
YEARS.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
YEARS.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
Quarters.
Quarters.
Quarters.
Quarters.
1801
1,424,765
28,406
1824
85,183
61,680
1802
647,663
149,304
1825
391,588
38,796
1803
373,725
76,580
1826
582,276
20,054
1804
461,140
63,073
1827
306,615
57,323
1805
920,834
77,955
1828
757,716
76,489
1806
310,342
29,566
1829
1,670,602
75,097
1807
404,946
25,113
1830
1,676,034
37,149
1808
84,889
98,005
1831
2,310,340
65,875
1809
455,987
31,278
1832
681,765
289,558
1810
1,567,126
75,785
1833
322,256
96,222
1811
336,131
97,765
1834
201,982
159,482
1812
290,710
46,325
1835
89,035
134,076
1813
559,000
133,441
1836
264,400
256,978
1814
852,567
111,477
1837
575,027
308,420
1815
194,931
227,947
1838
1,380,817
158,621
1816
210,861
121,611
1839
2,852,398
42,512
1817
1,030,830
317,534
1840
2,352,205
87,242
1818
1,586,031
58,668
1841
2,691,555
30,390
1819
471,607
44,689
1842
2,916,835
175,958
1820
591,732
94,657
1843
1,064,942
90,679
1821
137,684
199,846
1844
1,379,261
76,285
1822
47,598
160,499
1845
1,142,927
59,841
1823
23,951
145,751
1846
2,351,908
132,758
The best exposition of our opinions in respect of the above table
may be given in Mr Porter's own words, applied to another
period of time. At page 139 he says, "In the closing years of the
last century there occurred a succession of deficient harvests, which
caused a considerable importation of corn into this country; but
previous to that time the production of wheat had been about
adequate, taking one year with another, for the feeding of the in-
habitants." Between the period referred to by Mr Porter and the
years from 1838 to 1842, the parallel is complete. The import-
ations in fact in all other years have been too unimportant to affect
the general argument, that except in seasons of scarcity, the agri-
culturists could, if their interests were protected, provide food for
the people. In the years 1800 and 1801, we imported about
1,300,000 quarters in each year, and considering that the popula-
tion at that period was only one half what it is at present, our
deficiency in seasons of scarcity is not, pro rata, greater now
than it was fifty years ago. The whole quantity taken for home
consumption from 1800 to 1844, was 36,085,957 quarters or an
average of 784,477 quarters per annum; but if we except the five
years of scarcity from 1838 to 1842, the total number of quar-
The Agricultural Interest.
41
ters imported is 24,386,870, giving an average for the thirty-
nine years of only 625,304 quarters, which is very little indeed
above that of the preceding twenty years, and as compared with
the fifty millions of grain of all kinds which we annually pro-
duce ourselves, is unworthy of an argument. But even supposing
our deficiency much greater, and that it may be necessary to import
a million or a million-and-a-half of quarters annually, still this sinks
into utter insignificance when compared with other considerations
of great and weighty importance. The rental of the land of
the three kingdoms is estimated at 58,753,615l. (see Rental).
The direct and local taxation amounts to 18,314,9087., of which
13,881,911. is paid by the landed interest, and 4,432,9971.
by the manufacturing interest (see Appendix, page 141). Such
being the preponderance of the landed interest and those dependent
on it, we have a right to assume, for the reasons given in chap. 3,
that the same proportion of the Government taxes on all articles of
consumption, whether of excise or customs, direct or indirect,
amounting in round numbers, independently of the income tax, to
fifty millions per annum, is paid from profits derived from the cul-
tivation of the soil in respect of its rental and productions.
In addition to this, we have also to consider the amount of capital
embarked in the cultivation of the soil, and this we estimate at
250 millions. The quantity of land under cultivation is stated to
be 46,522,970 acres, and we estimate the average amount of capital
employed at from 5l. to 67. per acre. In some counties it is very
much more than this, while in others it is somewhat less. Some
authors have made estimates of three times this amount, but there
can be no foundation for such assertions. It is a matter much
regretted by all who have written on the subject that we have no
statistical information of the amount of the annual productions of
the agricultural interest on which perfect reliance can be placed.
We can therefore only collect the opinions of those most conversant
with such matters, and we believe the following to be the nearest
approximation to the quantities of the several crops and stock that
can be made.
The notes which we shall append to each article will contain the
42
Occupations of the People.
authority for the statement, and show also the amount of supplies
drawn from Ireland and foreign Countries, so that the reader will
be able to embrace at a glance all the considerations which attach
to the several articles enumerated:-
ESTIMATE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
22,000,000 quarters of WHEAT at 60s.
£66,000,000
Quarters.
England
18,000,000
Scotland
1,750,000
Ireland
2,250,000
Quarters.
Average Imports from foreign countries since
1800
-
784,477
Average of the same period, deducting 5 years of
scarcity from 1838 to 1842
-
625,304
Imports from Ireland in 1845
779,113
Ditto
ditto 1846
186,730
Mr McCulloch estimates the quantity at
34,000,000 quarters of ALL OTHER GRAIN at 30s.
15,000,000
51,000,000

Barley.
Oats & Rye. Beans & Peas
England and Wales
Scotland
-
Ireland
Qrs.
Qrs.
6,000,000 10,500,000
1,560,000 5,500,000
1,320,000 7,500,000
Qrs.
1,500,000
120,000
8,880,000 23,500,000
1,620,000
Total
·
34,000,000
Mr McCulloch's estimate of these quantities amounts to
36,608,572 quarters.
Imports from Ireland in 1845
""
"9
-
2,353,985 qrs. of Oats.
93,095
"
Barley.
30,000,000
HAY, SEEDS, GARDEN and GREEN CROPS
Mr McCulloch estimates Meadow and Grass, for work and
pleasure horses, at 13,000,000l. To this must be added the
value of all the seed crops grown.
2,000,000 head of CATTLE
Mr McCulloch's estimate is not so high. He considers the
number of Cattle of all kinds in Great Britain to be about
5,620,000, and in Ireland the returns of the census give the
number at 1,863,116, making a total of 7,483,116 for the
United Kingdom. Of these one-fourth are slaughtered
annually.
Carried forward
30,000,000
£177,000,000
The Agricultural Interest.
43
Brought forward
Sent to Smithfield market in 1845
Imported from Ireland in 1846
foreign parts in 1842
""
1843
1844
1845
""
"
1846
£177,000,000
·
192,180
-
186,483
4,264
1,521
4,889
16,870
42,562
£15,000,000
10,000,000 SHEEP and LAMBS
Mr Luccock, in 1800, estimated the number of sheep in Eng-
land and Wales at 19,007,601.
Mr McCulloch is of opinion that this number has not mate-
rially varied for nearly fifty years; a conclusion, we think,
very much at variance with the fact.
Mr Porter estimates the number at
25,343,476
In Scotland the number is estimated at
3,500,000
In Ireland the number returned in the census of
1841
2,106,189
Imported from Ireland in 1846
259,257
Imported from foreign parts in 1842
644
1843
217
1
1844
2,817
1845
15,958
1846
94,567
POTATOES
25,000,000
Mr Labouchere, in his speech in the House of Commons,
on Irish distress, adopted an estimate of Mr Griffith, that
the potato crop of Ireland was worth 15,000,0002, to which
must be added at least 10,000,000l. for Great Britain.
WOOL
Mr M'Culloch estimates the quantity of British wool an-
nually produced at 110,000,000 lb. ; Mr Porter' at
145,724,880lb., which, at present prices, would yield this
amount
Imported from foreign parts in 1846
8,000,000
63,117,668 lb.
BUTTER
5,000,000
Mr McCulloch estimates the consumption of London annually
at 1,410,000l.
Imported from foreign parts in 1846
257,777 cwt.
CHEESE
5,000,000
Imported from foreign parts in 1846
336,185 cwt.
POULTRY, MILK, EGGS, FRUIT, and VEGETABLES
-
3,000,000
Mr McCulloch estimates the consumption of milk in London
at 800,000l. per annum.
Mr Porter estimates the quantity of eggs imported from
Ireland at 100,000l. per annum.
Imported from foreign parts in 1846, Eggs
Carried forward
72,299,632
£238,000,000
44
Occupations of the People.
HORSES, 200,000
PIGS
Brought forward
The number of horses of all kinds kept in England and Wales
in 1821, was 1,161,430, of which 832,726 were wholly em-
ployed in husbandry, and 135,542 partially. Mr McCul-
loch estimates the whole number at 1,500,000, of the aver-
age value of 127. to 15l., or from 18,000,000l. to 22,500,000Z.
In 1822 the duty on horses employed in husbandry was taken
off, and since then no return has been made, but it is clear
from the return we have given, that five-sixths of all the
horses in the United Kingdom are employed by the Agri-
cultural Interest.
Mr McCulloch estimates the number annually produced in
England and Wales at 555,000; but this must be much too
low.
Imported from Ireland in 1846
Imported from foreign parts in 1842
-
£238,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
480,827
410
1843
361
1844
265
1845
";
1,598
1846
""
3,443
ALL OTHER ANIMALS
1,000,000
Including asses, mules, 386,063 dogs, deer, and game of all
kinds.
Hops
1,500,000
Duty at twopence per lb. in 1846, at 443,6577.
Mr. McCulloch estimates the crop at 750,000%.
TIMBER
2,500,000
Dr Beke estimates the timber of this country worth 80,000,000Z.
which at 4 per cent. would produce 3,200,000l. per annum.
Mr McCulloch says from 40,000,000l. to 50,000,000l.
Imported in 1846
-
1,221,096 loads, colonial.
809,024
foreign.
2,030,120 loads
VALUE OF UNCULTIVATED WASTES and WOODS
Total
2,000,000
£250,000,000
The foregoing is an approximation to the probable quantities and
value of the annual productions of our agricultural interest, but if
the estimate had been made at the present prices of produce, it
would of course have added some fifty millions to the amount.
The Agricultural Interest.
45
Such has been the course, and such the results of British
Agriculture, up to the time when the grand discovery was made
that we had been progressing in the wrong direction, and pro-
tection, which had been engrafted as a principle on our system,
was surrendered on a plea of expediency to the clamour of a faction
agitating for their own selfish interests.
Had protection been continued to our home and colonial markets,
and the extension of trade with our natural enemies and rivals been
treated as of secondary importance, it is not improbable that in a
few years Mr Porter's assertion, that these quantities might be
doubled, would have been realised by the cultivation of the entire
surface of the three kingdoms to a degree of perfection equal to
that of Lincoln or any other county; but the stimulus of low
prices will only effect this, when the natural order of things shall
be reversed, and mankind have learnt the lesson of living by the
loss rather than the profit of their occupations.
Up to the present time our farmers have lived in a state
of comfort, equally with other classes of the community; and
none have a better title to do so, for, as we have shown at page 141
in the Appendix, they pay three-fourths of the direct and local taxa-
tion of the country. They are now called upon, with what degree of
justice it is impossible to perceive, to compete with men unac-
quainted with the wants of a civilized life, who pay but a nominal
rent for their land, and whose taxation, direct and indirect, is not
one-twentieth of that paid by the English farmer.
The serfs of the lords of Poland and Russia, and a class of men
just emerging from a state of half civilization, the farmers in
America, are for the future to be their competitors; not in foreign
markets, but in our own; not in Germany, France, or Belgium, but
in Mark lane, Liverpool, Wakefield, and Devizes; and writers
who wish to conceal the truth tell us, that the distance of these
countries and the expense of freight are a sufficient protection for
the agricultural interests of this country.
To show the degree of credit such assertions are entitled to, Mr
Porter shall speak for himself, when writing on Foreign Commerce,
and in support of the free-trade system: he thus proceeds :-
46
Occupations of the People.
"The argument in favour of the greater comparative value to a country of its home
than of its foreign trade, which has been founded upon the greater economy and
celerity with which the operations of the former are conducted, is far from being
always correct when applied to England. The trading communication between
the south and east coast of Great Britain and the north and west shores of many
European countries, is kept up with greater facility and economy than the traffic
between some of our distant counties. The time and money expended in convey-
ing a bale of goods from Manchester to London, by canal or by the ordinary road,
are greater than are required for its conveyance from London to Rotterdam, and
the charge made for the cartage of a puncheon of rum from the West India Docks
to Westminster exceeds the charge that would be made for conveying the same
puncheon of rum from those Docks to Hamburgh. Even in those branches of
foreign commerce, when, from the length of the voyage, a considerable time must
elapse between the shipment of goods, their reception and sale abroad, and
the transmission of returns to the hands of the shipper, a remedy for the evil
of delay has been found in the operation of commercial bankers, whose dealings
consist in the purchase and sale of bills of exchange, and are founded upon the
varying necessities of different individual traders.”
The first year of free trade has falsified all the assertions of its
advocates, that in times of scarcity the superabundance of other
countries would keep down our own prices; and the first year of
an abundant harvest throughout Europe will be sufficient to satisfy
our farmers, that wheat, oats, and barley can be transported from
the shores of the Baltic to any of our own markets, at nearly as
small an expense as from Lincolnshire to Mark lane, or from Cork,
Limerick, and Belfast, to the river Thames.
The additional facilities for the transmission of produce by
steam-boats, railroads, &c., which are every day springing up in all
directions, will soon reduce the expenses far below even the pre-
sent estimate, and make it a merely nominal consideration whether
a cargo of grain is taken on board in the ports of the Baltic, or in
those of Scotland, Ireland, or the North of England. And it only
requires the suspension or abolition of the navigation laws, to
enable the grower of agricultural produce to avail himself of the
cheapest carrier, to give the coup de grâce to the argument, and
confirm Mr Porter's statement, that the operation between these
ports and some of our more distant counties may be conducted with
equal economy and celerity.
We have therefore to consider the probable degree of compe-
tition which, under these circumstances, the English farmer will
have to contend with; and this will be best seen by a reference
The Agricultural Interest.
47
STATEMENT of the HIGHEST PRICES of CORN, per Winchester Quarter of 8 Bushels, in sterling,
calculated at current rate of exchange, on the average of the first we k of each of the months
of January, April, July, and October, in each year from 1834 to 1842, compiled from the
Consular Returns presented to Parliament.
1836.1837.
1834. 1835. 1836. | 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842.
presented to Parliament :-
foreign countries from 1834 to 1842, extracted from returns
to the following table of the prices of wheat in England and in
s. d. S. d.
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
$ d.
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
Average Price in England
46 2
39 4
48 6
55 10
64 7
70 8
66 4
64 4
57 3
"
Antwerp
32 3
35 6
37 2
39 9
46 7
56 8
54 4
47 9
55 1
Amsterdam
28 11
27 3
27 1
32 9
35 1
55 6
46 2
37 9 40 3
"
Hamburgh
26 11
24 6
25 10
33 0
40 1
53 9
Denmark
20 4
21 6
33 9
33 9
46 10
43 9
"1
Dantzic
30 7
27 5
30 1
31 8
37 8
52 2
11
I
49 3 41 4 50 0
43 10 48 2
Riga
25 11
24 11
25 1
28 3
34 9
42 4
42 9
48 5
1
""
"
Naples
27 6
22 9
26 10
31 2
34 6
38 2
37 0
34 6
35 11
Venice
29 4
29 0
32 4
38 2
35 8
42 11
39 6
35 10
39 10
Trieste
33 2
31
33 5
34 2
37 4
42 11
40 2
40 8
38 6
Odessa
32 8
23 5
20 3
21 7
24 0
31 7
28
6
27 11 29 4
"
New York
37 0
49 5
56 8
57 0
49 2
35 5
"
Philadelphia
37 6
41 1
52 5
Norfolk
32 10
49 3
||
55 5
47 8
32 7
48 10
40 6
34 4
31 1 38 0 35 4
39 6
41 4
"
Portsmouth (N. H.)
36 10
43 5
48 8
58 11
57 10
57 0
48 3 45 8 48 4
The average prices are about 10 to 15 per cent. under the above; and the lowest vary from 25 to 30 per cent.

48
Occupations of the People.
M
come.
We
e may flatter ourselves on our superior capital and skill, but
so long as cause and effect have any relationship to each other,
there can be but one deduction from the foregoing statement
of facts, and it is this, — that, with a free trade in grain, all
countries will be stimulated alike to increase their growth, and the
countries nearest to our own shores will have so decided an advan-
tage over those at a distance, as to leave them no chance of com-
peting with them. The idea that America will ever supply us
with any thing except flour, and with that only when prices are
high, must be abandoned. Besides which, with a free trade in grain
it matters not to our agriculturists from whence the supply may
If from a great distance so much the worse, for it will only
prove the superiority of such countries over ourselves to be of a
more decided character; and for the farmer of this country there is
no alternative but to descend to the level of those of other countries,
or to raise them up to his own peculiar and hitherto superior stan-
dard. There is no middle course-no counteracting cause; and
the first two or three years of abundance will painfully establish
the truth of this conclusion. What an inducement for the invest-
ment of capital in the most uncertain and hazardous of all occu-
pations! what a stimulus for exertion on the part of our farmers
and landed gentry, is the social condition of the landed interests
in the countries given in this list!
But whatever may be the result of this experiment, as regards
Great Britain, how can it be justified in reference to our sister
kingdom of Ireland? Struck down to the earth as she has been by
one of the most awful calamities that ever afflicted a nation, and
labouring under many other evils of long standing, which her union
with this country has neither ameliorated nor redressed, she was
yet gradually progressing in agricultural pursuits; and it is worthy
of especial notice, that her trade with us is twice in amount,
and of much greater importance, than that with the United
States of America. On this head we present the following tables,
which will show the proportion that Ireland has contributed to the
supply of Great Britain, and the gradual progress of her exports
to this country, which has been of course balanced by her imports
of colonial produce and manufactured goods from us :----
The Agricultural Interest.
49
STATEMENT of the QUANTITY of VARIOUS KINDS of GRAIN and MEAL brought into
GREAT BRITAIN from IRELAND in each year from 1815 to 1845.
Years.
Wheat, and Barley, and
Wheat
Barley
Rye.
Oats and Indian
Oatmeal. Corn.
Beans. Peas.
Flour.
Meal.
Total of
Grain and
Meal.
Qrs.
Qrs.
Qrs.
Qrs.
Qrs.
Qrs.
Qrs.
1815 189,544
27,108
207
597,537
6,796
821,192
1816
121,631
62,254
43
683,714
6,223
873,865
1817
59,025
26,766
614
611,117
2,287
699,809
1818
108,230
25,387
4
1,069,385
4,845
1,207,851
1819 154,031
20,311
2
789,613
3,904
967,861
1820
404,747
87,095
134
916,250
1
8,893
1,417,120
1821
569,700
82,884
550
1,162,249
7,433
1,822,816
1822
463,004
22,532 353
569.237
7,963
1,063,089
1823 400,068
19,274 198
1,102,487
6,126
1,528,153
1824 356,408
45,872
112
1,225,085
6,547
1,634,024
1825
396,018
165,082
220
1,629,856
12,786
2,203,962
1826
314,851
64,885
77
1,303.734
7,190 1,452
1,692,189
1827
405,255
67,791
256
1,343,267
1,765
10,037
1,372
1,829,743
1828
652,584
84,204
1,424
2,075,631
280 7,068
4.944
2,826,135
1829
519,493
97,140
568 1,673,628
39 10,444
4,503
2,305,806
1830 529,717 189,745
414 1,471,252
28
19,053
2,520
2,212,729
1831 557,520 185,409 515 1,655,934
1832 572,586 123,068 294 1,890,321
1833 844,201 107,519
1,762,519
1834 779,504 217,568 982
167
563
3,037
117
15,039 4,663
2,419,643
1,713,971
75
14,512
19,103 2,645
18,770
1,916
2,605,734
2,736,281
2,176
2,733,046
1835 661,773
156,176 614
1,813,101
24,234 3,447
2,659,345
1836 598,756 182,867 483
1837 534,465 187,473 1,016
1838 542,583 156,467
1839 258,331 61,675 2,331
2,126,693
Malt. 17,603
2,920
2,929,322
2,274,675 4,174 25,630
2,860
3,030,293
628
2,742,807
5,001 21,584
5,232
3,474,302
1,904,933 2,552 11,535
1,484
2.242,841
1840 174,440
95,954
122
2,037,836
1841 218,708
75,568
172
3,456 14,753
2,539,380 4,935 15,907
1,403
2,327,964
855
2,855,525
1842 201,998
50,286
76 2,261,434 3,046 19,931
1,550
2,538,221
1843 413,466
110,449
1844 440,153
1845 779,113
371
90,655 264
93,095 165
2,648,033
8,643
24,329
1,192
3,206,483
2,242,300 8,153
2,353,985 | 11,154
18,580
1,091
2,801,206
12,745
1,644
3,251,901
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
IMPORTS and EXPORTS from IRELAND to GREAT BRITAIN
in the years 1845 and 1846.
!



Imports into Ireland
CORN, in 1845.
from Great Britain.
779,113 Qrs. Wheat,
at 50s.
93,095
Barley and Meal,
30s.
2,353,985
Oats,
20s.
£1,942,782
139,642
2,353,985
Exports from
Ireland to
Great Britain.
CATTLE, IN 1846.
186,483 Black Cattle, at £16
6,363 Calves
45s.
259,257 Sheep
40s.
2,983,728
14,316
518,514
1801
£3,270,350 £3,537,725
1805
S
4,067,717 4,288,167
480,827 Pigs
50s.
1,202,067
Horses and Mules, no return this year;
1809
·
5,316,557 4,588,305
but in 1837 they amounted to 70,8021.,
and, allowing for a small increase, we
estimate them at
1813 - 6,746,353
5,410,326
80,000
1817
-
4,722,766
5,696,613
Total of Agricultural produce
9,235,034
1821
-
LINEN MANUFACTURE, 12-13ths of which
is sent to Great Britain
Total Value
5,338,838
7,117,452
-
5,000,000
1825 - 7,048,936
8 531,355
- £14,235,034
e
50
Occupations of the People.
SHIPPING.

ENTERED INWARDS.
ENTERED OUTWARDS.
Years.
Ships.
Tonnage.
Years.
Ships.
Tonnage.
In 1801
1825
5,360
456,026
In 1801
6,816
582,033
8,922
741,182
1825
10,981
922,325
1844
10,147
1,349,273
1844
16,948
1,817,756
The Irish trade since 1825 has been assimilated to the coasting-
trade, and no return of the exports and imports has been made;
but it will be seen that the tonnage of the shipping employed
between the two countries has nearly doubled since 1825; and that
the trade now amounts to nearly fifteen millions per annum, or
twice that carried on with the United States.
The state of Ireland at the present time bears a strong analogy
to that of England in the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth,
when the land was overrun with beggars, and the most cruel enact-
ments could not suppress the crime of mendicancy. By the 14th
Elizabeth, cap. 5, it is declared, that
"All persons whole and mighty in body, able to labour, not having land or master,
nor using any lawful merchandise, craft, or mystery, and all common labourers
able in body, loitering and refusing to work for such reasonable wages as are
commonly given, shall for the first offence be grievously whipped and burned through
the gristle of the right ear with a hot iron of the compass of an inch about, for the second
shall be deemed felons, and for the third shall suffer death as felons, without benefit
of clergy."
The first law, however, which gave to the pauper a legal title
to relief was the source from which have flowed nine-tenths of the
improvements so favourably distinguishing this country from all
others. Follow this example. Give to Ireland a sound and
wholesome system of poor laws, and it will compel the landlord
to reside on his estate, and dispense with the services and the
tyranny of the middle man. It will also compel him to give
employment to a long-neglected peasantry, by the application of
capital and skill to the cultivation of the soil, and thus put an end
to the worst of all evils, the sub-letting of the land, and the conse-
quent degradation of the population.
The Agricultural Interest.
51
And unless the minister, whoever he is, or may be, is powerful
enough to carry out this great sovereign remedy for the social
evils which afflict Ireland, he will do nothing for the salvation
of the people. His feeding a whole nation on charity, however
imperative as a duty, from the dire necessity of the case in the
present instance, and however praiseworthy for the extent of its
generosity, is calculated to leave the worst effect on the minds and
habits of the people, and is, in truth, the most fearful remedy that
could be applied to such a state of things, for it discloses an
abyss of self-abandonment and degradation which it is fearful to
contemplate.
It is the duty of the statesman to look far beyond this temporary
measure of expediency, and at once to apply an efficient remedy;
for, if this is not done, the agrarian outrages, which have so long
been a foul stain on the national character of Ireland, may prove
to have been only the forerunner, the type, the foreshadowing of
some great convulsion, that, operating on those struggling for
existence, will involve all classes in one common ruin.
"Better that a class should be ruined than that a nation should
perish," said a writer in The Times, a few days ago, and we
reiterate the sentiment; but better, far better, that, with im-
proved institutions, and with protection for her productions, she
should take her just rank by our side, and become a source of
strength instead of weakness. Her capabilities are such, that she
could increase the amount of her agricultural productions ten-fold.
With great quantities of waste land unreclaimed, a fertile soil, a
rapidly increasing population, noble harbours, easy of access from
all parts of the island, Ireland ought to be, under good govern-
ment, what Sicily was to the Romans,-an inexhaustible store-
house of food for the people.
52
Occupations of the People.
We have now presented a sketch of the Agricultural Interest in
all its bearings, comparatively with the Manufacturing, and as an
interest standing on its own individual importance. It is not
necessary to repeat the exact figures here, as they will be found
under the several heads of our division of the subject,—in the
Tables of each of the counties given in the Appendix, and in the
Summary of the whole at the conclusion of the work. But the
results of this inquiry may be shortly re-stated thus:
In the land of the United Kingdom is invested about two
thousand millions of capital. It gives employment to three millions
and a quarter of able-bodied persons, the mainstay and strength of
our political power. Of the several classes who are dependent.
on those employed in the cultivation of the soil, or on the rental
of the land, or on the circulation of its productions, it supports
eighteen millions and three quarters, making a total of twenty-two
millions in all. It pays three-fourths of the entire taxation of the
country. It feeds and supports the poor, maintains the Church,
is the great bulwark of the throne, and in it are embodied all the
elements of national strength, wealth, order, and tranquillity.
The Manufacturing Interest.
53
CHAPTER V.
THE MANUFACTURING INTEREST.
Review of the Progress of Manufactures in Great Britain and
Foreign Countries since the Peace.-Locality of the Manufac-
turing Interest in the United Kingdom.-Its Numerical Strength.-
Number of Persons employed in the most important Branches.
Number employed in Ireland.- Tendency of Mechanical Power to
abridge Labour.
THE Manufacturing Interest of this country is undoubtedly one
of great importance, but it derives this importance, not from any
principle of strength within itself, for it is in truth the weakest of
all the members of the body politic. However much we may pride
ourselves on the possession of coal and minerals, recent discoveries
have placed other nations on the same level in respect of these;
and as for natural productions, which constitute the raw material of
our factories, Britain is one of the poorest nations in the universe.
It produces neither cotton, fine wool, nor silk; and for all the
improvements which have latterly been made in the manufacture of
our coarse wools, we are indebted to the ingenuity of our neigh-
bours the French, who were the first to turn the long wools of this
country to so good an account. The manufacture of hardware is
also dependent on the superior quality of the iron imported from
Sweden.
Possessing therefore no natural advantages over other countries,
and subject to the competition of nations equally ingenious, in-
dustrious, and persevering as ourselves, and from many of whom
we have borrowed the most important discoveries in the mechanical
arts, we must trace the rise, the progress, and the present im-
portance of the Manufacturing Interest to other causes than that
of any inherent principle of originality or stability of its own.
54
Occupations of the People.
The principal cause, undoubtedly, is the purely adventitious one
of our having been the only nation in Europe whose territory was
not involved in the horrors of a desolating war; and the fact, that
during the night of adversity which afflicted other countries from
1790 to 1815, we enjoyed a monopoly of the trade of the world.
If, during this period, and with these political advantages, our
manufactures had made no progress, or the skill of the parties
engaged in them had not developed itself, it would have been
extraordinary indeed; but the assertion that the spinning-jenny
and the steam-engine have been the moving powers of our fleets
and armies, and the chief support of a long-continued agricultural
prosperity; and the boast of Arkwright, that give him but these
and he would pay the taxation of the country, however flattering
to the vanity of a party, we are under the necessity of maintaining
have neither the one nor the other the slightest foundation in
fact.
But whatever may have been the extent of their development
during this period, let it be always remembered that it was, from
first to last, under a system of protection that this took place. The
productions of the soil, equally with those of the loom and the
spindle, were protected by duties, which in almost all instances
operated as a total prohibition of any competition from abroad.
Independently of this, the kingdoms of Continental Europe, con-
tinually overrun by the armies of Napoleon, could offer no resistance
to our success, and the United States were in too infantine a state
of both capital and mechanical knowledge to compete with us, or
even to manufacture for themselves.
With the return of peace in 1815, a new order of things arose,
and the angry passions of mankind gave way to an earnest desire
on the part of all to cultivate the arts of peace, and we were com-
pelled by the force of circumstances to admit as competitors those
whom we had hitherto regarded and treated as enemies.
France, to whom we are indebted for the most valuable of
mechanical inventions, the Jacquard loom, and the art of cotton
printing, and who has far surpassed us in her discoveries of the
chemical properties of things, being no longer dazzled by the false
1
The Manufacturing Interest.
55
glory of conquest, sat herself down to investigate the cause of our
success, and to follow our example. And well has she succeeded.
Her silks have sustained their ancient excellence, and her finer
woollens and cambrics have a preference, and find a market, in
every quarter of the globe; and even in the article of cotton, on
the manufacture of which we so much pride ourselves, her progress
during the last thirty years has been equal to our own. To show
the degree of rivalry, and extent of the respective efforts, of the
two nations in these important branches, we give the following
table of their exports and imports at the conclusion of the war, and
at the last period returned.

Imports of
Raw Cotton.
Exports of
Manufactured
Exports of
Woollens.
Exports of Silks.
Cotton.
Ib.
£
ENGLAND, in 1815
-
1844
92,525,951
554,196,602
20,620,956
25,805,348
£
9,381,426
8,204,836
In 1820
-
£
371,755
G
1844 736,455
FRANCE
1815
1844
-
36,000,000
132,000,000
362,451 1,610,944
3,440,701 3,287,522
1820 2,700,000
1843 - 6,000,000
It will thus be seen, that although the import of raw cotton into
France has not kept pace with that of England, yet her exports of
manufactured cottons have increased ten-fold, while those of Eng-
land in the same time have only increased one-fourth. The de-
ficiency in the import of raw cotton is accounted for by the fact
that an enormous amount of twist is every year smuggled from
this country into France, with the connivance of the French Go-
vernment.* Her exports of woollens have nearly doubled, while
those of England have fallen off; and the export of silks from
France has risen from three to six millions, while that of England
has only struggled on from 371,755l. in 1820, to 736,455l. in
1844.
But the unkindest cut of all remains to be told; and it is one
which Mr Porter says could hardly have been anticipated. Our
* The quantity so introduced is estimated by Messrs Villiers and Bowring at
12,000,000 lb. annually.
56
Occupations of the People.
Government thought it "could be of no moment to the maker of
machines, whether his customers reside in the United Kingdom, or
in France or Germany," and therefore repealed the restrictions
against the export of machinery made in England. The French
Government, concluding that a drawing of any machine could be
sent at a trifling expense by the post, and that their machinists were
equal to our own, and that their labour required protection, in-
stantly put on a heavy import duty, and thus rebuked the asser-
tion made by many of our writers, that in the mechanical arts we
excel all other countries.
The people of Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and even Russia,
excited by our example, have begun to develope their resources,
and, benefiting by the experience of a few years, are now able to
carry on a successful competition with us in every market in the
world. On this subject, however, we prefer to use the language of
Mr Porter himself, and therefore copy the entire passage from his
volume, pages 246 and 247 :-
"A considerable impulse has been given to manufacturing industry in different parts
of Germany within the last twelve years, and especially since the formation of the
Prussian commercial league. In Prussia itself, many cotton spinning-mills have
been erected since 1833, and large capitals have been invested in machinery. In
Saxony the manufacture of hosiery has become considerable in amount, and the
goods produced are so low in price that exports have been made to England in the
face of a consumption duty of 10 per cent. on the value. The cotton manufacture
has also been successfully undertaken in Bavaria, in Würtemberg, and in some
others of the states included within the league. These attempts, however, are for
the most part of such recent origin, that it is hardly possible to form any certain
estimate as to their ultimate results. At present it is only through the imposition
of a considerable import duty in the German states, that their cotton goods gener-
ally are able in any way to compete with English fabrics; but it is altogether im-
possible to say how long this state of things may continue, and it may reasonably
be expected, that the German artisans will in time acquire a degree of skill and
experience which, aided by the lower cost of subsistence in Germany, as compared
with England, will render their rivalry formidable to Manchester and Paisley, at
least in neighbouring countries, if not in more distant parts of the world.
"It has long been the policy of the Russian government to afford protection to its
own manufacturers by prohibiting the goods of other countries. At present nearly
the whole amount of the exports from this kingdom to Russia, consists of cotton
yarn, which is there woven into all kinds of fabrics from the coarsest fustians to
fine cambrics. The establishments for this purpose are under the immediate pa-
tronage of the Russian government, and it is said that the goods produced are so
good in quality as to equal those of English make, but in regard to the cost of pro-
duction, the advantage is still greatly with us, and so it will probably remain so
long as Russia still maintains the policy of protecting its artisans from the compe-
tition of other countries.
The Manufacturing Interest.
57
"In several of the cartons of Switzerland the manufacture of woven fabrics has been
steadily and prosperously pursued of late years. So little of what is called pro-
tection is accorded to the Swiss manufacturer, that there are not any custom houses
in the cantons from which to obtain returns of imports and exports, whereby to
ascertain the comparative progress of these branches of industry. Free trade, in
the fullest extent of the term, has been tried in these cantons; and although, as
already observed, we are unable to bring forward an array of figures in proof of
its success, we know that in spite of the disadvantages of geographical position, and
notwithstanding the comparative scarcity of capital, the cotton which is obtained
by a tedious and expensive land carriage is converted into fabrics which compete
successfully in every market with the products of our looms; and that the silk and
linen goods of Switzerland which are excluded by fiscal regulations from neigh-
bouring countries, find customers in a wider and more profitable field on the other
side of the Atlantic. If we take into account the small natural resources of the
Swiss manufacturers, it may with truth be asserted that no people have made
greater, or even as great, progress as they have done during the last twenty years.
Switzerland has been strongly urged to join the Prussian commercial league, and
by that means to secure twenty-four millions of consumers for its cheap manufac-
tures, but satisfied with their present condition and future prospects, and jealous as
to the possible effect of permitting foreigners to interfere in any way with their
concerns, the cantons have hitherto declined to accept the proffered advantage."
America, too, although restrained for a time by the paucity of
her numbers, spread over a great extent of territory, and naturally
preferring agricultural pursuits, has been stimulated by the rapid
increase in her population to turn her attention to the manufacture
of that which is a natural production of her own soil.
And not only has she made wonderful progress in the manufac-
ture of cotton goods, but the determination of Congress to increase
the import duties in preference to taxing tea and coffee, to pay the
expenses of the war in Mexico, is indicative of her policy to protect
and foster them by all the means in her power.
In addition to this, her discoveries of coal and iron have opened
up a new branch of industry to her people, which bids fair to
interfere with a very important item of our exports to that country:
"The first bar of American railroad iron was made in 1844, and an American paper
now states that there are at present 16 or 18 mills, at which it is made at the rate
of 120,000 tons per annum.
"This amount is sufficient to lay 4 miles of railway per day, or 1,200 miles per year;
and hence the prospect of any large exportation from Great Britain, at the prices
to which our inordinate railway speculations have driven this commodity, can
hardly be looked for. The Trenton ironworks (New York) alone have entered into
a contract to furnish the New York and Michigan lines with 9,000 tons of rails
during the current year; and the capacity of their works will enable them in
addition to supply the market with 200 tons per month.
58
Occupations of the People.
"In Pennsylvania the use of the anthracite coal, which abounds in that state,
appears to have stimulated this branch of manufacture, since there are now 40
furnaces in blast-many of them of the largest class-where this kind of fuel is
consumed, although in 1840 none existed in successful operation. There is one
iron manufacturing company in Pennsylvania, which alone consumes 60,000 of
anthracite, and 100,000 bushels of bituminous coal annually."-Extract from
Times, March 9.
It is thus that every day adds to her capital and knowledge, and
brings us nearer to that crisis when she will demonstrate to the
men of Lancashire that mechanical power and the skill to apply it
are not the exclusive birthright of an Englishman, but the common
property of all mankind.
If to this we add, that should she, at the same time, discover
that the operation of our free-trade system will make it more
profitable to grow corn than cotton for the supply of the English
market, it is not improbable that the glory of Manchester may
depart, and the staple of this country be again represented by
woollens, which some suppose we manufactured in the days when
Cincinnatus followed his plough.
Such are the external circumstances of the manufacturing in-
terests, in which we are at a loss to perceive one single element of
strength or stability. Dependent on other countries for the raw
material in nearly every instance, a war with any of these would
annihilate some branches and cripple others. Competition with
countries also whose taxation is not to be compared with our own
must be carried on with every advantage in favour of our rivals,
and as it is impossible for us to call new worlds into existence to
keep pace with the multiplication of our mechanical power, it
behoves us to look well to the introduction of any new system of
political economy, however speciously put forward, lest it should
endanger the home and colonial markets, which have hitherto been
the principal customers for our own productions.
Having thus examined the external circumstances of the Manu-
facturing Interest, let us now inquire into the facts which relate to
its internal condition.
The Manufacturing Interest.
59
And, first, as to its
LOCALITY.
The Manufacturing Interest of the United Kingdom is dis-
tributed as follows:-

Engaged in Dependent on
Manufactures. Manufactures.
Total.
England, (see Appendix, p. 46)
·
Wales,
60
""
Scotland,
94
943,998
19,517
220,171
4,738,829
5,682,827
137,706
157,223
1,011,417
1,231,588
British Isles,
96
1,631
18,352
19,983
Ireland,
152
""
300,000
700,000
1,000,000
1,485,317
6,606,304
8,091,621
8,091,621
Total of the Manufacturing Interest in the United Kingdom
and, so far as concerns England and Wales, it is principally located
in the eight midland counties; viz.—

Engaged in
Agriculture.
Engaged in
Manufactures.
Population.
Chester (see Appendix, p. 46)
26,804
58,293
395,560
Derby
""
19,333
27,968
272,217
Lancaster
49,567
"
292,129
1,667,054
Leicester
"
""
17,072
22,029
215,867
Nottingham
""
"
20,358
27,710
249,910
Stafford
""
29,120
53,249
510,504
Warwick
24,239
38,451
401,715
Yorkshire
93,159
176,249
1,591,480
279,674
696,078
5,304,407
In all other parts of England and Wales
247,920
Total
943,998
The number of persons actually employed in agriculture in
the above eight counties being 279,674, or 31,754 more than are
employed in every branch of manufactures throughout all other
parts of England and Wales, it follows that the population of these
eight counties more than represents the entire Manufacturing
Interest of this kingdom.
It is almost unnecessary to remark on the well-known fact,
that in all other parts this interest is very thinly scattered; for
instance:
60
Occupations of the People.
In 8 Counties in the West there are only
3
""
South
9
""
East
7
99
Midland
14
4
""
North
""
""
A
Persons engaged
in Manufactures.
61,096
22,434
34,869
51,971
29,115
Among the most important branches of manufactures are the
following:-
Number of
Persons employed.
Cotton
(see Appendix, p. 147)
-
377,662
Wool and Worsted
-
""
167,296
Flax and Linen
85,213
Silk
83,773
Hose
""
50,955
Lace
35,347
Total of the Textile Fabrics
800,246
Iron Manufactures
29,496
Engineers
25,370
Pottery, China, and Earthenware
24,774
Factory Workers, manufactures not specified
22,478
Nail Makers
20,311
Brick and Tile Makers
18,363
Hatters and Hat Manufacturers
18,012
Printers (Cotton and Calico)
-
15,303
Rope and Cord Spinners and Manufacturers
11,319
Straw Plait Manufacturers
11,217
196,643
All other branches of Manufactures
144,017
Total of Great Britain
1,140,906
We have extracted all the numbers in the list above 10,000;
and there is no branch of manufactures in Great Britain giving
employment to more than that number, except those we have here
enumerated.
But the returns for Ireland deserve a separate and distinct
notice. There are only two branches of manufactures of any im-
portance carried on in Ireland, and these are-
Flax and Linen (all branches) giving employment to
Woollen and Cloth (all branches) -
-
135,303 persons.
77,650
212,953
The numbers given are described as including all branches of
these trades, and of course spinners and weavers, and yet the same
returns give-
The Manufacturing Interest.
61
Spinners (branch not specified)
Weavers
""
334,201
91,086
425,287
We confess that we are utterly unable to understand this, and
there is nothing in the returns which will solve the difficulty. It
must therefore remain for the reader to reject or admit, as he
may think proper; but for the reasons given at page 152 of the
Appendix, we estimate the numbers employed in manufactures in
Ireland at 300,000, making the total of the United Kingdom
1,440,906. Subject to this correction, the number of each sex
would stand thus :---
MALES.
FEMALES.
TOTAL.
Great Britain
Ireland
741,872
399,034
1,140,906
60,000
240,000
300,000
Total of the United Kingdom
791,872
639,034
1,440,906
and such is the numerical strength of the persons employed in
manufactures.
DEPENDENCE.
It is unnecessary here to repeat the argument, that the
incidents of the condition of our manufacturing population do not
give rise to the same amount of trade and commerce as those of the
agricultural, spread as it is over the entire surface of the country;
but, assuming that there are the same number pro ratâ of all other
classes dependent on them, this will give about five to one on the
number employed, and confirm the correctness of the summary of
manufactures, given at page 152 in the Appendix.
UNITED KINGDOM.
Total number employed in manufactures
·
Total number dependent on those employed in manufactures
Total employed and dependent on the manufacturing interest of
the United Kingdom
1,440,906
6,650,715
-
8,091,621
That there is a tendency in all improvements in mechanical
power to abridge human labour is a conclusion that some have
62
Occupations of the People.
doubted. In 1835, the Committee on Hand-loom Weaving reported
that 840,000 persons were either engaged in, or dependent on it;
and these, as a separate branch, whether as regards cotton, woollen,
silk, or any of the coarser fabrics, were at that time by far the
most numerous of any class engaged in manufactures. Since then
the introduction of the power loom has been gradually superseding
their labour, and little doubt is entertained that but a short time
can elapse before all fabrics, except those of extreme fineness and
of fancy patterns, will be made entirely by it. The labour of
the thousands and tens of thousands of weavers who formerly
lived in the villages of the west and the south, was first drawn
into the large towns of the north by the application of the steam
engine or mechanical power in its first stage. In course of time,
one improvement has been superadded to another, until the labour
of those who left these villages and sought for employment in the
towns is now carried on by mechanical power alone. In fact, all im-
provements point but to this one conclusion, that the whole manu-
facturing process of any given article should be concentrated
within the walls of a factory or mill, and be conducted at the
least possible expense and by the smallest number of persons.
The best illustration we can give is probably that of the making
of paper; a bundle of rags is put in at one end of the mill, and at
the other flows out an endless length of paper ready printed and fit
for use in the next five minutes. We know that screws, nails,
needles, and many other articles are made by a process similar in
its operation and results; and in every department of manufactures
the same principle is being acted upon and carried out to the fullest
extent, having for its only object to economise the use of human
labour, and to increase the production of goods.
It has been asserted, that, in proportion as new machines are
invented and put into operation, the same amount of human labour
which they supersede is required in the making of machines, in
keeping them at work, and in the manufacturing of new articles
and things which would not be made, or made only on a small
scale or at a dear rate, but for such new inventions. In the
returns of the census there is nothing to justify such a conclusion,
The Manufacturing Interest.
63
either as applicable to any one branch of manufactures or the
whole collectively.
We may differ as to the deductions to be made from these
statistical facts, or on the principles which govern our present
system of trade, but every well-wisher of his country must be desirous
that the manufacturing interest should flourish, and that the produc-
tions of our mechanical skill should still continue to go forth to the
uttermost ends of the earth. We have, however, a sterner duty to
perform than to follow Mr M'Culloch's example, and to read a
homily on the comparative moral and physical circumstances of this
over other countries, much of which is illusory, and the whole of
which belongs rather to history than to the present time. The
rapid progress which other nations are making in the manufacture
of the same articles is, in our opinion, the best and most conclusive
evidence that a thirty years' peace has placed us on a common level
with the nations of the continent, and sufficient, at all events, to
induce a suspicion that it is possible we may have overrated these
moral and physical advantages, and by so doing have mistaken the
shadow for the substance.
Superiority in either mechanical skill or chemical knowledge we
repudiate as an absurdity. In what, then, does it consist? The
French surpass us in silks, cambrics, and woollens; and the best
patterns of Mr Cobden's productions are only copies of foreign
designs. The untaxed Swiss are beating us in our own markets
in the article of watches; and these and the Germans undersell
us in foreign markets in linen and hosiery, and are making great
progress in many articles of hardware.
That our inventions in the mechanical arts have been numerous
and valuable no one will for an instant dispute, but the rapid com-
munication of ideas, and the transit of commodities in the present
day, makes any invention the common property of Europe in a
month; and if any climax was wanting to the argument, it would
be found in the permission given to export both our artisans and
our machinery if required.
With these facts fully before them, and with this competition to
contend with, we should hope that our manufacturers will bestir
64
Occupations of the People.
themselves, and, without any reliance on our moral and physical
advantages, will, by still greater exertion, maintain their present
proud position; but if the labour of our factories should fail,
and the cottons of Manchester and the woollens of Leeds should
meet with successful rivals in markets hitherto their own, it
must be owing to some evil principle at work in our own system,
which it is the duty of all who feel an interest in the welfare of
this interest to detect, and correct, if possible, lest it should subvert
the whole.
We therefore propose to pass in review the several articles which
form the staples of the Manufacturing Interest of this country, and
in so doing we shall probably not only ascertain the actual status of
this interest in the body politic, but also be able to trace the degree
of its dependence on the home and foreign trade for the con-
sumption of its productions.
The Manufacturing Interest.
65
CHAPTER VI.
THE MANUFACTURING INTEREST.-(Continued.)
The Manufacture of Cotton.-Review of the present Circumstances
of this Trade.—Estimate of Capital invested and employed in
the Manufacture.-Amount of annual Productions.-Com-
parison of Home and Export Trade.-Number of Persons
employed and dependent.-Tables of Import of Raw Cotton,
and the Official and Declared Value of the Exports of Manu-
factured Goods from 1820 to 1846.
It is quite true that "there is nothing in the history of industry to
compare with the rapid growth of the American cotton trade,
except that of the manufacture in this country." Notwithstand-
ing, however, the rapid growth, and present importance of the
manufacture of cotton, an incident has just occurred which shows
how slight is the tenure by which we hold possession of it, how
extremely sensitive it is of anything touching the source of its
supplies; and how extensive is the suffering which, under present
circumstances, any failure in these inevitably creates among those
dependent on it for their means of subsistence.
The manufacturers of cotton have, during the past year, been
struck in their most vital part, and, like all men keenly alive to
their own interests, they discern in the distance a cloud, although
no bigger than a man's hand, which portends them no good. The
quantity of raw cotton imported in 1845 reached the enormous
amount of 721,523,712 lb., having doubled itself in the short space.
of ten years.
An unusually low price of the raw material, and an
enormous increase in the production of manufactured goods, were
the natural consequences. Had the supply of raw cotton gone on
increasing, the same results would have followed, and a still further
f
66
Occupations of the People.
reduction in the value of both have taken place, until the rate of
profit of the grower in America, and the manufacturer in England,
had been estimated by the bale instead of the pound, and reduced
to so small a fraction as to be scarcely discernible.
The importation of the year 1846, however, fell off to
467,748,624 lb., or to about three-fifths of the preceding year;
while the export at the same time increased from 42,916,384 lb.,
to 65,930,704 lb.; and the same consequences that we have so
often witnessed in this trade again followed: first, an advance in
raw cotton, then a partial suspension of business, and working short
time, and, as a matter of course, a corresponding amount of distress
among the working classes.
It has been the practice of Mr Cobden and Mr Bright, and
those entertaining their opinions, to assign as the primary cause
of such a state of things the want of freedom of trade, the corn-
laws, or the high price of food; but, as that excuse will no longer
serve their purpose, the parties engaged in this trade have adopted
a much more sensible course of proceeding, and, within a few
days, we find that a meeting has been called in Manchester for
the purpose of urging on Government the necessity of instituting
an inquiry as to the extent to which the production of cotton in
the East Indies could be profitably promoted.
This would seem to imply a suspicion on their part, that the
supply of cotton from America at extreme low prices had reached
its maximum; and it is not improbable that they have been assisted
in coming to this conclusion by a consideration that the facilities
for introducing the bread stuffs of the Americans into this country
may induce them to prefer the cultivation of corn to cotton.
We should devoutly hope that none of these results will be
realized; but it is incumbent on our manufacturers to watch the
progress of the new system, lest it should produce effects which
may, even in a year or two, endanger their own security. The
real cause of the frequent depression in this business, we consider,
has no connexion with or relation to the corn-laws, or the price of
food, but may be clearly traced to our vast mechanical power,
which can, with wonderful facility, exhaust a stock of raw
The Manufacturing Interest.
67
cotton, however large, or glut the markets of the world with an
amount of manufactured goods which, under other circumstances,
would have found employment for the population for a long period
of time.
In 1843, Mr Bright, addressing the electors of Durham, dwelt
with great pathos on the decay of trade, and the desolation of the
loom and the spindle. The words were hardly spoken before the
opening up of the trade with China gave an impetus to the
industry of the country which has never been surpassed; and the
years 1844 and 1845, with the corn-laws still unrepealed, were
equal in prosperity to any in our history.
It required not, however, the gift of prophecy to foretel that
after such a state of things a period of great depression would
follow, for great as our prosperity may be, our mechanical power
is still greater; and, as a consequence, the desolation of the loom
and the spindle is the same in 1847 as when Mr Bright uttered his
lamentations in 1843.
We shall now proceed to inquire into the capital embarked in the
manufacture of
COTTON.
Mr McCulloch estimates it as follows:-
Capital employed in the purchase of the raw material
£4,000,000
Capital employed in the payment of wages
8,000,000
Capital invested in spinning mills, power and hand looms, work-
shops, warehouses, and stock on hand
35,000,000
Total
£47,000,000
That the capital employed is very large, there can be no doubt,
but we consider this estimate to be much beyond the truth, and
our reasons for this conclusion are the following:
Capital employed in the purchase of the raw material, 4,000,000l.-
This sum would represent at the current prices of raw cotton for
some years past about one-half the whole quantity imported in
twelve months. In very speculative times, it is possible that the
manufacturers may hold a larger proportion than usual, say one-
half the stock on hand, the whole amount of which at any one
68
Occupations of the People.
time would not amount to more than about 4,000,000l. or
4,500,0007.
It is, however, a well known fact that with the increase in trade,
the credit given in dealing, both for the raw material and the manu-
factured one, has been gradually curtailed until a very large pro-
portion is now carried on for cash payment in fourteen days, and
the remainder for bills at a very short date. The great bulk of
manufactured goods are drawn for at two months, from the first of
the month after the execution of the order. Hence there is no
reason why the manufacturer should hold heavy stocks of the raw
material on the one hand, while on the other there is every induce-
ment for him to produce and send to market with all possible
rapidity the manufactured article.
And in truth it is this facility of buying and selling from hand to
mouth that has caused small manufacturers to spring up in all di-
rections, whose returns are almost weekly, and who, unless this
system prevailed, could neither pay for the raw material, nor the
wages of manufacturing it. We therefore estimate the amount of
capital required to represent the value of the raw material held by
our manufacturers, and in progress through their mills at any one
time, at about 2,500,000l.
Capital employed in the payment of wages, 8,000,000l.—This is
an equally extravagant sum. A return was made in 1839 to the fac-
tory commissioners of the monthly wages of 225 cotton mills in Lan-
cashire. The amount given is 141,6357., and the number of
persons
employed 67,819, which being about one-fourth of the whole num-
ber of persons employed in cotton factories, although the number
of mills is only one-eighth, proves that this return embraces
the largest and most important concerns in the kingdom. Esti-
mating, however, the whole number at the same rate, this would
give about 7,300,000l. per annum as the wages of those employed
within the mills, the most skilled and the highest priced labour of
all. If to this we add 5,000,000l. for those employed out of the
mills, which is far beyond the mark, we have a total of 12,300,0007.
for the year.
The amount of capital actually employed in the payment of these
The Manufacturing Interest.
6
wages must, however, depend on the system of credit which prevails
in the sale of the goods, and this being so extremely short, it follows
that a spinner of yarn, or a manufacturer of cloth, turns his capital
four, five, and six times a year, and a very large proportion of them
much oftener, so that we cannot estimate the amount of capital
required to represent wages at more than 3,500,000%.
Capital invested in spinning mills, stock in trade, &c., 35,000,000
-We cannot discover the slightest authority for this estimate.
Mr McCulloch in his former edition estimated their value at
20,000,000l., but he has now advanced it to 37,000,000l. The
number of cotton mills in the United Kingdom in 1839 was 1,819,
of which 1,125 were situated in Lancashire. This would give an
average of about 20,000l. to each; but the assessment to the poor
rates of the rental of these mills and factories would not warrant
any such conclusion.
In 1844, 314 cotton mills in Manchester and the surrounding dis-
tricts made a return of their assessment to the poor rates, which
amounted to 179,7677. These employed 116,281 persons, or more
than one-third of the whole number in the United Kingdom, and
therefore, as in the former instance, embraced the largest and most
extensive concerns in this trade. This is about the same propor-
tion which they bore to other property in the year 1815; and our
estimate founded on this return is the following:-Annual rental
of 1,819 mills, 450,000%., which, at 6 per cent., would represent a
capital of 7,500,000l. Allowing for every 1007. of rent 2,000l. for
machinery, this would add 9,000,000l., making in all, for the
buildings and machinery, a total of 16,500,000l. If we add these
items together, the capital required to represent the cotton interest
in the United Kingdom may be thus stated:-
Capital employed in the purchase of the raw material
Capital employed in the payment of wages
Capital invested in spinning mills, power looms, &c. .
Capital required to represent stock on hand.
Total
•
•
£2,500,000
3,500,000
16,500,000
2,000,000
£24,500,000
The manufacturers of cotton, it is well known, have amassed great
wealth, and with the above means may easily produce forty, fifty,
70
Occupations of the People.
or sixty millions' worth of goods per annum, according to the degree
of fineness of the article manufactured; but this is no evidence
that, with the present system of trade, a larger amount of capital than
is here stated is required to effect it. As well might we consider the
one thousand millions which pass through the London clearing
house in the course of twelve months evidence of the amount of
capital in trade, when, in fact, they have no relationship whatever
to it. This large amount is merely evidence of the fact, that trans-
actions in commerce are multiplied in proportion to the degree
of briskness which prevails in trade, and which may arise equally
from speculation or consumption.
On these grounds we altogether object to the estimate of Mr
M'Culloch, and contend that it is not formed on any practical
knowledge of the subject, we also deny that there are any official
returns in existence which would justify his conclusions.
It is a
well-known fact that when trade is active the manufacturers hold
no permanent stock of any amount, and can hardly deliver fast
enough to supply the demand. In ordinary times the productions
of these mills pass into the hands of the dealer and the shipper in an
incredibly short space of time; and it is only in dull times, when
business is in a state of stagnation, that capitalists are compelled
to hold stock. In this state of things, however, the small manu-
facturer, whose weekly supplies are suspended immediately, ceases
to work. The larger one, to keep his machinery in order, commences
working short time, and thus nearly the whole pressure of the
times is thrown back on the consignee of cotton at Liverpool,
with whom the raw material rests until called into activity by a
revival of trade.
We have further to consider the amount of cotton goods annually
produced. Mr M'Culloch estimates it thus:-
Raw material, 500,000,000 lb. at 5d.
Wages of 542,000 weavers, spinners, bleachers, &c., at 247.
a year each.
Wages of 80,000 engineers, machine-makers, smiths, masons,
joiners, &c., at 50l. a year
Profits of the manufacturers, wages of superintendance, sums
to purchase the materials of machinery, coals, &c..
£10,000,000
}
13,000,000
4,000,000
$} 9,000,000
goods? £36,000,000
Total value of every description of cotton goods
manufactured in Great Britain annually
The Manufacturing Interest.
71
The data here given are certainly very loose and unsatisfactory,
and throw but little light on a very important matter. Consider-
ing that 10,000,000l. of raw cotton forms the base, and that there
are very few fabrics in manufactured goods in which the increase
in the value of the raw material would not be much greater than
is here given, while a large proportion is worked up to every
conceivable degree of fineness, we consider this estimate to be
much too low; but there are so many considerations attached to
this matter that any guesses of the kind on data so unsatisfactory
are of very little worth. The reduced price of the raw material, the
improved machinery and increased facilities of production, and
the reduced rate of profit, as compared with former periods, render
it next to impossible to make a comparison in point of value
between the present and past times.
There is one fact, however, which admits of no dispute, and that
is, that the official value fixed in 1694, and continued down to the
present time, measures the quantities exported, thus:-
YEARS.
Raw Cotton entered for Official Value of Cotton
Home Consumption.
As compared with 1815,
Goods Exported.
ought to have been
1815
lb.
92,525,951
£
£
22,289,645
1820
152,829,633
22,331,079
36,000,000
1825
202,546,869
29,495,281
48,000,000
1830
269,616,640
41,050,969
64,000,000
1835
326,407,692
52,333,278
78,000,000
1840
528,142,743
73,152,251
126,000.000
1844
554,198,602
91,039,574
132,000,000
1845
721,523,712
It will be seen from these figures that the quantities exported
have not kept pace with the quantities of raw cotton taken for
home consumption, and that, with occasional fluctuations, the
deficiency has gone on increasing, and consequently the home
trade must have absorbed the difference. Whatever variety of
opinion may exist as to the value of the manufacture, there can
be no gainsaying this, that the home trade has increased in a greater
proportion than the foreign.
But it is said that this is not conclusive, inasmuch as the finer
qualities of goods are retained for the home consumption; so that the
72
Occupations of the People.
quantity exported as measured with any fixed price, and the amount
of raw cotton imported, would not show the precise fact, because the
heavier and coarser goods, those consuming more raw cotton, would
form the principal part of our export trade. Whatever truth there
may be in this, it only proves that the home trade is the most
important in value as well as quantity, for it consumes goods of the
most costly description, and on which a much larger amount of
labour is bestowed than any other; while white and plain calico,
on which it is comparatively small, constitute one half of the whole
export trade of manufactured cottons.
This we consider to be clearly proved by the following com-
parative Table of the Exports of White or Plain and Printed or
Dyed Cottons at different periods, compared with 1820:—


Years.
White or
Plain Cotton
Decrease
in value
Printed or
exported.
Declared
Value.
as com-
pared
with 1820.
Dyed Cottons
exported.
Decrease
in value
Declared
Value.
as com-
pared
with 1820.
Yards.
1820
113,682,486
£
5,451,024
Per cent.
Yards.
£
Per cent.
1825
158 039,786
6,027,892
25
134,688,144 7,742,505
178,426,912 8,205,117
26
1830
244,799,032
6,562,397
81
199,799,466 7,557,373
50
1835
277,704,525
6,910,506
279,811,176 8,270,925 100
357,517,624 8,498,448 150
1840 433,114,273 7,803,772 170
1844 623,249,423 9,346,865 220 403,421,400 8,265,281 180
91
Again, with respect to our trade in twist, which, in 1846,
amounted to 7,873,7271., inasmuch as Germany, Holland, and
Russia, take two-thirds of the whole, it is only an evidence of
the rapid progress which our rivals are making in manufacturing
for themselves; and this is more clearly shown by the fact, that
while in 1846 the export of manufactured goods, as compared with
1845 fell off 1,429,1307. the export of yarn increased 910,4927.
Before parting with the manufacture of cotton, we cannot help
noticing certain fallacies put forward as to the amount of employ-
ment it gives, and the number of all classes it supports. Mr
M'Culloch has treated the statistical works of Dr Colquhoun
as something nearly allied to the "Arabian Nights' Entertain-
ments;" but we shall show that his own works recently published
The Manufacturing Interest.
73
are not altogether free from the same charge, and that they
abound with calculations thrown off in a very ad captandum
style, which will hardly bear the test of inquiry. Among
others, in his account of the capital invested in the manu-
facture of cotton, he gives us an estimate of the wages of
542,000 weavers, spinners, bleachers, &c., at 24/., and of 80,000
engineers, machine-makers, smiths, masons, joiners, &c. at 50l.
a year each. We should look in vain for any figures in the returns
of the census to corroborate this statement. The whole number
of every age and sex, employed in the cotton trade, is 302,376;
and if we include their proportion of those returned under the head
of "Fabric not specified," it only amounts to 377,662. Of these,
259,336 are employed within the mills, and Mr Porter gives a
return made to the Factory Commissioners of the payments to
all the persons employed in 225 factories, averaging 10s. 6d.
per week each. Considering that the labour within the mills is the
most skilled of all, this is much lower than we expected; but it is
admitted on all hands that the earnings of the hand-loom weaver,
and most others outside the walls, do not amount to anything like
this, and that their condition for years together has been one of
unmitigated destitution.
The whole number of engineers in the United Kingdom is
25,804, of whom only 4,505 are resident in the county of Lancaster;
and as to machine-makers, the whole number in the three king-
doms is no more than 8,513, of whom 2,058 reside in this county;
and if we include the smiths, masons, and joiners, it will be very
difficult to make the numbers amount to two-thirds of Mr
McCulloch's estimate.
Again, Mr McCulloch states that "allowance being made for
old and infirm persons, children, &c. dependent upon those
actually employed in the various departments of the cotton manu-
facture, and in the construction, repairs, &c. of the machinery and
buildings required to carry it on," the entire cotton manufacture
must furnish, on the most moderate computation, subsistence for
from 1,200,000 to 1,300,000 persons. Where is the evidence in
support of such an assertion? Certainly not in the returns of the
census.
74
Occupations of the People.
The sense in which the term subsistence is here used by
Mr McCulloch is, that the wages of the persons employed do
directly support this number of 1,200,000. But the returns show
that the number of males above twenty years of age is only
138,112, and that all the rest are either females, or under twenty
years of age; and therefore not only not heads of families, but it is
very improbable that their small earnings can support any but
themselves. Our estimate founded on these facts is as follows:
138,112 MALES above 20 years of age.-Heads of Families, and representing
three each, besides themselves
414,336
MALES under 20-not Heads of Families
59,171
FEMALES above 20-in most instances the wives of the males above mentioned,
and their families, included in the same number
104,470
FEMALES under 20 years of age
75,909
653,886
Add for the proportion of Females married to persons other than those in-
cluded in the number above-mentioned, and for the mechanics and other
artisans dependent on this branch
50,000
703,886
Such is the number actually receiving wages or directly deriving
support from the manufacture of cotton.
In this branch of the textile fabrics mechanical power has
acquired a greater ascendancy than in any other. The manufac-
ture of linens and woollens are fast approximating the same state of
things, but in the article of silk the difficulty of applying machinery
is found to be much greater.
Hence, in proportion to the amount of their productions, the
manufacturers of cotton employ a less number of hands, and pay a
smaller amount of wages, than any other interest in the kingdom;
-a consideration of vast importance, when taken in reference to
the employment of the population or the taxation of the country.
The Manufacturing Interests.
75
TABLE of the IMPORTS and EXPORTS of KAW COTTON, and also of the MANUFACTURED GOODS EXPORTED, distinguishing
YARN from other Manufactures, and giving the OFFICIAL and REAL VALUE of each in the several years from 1820
to 1846.
RAW COTTON.
MANUFACtured GOODS EXPORTED.
YARN.
MANUFACTURES.
Official Value.
Real Value.
YEARS.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
Millions of
Pounds.
Real Value.
Millions of
Yards.
Real Value.
Including Hosiery and Small Wares.
lb.
lb.
£
£
£
£
1820
151,672,655
6,024,038
1821
132,536,620
14,589,477
22
23
2,826,639
2481
13,193,529
22,531,079
16,516.748
211
2,305,823
2694
13,167,965
22,541,615
16,093,787
1822
142,387,628
18,267,786
263
2,697,582
302
13 798,607
26,911,043
17.218 724
1823
191,402,503
9,318,402
27/1/1
2,625,946
3012
12 980,644
26.544,770
16.326,604
1824
149,380,122
13 299,505
33/2
3,135,396
344
14,448,249
30,155,901
18,452,987
1825
228,005,291
18,204,953
32
3 206,729
336/1/
14,233,009
29,475,281
18,359,526
1826
177,607,401
24,474,920
42
3,491,338
267
9,866,534
25,194 270
14,093,369
1827
272,448,909
18,134,170
443
3,545.578
3651
12,947,035
33,182,898
17 637 165
1828 227,760,642
17,396,776
50%
3,595,405
3631
12,483,249
33,467,417
17,244 417
1829
222,767,411
30,289,115
61-
3,976,874
402
12,516,248
37,269,432
17,535,006
1830
263,961,452
8,534,976
64
4,133 741
444/
14,119,770 41,050,969
19,428.664
1831
288,674,853
22,308 555
63
3.975,019
4211
1832
286,832.525
18,027,940
755
4,722,759
461
1833
303,656,837
17,363 882
70%
4,704,024
4964
12,163,513 39,357,075
11,500,630
12,451,060 46,337,210
17,257,204
43,786,255
17,398 392
18.486,400
1834
326,875,425
24,461,963
761
5,211,015
555
14,127,352
51,069,140
20,513 585
1835
363,702,963
32,779,734
83
5,706,589 557
15,181,431
52,333,278
22,128,304
1836
406,959,057
31.739,763
88
6,120,366
637
17,183,167
58,578,442
24,632,058
1837
407,286,783
39,722,031
1034
6,955 942
5311
12,727,989
51,130,290
20,597,123
1838
507,850,577
30,644,469
114
7,431,869
690
15,554,733
64,812 528
1839
389 396,559
38,738,238
105
6,858,193
7311
16,378,445
67,917,021
1840
592,488,010
38,673,229
1181
7,101,308
790
16,302,220
73,152,251
1841
487,992,355
37,673 585
123
7,266,968 751
14.985,810
69 798,131
1842
531,750,086
45,251,302
137
7,771,464 734
12,887,220
68.684,891
1843
673,193,116
39,619,979
1401
7.193,971
918
15,168,464
82,189.599
1844
646,111,304 47,222,541
1845 721,523,712 42.916,384
1846 467,748,624 65,930,704
138
6,988,504 1046
17,612,146
91,039,574
135
6,963,235 1091
18,029,808
7,873,727
16,600,678
24 147,726
24.550.376
24.668 618
23,499,478
21,674.598
23.447,971
25 805.348
26,119,331
25,600,693
76
Occupations of the People.
CHAPTER VII.
THE MANUFACTURING INTEREST.—(Continued.)
The Manufacture of Woollens.-Change of Fabric caused by the
Mixture of Coarse with Fine Wools.-Numbers employed.— Change
of Locality.-Capital invested.—Annual Productions.- Comparison
of Home and Foreign Trade.—Table of Woollen Goods exported
from 1815 to 1844.
The Manufacture of Linen.-Distribution of the Trade.-Number
of Persons employed.—Capital invested.-Annual Productions.—
Comparison of Home and Foreign Trade.—Table of Imports of
Flax and Exports of Linen from 1834 to 1846.
The Manufacture of Silk.-Notice of Mr Huskisson's Alteration in
Duties in 1824, and Progress of the Silk Trade since that Time.
- Quantity imported and smuggled into this Country.—Amount of
Capital invested.-Annual Productions.—Comparison of Home
and Foreign Trade.—Table of Imports of Raw Silk and Exports
of Manufactured goods from 1820 to 1846.
Summary of Manufactures.-The Amount of their Annual Pro-
ductions. Comparison of the Home and Foreign Trade in the
Consumption and Distribution of these.
Ir was customary down to the sixteenth century for our mer-
chants to carry large quantities of English wool to Flanders, whence
were brought back woollen cloths and foreign productions for our
consumption. From a very early period, however, the manufacture
of wool was an object of the especial protection of the Government;
and, until within a few years, this production of our own soil was
the great staple of the manufacturing interest.
The force of circumstances has compelled it to yield precedence
to its more successful rival; and its ancient glory is somewhat
obscured, not only by the competition of cotton, but by the in-
creasing coarseness of the fabric, so that our finest woollens no
The Manufacturing Interest.
77
longer command a preference in other countries, and even our own
consumption is made up of a very inferior quality to that which
prevailed in the earlier stages of its history.
This has somewhat damaged the foreign trade in fine goods, but
at the same time it has opened up a wide field for mixtures of every
variety, and done great service to both the foreign and the home
trade in this particular branch. The caprice of fashion, in respect
of these mixtures, has in this instance not only adapted itself to
our necessities, but also greatly encouraged the growth of wool
both at home and in our colonies. Long may it continue to
prevail and to flourish.
For this great alteration in the manufacture we are, however,
indebted to our neighbours the French, who were the first to dis-
cover the value of our long wools, and to adapt them to their
present use. Up to 1825 the exportation of British wool was
prohibited, but as soon as the French manufacturers were able to
procure the combing wool of England, they produced a great
variety of new stuffs, not "superior to any that we had ever pro-
duced in this country," but of a different texture, fabric, and
pattern; and our manufacturers, stimulated by their example, have
been able to copy, if not to improve on their discoveries.
This is sufficient to account for the fact, that since 1825,
although the quantities of foreign wool imported have fluctuated
greatly in particular years; yet, on the average of twenty-one years
from 1824 to 1845, the consumption has not increased above sixty
per cent., while the wool imported from our colonies has increased
in the same period from about half a million of pounds to thirty-
one millions of pounds; and, collaterally with this, wool of British
growth has increased from 6d. to its former value of 1s. 4d. per lb.
Some have contended that the reduction of duty on foreign wool,
which took place in December, 1824, at the same time that British
wool was allowed to be exported, was the principal cause of this
change in the fabric; but the facts we have given do not warrant
any such conclusion. The ingenuity of the French, in the first
instance, and the great influx of Colorial wools at low prices, have
enabled our manufacturers to produce a great variety of articles,
78
Occupations of the People.
which have supplanted the finer fabrics made from foreign wool;
and whatever increase has taken place in the consumption of foreign
wool is purely ascribable to the facilities of mixing it with the
coarser wools of this country. The falling off in the manufacture
of superfine cloths, both of the home and foreign trade, is conclusive
on this head.
As regards the amount of employment which this branch of trade
gives rise to, much difference of opinion appears to exist. Dr Camp-
bell, in his "Political Survey of Great Britain," 1774, estimated the
number at 1,000,000. The manufacturers at the bar of the House
of Lords in 1800, stated the number to be not less than 1,500,000.
Mr Stevenson, whom Mr M'Culloch considers to be one of the few
writers on statistics to whom deference is due, estimates the present
number at 480,000, or perhaps 500,000, and Mr M'Culloch himself
states it at 300,000. Our own estimate is that given in the returns
of the Census; viz., for Great Britain, 167,296 (see Appendix,
147), being rather more than one-half the lowest estimate; and for
Ireland, 77,650 (see Appendix, pp. 151 and 152); making together
244,946 in the United Kingdom.
p.
That there was much exaggeration in the estimates of Dr
Campbell in 1774, and the manufacturers in 1800, none can doubt;
but it would be difficult to find a better illustration of the tendency
of machinery to supplant human labour than the history of the
woollen trade. Up nearly to the close of the war even the steam-
engine had made but little progress in the West of England, and the
mills in operation along the Bottoms of Gloucestershire, and in the
towns of Bradford, Trowbridge, Westbury, Melksham, Chippen-
ham, and Frome, gave employment to large numbers of the popu-
lation, earning good wages. What has been their condition for
many years past? With very few exceptions the manufacturers
in this part of the kingdom have failed, and three-fourths of the
We much
population in many towns are on the poor-rates.
doubt if the whole number now employed in the woollen trade in
Yorkshire is equal to that which before the introduction of this
machinery found employment in Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, and
Somersetshire.
The Manufacturing Interest.
79
Mr Porter, Mr. M'Culloch, and many other writers, point in a
tone of triumph to the increase in population, and enlargement of
the towns of Leeds, Bradford, Halifax, and Huddersfield, when,
in truth, this enlargement proceeds from no other cause than the
decay of the same trades in other localities, and the concentration
in large towns of the labour of the population, which had a much
more fertilizing influence on society when it was spread over a
greater extent of surface.
The total number of woollen and worsted mills in the United
Kingdom in 1839 was returned by the Commissioners as follows:-
England, 1,494; Wales, 161; Scotland, 117; Ireland, 38-
total, 1810. And estimating these on the same scale as those
engaged in the cotton trade, we arrive at the conclusion that the
amount of capital actually employed in this branch of manufactures
is as follows:-
Capital invested in 1,800 mills, producing an annual rental of about
360,000., which, at six per cent., would represent
Capital invested in machinery, about two-thirds the value of that
employed in the manufacture of cotton
£6,000,000
4,500,000
Capital employed in the purchase of the raw material, and stock in
trade, the credit on the sale of the manufactured goods being
much longer than on cotton
4,000,000
Capital employed in the payment of wages, for the same reason
2,000,000
Total of capital employed -
£16,500,000
Mr McCulloch and Mr Stevenson differ much in their estimate
of the amount of manufactured goods annually produced; the
several items are thus given by each:-
Mr M'Culloch. Mr Stevenson.
Raw material 110,000,000 lb. of British wool, at Is. 3d. per lb.,
and 50,000,000 lb. foreign, at 2s. per lb.
-
£11,875,000
6,000,000
Wages
7,000,000
9,600,000
Oil, dye-stuffs, soap, &c.
1,100,000
Profits, sums to replace, wear and tear, interest of capital, &c.
4,025,000
2,400,000
£24,000,000
18,000,000
Our estimate rather exceeds that of Mr M'Culloch, and the
several items are differently distributed; thus-
80
Occupations of the People.
RAW MATERIAL.
Foreign wool, the average of twenty-one years, from
1825 to 1845
Colonial wool, average of the last five years, about
British wools, according to Mr Porter
Oil, dye-stuffs, soap, &c.
34,813,000 at 2s. 6d. £4,351,625
25,000,000 at 1s. 6d. 1,875,000
145,000,000 at ls. 3d. 9,062,500
£15,289,125
1,500,000
5,878,704
2,266,782
2,266,782
·
£26,108,073
Wages of 241,946 persons, returned in the Census, at 24/. a year
Manufacturers' profits, ten per cent.
Wear and tear, and interest on capital, ten per cent.
Total value of manufactured goods
Having ascertained the amount of goods produced, we have
further to consider in what manner they are disposed of. From
the table with which this article concludes it will be seen, that with
the exception of woollens mixed with cottons and stuffs, woollen or
worsted, every other branch of our foreign trade has not only made
no progress for the last thirty years, but has fallen off in an extra-
ordinary degree. The export of cloths of all sorts, hitherto the most
important branch of this trade, has declined from 638,369 pieces
in 1815, to 161,675 in 1842, and to 317,073 in 1844. Napped
coatings and duffels have nearly disappeared from the list. Kersey-
meres, which formerly were the boast of the West of England, is only
one-third, and flannels about one-fourth, what they were in 1815.
A glance at the table will show that the falling off has not taken
place suddenly, from any failure in the supply of the raw material,
or from any increase of duties discouraging the production; but, on
the contrary, in the face of duties repealed, and increased facilities,
the foreign demand has greatly diminished. The fact is, the manu-
facture of the fabrics, which now form the great bulk of our
exports, namely, mixtures of cotton with wool, require no extra-
ordinary machinery, nor any great degree of skill or ingenuity, to
make them, and therefore they are made by all countries as well
as ourselves.
Goods of such qualities as these are not calculated to sustain the
reputation of past years, or to challenge the competition of other
countries in the manufacture of woollens. Compare the progress
of the French exports with that of our own, and you have a
solution of our present position in this trade in an instant.
The Manufacturing Interest.
81
AN ACCOUNT of the QUANTITIES of BRITISH MANUFACTURED WOOLLEN GOODS EXPORTED in each Year from 1815 to 1844.
Years.
Cloths
of all
Napped
Coatings, Kersey-
Duffels,
meres.
sorts.
Baises
of all
sorts.
Stuffs,
Woollen or
Worsted.
Blankets Carpets
Flannels.
and
and
Blanketing. Carpeting.
Woollens
mixed with
Cotton.
Hosiery.
Sundries Total
unenume- Declared
rated.
Value.
&c.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Yards.
Yards.
92,691 69,687
91,183 50,038
83,493 61.174
104,468 | 58,578
71,613 39,796
78,944 37,183
1823
94,344 41 539
108,012 | 47 105
1826 328,559 | 41,800
86,038 36 862
1827 371,965 51,690
1829
1828 335,042 40,646
363,075 | 16,186
1815 638.369 88,598
1816 467,222 | 90,481
1817 478.378 | 93,329
1818 | 446,872 | 78 525 |
1819 340,044 | 60,374
1820 | 288,700 | 59,644
|
1821 375.464 69,622
1822 420,497 67,757
356,027 | 54,225
1824 407 720 51,585
585,842 | 3.592,331 1 934,469
|
828.901 2,569,105 1,288,409
91,402 | 41,610 1,022,342 3,504,851 1,424,238
| |
95,870 43,447 1,078,428 4,503 612 1,926,711
| | |
1825 384,880 45,268 126,448 47,100
| |
122,049 47.574 1,258,667 2,518.887 1,899,600 1,195,939
| |
84,524 49,567 1,310,853 2,539,766 2,097.542 | 1,197,947
33,465 52,777 1,307,558 1,572,920 1,839,961
|
593,308 | 7,056,271 | 3,397,187
Yards.
793,793
Yards.
Dozens.
£
£
820,038
683 448 2,814,101| 2,305,565
642 586
937 944 4,621,860 2,706,904 | 1,144,330
717,581 3,622,761 | 1,777,719
620,630
926,264 | 202,906 | 265,260 | 9,381,426
764,435 | 119,465 182,461 | 7.842,768
|
851,874 100,385 147,373 7,173,735
|
824,848 | 161,217 170,497 | 8,140,767
495,557 | 101,473 82,909 | 5,984,130-
|
526,124
407 716
764,922
627 800
|
884,922
59,960
107,779
1,120,326 | 136,597
39,337 5,586,138
38 986 6,462,866
47,042 | 6,488,167
1,150,133 4.311,997 2,131,632
778,426
918,469 | 106,420
44,619 | 5,636,586
1,242,403 3,105,961 1,990 041
848,842
1.393,443 113,123
43,361 | 6,043,051
|
1,138,808 2,959,594 2,162,834
888,324
1,793,301 106,498
45,335 6 185,648
1,125,308 2,423,120 1,082,582
903,597
531,517
71,922
37,223 4,966,879
846,768 148,117
43,559 | 5,245,649
981,152 159,463
48,314 5.069,741
|
811,538
1,074,077 91,285
41,948 | 4,587,603
1830
389 269 22,377
1831 | 436,143
436,143 | 13,892
1832 396,661 | 23,453
1833 597,189 | 19,543
34,714 49,164
29,650 30,259
40,984 34,874
1,252.512 1,613,099 2,176,391
1,487,404 1.572,558 2,546,328
672,869
1,099,518
111,146
54,038 | 4,728,666
678,656
1 000,004
148,774
64,648 5,232,013
1,800,714 2,304,750 1,681,840
690,042
1,334,072
152,810
55,443 | 5,254,478
31,795 45,036
1834 521,214 | 22,868
1835 619,886 | 20,083
1836 720,587 | 22,814
1,690,559 2,055,072 3,128,106
|
23,891 43,338 1 298,775 1 821,394 2,537,772
29,203 47,854 1,673,069 2,067,620 3,122,341
|
29,610 45,555 1,406,000 2,190,008 4,333,876
22,930 | 43,477 | 1,041,636 | 1,685,457
667,377
1,605,056 232,766
606,912
1,723,069 | 173,073
78,236 6,294,432
75,841 5 736,870
938,848
1,778,389 207,014
110,686 | 6,840,511
1,008,013
1,467,927 163,182
142,533 7,639,353
03
1837 387,787 | 23,605
1838 587,908 | 26,847
1839 392,854 | 25,025
1810 215,746 | 16,091
1841 213,125 | 11,491
1842 161,675 8,433
1843 241,160
5,273
1844 317,073 4.616
1845 37,791 4,773
1846
|
36.428 41,813 1,358,984 1,779,525 2,558,806
32,572 27 749 1,665.596 1,727 025 3,148,846
27,122 36,044 1,718,617 1,613,477 2 162,653
22.131 37,160 2,007,366 1,820,244 2,187.329
| |
|
22,467 24,877 1,979,492 1,619,496
| |
| |
29,263 21,130 2,443,371 1,719,699
| | |
28,041 22,780 2,492,217 1 993,896
| | |
24,673 23,583 2,212,906 2,405,311
1,846,231 | 109,758 | 123,335 5,795,069
2,388,282 | 175,023 | 258,79 | 6,271,645
3,628,874
|
96,946 164,034 | 5,327,853
5 015 087135,909 163,900 | 5,748,673
6,950,010 | 137,062
152,629 5,185 045
11,199,975 147,507 192,966 6,790,232
724,326 20,661,259 284,390 | 156,093 | 8.204,836
2,479,478 | 1,006,970 23,831,017 | 174,061 178,995 7,693,117
| | |
6,334,298
2,431,683
753,764
1,051,972 74,947
92,617 | 4,655,977
727,539
906,489
758 639
809,315
1,892,591
1,765,970
3,360,690
763,762
747,346
82
Occupations of the Peopie.
From the foregoing table, it is clear, that to the extent of two-
thirds we are dependent on the home trade for the consumption
of what is produced; and considering the very little progress we
have made in the export trade, it is difficult to understand the
policy that has opened the home market to the competition of the
cheaper labour and finer wools of other countries.
The Linen Manufacture.
The next in importance is the manufacture of linen, which, as
compared with other branches, made but little progress, until within
a very few years. It is now distributed as follows:
England and Wales.-The principal seat of this manufacture
is the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the mill of Messrs Marshall,
at Leeds, is not only the largest in the world, but for perfection
of machinery may be said to rival every other in any branch
of trade whatever. It is also carried on to a small extent in Lan-
cashire. The whole number of persons employed is only 19,148.
Scotland.-In this country the manufacture took root much
earlier, and has been prosecuted with greater success than in
England. Dundee, Aberdeen, and Dunfermline, are the chief
places in which it is carried on to any great extent. The whole
number of persons employed is 48,600. The wages of the hand-
loom weaver are in general very low, seldom exceeding from 5s. to
8s. per week.
Ireland. The woollen trade of Ireland, which had made some
progress, was crushed by William III, and the linen manufacture
established in its stead.
Mr M'Culloch appears to agree with Mr Young and Mr Wake-
field, in the opinion that the extension of this manufacture in the
north of Ireland, has been prejudicial rather than advantageous to
that country. We quote Mr M'Culloch's words that, "it cer-
tainly contributed to that morbid increase of population, and that
minute division of the land, which are the bane of Ireland, and
which are carried to the greatest extent where the manufacture is
and was most difficult. The manufacturers too, being not only
spinners and weavers, but also little farmers, had their attention
The Manufacturing Interest.
83
diverted from their proper business, and were neither sufficiently
industrious nor inventive. As might be expected, their earnings
were generally very low, and but few amongst them were ever able
to emerge to a more elevated sphere. The introduction of the mill
system, however, into Ireland, has nearly annihilated their former
one, and the manufacture has consequently disappeared from
several parts of the country, leaving those who were partially de-
pendent on it for subsistence in a very depressed state."
We think that most of our readers will differ from these gentle-
men as to the effect of the linen manufacture on the population of
the north of Ireland; but as regards the operation of the mill
system, as it is called, we apprehend there can be no doubt what-
ever, for it has had precisely the effect here described on every
other branch of trade in which it has been introduced.
The number of flax and linen factories in the United Kingdom
in 1839 was 415, affording employment to 12,897 males, and 30,594
females. A table at page 147 in the Appendix gives the whole
number employed in 1841 thus-
England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas
Scotland.
Add proportion of fabric not specified
Total of Great Britain
Ireland. See Appendix, page 149
Total of the United Kingdom
19,148
48,600
67,648
17,465
85,213
•
135,303
•
220,516
The capital invested in this business, if estimated on the
same scale as that employed in the cotton manufacture, would
not exceed 6,000,000l., or 7,000,000l. Dr Colquhoun makes
the annual productions of the linen manufacture to amount to
15,000,0004-Mr M'Culloch to 10,000,000l. When, however, we
consider that in 1824, now twenty-three years ago, the Linen Board
in Ireland reported it to amount to 2,580,7091. 4s. 9d., and that
since that period the mill system has taken root, and greatly
increased the production; with the extraordinary extension of this
trade in Scotland, we are inclined to think that they exceed Mr
McCulloch's estimate, and may be stated thus:-
84
Occupations of the People.
Ireland
England
Scotland
£5,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
£12,000,000
The following table will show the imports of flax, and the ex-
portation of manufactured linens from 1834 to 1846.
LINEN EXPORTED.
FOREIGN FLAX
IMPORTED.
By the
Yard,
Declared Value.
LINEN YARN.
Total declared
Value, including
small Wares.
Millions
Years.
£
of Yards.
£
Millions
of lb.
£
£
1834
794,272
673
2,357,991
136,312
2,579,658
1835
742,765
773
2,893,139
216,635
3,208,778
1836
1,511.428
82
3,238.031
318,772 3,645,097
1837
933,654
5814
2,063,425
479,307
2,606,752
1838
1,615,905
77
2,717,979
14
746,163
3,566.435
1839
1,216,811 851
3,292,220
16
818,485
4,233,452
1840
1,256,322 891
3,194,827
17/1/
822,876
4,128,964
1841
1,338,213 90-
3,200,467
25
972,466
4,320,021
1842
1,130,312 69
2,217,373
29/1
1,025,551
3,372,300
1843
1,422,992
84
2,615,566
23
898,829
3,702,052
1844
1,583,328
914
2,801,600
252
1,050 676
4,075,476
1845
1.418 323
1,060,566
4,096,936
1846
1,146,743
875,556
3,713,940
The home consumption of linen must consequently be about
two-thirds of the whole quantity produced.
Mr M'Culloch remarks that the exportation of yarns has been
decreasing for a year or two past, from the circumstance of the
French and other foreigners having greatly extended the use of
spinning machinery in their own countries. A great portion of the
linens exported are sent on consignment to agents in foreign
countries for sale, and are sold by them on a credit of six to twelve
months.
The Silk Manufacture.
The experiment of Mr Huskisson on the silk trade in 1824 is
often referred to as a signal triumph of free-trade principles.
The members of the League have quoted him continually in their
debates, and claimed the honourable gentleman as a disciple of their
school; and Sir Robert Peel, in the late debate on the Corn Laws.
The Manufacturing Interest.
85
endeavoured to impress on the country the history of the experiment
in justification of his removal of all protection from agriculture
A more fallacious conclusion it would be difficult to imagine. Let
us, therefore, trace its history.
From 1815 to 1825 the manufacture of cotton goods had made
most extraordinary strides. Not only were great improvements
taking place almost daily in the fineness of the fabrics produced, but
the art of printing cottons was carried to a degree of perfection
hitherto unknown; and the very low price at which these could be
produced enabled them not only to compete successfully with silk,
but almost to extinguish the manufacture of that article altogether
With such a competition there was nothing extraordinary in the
fact that the manufacturers of silk goods were in a constant state
of trouble and embarrassment. But to add to these difficulties
the government of that day laid on heavy import duties, not
for the protection of any particular interest, but for revenue;
viz., on-
Foreign Organzine Silk
Raw Silk from Bengal
•
from other places.
8.
d.
14 71 per lb.
4 0
5 71
Even, as Mr M'Culloch very properly remarks, "had the manu-
facture been otherwise in a flourishing condition, such exorbitant
duties on the raw material were enough to have destroyed it." On
the 8th of March, 1824, Mr Huskisson therefore proposed to reduce
them as follows:
Foreign thrown, to
99
Raw Silk
in 1826, to
s. d.
7 6 per
5 0
0 3
lb.
Foreign manufactured silks were up to this time prohibited, but
a taste for the costly productions of France prevailed then, as it
does at this hour, among the more wealthy classes; and notwith-
standing the peril and risk attending his trade at that period the
smuggler evaded the Coast Guard, and found opportunities of sup-
plying the market with any amount of goods required. And even in
1810, when the smugglers' difficulties were rendered much greater
by war, the quantity of contraband silks introduced increased to
86
Occupations of the People.
such an extent that an association was formed among the manufac-
turers to prevent smuggling. Again, in 1818 and 1819 the silk
weavers of Spitalfields and Coventry petitioned Parliament against
this illegal competition.
In this state of things, Mr Huskisson foresaw that if the silk
trade was to be continued in this country, it must be relieved of
those enormous duties on the raw material which absorbed the
capital of the manufacturer, increased the cost of the production not
only to the extent of the duty paid, but to nearly as much more in
respect of the loss on the waste of so costly an article, and thus raised
the cost of manufactured goods to such an extent as to place
them out of the reach of any but the upper classes. These remarks
apply with equal force to organzine or thrown silks, for so long as
the duty on the raw material prevented manufactured silk goods
from competing with muslins and cottons, protection to the throw-
ster, high as it was, was utterly valueless.
But it is said that he threw open the trade to the competition of
the foreigner at the same time, and that in consequence our
manufacturers have been stimulated to greater exertion, and have
succeeded in beating him. Mr Huskisson removed the prohibition, it
is true, but he put on in its place a protecting duty of 30 per cent.
ad valorem.
Whether this duty has answered the purpose for which it was im-
posed or not is quite another thing. It certainly was intended as a
protection for our silk trade to the extent of 30 per cent., but the
ingenuity and address of the smugglers have triumphed over all
obstacles, and, since the year 1824 they have carried on their trade
with more success than ever. These persons no longer run the
risk of encountering in bodily strife the opposition of the Coast
Guard, but, having first made their arrangements with the officers
of the Custom-house, they send their packages through the Custom-
house itself, and these are delivered with all the regularity of a
regular trade to houses of the first eminence in the city, whose
principals have figured as free traders on the boards of Covent
Garden Theatre, and in the Court of Exchequer as freebooters on
the revenue.
The extent to which this has been carried on is
The Manufacturing Interest.
87
shown in the following table, and it is incredible to suppose that
it could have been done without the connivance of some of the
officials of her Majesty's Government. The Commissioners of
Customs are, or ought to be, men of business; and it is rather too
much to conceive that the importation of one-half the silk goods
for the last ten years should have been carried on in defiance of
their regulations; and yet, if any reliance can be placed on the
following statement, such is the fact:-
AN ACCOUNT of SILK on which DUTIES have been PAID, and also of the QUANTITIES
SMUGGLED from FRANCE into ENGLAND in the several years from 1827 to 1843.
YEARS.
Exported from France
to England.
Entered at Custom Houses
in England.
Quantity Shipped more
than Entered.
lb.
lb.
1827
224,880
104,040
lb.
120,840
1828
335,051
156,216
178.835
1829
211,842
115,918
95,924
1830
289,034
119,826
169,208
1831
303,642
149,187
154,455
1832
312,877
146,665
166,212
1833
351,085
148,196
202,889
1834
317,508
175,562
141,946
1835
298,780
168,772
130,008
1836
283,646
179,977
103,669
1837
268,164
166,723
101,441
1838
393,085
244,626
148,459
1839
505,236
255,245
249,991
1840
625,317
267,477
357,840
1841
624,269
254,120
370,149
1842
503,278
250,306
252,972
1843
484,438
276,256
208.182
6,332,132
3,179,112
3,152,003
It is certainly something new to tell us that the greater the
quantity of French silks imported and smuggled, the more our
manufacturers are stimulated to competition. If such an argument
be good for anything, this stimulant ought to have operated in
like manner before 1825, and the sooner the remaining protection
of 15 per cent. is taken off the better.
Had the importation of French silks declined, or the trade of the
smuggler become extinguished by the competition of our own
manufacturers, there might have been something in the argument;
88
Occupations of the People.
but until both of these events have occurred, the extension of the
manufacture in this country must be traced to its real cause, the
removal of duties on the raw material which affected the production
of the article and the progress of the trade.
Such is the history of the alterations proposed by Mr Huskisson,
which have been the subject of much misrepresentation. His
policy in respect of trade was one to which all may readily
subscribe, for it was nothing more than this, that, compatibly
with the protection of our home interests, every restriction ought
to be removed, and every facility given to promote our intercourse
with other nations.
As regards the silk trade, his first step was to abolish the
book of prices, which had become to a great extent obsolete, and,
where acted upon, only served to embroil both master and man; and
when Macclesfield and afterwards Manchester set this book at
nought, it was high time that Spitalfields should surrender what
then existed to their prejudice. He at the same time relieved the
manufacturers of duties on the raw material, which had become
extremely onerous both to them and the consumer.
The instant, however, these revenue duties were taken off, the
manufacturers began to make silks at a great reduction in price, and
this has proceeded at such an extraordinary rate, that at the present
moment the cheapest silks and the highest-priced cottons and
muslins are of about the same value.
We certainly have not yet arrived at the point of time antici-
pated by Mr Huskisson when silk should prevail as an article of
general wear among the humbler classes of society, but it would
not much surprise us if the manufacture of cheap silks, and
fabrics consisting of silk mixed with other materials, were to
become a very important branch of trade, and the manufac-
turers of this article should for the future be able to carry on a
successful competition with those of cotton, and recover much of
the ground lost up to the year 1824.
Many of our leading men in and out of Parliament ascribe the
improvement which has taken place in the silk manufacture solely
to the removal of the prohibition against the importation of
13
The Manufacturing Interest.
89
foreign silks, and the consequent stimulus which they say has been
thereby given to our manufacturers to produce articles in competi-
tion with the French. A sufficient and a much more natural cause
is to be found in the removal of the duties we have referred to,
which puts us on the same footing as the foreigner in all respects
but one—the price of labour; and to this and to nothing else is to
be attributed our success in the manufacture of silks. The substi-
tuting a duty of 30 per cent. in the place of prohibition has cer-
tainly not checked the demand for French silks, or the trade of
the smuggler, but, on the contrary, has increased both, for a
reference to the foregoing table will prove that these have been, up
to a late period, much more extensive and thriving than ever.
The reduction of the duty to 15 per cent. will probably put an end
to the smuggler's nefarious trade, and at the same time compel
some of those large free-trade houses who have already received the
attentions of her Majesty's Attorney-General to carry on their
trade in silk goods on a more equitable and honourable footing in
competition with persons in the same trade. It will also test the
ability of our manufacturers to compete with those of France,
and we shall rejoice at their success, inasmuch as it will pave
the way for that perfect freedom of trade in manufactured.
goods which in 1849 is to prevail in respect of agricultural pro-
ductions.
The number of silk mills in the United Kingdom, in 1839,
was 291.
These differ in several respects from those engaged in
other branches of the textile fabrics. There are a few large estab-
lishments in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire, but the great
bulk are comparatively small concerns, and spread over different
parts of the kingdom. Mr Porter says that, with the exception of
the preliminary branch-throwing, it has been found impracticable
to apply machinery to the production of the finer kinds of silk
goods. More depends, therefore, on individual effort to produce
any improvement; and as the necessaries of life are much cheaper
in France than England, it gives the French a decided advantage
over us in this particular branch.
For these reasons, the number of persons employed in the mills
90
Occupations of the People.
M
is comparatively small.
In 1839 it only amounted to 10,863
males, and 23,370 females. The returns in the census for 1811
give the whole number employed in the trade as 83,773. (See
Appendix, p. 147.)
The amount of capital invested does not exceed 4,000,000%., and
the value of the goods produced may be estimated at about
10,000,000/
It will be seen, on reference to the annexed Table of Imports
and Exports, that our exports to all countries are more than coun-
terbalanced by the imports from France, and that the home
consumption has since 1820 amounted to 10,000,000l. more than
the entire production of the silk trade in this country.
A duty for the protection of an interest is as distinct from that
of a duty for revenue as any two things possibly can be. For
instance, if the Chancellor of the Exchequer could dispense with the
revenue derived from malt and spirits, he would find that the
increase in the consumption would far exceed not only his most
sanguine expectations, but would throw into the shade that which
has taken place in the articles of coffee, silk, wool, and lard, which
gentlemen so often refer to in illustration of their arguments when
speaking on the subject of free trade. On the contrary, let him
continue the present high duties, and open the ports to the import-
ation of beer and spirits, and in six months every brewery and
distillery in the land would be closed.
The continuance of these duties is, however, necessary to main-
tain the good faith and pay the consequent taxation of the country,
and it would be just as absurd to suppose that the heavily-taxed
grower of barley in this country could compete with the untaxed
and half-civilized farmer of other countries, as to have expected
that the manufacturers of silk goods in the year 1824, with such
heavy duties on the raw material, could compete with either the
manufacturers of cotton, or the cheaper and comparatively untaxed
labour of other countries in respect of silk.
Were France to concede, what she never will concede, that our
cheap cottons should compete with and extinguish her silk
trade, we might perhaps be able to supply her with both silks.
The Manufacturing Interest.
91
and cottons; but as this is much too extravagant a proposition
to be entertained by either the French or English people, we will
only further remark that we are utterly at a loss to conceive what
advantage can accrue to us in opening up so rich a preserve of
native industry to the competition of the foreigner, or what this
foreigner can give us as an equivalent for it; and we belong not
to that party who would incur the responsibility of making such an
experiment on the credulity and common sense of mankind.
IMPORTS OF RAW WASTE, THROWN SILK, and EXPORTS of SILK GOODS from
1820 to 1845.
Years.
Raw and Waste.
Thrown.
Total.
Exports to all
Countries.
lb.
lb.
lb.
£
1820
1,717,682
309,953
2,027,635
371,755
1821
1,969,160 360,248
2,329,808
374,473
1822
2,058,685 382,878
2,441,563
381,703
1823
2,104,257 363,864
2,468,121
351,409
1824
3,547,777 463,271
4,011,048
442 596
1825
3,044,416
559,642
3,604,058
296,736
1826
1,964,188
289,325
2,253,513
168,801
1827
3,759,138
454,015
4,213,153
236,344
1828
4,162,550
385,262
4,547.812
255,870
1829
2,719,962
172,239 2,892,201
267,931
1830
4,256 982
1831
3,798,090
436,535 4,693,517
514,240 4,312,330
521 010
578,874
1832
4,643,315
329,732 4,373,247
529,990
1833
4,493,176
268,367 4,761,543
737,404
1834
4.356,683
165,768
4.522,451
636,419
1835
5,533,880 254,578
5,788,458
972,031
1836
5,764,222 294,201
6,058,423
917,822
1837
4,387,561 211,298
4,598,859
503,673
1838
4,548,121
242,135
4,790,256
777,280
1839
4,437,301 228,643
4,665,944
868,118
1840 4,531,115 288,147
1841 4,490,620
1842 5.281,059
4,819,262
792 648
266,651
4,757.171
788,894
363,524 5,644,583
590.189
1843
5,037.784
333,602
5,371,386
667.952
1844
5,679 706
405,927
6,085,633
736,455
1845
1846
5,816,296
5,285,672
511.832 6,328,128
766.405
431,681 5,717,353
837,577
The duty of 30 per cent. received on 3,173,676 lb. of silk goods imported from 1827 to
1843 amounted to 19s. 9d. per pound. Estimating the entire quantity both duty paid
and smuggled, viz. 6,332,132 lb. at the same rate (see page 87), the value of French silks
imported during this period was 20,843,2687., or 10,717,186l. more than the amount of all
the silks exported by us to all countries.
We have thus reviewed the past and present circumstances of
the four principal branches of the manufacturing interest of this
92
Occupations of the People.
country, which furnish employment to a large proportion of the
whole number engaged in it. Of the others it is unnecessary to
speak in detail, as the table in the Appendix, page 147, will
give the several numbers, showing their individual and relative
importance.
Our estimate of the whole may be shortly restated thus:-

Cotton Manufacture:
Woollen ditto
Great Britain 167,296
Ireland
77,650
Number of
Persons
Employed.
Amount of
Capital
Annual
Employed. Productions.
Home
Trade.
Foreign
Trade.
₤
£
377,622 24,500,000 45,000,000
20,000,000 25,000,000
20,000,000 25,000,000
Linen
•
Great Britain 85,213
Ireland
135 303
Silk
Hose
Lace
Hardware and Cutlery,
including Brass, Cop-
per, Iron, Steel, Tin,
and Pewter Manufac..
tures
Leather
•
Paper Furniture, Books,
Printing, &c.
China, Glass, Earthen-
ware, &c.
Jewellery, Plate, &c.
Miscellaneous
Total
•
•
244,946 16,500,000 26,000,000 18,000,000 8,000,000
220,516 7,000,000 12,000,000 8,000,000 4,000,000
83,773 4,000,000 10,000,000 9,300,000 700,000
50,955 1,000,000 2,500,000
35,347 2,000.000 3,000,000
3,000,000 4,300,000 1,200,000
18,000,000 11,000,000 7,000,000
500,000
427,747 23,000,000 13,000,000 12,500,000
14,000,000 13,500,000 500,000
5,000,000 4,000,000 1,000,000
3,300,000 3,000,000 300,000
35,384,292 25,000,000 10,384.292
1,440,906 78,000,000 187,184,292 118,600,000 58,584,292
This statement, of course, can be only a probable approximation
to the annual value of the productions of the Manufacturing
Interest of this country. It is, however, important, as showing
the relative value of the home as compared with the foreign
trade, the former being two-thirds and consequently double the
latter.
To arrive at a just conclusion as to the addition which the
Manufacturing Interest makes annually to the common stock of the
community, it will be necessary that from this amount of 187
millions we deduct the value of the raw material used in our
The Manufacturing Interest.
93
manufactures, which in round numbers may be estimated at fifty
millions; thus:-
Cotton
Wool
Flax
Silk
Dye stuffs, oils, and all other articles used in manufactures
Metals of all kinds
Coals
·
Total
£
10,000,000
15,000,000
4,000,000
4,000 000
5,000,000
6,000,000
6,000,000
50,000,000
!
This would leave 137,000,000l. for the labour of those employed
(1,440,906), and for the support of those deriving their subsistence
from or dependent on those employed (6,650,715), being together
8,091,621 persons. (See Appendix, page 152.) It also includes
the manufacturer's profits, the wear and tear of machinery, and
tools, and the interest of capital.
Having the assistance of machinery, the productions of this
interest are of course much greater than the Agricultural, as com-
pared with the capital and numbers employed by each, and this
comes in confirmation of our conclusion as regards the degree of
support which the Manufacturing Interest gives to the population.
Before we dismiss this branch of our subject, there is one fact
arising out of the manufacturing system as at present carried on
which requires especial notice. In the table given in this work of
the value of all goods exported from 1801 to 1846, it will be
seen that the real as compared with the official value has varied at
different periods in a most remarkable manner; thus—
Years.
Official Value.
Real Value.
Increase or Decrease on the
Real as compared with the
Official Value.
£
1801
24,927,684
1805
23,376,941
£
29,730,659
38,077,144
Increase, 60 per Cent.
65
""
1810
34,061,901
48,438,680
41
دو
1815
42,875,996
51,603,028
21
1820
38,395,625
36,424,652
Decrease, 6
39
1825
47,166,020
38,877,388
20
"
""
1830
61,140,864
38,271,597
38
""
""
1835
78,376,731
47,372.270
40
"}
1840
102,714,060
51,406,430
50
1846
134,385,829
59,837,660
56
94
Occupations of the People.
Now, if we were to estimate the 134,000,000l. exported in 1846
at the same rate as the 25,000,000l. in 1801, the real value would
be 214,000,000l. ; but, producing only about 60,000,000l., it would
appear to prove that the articles manufactured and exported at
the present time are depreciated in value to the extent of
154,000,000l., or, as compared with 1801, 270 per cent.; but this
is not exactly so.
The reduced price of the raw material will certainly account for
a portion, although a very small one, of this 154,000,000l. As
we have already seen, the whole value of the raw materials used
in our factories in any one year during the last twenty, would
not reach to more than one-third of this amount. To what, then,
are we to attribute this extraordinary fact? We answer, simply
and solely to the extension of our mechanical power.
It is not that the manufacturer does not realize a profit on his
goods,—the very reverse is the truth. He never was in a more
palmy condition or made larger profits than during this period of
apparent depreciation; but the whole system has undergone a
great revolution.
In the best days of the late Sir Robert Peel it was usual to esti-
mate profits in the cotton trade at probably twenty times the present
rate; but then the quantity produced was comparatively small and
wages proportionably high; whereas at the present time the manufac-
turers calculate their profits by the fractional parts of a farthing,
and counterbalance any deficiency in the rate of profit by pro-
ducing every year of their existence almost enough to cover the
entire circumference of the earth.
There would be great cause for triumph at such a result, if all
classes in the community shared the profits equally with the
manufacturer; but, unfortunately, just in proportion as the mill
owner acquires great wealth, the condition of the operative outside
the walls of the mill verges to one of extreme destitution.
An acre of land, if cultivated, must pay a tithe of its produc-
tions to support the religion of the State, and an equal contribu-
tion with any other property in respect of the poor, county, and
church-rates; but mechanical power may exercise its productive
The Manufacturing Interest.
95
faculty ad infinitum, with but a trifling reference or liability to
either the one or the other. The building may be rated at 2007.,
500l., or 1,000l. a year, but it has a power within it, which, as com-
pared with landed property rated at the same amount, will produce
a hundred fold as great a return: a principle in legislation as
deteriorating in its operation on the masses as it is unjust to
individuals.
This is rendered every year more and more apparent by the fact
that periods of stagnation are more frequent than ever, and the
working classes, to check the operation of this system, have now
combined for a ten hours bill. They are well aware that when
trade is brisk they will be able to dictate the price of labour
to their masters, and that in times of depression their condition
could not be worse than it is at present. It will in all probability
compel the manufacturers to keep larger stocks, and to equalize the
labour of their factories by a more constant employment of those
engaged, and thus raise not only the scale of wages, but also the
rate of profits.
It is the first blow that has been effectively struck at the over-
whelming preponderance of mechanical power, but it will not be
the last.
The manufacturers may "fret and chafe under the infliction," to
use the language of Sir James Graham, but they will have to
submit; and the time is not far distant when this hitherto irre-
sponsible power of production will be exercised only in the pro-
portion that it may contribute to the taxation of the country and
the necessities of the State.
96
Occupations of the People.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE MINING INTEREST.
—
Its Antiquity.-Coal.- Iron.-Tin.-Lead. - Salt. Summary of
Persons employed.-Capital embarked.—Annual Productions.-
Comparison of Home and Foreign Trade.
THE Mining Interest of this country is one of great antiquity, and
is separate and distinct from the manufacturing, or any other.
It existed for centuries before the manufacturing interest acquired
any degree of importance; and, as some of our writers assure us
that our present stock of coal is likely to hold out for at least 2,000
years more, it is not improbable that the mines of this country
may be an inexhaustible source of wealth, long after the manu-
facture of the textile fabrics shall again have shifted its locality,
and set out upon its travels to other countries.
Coal.-Our coal mines date from the thirteenth century; and
the present annual cousumption is estimated at about 38,000,000
tons. According to Mr M'Culloch, it is thus distributed:
Domestic consumption and small manufactures
Railway carriages, steamers, &c.
Tons.
20,000,000
1,200,000
21,200,000
MANUFACTURES.
Production of pig and bar iron
Cotton manufacture
Woollen, linen, silk, &c.
•
Copper, smelting, brass manufactures.
Salt works
•
Lime works
Tons.
9,125,000
•
1,000,000
1,000,000
•
•
1,000,000
375,000
700,000
13,200,000
1,500,000
2,500,000
4 000,000
38,400,000
Total consumed in manufactures
EXPORTS.
To Ireland
To colonies and foreign parts
The Mining Interest.
97
The export trade is scarcely worthy of notice, and it will be
seen from the above list that the quantity consumed in manu-
factures is only one-third. We believe this to be much over-
rated; but whether the calculation be true or not, there is very
little doubt that the domestic consumption as here stated is equal
to one half of the whole.
Estimated at an average of 10s. per ton, the annual produce of
our coal mines would amount to 19,200,000l., but when so large a
proportion of the whole is carried coastwise, as well as by canals
and railroads ramifying in all directions throughout the kingdom,
we should say this estimate is much too low, and, provided the
quantity stated be correct, we entertain no doubt that the cost to
the consumer falls very little short of 25,000,000l. annually.
The number of persons returned in the census as working in
coal mines was 115,883 males and 2,350 females (see Appendix,
p. 163). Other considerations, however, of vast importance attach
not only to the coal trade, but to the mining interest generally; and
among others is the great amount of shipping it gives employment
to. The north country trade alone employs 1,500 vessels, and above
15,000 seamen and boys, thus acting as an excellent nursery for sea-
men, and constituting a powerful arm of defence in the time of war.
Iron.-There is, it is said, authentic evidence to show that
iron works were established by the Romans in the Forest of Dean,
in Gloucestershire, and in other parts of the kingdom. Owing,
however, to complaints of the destruction of timber for the
smelting of iron, it made but little progress, until Lord Dudley, in
1619, discovered a process and obtained a patent for smelting iron
ore with pit coal.
The manufacture was distributed in 1840 as follows:
South Wales
•
Staffordshire
Shropshire
Yorkshire
Derbyshire
North Wales
Forest of Dean
Scotland
•
Various, including Northumberland
•
Total.
•
Furnaces.
Tons.
163 producing 505,000
151
427 650
31
82,750
32
""
56,000
18
""
31,000
15
""
26,500
4
15,500
70
6
490
241,000
11,000
1,396,400
h
98
Occupations of the People.
The manufacture in Scotland, in 1846, was carried on at the
rate of about 500,000 tons per annum; and assuming that the
same rate of increase took place in the districts above-mentioned, the
total make for the United Kingdom would be about 1,750,000
tons.
The number of persons working in the iron mines is returned in
the census as 10,949 (see Appendix, page 163), and in the manu-
facture of iron, 30,342 (see Appendix, page 149). The latter are
very properly classed as manufacturers, although closely allied to
the mining interest.
Mr McCulloch estimates the annual production of iron to be
worth about 14,000,000l., but we think this is much over-rated. In
years of great excitement and railway speculation, the price is
unnaturally forced up, and the production probably much increased;
but at other times it is not unusual to deduct 25 or 30 per cent.
from the quantities here stated for reduced make, and the prices
average 25 per cent. under those on which this estimate is formed.
These deductions would, in ordinary times, make the annual value
about 8,000,000l.; and this is more in accordance with the profits
returned under the income tax. The foreign trade in 1846.
amounted to about 500,000 tons of all sorts, leaving for the con-
sumption of the home trade the remaining 1,000,000 or 1,250,000
tons, being about two-thirds of the whole.
The United States of America, in 1844, took one-fifth of the
whole quantity exported; but the reader will find, at page 57, a
statement of their own progress in the manufacture of iron, not
calculated to induce a hope that this branch of our trade with
them will be either extended or continued.
Tin.-The tin mines of Cornwall are the most ancient of all.
Herodotus mentions the "Cassiterides, or Tin Islands," to which
the Phœnicians traded, which are generally supposed to mean those
of Britain.
The number of persons actually working in the mines is very
mall, only 6,101 in all. (See Appendix, page 163.) In addition to
these, the manufacture of tin gives employment to 1,320 tin
manufacturers (see Appendix, page 151), and 9,657 tin-plate
workers, dealers, &c. (See Appendix, page 159.)
The Mining Interest.
99
The quantity annually produced is about 4,500 tons, which at
70l. per ton amounts to 315,000l., of which the export trade takes
about one-third, and the home trade two-thirds. Until 1817, the
China market took about 800 tons annually, but since the restoration
of the island of Borneo to the Dutch, its mines have been so pro-
ductive, that they now not only supply the markets of India and
China, but send a large quantity to the Continent of Europe.
Mr Porter states that, inasmuch as our production of this metal
is greater than our consumption, it would be absurd to suppose
that any foreign produce could enter injuriously into competition
with that of our own mines. A conclusion, we submit, that the
history of no one article in commerce will justify. America may
send us iron, and Borneo tin, if the price of their labour is less
than ours; and the price of labour is governed not only by supply
and demand, but by the amount of taxation, which enters into
every element of which it is composed.
Copper. The ores of copper and tin being frequently mixed, it
follows that these mines are also of a very ancient date; but it was
not till the beginning of the eighteenth century, that they acquired
any great degree of importance. The annual produce is thus
distributed :-Cornwall, 11,000 tons; Devon, 500; other parts of
England, 260; Anglesey, 750; other parts of Wales, 150; Ireland,
1,400;—total, 14,060; which, at 1007. per ton, would produce
1,406,000. The export trade takes about one-half, and the re-
mainder is consumed at home. The number of persons actually
employed in the mines in Great Britain is 15,407; in addition to
which there are copper manufacturers, 2,140; and copper-smiths,
1,319. (See Appendix, pages 155 and 148.)
Mr McCulloch estimates the numbers employed in and on the
copper and tin mines at 45,000; but the numbers we have given
are the only ones that appear in the returns of the census.
Lead.-The working of mines of this valuable mineral is also said
to date from the time of the Romans. The total annual produce is
estimated at 50,000 tons, which, at 207. per ton, would be worth
1,000,000l. About one-fifth of this is exported, and the remainder
taken for home consumption. It gives employment to 11,419
persons. (See Appendix, page 163.)
100
Occupations of the People.
Salt.—Mr M'Culloch estimates the production of our salt mines
and works at 537,000 tons per annum, of which 200,000 tons are
consumed at home, and 337,000 tons exported. Value, at 15s. per
ton, about 400,0007.
SUMMARY of the MINING INTEREST of the UNITED KINGDOM.

Number of
Persons
Employed.
Amount of
Annual
Productions.
Home Trade.
Foreign Trade.
£
Coal.
Iron
•
118,233
25,000,000
£
23,500,000
£
1,500,000
·
10,949
8,000,000
5,500,000
2,500,000
Tin (exclusive of tin
6,101
315,000
plates)
210,000
105,000
Copper
Lead
Salt
•
15,407
1,406,000
706,000
700,000
11,419
1,000,000
800,000
200,000
268
400,000
•
Manganese
195,000
205,000
275
Minerals not specified.
34,269
196 921 36,121,000
30,911,000
5,210,000
It is difficult to form any estimate of the probable amount of capital
embarked in this interest, but the assessment to the Property and
Income Tax in 1842-3 was as follows:
Profits of mines
""
of iron works
of quarries.
£ 8. d.
2,081,387 1 5
550,435 5 6
240,483 9 6
2,872,305 16 5
which, reckoning the profits at 10 per cent., would make the capital
employed in the Mining Interest amount to 28,723,0007.
Maou
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
101
CHAPTER IX.
THE SHIPPING AND COLONIAL INTERESTS.
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
Notice of Commerce previous to the Rise of the Manufacturing
Interest.
The Shipping Interest.—Navigation Laws.-Origin and Intention of
them.-Reciprocity Treaties.-Reduction of Protective Duties on
Whale Oil, and its Effect on the Whale Fisheries.-Mistake of
Sir Robert Peel as to the Cause of the Advance in Value of Lard.
-Coasting Trade.-Foreign Trade.-Colonial Trade.-Capital
invested in Shipping.-Annual Profits.
The Colonial Interests.—The Political Importance of our Colonies.-
Opinions of Mr M'Culloch and Mr Porter.-List of our Colonies.
-Shipping.-Exports.
The Foreign Trade.-Comparative Tables of the Imports and Ex-
ports of England, France, and the United States from 1801 to
1844.-Exports of Great Britain to all Countries in 1844.-
Official and Declared Value of the Exports and Imports of Great
Britain from 1801 to 1846.
SHIPS, COLONIES, and COMMERCE, have long been considered the
outward symbols of the greatness and power of the British empire.
Long before Manchester and Birmingham had emerged from
comparative obscurity as towns, or acquired any degree of im-
portance either in trade or population, our mercantile fleets had
circumnavigated the world, and the enterprise of our merchants had
led them to traffic at all the ports and in all the productions of the
most distant countries.
Like the Venetians and the Dutch in times of old, they waited
not for the labours of the spindle and the loom, but made our cities
the depôts for the merchandise of the world; and, in bartering the
102
Occupations of the People.
productions of one quarter of the globe for those of another, they
acquired great wealth for themselves, and at the same time ex-
tended and consolidated the power of the nation.
It was this spirit of enterprise that first gave to Britain the
dominion of the seas. It was this which enabled her to plant in
the Western Hemisphere the germ of a great and mighty nation
that bids fair to powerfully influence, if not to control, the destinies
of the world for ages yet to come. It was this which enabled a
handful of merchant adventurers, who first were humble suppliants.
for a mercantile residence in Hindostan, to obtain and to hold pos-
session of more than a million of square miles of the richest portion
of the earth, and gave to the British Crown absolute dominion over
a hundred and twenty millions of souls. It was this same spirit which
planted the language, institutions, and interests of Britain in
every portion of the globe, until it presents a combination of
and wealth without a parallel in the history of the world. As
mainly instrumental in producing these mighty results, we must
first speak of
The Shipping Interest.
power
The policy which governed this country in respect of its
shipping for about 160 years originated with the Protectorate of
Cromwell, and was afterwards perfected by the 12th Charles II,
chap. 18. This act provided, that no merchandise of either Asia,
Africa, or America should be imported into Great Britain in any
but English built ships, navigated by an English commander,
and having at least three-fourths of their crew English. Besides
this exclusive right secured to British shipping, higher duties were
levied on goods imported in foreign ships from Europe than if
imported under the English flag.
To provide for and sustain this mighty arm of defence, which
alone can render our insular position impregnable, it was also con-
sidered necessary that a well-ordered and extensive mercantile
navy should co-exist, for without it that of the nation would soon
be paralyzed; and not only during the late war, but in the most
perilous times of our history, the recognition of this principle has
done the state much service.
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
103
Were no other considerations to be attended to but that of
cheapness, a nation's honour might become a matter of bargain or
sale, and its independence would fall before the first aggressor.
Our ancestors therefore considered a mercantile navy something
more "than the mere tools with which the merchants work,
Mr Porter expresses it, and they wisely concluded that both "the
means and the end of commerce" should be subservient to the se-
curity of the country.
""
as
In consequence of the Americans, immediately after obtaining
their independence, having enacted navigation laws, the exact
counterpart of our own, the first concession of reciprocal duties was
made to them in 1815, and afterwards to nearly all nations, in virtue
of the reciprocity acts passed in the 4th and 5th of George IV.
It is not within the object of the present work to discuss the
political considerations which belong to such a matter, but there
were many which at that time induced the Earl of Liverpool's
Government to make this concession, which only, however, affected
the principle of the navigation laws to a certain extent.
The preponderance of English shipping at the close of the war
over that of all other nations, gave to our shipowners precedence
and possession of the trade which a twenty years' war had conferred
in like manner on our manufacturers, and left them little to fear on
the score of competition.
Furthermore, the Americans, up to this time, had been harassed
and humbled by the expenses of the war just concluded. They
had made no progress in manufactures, and very little in any thing
else; and it was at this conjuncture of their affairs, when our
exports at that moment exceeded in value any thing they have
ever done since, and our merchants and manufacturers promised to
themselves a rich harvest of trade, that this concession was made
to them. In fact, it was to counteract the operation of their own
law, which, if the expectations of our merchants had been realised,
would have affected our shipping much more seriously than our
own regulations could have affected theirs.
A great depreciation in the value of British shipping, however,
immediately took place, and a large portion of the capital invested
in this interest at that period was wholly lost,
That our shipping has increased since is nothing very remarkable.
104
Occupations of the People.
There has been an increase of 75 per cent. in our own population,
and of 300 per cent. in that of America. The consumption
and productions of our colonies have been greatly extended, and
the commerce of our merchants with the South American States,
and the opening of the East India and China trades have all tended
to one end-the increase of our shipping. It must also be re-
membered that a very large proportion of our trade is carried on
with countries either lying at a great distance, or having no com-
mercial marine to compete with us, so that the actual value
of the concession made to other countries by the reciprocity acts
is not of the importance which some would imagine.
The only effect that we can legitimately trace to these treaties
is, that they have prematurely called into existence the latent
energies of other countries; and although for some years after
the commencement of this reciprocity system they made little
or no progress, yet they have latterly mended their pace, and in
the race of competition are now in some instances enabled to
beat us out of the field in respect to trades hitherto peculiarly
our own. Take, for instance, that of the whale fisheries. Up
to 1824 a bounty was given, but in that year discontinued. A pro-
tecting duty of 391. 18s. per tun on sperm oil was substituted from
that time down to 1830, when it was reduced to 157. per tun. By
the last alteration the duty is to cease altogether in 1848, and
the markets of England for the sale of sperm oil to be opened
to the foreigner.
The result may be told in a few words. In the year 1820 it
found employment for 137 vessels, averaging about 350 tuns each,
or 48,000 tons of shipping, with 4,000 men; and the annual
import of sperm and black whale oil was estimated at from 500,0007.
to 600,000l. The price of the article to the public during this period
varied from 50l. to 70l. per tun. The protection to the English
fisherman being taken away, he knew that he could no longer
compete with the American, whose outfit was so much cheaper
than his own, and therefore withdrew from the trade.
In the year
1845 not a single ship cleared out for this fishery, and it may be
said to be all but extinct. THE AMERICANS, on the other hand,
have increased the number of their ships to 720, giving employment to
20,000 men.
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
105
Our colonists of New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land have
adopted the trade which the mother country has been compelled to
abandon, and have prosecuted it with some considerable degree of
success; but Great Britain is now principally supplied with
spermaceti and black whale oil from the United States of America,
and as a consequence the prices for many years past have ranged
from 20 to 25 per cent. above those of the preceding years.
It will be in the recollection of the public, that in the debate on
the Corn Laws last session, Sir Robert Peel laid great stress
on the fact of lard having increased in price since the reduction of
duty. Now, what is the real state of the case? The slightest inquiry
of any one conversant with the trade in this article would have
satisfied Sir Robert that his reduction of the duty on lard had
nothing whatever to do with the advance in its value. This was
solely owing to the discovery of a process for extracting oil from
it, which is now used in our spinning factories to a great extent, in
consequence of the extravagant price of spermaceti oil; and this
would have taken place, had no reduction of the duty ever been
made. This practice of ascribing effects to causes which have no
relationship whatever to them, may deceive the multitude, and suit
party purposes, but it is unworthy of the statesman or the
politician.
The number of vessels in the British empire in 1844 consisted of
31,320, amounting to 3,637,231 tons, and giving employment to
216,350 men. From the number of times which each vessel enters
and clears in the course of the year, it is impossible to ascertain
with any degree of accuracy what proportion in point of numbers
are engaged in the coasting and the foreign trade respectively, but
it will be seen that the foreign trade conducted in British vessels
is about one-fourth of the whole; thus:-
ENTERED INWARDS.
Coasting trade
Foreign
ENTERED OUTWARDS.
Tons.
10,964,707
3,647,463
Coasting trade
Foreign
Tons.
11,694,861
3,852,822
14,612,170
15,547,683
Of the trade here described as foreign, more than one-third of
献
​1
106
Occupations of the People.
the whole is carried on with our colonies. The colonial shipping
consists of 7,304 vessels, amounting to 592,839 tons, and employing
40,659 men. This is about one-fourth of the whole Shipping
Interest of the British empire, and is altogether independent of a
large amount of shipping belonging to the United Kingdom, em-
ployed in the same trade. We are not aware of any return distin-
guishing the entries of colonial ships from those of the United
Kingdom; but it will be seen, on referring to pages 170 and 171
in the Appendix, that for the year 1844 the colonial trade gave
employment to more than one-third in tonnage of the ships that
entered inwards and cleared outwards during that year; thus-

Ships.
Tonnage.
Crews.
Entered Inwards from all parts during the year
Of which, from British Dependencies
Entered Outwards for all parts during the year.
Of which, for British Dependencies
19,687
4.202
3,647,463 195,728
1,377,848 61,311
19,788 3,582,222 212,924
4,854 1,562,251 77,534
The capital invested in the Shipping Interest of Great Britain
and her colonies may be estimated in round numbers at 10l. per
ton, which, on 3,637,231 tons, would amount to 36,372,3107.; and
if we average the profits at the rate of 10 per cent., it gives about
3,637,2317. as the aggregate annual profit derived by this all-
important branch of our national industry.
Repeal or suspend the navigation laws, and give the foreigner
free access to our colonial and coasting trade, and it will be
something new in the history of the world, if the same degree
of competition which has driven us out of the whale fisheries
should not be carried into every branch of our Shipping Interest.
What the equivalent may be for this very extraordinary specula-
tion we have yet to learn.
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
107
The Colonial Interest.
When we consider the vast extent of the dependencies of Great
Britain, and that they embrace every climate, and possess every
natural advantage which the great Creator has bestowed on the
human race, our interests would appear to be unbounded, and the
space for the exertion of our population unlimited.
In the East, the West, the North, and the South, our colonies
are at once the evidence of our power and our wealth, and the
possession of such mighty means, and at the same time the
often recurring complaints of our own people, would seem to
imply either an utter disregard of their importance, or the
most absolute deficiency of ability to apply them for the general
benefit of the commonwealth.
Men but little acquainted with either the history or the require-
ments of their country, but who nevertheless have been returned
to Parliament as the representatives of the people, have talked of
the baneful influence of this country over her colonies, and con-
tributed to the mischievous delusion that they are a source of
weakness instead of strength, and that their mismanagement was a
sufficient justification for their separation from the parent state.
It would be more easy to account for such opinions than to
justify them. That many grievous errors have been committed in
our colonial policy none can doubt, but more sound principles of
government begin to prevail, and the time may not be far distant
when our colonies will be considered and treated as integral parts
of one great and mighty kingdom.
CC
In the East we have founded an empire of great extent, and
almost boundless resources. Mr Porter estimates that India alone
'pours into the lap of Britain" three millions annually, but this we
consider a very limited view of a very important fact. The
dividends on East India Stock charged on the land revenues of
India amount to 630,000l. per annum. The yearly revenue of
India is 18,000,000l., and a large proportion of this is paid to
natives of Great Britain employed in its government. Her trade
108
Occupations of the People.
with us is now about 8,000,000l. a year. Coupling these, therefore,
with the extraordinary fortunes made by individuals, and regu-
larly transmitted home to increase our wealth and employ our
artisans, we cannot help estimating the benefits which this country
derives from her territorial and commercial connexion with India
at not less than ten millions per annum.
Independently of this, the contiguity of India to the most popu-
lous nation on the face of the earth, and the means it affords us
to influence and promote our interests in China, would seem to
give to this acquisition a degree of importance which, either in a
political or commercial sense, is incalculable.
In the West, we have also an interest not so magnificent in its
commercial prospects as regards the future, but the preservation of
which is probably of more political importance than our empire of
the East. It would be a folly to disguise from ourselves the truth,
that a great and mighty nation, an offshoot from ourselves, is fast
rising to maturity, and may soon be in a condition to dispute with
us the empire of the seas and the trade of the world.
The hope so beautifully expressed by the late Right Honourable
George Canning, "that the mother and daughter might stand,
united, a match for the world in arms," is not justified by the
experience of the past, and cannot be relied upon with any degree
of safety for the future, for our rival interests have on all occasions
had the effect of forcing us into the most deadly contests, and that
in the most perilous times of our existence.
America will belie the truth of history if, when she shall have
accumulated great wealth, and the arts and sciences shall have
struck their roots deep in her institutions, she fails to become
aristocratic, fond of distinctions and honours, and, as a natural
consequence of her progress in civilization, to clothe herself in the
imperial purple, put a royal diadem on her head, and set herself
down among the nations of the earth as the Queen of the Western
World.
To counteract this influence, and to oppose to it a formidable
barrier by raising up another nation great and powerful at her own
door, even if not embued with British feelings, and sensibly alive to
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
109
the value and importance of British connexion, we imagine to be
a duty on this country paramount to all others.
Every encouragement should therefore be given to induce emi-
gration in the first instance to the Canadas and our possessions
in that quarter, and the emigration of our people to this or any
other dependency of the British Crown, instead of being left to
provide for itself, or as a matter of profit in the hands of unprincipled
speculators, ought to be one of anxious solicitude on the part of the
mother country. Independently of the misery and ruin which any
failure necessarily entails on the poor emigrants themselves, it is
sure to react on this country by preventing great numbers
from adopting it as a remedy for the evils of their present
condition.
If our own population therefore is excessive-if the Malthusian
theory is correct, and population increases faster than food, let
them go forth, but let them go, as did the Greeks and Romans of
old, with their institutions, their altars, and their gods.
The facilities which steam navigation is every year placing
within our reach are such as to give us a command of means for as
frequent a communication with these parts as one hundred years
ago existed between London and Edinburgh, and with such
facilities, and such a mass of wealth, as exists at the present time
in this country, there ought to be no want of employment for our
people, and no complaining in our streets.
The magnificent harbour of Halifax, and the numerous other
ports, by which we can always keep in check and if necessary
interfere with the trade of all the Atlantic cities in America,
ought to be secured and maintained at any expense whatever;
for in our hands they are a guarantee of peace, while in the hands
of the Americans they would be certain to lead to the subjugation
of all our interests in that part of the globe.
The Sugar Islands of the West Indies are the next in importance,
and whether we consider the value of their own productions, or the
amount of our exports, they may be considered a mine of wealth,
for the loss of which nothing would compensate us.
Our possessions at the Cape of Good Hope, in the Mediterranean,
110
Occupations of the People.
in Australia, and the different other places set forth in the annexed
list, are all so many points of offence and defence for the protection,
the security, and the promotion of our interests.
Against this array of what has hitherto been considered the most
important parts of our political system, the same antagonistic prin-
ciple of no protection is, however, in full operation. Mr McCulloch
says that "the advantages supposed peculiarly to belong to the
colony trade are in a great degree imaginary."
"The surplus
derived from India is quite trifling indeed." "Canada is a costly
and worthless possession," "and our trade a forced and factitious
one.”
"The Canadians would be better employed in cultivating
the earth than in supplying us with timber, because it interferes
with our trade in the Baltic, and prevents the Russians, Prussians,
Norwegians, and Swedes from taking more of our manufactures.”
"Our West Indian Colonies, because they supply articles on
which a great revenue is raised, are only on a par with China and
Virginia.
"
Mr Porter reiterates the same arguments in nearly the same
language, and in addition says that he is at a loss for words to
describe adequately our folly in supporting such a policy, and "that
occasion is sometimes taken by the advocates of the protective
system to point out the actual and comparative magnitude of our
colonial trade in proof of the practical wisdom of their doctrine.”
This is precisely the fact, and we know not what can so well
represent the value of a thing as its "actual and comparative
magnitude." Against Mr M'Culloch's estimate of India "as
quite trifling indeed," we say that it "pours into the lap of
Britain" ten millions annually. In opposition to his opinion
that Canada is a costly and worthless possession, we contend that,
with the facilities of steam communication, it may be made a field
of profit for the exertions of our surplus population for ages yet to
come, and coupled with our other possessions in that quarter, its
political importance is above all price.
With a balance of trade already in favour of the Baltic, and
which will be fearfully increased when, as Mr Porter anticipates,
we shall have become "habitually and increasingly” importers of
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
111
foreign grain, the Russians, Prussians, &c., &c., want no additional
inducement to take our manufactures, nor any timber trade to
rectify exchanges already so much against us.
And as to our West Indian Islands, with what degree of fairness
or honesty can our connexion with these be compared to that with
China and Virginia. Until very recently their ports were
closed against all manufacturers but our own, and the benefits
were reciprocal. Both parties prospered by their mutual depen-
dence on each other; but what security can we have that our
interests will be regarded with equal favour by countries who owe
to us no allegiance. Mr M'Culloch and Mr Porter both admit
that "there are grave doubts whether, after the sugar duties are
equalized, our planters can sustain the competition of the planters
of Cuba or Brazil, who command the services of slaves." At the
best, therefore, we are only exchanging a certainty for an uncer-
tainty. Should the prices of sugar rise in Brazil and Cuba with
the increased demand for our markets and the discouragement of
its growth by our own planters, it will only serve as another illus-
tration of the free-trade principle in respect of every article on
which it has been tried; and it is not only possible, but extremely
probable, that we shall ruin our planters without enriching our
manufacturers.
wants.
We say nothing of the contradiction implied in giving 20,000,0001.
to purchase the liberty of our own slaves, and then giving encou-
ragement to the slave-grown productions of other countries, in
respect of articles we can grow in sufficient abundance for our
The advocates of the new light are men whose ideas take
a wider range, and while they are almost unable to imagine the
extent to which the prosperity of the country may be carried under
the operation of the free-trade system, they are not unwilling in
the furtherance of their object to sacrifice the most noble and
exalted act of philanthropy ever chronicled in the history of
nations, and at the same time every other consideration, national,
political, and moral.
We know of no authority for the amount of British capital
invested in British colonies. But when it is considered that these
112
Occupations of the People.
dependencies embrace a vast population, and that they carry on an
extensive trade not only with ourselves, but with all the world;
that they give employment to more than one-third of the shipping
employed in the foreign trade, and absorb one-fourth of the whole
exports of the United Kingdom, their "actual and comparative im-
portance" can be no longer matter of doubt. Some authors esti-
mate the fee simple and annual produce at about one-half that of
the United Kingdom; thus:-

Great Britain
Dependencies in Europe
Settlements in North America
Ditto in the West Indies
Empire in India
Possessions in the Indian Ocean
In Africa and its Coasts
In Australia
J
Fee Simple.
Annual Produce.
£
3,769,500,000
£
514,823,059
27,115,094
2,146,198
62,100,466
17,620,629
131,052,424
22,196,674
1,611,977,354
313,200,000
27,500,781
4,201,332
6,114,308
1,057,065
7,000,000
2,100,000
5,642,360,427
877,344,957
Whether this is a close approximation to the truth or not, it is
impossible to say, but at all events it is sufficient to show that the
Colonial Interest is of such vast magnitude, that any event that
shall separate Britain from her foreign possessions will not only
lead to the dismemberment of the empire, but furnish materials to
some future Gibbon for another work on the decline and fall of
nations.
Of the total exports and imports of our colonies to and from all
parts, there is no official account published, nor is there any
separate one of the colonial produce imported into this country,
from which it can be ascertained by any but the Custom-house
authorities. They have, however, been estimated as follows:-
Total exports from the colonies to all parts, about
Of which to Great Britain
•
£
30,000,000
15,000,000
Total imports into the colonies from all parts, about .
Of which from Great Britain in 1844 .
26,000,000
16,903,587
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
113
LIST OF COLONIES BELONGING TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
COLONIES.
Europe.
Gibraltar
Date of
Acqui-
sition.
POFULATION.
COLONIES.
Whites.
Coloured.
Date of
Acqui-
sition.
POPULATION.

Whites.
Coloured.
·
1704 15,008
787,957 97,443,724
Malta
1800 105,456
N.AMERICA.
Gozo
1800 16,472
Canada, Lr.
1759 690,932
261
Corfu
-
Cephalonia
Zanté
Santa Maura
Ithaca
1814 75,334
1809
64,636
1809 40,899
1810 17,450
1810 10,623
Upper
1759 481,888
4,167
New Bruns-
wick
1630
156,162
Novia Scotia
1623
178,237
Cape Breton
1758
27,000
Cerigo
1810
9,447
Prince Ed-
Paxo
1814
4,966
ward's Ild. 1763
47,033
Heligoland - 1807
2,200
Newfoundld. | 1583
74,405
Hudson's Bay
ASIA.
Territory
1670
4,066
4,867
Bengal
25,000
Agra
1696
1803 3,000 32,000,000
40,000,000
Ultra Gan-
getic ter-
ritory
-
1825
Madras
·
1639
500
10,000
1,000,000
S. AMERICA.
15,000,000
Brit. Guiana
Bombay
1661
10,000
8,000,000
Demerara 1803
3,006
71,877
1796
Essequibo 1803
Ceylon
and 9,121
1,232,704
Berbice 1803
570
20,971
1815
Honduras
-
1650
235
7,700
Penang
1786
500
33,000
Falkland I.
→
Sincapore 1819 2,000
20,000
Soledad,
New South
AUSTRALIA.
Wales, E.
Australia-
Van Diemn's
1787 128,718
W.Falkld. 1765
WEST INDIA
Land
-
1803
57,420
ISLANDS.
Swan River,
Jamaica
1655
37,152
336,253
West Au-
The Cayman
1655
stralia
1829
4,350
Trinidad
·
1797
3,621
35,707
So. Australia
1835
17,366
Tobago
1763
306
12,894
Norfolk Ild. 1787
1,500
Grenada
-
1783
3,804
17,190
New Zealnd.
1839 3,000
St Vincent - 1783
1,301
25,821
Barbadoes
►
1625
15,959
86,616
-
·
AFRICA.
CapeofGood
Hope 1806 68,300
Mauritius 1810 81,967
Seychelles 1810
St Lucia
•
1803
983
13,196
Dominica
•
1783
720
17,940
98,108
St Kitt's
-
1623
10,435
12,047
53,230
Montserrat - 1632
289
6,830
Antigua
1632
1,980
33,432
St Helena 1651
-
2,500
2,236
Barbuda
1632
50
1,540
Ascension
Nevis
1628
500
9,500
Sierra Leone | 1787
175
4,446|| Anguilla 1650
365
3,301
1631
Tortola and
The Gam
and
49
bia
Virgin I. 1666
-
730
7,000
1816
New Provi-
Cape Coast
dence
-
1628
2,000
6,000
Castle
1661
The Bahamas 1628 2,000
10,000
Acera
1661
St George &
Dix Cove
Annamaboe
the Ber-
mudas
1611
4,000
5,000
FernandoPo
1827
Aden, Red
Sea Mouth 1838
Total
1,828,686 98,193,864
787,957 | 97,443,724
To this must be added the population of those states in India possessing civil inde-
pendence but no military force, about 30,000,000, making a total population of more than
one hundred and thirty millions of souls.
i
114
Occupations of the People.
The Foreign Trade.
We believe that there are not two opinions as to the great
importance of the foreign trade of this country. This is derived,
however, not so much from any actual profit we receive from the
trade itself as from the collateral advantages which belong to it,
and for which all nations fiercely compete with each other.
Were we to estimate that our merchants made a profit of 10 per
cent. on the amount of our exports and imports, this would not
be more than about 15 millions a year. When, however, we
consider the immense losses that are frequently sustained, as in
1836 with the Americans, this is certainly much above, rather than
under the average of profit received from it.
This trade is, however, the means by which we annually ex-
change about 60 millions of the manufacturing and mineral pro-
ductions of this country for those of others; and if we deduct this
from the Manufacturing Interest, and consider it as represented
by the foreign trade, it may be said to amount to about one-
seventh of the whole trade of the country.
In another sense its importance is still much greater than any
that can be estimated as a matter of profit; and so long as the prin-
ciple which governs it makes this foreign trade subservient to the
protection and defence of the country, its extension is an evidence
of our increasing strength; but if this principle is to be surrendered,
it is possible that, with a very enlarged trade carried on in the
vessels of other nations, we may some day make the discovery that,
by inverting the policy of our ancestors, we have sacrificed both
"the means and the end of commerce."
To enable the reader to understand the full bearing of this
important matter it is necessary that we direct his attention to
what constitutes the foreign trade of this country, which will be
found in the table on the opposite page. Following this we have
given similar tables of the Import and Export trade of the three
most important nations now competing with each other for the
possession of it.
It will be seen from the first of these tables, that the Colonies
of which Mr M'Culloch and others speak so slightingly, take
no inconsiderable portion of the manufactures shipped from this
country, and of the cotton goods in particular, they take nearly
one-half the whole quantity exported.
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
115
STATEMENT OF THE EXPORTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN THE YEAR 1844.

COUNTRIES.
COLONIES.
Cottons. Woollens. Linen.
Silk. Sundries.
Total
Exports.
East India Co.'s Territories & Ceylon
British North American Colonies
4,793,192
£
438,643
£
42
£
£
£
53,642
2,410,189
7,695,666
702,229
536,397
135,664
British West Indies
637,963
78,690 217,072
109,191 {;
1,709,187
3,083,477
1,517,752
2,451,477
Gibraltar
723,927
118,923 75,815
130,902
1,049,567
New So. Wales, Van Diemen's Land,
and Swan River
135,985
60,758 30,110
517,629
744,482
New Zealand and South Sea Islands
•
5,033
4,886
37,593
47,512
49,867
Western Coast of Africa
195,030
7,119
256,265
458,414
Cape of Good Hope
93,730
47,333
16,346
266,742
424,151
Mauritius
109,525
14,457 8,197
153,471
285,650
Malta
85,223
20,599
94,187
206,009
Ionian Islands
90,652
4,133
29,143
123,928
St Helena
1,458
743
783
18,022
21,006
Isles of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney,
and Man
53,618
51,359 22,904
261,879 389,760
7,627,565 1,384,040 560,533
*
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Russia
1,383,795
57,385
Sweden
53,081
20,813
7,402,961 16,975,099
687,746 2,128,926
34,581 108,475
Norway
64,027
22,538
66,259
152,824
Denmark
46,865
1,778
238,036
286,679
Prussia
12,016
1,569
491,799
505,384
Germany
3,109,328 1,031,573
441,087
1,569,540
6,151,528
Holland
1,584,161 408,761
161,203
977,845
3,131,970
Belgium
387,002 220,461
52,837
810,951
1,471,251
France
215,065 187,890
675,898 159,680 1,577,406
2,656,259
Azores
Madeira
Canaries
""
Portugal, Proper
Spain and the Balearic Islands
Italy and the Italian Islands
788,181
20,063
1,153,847
38,775186,039
195,623
56,839
13,741
31,736
13,134
193,811
85,122
28,318
235,143 {
509,207
•
1,359,525
331,996
134,485
743,234
46,321
2,569,240
Turkey and Continental Greece
1,992,296
85,320
10,616
203,172
2,291,404
Morea and Greek Islands
7.121
3,066
18.014
28,201
Syria and Palestine
563.572
3,438
10,818
577,828
Egypt (Ports in the Mediterranean)
287,528
4,600
109,973
402,101
Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocco
6,212
11.528
17.740
African Ports on the Red Sea
2.277
2,277
Ascension Island
104
2,100
2,204
Cape Verd Islands
•
692
Arabia
139
988
76
1,219
1.987
86
10,784
11,009
Hong Kong
1,271,790
China
303,857 565,428 7,882
2,305,617
156,660
Sumatra, Java, and other Islands of
the Indian Seas
283,934
11,126 5,091
76,717
376,918
Philippine Islands
75,427
3,272 3,218
10,600
92 517
Hayti
107,127
47,420
19.910
174,457
Cuba and other Foreign West Indies
United States of America
Mexico
405,767
77,245 275,814
240,648
999,474
•
1,052,908 2,444.789 938,392 189,698 3,501,990
195,457 92,524 142,593
7,938,079
63,521
494,095
Texas
Columbia
1,759
134,848
2,147
3,906
28,697
101,143
264.688
Brazil
1,361,658
288,924 170,296 117,594
592,660
2,413,538
States of the Rio de la Plata
Chili
411,115 184.957 31.697
361,923 206.341 69,699
156,795
784 564
169,870
806,633
Peru
250,573 263,248 37,197
107,362
Falkland Islands
93
658,380
93
All other Places
+39,138 110,425
TOTAL
18,172,871 6,819,062 3,419,099 $736,455 13,198,161 41,609,190
Total Exports to all Countries
† Amounts included in Sundries.
•
58,584,292
116
Occupations of the People.
IMPORT TRADE OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE
UNITED STATES.
COMPARATIVE TABLE of the IMPORTS of FOREIGN and COLONIAL MERCHAN-
DISE into ENGLAND, FRANCE, and the UNITED STATES, in each year from
1801 to 1844.
YEARS.
ENGLAND.
FRANCE.
AMERICA.
£
£
£
1801
31,786,262
16,609,167
23,200,731
1802
29,826.210
18,597,986
15,902.777
1803
26,622,696
17,195.986
13,462,313
1804
27,819,552
17,616,681
17.708,333
1805
28,561,270
19,676,230
25,125,000
1806
26,899,658
19,073,481
26,978,416
1807
26,734,425
15,728,104
28,869 765
1808
26,795,540
1809
31,750,557
1810
39,301,612
12,804,756
11 469 964
13,466,536
11,872,916
12,375,000
17,791,666
1811
26,510 186
11,942,464
11,125,000
1812
26,163,431
8,319,480
16,047,916
1813
Records destroyed by fire
10 043,420
4,584.375
1814
33,755,264
9,558,236
2,701,041
1815
32,987,396
7,936,648
17,308,349
1816
27,431,604
10,462,766
32,354,729
1817
30,834,299
13,592,010
20,574,661
1818
36,885,182
14,276,558
25,364,583
1819
30,776,810
12,368,931
18,155,552
1820
32,438,650
14,525,575
15,510,416
1821
30.792,760
15,777,694
13,038,592
1822
30,500,094
17,047,168
17,341,988
1823
35 798,707
14,473,129
16,162,347
1824
37,552,935
18 194,464
16,781,043
1825
44,137.482
1826
37,686,113
1827
44,887,774
1828
45.028.805
24,307,172
21,344,896
22 589,144
22,632,169
20,070 849
17,703,016
16 559.180
18,439,546
1829
43.981,317
24,654,136
15,519,276
1830
46,245,241
25,533,537
14,766,025
1831
49,713,889
20,513,022
21,498.140
1832
44,586,741
26,114,893
21,047,764
1833
45,952 551
27,731,030
22,524,648
1834
49,362 811
28.807,773
26,358.610
1835
48,911,542
30,429,067
31,228,279
1836
57,023,867
36,223,014
39,579,174
1837
54,737,301
32,311,718
29.372,753
1838
61,268,320
37 482.179
23,689,042
1839
62,004,000
1840
67.432,964
37,878,857
42 091,440
33 769,202
22,321,149
1841
64,377,962
44,856,969
26,655,453
1842
65,204,729
45,681,328
20,867,101
1843
70,093.353
47,476,366
18,596 020
1844
85,441,555
47,717,635
22,590,632
1845
75,281,958
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
117
EXPORT TRADE OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE UNITED
STATES.
COMPARATIVE TABLE of the EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE, the PRODUCE and MANUFACTURE,
of ENGLAND, FRANCE, and the UNITED STATES, and of the FOREIGN and COLONIAL
PRODUCE in each year, from 1801 to 1844.


ENGLAND.
FRANCE.
UNITED STATES.
Foreign and
Colonial.
British and
Irish Produce
and Manufac-
Produce, &c. of
United States.
Produce of
Foreign Countries,
tures.
£
£
1801
10 336,966
39,730,659
£
12,177,240
£
9,890,250
£
9,717,233
1802
12,677,431
45,102,330
12,973,046
7,647,539
7,458,119
1803
8,032,643
36,127,787
13.835,118
8 792,908
2,832,098
- 1804
8,938,741
37,135 746
15,181,252
8,639,057
7,548,248
1805
7,643,120
38,077,144
14,985,375
8,830,625
11,078,964
1806
7,717,555
40,874,983
18,198,434
8,594,526
12,559,006
1807
7,624,312
37,245,877
15,022,963
10,145 747
12,425,741
1808
5,776,775
37,275,102
13,232,196
1,965,322
2,707,794
1809
12,750,358
47,371,393
13 273,824
6.542,854
4,332,818
1810
9,357.435
48,438,680
14.601,340
8,826,390
5,081,519
1811
6,117,720 32 890,712
13,116,232
9,436 258
3,338,081
1812
9,533,065 41,716.964
16.745.848
6,256,689
1,769,817
1813
Records destroyed by Fire.
14,170,292
5,220,031
593,301
1814
19,365,981 45,494,219
13,842 116
1,412,973
39,243
1815
15,748,554
51,603,028
15.908,174
9,578 000
1,381,531
1816
13,480,780
41,657.873
18,528,842
13,496,228
3,570,532
1817 10,292,684
41,761,132
15,791,494
14 231,979
4,032,931
1818
10,859,817
46,603,249
17,968.261
15,386,341
4,047,227
1819
9,904,813
35,208,321
16,619,177
10,620,174
3,992,840
1820
10,555,912
36,424,652
18,196,727
10,767,425
4,768,339
1821
9 629,689
36,659,6:30
16.190,583
9,098,310
4,446,351
1822
9.227,589
36 958,964
15,406,748
10,390,433
4,642,957
1823
8,603,904
35,458.048
15,638,177
9.824,042
5,738.254
1824
10,204,785
38.396,300
17,621,676
10,551,979
5,278,575
1825
9,169,494
38,877,388
26,691,764
13,946,822
6,789 717
1826
10,076,286
31,536,723
22,420,340
11,053,273
5,112,419
1827
9.830,728
37,181,335
24,096,071
11,275 352
4,875.653
1828 9,946,545
36,812,756
24,396,905
10,556,181
4,498,953
1829
10,622,402
35,842,623
24,312,746
11,604,206
3,470 515
1830
8,550.437
38,271,597
22,906,562
12.387,923
4,997,391
1831
10,745,071 37.164,372
24.726,796
12,766,052
4,173,651
1832
11,044,869
36.450,594
27,851,285
13,153,639
5,008,223
1833 9,833,753
39,667,347
30,652,652
14,649,519
4,129,736
1834 11,562,036
41,649,191
28,588 201
16,880,033
4.856,835
1835
12,797,724
47,372,270
33,376,545
21,081,052
4.271,770
1836
12,391,711
53,368,571
38,451,390
22,274,308
4,530,491
1837
13,233 622
42 069,245
30,323,698
19,909,252
4,553,116
1838
12,711,318
50,060,970
38,236,306
20,207,046
2,594,331
1839
12,795,990
53,233,580
40.133,271 21,569,560
3,644,692
1840
13,774,306
51,406,430
40,436,901 23,728,257
3,789,648
1841
14,723 151
51,634,623
42,614,304 22,163,066
3,222,725
1842
13,584.158
47,381,023 37,610,036
19,368,750
2,441,986
1843 13,956,113
52,278,449 39,678,488
16,207,038
1,365,145
1844 14,397,246
58,584,292 45,871,526
20,773,995
2,392,680
1845 16,280,870 60,111,081
118
Occupations of the People.
The progress which France and the United States have made,
as compared with ourselves, will be seen on reference to pages 116
and 117, from which we extract the following figures, as the result
of a thirty years' trade since the close of the war:-
IMPORTS.

Average of five Years.
England.
France.
America.
£
£
£
1816 to 1820
1840 to 1844
31,273,309
70,510,112
13,045,168
45,564,747
22,391,982
22,206,071
Increase
-
120 per cent.
250 per cent.
Nil.
EXPORTS.
1816 to 1820
1840 to 1844
40,211,045
52,256,963
17,420,900
41,242,251
12,900,429
20,448,221
Increase
-
30 per cent.
143 per cent.
622 per cent.
The repeal of our Corn and Navigation Laws may give addi-
tional facilities to those countries to extend their operations; but
the above figures, we contend, clearly demonstrate that there is
nothing in their present circumstances that can make it a matter of
interest with them to reciprocate or adopt a similar course of policy.
The whole of the evidence given before the Navigation Com-
mittee goes to establish the fact, that the Baltic and the United
States can successfully compete with us in both the building and
manning of ships; and it was elicited from S. Browning, Esq., that
at "Lloyd's," first-class Americans are insured for 4s. 9d. per cent.
less than English ships of the same class.
66
The same gentleman, in answer to other questions, said, "My
opinion is, that, owing to the repeal of the Corn Laws, we shall
lower the price in this country of corn and provisions so much that we
shall place foreigners at a great disadvantage in competing with us."
Again, before the Navigation Laws were repealed it would be
quite necessary to reduce the duty upon all materials used in the
construction of ships, such as timber, copper ore, and all foreign
copper sheeting for smelting, foreign ores and stamps upon marine
instruments of all kinds, insurance policy and light duties."
The Shipping and Colonial Interests.
119
In other words, with food at extreme low prices, and in the utter
absenceof all taxation, duties, and dues, our ship-builders could pos-
sibly compete with those of America and the Baltic. No doubt they
could, but how the taxation of the country is to be paid, and who is
to provide this food for the people at extreme low prices, so that the
ship-builders may reduce the wages of the workmen to the level of
other countries, are problems which neither Mr Browning nor any
other witness examined by the committee has been able to solve.
Inasmuch, however, as we are neither the cheapest in point of
taxation, nor consequently of food, it follows that our compe-
tition with these countries for the carrying trade will be conducted
with everything in favour of our rivals.
The fact of the exports from the United States being principally
cotton and other raw produce, will account for the employment of a
larger proportion of her shipping than her imports; but although
she has not been able to keep pace with either France or England
in respect to her imports, she has, like France, far surpassed us in
her export trade, which has doubled itself in amount since 1815,
notwithstanding cotton has undergone a greater reduction in value
than almost any other article of merchandise.
From the foregoing facts we draw the following conclusions:
that France and other continental nations are carrying on a suc-
cessful competition with us in manufactures; that the United States
are manufacturing more extensively, or require, from the nature of
their employments, less of foreign productions than other nations,
or it would be evidenced by a greater increase in their imports;
and consequently that neither the one nor the other has anything
to give us as an equivalent for opening up the home markets of
Great Britain to their competition.
We now present a table of the Official and Declared Value of the
Imports and Exports of this country since 1801, in illustration of
our remarks at pages 93 and 94; and whether we regard the
amount of our Imports so much in excess of our Exports or the
slow progress of our Exports as compared with those of France and
the United States, there is in this table much that requires the
investigation and serious consideration of our rulers.
120
Occupations of the People.
FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
STATEMENT of the AMOUNT of the FOREIGN and COLONIAL TRADE of the UNITED
KINGDOM, in each year from 1801 to 1846.

Official Value.
Real or Declared Value of British and Irish
Produce and Manufactures Exported.
Imports
of
Exports
of
Years.
Foreign and
Foreign and
Exports of
British and
Irish Produce
Europe.
Other Places. TOTAL.
Colonial
Merchandise.
Colonial
Merchandise.
and
Manufactures.
£
£
£
£
£
£
39,730.659
45,102,330
36.127,787
37,135,746
1801 31,786,262 10,336,966 24.927,684
1802 29,826,210 12,677,431 25,632,549
1803 26,622,696 8,032,643 20,467,531
1804 27,819,552 8,938,741 22,687,309
1805 28,561,270 7,643,120 23,376,941
13,625,676 | 24,451 468 | 38,077,144
11,363.635 | 29,511,348 | 40,S74,983
|
1806 26,899,658
7,717,555
1807 26,734,425
7,624,312
25,861,879
23,391,214
1808 26,795,540
5,776 775
24,611,215
1809 31.750,557
12,750,358
33,542,274
1810 39,301,612
9,357,435
34,061,901
1811 26 510,186
6,117,720
22,681,400
9,002,237 28,243,640 | 37 245,877
9,016.033 28,259,069 37 275,102
15,849,449 31,521,944 47,371,393
15,627.806 32,810,874 | 48,438,680
12,834,680 20,056,032 32 890 712
41,716,964
1813
Records destroyed by fire.
45,494,219
1812 26,163,431 9,533,065 29,508,508
1814 33,755,264 | 19,365,981 | 34,207,253 | 26,869,591 | 18,624.628
1815 32,987,396 15,748,554 | 42,875,996
|
13,480,780 | 35,717,070
|
20,736,244 30,866,784 | 51.603,028
18,653,555 23,004,318 41,657,873
19,093,574 | 22,667,558 | 41,761,132
19 439,382 27,163.867 46,603,249
尊
​16,790,652 18,4 7,669 35,208 321
|
|
|
18,429,503 17,995,149 36,424,652
15,903,442 20,756,188 36.659,630
| |
|
1816 27,431,604
1817 30,834,299 10,292,684 | 40,111,427
1818 36,885,182 10,859,817 | 42,700,521
1819 30,776,810 9,904.813 33,534,176
1820 | 32,438,650 | 10,555,912 38.395,625
1821 30,792,760 | 10,629,689 | 40,831,744
1822 30,500,094 9,227,589 44,236,533 16,601,562 20,367,402 | 36,968.964
1823 35,798,707 8,603,904 43,804,372 | 14,857,128 | 20,600 920 | 35,458,048
|
1824 37,552,935 10,204,785 48,735,551
|
15,698.940 24,697,360 38,396,300
9,169,494 47,166,020 | 14,646,358 24,231,030 | 38.877.388
13,893,270 | 17,643,453 | 31,536,723
9,830,728 52,219,280 14,478,964 22,702,371 37,181,335
9,946,545 | 52,797,455 | 13,775,870 | 23,036,886 | 36,812 756
14,545,474 | 21,297,149 35,842,623
15,610,638 | 22,660.959 38,271,597
1825 44,137,482
1826 37,686,113 10,076,286 40.965,735
|
1827 44,887,774
1828 45,028,80.5
1829 43,981,317 10,622,402 | 56,213,041
1830 46,245,241
|
1831 49,713.889
|
1832 44,586,741
8,550,437 | 61,140,864
13,550,440 23,613,932 | 37,164,372
15.584.006 20,866,588 | 36,450,594
15,011.789 24,055,558 | 89,667 347
11,562,036 | 73,831,550
12,797.724 78,376.731
|
10,745,071 60,683,933
|
11,044,869 65,026,702
1833 45,952,551 | 9,833,753 | 69,989,339
1834 49,362,811
1835 48,911,542
11,562,036 73,831,550 | 18,007,033 | 23,642 158
1836 57,023,867 12,391.711
|
18,464,433 28,907.837
12,391.711 85,229,837 19,011,066 34.357.505
1837 | 54,737,301 | 13,233,622 | 72,548,047 | 19,071,303 22.999,441
1838 61,268,320 12,711.318 92,459,231
1839 62,004,000
1840 67,432,964
41 649.191
47,372,270
53,368.571
42,067 245
21,711,295 | 28.349,675 | 50,060,970
12,795,990 97,402,726 20,414 520 | 32.819 060 | 53,233,580
13,774,306 102,705,060 | 21,491,245 | 29,915,185 | 51,406,4:30
1841 64,377,962 14,723,151 102,18,517 22.854,540 | 28,780,083 47,381,023
1342 65,204,729 | 13,584, 158 100,260,101 23,909,344 | 23,471,679 | 52,278,449
1843 70,093,353 | 13,956,113 117,877,278 | 24,971,457 | 27,306,992 | 58,584,292
1844 85,441,555 14,397,246 131,564,503 | 25,621,185 | 39,953.107 | 60,111,081
1845 75,281,958 | 16,280,870 134,599,116
1846
The rates by which the official value is computed were fixed in 1694, and con-
sequently measure the quantities of all articles imported and exported. The real
value is that which the merchant declares at the time of shipment. See remarks in
explanation at pages 93 and 94.
Review of the whole Subject.
121
CHAPTER X.
CONCLUSION.
Review of the whole Subject.
THE object of the present inquiry has been to ascertain and define
the sources of the greatness, power, and wealth of Britain; and
it has been conducted on the assumption that a knowledge of such
facts ought to form the basis of all legislation affecting the cir-
cumstances of a people.
In the execution of this task we have had to encounter assertions
as vague as they are contradictory. Men holding high official
situations have not hesitated, in order to give a colour to a theory,
to do an injustice to a principle, and, in their zeal to work out a
particular result, have confounded classes essentially distinct.
Another difficulty we have had to contend with has arisen from
the fact that many of our public writers, men of enlarged minds
and great powers of mental vision, both as regards the past and the
future, have been apt to take in too large a breadth of the political
horizon in their views, and in doing so, have not unfrequently
overlooked the most important objects within reach, for something
very indistinct in the extreme distance, losing sight at the same
time of their relative proportions, and actually mistaking effects for
causes, and causes for effects.
Thus it is we have been gravely told, that for a long agricultural
prosperity we have been mainly dependent on an interest not one-
third so large as the agricultural interest itself, whether we speak
of numbers, capital, or annual productions; and that for the payment
122
Occupations of the People.
of forty-six millions of taxation, the average amount annually
raised by taxes from 1793 to 1815, to say nothing of 589 millions
of our present debt borrowed during the same period, we are
indebted to the same interest, although it has never paid more than
one-fourth of this amount.
To negative these assertions, made without the slightest attempt
at demonstration, we have traced, in the present work, the degree
of dependence of every other class of which society is composed on
one or the other of these two great interests, and pointed out the
difference in their respective circumstances. Their numbers,
locality, capital, and annual productions, all lead to the inevitable
conclusion that the means which support twenty-two millions of the
population, and which pay three-fourths of the entire taxation of
the state, are drawn from the several classes in the community who
are dependent on and supported by the productions of the soil of
the United Kingdom.
To tell us, therefore, "that the spindle and the loom have been
the moving powers of our armies and our fleets" may serve to round
a period, but it is to assert that which has not the slightest founda-
tion in fact.
To arrive at the truth in such a case we must return to first
principles, although in the present enlightened and speculative age
a reference to them may be considered somewhat vulgar. The simple
rules of arithmetic must still decide the question, and figures con-
tinue to represent the actual and relative importance of an interest.
With men who deny the authority of figures, and who, in opposi-
tion to a demonstration however perfect, will set up some crude
and ill-digested opinions of their own, it is of course useless to
enter into discussion, but we nevertheless will place these on
record, and rely with confidence that but a short time can elapse
before their truth will be recognised and firmly established in the
minds of a deliberate and thinking people.
If this, then, is the basis of our political power, it follows that the
whole question resolves itself into one of taxation, and the capability
of the two interests to sustain it. Exemptions from sharing this
burden have been claimed on all hands. The manufacturer has
Review of the whole Subject.
123
insisted on the removal of all duties on the raw material, as opposed
in his opinion, to the true principles of political economy, and this has
been granted to such an extent that we look in vain through the ac-
count of the revenue for any item worthy of notice representing
the raw material of the manufacturing interest. Not content with
their exemption in this instance, they now claim to eat the bread
of foreign growth free from any tax, in the place of that which
bears the whole burden of the taxation of this country, knowing
full well, as Sir Robert Peel stated in 1839, that low prices of food
invariably produce low wages.
"Look over the whole world, and you will find that low prices of food lead to low
rates of wages, and that where there is a low rate of wages, there is a great degra-
dation in the character of the working classes. Look at the Hindoos or the
Sicilians in their respective countries: food is cheap, but the rate of wages is also
extremely low, and hence there are not, in Asia or Europe, more miserable and
degraded races.
The merchant and the ship-owner, as represented before the
Navigation Committee by Mr Browning and Mr Houghton, put
in claims for the repeal of the Navigation Laws and the removal
of all duties on the materials for the building and the sailing of
ships, in order that, by reducing wages, they may compete with
other countries, or, failing in this, may employ foreign ships to
carry their goods without regard to the ultimate security of the
nation, or the sacrifice of its most important interests.
The working classes are clamorous for the reduction of indirect
taxation, and complain that the hand of the government is distinctly
visible in every man's dish. On every side, therefore, we have
proposals for a further reduction of duties, which puts out of the
question all probability that even in the hour of need we can look
for any further assistance from that quarter.
To tax capital is always a doubtful and very injurious mode
of proceeding; for capital is the most evanescent of all things.
Make the tax both heavy and permanent, and it will seek for
employment to your detriment in every portion of Europe-in every
quarter of the globe.
What course, then, is open to us? It would be useless to call
124
Occupations of the People.
on the Manufacturing Interest to pay fifty millions a year, when
they have never yet paid fifteen millions. It would be equally
unjust to ask the Landed Interest to continue the payment of this
enormous amount when you bring in competition with their pro-
ductions those of countries who pay no part of our taxation; and
yet this is the course of legislation at the present time, which a fatal
blindness to every principle of political justice is fast hastening to
its consummation.
There is certainly one solution of the difficulty; but this is so much
opposed to the prejudices of mankind, that we should look in vain
for its adoption. It is this. If the foreign market is of that import-
ance as compared with the home market (which we deny), and the
cheap grain of other countries is necessary to enable our manu-
facturers to extend their productions, we ought to put an export
duty on our manufactured articles, so that by this process either the
manufacturer or the foreigner would be made to contribute their fair
proportion to our national burdens.
The improvements in manufactures, by reducing the price and
bringing them within the reach of larger numbers, we admit, faci-
litates the circulation of particular articles, and gives rise to an
increased consumption. But it is contended by the manufacturers
themselves that, without an abundance of food and low prices, these
improvements cannot proceed. To all of this we oppose a fact
within the knowledge and experience of every one, that the won-
derful progress which manufactures have made in point of quantity
during the last forty years, affords the best possible evidence of
food having been both cheap and abundant enough to have en-
sured their success. To take the grain of the foreigner without
reference to the taxation paid by our own, and to supply him
with goods which—inasmuch as to the extent of nine-tenths they
are the production of mechanical power,-supersede the labour
of the people, and to the same extent, neither as regards the
raw material nor the manufactured one, pay anything directly
or indirectly to the taxation of the state, is not just in principle,
and cannot be engrafted on our system without danger to the
public interests.
Review of the whole Subject.
125
Since, then, taxation is the primary cause of our not being able
to compete with other countries, it will be necessary if free trade is
to prevail that we revise the whole system, and by equalizing the
burdens on land, to spread them, over the entire surface of society,
and make all classes contribute according to the amount of their
their production. To the manufacturing interest we would hold
out the right hand of fellowship to forward, promote, and extend
the commerce of Britain, but on the condition that they pay their
just proportion of the taxation necessary to support the state and
provide employment or the means of emigration for the people.
On all sides there is not a tittle of evidence that it is either the
interest or intention of other countries to imitate our example
and to admit us to an equality in their markets. The idea that Ame-
rica will take our manufactures in barter for corn is a fallacy which
the painful experience of the present year too palpably exposes, and
even if she would, the first year of plenty would demonstrate the
absurdity of her being able to compete with the Baltic in the
growth or supply of grain.
Mr Cobden may extend his missionary labours for the propaga-
tion of his free-trade principles to every capital in Europe, and be
received with open arms and hospitality by the rulers of all, for the
benefits he has conferred on their people by giving them access to
our own markets, but the first instance of any government who has
any standing in manufactures being induced by him to follow our
example will afford better evidence of the value of his doctrines
than all the speeches he has uttered since the commencement of
his agitation for this object.
But independently of this, we contend not only that the manu-
facturing interest owes its present importance to the sustaining
power of the agricultural, but also that its future progress is wholly
dependent on the latter. The prosperity of the agricultural in-
terest is, therefore, an essential ingredient in that of the manu-
facturing, and without the power of consumption which "all
other classes" derive from the successful prosecution of agriculture,
the foreign trade for the sale of the productions of our manu-
facturing industry would be but as dust in the balance.
The cultivation of the soil and its increased production is there-
126
Occupations of the People.
fore the root and not the branch-it is the primary cause and not
the effect—and the awful condition of the starving masses in Ire-
land, and the suffering of the working classes in the manufacturing
districts, are the best illustrations of the absurdity of the converse
proposition. Our armies are formed of men drawn from agri-
cultural pursuits, and our fleets are manned by others of the same
origin, and the power that has moved both the one and the other,
and the spindle and the loom into the bargain, has been the success-
ful cultivation of the soil of the United Kingdom.
In support of these conclusions, we cannot help transcribing
the address of Mr Huskisson to his constituents at Chichester.
It is a faithful epitome not only of his own opinions, but of
those of Mr Canning, the Earl of Liverpool, and all the great
men that preceded him. For soundness of judgment and vigour of
intellect their administration of the affairs of this country will bear
a comparison with any in the best days of English history, and this
chronicle of the political principle which governed them ought to
be read and understood of all men.
“The history of this country proves that cheapness produced by foreign import is
the sure forerunner of scarcity; and a steady home supply is the only safe foun-
dation of steady moderate prices. During upwards of one hundred years to 1765,
when the import of foreign corn was sustained by very high duties, our own
growth of corn was ample for our own consumption in ordinary seasons, redundant
in abundant seasons, and in bad seasons occasioned no apprehension of, or actual
want. The price of corn seldom varied more than a few shillings per quarter;
if
there was no inordinate gain to the farmer, there was no starvation to the con-
sumer; prices instead of rising from year to year, gradually diminished; whereas,
since 1765 the supply has been unsteady and precarious, our dependence on foreign
supplies gradually increasing till the war came, when by the foreign supply being
interrupted, the country became dependent on its rivals and its enemies for the
food of its people. In the first eighteen years of this war, we were forced to pay
sixty millions of money to nations, every one of which has, in the course of that
war, been our enemy, for a scanty and inadequate supply of foreign corn; and
when for this purpose we parted with all our gold and even our silver currency,
combined Europe shut its ports against us, and America co-operating, first laid an
embargo, and then went to war. Shall I then be deterred from using my honest
endeavours in Parliament to prevent the recurrence of such sufferings? I admit
that if unlimited foreign import, which the war had suspended, were now again
allowed, bread might be a little, though a very little, cheaper than it now is, for a
year or two; but what would follow? The small farmer would be ruined; im-
provement would stand still; inferior lands now producing corn would return to
a state of waste; the home consumption and brisk demands for all the various
articles of the retail dealer would rapidly decline, to the great injury of our
towns, especially those which are not connected with manufactures or commerce:
farming servants, and all the trades which depend on agriculture, would be thrown
out of work, and wages would fall even more rapidly than the price of corn.
The
Review of the whole Subject.
127
great farmers and large capitalists might for a time bear up against foreign import,
and should they do so, will command extravagant prices to repay themselves; but
in the mean time the poorer, but not less industrious small farmers, will have been
ruined. To protect the small farmers is ultimately to protect the people.
"It is the first and paramount law of every state to provide for its own safety and
defence; we will never listen to a theory which, by withdrawing protection from
the colonial trade, would render insecure those possessions on which essentially
depends the power of Great Britain, to retain that high station in the rank of
nations which she owes to her commercial and colonial ascendancy; and least of
all shall we listen to the representation of states which evince boundless jealousy
of our navigation in peace, and of our maritime ascendancy in case of war; and
who tell us distinctly that they are steadily looking to the ulterior object, of one
day disputing with us the dominion of the seas.”
A short time, we imagine, will be sufficient to demonstrate that
this is the true policy of our country, for the foundation whereon
the prosperity of all has been hitherto based, has been the well-
being of that class which in all times and seasons provides food for
the people.
Circumstances of a political and even a scientific character may
cause the manufactures of a country to change their locality and
make again the tour of the world, but agriculture is immoveably
fixed to the soil, and our rulers will ever find that its prosperity
constitutes one of their heaviest responsibilities.
There are, doubtless, many other considerations of great import-
ance arising out of or affecting "the occupations of the people," but
such are not within the object of the present work, and therefore we
forbear to do more than cursorily touch upon them in conclusion.
The currency question, from its intricacy, would appear to have
baffled all the calculations of our most experienced statesmen,
and the practical results of Sir Robert Peel's measure of 1844,
which was considered by its author to be a concentration of all
previous experience on the subject, have only involved us in
greater difficulties than ever. If, as some suppose, the presence or
absence of three or four millions of the precious metals, more or less,
can influence the value of our national securities to the extent of
100 millions, paralyze labour, and stop production, such a state
of things necessarily implies that our statesmen must be
lamentably deficient in the practical knowledge necessary to
a right understanding of the true principles which ought to govern
the currency.
To eradicate these evils, and take from our national dealings the
128
Occupations of the People.
elements of mistrust and dishonesty ;-to equalize taxation and make
all interests in the state contribute their fair proportion to the sup-
port of its institutions ;-to protect the native industry of the people
by just and equitable laws, that shall yield to every man his meat
in due season as the reward of his labour;-to raise the sinking
artisan, by making that which has supplanted his labour minister to
his wants;-to open up our vast colonial possessions to the enterprise
and energy of the sons and daughters of Britain, so that they may
go forth and plant in every quarter of the globe our religion, lan-
guage, institutions, and interests, extending and consolidating our
power, and at the same time making the country from whence they
emanate to be the glory of all lands,—are doubtless among the
most important duties which devolve on those entrusted with the
Government of this country. To correct also the social misery
which afflicts Ireland, and to raise her from her present degraded
and desperate condition to one more compatible with the welfare of
her people and our own security, is not less a matter of justice than
one of imperious necessity.
With what degree of ability these duties have been hitherto dis-
charged is not within our province to inquire, as we have carefully
avoided all reference to political considerations except such as have
incidentally and unavoidably arisen out of the subject matter of this
inquiry, satisfied that whatever deficiencies experience may discover
in the political principles of a minister or a party, the resources and
energy of our constitution are sufficient to correct them.
To work out these great results, however, for the good of the
people, and at the same time to give increased stability to existing
institutions, is an object worthy of the loftiest ambition, and the
minister that shall succeed in engrafting them on our political
system will raise a monument to perpetuate his memory more
enduring than the mightiest work of art, and in the page of
history will stand out as a beacon to direct future statesmen
"To be just and fear not."
He will have based the government of a great and mighty nation
on the eternal principles of truth and justice, and with such a
government "the period to Britain's fame can be only the end of
time."
APPENDIX.
AUTHORITIES.
In the compilation of the Tables which form the Appendix to the
present Work, the following authorities have been taken :
FOR ALL MATTERS relating to the NUMBERS and OCCUPATIONS of the SEVERAL
CLASSES-
The Returns of the Census of 1841.
POOR and COUNTY RATES-ENGLAND and WALES-
A Return from the Poor Law Commissioners, dated Feb. 13th, 1846, made up
Lady-day, 1845.
POOR RELIEF-SCOTLAND-
to
Two Returns moved for by Mr Ellice, and ordered to be printed June 20th, 1843.
POOR RATES—IRELAND—
COUNTY CESS-
The 11th Annual Report of the Poor Law Com-
missioners.
LAND TAX-ENGLAND and WALES-
A Return from the Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes, dated July 29th, 1844,
made up to the 25th March, 1843.
LAND TAX-SCOTLAND-
The Act of 1797, Geo. III, cap. v, which fixes the amount for the whole kingdom
at the sum given in the Summary (page 95 in the Appendix).
TITHES-
PROPERTY TAX on LAND,
A Return of real Property moved for
>>
""
on DWELLING HOUSES,
on other PROPERTY-
""
دو
HIGHWAY RATES and CHURCH RATES-
by Mr Villiers, and ordered to be
printed March 6, 1845.
A Return relative to Local Taxation ordered to be reprinted Feb. 8, 1846, being
No. 562 of 1839.
TURNPIKE TRUSTS-
A Return of the Income and Expenditure from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1843, ordered to
be printed Aug. 5, 1845.
CRIMINALS
A Return from the Secretary of State's Office, dated April 4, 1846.
ENGLAND.]
1
BEDFORD-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
of age and
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
1,321
31
106
10,977
1,813
59
12
1458
12.861

Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
557
40
17
614
12,855
1,884
182
12
14,933
MANUFACTURES:
Lace Dealers
Lace Makers
15
5
20
18
9
1,880
695
2,602
Straw-Plait Dealers
Straw-Plait Manufacturers
98
1
21
5
125
83
63
1,032
575
1,753
Straw Bonnet and Hat Makers
Miscellaneous
92
12
510
255
858
405
31
30
4
470
711
116
!
3,478
1,523
5,828
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
6,574
876
886
169
8,505
or Workmen
Labourers
1,658
294
404
13
2,369
Military and Naval
45
1
46
Professional Persons
353
353
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits -
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
227
14
162
11
414
42
3
5
50
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
83
12
95
Domestic Servants
766
635
2,069
1,223
4,693
Persons returned as Independent
454
19
1,154
93
1,720
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
65.1
137
360
141
1,292
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
on Classes
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent} 1,822
$21,976
21,049
22,791
67,638
Total of all other Classes
12,678
23,955
26,101
24,441
87,175
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes -
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
|
14,933
62,703
77,636
5,828
24,472
30,300
107,935
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
&
28,433
7,182
£377,994
11,024
Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
",
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
£53,907
38,505
15,402
9,099
6,500
2,599
4,426
3,162
1,264
9,289
6,635
2.654
132,296
2,755
1,102
none
104,196
23,021
£127,217
B
2
[ENGLAND.
BERKS-County of.

MALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
FEMALES.
20 years Under 20
of age and years of
upwards.
age.
TOTAL.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,728
13,997
682
32
116
3,005
1,329
318
31
11
1,876
18,649
724
16,407
3,068
1,456
318
21,249
Spinners
MANUFACTURES:
Carpet Weavers
Cotton Spinners and Weavers
Hemp Manufacturers
Paper Makers
Silk Manufacture
Silk Weavers and Workers
Straw-Plait Makers
Weavers
Wool Manufacture
Miscellaneous
16
1
-
8
I
11
32
5
12
75
13
5
412
17
23
50
95
2
2
-
80
21
65
35
201
1
2
85
19
107
4
24
7
35
1
162
12
38
10
222
-
13
1
46
60
764
77
79
9
929
1,157
132
365
87
1,741
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
11,676
1,313
1,494
255
14,738
Labourers
3,504
443
1,147
36
5,130
Military and Naval
1,477
149
1,626
Professional Persons
563
563
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
578
61
339
26
1,004
88
2
19
109
158
21
1
180
Domestic Servants
2,217
1,171
5,047
3,103
11,538
Persons returned as Independent
1,473
49
3,104
153
4,779
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
786
508
696
434
2,424
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
2,958
30,300
30,740
32,068
96,066
Total of all other Classes
25,478
33,996
42,607
36,076
138,157
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
21,249
127,675
148,944
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"
1,741
10,462
MANUFACTURES-Total
12,203
Total of the County
161,147
TAXATION.
Paid by the
LAND.
Manufacturers.
£
40,197
£
29,866
£594,903
17,351
Land Tax
Tithes
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 12-13ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-13th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts -
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
"
Total of Taxation of the County
1
1
£98,331
90,767
7,564
12,694
11,718
976
5,790
5,345
445
12,249
11,307
942
310,104
8,349
695
62,468
1,681
140
216,581
10.763
£227,343

ENGLAND.]
3
BUCKS-County of.
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
20 years
of age and
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
2,256
40
169
Agricultural Labourers
15,681
2,702
341
136
2,465
18,860
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
545
20
6
1
572
18,482
2,762
516
137
21,897
MANUFACTURES:
Chair Makers
Lace Dealers and Makers
Paper Makers
Silk Manufacture
Straw-Plait Dealers and Manufacturers
Miscellaneous
398
62
7
1
468
61
45
3,454
903
4,463
274
22
29
S
333
28
36
29
51
144
51
133
689
589
1,460
818
91
38
18
965
1,630
389
4,246
1,568
7,833
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
9,558
1,033
1,064
176
11,831
Labourers
2,345
244
552
23
3,214
Military and Naval
236
13
249
Professional Persons
485
485
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
371
21
65
1-
237
J4
643
1
8
1
75
132
13
145
Domestic Servants
1,830
1,248
3,702
1,870
8,650
Persons returned as Independent
928
32
2,018
106
3,084
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
616
366
598
266
1,846
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
2,782
30,868 30,205
32,176
96,031
Total of all other Classes
19,348
33,876 38,397
34,632
96,253
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
-
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
21,897
92,989
114,886
7.833
33,264
41,097
155,983
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURErs,
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
33
Land Tax
46,818
Tithes
16,807
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
- £579,736
17,434
Paid in the Proportion of 11-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
4-15ths by the Manufacturers :
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
""
Church
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
I
-
£94,260
69,124
25,136
17,567
12,877
4,684
7,954
5,930
2,024
13,488
9,892
3,596
211,580
5,726
444
18,574
397
144
185,005
36,028
£221,033
4
[ENGLAND.
CAMBRIDGE COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,136
29
176
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
15,990
2,068
619
239
3,341
18,916
612
24
25
661
19,738
2,121
820
239
22,918
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading Branch of Manufacture carried on in
this County. The largest Number engaged in any
one Branch is that of the
Brick and Tile Makers
196
18
I
214
Miscellaneous
479
43
63
3
588
675
61
3
802
3
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
11,049
1,140
1,476
277
13,942
Labour.rs
2,462
244
847
25
Military and Naval
3,578
488
25
513
Professional Persons
497
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Psursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
497
531
57
328
27
943
58
1
3
62
124
2
17
143
Domestic Servants
1,601
1,188
3,899
Persons returned as Independent
2,834
9,522
1,071
78
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
2,544
133
3,826
461
304
421
302
1,488
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
3,478
34,168
33,200
35,379
106,225
Total of all other Classes
21,820
37,207
42,735 38,977
140,739
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE—Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
22,918
135,981
158,899
802
4,758
5,560
164,459

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
32,462
Land Tax
27,114
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£774,657
22,594
Paid in the Proportion of 15-16ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-16th by the Manufacturers :
Poor and County Rates
£93,877
88,010
5,867
Highway Rates
20,850
19,547
1,303
Church
4,823
4,522
301
Turnpike Trusts
15,159
14,212
947
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
267,273
7,308
487
""
on other Property,
""
60,485
1,654
110
217,423
9,015
Total of Taxation of the County
£226,438

ENGLAND.]
5
CHESTER-COUNTY OF..
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age and 20 years
of age.
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
6,482
53
919
7,454
Agricultural Labourers -
14,795
2,675
542
443
18,455
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists -
847
35
11
2
895
22,124
2,763
1,472
445
26,804
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
8,937
5,122
9,424
6,866
30,349
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
4,530
2,924
3,812
3,948
15,214
Weavers (all branches -
2,120
760
625
539
4,044
Hatters and Hat Manufacture
1,457
194
113
47
1,811
Printers (all branches)
476
174
56
80
786
Engineers, Machine and Engine Worker
553
71
7
8
639
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture (all branches) -
382
61
47
36
526
Salt Makers and Boilers, and Salt Proprietors
472
20
492
Dyers (all branches)
567
143
13
13
736
Iron Founders and Moulders
180
35
1
Nailers
170
24
2
11
216
196
Fustian Cutters
Rope and Twine Makers
Tanners
-
Turners (all branches) -
Miscellaneous
104
37
27
27
195
I
148
33
5
2
188
141
13
1
155
1
143
38
6
6
193
2,029
341
145
38
2,553
22,409
9,990
14,284
11,610
58,293
-
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
Labourers (including miners)
Military and Naval
Professional Persons
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
} 26,671
4,098
3,521
731
35,021
11,275
1,428
1,757
84
14,544
2,866
239
3,105
1
868
868
1,728
210
609
43
2,590
166
1
14
181
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
396
5
22
423
Domestic Servants
3,787
3,166
10,023
7,025
24,001
Persons returned as Independent
2,367
123
5,683
271
8,444
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
796
374
881
304
2,355
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
4,555
71,259
68,581
74,636
219,031
Total of all other Classes
55,475
80,903
91,091
83,094
310,563
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus: —
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
-
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
26,804
97,821
124,625
58,293
212.742
271,035
395,660
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTurers.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
27,476
Tithes
25,561
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
- £962,857
28,083
Paid in the Proportion of 3-10ths by the Landed Interest, and
7-10ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
19
Turnpike Trusts
£113,880
34,164
79,716
27,729
8,316
19,413
8,372
2,511
5,861
41,706
12,510
29,196
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
"}
780,102
6,825
15,927
""
146,978
1,284
3,002
145,730
153,115
Total of Taxation of the County
£299,845
(For those engaged in Mines, see
"
Mining Interest.")
6
[ENGLAND.
CORNWALL-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
7,668
128
405
14,279
2,752
795
177
8,201
18,003
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
595
25
35
3
658
22,542
2,905
1,235
180
26,862
MANUFACTURES:
Tin Manufacture (all branches)
Engine and Machine Makers -
Engineer and Engine Workers
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Ore Dressers
Copper Manufacture (all branches)
Clay Manufacture (all branches)
Lead Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
657
301
118
146
1,222
4
1
5
427
70
2
1
500
285
28
99
33
445
37
69
117
204
427
42
23
99
133
297
150
39
23
33
225
t
41
8
3
2
54
1,174
243
363
96
1,876
2,817
7,82
814
638
5,051
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
18,163
3,678
3,824
1,007
26,672
Labourers (including Miners)
20,270
6,134
2,402
1,519
30,325
Military and Naval
3,609
312
3,921
Professional Persons
844
844
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
849
123
501
32
1,505
404
6
22
1
433
135
3
24
162
Domestic Servants
-
2,658
4,141
8,159
5,214
20,172
Persons returned as Independent
2,033
76
6,768
200
9,077
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,182
347
1,495
347
3,371
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
4,675
6,6075
68,569
73,565
212,884
Total of all other Classes
54,822
80,895
91,764 81,885
309,366
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
26,862
260,402
287,264
5,051
48.964
54,015
341,279

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS,
£
£
30,477
74,971
-
£774,692
22,595
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 5-6ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-6th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£95,710
79,759
15,951
Highway Rates
29,679
24,733
4,946
Church
""
5,365
4,471
894
Turnpike Trusts
20,428
17,024
3,404
""
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
277,108
6,735
1,347
301,461
7,536
1,256
268,301
27,798
Total of Taxation of the County
£296,099
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
ENGLAND.]
7
CUMBERLAND-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
4,796
26
432
7,574
1,075
1,073
357
5,254
10,079
243
20
14
1
278
12,613
1,121
1,519
358
15,611
Weavers (all branches) -
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture (all branches)-
1,499
433
1,075
599
3,606
1,511
267
216
110
2,104
195
41
19
16
271
Printers (all branches)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Dyers (all branches)
Engine and Machine Makers
Engineers and Engine Workers
Miscellaneous
188
74
1
263
110
33
61
113
317
195
35
5
1
236
1
14
5
19
130
14
1
145
1,536
353
97
40
2,026
5,378
1,255
1,475
879
8,987
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
11,591
2,404
2,636
435
17,066
Labourers (including miners)
4,797
976
1,068
38
6,879
Military and Naval
1,034
184
1,218
Professional Persons
497
497
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
799
78
308
18
1,203
132
3
7
1
143
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
118
1
21
140
Domestic Servants
2,342
1,354
5,098
3,078
11,872
Persons returned as Independent
1,889
45
4,539
124
6,597
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,094
353
438
253
2,138
RESIDUE OF POPULATION;
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent 2,918
33,320 33,595
35,854
105,687
Total of all other Classes
27,211
38,718 47,710
39,801
153,440
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
:
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
15,611
97,379
112,990
8,987
56,061
65,048
178,038
Paid by the

LAND.
£
MANUFACTURERS.
£
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax -
3,727
Tithes
10,265
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£603,724
17,608
Paid in the Proportion of 3-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-5ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£44,926
26,956
17,970
Highway Rates
11,869
7,123
4,746
Church
2,389
1,433
956
Turnpike Trusts
15,507
9,303
6,204
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
220,549
3,860
2,572
""
on other Property
""
86,061
1,506
1,004
81,781
33,452
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
£115,233

8
[ENGLAND.
DERBY-County of.
AGRICULTURE :
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and years of
age.
upwards.
age.
Farmers and Graziers
6,182
53
756
Agricultural Labourers
10,019
1,447
188
122
6,991
11,776
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
514
42
10
566
16,715
1,542
954
122
19,333
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufactures (all branches)
2,173
1,412
2,411
2,525
8,521
Hose (Stocking) Manufacture (all branches)
3,689
540
1,027
530
5,786
Silk Manufacture. (all branches)
479
289
865
705
2,338
Lace
(all branches)
544
165
796
447
Weavers (all branches)
Nail Makers
Pot Manufacture (all branches)
Engine and Machine Makers
Engineers and Engine Workers
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Printers (Cotton and Calico)
1,952
6S3
198
188
104
1.173
758
240
17
. 16
1,031
441
172
26
50
689
83
21
1
1
105
419
81
2
2
504
410
98
3
2
513
238
99
29
57
423
Brick and Tile Makers
303
114
1
1
419
Glove Manufacture (all branches)
107
15
156
102
380
Hatter and Hat Makers (all branches)
308
14
5
2
329
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
230
51
25
14
320
Bleachers
103
111
20
64
298
Tape Manufacture (all branches)
110
41
66
47
264
Factory Workers
15
17
78
112
222
Dyers (all branches)
152
41
11
204
File Makers (all branches)
86
42
128
Miscellaneous
1,828
356
111
74
2,369
13,159
4,117
5,838
4,854
27,968
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
18,222
2,638
2,321
526
23,707
-
Labourers (including miners)
12,173
2,353
915
36
15,477
Military and Naval
568
69
Professional Persons
692
11
637
692
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
967
115
423
23
1,528
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
99
1
10
110
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
192
2
12
206
Domestic Servants
2,755
2.729
5,295
4,456
15,235
Persons returned as Independent
1,454
37
3,541
161
5,193
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
636
207
556
186
1,585
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,582
50,615
52,288
54,061
160,546
-
Total of all other Classes
41,340
58,766
65,361
59,449
224,916
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES," between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
19,333
91,928
111,261
27,968
132,988
160,956
272,217
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
23,403
16,896
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£845,681
24,665
Paid in the Proportion of 2-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
3-5ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£83,229
33,292
49,936
Highway Rates
18,627
7,450
11.177
Church
4,605
1,842
2,763
""
Turnpike Trusts
35,653
14,060
21,593
""
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
328,488
3,872
5,708
204,856
2,390
3,584
""
127,870
94,761
Total of Taxation of the County
£222,631
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
ENGLAND.]
9
DEVON-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
of age and
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
11,187
324
521
12,032
Agricultural Labourers
31,667
7,481
1,178
728
41,054
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,351
62
22
1
1,436
44,205
7,867
1,721
729
54,522
MANUFACTURES :
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
986
170
486
222
1,864
Lace Manufacture (all branches)
Glove Makers and Glovers
138
99
1,068
516
1,821
73
6
492
192
763
Weavers (all branches)
Rope and Cord Spinners and Manufacturers
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Tanners
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
Spinners
Coach Makers (all branches)
Tinmen and Tin-plate Workers
Basket Makers
Hatters and Hat Makers
Factory Workers
Sail Makers
Sail Cloth and Tarpaulin Makers
Lime Burners and Manufacturers
Miscellaneous
286
30
377
26
719
511
100
29
8
648
63
10
186
140
399
9
2
358
29
398
366
30
1
397
232
26
58
18
334
2
238
33
273
209
40
249
1
183
52
2
237
188
22
6
1
217
173
20
20
22
19
70
20
2
215
80
191
138
34
172
8
3
1
12
148
3
3
154
1,110
134
164
34
1,442
4,845
800
3,559
1,301
10,505
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
}
40,367
8,091
8,081
2,126
58,965
Labourers
7,691
705
3,248
124
11,768
Military and Naval
7,422
797
8,219
Professional Persons
1,814
1,814
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
1,892
189
1,099
74
3,254
561
4
35
2
602
372
3
55
430
Domestic Servants
6,567
6,411
18,122
10,755
41,855
Persons returned as Independent
5,062
206
14,429
656
20,353
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
2,957
959
2,807
725
7,448
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
8,296
94,689
105,759
104,981
313,725
Total of all other Classes
S3,001
112,054
153,635
119,743
468,433
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
FACT
Total of the County
TAXATION.
54,522
392,759
447,281
10,505
75,674
86,179
533,460
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
77,772
Tithes
115.509
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£1,556,180
33,721
Paid in the Proportion of 5-6ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-6th by the Manufacturers:

Poor and County Rates
£218,532
182,111
36,421
Highway Rates -
37,356
31,130
6,226.
Church
"}
17,021
14,184
2,837
Turnpike Trusts
75,651
63,043
12,608
""
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
766,745.
18,803
3,560
266,451
"}
6,476
1,295
542,749
62,947
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
£605,696
€

10
[ENGLAND.
DORSET-County of.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers and Graziers
2,701
33
120
Agricultural Labourers
13,043
2,060
592
181
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
438
15
9
2,854
15,876
462
16,182
2,108
721
181
19,192
MANUFACTURES:
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
186
53
67
57
363
Weavers (all branches)
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture (all branches) -
139
37
104
39
319
-
193
30
69
17
309
Spinners
5
3
221
69
298
Glovers and Glove Makers
23
2
116
91
232
Rope, Twine, and Cord Spinners and Makers
100
19
75
18
212
Button Makers
2
149
54
205
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
13
9
69
68
159
Sail and Sail Cloth and Tarpaulin Weavers and Makers
Miscellaneous
-
84
17
35
8
144
-
648
100
174
39
961
1.393
270
1079
460
3,202
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
12,257
1,837
1,742
421
16,257
Labourers
Military and Naval
3,009
412
896
65
4,382
1,324
134
Professional Persons
1,458
636
636
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
388
46
337
25
796
325
4
10
339
91
15
106
Domestic Servants
1,565
837
4,821
2,307
Persons returned as Independent
9,530
1,390
48
3,969
182
5,589
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
818
326
928
302
2,374
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,330
34,828
35,687
37,337
111,182
Total of all other Classes
25,133
38,472
48,405
40,639
152,649
Divide
""
ALL OTHER CLASSES," between the AGRICULTURISTS and MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
19,192
130,823
150,015
3,202
21,826
25,028
175,043
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
32,026
56,971
£613,507
17,893
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 6-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-7th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£94,011
80,581
13,430
Highway Rates
12,251
10,501
1,750
Church
""
8,671
7,433
1,238
Turnpike Trusts
26,274
22,521
3,753
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
231,204
5,780
963
""
on other Property
""
72,366
1,809
301
235,515
21,435
Total of Taxation of the County
£256,950

ENGLAND.]
11
DURHAM-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
20 years
FEMALES.
Under
TOTAL.
20 years
of age.
of age and
20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,274
46
218
3,538
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
7,886
690
1,203
726
274
10,089
35
10
735
11,850
1,284
954
274
14,362
MANUFACTURES:
Engineers and Engine Workers
1,117
195
Engine and Machine Makers
228
93
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
657
296
111
1,312
321
2
955
Glass and Glass Bottle Manufacture (all branches)
672
183
2
1
858
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
346
86
70
100
602
Weavers
521
44
23
8
596
Potters and Pot Makers
389
103
20
4
516
Rope and Cord Makers
303
121
2
1
427
Brick and Tile Makers
341
39
3
Carpet Makers and Weavers
313
63.
7
32
3
386
385
Anchor Smiths and Chain Makers
315
62
377
Nail and Nail Makers-
257
48
1
306
Sail and Sail Cloth and Tarpaulin Makers
209
84
5
1
299
Chemist Manufacture
234
24
4
262
-
Factory Workers
100
29
55
61
245
-
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
155
15
14
6
190
Hatters and Hat Makers
103
7
17
5
132
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
192
18
16
9
235
1,472
279
193
89
2,033
7,924
1,789
432
292
10,437
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
25,767
6,026
2,626
323
34,742
Labourers
21,403
5,305
803
69
27,580
Military and Naval
4,782
472
5,254
Professional Persons
840
840
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
1,351
170
347
16
1,884
255
4
12
271
278
1
21
300
Domestic Servants
1,776
1,081
6,542
→
Persons returned as Independent
5,712
15,111
-
1,627
40
6,331
233
8,231
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
748
248
835
212
2,043
RESIDUE OF POPULATION :
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
3,912
61,158
68,802
69,357
203,229
on all Classes
Total of all other Classes
62,739
74,505
86,319
75,922
9,485
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers enga ged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
19
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
1
1
14.362
173,443
187,805
10,437
126,042
136,479
324,284
TAXATION.
Paid by the
MANUFACTURERS.
LAND.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
10,444
Tithes
34,262
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£538,781
15,714
Paid in the Proportion of 4-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
3-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
-
£111,026
63,446
47,586
20,864
11,920
8,944
6,101
3,484
2,617
30,323
17,328
12,995
429,287
7,152
5,368
-
700,917
11,680
8,763
175,424
86,273
£261,697
(For those engaged in Mines, see Mining Interest.")
12
ESSEX-COUNTY OF.
[ENGLAND.

ENGAGED IN.
20 years
MALES.
Under
FEMALES.
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
20 years
of age.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
4,575
120
415
5,110
Agricultural Labourers
36,272
6,541
1,074
321
44,208
Gardeners, Nurserymen and Florists
1,677
99
22
1,798
42,524
6.760
1,511
321
51,116
MANUFACTURES:
Silk Manufacture (all branches) -
507
139
493
447
1,586
Brick and Tile Makers
431
79
Coach Makers (all branches)
201
26
72
7
5
522
2
229
Engine and Machine Makers
15
15
Engineer and Engine Workers
105
12
Straw-Plait Manufacture (all branches)
8
24
117
4
281
138
431
Weavers
114
17
49
26
206
Basket Makers
146
8
6
1
161
Miscellaneous
861
103
129
66
1,159
2,388
388
967
683
4,426
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or as Workmen
22,058
2,595
2,493
548
27,694
Labourers
6,540
1,007
1,851
119
9,517
Military and Naval
2,650
450
3,100
Professional Persons
=
1,113
1,113
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
925
89
786
31
1,831
267
6
13
286
407
7
30
444
Domestic Servants
3,478
1,850
8,699
6,229
20,256
Persons returned as Independent
1,915
104
5,071
313
7,403
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,283
733
1,081
680
3,777
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
5,566
67,255 69,043
72,152
214,016
Total of all other Classes
46,202
74,096 89,067
80,072
289,437
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
- respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
"}
AGRICULTURE-Total
-
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest.
Land Tax
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at -
£1,289,645
Paid in the Proportion of 12-13ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-13th by the Manufacturers.
51,116
266,373
317,489
4.426
23,064
27,490
}
344,979

LAND.
Paid by the
£
88 647
106,793
37,614
MANUFACTURERS.
£
Poor and County Rates
£212,776
196,486
16,290
Highway Rates
Church
-
31,669
29,233
2,436
16,075
14,739
""
1,236
Turnpike Trusts
-
32,906
30,375
2,531
"
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
517,446
13,855
1,237
""
297,040
7,997
666
525,739
24,396
Total of Taxation of the County
£550,135-
ENGLAND.]
13
GLOUCESTER-COUNTY OF,

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
20 years
of age.
20 years
of age and
FEMALES.
Under
TOTAL.
20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
4,577
57
319
4,953
19,949
2,878
1,578
320
24,725
1,449
83
53
7
1,592
25,975
3,018
1,950
327
31,270
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
Hatters and Hat Manufacturers (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
2,192
568
2,118
654
5,532
833
53
165
25
1,076
1
858
67
49
10
984
656
81
1
7.38
-
Turners
Engine and Machine Makers
Engine Turner
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Pin Manufacture (all branches)
Coach Makers (all branches)
Nail Makers
Basket Makers
Tin-plate worker and Tinman
Boiler Makers
Brick and Tile Makers
Pipe Makers
Chair Makers
Dyers
Potters
Rope and Twine Spinners
Spinner
Lace Manufactures (all branches)
Tanners
-
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Paper Makers and Stainers -
74
9
2
85
1
-
1
64
60
278
384
786
438
83
10
531
125
30
251
118
524
323
40
3
366
=
241
43
5
289
217
32
19
20
288
221
39
14
9
283
|
1
1
233
45
278
193
38
4
2
237
70
22
109
33
234
152
28
2
182
157
14
6
| |
177
144
9
19
1
124
28
14
122
24
9
174
173
173
159
30
4
99
16
149
43
4
56
44
147
123
5
1
129
106
21
1
128
108
1
8
4
121
Silk Manufacture (all branches) -
Miscellaneous
16
5
48
44
113
1,312
143
188
57
1,700
9,176
1,496
3,478
1,433
15,583
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
35,956
4,421
7,633
1,423
49,433
or Workmen
Labourers
14,734
2,590
4,022
257
21,603
Military and Naval
2,786
151
2,937
Professional Persons
1,539
1,539
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
2,354
316
1,121
66
3,857
379
6
19
404
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
628
7
97
732
Domestic Servants
4,736
2,976
15,462
7,920
31,094
Persons returned as Independent
3,862
232
11,164
744
16,002
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,577
833
1,651
786
4,847
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
6,311
79,512
80,838
85,421
252,082
Total of all other Classes
74,862
91,044
122,007
96,617
384,530
Divide "
""
ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
ΤΑΧΑΤΙΟΝ.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
1
31,270
256,638
287,908
15,583
127,892
143,475
431,383
LAND.
£
46,657
39,990
-
£1,121,124
32,699
Paid in the Proportion of 2-3rds by the Landed Interest, and
1-3rd by the Manufacturers:
Paid by the
MANUFACTURERS.
32
£
Poor and County Rates
£194,249
129,500
64,749
Highway Rates
29,758
19,839
9,919
Church
""
12,275
8,184
4,091
Turnpike Trusts
62,487
41,658
20,829
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
839,689
16,327
8,163
""
113,701
2,211
1,105
337,065
108,856
Total of Taxation of the County · ·
-
- £445,921
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")

14
[ENGLAND.
HEREFORD-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 Years
of age and years of
upwards.
age.
FEMALES.

Under 20
20 Years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
TOTAL.
age.
Farmers and Graziers
3,194
27
292
Agricultural Labourers
10,664
1,474
603
90
3,513
12,831
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
257
11
4
272
14,115
1,512
899
90
16,616
MANUFACTURES:
Glovers and Glove Makers
Nailers
Brick and Tile Makers
Weavers
Basket Makers
Tanners
Turners
Miscellaneous
41
4
102
18
165
75
14
2
1
92
I
66
13
1
80
55
4
59
45
1
5
2
52
47
3
50
t
39
5
44
314
25
51
5
395
682
73
158
24
937
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
8,121
1,111
937
159
10,328
Labourers
2,134
220
667
31
3,052
Military and Naval
152
1
153
Professional Persons
499
499
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
284
31
182
13
510
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
52
1
53
89
14
103
Domestic Servants
2,272
2,312
3,617
2,992
11,193
Persons returned as Independent
981
53
2,135
107
3,276
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
395
203
265
173
1,036
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
2,135
19,557
23,208
21,222
66,122
Total of all other Classes
17,114 23,488
31,026
24,697
96,325
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Tithes
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£629,981
Paid in the Proportion of 18-19ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-19th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
16,616
91,184
107,800
937
5,141
6,078
113,878

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
43
20,106
-
32,306
18,374
£55,442
52,998
13,138
12,447
2,944
691
4,928
4,668
259
21,795
20,648
1,147
128,572
3,553
197
46,766
1,293
71
166,393
5,309
£171,702
ENGLAND.]
15
HERTFORD-COUNTY OF.


MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
1,628
14,110
3,066
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
776
2888
22
130
1,780
297
889
68
17,541
38
10
824
16,514
3,126
437
68
20,145
MANUFACTURES:
Straw-Plait Workers (all branches)
97
239
2,840
1,575
4,751
Straw-Plait Dealers
81
8
21
9
119
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
71
175
85
169
500
Paper Makers
193
29
29
5
256
Paper Stainers
1
1
Brick and Tile Makers
107
17
124
Coach Makers (all branches)
64
16
80
Type Founders
35
25
60
Engineers and Engine Workers
52
3
55
Engine and Machine Maker
1
1
Weavers
42
11
1
54
Canvas Makers and Weavers
46
5
51
Miscellaneous
449
34
37
7
527
1,238
563
3,012
1,766
6,579
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
10,666
1,217
1,509
210
13,602
Labourers
3,689
625
879
25
5,218
Military and Naval
390
38
Professional Persons
499
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
504
34
365
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
110
3
S
1191
428
499
16
919
121
141
1
24
166
Domestic Servants
2,257
1,228
4,426
2,282
10,193
Persons returned as Independent
1,117
38
2,420
121
3,696
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
737
335
606
349
2,027
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
2,323
30,229
29,384
31,678
93,614
Total of all other Classes
22,433
33,748
39,621
34,681
130,483
""
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
20,145
98,361
118,506
6,579
32,122
38,701
157,207
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
43
41,783
56,136
£438,225
12,781
"Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 3-4ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-4th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£86,281
64,711
Highway Rates
21,570
11,862
8,897
2,965
Church ""
9,393
7,045
2,348
Turnpike Trusts
21,676
16,257
5,419
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
340,267
7,443
2,481
"
on other Property
""
71,301
1,559
520
216,612
35,303
Total of Taxation of the County
£251,915
16
[ENGLAND.
HUNTINGDON-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Brick and Tile Makers
1,027
22
72
1,121
6,004
866
183
59
7,112
206
13
28
247
7,237
901
283
59
8.480
175
27
202
Paper Makers
Lace Makers
Coach Makers (all branches)
Basket Makers
1
29
2
14
7
52
3
33
9
45
37
10
47
24
4
28
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
181
17
19
1
218
449
60
66
17
592
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,755
483
443
92
4,773
Labourers
807
67
282
LO
5
1,161
Military and Naval
184
6
190
Professional Persons
233
I
233
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
103
9
129
14
255
19
2
21
33
4
37
Domestic Servants
559
471
1,359
1,135
3,524
Persons returned as Independent
301
17
797
42
1,157
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
179
100
165
57
501
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
1,138
11,961
11,956
12,570
37,625
Total of all other Classes
7,311
13,114
15,137
13,915
49,477
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each Interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
8,480
46,249
54,729
592
3,228
3,820
58,549

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
15,278
7,842
£312,082
9,107
Paid in the Proportion of 14-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-15th by the Manufacturers:
43
Poor and County Rates
£36,076
33,671
2,405
Highway Rates
6,226
5,811
4 15
Church
2,596
2,423
172
""
Turnpike Trusts
8,726
8,145
581
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
71,852
1,955
140
""
on other Property
""
17,749
483
34
84,715
3,747
Total of Taxation of the County
-
£88,462

ENGLAND.]
17
KENT-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
5,123
57
297
|
5,477
33,504
5,502
521
84
39,611
2,337
113
44
3
2,497
40,964
5,672
862
87
47,585
MANUFACTURES:
Paper Makers (all branches)
""
Stainers
Engine and Machine Makers
Engineers and Engine Workers
Brick and Tile Makers
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
Coach Makers (all branches)
Basket Makers
Sail Makers
Tanners
Printers (all branches)
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
539
75
244
76
934
11
1
1
1
19
3
562
60
531
75
411
40
1 1
458.
12
22
1
627
1
612
3
462
235
29
1
265
195
9
8
212
170
21
1
192
1
167
8
175
112
19
7
2
140
120
18
1
139
Iron Manufacturers (all branches)
Hatters
122
15
137
112
2
18
2
134
Turners
Boiler Makers
118
14
2
134
110
10
120
Pipe Makers
Weavers (all branches)
Miscellaneous
1
86
21
7
114
83
6
15
1
105
970
85
138
36
1,229
4,673
511
459
122
5,765
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
39,511
4,463
5,263
686
49,923
Labourers
14,198
1,516
4,469
110
20,293
Military and Naval
16,864
3,717
20,581
Professional Persons
1,855
1,855
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
2,377
160
1,313
77
3,927
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
1,071
25
15
1
1,112
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
687
9
66
36 762
Domestic Servants
5,935
2,581
-
18,309
9,567
18,392
Persons returned as Independent
5,156
164
12,718
591
1,629
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
7,013
1,901
2,621
1,512
3,047
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
on all Classes
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
ent} 7,026
104,502
106,634
110,304
328,466
-
Total of all other Classes
101,693
119,038
151,408
122,848
494,987
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependert on, each interest will stand thus :--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
-
47,585
441,499
489,084
5,765
53,488
59,253
548,337
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
£
£
80,495
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
114,349
£1,327,490
38,718
Paid in the Proportion of 8-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-9th by the Manufacturers :
Poor and County Rates
£258,166
Highway Rates
231,481
26,685
48,634
Church
43,230
5,404
26,201
Turnpike Trusts
56,727
23,290
2,911
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
50,424
6,303
1,372,881
"}
on other property
35,593
207,234
4,449
5,373
671
622,953
46,423
Total of Taxation of the County
£669,376
D

18
[ENGLAND.
LANCASTER-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age.
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
14,740
139
1,767
16,646
Agricultural Labourers
24,761
5,194
442
188
30,585
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
2,195
121
22
2,338
41,696
5,454
2,231
188
49,569
MANUFACTURES :
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
45,920
24,363
45,271
34,119
149,673
Weavers (all branches)
21,190
5,197
8,787
5,125
40,299
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
5,748
1,427
5,209
2,949
15,333
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
6,758
1,733
2,099
1,440
12,030
Printers (all branches) Cotton, Silk, &c. &c.
5,715
1,666
146
535
8,062
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
2,064
1,092
2,129
1,372
6,657
Engine and Machine Makers
1,682
376
2,058
Engineers and Engine Workers
3,810
663
12
20
4,505
Dyers (all branches)
4,720
1,489
72
25
6,306
Sail Makers
Hatters and Hat Makers
Spinners (branch not specified)
Fustian Manufacture (all branches)
Bleachers (branch not specified)
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Nailers and Nail Makers
Rope and Cord Spinners
Brick and Tile Makers
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
Coach Makers (all branches)
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Block and Print Cutters
Moulders (branch not specified)
Boiler Makers
Fullers
-
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
""
Stainers
Turners
Turners (Brass)
Knitters
Worsted Manufacture
Small Ware Manufacture
Chair Makers
File Cutters and Makers
Sail Cloth Manufacture
Potters
Pin Manufacture (all branches)
Roller Makers and Coverers -
Basket Makers
Pattern Designers and Makers
Tanners
Bobbin Makers and Turners
Card (Machine) Makers
Pipe Makers
Brass Founders and Moulders
Brass Finishers and Workers
Reed Makers
Tool Makers
Colour Manufacture
Flannel Manufacture (all branches)
Copper Manufacture (all branches)
Grinders
Hinge Makers
Straw Plait Workers
Hat and Band Box Makers
Shuttle Makers
Comb Makers
Skinners -
Fringe and Tassel Manufacture
Hoopers and Hoop Makers
Wire Workers
Anchor Smiths and Chain Makers
Quilt Makers
Soap Manufacture
Marble Masons
Thread Manufacture
Muslin Manufacture (all branches)
Wire Drawers
Gun and Pistol Makers
Slate Manufacture
Bolt Makers
4,078
672
562
234
5,546
1,725
289
1,107
701
3,822
-
1,661
388
877
325
3,251
1,868
487
142
97
2,594
1,945
479
16
8
2,448
1,283
504
25
13
1,825
1,174
493
36
14
1,717
1,153
223
35
8
1,419
706
268
70
29
1,073
426
215
198
225
1
I
1,064
814
214
11
2
1,041
800
181
7
988
195
114
325
317
951
743
176
++
4
3
926
637
234
4
1
876
686
187
873
1
638
170
2
810
388
121
100
68
75
45
3
8+
677
4
127
601
140
3
748
2
2
58
64
339
207
668
159
87
206
180
632
320
55
116
67
558
464
59
23
1
547
393
149
4
546
t
358
112
1
2
539
56
3
7
413
87
18
3
521
73
86
132
178
469
286
43
103
23
455
1
1
356
60
18
353
77
4
+2
4
438
436
400
20
420
264
133
2
4
I
403
187
85
47
59
378
254
72
30
9
365
266
84
4
354
80
28
3
111
285
43
9
2
339
221
75
4
300
222
1
1
-
228
10
25
17
275
270
213
54
267
216
1
47
1
143
1
68
14
1
14
112
6
113
74
226+
266
213
205
193
142
36
1
179
131
27
11
4
173
140
30
2
172
1
4
60
6
62
38.
166
131
14
1
146
116
23
5
2
146
125
14
139
60
19
51
6
136
124
10
1
1
136
106
25
1
132
t
27
4
59
28
118
74
13
18
9
114
91
18
109
94
12
1
107
96
11
107
1
81
21
1
103
Miscellaneous
1,525
249
224
81
2,079
128,616 45,806 69,012
48,695
292,129
ENGLAND.]
19
LANCASTER-COUNTY OF.—(Continued.)


MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
years of
of age and
years of
upwards.
age.
upwards.
age.
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
128,921
21,157
21,378
4,199
175,655
or Workmen
Labourers -
56,861
10,195
7,969
1,054
· 76,079
Military and Naval
9,598
1,026
10,624
Professional Persons
3,495
3,495
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
10,078
1,578
2,012
136
13,804
1,195
16
23
1,234
2,408
19
113
1
2,541
Domestic Servants
8,375
3,371
40,887
20,365
72,998
Persons returned as Independent
8,127
491
23,343
1,246
33,207
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
4,838
2,325
4,060
1,494
12,717
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Classes
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
21,992
297,294
287,085
316,631
923,002
Total of all other Classes
255,888 337,472
386,870
345,126 1,325,356
66
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
-
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
49,569
192,265
241,834
292,129
1,133,091
1,425,220
1,667,054

LAND.
£
19,406
39,728
-
£1,636,416
47,728
Paid in the proportion of 1-7th by the Landed Interest, and
Paid by the
MANUFACTurers.
4
6-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£530,490
75,784
454,706
Highway Rates
73,870
10,552
63,318
Church
22,068
3,152
18,916
Turnpike Trusts
121,885
17,412
104,473
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
4,777,536
19,906
119,438
""
on other Property
"}
1,342,276
5,878
33,271
239,546
794,122
Total of Taxation of the County
£1,033,668
20
[ENGLAND.
LEICESTER-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,358
26
285
3,669
Agricultural Labourers
-
11,259
1,353
133
25
12,770
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
604
38
10
1
653
15,221
1,417
428
26
17,092
MANUFACTURES:
Hose (Stocking) Manufacture (all branches)
8,753
1,328
2,059
775
12,915
Woollen (Stocking) Manufacture (all branches)
1,265
198
493
212
2,168
Lace Manufacture (all branches)
<
369
95
688
385
1,537
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
768
86
72
64
990
348
100
1
1
450
Glovers and Glove Manufacture (all branches)
91
6
212
130
439
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
84
85
172
Worsted Manufacture (all branches)
59
25
174
283
82
423
77
335
Trimmers
144
41
4
Needle Makers
146
32
4
11
189
182
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
15
46
57
56
174
Dyers (all branches)
151
11
10
Potters and Pot Manufacture (all branches)
106
25
12
Weavers (all branches)
115
15
13
142
173
147
2
145
Engine and Machine Makers
36
5
1
Engineers and Engine Workers
99
3
| |
42
102
Brace Makers (all branches)
32
8
69
带
​Turners
""
Basket Makers
Miscellaneous
108
19
82
27
136
129
(Ivory)
1
1
101
17
3
121
871
195
134
31
1,231
13,662
2,340
4,180
1,847
22,029
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
14,402
2,143
2,501
479
19,525
Labourers
2,511
361
784
20
3,676
Military and Naval
506
75
581
Professional Persons
734
734
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
531
98
404
18
1,051
79
1
3
83
173
20
193
Domestic Servants
2,386
2,266
5,006
3,889
13,547
Persons returned as Independent
1,278
34
2,952
113
4,377
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
753
418
609
354
2,134
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
3,285
40,956
42,685
43,919
130,845
Total of all other Classes
26,638
46,352
54,964
48,792
176,746
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
17,092
77,221
94,313
22,029
99,525
121,554
215,867

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
43
£
34,238
19,474
£899,063
25,931
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 4-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
5-9ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£103,718
46,996
Highway Rates
57,622
23,816
10,628
13,188
Church
5,898
2,620
3,278
Turnpike Trusts
22,243
9,884
12,339
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
314,966
4,080
5,106
on other Property
""
162,355
2,204
2,531
155,155
94,064
Total of Taxation of the County
£249,219
ENGLAND.]
21
LINCOLN-County of.
1

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
FEMALES,
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
10,579
78
631
11,288
Agricultural Labourers
36,917
7,712
643
122
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
830
35
14
45,394
879
48,326
7,825
1,288
122
57,561
MANUFACTURES:
Brick and Tile Makers
698
106
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
239
39
Engine and Machine Makers
109
19
Engineers and Engine Workers
74
6
1301
1
5
809
281
129
80
Coachmakers (all branches)
120
49
Tanners
116
25
32
172
2
143
Nail Makers
115
14
129
}
Basket Makers
114
13
1
128
Weavers (branch not specified) -
Miscellaneous
103
4
1
108
810
102
154
H
21
1,087
2,498
377
170
21
3,066
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
24,240
4,126
3,135
573
32,074
Labourers
4,276
271
1,567
33
6.147
Military and Naval
2,297
108
2,405
Professional Persons
1,431
1,431
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
814
121
750
46
1,731
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
169
3
12
184
234
3
33
1
271
Domestic Servants
3,025
2,646
10,460
10,403
26,534
Persons returned as Independent
2,390
45
6,443
221
9,099
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,013
564
1,118
574
3,269
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
6,113
68,849
71,837
72,031
218,830
Total of all other Classes
46,002
76,736
95,355
83,882
301,975
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES " between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
-
TAXATION.
57,561
286,704
344,265
3,066
15,271
18,337
362,602

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
70,548
Tithes
44,877
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£2,340,624
68,268
Paid in the Proportion of 19-20ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-20th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church "5
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
£151,999
144,399
7,600
80,664
76,628
4,036
12,698
12,059
639
35,957
34,165
1,792
-
420,978
11,665
613
-
106,737
2,958
155
465,567
14,835
£480,402
22
[ENGLAND.
MIDDLESEX-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Silk Manufacture (all branches) -
Weavers (branch not specified)
Coach Makers (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Dyers (all branches)
Hat Makers (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
Turners
""
(Brass)
Chair Makers
Tin-plate Workers and Tinmen
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
. Gun Makers (all branches)
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Rope and Cord Makers
Brass Finishers and Workers
Brass Founders and Moulders
Lace Manufacture (all branches)
Sugar Bakers, Boilers, and Refiners
Basket Makers
Glovers and Glove Makers
Wire Drawers and Workers -
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Type Founders
Pipe Makers
Copper Manufacture (all branches)
Sail Makers
Sail Cloth and Tarpaulin Makers
Trimming Makers
Fringe Manufacturers
Carpet Manufacturers
Gold Beaters
Gold Workers (all branches)
Japanners
Comb Makers
Wool Manufacture (all branches)
Musical Instrument Makers
Ivory Turners and Workers
Boiler Makers
Straw-Plait Manufacture
Brace Makers
Skin Dressers
Pewterers
Willow Weavers and Workers
Soap Boilers
Organ Builders
Crape Manufacturers
Card Makers
Mat Makers
Pencil Makers
Marble Masons
Horse Hair Manufacturers and Weavers
Tool Dealers and Makers
Tanners -
Distillers
Hair Manufacturers and Weavers
Button Makers
Looking Glass Makers and Silverers
Lamp Makers
Tobacco Pipe Makers
Potters
Floor Cloth Manufacturers
Hot Pressers
Spring Makers
Moulders (branch not specified)
Founders (branch not specified)
Lint Makers and Dealers
Pen Makers and Dealers
Zinc Manufacturers and Workers
Instrument Makers
Spinners (branch not specified)
Miscellaneous
1
1
1
F
1
1
1
រ
I
1
1
1
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
1,118
32
55
9,627
1,437
522
4,761
185
275
283
1,205
11,668
70
5,291
15,506
1,654
852
152
18,164
3,728
450
2,440
530
7,148
3,241
369
1,148
203
4,961
3,408
327
68
8
3,811
2,114
299
2,413
193
22
5
220
1,172
102
85
13
1,372
1,020
100
171
39
1,330
1,068
204
23
13
1,308
1,059
145
29
4
1,237
75
14
1
90
937
147
85
10
1,179
1,004
122
8
1,134
98
29
832
163
1,122
955
120
27
2
1,104
791
264
37
10
1,102
744
79
33
6
862
614
132
60
5
811
674
73
15
762
607
80
6
693
249
18
327
83
677
604
22
3
629
488
34
43
6
571
229
20
240
35
524
356
50
18
3
427
381
36
5
422
353
58
1
1
413
318
45
35
C
6
404
311
78
8
348
=
397
34
1
383
55
5
6
136
21
146
66
160
32
109
57
271
49
19
NON~
2
68
369
358
2
341
249
67
6
322
141
16
29
14
244
31
39
48
200
322
273
29
15
317
232
21
46
6
305
236
30
229
30
සය
3
269
3
1
263
213
45
258
81
9
132
19
241
52
10
120
19
201
167
14
12
4
197
175
8
11
194
104
20
49
20
193
176
8
3
1
188
153
25
2
|
180
40
23
71
32
166
105
27
18
8
158
116
10
25
2
153
116
22
9
2
149
126
14
4
144
105
11
17
1
134
109
19
2
130
111
14
1
126
122
1
1
124
54
8
48
14
124
85
11
21
4
121
105
6
6
117
108
5
2
115

74
15
14
2
105
93
7
2
102
85
11
1
97
81
15
1
97
72
10
15
97
80
11
1
1
93
80
10
1
91
6
63
20
89
57
6
23
1
87
73
12
1
86
68
9
7
84
31
4
34
9
78
2,505
221
453
97
3,276
35,093
4,445
7,339
1,558
48,435
ENGLAND.]
23
MIDDLESEX-COUNTY OF.-( Continued.)

ALL OTHER CLASSES:
MALES.
ENGAGED IN
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
TOTAL.
age.
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
195,830
21,660
42,344
6,990
266,824
Labourers
53,472
5,958
22,171
639
82,240
Military and Naval
13,289
868
14,157
Professional Persons
10,389
10,389
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
21,465
2,892
5,029
286
29,672
2,119
41
15
2,175
5,200
171
387
4
5,762
Domestic Servants
31,975
9,331
86,870
28,555
156,731
Persons returned as Independent
22,260
960
50,707
2,442
76,369
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
8,378
3,171
9,910
2,624
24,083
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
19,699
253,199 289,943 278,794
841,635
Total of all other Classes
384,076
298,251 507,376
320,334 1,510,037
The Metropolis being the representative of every other interest in the Kingdom, the same rule of dividing "ALL OTHER
CLASSES" and the Taxation of the County between the AGRICULTURISTS and MANUFACTURERS in the proportion
which those resident in the County hear to each other will not apply in the instance of Middlesex.
We therefore adopt the result given in the Summary of the proportion which each bears to the other in the whole popu-
lation of the three Kingdoms, irrespective of the Metropolis, and this gives 2-3rds to the Agriculturists, and 1-3rd to
the Manufacturers:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
18,164
w
- 1,006,692
1,024,856
48,435
503,345
551,780
1,576,636
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
£
236,249
43
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£387,861
54,698
11,312
Paid in the Proportion of 2-3rds by the Landed Interest, and
1-3rd by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£758,160
505,440
252,720
Highway Rates
33,055
22,037
11,018
Church
94,287
99
62,858
31,429
Turnpike Trusts
74,818
49,879
24,939
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
9,223,475
179,346
89,672
"3
on other Property
1,724,514
33,530
16,768
1,155,349
426,546
Total of Taxation of the County
£1,581,895
24
[ENGLAND.
MONMOUTH-COUNTY of.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age.
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
2,263
56
278
2,597
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
4,472
1,172
126
83
5,853
222
11
2
235
6,957
1,239
406
83
8,685
Weavers
MANUFACTURES:
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Nail Makers
Tin Manufacture (all branches)
Coke Burners and Dealers
Brick and Tile Makers -
Hoop Makers and Shavers
2,491
532
19
12
3,054
294
27
48
5
125
26
120
23
99
6
1
125❤
321
54
153
9
76
9
6
220
150
116
8
99
-
66
17
83
68
11
79
Paper Makers and Stainers
Miscellaneous
-
62
10
4
1
426
62
40
37
79
535
3,875
728
86
34
4,723
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
9,973
1,555
1,132
258
12,918
Labourers
13,061
2,739
710
278
16,788
Military and Naval
914
83
997
Professional Persons
431
431
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
411
64
106
10
591
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
62
3
3
68
79
8
87
Domestic Servants
1,117
757
2,975
2,707
7,556
Persons returned as Independent
676
36
1,759
151
2,622
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
303
120
207
107
737
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
2,025
23,407
26,875
25,845
78,152
Total of all other Classes
29,052
28,764
33,775 29,356
120,947
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :---
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
8,685
78,344
87,029
4,723
-
42,603
47,326
134,355
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
9,612
Tithes
18,103
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 5-8ths by the Landed Interest, and
£290,334
8,468
3-8ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£44,598
27,810
16,788
Highway Rates
7,881
4,925
2,956
Church
""
2,821
1,760
1,061
Turnpike Trusts
14,498
9,060
5,438
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
158,420
2,885
1,735
""
on other Property
"
142,407
2,598
1,557
84,591
29,535
Total of Taxation of the County
£114,126

ENGLAND.]
25
NORFOLK-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
6,960
73
414
7 447
Agricultural Labourers
34,592
5,784
735
164
41,275
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,534
67
39
3
1,643
43,086
5,924
1,188
167
50,365
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers
1,735
117
817
177
2,846
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
621
74
686
360
1,741
Brick and Tile Makers
462
59
521
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
352
64
20
13
449
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
289
74
1
364
Coach Makers (all branches)
239
54
2
295
-
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Dyers
21
22
88
110
241
210
17
7
1
235
Basket Makers
Braziers, Brass Workers and Tinkers
Worsted Manufacture (all branches)
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Glovers and Glove Makers
Engineers and Engine Workers
193
23
12
228
171
21
192
134
6
33
10
183
31
12
87
36
166
93
6
43
14
156
1
114
12
126
Engine and Machine Makers
Turners
63
8
71
-
99
24
1
124
Miscellaneous
1,099
164
244
75
1,582
5,926
757
2,041
796
9,520
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
29,726
4,079
4,533
963
39,301
or Workmen
65
Labourers
5,537
760
1,929
8,291
Military and Naval
3,010
307
3,317
Professional Persons
1,552
1,552
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
945
179
842
47
2,013
271
3
24
1
299
472
7
56
1
536
Domestic Servants
3,139
1,902
10,999
7,078
23,118
Persons returned as Independent
2.556
69
7,432
301
10,358
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,594
789
1,739
718
4,840
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
6,368
80,166
86,790
85,830
259,154
Total of all other Classes
55,170
88,261
114,344
95,004
352,779
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
-
Total of the County
TAXATION.
50,365
296,698
347,063
9,520
56,081
65,601
1
412,664
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
42
£
Land Tax
81,819
Tithes
70,417
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£1,644,933
47,977
Paid in the Proportion of 5-6ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-6th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£228,377
190,314
38,063
Highway Rates
25,853
21,545
4,308
Church
15,108
12,590
2,518
Turnpike Trusts
15,588
12,990
2,598
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
589,768
14,304
2,860
""
on other Property
92,669
2,252
450
454,208
50,797
Total of Taxation of the County
£505,005
E

26
[ENGEAND.
NORTHAMPTON-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
3,069
41
205
18,538
3,045
186
23
3,315
21,792
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
586
26
12
624
22,193
3,112
403
23
25,731
MANUFACTURES:
Boot and Shoe Makers
Lace Makers
Weavers
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
Mat Makers
Coach Makers (all branches)
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
5,237
1,215
355
214
7,021
25
13
1,854
839
2,731
235
45
17
9
306
198
54
16
32
300
177
20
197
84
87
79
780
12208
3
107
1
100
9
9
3
100
96
101
14
991
6,902
1,484
2,356
1,111
11,853
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Ketail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
11,817
1,509
1,439
241
15,006
Labourers
2,234
213
767
14
3,228
Military and Naval
886
190
1,076
Professional Persons
694
694
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
448
57
336
24
865
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
98
9
107
179
1
19
199
Domestic Servants
1,675
1,048
4,556
3,289
10,568
Persons returned as Independent
1,084
20
2,575
109
3,788
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
757
414
886
332
2,389
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,423
38,542 40,907
40,852
123,724
Total of all other Classes
23,295
41,994 51,494
44,861
161,644
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
25,731
110,666
136,397
11,853
Dependent on
50,978
MANUFACTURES-Total
62,831
Total of the County
199,228
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
47,159
10,879
£973,144
28,383
Paid in the Proportion of 2-3rds by the Landed Interest, and
1-3rd by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£113,725
75,817
37,908
Highway Rates
25,055
16,704
8,351
Church
""
8,612
5,742
2,870
Turnpike Trusts
29,984
19,990
9,994
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
263,516
5,124
2,561
on other Property
"}
33
15,440
300
150
210,098
61,834
Total of Taxation of the County
£271,932

ENGLAND.]
27
NORTHUMBERLAND-County of.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
2,817
26
222
·
10,669
550
1,817
883
290
3,065
13,659
57
8
615
14,036
1,900
1,113
290
17,339
-
Spinners
MANUFACTURES:
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Turners
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Lead Manufacture
Weavers (branch not specified)
Potters and Pot Makers
Pottery; Painters and Printers
Brick and Tile Makers
Rope and Card Spinners and Makers
Tanners
Hatters and Hat Makers
Glovers and Glove Makers
Coach Makers (all branches)
Paper Makers, Rulers, and Stainers
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Nailers and Nail Makers
Moulders (branch not specified)
Sail, Sail Cloth, and Tarpaulin Makers
Miscellaneous
566
173
739
196
61
257
1
1
-
415
144
559
374
95
16
3
488
1
253
118
5
1
377
326
11
337
244
61
17
9
331
12
2
1
212
61
12
1
15
2
2
277
187
71
4
262
201
44
245
1
158
19
20
42
1
134
15
45
201
192
137
41
1
1
179
96
22
18
13
149
101
9
10
14
134
100
19
119
58
56
114
5
84
25
114
""
87
24
111
1,311
252
126
.33
1,722
5,082
1,284
438
119
6,923
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
22.369
4,485
3,119
402
30,375
Labourers
11,382
3,206
982
45
15,615
Military and Naval
3,137
282
3,419
Professional Persons
747
747
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
1,127
202
277
13
1,619
290
1
4
295
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
371
10
31
412
Domestic Servants
1,265
497
7,346
f 4,810
13,918
Persons returned as Independent
1,315
30
5,367
163
6,875
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
551
226
876
205
1,858
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes -
2,950
44,545
52,481
50,907
150,883
Total of all other Classes
45,504
53,484 70.483
56,545
226,016
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:---
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
17,339
161,524
178,863
6,923
64,492
71.415
250,278
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest;
Land Tax
Tithes
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS
£
£
13,460
58,866
£835,856
Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church ""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
""
£84,402
60,285
24,117
15,484
11,060
4,424
4,396
3,210
1,186
17,285
12,345
4,940
-
431,877
8,995
3,601
274,700
5,720
2,292
173,941
30,560
£204,501
Total Taxation of the County
(For those engaged tn Mines, sec "Mining Interest.")
28
[ENGLAND.
NOTTINGHAM-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
3,444
49
294
12,769
2,923
220
14
3,787
15,926
595
34
15
1
645
16,808
3,006
529
15
20,358
MANUFACTURES:
Hose (Stocking) Manufacture (all branches)
9,383
1,550
1,809
671
13,413
Lace Manufacture (all branches)
3,528
455
2 763
1,139
7,885
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
439
197
456
332
1,424
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
164
89
206
141
600
Brick and Tile Makers
335
87
3
425
Bleachers
Engineers and Engine Workers
231
85
5
3
324
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
241
52
10
3
306
66
41
128
69
69
304
Engine and Machine Makers
184
19
Hatters and Hat Makers
113
19
11
203
132
Brass Founders and Moulders
110
10
36
21
177
Braziers, Brass Workers, and Tinkers
128
37
3
168
Needle Makers
135
29
3
167
Turners
126
33
159
Coach Makers (all branches)
111
20
131
Weavers
113
7
5
1
126
Spinners (branch not specified)
1
2
109
11
123
Rope and Cord Makers, and Spinners
96
18
6
120
Chair Makers
93
Basket Makers
97
Miscellaneous
971
156
9363
19
4
116
13
2
112
135
33
1,295
16,665
2.938
5,683
2,424
27,710
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
17,116
2,947
3,076
524
23,663
Labourers
3,855
541
1,020
44
5,460
Military and Naval
1,107
63
1,170
Professional Persons
664
664
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
740
121
420
21
1,302
91
4
95
-
218
16
234
Domestic Servants
1,617
1,188
5,715
4,763
13,283
Persons returned as Independent
1,325
22
3,383
88
4,818
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
723
373
589
238
1,923
RESIDUE OF POPULATION :
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,241
46,385
48,685
50,919
149,230
Total of all other Classes
30,697
51,640 62,908 56,597
201,842
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest, will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURERS-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
20,358
85,486
105,844
27.710
116,356
144,066
249,910
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£

Land Tax
Tithes
26,733
12,469
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£707,756
Paid in the Proportion of 2-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
3-5ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
""
£87,770
35,108
52,662
23,091
9,236
13,855
4,311
1,724
2,587
14,959
5,982
8,977
380,744
4,442
6,663
53,867
628
943
96,322
85,687
£182,009
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "
Mining Interest.")
ENGLAND.]
29
OXFORD-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE;
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
2,178
23
164
14,483
2,350
870
206
2,365
17,909
486
22
6
1
515
17,147
2,395
1,040
207
20,789
MANUFACTURES:
Lace Makers
Weavers (all branches)
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture
Chair Makers
Brick and Tile Makers
Coachmakers (all branches)
1
3
452
108
Plush Manufacture
Glovers and Glove Makers
Miscellaneous
1
1
297
24
11
165
12
17
1♡
564
333
3
197
128
14
120
10
43
146
3
133
109
14
123
103
13
116
87
1
140
653
75
60
33333333
53
281
821
1,663
166
687
198
2,714
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen'
11,637
1,438
1,344
236
14,655
Labourers
2,636
376
825
41
3,878
Military and Naval
340
16
356
Professional Persons
661
661
Other Educated Persons, following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
508
53
326
23
910
89
3
6
98
160
1
13
174
Domestic Servants
1,635
716
4,210
3,012
9,573
Persons returned as Independent
1,338
62
2,336
121
3,857
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
628
351
573
368
1,920
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
4,069
32,353
32,117
33,519
102,058
Total of all other Classes
23,701
35,369
41,750
37,320
138,140
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURES in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
20,789
122,189
142,978
2,714
15,951
18,665
161,643

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
₤
Land Tax
38,127
Tithes
22,193
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£602,395
17,569
Paid in the Proportion of S-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-9th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£91,065
79,836
11,229
Highway Rates
13,246
11,774
1,472
Church ""
6,069
5,385
674
Turnpike Trusts
18,797
16,709
2,088
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
285,849
7,411
926
""
on other Property
137,176
3,556
444
202,560
16,833
Total of Taxation of the County
£219,393
30
[ENGLAND.
RUTLAND-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading branch of Manufacture carried on in
this County
Miscellaneous
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
FEMALES.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
TOTAL.
567
2
47
2,169
420
39
1
616
2,629
64
6
1
71
2,800
428
87
1
3,316
118
7
14
15
154
118
7
14
15
154
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,423
185
165
28
1,801
Labourers
301
12
116
1
430
Military and Naval
25
25
Professional Persons
90
90
Other educated Persons following Miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
38
50
2
90
7
1
8
11
3
14
Domestic Servants
242
165
564
464
1,435
Persons returned as Independent
112
1
297
6
416
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
65
42
121
31
259
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
420
4,230
4,339
4,27 5 13,264
Total of all other Classes
2,734
4,635
5,656
4,807
17,832
Divide " ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
-
3,316
17,041
20,357
154
791
945
21,302

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
5,473
Tithes
3,518
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£130,935
3,818
Paid in the Proportion of 21-22ndths by the Landed Interest:
and 1-22ndth by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
£9,763
9,320
443
4,694
4,481
213
874
839
35
3,319
3,169
150
21,632
602
28
4,420
123
5
31,343
874
£32,217

ENGLAND.]
31
SALOP-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
4,487
43
494
5,024
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
17,075
4,929
297
60
22,361
584
23
11
618
22,146
4,995
802
60
28,003
MANUFACTURES:
Nail Manufacture (all branches)
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
846
128
222
78
699
347
4
1
386
68
9
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Potters
315
58
c=8
1,274
10
1,060
13
476
376
38
13
51
30
64
109
114
317
112
18
48
27
205
China Painters and Stainers
Weavers (branch not specified)
Thread Manufacture (all branches)
Hatters and Hat Makers
Flax Manufacture (all branches
74
11
50
27
162
132
5
14
6
157
1
20
30
19
54
123
94
4
12
110
43
26
12
22
103
Coach Makers (all branches)
Tanners
Miscellaneous
80
22
I
102
95
4
2
101
969
175
179
88
1,411
3,933
973
680
442
6,028
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
17,253
2,950
1,916
338
22,457
Labourers
9,939
2,677
994
318
13,928
Military and Naval
655
57
712
Professional Persons
-
744
744
Other educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
878
100
394
16
1,388
129
17
1
147
200
1
32
233
Domestic Servants
2,096
1,133
7.636
6,616
17,481
Persons returned as Independent
1,447
56
3,686
127
5,316
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
708
397
636
316
2,057
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,617
42,277
48,270
46,390
140,554
Total of all other Classes
37,666
49,648
63,581
54,122
205,017
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
29
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"J
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
28,003
168,702
196,705
6,028
36,315
42,343
239,048
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
28,684
Tithes
31,366
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£1,050,131
30,628
Paid in the Proportion of 9-11ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-11ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£95,684
78,288
17,396
Highway Rates
12,362
10,116
2,246
Church
""
8,595
7,033
1,562
Turnpike Trusts
26,885
21,997
4,888
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
254,353
6,070
1,348
11
on other Property
170,845
4,076
906
""
218,258
28,346
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
£246,604
32
[ENGLAND
SOMERSET-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
8,196
84
407
Agricultural Labourers
26,949
5,693
1,382
314
8,687
34,338
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,340
68
33
1
1,442
36,485
5,845
1,822
315
44,467
MANUFACTURES:
Glovers and Glove Makers
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture
614
170
1,365
707
2,856
998
248
604
177
2,027
Weavers (all branches)
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Lace Manufacture (all branches)
Coach Makers
Brick and Tile Makers
Tanners
Brass Founders and Moulders, Braziers and Brass
Workers, and Tinkers
Stocking Makers
Rope, Cord, and Twine Makers
Knitters
Basket Makers
Spinners (branch not specified)
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
904
79
433
105
1,521
92
87
451
390
1,020
178
136
125
116
555
263
53
2
318
216
20
4
ما
5
245
1
227
16
2
245
205
32
237
5
151
37
21
2
158
23
1
183
2583
62
227
216
29
213
1
167
19
16
202
10
2
145
16
173
31
66
51
11
159
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Paper Makers and Stainers
Tool Makers
·
87
11
29
24
151
23
33
26
62
144
107
10
11
4
132
117
14
131
Miscellaneous
1,480
202
325
116
2,123
5,876
1,237
3,953
1,829
12,895

ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters ?
or Workmen
31,738
4,618
5,952
1,328
43,636
Labourers
13,561
2,932
3,723
258
20,474
Military and Naval
1,428
118
1.546
Professional Persons
1,616
1,616
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
1,845
189
1,013
60
3,107
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
254
2
24
280
350
2
46
398
Domestic Servants
3,527
1,987
14,875
8,636
29,025
Persons returned as Independent
3,958
163
10,340
446
14,907
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,827
1,030
2,063
776
5,696
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
7,536
81,283
$2,999
86,117
257,935
Total of all other Classes
67,640
92,324 121,035
97,621
378,620
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES," between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on -
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
44,467
293,507
337,974
12,895
85,113
98,008
435.982
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest.
£
£
Land Tax
Tithes
69,902
59,812
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£1,715,497
50,035
Paid in the Proportion of 7-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-9ths by the Manufacturers.
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
"}
Total of Taxation of the County
£203,622
158,374
45,248
37,889
33,471
4,418
16,780
13,052
3,728
57,288
44,558
12,730
- 1,025,297
23,243
6,640
250,952
5,693
1,626
458,140
74,390
£532,530
(For those engaged in Mines, see
Mining Interest.”)
ENGLAND.]
33
SOUTHAMPTON-COUNTY of.


MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,420
47
147
3,614
Agricultural Labourers
24,898
4,948
514
175
30,535
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,320
61
11
1,392
29,638
5,056
672
175
35,541
MANUFACTURES:
Brick and Tile Makers
Coachmakers (all branches)
Rope and Cord Spinners
Lace Makers
334
25
206
58
442
363
1
267
241
18
2
2
263
I
86
8
82
30
206
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Paper Makers
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
21
9
114
59
203
102
26
32
11
171
t
138
12
150
15
2
17
Tanners
Miscellaneous
118
6
2
126
1,299
156
140
51
1,646
2,560
320
378
154
3,412
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
26,241
3,186
3,896
731
34,054
Labourers
9,235
1,176
2,207
97
12,715
Military and Naval
7,158
1,082
8,240
Professional Persons
1,158
1,158
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
1,364
161
790
44
2,359
669
5
17
691
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
421
3
54
478
Domestic Servants
3,692
1,589
✔
· 11,403
6,014
22,698
Persons returned as Independent
2,989
161
8,175
437
11,762
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
3,616
1,208
1,510
S74
7,208
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
5,234
67,122
70,611
71,721
214,688
Total of all other Classes
61,777 75,693
98,663
79,918
316,051
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
35,541
288,368
323,909
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
3,412
27,683
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
31,095
Total of the County
355,064
TAXATION.

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
43
Land Tax
52,596
Tithes
114,169
£777,636
22,681
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 10-11ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-11th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£179,195
162,905
16,290
Highway Rates
20,714
18,831
1,883
Church
>>
9,628
8,753
875
Turnpike Trusts
24,611
22,374
2,237
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
730,959
19,390
1,929
"}
152,852
4,053
405
415,762
23,619
Total of Taxation of the County
£439,371
F

34
[ENGLAND.
STAFFORD-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
5,791
39
685
6,515
17,484
3,847
194
43
21,568
989
38
10
1,037
24,264
3,924
889
43
29,120
MANUFACTURES:
Pottery Manufacture (all branches)
-
7,690
3,757
3,397
2,981
17,825
Iron and Steel Manufacture (all branches)
4,744
1,607
70
26
6,447
Lock and Key Smiths and Bell Hangers
3,278
959
25
6
4,268
Nailers and Nail Makers
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Gun and Pistol Makers (all branches)
Hatters and Hat Makers
Bit Makers
Moulders (branch not specified)
Brass Founders, Braziers, and Brass Workers
Tin-Plate Workers and Tinmen
Screw Makers
2,462
395
771
364
3,992
546
353
548
578
2,025
1,304
323
69
81
1,777
1,503
243
5
1
1,752
257
48
2
307
193
108
481
361
1,143
678
224
25
9
936
613
112
1
3
729
572
48
61
29
710
477
170.
11
4
662
468
180
1
3
652
-
487
137
8
1
633
420
160
15
17
612
291
44
87
74
496
Japanners
207
105
77
85
474
Coach Makers (all branches)
397
72
4
1
474
Tape Manufacture (all branches)
222
53
132
39
446
Crate Makers
347
$6
5
1
439
Chain Makers
284
99
6
8
397
Hinge Makers
307
79
7
1
394
Platers
269
66
3
338
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
185
85
13
27
310
Boiler Makers
250
41
291
Weavers
189
18
39
8
254
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
172
37
8
217
Buckle Makers
147
34
27
File Makers
157
46
2
82
216
207
Turners
-
169
32
201
Miscellaneous
2,557
484
419
165
3,625
31,842
10,205
6,319
4,883
53,249
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
32,361
5,207
3,822
942
42,332
Labourers
26,799
6,172
1,722
224
34,917
Military and Naval
1,657
174
1,831
Professional Persons
954
954
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
2,157
263
749
38
3,207
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
207
3
28
238
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
338
6
32
376
Domestic Servants
2,778
1,473
9,642
9,438
23,331
Persons returned as Independent
2,271
75
5,594
233
8,173
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,461
611
1,048
549
3,669
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
6,719
96,964
98,988
106,436
309,107
Total of all other Classes
77,702 110,948
121,625 117,860
428,135
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
""
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE—Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total-
Total of the County
TAXATION.
-
29,120
151,360
180,480
53,249
276,775
330,024
510,504
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
48
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest :
Land Tax
Tithes
26,140
33,074
£1,104,150
32,204
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 4-11ths by the Landed Interest, and
7-11th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
-
£172,965
62,896
110,069
23,908
8,692
15,216
12,614
4,584
8,030
Turnpike Trusts
59,027
21,464
37,563
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
818,993
8,684
15,193
"}
on other Property
518,410
5,496
9,624
203,234
195,695
Total of Taxation of the County
£398,929
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")

ENGLAND.]
35
SUFFOLK COUNTY OF.
MALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
20 years
20 years
FEMALES.
20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
TOTAL.
of age.
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
4,957
44
381
5,382
Agricultural Labourers
31,700
4,952
567
132
37,351
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,059
57
9
1,125
37,716
5,053
957
132
43,858
MANUFACTURES:
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
Weavers (branch not specified)
Coach Makers (all branches)
216
89
240
329
874
350
42
5
397
-
233
29
61
9
332
197
53
2
252
Basket Makers and Sellers
142
14
13
6
175
Glovers and Glove Makers
84
3
61
7
155
Rope and Cord Spinners
125
27
2
1
155
Brass Finishers and Workers, Brass Founders, and
Braziers and Tinkers
114
16
4
134
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
110
21
131
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
86
3
20
10
119
Miscellaneous
807
103
209
59
1,178
2,464
400
617
421
3,902
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
21,476
2,988
2,608
598
27,670
Labourers
3,235
488
1,445
44
5,212
Military and Naval
1,779
148
1,927
Professional Persons
1,159
1,159
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
652
81
656
47
1,436
249
4
12
265
-
257
4
35
296
Domestic Servants
2,330
1,225
8,350
5,912
17,817
Persons returned as Independent
-
2,007
76
5,157
259
7,499
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,332
636
1,331
602
3,901
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
on all Classes
4,951
63,397
65,553
66,230
200,131
Total of all other Classes
39,427
69,047
85.147
73,692
267,313
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
43,858
245,474
289,332
3,902
21.839
25,741
315,073
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
CH
Land Tax
72,499
Tithes
65,714
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£1,147,535
33,469
Paid in the Proportion of 11-12ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-12ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church "
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
"
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
£173,829
159,344
14,485
26,304
24,112
14,443
13,240
2, 192
1,203
9,983
9,151
479,407
12,817
832
1,165
90,883
2,430
220
392,776
20,097
-
£412,873

36
[ENGLAND.
SURREY-County of.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
years of of age and
years of
upwards.
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
1,892
27
111
2,030
Agricultural Labourers
15,865
3,140
207
70
19,282
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
3,734
176
118
12
4,040
21,491
3,343
436
82
25,352
MANUFACTURES:
Hatters and Hat Manufacturers
1,565
117
368
89
2,139
Engineers and Engine Workers
1,308
172
1
1,481
Engine and Machine Makers
82
6
88
Turners
1
[ ]
1
Tanners
797
73
7
877
Coach Makers (all branches)
711
81
8
800
Chair Makers
-
431
69
53
Paper Makers (all branches)
253
51
26
Brick and Tile Makers
430
62
Brass Finishers and Workers, Brass Founders, and
359
52
Braziers and Tinkers -
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
284
57
32
-
Turners
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Dyers
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
Basket Makers
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Potters
298
46
294
31
284
28
14
274
29
232
39
19
147
19
47
802 +
2724 17
15
568
9
339
494
4
415
373
351
327
326
19
129
304
292
232
202
21
2
225
1
181
34
1
1
217
Glovers and Glove Makers
Miscellaneous
86
5
93
18
202
3,527
465
521
154
4,667
11,746
1,457
1,207
308
14,718
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
60,517
6,419
11,282
1,453
79,671
Labourers
21,852
2,509
7,473
245
32,079
Military and Naval
3,599
518
4,117
Professional Persons
2,386
2,386
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
6,939
903
1,926
103
9,871
841
17
10
868
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
1,565
9
117
4
1,695
Domestic Servants
6,737
2,625
24,168
10,672
44,202
Persons returned as Independent
7,310
293
16,250
677
24,530
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
2,880
2,240
3,162
1,935
10,217
RESIDUE OF POPULATION;
Classes
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent }
6,906
103,137
112,024
110,905
332,972
Total of all other Classes
121,532 118,670 176,412
125,994
542,608
Divide
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
25,352
478,720
504,072
14,718
63,888
78,606
582,678
TAXATION.
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
4+3
£
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
-
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
65,110
43,692
ww
£433,504
12,643
Paid in the Proportion of 11-13ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-13ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£299,718
253,608
46,110
Highway Rates
29,430
24,810
4,620
Church ""
19,772
18,251
1,521
Turnpike Trusts
56,951
48,191
8,760
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
2,158,725
53,276
9,686
on other Property
346,838
8,560
1,556
528,141
72,253
Total of Taxation of the County
£600,394

ENGLAND.]
37
SUSSEX-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20 20 years
years of of age and
age.
upwards.
Under 20
years of
TOTAL.
age.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers and Graziers
3,805
31
206
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
24,845
5,264
323
90
4,042
30,522
1,069
58
16
1
1,144
29,719
5,353
545
91
35,708
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading branch of Manufactures carried on in this
County. The largest numbers employed in any one
branch are the-
Brick and Tile Makers
299
47
1
347
Coach Makers (all branches)
Miscellaneous
147
28
1
1
176
1,178
129
101
20
1,428
1,624
204
103
20
1,951
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
21,122
2,579
2,774
708
27,183
Labourers
7,242
796
2,052
59
10,149
Military and Naval
2,498
232
2,730
Professional Persons
1,002
1,002
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
1,042
107
693
57
1,899
612
8
9
629
313
2
51
1
367
Domestic Servants
3,499
1,361
10,829
6,519
22,208
Persons returned as Independent
2,580
117
5,922
296
8,915
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,319
1,016
990
912
4,237
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
4,169
59,100
56,949 62,557
182,775
Total of all other Classes
45,398 65.318
80,269 71,109
262,094
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
99
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
35,708
248,516
284,224
1,951
13,578
15,529
299,753
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest :
ន
£
Land Tax
58,399
Tithes
88,509
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£855,373
24,948
Paid in the Proportion of 19-20ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-20ths by the Manufacturers :
Poor and County Rates
£174,984
166,235
8,749
Highway Rates
25,053
23,801
1,252
Church
""
9,192
8,733
459
Turnpike Trusts
36,526
34,700
1,826
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
697,771
19,341
1,010
"
on other Property
123,855
3,427
185
428,093
13,481
Total of Taxation of the County
£441,574

38
[ENGLAND.
WARWICK-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
3,461
45
293
3,799
15,914
3,009
328
3833
19,284
1,105
46
5
1,156
20,480
3,100
626
33
24,239
Ribbon Manufacture (all branches)
2,914
441
2,298
611
6,264
Weavers (all branches)
1,947
326
1,250
356
Brass Founders and Moulders, Finishers, and Workers
Braziers and Tinkers
3,879
2,504
845
32
7
3,388
226
44
5
3
278
Button Manufacture (all branches)
1,323
432
699
459
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
2,913
419
106
1,914
464
Gun and Pistol Makers (all branches)
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Platers
Needle Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers -
Japanners and Lacquerers
Wire Drawers and Workers
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Founders (branch not specified)
Nailers and Nail Makers
2,903
1,708
401
47
9
2,165
668
264
57
21
1,010
740
146
13
3
902
348
138
156
88
730
1
600
120
8
283
98
199
467
132
21
438
111
7
338
174
5
302
127
64
~ ALL
729
70
650
7
627
4
560
517
23
516
Coach Makers (all branches)
447
53
11
511
Hatters and Hat Makers
384
24
38
4
450
Tool Makers (all branches)
385
61
2
1
449
Engineers and Engine Workers
387
51
5
2
445
Engine and Machine Makers, and Engine Turners
253
45
5
1
304
Screw Makers
106
30
248
87
471
Turners
326
76
5
1
408
Spoon Makers
210
68
53
21
352
Pen (Steel) Makers
37
41
125
104
307
Dyers (all branches)
229
33
23
1
286
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
222
60
4
286
Lamp Makers
190
59
7
256
Comb Makers
197
17
13
7
234
Miscellaneous
3,759
742
804
356
5,661
22,357
5,265
8,118
2,711
38,451
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
36,122
5,448
6,535
1,391
49,496
Labourers
8,553
927
2,232
92
Military and Naval
11,804
1,443
117
1,560
Professional Persons
1,077
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
1,077
2,681
358
932
60
4,031
193
3
13
209
617
4
40
661
Domestic Servants
3,089
1,578
10,962
8,296
23,925
Persons returned as Independent
2,267
87
6,354
268
8,976
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,289
623
1,148
439
3,499
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
4,708
73,322
76,116
79,641
233,787
Total of all other Classes
62,039 82,467
104,332
90,187
339,025
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
24,239
131,083
155,322
38,451
207,942
246,393
401,715
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
43
Land Tax
Tithes
39,106
32,261
£905,868
26,421
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 4-10ths by the Landed Interest, and
6-10ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£170,412
68,164
102,248
Highway Rates
36,353
14,540
21,813
Church
9,824
3,928
5,896
Turnpike Trusts
28,011
11,204
16,807
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
1,122,126
13,088
19,640
"
on other Property,
336,495
3,716
5,571
212,428
171,975
Total of Taxation of the County
£384,405
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
ENGLAND.]
39
WESTMORELAND-County of.
AGRICULTURE:
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
of age and years of
upwards.
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
Farmers and Graziers
2,293
12
173
Agricultural Labourers
3,085
708
122
60
2,478
3,975
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
103
8
2
113
5,481
728
297
60
6,566
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
544
122
27
2
695
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
220
56
90
51
417
Bobbin Makers
168
98
16
2
284
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
56
37
75
80
248
Worsted Manufacture (all branches)
9
11
55
33
108
Miscellaneous
721
151
118
26
1,016
1,718
475
381
194
2,768
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,541
677
686
99
5,003
Labourers
763
87
420
7
1,277
Military and Naval
76
5
81
Professional Persons
206
206
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
264
21
119
3
407
25
1
4
30
34
12
46
Domestic Servants
734
404
1,832
1,359
4,329
Persons returned as Independent
749
20
1,444
62
2,275
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
164
128
254
129
675
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
on all Classes
1,219
10,694
9,746
11,132
32,791
Total of all other Classes
7,775
12,037
14,517
12,791
47,120
"
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
1
6,566
33,147
39,713
2,768
13,973
16,741
56,454
Paid by the
LAND.
Manufacturers.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
43
Land Tax
3,030
Tithes
4.999
- £269,417
7,857
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
1
£21,538
15,384
6,154
3,510
2,508
1,002
1,033
739
6,070
3,468
294
2,602
52,056
1,124
444
13,028
271
108
39,380
10,604
£49,984
40
[ENGLAND.
WILTS-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE :
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
and
upwards.
years
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
•
4,149
22,965
133
174
5,133
2,308
693
4,456
31,099
773
36
20
6
835
27,887
5,302
2,502
699
36,390
MANUFACTURES:
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
1,509
416
1,310
409
3,644
Weavers (all branches)
1,407
118
608
86
2,219
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
28
25
153
123
329
Lace Makers
167
81
248
Spinners (branch not specified)
89
4
131
18
242
Brick and Tile Makers
171
32
3
206
Miscellaneous
1,244
191
273
111
1,819
4,448
786
2,645
828
8,707
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
14,875
2,137
1,917
391
19,320
Labourers
6,919
1,096
1,121
116
9,252
Military and Naval
442
39
481
Professional Persons
798
798
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
584
100
445
25
1,154
137
2
8
147
317
35
352
Domestic Servants
1,869
848
6,329
4,050
13,096
Persons returned as Independent
1,665
100
4,031
200
5,996
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,515
658
1,828
658
4,659
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
on all Classes
nt}
5,443
50,284
49,427
53,227
158,381
Total of all other Classes
34,564
55,264
65,141
58,667
213,636
Divide “ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
t
36,390
172,389
208,779
8,707
41,247
49,954
258,733

Paid by the
MANUFACTURERS.
LAND.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
お
​43
£
Land Tax
50,987
Tithes
78,830
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£1,021,706
29,799
Paid in the Proportion of 4-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
1 5th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£167,249
133,800
33,449
Highway Rates
20,135
16,108
4,027
Church
7,544
"1
6,035
1,509
Turnpike Trusts
31,331
25,065
6,266
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
291,185
6,794
1,698
""
on other Property
""
111,667
2,605
651
344,023
47,600
Total of Taxation of the County
£391,623
ENGLAND.]
41
WORCESTER-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
2,991
13,577
Under
20 years
of age.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
Under
TOTAL.
20 years
upwards.
of age.
42
323
3,356
2,904
1,820
942
19,243
849
64
33
4
950
17,417
3,010
2,176
946
23,549
MANUFACTURES:
Nailers and Nail Makers
Glovers and Glove Makers
Carpet and Rug Manufacture
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Needle Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
3,034
871
1,482
839
6,226
642
55
898
253
1,848
964
329
24
109
1
1,426
903
273
3
1
1,180
549
166
307
140
1,162
927
184
12
30
1,153
Brick and Tile Makers
311
44
26
18
399
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
312
75
1
388
Chain Makers
253
70
15.
11
349
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
160
22
79
58
319
Engineers and Engine Workers
215
37
252
Engine and Machine Makers
45
4
49
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
49
17
50
54
170
Fish Hook Makers
76
37
36
11
160
Tanners -
147
5
6
158
Miscellaneous
1,881
319
318
126
2,644
10,468
2,508
3,257
1,650
17,883
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
16,257
2,142
2,287
458
21,144
Labourers
6,506
1,146
1,289
79
9,020
Military and Naval
1,028
88
1,116
Professional Persons
648
648
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
931
115
517
52
1,615
122
7
1
130
210
23
233
Domestic Servants
1,727
851
4,911
3,542
11,031
Persons returned as Independent
1,469
51
3,572
139
5,231
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
681
318
642
294
1,935
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
-
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,543
43,437
45,404
47,417
139,801
Total of all other Classes
33,122
48,148
58,652
51,982
191,904
Divide “ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
"
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
23,549
109,074
132,623
17,883
82,830
100,713
233,336
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
₤
32,411
28,934
£716,497
20,897
Land Tax
Tithes
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
Paid in the Proportion of 5-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
4-9ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
-
£101,311
56,287
45,024
15,359
6,979
6,380
>>
Turnpike Trusts
8,800
4,892
3,908
33,860
18,812
15,048
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
514,734
8,341
6,672
""
on other Property
101,306
1,642
1,312
96,953
78,344
Total of Taxation of the County
£175,297
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
G
42
[ENGLAND.
YORK-EAST RIDING.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years | Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
of age and
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1
4,165
39
271
13,824
593
4,110
324
120
4,475
18,378
26
32
2
653
18,582
4,175
627
122
23,506
MANUFACTURES:
Brick and Tile Makers
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Engineer and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
Weavers (branch not specified)
Tanners
355
44
6
1
406
-
99
31
63
57
250
190
45
235
62
16
||
78
147
18
2
167
126
17
18
5
166
121
23
144
Spinners (branch not specified)
Hatters and Hat Makers
Miscellaneous
1
1
104
20
126
97
5
8
4
114
1,215
170
107
21
1,513
2,413
370
308
108
3,199
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
} 16,421
2,849
2,496
332
22,098
Labourers
3,818
221
1,214
51
5,304
Military and Naval
2,981
338
3,319
Professional Persons
660
660
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
965
188
378
19
1,550
273
3
9
285
170
2
21
193
Domestic Servants
1,320
728
5,917
5,110
13,075
Persons returned as Independent
1,850
40
4,042
106
6,038
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
650
232
688
147
1,717
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
2,856
33,918
39,935
37,283
113,992
Total of all other Classes
31,964
38,519
54,700
43,048
168,231
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
-
19
£23,506
148,079
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
171,585
3,199
Dependent on
20,152
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
23,351
Total of the East Riding
194,936
ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Coach Makers (all branches)
Comb Makers (all branches)
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Weavers (all branches)
Braziers, Brass Workers, and Tinkers
Brass Founders
Flax Manufacture
Miscellaneous
CITY AND AINSTY.

I
•
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
years of
age.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
TOTAL.
449
4
42
495
-
1,180
284
49
6
1,519
159
6
165
1,788
294
91
6
2,179
84
30
1
115
101
5
1
107
59
6
10
11
86
61
8
69
52
3
55
39
9
48
6
2
8
42
3
45
29
7
1
37
1
1
28
3
-
2
33
383
40
60
19
502
885
113
76
32
1,106

ENGLAND.]
43
YORK-CITY AND AINSTY.—(Continued.)
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
4,297
788
695
108
5,888
Labourers
933
59
210
1,202
Military and Naval
230
18
248
Professional Persons
227
227
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
310
50
86
~J
453
24
24
37
1
9
47
Domestic Servants
471
131
1,681
1,062
3,345
Persons returned as Independent
389
9
1,155
43
1,596
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
356
11
134
12
513
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
ent}
452
6,304
7,730
7,007
21,493
Total of all other Classes
-
7,726
7,371
11,700
8,239
35,036
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Dependent on
Engaged in Agriculture
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the City and Ainsty
ENGAGED IN
2,179
23,241
25,420
1,106
11,795
12,901
38,321
NORTH RIDING.
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
7,265
13,982
68
613
3,984
1,343
443
7,946
19,752
446
27
6
479
21,693
4,079
1,962
443
28,177
Brick and Tile Makers
MANUFACTURES:
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
Potters and Pot Makers
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Alum Works
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Tanners
Miscellaneous
1
J
462
60
24
418
17
316
32
10
160
50
45
201
22
184
31
|
114
21
16
69
12
#NORT O2
14
560
7
442
1
359
43
298
4
4
231
215
3
154
24
14
119
88
12
1
101
972
163
222
24
1,381
2,984
420
353
103
3,860
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
14,679
2,915
1,922
249
19,765
Labourers
3,386
305
857
8
4,556
Military and Naval
1,307
96
1,403
Professional Persons
711
711
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
736
68
310
14
1,128
162
3
9
174
103
22
125
Domestic Servants
-
1,601
1,013
6,036
5,127
13.777
Persons returned as Independent
1,962
46
4,270
111
6,389
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
526
180
654
155
1,515
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
4,332
37,180
41,668 39,362
122,542
Total of all other Classes
29,505
41.806
55,748
45,026
172,085
44
[ENGLAND.
YORK-NORTH RIDING.-(Continued.)
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the North Riding
WEST RIDING.
28,177
151,352
179,529
3,860
20,733
24,593
204,122

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
20 years of age an
of age.
20 years
FEMALES.
Under
TOTAL.
20 years
upwards
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
15,327
164
1,247
16,738
Agricultural Labourers
24,615
4,941
613
152
30,321
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
2,038
163
33
4
2,238
41,980
5,268
1,893
156
49,297
MANUFACTURES:
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture
Worsted Manufacture (all branches)
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
Stuff Manufacture (all branches)
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Fancy Goods Manufacture
35,632
9,378
5,140
4,300
54,450
5,604
2,515
5,445
5,776
19,340
4,306
2,510
4,570
3,940
15,326
1
8,634
1,526
2,795
1,612
14,567
2,921
458
2,020
1,141
6,540
1,563
1,456
1,347
2,135
6,501
1,376
1,162
1,229
2,257
6,024
2,590
459
431
363
3,843
2,572
366
354
197
3,489
Dyers (all branches)
File Makers
-
2,457
540
44
11
3,052
2,033
712
81
28
2,854
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Grinders -
Spinners (branch not specified)
Card Makers
Nail Makers and Nailers
Potters
Scissor Makers
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Brick and Tile Makers
Moulders (branch not specified)
Haft and Scale Makers
Tool Makers (all branches)
Wire Drawers and Workers
Razor Makers
Fork Makers (all branches)
White Metal Smiths and Workers
Carpet Manufacture (all branches)
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
Hatters and Hat Makers
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
Turners
Miscellaneous
1,653
531
20
4
2,208
1,596
272
6
19
1,893
891
281
13
3
1,188
1,350
515
10
4
1,879
217
188
363
773
1,541
596
171
399
288
1,454
925
238
68
31
1,262
696
210
71
62
1,039
647
150
101
47
945
385
120
172
191
868
655
159
8
822
496
242
4
742
599
105
17
2
723
-
557
121
3
681
I
I
524
69
21
25
639
462
116
3
581
388
138
32
10
568
449
106
4
5
564
412
91
22
12
537
302
124
61
20
507
390
48
44
6
488
399
66
7
9
481
383
88
6
477
7,124
1,513
892
482
10,011
91,784 26,744
25,800
23,756
168,084
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
87,822 15,145
11,269
2,126
116,362
Labourers
29,389
6,952
4,007
333
40,681
Military and Naval
4,818
307
5,125
Professional Persons
2,283
2,283
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
4,474
593
1,331
74
6,472
388
14
16
4
422
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
-
846
10
90
946
Domestic Servants
5,179
2,627
19,090
15,504
42,400
Persons returned as Independent
5,282
251
15,432
585
21,550
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
2,959
999
2,468
724
7,150
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent 14,080 223,949 216,383 238,917 693,329
Total of all other Classes
157,520
250,847 270,086
258,267
936,720
ENGLAND.]
45
YORK-WEST RIDING.—(Continued.)
"J
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
EAST RIDING
CITY AND AINSTY
NORTH RIDING
WEST RIDING
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the West Riding
YORK-COUNTY OF.
POPULATION.
49,297
212,426
261,723
168,084
724,294
892,378
1,154,101

AGRICULTURAL.
MANUFACTURING.
171,585
23,351
25,420
12,901
179,529
24,593
261,723
892,378
658,257
958,223
Total of Population of the County -
1,591,480
TAXATION.

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
88,405
Tithes
77,491
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£3,989,936
116,373
Paid in the Proportion of 2-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
3-5ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£574,883
229,952
344,831
Highway Rates
190,186
76,074
114,112
Church
""
24,690
9,876
14,814
Turnpike Trusts
153,134
61,252
91,882
""
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
2,707,513
31,586
47,383
797,579
9,304
13,958
418,044
626,980
Total of Taxation of the County
£1,045,024
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
46
ENGLAND-SUMMARY OF POPULATION,
COUNTIES.
AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL OF

THE
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
Engaged Dependent
Dependent
COUNTY.
TOTAL.
in :
on :
in:
on:
BEDFORD
14,933
62,703
77,636
5,828
24,472
30,300
107,936
BERKS
-
21,249
127,695
148,944
1,741
10,462
12,203
161,147
BUCKS
CAMBRIDGE
*CHESTER
CORNWALL
21,897 92,989
22,918 135,981 158,899
26,804 97,821 124,625
114,886 7,833
33,264
41,097
155,983
802
4,758
5,560
164,459
58,293
212,742
271,035
395,660
-26,852
260,402 287,264
5,051
48,964
54,015
341,279
CUMBERLAND
15,611
97,379
112,990
8,987
56,061
65,048
178,038
*DERBY
-
19,333
91,928
111,261
27,968
132,988
160,956
272,217
DEVON
54,522
392,759
447,281
10,505
75,674
86,179
533,460
DORSET
-
19,192
130,823
150,015
3,202
21,826
25,028
175,043
DURHAM
14,362 173,443
187,805
10,437
126,042
136,479
324,284
ESSEX
-
GLOUCESTER
51,116 266,373 317,489 4,426
31,270 256,638 287,908
23,064
27,490
344,979
15,583
127,892
143,475
431,383
HEREFORD
16,616
91,184
107,800
937
5,141
6,078
143,878
HERTFORD
20,145
98,361
118,506
6,579
32,122
38,701
157,207
HUNTINGDON
8,480
46,249
54,729
592
3,228
3,820
58,549
KENT
47,585
441,499 489,084
5,765
53,488 59,253
548,337
*LANCASTER
*LEICESTER
LINCOLN
MIDDLESEX
49,569 192,265 241,834 292,129
17,092 77,221 94,313 22,029
57,561
286,704 344,265 3,066
18,164 1,006,692 1,024,856
|
1,133,091
1,425,220
1,667,054
99,525
121,554
215,867
15,271
18,337
362,602
48,435
503,345
551,780
1,576,636
MONMOUTH
8,685
78,344
87,029
4,723
42,603
47,326
134,355
NORFOLK
50,365
296,698
347,063
9,520
56,081
65,601
412,664
NORTHAMPTON -
25,731
110,666
136,397 11,853
50,978
62,831
199,228
NORTHUMBERLAND
*NOTTINGHAM
OXFORD
RUTLAND
SALOP
SOMERSET
SOUTHAMPTON
*STAFFORD
SUFFOLK
SURREY
SUSSEX
*WARWICK
WESTMORELAND
WILTS
36,390
17,339 161,524 178,863
20,358 85,486 105,844 27,710
20,789 122,189
142,978 2,714
3,316 17,041 20,357
28,003
168,702 196,705 6,028
44,467 293,507 337,974 12,895
35,541
288,368 323,909 3,412
29,120 151,360 180,480 53,249
43,858 245,474 289,332 3,902
25,352 478,720 504,072 14,718
35,708 248,516 284,224 1,951
24,239 131,083 155,322 38,451
6,556 33,147 39,713 2,768
172,389 208,779 8,707
6,923
64,492
71,415
250,278
116,356
144,066
249,910
15,951
18,665
161,643
154
791
945
21,302
36,315
42,343
239,048
85,113
98,008
435,982
27,683
31,095
355,004
276,775
330,024
510,504
21,839
25,741
315,073
63,886 78,606
582,678
13,578 15,529
299,753
207,942 246,393
13,973
41,247 49,954
401,715
16,741
56,454
258,733
WORCESTER
23 549
109,074
132,623 17,883
82,830 100,713
233,336
YORK (EAST RIDING)
23,506
YORK (CITY AND AINSTY)
2,179
YORK (NORTH RIDING)
*YORK (WEST RIDING)
148,079 171,585 3,199
23,241 25,420 1,106
28,177 151,352 179,529 3,860
49,297 212,426 261,723 168,084
20,152 23,351
11,795 12,901
20,733 24,593
204,122
724,294 892,378 1,154,101
194,936
38,321
TRAVELLING on the night of
the Census
of}
5,016
1,157,816 8,154,495 9,312,311 943,998
4,738,829 5,682,827 15,000,154
* It will be seen from the above Table that the Agricultural Interest preponderates in 35 Counties, and Divisions of
Counties, and the Manufacturing Interest in 7 Counties, and 1 Division of the County of York, marked thus.*
ENGLAND-SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND LOCAL TAXATION.
47

COUNTIES.
Paid by the
Landed Interest
and those
dependent on it.
Paid by the
Manufacturing
Interest and
those dependent
on it.
Total
Taxation of the
County.
£
£
£
BEDFORD
BERKS
104,196
23,021
127,217
216,581
10,763
227,343
BUCKS
CAMBRIDGE
CHESTER
CORNWALL
CUMBERLAND
185,005
36,028
221,033
217,423
9,015
226,438
146,730
153,115
299,845
268,301
27,798
296,099
81,781
33,452
115,233
DERBY
127,870
94,761
222,631
DEVON
542,749
62,947
605,596
DORSET
235,515
21,435
256,950
DURHAM
175,424
86,273
261,697
ESSEX
525,739
24,396
550,135
GLOUCESTER
-
337,065
108,856
445,921
HEREFORD
166,393
5,309
171,702
HERTFORD
HUNTINGDON
KENT -
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
216,612
35,303
251,915
84,715
3,747
88,462
622,953
46,423
669,376
239,546
794,122
1,033,668
155,155
94,064
249,219
LINCOLN
-
465,567
14,835
480,402
MIDDLESEX
1,155,349
426,546
1,581,895
MONMOUTH
84,591
29,535
114,126
NORFOLK
454,208
50,797
505,005
NORTHAMPTON
210,098
61,834
271,932
NORTHUMBERLAND
173,941
30,560
204,501
NOTTINGHAM
96,322
85,687
182,009
OXFORD
202,560
16,833
219,393
RUTLAND -
31,343
874
32,217
SALOP
218,258
28,346
246,604
SOMERSET
458.140
74,390
532,530
SOUTHAMPTON
415,752
23,619
439,371
STAFFORD
203,234
195,695
398,929
SUFFOLK
392,776
20,097
412,873
SURREY
528,141
72,253
600,394
SUSSEX
428,093
13,481
441,574
WARWICK
212,428
171,975
384,405
WESTMORELAND
39,380
10,604
49,984
WILTS
344,023
47,600
391,623
WORCESTER
96,953
78,344
175,297
YORKSHIRE
418,044
626,980
1,045,024
11,278,954
3,751,713
15,030,667
Total of Direct and Local Taxation paid by the Landed Interest
""
""
Total of Direct and Local Taxation of England
Manufacturing
-
£11,278,954
3,751,713
15,030,667
48
[WALES.
ANGLESEA-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading branch of Manufacture carried on
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age.
years of
upwards.
age.
2,068
19
261
2,348
3,706
1,222
227
144
5,299
69
4
73
5,843
1,245
488
144
7,720
in this County. The largest number employed in
any one branch is
Weavers (all branches)
137
10
Smelters (branch not specified)
41
4
21
149
46
Nailers and Nail Makers
27
11
1
1
40
Miscellaneous
203
28
66
6
303
408
53
70
7
538
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,680
339
426
117
3,562
Labourers
1,123
135
70
8
1,336
Military and Naval
3,816
24
410
Professional Persons
142
142
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
58
8
24
2
92
41
2
5
1
49
31
31
Domestic Servants
233
237
1,446
1,070
2,986
Persons returned as Independent
166
9
887
32
1,094
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
137
40
501
40
718
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,179
9,860
10,857
10,317
32,213
Total of all other Classes
6,176
10,654
14,216
11,587
42,633
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
7,720
39,856
47,576
538
2,777
3,315
50,899
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
+3
1,535
15,114
£129,063
3,764
Land Tax
Tithes
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
Paid in the Proportion of 14-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-15th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
21,476
20,045
1,431
Highway Rates
2,447
2,284
163
Church
1,980
""
1,848
132
Turnpike Trusts
6,392
5,966
426
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
15,231
405
29
on other Property
21,029
373
""
40
51,334
2,221
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
£53,555

WALES.]
49
BRECON COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
1,941
6
160
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
2,358
949
64
39
2,107
3,410
69
2
1
I
72
4,368
957
225
39
5,589
MANUFACTURES:
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
414
84
17
6
521
Weavers (all branches)
Coke Burners
Nailers and Nail Makers
Miscellaneous
101
11
112
56
5
8
13
82
· 46
5
51
225
31
44
8
308
842
136
69
27
1,074
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,608
636
404
67
4,715
Labourers
4,102
899
270
147
5,418
Military and Naval
221
43
264
Professional Persons
206
206
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
126
13
31
3
173
20
20
40
5
45
Domestic Servants
321
185
1,700
1,500
3,706
Persons returned as Independent
382
16
850
57
1,305
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
139
41
175
38
393
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
on all Classes
1,261
9,517 11,343
10,574
32,695
Total of all other Classes
10,426 11,350 14,778
12,386
48,940
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
5,589
41,052
46,641
1,074
7,888
8,962
55,603
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
43
Land Tax
2,954
Tithes
12,558
£139,224
4,060
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 5-6ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-6th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
"}
Total of Taxation of the County
-
£24,887
2,787
20,740
4,147
2,323
464
922
762
153
31,401
763
153
27,847
668
133
44,834
5,050
£19,884
H
50
[WALES.
CARDIGAN-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES :
Weavers (all branches)
Spinners (branch not specified)
-
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Hatters and Hat Makers
Miscellaneous
-
of age.
MALES.
20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
upwards.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
20 years
TOTAL.
of age.
3,072
24
371
3,467
3,560
1,687
129
102
5,478
50
1
51
6,682
1,711
501
102
8,996
258
16
54
112
159
12223
2
1
272
159
10
58
14
**
187
138
3
117
96
17
285
599
40
318
42
999
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,740
496
373
49
4,658
Labourers
Military and Naval
1,384
102
105
5
1,596
360
38
398
Professional Persons
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
213
213
117
6
18
2
143
1
38
1
2
11
33
1
4
38
Domestic Servants
534
678
2,339
Persons returned as Independent
2,314
5,865
385
46
1,699
63
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
2,193
222
19
413
11
665
RESIDUE OF POPULATION :
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
1,770
13,003
14,456
13,732
42,961
Total of all other Classes
8,796
14,390
19,409
16,176
58,771
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
8,996
52,897
61,893
999
5,874
6,873
68,766

Paid by the.
1;
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
1,278
Tithes
13,086
£159,948
4,665
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 8-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-9th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£21,947
19,620
2,327
Highway Rates
3,449
3,066
383
Church
882
784
98
Turnpike Trusts
2,006
1,784
222
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
23,081
599
74
on other Property
22,298
578
72
45,460
3,176
Total of Taxation of the County
- £48,636
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Intcrest.")

WALES.]
51
CARMARTHEN-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
of age anu
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
4,817
26
660
5,503
Agricultural Labourers
5,787
2,568
384
197
8,936
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
67
2
3
72
10,671
2,596
1,047
197
14,511
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
Copper Manufacture (all branches)
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
293
32
21
2
348
229
28
257
58
18
26
4
106
503
75
124
10
712
1,083
153
171
16
1,423
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
5,962
873
710
102
7,647
-
Labourers
-
2,615
425
365
24
3,429
Military and Naval
313
28
341
Professional Persons
321
321
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
277
27
69
11
384
44
1
2
47
60
1
8
69
Domestic Servants
559
509
3,548
3,462
8,078
Persons returned as Independent
586
72
2,807
137
3,602
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
235
105
558
133
1,031
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
2,247
20,919 20,577
21,700
65,443
Total of all other Classes
13,219
22,960 28,644
25,569
90,392
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
14,511
82,320
96,831
1,423
8,072
9,495
106,326
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
4,148
-
£315,761
26,177
9,209
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 10-11ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-11th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£43,230
Highway Rates
39,300
3,930
7,108
6,462
646
Church
""
1,288
1,171
117
Turnpike Trusts
10,373
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
9,430
943
37,720
1,000
100
43,473
11,527
1,152
108,424
6,888
Total of Taxation of the County
£115,312
(For those engaged in Mines, see " Mining Interest.")
52
[WALES.
CARNARVON-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 Years
of age and
upwards.
upwards.
Under 20 | 20 Years Under 20
years of of age and years of
age.
TOTAL.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (branch not specified)
Nailers
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
3,064
12
420
3,496
4,708
1,428
44
15
6,195
107
11
3
1
122
7,879
1,451
467
16
9,813
190
12
44
28
320
47
2767
213
204
52
37
47
7
421
582
72
53
7
714
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
4,360
663
481
60
5,564
Labourers
4,482
1,231
83
3
5,799
Military and Naval
747
76
Professional Persons
220
| |
823
220
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
147
20
30
3
200
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
47
1
35
3
2
| |
48
40
Domestic Servants
309
181
2,638
1,994
5,122
Persons returned as Independent
377
24
1,800
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
120
29
243
80
9
2,281
401
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,466
15,110
16,760
16,732
50,068
Total of all other Classes
12,310 17,337 22,038
18,881
70,566
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
>>
AGRICULTURE-Total
9,813
65,780
75,593
Engaged in Manufactures
714
Dependent on
4,786
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
5,500
Total of the County
81,093
TAXATION.
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS,
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest :
£
£
Land Tax
2,272
Tithes
12,318
£150,046
4,376
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 14-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-15th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£29,812
Highway Rates
2,661
27.825
2.484
1,987
177
Church ""
443
414
29
Turnpike Trusts
2,892
2,700
192
"
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
32,979
897
64
68,018
1,851
132
55,137
2,581
Total of Taxation of the County
£57,718
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
WALES.]
53
DENBIGH-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Fariners and Graziers
3,022
13
432
3,467
Agricultural Labourers
5,758
1,937
48
24
7,767
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
194
10
3
207
8,977
1,960
483
24
11,441
MANUFACTURES:
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
165
51
1
217
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
116
35
18
5
174
Weavers (all branches)
134
21
5
160
Nailors and Nail Makers
114
32
1
147
Engineers and Engine Workers
115
19
134
Engine and Machine Makers
3
3
Miscellaneous
452
93
95
21
661
1,099
251
120
26
1,496


ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
5,267
846
616
109
6,838
Labourers
3,716
684
224
15
4,636
Military and Naval
66
S
74
Professional Persons
223
223
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
252
18
70
5
345
38
1
2
41
72
4
76
Domestic Servants
740
552
2,729
2,647
6,668
Persons returned as Independent
481
31
1,374
82
1,968
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
201
85
568
77
931
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
2,093
16,777
17,779
17,477
54,126
Total of all other Classes
13,149
19,002
23,366
20,412
75,929
Divide
""
" ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on -
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
11,441
67,149
78,590
1,496
8,780
10,276
86,866
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
6,717
Tithes
17,966
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£284,345
8,293
Paid in the Proportion of 7-8ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-8th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£41,827
Highway Rates
36,599
5,228
4,365
Church
3,820
545
""
1,603
Turnpike Trusts
1,403
200
5,079
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
4,445
634
53,936
13
on other Property
1,377
196
33,068
844
120
81,464
6,923
Total of Taxation of the County
£88,387
UorM
54
[WALES.
FLINT-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE:
MALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20 TOTAL.
of age and years of
upwards.
age.
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,499
13
259
1,771
2,742
822
18
4
3,586
130
4
134
4.371
839
277
4
5,491
Engine and Machine Makers
Brick and Tile Makers
Nailers
Miscellaneous
MANUFACTURES:
Lead Manufacture (all branches)
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
259
21
4
1
285
63
45
59
79
246
1
170
34
2
206
17
3
1
21
121
21
142
62
22
2
86
465
98
38
8
609
1,157
244
106
88
1,595
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,782
559
380
71
4,792
Labourers
4,754
807
126
14
5,701
Military and Naval
441
12
453
Professional Persons
170
170
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
226
25
65
2
318
25
3
28
44
3
47
Domestic Servants
629
497
1,679
1,465
4,270
Persons returned as Independent
265
16
913
58
1,252
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
143
2
248
2
395
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
1,480
13,326 13,738
13,863
42,407
Total of all other Classes
11,959 15,244 17,155
15,475
59,833
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus —
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
,,
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
-
TAXATION.
5,491
46,366
51,857
1,595
13,467
15,062
66,919
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
2,246
9,835
£193,505
5,643
Land Tax
Tithes
-
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 7-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-9ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
t
""
on other Property
""
£26,123
2,827
20,319
2,199
5,804
628
723
563
160
15,346
11,936
3,410
27,617
627
178
53,348
1,211
344
54,579
10,524
£65,103
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
WALES.]
55
GLAMORGAN-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
2,957
26
208
3,191
4,825
1,699
89
30
6,643
233
17
1
1
252
8,015
1,742
298
31
10,086
MANUFACTURES:
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Copper Manufacture (all branches)
Tin Manufacture (all branches)
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Weavers (all branches)
Spinners (branch not specified)
Nailors
-
Coke Burners
2,456
513
91
66
3,126
1,137
273
6
5
1,421
t
t
234
115
71
71
491
+
88
29
117
395
66
2
1
464
97
26
123
245
31
14
1
291
8
150
29
187
148
19
3
1
170
123
11
1
3
138
Potters
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
89
29
16
1
135
88
9
16
6
119
626
102
44
8
780
5,734
1,223
414
191
7,562
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
12,076
2,193
1,689
419
16,377
Labourers
14,881
3,526
795
167
19,369
Military and Naval
1,501
225
1,726
Professional Persons
481
481
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
572
85
132
4
793
108
7
3
118
114
1
8
123
Domestic Servants
835
529
4,218
3,561
9,143
Persons returned as Independent
808
87
2,943
233
4,071
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
251
102
407
94
854
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
nt}
2,553
Total of all other Classes
30,233 33,661
34,180 36,988 43,856
34,038
100,485
38,516
153,540
Divide" ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Tithes
10,086
87,750
97,836
7,562
65,790
73,352
171,188

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
43
7,671
12,351
£258,470
7,538
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 7-12ths by the Landed Interest, and
5-12ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
£60,057
35,034
Highway Rates
25,023
5,715
3,334
2,381
Church
""
2,115
1,234
881
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other property
13,358
7,793
5,565
219,165
3,729
2,663
""
139,762
2,378
1,698
81,062
38,211
Total of Taxation of the County
£119,273
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
56
[WALES.
MERIONETH-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
TOTAL.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
Spinners (branch not specified)
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
-
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
2,110
11
246
2,324
856
58
24
46
1
1
2,367
3,262
48
4,480
868
305
24
175
7
10
21
16
33
23
4
34
142
14
51
236–
24
5,677
194
73
67
1
208
361
41
128
12
542
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen -
2,045
238
310
41
2,634
Labourers
-
1,479
230
88
++
4
1,801
Military and Naval
-
149
22
171
Professional Persons
102
102
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
88
7
19
2
116
17
2
19
27
3
30
Domestic Servants
237
156
1,433
1,197
3,023
Persons returned as Independent
264
21
725
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
90
32
311
323
33
1,043
22
455
Residue oF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,103
7,225
8,110
7,281
23,719
Total of all other Classes
5,601
7,931
11,001
8,580
33,113
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
5,677
30,228
35,905
542
2,885
3,427
39,332
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
お
​£
2,423
3,188
- £108,237
3,156
Land Tax
Tithes
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 21-23rds by the Landed Interest, and
2-23rds by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
<<
£17,284
15,781
1,503
648
592
56
236
215
21
2,921
2,667
254
31,231
831
79
14,197
378
36
29,231
1,949
£31,180
WALES.]
57
MONTGOMERY-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,143
15
325
3,483
Agricultural Labourers
4,600
1,928
81
60
6,669
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
74
3
77
7,817
1,946
406
60
10,229
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (branch not specified)
537
110
169
59
875
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
527
111
192
36
866
Flannel Manufacture
228
37
59
26
350
Spinners (branch not specified)
141
20
153
6
320
Miscellaneous
325
37
66
14
442
1,758
315
639
141
2,853
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,593
500
525
79
4,697
Labourers
1,052
51
154
9
1,266
Military and Naval
157
15
172
Professional Persons
202
=
202
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
155
14
31
1
201
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
27
2
29
62
3
65
Domestic Servants
459
328
2,024
2,199
5,010
Persons returned as Independent
391
23
727
36
1,177
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
239
148
413
64
864
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,901
13,133
13,482
13,938
42,454
Total of all other Classes
8,238
14,212 17,361
16,326
56,137
Divide
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
10,229
43,902
54,131
2,853
12,235
15,088
69,219
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
£
Land Tax
5,805
Tithes
20,313
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 7-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
£258,067
7,526
2-9ths by the Manufacturers :
Poor and County Rates
£39,756
30,922
8,834
Highway Rates
2,557
1,989
568
Church
1,003
781
222
Turnpike Trusts
11,297
8,787
2,510
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
54,091
1,227
350
""
28,928
656
187
78,006
12,671
Total of Taxation of the County
£90,677
I

58
[WALES.
PEMBROKE-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
2,632
22
339
2,993
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
5,003
1,300
66
15
6,384
85
5
3
93
7,720
1,327
408
15
9,470
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
126
11
3.
140
Spinners (branch not specified)
1
71
6
78
Stocking Knitters
40
40
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
17
4
11
1
33
243
29
29
1
302
386
45
154
8
593
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
5,408
946
789
147
7,290
Labourers
1,932
290
459
89
2,770
Military and Naval
864
48
912
Professional Persons
327
327
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
163
26
83
2
274
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
81
1
1
83
69
18
6
93
Domestic Servants
745
668
3,642
2,360
7,415
Persons returned as Independent
571
56
2,399
121
3,147
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
293
107
439
104
943
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
-
}
1,453
16,707
18,100
18,467
54,727
Total of all other Classes
11,906
18,867
25,918 21,290
77,981
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
-
9,470
73,386
82,856
593
4,595
5,188
88,044
TAXATION.
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
£
48
Land Tax
2,902
Tithes
24,438
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£266,864
7,783
Paid in the Proportion of 16-17ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-17th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Kates
£28,636
26,952
1,684
Highway Rates
5,833
5,490
343
Church
1,682
""
1,583
99
Turnpike Trusts
2,397
2,256
141
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
57,731
1,584
99
on other Property
"
37,047
1,017
63
74,105
2,429
Total of Taxation of the County
£76,534
WALES.]
59
RADNOR-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading branch of Manufactures carried on
in this County; the largest number employed in any
one branch, is-
Weavers (branch not specified)
Woollen Manufacture
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
1
MALES.
FEMALES.

20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
20 years
of age and
Under
TOTAL.
upwards.
of age.
upwards.
20 years
of age.
1,482
3
99
2,076
759
92
386
81
1,584
3,008
17
17
|
3,575
762
191
81
4,609
31
27
65
296
247
2263
4
19
78
94
13
17
4
128
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,460
202
153
27
1,842
Labourers
218
14
74
306
Military and Naval
13
1
14
Professional Persons
90
90
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
36
3
11
1
51
6
2
8
21
4
25
Domestic Servants
203
165
787
775
1,930
Persons returned as Independent
276
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
36
22
15
534
20
845
27
95
22
180
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent7
on all Classes
762
4,834
4,636
5,096
15,328
Total of all other Classes
-
3,121
5,261
6,296
5,941
20,619
Divide "
""
ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
4,609
20,062
24,671
128
557
685
25,356

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
43
£
2,653
6,039
£107,647
3,139
Land Tax
Tithes
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax--on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 36-37ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-37th by the Manufacturers:
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
"
Total of Taxation of the County
-
£13,034
12,682
352
1,980
1,927
53
665
647
18
2,187
2,128
59
14,863
422
11
6,476
183
5
29,820
498
£30,318
WALES-SUMMARY OF POPULATION.

AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL OF
COUNTIES.
THE
COUNTY.
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
in:
on :
Engaged Dependent
in:
TOTAL.
on:
ANGLESEA
BRECON
CARDIGAN
CARMARTHEN
CARNARVON
DENBIGH
FLINT
GLAMORGAN
MERIONETH
MONTGOMERY
PEMBROKE
RADNOR
-
A
1
1
7,720
39,856
47,576
538
2,777
3,315
50,891
5,589
41,052
46,641
1,074
7,888
8,962
55,603
8,996
52,897
61,893
999
5,874
6,873
68,766
14,511
82,320
96,831
1,423
8,072
9,495
106,326
9,813
65,780
75,593
714
4,786
5,500
81,093
11,441
67,149
78,599
1,496
8,780
10,276
88,866
5,491
46,366 51,857
1,595
13,467
15,062
66,919
10,086
5,677
10,229
87,750 97,836
30,228 35,905
43,902 54,131
7,562
65,790
73,352
171,188
542
2,885
3,427
39,332
2,853
12,235
15,088
69,219
9,470
73,386
82,855
593
4,595
5,188
88,044
4,609
20,062
24,671
128
557
685
25,356
103,632 650,748
754,380 19,517
137,706 157,223
911,603
Total of the Agricultural Interest
""
Manufacturing Interest
734,380
157,223
Total of the Principality
-
911,603
WALES-SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND LOCAL TAXATION.

ANGLESEA
BRECON
CARDIGAN
CARMARTHEN
CARNARVON
DENBIGH
FLINT
GLAMORGAN
-
MERIONETH
MONTGOMERY
PEMBROKE
RADNOR
COUNTIES.
1
1
Paid by the
Landed Interest
and those
dependent on it.
Paid by the
Manufacturing
Interest and
those dependent
on it.
Total
Taxation of the
County.
£
£
£
51,334
2,221
53,555
44,834
5,050
49,884
45,460
3,176
48,636
108,424
6,888
115,312
55,137
2,581
57,718
81,464
6,923
88,387
54,579
10,524
65,103
81,062
38,211
119,273
29,231
1,949
31,180
78,006
12,671
90,677
74,105
2,429
76,534
29,820
498
30,318
733,456
93,121
826,577
Total of Direct and Local Taxation paid by the Landed Interest
Manufacturing
""
Total of Direct and Local Taxation of Wales
£733,456
93,121
£826,577

62
[SCOTLAND.
ABERDEEN-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
age.
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
8,052
39
586
8,677
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
9,134
5,896
517
427
15,974
496
77
573
17,682
6,012
1,103
427
25,224
MANUFACTURES:
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
875
275
549
376
2,075
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
252
73
608
512
1,445
314
284
430
386
1,414
Stocking Knitters and Weavers
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Spinners (branch not specified)
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Lint Manufacture (all branches)
Comb Makers (all branches)
Carpet Manufacture (all branches)
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
Iron Founders and Moulders
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Miscellaneous
12
1
1,290
27
1,330
293
87
221
204
805
2
2
332
89
425
Weavers (branch not specified)
Rope, Cord, and Twine Manufacture (all branches)
273
34
71
29
407
81
36
93
105
315
115
91
16
2
224
10
15
80
118
223
-
58
127
14
21
220
142
34
10
186
73
12
58
30
173
118
35
153
99
41
140
31
8
39
803
248
209
73
1,333
3,551
1,403
3,981
1,972
10,907
ALL OTHER CLASSES :
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
12,838
2,236
1,752
204
17,030
Labourers
2,965
170
407
17
3,559
Military and Naval
1,936
324
2,260
Professional Persons
735
735
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
776
148
235
12
1,171
229
1
16
246
155
1
7
163
Domestic Servants
838
496
7,727
5,650
14,711
Persons returned as Independent
1,027
47
5,593
170
6,837
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
660
88
1,112
87
1,947
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
2,466
33,042 36,178
35,911
107,597
Total of all other Classes
24,625
36,553
53,027
42,051
156,256
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
25,224
Dependent on
109,087
AGRICULTURE-Total
134,311
Engaged in Manufactures
10,907
Dependent on
47,169
MANUFACTURES-Total
58,076
Total of the County
192,387
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
(See Summary.)
£
£423,388
12,348
Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
-
Highway Rates,
Church
}
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts,
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
,,
Total of Taxation of the County
£17,471
12,481
4,990
145,365
3,029
1,210
37,049
772
308
28,630
6,508
£35,138
SCOTLAND.]
;
ARGYLL-COUNTY OF.
63

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
20 years
of age and
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
3,811
28
707
4,546
5,951
2,097
364
110
8,522
111
6
2
119
9,873
2,131
1,073
110
13,187
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
554
13
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
109
Spinners
-
1
142
ཚུལ
64
3
634
7
116
12
155
Miscellaneous
356
37
50
1
444
1,020
50
263
16
1,349
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,953
405
446
41
4,845
Labourers
1,313
135
92
5
1,545
Military and Naval
1,841
188
2,029
Professional Persons
236
236
Other Educated Persons following Miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
326
44
166
44
35
3
408
5
175
68
1
69
Domestic Servants
625
523
2,827
2,096
6,071
Persons returned as Independent
319
23
1,006
53
1,401
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
426
18
588
7
1,039
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
ent}
3,163
20,969
20,033
20,852
65,017
Total of all other Classes
12,436
22,309
25,033
23,057
82,835
""
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
·
-
13,187
75,148
88,335
1,349
7,687
9,036
97,371
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
43
£
£232,441
(See Summary.)
6,779
Paid in the Proportion of 9-10ths by the Landed Interest, and
Poor Relief
Highway Rates,
1-10th by the Manufacturers:
£3,139
2,826
813
Church
No Return.
""
Turnpike Trusts,
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
25,361
666
78
""
on other Property
""
4,471
117
30
10,388
416
Total of Taxation of the County
£10,804
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
64
[SCOTLAND.
AYR-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
2,839
28
161
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
3,028
5,665
1,869
234
61
7,829
284
14
5
303
8,788
1,911
400
61
11,160
5,201
1,633
1,377
664
Weavers (all branches)
Muslin Embroiderers and Workers
Muslin Manufacture (all branches)
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Carpet and Rug Manufacture (all branches)
Printers (Cotton, Carpet, and Muslin)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
8,875
1,403
504
89
78
2,074
6
4
1,207
498
1,715
144
46
58
22
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
270
346
74
110
67
597
434
85
23
8
550
431
60
18
6
515
263
90
3
5
361
46
28
100
84
258
Spinners (branch not specified)
Engineers and Engine Workers
2
198
37
237
160
44
204
Engine and Machine Makers
7
7
Bleachers
-
119
29
26
Brick and Tile Makers
104
50
5
43
4
178
3
162
Thread Manufacture (all branches)
31
Nailers and Nail Makers
123
12
82
6
91
32
160
135
Stocking Makers and Knitters
55
68
2
125
Snuff Box Maker
107
5
10
1
123
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
63
4
32
17
116
Miscellaneous
747
176
116
35
1,074
9,792
2,850
3,531
1,563
17,736
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
9,155
1,919
3,411
916
15,401
Labourers
4,917
859
400
13
Military and Naval
6,189
841
177
1,018
Professional Persons
459
459
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
476
72
81
5
634
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
80
2
82
78
3
1
82
Domestic Servants
839
511
4,071
3,059
8,480
Persons returned as Independent
672
16
1,746
76
2,510
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
262
50
367
41
720
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
2,018
32,258
31,170
34,439
99,885
Total of all other Classes
19,797 35,864
41,249
38,550
135,460
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES "between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on -
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at -
-
£390,277
11,160
52,316
63,476
17,736
83,144
100,880
164,356
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
(See Summary.)
11,383
-
£11,639
4,656
6,983
Paid in the Proportion of 2-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
3-5ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates,
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts,
No Return.
on other Property
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
86,429
1,008
1,512
54,612
636
856
17,683
9,351

£27,034
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")

SCOTLAND.]
65
BANFF-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE :
ENGAGED IN
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (branch not specified)
Weaver (all branches)
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
-
1
1
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
2,301
10
242
2,553
2,562
1,824
303
236
4,925
87
16
103
4,950
1,850
545
236
7,581
176
7
183
153
8
3
164
159
22
79
1
261
312
30
258
8
608
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,807
425
375
21
3,628
Labourers
485
12
116
2
615
Military and Naval
928
114
1,042
Professional Persons
196
196
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
141
30
89
I
261
57
1
5
63
33
1
34
Domestic Servants
191
118
1,727
1,679
3,715
Persons returned as Independent
238
14
1,288
41
1,581
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
197
9
349
18
573
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
1,003
9,150
9,971
9,658
29,782
Total of all other Classes
6,276
9,873
13,921
11,420
41,490
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
7,581
38,410
45,991
608
3,080
3,688
49,679
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
(See Summary.)
£
£110,608
3,226
£2,372
2,190
182
Paid in the Proportion of 12-13ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-13th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates,
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts,
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
"J
on other Property
-
Total of Taxation of the County
8,402
227
18
-
5,327
133
12
5,776
212
£5,988
K
66
[SCOTLAND.
BERWICK-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Linen Manufacture
Paper Makers
Woollen Manufacture
Weavers (branch not specified)
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
MALES.
20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
upwards.
TOTAL.
of age.
560
9
10
579
3,443
80
1.117
623
318
5,501
13
93
4,083
1,139
633
318
6,173
88
78
37
21
3227
22
LO
5
128
80
23
12
76
7
69
46
32
32
82
1-6
47
145
338
40
104
18
500
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,257
517
309
25
3,108
Labourers
360
30
49
Military and Naval
294
42
Professional Persons
135
1
111
439
336
135
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
100
15
20
52
38
5
158
2
2
24
22
1
23
Domestic Servants
258
148
1,253
765
2,424
Persons returned as Independent
170
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
126
CO LO
6
542
16
734
5
203
6
340
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
on all Classes -
313
6,144
6,835
6,752
20,044
Total of all other Classes
4,055
6,909
9,232
7,569
27,765
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
6,173
25,685
31,858
Engaged in Manufactures
500
Dependent on
"",
2,080
MANUFACTURES-Total
2,580
Total of the County
34,438
TAXATION.

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£237,041
£
(See Summary.)
6,913
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 12-13ths by the Landed Interest, and
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
""
1-13th by the Manufacturers:
£6,428
5,934
494
Church
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
16,743
451
37
on other Property
384
""
175
13,308
706
Total of Taxation of the County
£14,014

SCOTLAND.]
67
BUTE-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (branch not specified)
Spinners (branch not specified)
Miscellaneous
1
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
592
1
19
612
442
291
16
15
764
40
3
43
1,074
295
35
15
1,419
120
69
100
68
357
79
2
11
19
111
38
38
84
11
3
1
99
283
82
152
88
605
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters }
or Workmen
Labourers
891
131
195
26
1,243
127
7
22
156
Military and Naval
460
38
498
Professional Persons
67
67
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
63
21
7
1
92
28
28
7
7
Domestic Servants
68
61
613
347
1,089
Persons returned as Independent
136
3
360
12
511
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
42
1
24
67
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
337
2,943
3,558
3,120
9,958
Total of all other Classes
2,226
3,205
4,779
3,506
13,716
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
در
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"}
MANUFACTURES-Total
-
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at -
1,419
9,617
11,036
605
4,099
4,704
15,740
Paid by the
LAND.
£
MANUFACTURERS.
43
£20,597
(See Summary.)
600
""
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
2-7ths by the Manufacturers:
on other Property
£567
405
162
9,835
206
80
728
15
6
""
1,226
248
Total of Taxation of the County
£1,474
68
[SCOTLAND.
CAITHNESS-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Hemp Spinners
Spinners (branch not specified)
Net Makers and Weavers
Weavers (branch not specified)
Rope and Cord Makers
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
2
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
1,768
3
144
1,915
1,610
1,012
397
145
3,164
33
2
1
1
37
3,411
1,017
542
146
5,116
| |
150
1
151
99
3
102
2
1
51
15
69
57
3
1
61
31
58
223
29
60
9
69
148
35
310
19
512
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,150
324
156
24
2,654
Labourers
313
34
71
4
422
Military and Naval
1,004
51
1,055
Professional Persons
56
56
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
112
19
19
3
153
32
21
| │
2
1
| |
34
22
Domestic Servants
136
102
1,006
691
1,935
Persons returned as Independent
98
7
527
16
648
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
167
2
154
323
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
757
7,149
7,927
7,580
23,413
Total of all other Classes
4,846
7,688
9,863
8,318
30,715
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Dependent on
Engaged in Agriculture
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
5,116
27,921
33,037
512
2,794
3,306
36,343

Paid by the
·
£57,981
LAND.
£
(See Summary.)
1,691
MANUFACTURERS.
£
Paid in the Proportion of 10-11ths by the Landed Interest, and
Poor Relief
1-11th by the Manufacturers:
Church Rates
Highway Rates
No Return,
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
£658
598
59
6,870
163
18
-
1,721
46
Aão
4
2,498
81
£2,579
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.”)
SCOTLAND.]
69
CLACKMANNAN-COUNTY of.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
113
6
7
126
Agricultural Labourers
581
166
12
12
771
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
46
8
1
55
740
180
20
12
952
MANUFACTURES:
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
559
183
86
120
948
Engineers and Engine Workers
67
19
86
55
9
1
4
69
Cotton Weaver
Glass and Glass Bottle Manufacture
34
20
54
254
82
36
20
392
Miscellaneous
969
313
123
144
1,549
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
-
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,180
242
156
17
1,595
Labourers
1,032
191
35
16
1,274
Military and Naval
106
1
107
Professional Persons
56
56
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
88
17
9
114
30
30
-
14
14
Domestic Servants
65
35
293
281
674
Persons returned as Independent
72
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
19
22
1
311
4
387
13
1
34
RESIDUE OF POPULATION :
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
Total of all other Classes
207
3,830
4,212
4,120
12,369
--
2,869
4,317
5,029
4,439
16,654
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
"
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
952
6,339
7,291
1,549
10,315
11,864
19,155
Paid by the
LAND.
£
MANUFACTURERS.
₤
£35,249
(See Summary.)
1,028
Paid in the Proportion of 2-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
3-5ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
19
No Return.
£1,061
424
637
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
}}
""
7,608
88
133
10,066
116
177
1,656
947
Total of Taxation of the County
£2,603
(For those engaged in Mines, see
"
Mining Interest.")
70
[SCOTLAND.
DUMBARTON-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.

Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and years of
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
500
2
19
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,468
367
81
25
128
9
2
1223
521
1,941
141
2,096
378
102
27
2,603
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
805
641
710
903
3,059
Printers (Calico and Cotton)
Weavers (all branches)
Paper Makers
Dyers (all branches)
Block and Print Cutters
Miscellaneous
1,024
651
119
352
2,146
360
247
176
263
1,046
36
14
46
34
130
78
24
4
23
129
83
25
108
456
151
130
62
799
2,842
1,753
1,185
1,637
7,417
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,898
578
459
Labourers
2,392
312
93
329
65
4,000
20
2,817
Military and Naval
434
20
454
Professional Persons
154
154
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
175
40
24
1
240
37
1
6
14
46
46
Domestic Servants
--
259
156
1,228
737
2,380
Persons returned as Independent
190
11
638
13
852
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
53
47
100
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
310
7,413
7,725
7,741
23,189
Total of all other Classes
6,948
8,531
10,220
8,577
34,276
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE—Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
12
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
2,603
8,905
11,508
7,417
25,371
32,788
44,296
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
48
- £72,041
(See Summary.)
2,101
Paid in the Proportion of 1-4th by the Landed Interest, and
3-4ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
£2,837
709
2,128
Highway Rates,
Church
""
Turnpike Trust,
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
61,321
447
1,341
on other Property
7,390
54
161
3,311
3,680
Total of Taxation of the County
£6,941
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.”)
SCOTLAND.]
71
DUMFRIES-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
20 years
of age and
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,708
17
133
1,858
4,650
1,632
1,736
901
8,919
139
22
161
6,497
1,671
1,869
901
10,938
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
727
177
193
92
22
1,189
Stocking Makers
253
89
30
3
375
-
Weavers (all branches)
257
37
4
298
Woollen and Woollen Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Muslin Flowerers
134
32
36
21
223
1
98
76
175
Miscellaneous
408
57
77
5
547
1,779
393
438
197
2,807
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
4,425
993
871
133
or Workmen
6,422
Labourers
-
1,075
123
294
23
1,515
Military and Naval
177
18
195
Professional Persons
252
252
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
316
333335
43
80
. 6
445
42
8
63
4
1 1
50
67
Domestic Servants
329
169
1,938
1,276
3,712
Persons returned as Independent
384
9
1,267
23
1,683
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
255
9
464
15
743
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent}
1,009
14,114
14,182
14,696
44,001
Total of all other Classes
8,327
15,478
19,108
16,172
59,085
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
10,938
47,019
57,957
2,807
Dependent on
12,066
MANUFACTURES-Total
14,873
Total of the County
72,830
TAXATION,

Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
む
​£
(See Summary.)
£266,547
7,774
Paid in the Proportion of 4-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-5th by the Manufacturers :
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
"
£S,134
6,507
1,627
46,131
1,076
269
7,072
165
41
15,522
1,937
£17,459
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
72
[SCOTLAND.
EDINBURGH-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
FEMALES.
20 years Under
of age and 20 years
upwards.
TOTAL.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
632
8
17
657
4,012
1,102
635
116
5,865
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,074
134
22
4
1,234
5,718
1,244
674
120
7,756
MANUFACTURES:
Paper Manufacture (all branches)
Coach Makers (all branches)
Brass Founders
Engineers and Engine Workers
303
99
266
126
794
281
91
1
373
203
167
370
260
88
348
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
Type Founders
Hair Manufacture (all branches)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (branch not specified)
Glass Manufacture (all branches)
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Tanners
Chair Makers
Skinners
Stocking Manufacture (all branches)
Nailors
Potters
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Turners
-
""
Ivory
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
-
Dyers
Worsted Weavers
Miscellaneous
I
$
1
132
28
49
55
264
167
83
3
253
141
102
8
1
252
149
97
246
128
35
51
29
243
60
14
88
70
232
204
16
127
70
149
32
w cr
5
225
4
201
3
1
185
134
20
154
141
10
151
100
37
1
138
83
10
38
4
135
110
17
127
89
120
93
220
24
8
4
125
1
123
26
119
3
3
100
6
90
21
00 LO
8
5
من اسر
3
117
1
117
88
18
1
107
1,193
309
278
84
1,864
4,648
1,422
818
378
7,266
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
23,649
6,007
6,405
1,152
37,213
Labourers
6,365
749
1,863
149
9,126
Military and Naval
2,235
409
2,644
Professional Persons
2,492
2,492
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
2,673
404
463
45
3,585
390
9
5
404
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
553
4
*35
1
593
Domestic Servants
1,881
575
12,426
5,782
20,664
Persons returned as Independent
1,442
104
6,752
336
8,634
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
984
429
1,809
316
3,538
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,140
37,192
41,516
41,691
121,539
Total of all other Classes
43,804
45,882 71,274
49,472
210,432
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
7,756
108,649
116,405
7,266
101,783
109,049
225,454
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid by the
LAND.
£
£239,189
(See Summary,)
6,976
Paid in the Proportion of One-half by the Landed Interest, and
One-half by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates,
Church
"
Turnpike Trusts,
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property ""
"
Total of Taxation of the County
MANUFACTURERS.
43
£33,090
16,545
16,545
781,235
11,398
11,398
54,567
795
795
35,714
28,738
-
£64,452
(For those engaged in Mines, see Mining Interest.")
SCOTLAND.]
73
ELGIN OR MORAY-County of.

ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (branch not specified)
Weavers (all branches)
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
1,390
1
92
1,483
1,780
112
1,287
321
83
3,471
14
126
3,282
1,302
413
83
5,080
1
91
2
94
77
2
79
1
42
2
10
54
-
101
16
18
135
221
20
119
2
362
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,465
452
259
9
3,185
Labourers
484
8
244
3
739
Military and Naval
334
24
358
Professional Persons
=
106
106
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
129
39
65
3
236
52
2
33
2
1 1
54
35
Domestic Servants
186
105
1,609
1,247
3,147
Persons returned as Independent
147
5
1,084
23
1,259
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
151
3
221
4
379
RESIDUE OF POPULATION;
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
563
6,004
6,812
6,693
20,072
Total of all other Classes
4,650
6,640
10,298
7,982
29,570
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"}
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
5,080
27,604
32,681
362
1,966
2,328
35,012
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
£84,082
(See Summary.)
2,452
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 14-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-15th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
£1,653
1,542
110
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Returns.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
7,350
200
14
"J
on other Property
""
6,682
181
13
4,385
137
Total of Taxation of the County
£4,522
L

74
[SCOTLAND.
FIFE-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
1,137
16
42
1,195
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
6,019
1,730
555
181
8,485
318
41
ས
2
361
7,474
1,787
599
181
10,041
MANUFACTURES:
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
5,173
1,755
1,619
1,075
9,622
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
775
257
712
657
2,401
Weavers (all branches)
1,319
424
304
203
2,250
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
353
166
172
73
764
Yarn Manufacture (all branches)
70
13
510
66
659
Spinners (branch not specified)
21
12
325
246
604
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
104
22
314
85
525
Bleachers
125
12
160
154
451
Damask Manufacture
148
54
6
208
Engineers and Engine Workers
156
45
201
Engine and Machine Makers
41
13
4
58
Miscellaneous
733
197
201
105
1,236
9,018
2,970
4,327
2,664
18,979
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
8,265
2,034
1,296
117
11,712
Labourers
2,797
661
424
153
4,035
Military and Naval
-
1,372
214
1,586
Professional Persons
428
428
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
457
126
122
10
715
107
1
13
121
120
12
3
135
Domestic Servants
489
259
2,914
1,846
5,508
Persons returned as Independent
608
13
2,229
61
2,911
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
273
13
355
9
650
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
736
25,519
28,678
28,386
83,319
Total of all other Classes
15,652
28,852 36,034 30,582
111,120
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
10,041
38,447
48,488
18,979
72,673
91,652
140,140
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£381,572
£
(See Summary.)
11,129
£
Paid in the Proportion of 5-14ths by the Landed Interest, and
9-14ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
£10,562
3,770
6,792
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
""
74,654
52,696
775
545
1,402
991
16,219
9,185
Total of Taxation of the County
£25,404
(For those engaged in Mines, see
"
Mining Interest.")
SCOTLAND.]
75
FORFAR-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
1,665
14
92
1,771
Agricultural Labourers
5,193
2,072
483
157
7,905
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
380
20
2
402
7,238
2,106
577
157
10,078
MANUFACTURES:
Linen and Flax Manufacture (all branches)
9,498
2,728
6,921
3,925
23,072
Weavers (all branches)
497
100
378
J37
1,112
Yarn Manufacture (all branches)
110
16
400
29
555
Engine and Machine Makers
259
93
1
353
Engineers and Engine Workers
130
30
1
161
Canvass Manufacture (all branches)
288
53
6
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
79
11
228
17
1
348
7
325
Bleachers
152
65
50
24
291
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
129
79
3
3
214
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Lint Manufacture (all branches)
11
108
46
165
7
7
83
57
154
Spinners (branch not specified)
Tin-Plate Workers and Tinmen
Miscellaneous
20
14
63
19
116
88
27
1
116
889
250
118
21
1,278
12,157
3,473
8,361
4,269
28,260
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
11,576
2,657
1,987
229
16,449
Labourers
2,948
169
610
20
3,747
Military and Naval
630
323
1,953
Professional Persons
528
528
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
802
221
170
9
1,202
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
154
5
1
160
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
201
1
5
207
Domestic Servants
593
385
4,401
3,317
8,696
Persons returned as Independent
636
26
2,849
88
3,599
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
456
40
405
27
928
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
ر
Total of all other Classes
1,180
29,895
32,225
31,413
94,713
20,704 33,722
42,653
35,103
132,182
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :---
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
99
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
10,078
34,747
44,825
28,260
97,435
125,695
170,520

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
(See Summary.)
£
£312,200
9,105
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 14th by the Landed Interest, and
3-4ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
-
Highway Rates
Church
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
·
£18,494
4,623
13,871
-
180,495
10,146
1,316
78
3,948
222
15,122
18,041
£33,163
76
[SCOTLAND.
HADDINGTON-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE :
MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
age.
years of of age and years of
upwards.
age.
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading branch of Manufactures in this
C
county. The largest number employed in any one
branch is
Brick and Tile Makers
Weavers
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
308
8
5
3,610
976
694
434
123
7
3
321
5,714
133
4,041
991
702
434
6,168
51
9
55
2
208
26
14
314
37
14
60
57
248
365
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,312
558
313
16
3,199
Labourers
487
123
108
34
752
Military and Naval
363
50
413
Professional Persons
121
121
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous pursuits
138
21
34
193
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
48
1
49
27
3
30
Domestic Servants
354
148
Persons returned as Independent
1,040
588
2,130
158
8
618
26
810
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
68
5
102
1
176
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
270
6,644
7,330
7,236
21,480
Total of all other Classes
4,346
7,557
9,549
7,901
29,353
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
6,168
27,714
33,882
365
1,639
2,004
35,886

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£221,713
£
(See Summary.)
6,466
£
Paid in the Proportion of 15-16ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-16th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
}
No Return.
"
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
""
£4,958
4,649
309
31,558
863
57
5,472
150
10
12,128
376
£12,504
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, sce Mining Interest.")

SCOTLAND.]
77
INVERNESS-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
years of
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,495
22
249
3,766
Agricultural Labourers
7,088
1,411
1,138
163
9,800
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
164
13
3
180
10,747
1,446
1,390
163
13,746
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (branch not specified)
261
15
198
15
489
Spinners (branch not specified)
112
3
115
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
72
2
27
1
102
Hemp Manufacture (all branches)
21
5
24
50
Miscellaneous
166
29
19
2
216
520
51
380
21
972
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
3,977
505
361
32
4,875
Labourers
927
49
314
19
1,309
Military and Naval
887
170
1,057
Professional Persons
223
223
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government.Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
336
སྐྱག
62
56
4
458
96
3
3
102
81
2
83
Domestic Servants
631
529
3,579
2,251
6,990
Persons returned as Independent
337
18
1,645
44
2,044
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
559
7
626
28
1,220
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
3,446
19,954
20,790
20,530
64,720
Total of all other Classes
11,500
21,297
27,376 22,908
83,081
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
"
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
13,746
77,595
91,341
972
5,486
6,458
97,799
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTUrers.
- £161,499
£
(See Summary.)
4,710
£
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest;
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 14-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-15th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
-
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
"
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
£1,827
1,706
121
17,894
487
34
2,671
72
5
6,975
160
£7,135
78
[SCOTLAND.
KINCARDINE-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE :
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
FEMALES.
Under 20
years of
age.
TOTAL.
20 years Under 20 20 years
of age and years of of age and
upwards. age. upwards.
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,234
1
97
1,332
2,615
1,345
350
109
4,419
81
14
2
97
3,930
1,360
449
109
5,848
MANUFACTURES:
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Flax Manufacture
676
144
255
40
1,115
41
19
120
49
229
Stocking Knitters and Weavers
140
1
141
Weavers (all branches)
Miscellaneous
18
7
23
3
51
76
11
74
9
170
811
181
612
102
1,706
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,728
283
323
21
2,355
Labourers
237
6
56
8
307
Military and Naval
607
55
662
Professional Persons
93
93
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
97
3833
45
5
180
42
19
Domestic Servants
135
Persons returned as Independent
146
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
91
623
| |
2
44
1
20
65
1,381
1,233
2,814
540
11
699
399
10
503
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
248
5,674
5,844
6,078
17,844
Total of all other Classes
3,443
6,121
8,591
7,366
25,521
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
5,848
19,758
25,606
1,706
5,763
7,469
33,075

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£128,468
₤
(See Summary.)
3,7 46
₤
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest :
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
Paid in the Proportion of 7-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-9ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
}
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
""
""
Total of Taxation of the County
- £2,774
2,158
616
-
2,014
45
13
-
3,859
87
25
6,036
654
£6,690

SCOTLAND.]
79
KINROSS-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20 20 years
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
TOTAL.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
→
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
157
1
2
160
585
209
54
9
857
14
1
I
15
756
211
56
9
1,032
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
-
1
260
112
89
30
491
209
42
48
15
314
92
27
34
29
182
40
3
41
10
94
601
184
212
84
1,081
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
487
109
108
13
717
Labourers
92
9
22
6
129.
Military and Naval
4
4
Professional Persons
33
33
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
33
4
7
44
5
5
5
5
Domestic Servants
33
Persons returned as Independent
53
220
204
154
411
201
10
266
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
22
3
25
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
43
1,490
1,831
1,647
5,011
Total of all other Classes
810
1,634
2,376
1,830
6,650
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
1,032
3,247
4,279
1,081
3,403
4,484
8,763
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACturers.
£38,892
₤
(See Summary.)
1,134
ន
4?
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of One-half by the Landed Interest, and
One-half by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
£340
170
170
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
4,375
63
63
742
""
11
11
1,388
244
Total of Taxation of the County
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.”)
£1,632
80
KIRKCUDBRIGHT-COUNTY OF.
[SCOTLAND.
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
20 years
of age.
FEMALES.
20 years Under
of age and
upwards.
20 years
ENGAGED IN.
TOTAL.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,046
5
72
1,123
2,864
709
379
55
4.007
116
16
4
126
4,016
730
455
55
5,256
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
158
22
50
12
242
Weavers (all branches)
112
1
1
1
115
Spinners (branch not specified)
-
1
80
81
Stocking Makers and Knitters
52
10
5
1
68
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
44
3
4
1
52
Linen Spinners and Weavers
48
Miscellaneous
183
49
12
22
50
4
248
598
85
154
19
856
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
2,220
408
479
62
3,169
Labourers
552
36
124
3
715
Military and Naval
179
14
193
Professional Persons
-
122
122
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
143
20
38
3
204
29
1
3
33
26
1
27
Domestic Servants
293
140
1,603
1,045
3,081
Persons returned as Independent
310
5
838
22
1,175
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
96
9
200
4
309
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
}
731
8,096
8,496
8,656
25,979
Total of all other Classes
4,701
8,729 11,782
9,795
35,007
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
"
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£182,926
Paid in the Proportion of 6-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-7th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
}
No Return.
}}
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
"}
""
Total of Taxation of the County
5,256
30,105
35,361
856
4,902
5,758
41,119
Paid by the

LAND.
MANUFACTURERS..
43
£
£
(See Summary.)
5,355
£4,289
3,677
612
9,444
236
39
1,431
36
6
9,304
657
£9,961
SCOTLAND.]
81
LANARK-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
MALES.
Under
20 years
of age.
20 years
of age and
FEMALES.
Under
TOTAL.
20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
2,395
30
127
2,552
7,126
2,109
422
372
10,029
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
542
37
7
2
588
10,063
2,176
556
374
13,169
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers
Turners
11,616
3,748
7,734
6,070
29,168
3,545
850
1,916
1,690
8,001
697
369
1,994
682
3,742
-
1,756
493
21
6
2,276
1,541
431
3
1,975
232
66
6
304
3
1
4
""
Printers (Cotton, Calico, &c.)
870
309
81
150
1,410
"
Copperplate
20
12
1
33
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
811
305
125
116
1,357
Dyers (all branches)
-
750
275
124
65
1,214
Silk Manufacture (all branches)
267
79
316
365
1,027
11
Rope and Cord Spinners and Maker
Muslin Embroiderers and Workers
Potters
Manufacture (all branches)
Yarn Manufacture (all branches)
Moulders (branch not specified)
Boiler Makers
Bleachers
Nailers and Nail Makers
Brick and Tile Makers
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Lace Makers
Turners -
Glass and Glass Bottle Manufacture
Hatters and Hat Makers
Brass Founders and Moulders
Workers
-
Spinners (branch not specified)
Block and Print Cutters and Makers
Pattern Designers and Makers
-
Carpet and Rug Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
6
2
576
171
755
159
22
109
33
323
266
183
55
38
542
22
1
447
64
534
240
182
14
10
446
245
190
2
437
328
107
||
435
1
110
25
154
92
381
270
86
2
257
75
7
12
359
341
224
91
5
320
97
34
107
63
21
3
177
92
•
226
60
4
182
91
7
183
32
46
82133
301
293
291
283
274
151
110
261
17
11
1
||
29
-
26
4
144
73
247
190
46
1
1
237
164
54
8
3
229
157
55
7
9
228
1,904
552
509
356
3.321
27,553
8,954
14,703
10,168
61,378
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
-
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
35,554
7,831
9,075
2,283
54,743
Labourers
Military and Naval
21,100
4,372
1,338
126
26,936
2,458
403
2,861
Professional Persons
1,244
1,244
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
3,049
783
204
30
4,066
310
10
8
328
677
7
29
1
714
Domestic Servants
Persons returned as Independent
1,781
879
10,680
7,370
20,710
1,388
87
5,043
361
6,879
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
1,017
246
1,614
222
3,099
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
3,607
72,806 74,674
79,758
230,845
Total of all other Classes
72,185
87,424 102,665
90,151
352,425
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
13,169
62,257
75,426
61,378
290,168
351,546
426,972
M
82
[SCOTLAND.
LANARK COUNTY OF.-(Continued.)

Land Tax
-
TAXATION, -
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
£341,121
(See Summary.)
9,950
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 1-6th by the Landed Interest, and
5-6ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
£33,977
5,663
28,314
Highway Rates
Turnpike Trusts.
Church Trusts}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
902,992
4,389
21,948
""
on other Property
"
590,805
2,872
14,359
22,874
64,621
Total of Taxation of the County
£87,495
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
LINLITHGOW-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under
20 years
FEMALES.
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age and
of age.
upwards.
20 years
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Tambour Workers
354
3
15
1,423
438*
107
39
372
2,007
61
16
77
1,838
457
122
39
2,456
363
109
120
57
649
2
184
30
216
Printers (Calico and Cotton)
Weavers (all branches)
50
46
1
4
101
t
20
3
33
32
88
Miscellaneous
195
34
78
4
311
628
194
416
127
1,365
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,945
359
328
41
2,673
Labourers
2,250
345
85
27
2,707
Military and Naval
90
4
94
Professional Persons
78
78
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
74
12
24
4
114
32
1
33
42
9
1
52
Domestic Servants
170
122
609
486
1,387
Persons returned as Independent
105
1
376
5
487
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
42
1
54
1
98
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
248
4,756
4,954
5,370
15,328
Total of all other Classes
5,076
5,610
6,431
5,934
23,051
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
2,456
14,817
17,273
1,365
8,234
9,599
26,872
LAND.
Paid by the
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£82,841
(See Summary.)
2,416
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 2-3rds by the Landed Interest, and
1-3rd by the Manufacturers:
43
£
Poor Relief
£1,984
1,223
661
Highway Rates,
Church & rics
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts,
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
21,149
411
205
on other Property
5,331
104
51
4,154
917
Total of Taxation of the County
£5,071
SCOTLAND.]
83
NAIRN-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
Under
20 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 20 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
386
7
393
Agricultural Labourers
577
360
209
37
1,183
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
13
2
15
976
362
216
37
1,591
MANUFACTURES:
There is no leading branch of Manufacture carried on in
this County. The largest number engaged in any one
branch is that of the
Hand Loom Weavers
27
Miscellaneous
13
1
17
40
1
17
2233
27
31
58
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
577
101
43
3
724
Labourers
88
Military and Naval
138
♡ co
3
45
136
6
Professional Persons
27
| |
144
27
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
28
8
4
-
7
11
♡ 2
3
40
2
6
7
Domestic Servants
31
37
402
318
788
Persons returned as Independent
27
186
6
219
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
69
1
11
81
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
186
1,521
2,035
1,654
5,396
Total of all other Classes
1,182
1,677
2,727
1,982
7,568
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
1,591
7,302
8,893
58
266
324
9,217

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£15,201
£
(See Summary.)
443
£
Paid in the Proportion of 27-28ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-28th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
£170
142
28
Highway Rates
Church
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
1,043
29
on other Property
""
551
200
1
16
1
630
29
Total of Taxation of the County
£659

84
[SCOTLAND.
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND-COUNty of.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,656
14
343
4,013
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
MANUFACTURES:
Straw-Plait Manufacture (all branches)
1,119
761
286
63
2,229
9
9
4,784
775
629
63
6,251
10
1,030
286
1,326
Spinners (branch not specified)
Stocking Knitters and Makers
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
Hemp Manufacture (all branches)
Miscellaneous
211
2
171
GO LO
3
214
5
178
45
71
116
91
91
1
49
50
65
14
58
5
142
214
14
1,590
299
2,117
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
1,926
290
264
30
2,510
Labourers
-
253
5
93
1
352
Military and Naval
3,017
156
Professional Persons
165
11
3,173
165
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
129
16
34
4
183
55
53
25
1
26
Domestic Servants
154
350
2,150
1,169
3,823
Persons returned as Independent
202
9
801
11
1,023
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
252
5
486
5
748
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes -
1,551
12,694
14,041
12,355
40,641
Total of all other Classes
7,727
13,525 17,870
13,575
52,697
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on -
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
6,251
39,366
45,617
2,117
13,331
15,448
61,065
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
-
£38,887
₤
(See Summary.)
1,134
₤
1
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid in the Proportion of 3-4ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-4th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
19
}
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
"
Total of Taxation of the County
£689
517
172
3,137
762
69
69
17
22
5
1,737
199
£1,936
SCOTLAND.]
85
PEEBLES-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
20 Years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 Years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
245
3
4
252
825
395
89
65
41
2
1
1,374
43
1,111
400
93
65
1,669
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
93
9
5
107
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
21
13
4
2
40
-
Weavers (all branches)
19
3
22
Spinners (branch not specified)
Miscellaneous
18
18
30
11
5
46
163
36
32
2
233
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
588
99
76
8
771
or Workmen
Labourers
221
26
21
18
286
5
Military and Naval
5
53
Professional Persons
53
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
47
5
11
2
65
7
1
8
16
1
17
Domestic Servants
103
42
451
388
984
Persons returned as Independent
82
4
147
9
242
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
33
1
55
89
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
134
1,945
1,895
2,103
6,077
Total of all other Classes
1,289
2,122
2,658
2,528
8,597
Divide
" ALL OTHER CLASSES " between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
1,669
7,544
9,213
Dependent on
233
1,053
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
1,286
10,499
TAXATION.

Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£67,675
£
(See Summary.)
1,973
£
1
Paid in the Proportion of 7-8ths by the Landed Interest, and
Poor Relief
-
Highway Rates
Church
1-8th by the Manufacturers:
No Return.
""
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax--on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
-
£1,370
1,200
170
6,247
160
22
888
22
23
3,355
195
£3,550
86
[SCOTLAND.
PERTH-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers.
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
3,690
13
176
3,879
7,489
3,534
729
228
11,980
388
51
4
443
11,567
3,598
909
228
16,302
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Linen Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (branch not specified)
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Spinners (branch not specified)
1,701
755
765
577
3,798
T
J
1,358
269
814
302
2,743
991
187
274
183
1,635
48
13
361
80
502
-
185
61
144
90
480
363
57
42
17
479
6
26
326
69
427
Bleachers
Printers (Cotton and Calico)
Printers (Silk)
113
24
61
37
235
103
31
9
11
154
1
1
Miscellaneous
616
170
211
58
1,055
5,485
1,593
3,007
1,424
11,509
ALL OTHER CLASSES :
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
8,798
1,624
1,346
123
11,891
Labourers
-
2,203
131
284
6
2,624
Military and Naval
448
47
495
Professional Persons
558
558
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
580
94
83
10
767
135
1
6
142
-
146
4
150
Domestic Servants
-
988
528
4,644
3,323
9,483
Persons returned as Independent
711
22
2,333
81
3,147
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
403
11
510
20
944
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
2,279
23,066
28,887
Total of all other Classes
17,249
25,524
25,146
38,097❘ 28,709
79,378
109,579
33
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
ΤΑΧΑΤΙΟΝ.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
16,302
64,233
80,535
11,509
45,346
56,855
137,390

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£551,077
£
(See Summary.)
16,073
₤
Paid in the Proportion of 3-5ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-5ths by the Manufacturers :
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
"
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
£11,164
6,700
4,464
54,610
7,479
954
142
638
76
23,869
5,178
£29,047
SCOTLAND.]
87
RENFREW-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
20 years
MALES.
Under 20
FEMALES.
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,054
18
56
1,128
3,432
753
167
58
4,410
304
22
2
328
4,790
793
225
58
5,866
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
Silk Manufacture (all branches) -
Weavers (all branches)
Bleachers
Printers (Calico and Cotton)
Silk
Shawl Manufacture (all branches)
Engineers and Engine Workers
Engine and Machine Makers -
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
Dyers (all branches)
Thread Manufacture (all branches)
Flax Manufacture (all branches)
Canvass Manufacture (all branches)
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
Pattern Makers
Muslin Embroiderers and Workers
Manufacture (all branches)
""
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
Miscellaneous
5,107
2,595
3,550
3,095
14,347
1,260
311
336
309
2,216
1,023
282
102
149
1,556
1
J
187
108
605
338
1,238
660
293
44
136
1,133
3
3
99
4
449
283
835
-
#
396
90
1
487
54
20
74
210
71
50
43
374
261
84
6
3
354
22
8
176
141
347
53
1
153
90
297
213
39
8
6
266
70
35
74
86
265
171
72
2
2
247
1
40
11
139
53
243
20
10
63
25
118
152
50
17
12
231
1,516
499
335
61
2,411
11,517
4,583
6,110
4,832
27,042
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
10,971
2,234
or Workmen
2,999
871
17,075
Labourers
4,123
512
328
11
4,974
Military and Naval
1,109
219
1,328
Professional Persons
396
396
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
756
216
64
6
1,042
160
4
164
238
2
8
248
Domestic Servants
441
225
3,305
2,034
6,005
Persons returned as Independent
423
20
1,974
100
2,517
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
346
68
404
65
883
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,110
27,632
28,696
30,094
87,532
Total of all other Classes
20,073
31,132
37,778
33,181
122,164
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"}
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Land Tax
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
-
5,866
21,776
27,642
27,042
100,388
127,430
155,072

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
- £152,923
£
(See Summary.)
£
4,460
£18,779
3,129
15,650
Paid in the Proportion of 1-6th by the Landed Interest, and
5-6ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
No Return.
on other property
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
"}
""
Total of Taxation of the County
265,774
1,292
6,459
55,869
271
1,358
9,152
23,467
£32,619
88
[SCOTLAND.
ROSS AND CROMARTY-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20 20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
2,169
18
153
2,340
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
5,822
1,007
858
139
7,826
109
6
115
8,100
1,031
1,011
139
10,281
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
235
2
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
137
Hemp Manufacture (all branches)
34
1
84
Spinners (branch not specified)
212
11 18 4 75
250
156
121
75
Miscellaneous
93
13
32
1
139
499
16
220
6
741
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
3,191
290
179
10
3,670
or Workmen
-
Labourers
491
32
102
6
631
Military and Naval
1,784
116
1,900
Professional Persons
133
133
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
250
42
32
2
326
69
4
6
78
71
71
Domestic Servants
459
506
-
Persons returned as Independent
2,572
1,430
4,967
153
5
802
23
983
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
322
5
408
7
741
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
}
3,084
16,145
18,873
16,061
54,163
Total of all other Classes
10,007
17,143
22,974
17,539
67,663
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
-
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION,
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
10,281
63,115
73,396
741
4,548
5,289
78,685

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£126,681
£
(See Summary.)
3,694
£
Paid in the Proportion of 14-15ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-15th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
No Return.
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
£1,500
1,400
100
7,072
193
13
9,461
258
18
5,545
131
£5,676
SCOTLAND.]
89
ROXBURGH-COUNTY OF.
:

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
664
14
20
698
Agricultural Labourers
3,402
985
807
440
5,634
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
179
18
1
198
4,245
1,017
828
440
6,530
MANUFACTURES:
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
625
244
204
244
1,317
Stocking Manufacture (all branches)
623
262
47
32
964
Weavers (all branches)
105
13
5
2
125
Dyers (all branches)
48
14
4
66
Miscellaneous
230
52
42
22
346
1,631
585
302
300
2,818
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters }
or Workmen
3,240
736
562
90
4,628
Labourers
-
636
47
134
1
818
Military and Naval
35
3
38
Professional Persons
160
160
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
178
45
51
5
279
18
1
1
20
27
2
29
Domestic Servants
327
173
1,549
852
2,901
Persons returned as Independent
286
8
784
24
1,102
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
119
20
331
24
494
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
360
8,059
8,702
9,087
26,208
Total of all other Classes
5,386
9,092
12,116
10,083
36,677
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
←
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
199
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
6,530
25,621
32,151
2,818
11,056
13,874
46,025
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
- £235,040
₤
(See Summary.)
6,855
£
Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
2-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
""
}NO
N
-No Return.
Turnpike Trusts
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
""
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
£8,458
6,040
2,418
48,684
1,015
405
480
10
4
13,920
2,827
£16,747
N
Z
90
[SCOTLAND.
SELKIRK-COUNTY OF.

AGRICULTURE:
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
Farmers and Graziers
90
2
1
93
Agricultural Labourers
601
160
18
6
785
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
21
3
24
712
165
19
6
902
MANUFACTURES:
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
149
94
79
$9
411
Weavers (all branches)
111
40
151
Stocking Makers and Weavers
67
23
90
Miscellaneous
53
20
8
81
380
177
87
89
733
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
466
97
68
8
639
Labourers
123
23
4
150
Military and Naval
4
4
Professional Persons
28
28
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
36
1
Co
8
45
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
1
6
6
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
4
4
Domestic Servants
58
32
Persons returned as Independent
35
22
249
207
546
106
6
149
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
12
7
34
6
59
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes -
88
1,516
1,544
1,577
4,725
-
Total of all other Classes
860
1,678
2,013
1,804
6,355
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
"
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
£38,713
902
3,506
4,408
733
2,849
3,582
7,990
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURErs.
£
£
(See Summary.)
1,129
£1,000
568
432
Paid in the Proportion of 4-7ths by the. Landed Interest, and
3-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
17
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
Total of Taxation of the County
11,052
184
138
1,881
570
-
£2,451

SCOTLAND.]
91
STIRLING-COUNTY OF.
AGRICULTURE:
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL,
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
Farmers and Graziers
1,194
15
57
Agricultural Labourers
3,393
1,349
150
53
1,266
4,945
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1
178
22
2
2
204
4,765
1,386
209
55
6,415
MANUFACTURES:
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
832
226
440
231
1,729
Printers (Calico)
570
330
35
122
1,057
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
673
182
53
44
952
Nailers and Nail Makers
343
180
6
1
530
Weavers (all branches)
404
71
13
18
506
Factory Workers (branch not specified)
108
81
94
45
328
Iron Manufacture (all branches)
193
120
3
1
317
Tartan Manufacture (all branches)
113
48
41
21
223
Bleachers
72
17
84
34
207
Moulders (branch not specified)
96
77
Founders (branch not specified)
80
70
| |
173
150
Worsted Manufacture (all branches)
48
19
34
Miscellaneous
813
133
312
25
23
22
123
35
1,293
4,345
1,554
1,115
574
7,588
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
5,165
1,065
994
137
7,361
Labourers
4,006
581
316
49
4,952
Military and Naval
393
34
427
Professional Persons
241
241
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
299
57
66
7
429
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
77
1
4
82
56
56
Domestic Servants
476
264
1,909
1,649
4,298
Persons returned as Independent
351
15
1,380
74
1,820
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
180
12
· 130
24
346
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
1,148
14,542
15,929
16,423
48,042
Total of all other Classes
12,392
16,571
20,728
18,363
68,054
Divide
"ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion,which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
6,415
Dependent on
31,176
AGRICULTURE-Total
37,591
Engaged in Manufactures
7,588
Dependent on
36,878
MANUFACTURES-Total
44,466
Total of the County
82,057
TAXATION.
Land Tax
-
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
£
£181,147
(See Summary.)
5,283
Paid in the Proportion of 3-7ths by the Landed Interest, and
4-7ths by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
£4,015
1,719
2,296
Church
""
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
63,559
792
on other Property
34,999
438
1,061
585
8,229
3,942
Total of Taxation of the County
£12,171
(For those engaged in Mines, see "Mining Interest.")
92
[SCOTLAND.
SUTHERLAND-COUNTY OF.


AGRICULTUKE:
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Fiorists
399
4
47
450
-
2,115
241
577
11
2,914
16
16
2,530
215
624
11
3,380
MANUFACTURES:
Woollen Manufacture (all branches)
Weavers (all branches)
Miscellaneous
37
1
21
59
49
I
50
26
3
29
112
1
25
138
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters
or Workmen
900
85
40
3
1,028
Labourers
142
13
16
1
172
Military and Naval
361
19
380
Professional Persons
31
31
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
69
12
7
1
89
51
51
15
15
Domestic Servants
172
223
798
442
Persons returned as Independent
71
3
344
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
198
1
185
252
1,635
423
386
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
on all Classes
971
5,192
5,654
5,237
17,054
Total of all other Classes
-
2,981
5,548
7,044
5,691
21,264
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES " between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the number engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on -
AGRICULTURE-Total
-
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
3,380
20,430
23,810
138
834
972
24,782
Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.

£
£
(See Summary.)
48 1
£33,688
982
£556
534
22
Paid in the Proportion of 24-25ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-25th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
"1
Turnpike Trusts
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
"}
-
Total of Taxation of the County
860
564
295
24
1
16
1,556
23
£1,579
SCOTLAND.]
93
WIGTOWN-County of.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
20 years
of age and
upwards.
FEMALES.
Under 20
20 years
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of
age.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
1,128
1
85
1,214
2,954
680
217
46
50
6
1
3,897
56
4,132
687
302
46
5,167
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
160
4
2
166
Cotton Manufacture (all branches)
68
15
8
1
92
Woollen and Cloth Manufacture (all branches)
46
1
9
1
57
Muslin Flowerers and Workers
37
13
50
Spinners (branch not specified)
1
36
37
Miscellaneous
144
21
46
1
212
419
41
138
16
614
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
or Workmen
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters?
2,045
343
450
59
2,897
Labourers
361
28
53
3
445
Military and Naval
255
22
277
Professional Persons
103
103
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
112
17
32
161
55
3
58
31
2
1
34
Domestic Servants
289
189
1,147
866
2,471
Persons returned as Independent
190
4
549
16
759
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
63
4
37
4
108
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent?
763
8,147
8,607
8,564
26,081
Total of all other Classes
4,267
8,754
10,880
9,513
33,414
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES " between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
19
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
Land Tax
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest:
Property Tax-on Land, assessed at
5,167
29,803
34,970
614
3,611
4,225
39,195

Paid by the
LAND.
MANUFACTURERS.
£
(See Summary.)
£
£124,807
3,640
Paid in the Proportion of 8-9ths by the Landed Interest, and
1-9th by the Manufacturers:
Poor Relief
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
}
No Return.
Property Tax-on Dwelling Houses, assessed at
on other Property
""
Total of Taxation of the County
£2,408
2,141
267
10,062
261
32
537
14
1
6,056
300
- £6,356
SCOTLAND-SUMMARY OF POPULATION.
COUNTIES.
AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL OF
THE
COUNTY.
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
in :
on :
in :
on :
ABERDEEN
ARGYLL -
AYR
►
BANFF
-
25,224
109,087
134,311
10,907
47,169
58,076
192,387
13,187
75,148
88,335
1,349
7,687
9,036
97,371
11,160
52,316
63,476
17,736
83,144
100,880
164,356
7,581
38,410
45,991
608
3,080
3,688
49,679
BERWICK
6,173
25,685
31,858
500
2,080
2,580
34,438
BUTE
I,419
9,617 11,036
605
4,099
4,704
15,740
CAITHNESS
5,116
27,921
33,037
512
2,794
3,306
36,343
CLACKMANNAN -
952
6,339
7,291
1,549
10,315
11,864
19,155
DUMBARTON
2,603
8,905
11,508
7,417
25,371
32,788
44,296
DUMFRIES
10,938
47,019
57,957
2,807
12,066
14,873
72,830
EDINBURGH
7,756
108,649
116,405 7,266
101,783
109,049
225,454
ELGIN OR MORAY
5,080
27,604
32,684
362
1,966
2,328
35,012
FIFE -
10,041
38,447
48,488
18,979
72,673
91,652
140,140
FORFAR
10,078
34,747 44,825
28,260
97,435
125,695
170,520
HADDINGTON
INVERNESS
KINCARDINE
KINROSS
6,168
27,714
33,882
365
1,639
2,004
35,886
13,746
77,595
91,341
972
5,486
6,458
97,799
5,848
19,758
25,606
1,706
5,763
7,469
33,075
1,032
3,247
4,279
1,081
3,403
4,484
8,763
KIRKCUDBRIGHT
5,256
30,105
35,361
856
4,902
5,758
41,119
LANARK
13,169
62,257
75,426
61,378
290,168
351,546
426,972
LINLITHGOW
2,456
14,817
17,273
1,365
8,234
9,599
26,872
NAIRN
1,591
7,302
8,893
58
266
324
9,217
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND
6,251
39,366
45,617
2,117
13,331
15,448
61,065
PEEBLES
1,669
7,544
9,213
233
1,053
1,286
10,499
PERTH
16,302
64,233 80,535
11,509
45,346
56,855
137,390
RENFREW
5,866
21,776
27,642
27,042
100,388
127,430
155,072
ROSS AND CROMARTY
10,281
63,115
73,396
741
4,548
5,289
78,685
ROXBURGH
6,530
25,621
32,151
2,818
11,056
13,874
46,025
SELKIRK
902
3,506
4,408
733
2,849
3,582
7,990
STIRLING
SUTHERLAND
WIGTOWN
6,415
31,176
37,591
7,588
36,878
44,466
82,057
3,380
20,430 23,810
138
5,167
29,803 34,970
614
834
3,611
972
24,782
4,225
39,195
229,337 1,159,259 1,388,596
220,171 1,011,417 1,231,588
2,620,184
Total of the Agricultural Interest
Manufacturing Interest
Total Population of Scotland
-
-
1,388,596
1,231,588
2,620,184
SCOTLAND-SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND LOCAL TAXATION.
COUNTIES.
Paid by the
Landed Interest
and those
dependent on it.
Paid by the
Manufacturing
Interest and
those dependent
Total
Taxation of the
County.
on it.
£
£
£
ABERDEEN
28,630
6,508
35,138
ARGYLL
AYR
BANFF
BERWICK
BUTE
10,388
416
10,804
17,683
9,351
27,034
5,776
212
5,988
13,308
706
14,014
1,226
248
1,474
CAITHNESS
CLACKMANNAN
DUMBARTON -
DUMFRIES
EDINBURGH
ELGIN OR MORAY
FIFE
-
FORFAR
2,498
81
2,579
1,656
-
947
2,603
3,311
3,630
6,941
15,522
1,937
17,459
-
35,714
28,738
64,452
4,385.
137
4,522
16,219
9,185
25,404
15,122
18,041
33,163
HADDINGTON
12,128
376
12,504
INVERNESS
6,975
160
7,135
KINCARDINE -
6,036
654
6,690
KINROSS
1,388
244
1,632
KIRKCUDBRIGHT
9,304
657
9,961
LANARK
-
22,874
64,621
87,495
LINLITHGOW -
4,154
917
5,071
NAIRN
630
-
29
659
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND
1,737
199
1,936
PEEBLES
-
3,355
195
3,550
PERTH
23,869
5,178
29,047
RENFREW
ROSS AND CROMARTY
ROXBURGH
9,152
23,467
32,619
5,545
131
5,676
13,920
2,827
16,747
SELKIRK
STIRLING
1,881
570
2,451
8,229
3,942
12,171
SUTHERLAND
1
1,556
23
1,579
WIGTOWN
Land Tax of the Kingdom (no Return of separate Counties)
6,056
300
6,356
47,954
47,954
358,181
184,627
542,808
Total of Direct and Local Taxation paid by the Landed Interest
Manufacturing
Total of Direct and Local Taxation of Scotland
£358,181
184,627
£542,808

96
ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS.
[BRITISH ISLAnds.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
20 years Under 20 20 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 20
TOTAL.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers and Graziers
3,752
44
164
Agricultural Labourers
Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Florists
3,960
3,247
626
335
38
4,246
276
11
287
7,275
681
499
38
8,493
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (all branches)
325
9
5
339
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
106
40
1
147
Dyers
43
7
35
11
96
Hatters
71
5
3
3
82
Sail Makers
54
27
81
Spinners (branch not specified)
4
73
1
78
Miscellaneous
575
103
107
23
808
1,178
191
224
38
1,631
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Retail Trade or in Handicraft, as Masters?
or Workmen
10,596
2,257
2,343
762
15,958
Labourers
1,995
152
1,151
75
3,373
Military and Naval
2,738
381
3,119
Professional Persons
434
434
Other Educated Persons following miscellaneous Pursuits
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
480
54
292
33
859
1
88
5
1
94
60
5
65
Domestic Servants
727
385
4,348
2,075
7,535
Persons returned as Independent
2,263
98
4,596
219
7,176
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners
652
131
319
71
1,173
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent
1,838
22,911
24,509
24,872
74,130
Total of all other Classes
21,871 26,369
37,568
28,108
113,916
Divide
(( ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged.in Agriculture
Dependent on
"
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
TAXATION.
8,493
95,564
104,057
1,631
18,352
19,983
124,040
There is no Return of the Direct and Local Taxation of the several Islands in the British Seas, but it is very trifling
in Amount.
IRELAND:]
97
ANTRIM-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
years of
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
age.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers
-
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
17,020
26,773
844
17,864
3,207
873
122
30,975
256
2
2
1
260
4
4
Herdsmen
1
162
371
18
81
632
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Gamekeepers
Dairy Keepers
53
1
2
56
94
94
·
19
19
4
7
11
44,385
3,581
1,746
203
49,915
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, Woollen, and Silk)
""
(Unspecified)
Factory Workers
Winders and Warpers
Bleachers
Flax Dressers
Knitters
Coopers
Nailers
Cloth Finishers
Paper Makers
Manufacturers (Thread, Linen, and Cotton)
Calico Printers
Turners
54
23
5,950
498
9
18,093
1,463 (
26,090
4,034
374
590
86
}
1
t
1
9,646
805
1,854
221
17,610
410
134
1,059
236
1,839
30
185
846
387
1,448
828
48
84
7
967
350
25
67
12
454
223
33
256
237
2
1
239
t
211
17
228
121
-
68
53
73
·723
2
1
131
49
9
126
27
6
88
4
80
49
4
53
Dyers
Reed Makers
Rope Makers
40
10
50
39
1
40
27
10
37
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
32
2
34
Basket Makers
Tanners
Mat Makers
27
2
1 2
2
31
1
18
1
4
17
18
7
4
16
Miscellaneous
123
6
25
1
155
16,480
1,654
28,892
2,964
49,990
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen. in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
1,459
25
224
1,708
3,123
161
4,891
630
8,805
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
4,295
66
16
4,377
Ministering to Health -
123
35
158
""
Charity
3
3
6
Justice
-
413
1
414
""
Education
439
184
1
624
""
"
Religion
242
3
-
245
Unclassified
3,361
565
8,216
1,065
13,207
13,458
817
13,573
1,696
29,544
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
146,739
Total of all other Classes
176,283
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
49,915
88,076
137,991
49,990
88,207
138, 197
276,188
O

98
[IRELAND.
ARMAGH-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
FEMALES.
Under 15 TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
14,839
1,408
421
110
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen -
21,085
1
831
Gardeners
Grazier
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
158
16,778
21,917
158
1
1
63
366
17
83
529
13
1
13
60
1
60
10
10
2
2
36,228
1,775
1,272
193
39,468
MANUFACTURES:
Bleachers
Knitters
Coopers
+
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, and Woollen)
(Unspecified)
Winders and Warpers
Flax Dressers -
Factory Workers
Nailers
Reed Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Cloth Finishers
Brick Makers
Basket Makers
Turners
Net Makers
Lace Workers
Rope Makers -
Tanners
-
Lime Burners
Miscellaneous
-
2,719
907
16,506
537
19,852
2,674
10,463
76
508
297
16,361
306
2,213
92
-
14
30
510
93
647
-
317
1
13
330
238
5
243
185
9
194
52
12
105
19
188
1
1
t
149
2
151
142
2
1
145
73
2
75
43
30
12
43
2
2
34
26
1
27
26
26
23
1
24
2
22
24
18
5
23
21
21
15
15
.
15
15
122
1
22
1
146
14,445
439
22,825
875
38,584
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
1,155
48
82
7
1,292
-
2,202
45
2,643
83
4,973
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,331
30
11
3,372
Ministering to Health
89
40
""
Charity
4
2
129
6
Justice
290
"
Education
266
126
I
t
290
392
""
"}
Religion
166
2
4
168
Unclassified
2,516
255
5,304
627
8,702
10,019
378
8,210
717
19,324
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
135,017
Total of all other Classes
154,341
Divide
ALL OTHER CLASSES "between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
39,468
78,045
117,513
38,584
76,296
114,880
232.393

IRELAND.]
99
BELFAST-Town of.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTA L.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Fariners
93
9
102
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
851
24
17
1
893
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
62
2
64
3
2
12
7
2
2
Land Agents and Stewards
10
·
10
Dairy Keepers
20
6
26
1,041
28
34
1
1,104
MANUFACTURES :
""
(Unspecified)
Factory Workers
Weavers (Cotton, Linen, and Silk)
(Unspecified)
Spinners (Flax, Cotton, and Wool)
""
Winders and Warpers
Flax Dressers
Coopers
Bleachers
Iron Founders
Rope Makers
Nailers
651
294
1,661
344
2,950
390
25
66
5
2,079
1,427
49
94
23
62
14
496
63
778
1,467
54
45
50
724
106
925
369
15
384
309
1
310
115
10
12
12
139
126
8
1
134
120
13
133
104
8
J
112
Braziers and Coppersmiths
89
4
93
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
84
1
84
Cloth Finishers
75
3
78
Glass Makers
51
24
75
Hatters
53
12
65
Brick Makers
38
10
3
52
Turners
48
3
51
Manufacturers of Cotton and Thread
42
1
3
46
Paper Makers
19
I
21
40
Basket Makers
31
4
1
35
Dyers
21
9
30
Miscellaneous
253
12
46
5
" ।
316
4,522
517
3,956
603
9,598
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
1,376
1,754
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,676
109
220
213
1,612
72
2,993
251
5,070
58
5
3,848
Ministering to Health
112
1
24
137
""
Charity
14
14
Justice -
292
2
1
295
"}
Education
133
1
122
256
""
""
Religion
71
1
72
Unclassified
5,905
245
3,435
194
9,779
13,319
453
6,861
450
21,083
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
43,523
Total of all other Classes
64,606
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
".
1,104
6,664
AGRICULTURE-Total
7,768
Engaged in Manufactures
9,598
Dependent on
""
57,942
MANUFACTURES-Total
67,540
Total of the Town
75,308
100
[IRELAND.
CARLOW-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
1
4,432
250
12,569
622
2,994
214
116
4,682
16,399
116
212
81
3
3
299
35
2
3
J
40
1
89
89
4
4
7
24
31
17,464
705
3,274
217
21,660
""
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool and Flax)
(Unspecified)
2
1,061
27
814
40 S
1,944
Knitters
1
279
10
290
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
68
234
157
2
7
t
Nailers
95
6
J
101
Hatters
46
Carders
Braziers and Coppersmiths
10
Clothiers
9
2223
1
48
2
24
10
9
Lime Burners
9
9
Flax Dressers
6
2
8
Skinners -
7
7
Rope Makers
Potters
-
Basket Makers
Winders and Warpers
Sieve Makers -
Straw Workers
7
7
67
7
7
5
6
6
1
Dyers
Mat Makers
Comb Makers
Wire Workers
Iron Founders
Miscellaneous
1213222
1623
6
5
5
4
4
3
1
32
2
12
C
1
13
458
8
2,205
80
2,751
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
Lodging, Furniture, and Machinery, &c.
Ministering to Health
1
""
Charity
Justice
Education
""
""
Religion
Unclassified
I
628
10
118
2
1,094
36
1,014
21
758
2,165
2,62
17
15
2,094
43
62
1
5
18
105
23
194
1
J
195
141
1
87
T
229
80
60
140
1,876
169
3,755
271
6,071
6,123
233
5,130
294
11,780
50,037
61,817
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
Total of all other Classes
-
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Divide
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
21,660
54,851
AGRICULTURE-Total
76,511
Engaged in Manufactures
2,751
Dependent on
"}
6,966
MANUFACTURES-Total
9,717
Total of the County
86,228

IRELAND.]
101
CARRICKFERGUS-Town of.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
years of
age.
TOTAL.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Land Steward
Dairy Keeper
MANUFACTURES:
Factory Workers
Weavers (Cotton, Linen, and Woollen)
""
(Unspecified)
Spinners (Cotton, Flax, and Wool)
""
(Unspecified)
Flax Dressers
Nailers
Winders and Warpers
Calico Printers
Coopers
Knitters
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Dyers
Manufacturers of Cotton
Bleachers
Brick Makers
Turners
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Distiller
Cloth Finisher
Hatter
Reed Maker
Ironfounder
Gunsmith
-
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
350
26
376
706
72
23
2
803
11
11
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1,071
73
49
2
1,195
76
44
230
68
418
30
206
22
9
277
28
31
34
17
180
110
4
17
1
18
12
1
1
13
10
2
12
9
6
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
417
8
t
1
I
I
1
1
5
3
3
3
✪✪66 LO ES VS A22
9
9
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50
432
75
974
Food
Clothing
155
135
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
-
175
193
23
179
9
432
56
632
3
2
180
Ministering to Health
10
1
1
11
Justice
""
36
2
38
Education
""
16
13
29
Religion
19
1
1
19
1
Unclassified
252
37
404
42
735
798
50
877
98
1,823
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
5,387
Total of all other Classes
7,210
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the Town
1,195
3,973
5,168
974
3,237
4,211
9,397

102
[IRELAND.
CAVAN-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15 15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
19,571
3
463
20,037
31,787
3,534
1,008
300
36,629
Gardeners
Grazier
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
116
116
1
1
222
394
30
165
811
31
31
69
69
8
8
2
1
3
51,807
3,931
1,502
465
57,705
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, Cotton, Silk)
""
Knitters
Coopers
(Unspecified)
Flax Dressers
Nailers
Hatters
Winders and Warpers
Dyers
Basket Makers
Carders
Reed Makers
Bleachers
Clothiers -
6,363
412
20,899
1,746
29,420
792
5
11
2,183
17
20
2
3,030
312
-5
372
21
393
5
317
143
1
163
3
64
1
1
CO and CO |
23
166
166
3
20
20
157
66
25
3
32
27
1
1
19
18
16
12
3
22
20
21
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
10
*020
18
16
12
1
11
I
11
11
Sieve Makers -
7
1
8
Harness Makers
Potters
7
7
4
5
5
Turners
4
1
1
5
Brick Makers
Miscellaneous
4
18
12
I
4
2
2
23
3,809
37
27,748
2,186
33.780
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
830
12
143
1
986
Clothing
2,086
64
1,792
125
4,067
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,475
30
19
2,524
Ministering to Health
98
40
139
Justice
278
278
"
Education
311
122
433
Religion
141
7
148
Unclassified
2,293
401
5,813
768
9,275
8,512
507
7,936
895
17,850
Residue oF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
133,823
Total of all other Classes
151,673
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
57,705
84,180
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
141,885
·
33,780
67,493
MANUFACTURES-Total
101,273
Total of the County
243,158

IRELAND.]
103
CLARE-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
unwards.
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of
of age and
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
•
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool and Flax)
Knitters
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
""
Carders
Coopers
Nailers
Manufacturers (Lace and Cotton)
Haircloth Makers
Hatters
Winders and Warpers
Net Makers
Flax Dressers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Dyers
Clothiers -
Cloth Finishers
Lime Burners
Wool Dressers
Skinners -
Brick Makers
Miscellaneous
•
1
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
20,124
23
45,243
3,645
619
4,129
1
860
20,767
53,877
138
1
139
2
2
950
87
14
4
1,055
36
1
37
149
149
2
2
4
82
1
87
66,648
3,756
4,845
866
76,115
CO LO
6
1
8,358
4027
16,511
5
7,206
534
300
791
209
145
Ala227
1
1,110
23
1,134
9
4
1,121
9
8
292
18
312
211
152
23
2
40
49
91
54
3
60
46
2
7
55
2
1
3
17
2
11
231
42
4
49
33
1
37
1
31
22
15
9
10
9
5
122 I
22
17
11
10
12
9
7
7
7
4
49
1
135
7
5
3
58
1,659
27
17,184
1,042
19,912
Food
Clothing
962
9
154
2,484
72
2,135
99
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,098
37
21
283
1,127
4,790
3,159
Ministering to Health
74
131
205
Charity -
4
4
Justice
448
"
3
451
Education
376
107
483
""
Religion
152
4
156
Unclassified
3,419
401
8,983
1,279
14,082
11,017
519
11,538
1,383
24,457
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
165,910
Total of all other Classes
190,367
Divide “ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
76,115
150,893
227,008
19,912
39,474
59,386
286,394
104
[IRELAND.
CORK CITY OF.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
years of
age.
FEMALES.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants and Labourers
157
2
1,502
16
28
159
1,546
Gardeners
128
128
Grazier
1
1
Herdsmen
4
4
Land Stewards
Game Keeper
Dairy Keepers
21
21
1
1
1
19
20
1,811
20
49
1
·
1,880
""
Tanners
Nailers
Hatters
MANUFACTURES:
Coopers
Weavers (Cotton, Woollen, and Linen)
(Unspecified)
Glovers
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
(Unspecified) -
Rope Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Wool Dressers
Clothiers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Basket Makers
Ironfounders
-
Paper Stainers
Turners
Glass Makers
Winders and Warpers
Comb Makers
Skinners
712
13
725.
150
1
5
329
171
2
31
235
6
272
1
45
252
206
I
151
151
131
131
97
1
23
121
109
1
110
A
69
15
84
79
1
1
81
30
48
78
J
54
54
1
52
}
1
53
51
1
52
43
2
45
41
41
35
4
39
38
38
31
4
35
Dyers
Manufacturers (Lace and Thread)
Miscellaneous
19
14
33
1
32
32
4
26
30
207
3
43
253
2,300
20
713
6
CO
3,039
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of
Food -
1,512
12
Clothing
2,555
43
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,339
25
2323
821
2,345
2,721
23
22
5,341
130
3,494
Ministering to Health
121
65
186
Charity
12
6
18
""
372
372
Justice
""
Education
173
126
299
"}
""
Religion
80
66
146
Unclassified
7,218
87
6,577
127
14,009
15,382
167
10,512
149
26,210
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
49,591
Total of all other Classes
75,801
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the City
1,880
28,970
30,850
3,039
46,831
49,870
80,720
IRELAND.]
105
CORK-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
38,400
2
126,064
6,918
1,907
11,154
1,494
40,309
145,630
752
5
2
759
2
2
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
-
1,415
959
34
47
2,455
1
120
1
5
126
778
778
Game Keepers
36
36
Dairy Keepers
t
432
244
676
167,999
7,885
13,346
1,541
190,771
""
Corduroy)
Knitters
Nailers
Coopers
Carders
Net Makers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, Cotton, Lace, Tape, and
(Unspecified)
16
11,268
375
4
1
10,089
813
22,566
923
On
5
31
18
3,384
2,368
13
23
3
3
1,490
68
1,561
498
24
522
417
7
2
1
318
1
167
19
769
424
327
187
Paper Makers
Straw Workers
Hatters
=
103
3
24
130
105
16
121
102
1
4
1
108
Wool Dressers
101
4 ·
105
-
Dyers
Flax Dressers
Winders and Warpers
Manufacturers of Lace, Woollen, Cotton, and Thread
Rope Makers
Tanners
Basket Makers
40
60
3
103
3
100
103
-
7
85
92
69
69
47
6
53
44
44
43
1
44
Skinners
Miscellaneous
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Factory Workers
Lime Burners
44
44
7
2
28
4
41
1
38
1
I
39
38
38
242
4
34
1
281
5,160
62
23,837
1,327
30,386
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
4,513
43
1,081
4
5,641
Clothing
8,782
216
4,930
146
14,074
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
11,802
90
55
Ministering to Health
11,947
286
287
573
>>
Charity
10
4
14
Justice
""
1,275
1,275
Education
1,090
1
436
1
1,528
"
Religion
511
88
599
Unclassified
12,564
1,364
29,174
3,639
46,741
40,833
1,714
36,055
3,790
82,392
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
469,849
Total of all other Classes
552,241
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
190,771
476,366
AGRICULTURE-Total
667,137
Engaged in Manufactures
30,386
Dependent on
19
75,875
MANUFACTURES-Total
106,261
Total of the County
773,398
P
106
[IRELAND.
DONEGAL-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
15 years
Under
of age and 15 years
upwards.
of age.
FEMALES.
15 years
of age and
of age and
upwards.
Under
15 years
TOTAL.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Barmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
26,181
1
468
26,650
37,075
4,181
490
89
41,835
88
88
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
4
4
281
1,589
117
636
2,623
17
1
18
55
55
Game Keepers
5
5
Dairy Keeper
1
1
63,707
5,771
1,076
725
71,279
(Unspecified)
Knitters
""
(Unspecified)
Coopers
Carders
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
Weavers (Linen, Wool, Cotton, and Silk)
Flax Dressers
I
12,782
741
1
27,058
1,639
42,221
3,144
515
3,659
854
4
71
4
3,374
2,421
9
11
313
32
217
1
1
346
217
112
11
123
Dyers
Nailers
Bleachers
Winders and Warpers
Hatters
Rope Makers -
Clothiers -
Basket Makers
Reed Makers -
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Net Makers
Brick Makers
115
ગા
5
120
39
39
1
1
1
30
31
30
30
19
20
18
18
11
1
1
8
184
3
14
12
11
11
1
1
9
1
10
10
10
3
7
10
8
1
9
Turners
Miscellaneous
9
9
46
1
5
£ 10
52
4,143
22
43,260
2,910
50,335
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
1,702
13
257
2
1,974
2,732
57
1,839
44
4,672
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,700
24
14
2,738
Ministering to Health
65
1
4-5
110
""
""
""
Justice
Education
Religion
736
1
737
-
351
107
458
193
5
198
Unclassified
2,202
370
5,575
727
8,874
10,681
464
7,843
773
19,761
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
-
155,073
Total of all other Classes
174,834
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES
between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
71,279
102,472
AGRICULTURE-Total
173,751
Engaged in Manufactures
50,335
Dependent on
,"
72,362
MANUFACTURES-Total
122,697
Total of the County
296,448
IRELAND.]
107
DOWN_COUNTY
DOWN-County of.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
20,966
2
1,014
21,982
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
35,197
3,159
714
73
39,143
Gardeners
326
2
328
Herdsmen
90
550
16
155
811
Caretakers
18
3
21
Land Agents and Stewards
133
5
138
Game Keepers
15
Dairy Keepers
3
6
I CO
15
9
56,748
3,718
1,753
228
62,447
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
57
9
3,876
1557
(Unspecified)
24,005
716
28,818
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, Woollen, Silk, Fringe)
4,194
254
554
54
(Unspecified)
13,429
1,122
2,590
332
22,529
Winders and Warpers
120
160
1,981
274
2.535
Factory Workers
175
129
527
171
1,002
Bleachers
517
24
42
10
593
Flax Dressers
486
6
32
524
Nailers
-
356
33
389
Knitters
344
16
360
Coopers
288
Manufacturers (Thread, Cotton, Linen, Silk, and Tabinet)
118
Straw Workers
SNA |
4
292
2
45
8
173
102
110
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
87
1
$7
Cloth Finishers
75
Reed Makers
82
Rope Makers
Tanners
Dyers
Hatters
Turners
Basket Makers
55
14
124
Co
84
84
70
J
68
68
37
J
1
11
48
40
1
38
32
3
46
2
40
35
1
1
1
38
Brick Makers
29
29
Miscellaneous
156
11
52
3
222
20,442
1,785
34,071
1,843
58,141
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
2,516
42
438
Clothing
4,542
214
18,250
3,893
2,996
26,899
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
6,318
101
41
2
6,462
Ministering to Health
177
11
29
206
Charity
4
7
11
Justice
585
585
21
Education
""
466
2
""
Religion
340
259
22
727
1
362
Unclassified
5,447
854
11,013
1,316
18,630
20,395
1,213
30,059
5,211
56,878
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
183,980
Total of all other Classes
240,858
Divide “ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
62,447
124,730
187,177
58,141
-
116,128.
174,269
361,446
108
[IRELAND.
DROGHEDA_Town of.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
years of
15 years
of
of age and
Under 15
TOTAL.
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Stewards
Dairy Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (Linen and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
Spinners (Flax, Cotton, and Wool)
""
(Unspecified)
Winders and Warpers
Machine Makers
Flax Dressers
Nailers
Hatters
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Farmers
Iron Founders
Knitters
Basket Makers,
Rope Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Overseers in Factories
Mat Makers
Caiders
Brick Makers
Reed Makers
Sail Makers
Dyers
Lace Makers
Miscellaneous
1
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Engaged in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
44
266
29
2
46
2
281
14
1
NT
1
14
2
3
2
2
4
4
10
5
15
341
6
16
2
365
111
11
4
4
931
753
5
2
6
1
4 COL
43
48
13
1
3
243
163
16
5
119
5
130
49
49
32
29
2
15
1
IN
32
31
7
22
11
1
11
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
8
6
7
6
6
6
T
1
8
+
1
1
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
4
1
5
f
·
4
4
32
1
1
31
1,121
29
406
29
1,585
Food
283
57
340
Clothing
395
6
293
2
696
Lodging, Furniture, and Machinery, &c.
600
1
1
602
Ministering to Health
18
6
24
Justice
44
1
45
""
Education
19
23
42
"1
""
Religion
19
I
36
55
Unclassified
1,277
36
793
31
2,137
2,655
43
1,210
33
3,941
RESIDUE OF POFULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
10,370
Total of all other Classes
14,311
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
365
2,678
3,043
1,585
11,633
13,218
16,261
IRELAND.]
109
DUBLIN CITY OF.
ENGAGED IN.
MALES.
FEMALES.

15 years
of age and
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of
of age and
upwards.
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
-
171
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
792
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keeper
Dairy Keepers
331
5
37
1
4
3
32
44
1
176
829
332
4
3
6
38
44
}
522
3
176
1,900
3
225
1
701
2,128
MANUFACTURES:
Hatters
389
3
158
550
Weavers (Silk, Ribbon, Lace, Cotton, Woollen, Linen,
620
19
470
11
Fringe, Tabinet, Tape, and Corduroy)
1,593
(unspecified) -
365
4
103
1
Winders and Warpers
10
368
11
389
-
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Tanners
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Pin Makers
Tin Plate Workers
Paper Stainers
Nailers
Dyers
307
1
13
321
311
7
1
319
245
7
252
40
10
160
18
Co
228
214
3
3
220
189
14
4
207
190
166
Rope Makers
Glass Makers
Brush Makers
150
844
1
198
14
184
150
134
91
9 6
3
146
6
44
3
144
Spinners (Wool, Cotton, and Flax)
20
""
(unspecified)
Turners
Comb Makers
Iron Founders
5
132
106
CLOTH LO
43
201
5
108
20
4
·
136
24
135
132
132
Basket Makers
Corduroy Cutters
Gunsmiths
Miscellaneous
114
1
9
125
64
1
45
1
109
100
4
104
1,183
47
341
18
1,589
5,277
161
1,911
83
7,432
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
4,000
64
1,480
6
5,550
Clothing
7,819
171
10,939
476
19,405
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
-
12,590
231
572
14
13,407
Ministering to Health -
837
374
1,211
""
Charity
12
15
27
Justice -
3,001
1
""
3,002
Education
460
583
""
1,043
""
Religion
305
180
485
Unclassified
22,892
486
22,954
675
47,007
51,916
952
37,098
1,171
91,137
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
132,029
Total of all other Classes
223,166
The City of Dublin being the representative of every other interest in the Kingdom of Ireland, we divide "ALL OTHER
CLASSES " between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these bear to each other
in the entire population of the Kingdom irrespective of the City of Dublin, and this gives 4-5 ths to the Agriculturists
and i-5th to the Manufacturers.
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
59
AGRICULTURE-Total
-
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the City
2,128
178,532
180,660
7,432
44,634
52,066
232,726
110
[IRELAND.
DUBLIN COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Floughmen -
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
1
1
t
MALES.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
2,055
Under
15 years
of age.
FEMALES.
Under
of age and 15 years
15 years
upwards.
TOTAL.
of age.
163
2,218
15,943
882
1,538
147
18,510
1,054
12
2
1,068
4
229
89
99
1
121
47
4
2
324
108
281
281
10
287
100
10
3
127
3
420
19,962
987
1,841
153
22,943
238
3
co
82
2
756
334
14
80
3
27
1
415
4
710
3
234
26
76
50
215
66
407
151
7
102
6
266
1
158
4
163
146
12
1
159
109
2
38
3
152
71
18
89
1
4
37
1 2
44
109
LO
5
11
1
125
33
3
36
19
2
12
13
1
35
22
8
30
24
5
29
23
1
23
20
3
23
21
21
6
14
20
19
1
20
17
2
19
18
18
168
100
3
16
1
188
1,656
106
1,453
118
3,333
MANUFACTURES:
Weavers (Woollen, Cotton, Linen, Lace, Corduroy,
Ribbon, Fringe, and Tape)
""
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
""
(Unspecified)
(Unspecified) -
Factory Workers
Paper Makers
Knitters
Nailers
Calico Printers
Hatters
Winders and Warpers
Flax Dressers
Manufacturers (Cotton, Silk Tabinet, Cloth, Glass, and
Rope)
Pin Makers
Button Makers
Wool Dressers
Bleachers
Dyers
Brick Makers
Carders- -
Iron Founders
Tin-plate Workers
Gunsmiths
Miscellaneous
→
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
·
1
1
-
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food -
1,671
Clothing
1,251
39
28
28
333
2
2,034
1,976
157
3,423
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,752
61
20
1
3,834
Ministering to Health
226
53
279
"
Charity
4
2
6
Justice
""
1,289
2
1,291
Education
""
290
350
2
642
""
Religion
-
222
156
378
Unclassified
5,314
345
9,988
476
16,123
14,019
473
12,880
638
28,010
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
85,761
Total of all other Classes
113,771
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:--
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
.
22,943
99,340
122,283
3,333
14,431
17,764
140,047

IRELAND.]
111
FERMANAGH-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of
of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
13,058
2
240
19,575
2,002
249
46
13,300
21,872
Gardeners
75
75
Graziers
5
5
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
324
62
17
31
434
31
3
34
30
30
8
8
14
14
33,106
2,066
523
77
35,772
""
""
Knitters
Coopers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
4,834
1557
15,507
1,100 S
21,596
370
2
1,281
2
6
:}
1,661
512
22
534
271
-
Flax Dressers
Nailers
Hatters
106
67
Coco
274
22
128
3
70
23
23
Basket Makers
Clothiers
12
12
112
2
15
1
14
Gunsmiths
Dyers
Straw Workers
Turners
12
12
4
7
1
11
1
10
10
9
10
Potters
-
J
9
9
Reed Makers -
1
1
8
1
9
Sieve Makers
Carders
1
9
7
Block Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
4
3
7
งง
7
41
6
47
2,245
9
20,910
1,289
24,453
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
488
4
117
1,445
40
1,840
69
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
1,822
24
16
283
611
3,394
1,865
Ministering to Health
-
41
33
74
Charity
1
1
Justice
217
1
218
""
Education
245
1
70
316
""
Religion
$8
3
91
Unclassified
1,430
283
4,101
413
6,227
5,776
352
6,182
487
12,797
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
83,459
Total of all other Classes
96,256
Divide " ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
35,772
57,174
AGRICULTURE-Total
92,946
Engaged in Manufactures
24,453
Dependent on
""
39,082
MANUFACTURES-Total
63,535
Total of the County
156,481
112
[IRELAND.
GALWAY_Town of.

ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants and Labourers
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Stewards
MANUFACTURES:
Net Makers
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen)
""
Nailers
Coopers
(Unspecified)
Rope Makers
Hatters
-
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Knitters -
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Clothiers -
Tanners
Sail Makers
Paper Makers
Lime Burners
Comb Makers
Carders
Dyers
Block Makers
Card Makers
Iron Founders
Starch Manufacturers
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
4
1
MALES.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under
15 years
of age.
FEMALES.
15 years Under
of age and
upwards.
15 years
of age.
TOTAL.
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of~
I
20
263
9
5
12
1
4
3
1
8
1
307
13
10
2 1
279
2225
12
3
•
8
5
2
327
490
8
498
51
18
2
8
155
63
21
48
40
-
41
1
42
32
32
30
30
24
2
26
15
15
9
3
12
8
8
6
6
6
6
5
5
10
438
112222O
4
3
3
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
10
246
1
617
52
916
Food
807
15
Clothing
420
Ministering to Health
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
592
is as a
136
958
6
365
1
792
4
3
599
24
18
42
Justice -
""
110
110
Education
""
35
21
56
""
Religion
26
48
74
Unclassified
1,522
49
1,102
68
2,741
3,536
74
1,693
69
5,372
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
10,660
Total of all other Classes
16,032
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
327
4,217
4,544
Engaged in Manufactures
916
Dependent on
""
11,815
MANUFACTURES-Total
12,731
Total of the Town
17,275
IRELAND.]
113
GALWAY-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
15 years
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
-
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners,
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool, Cotton, and Flax)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
""
Knitters
Carders
Nailers
Coopers
Net Makers
Flax Dressers
Hatters
Winders and Warpers
Dyers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Clothiers
Turners
-
Gunsmiths
Sieve Makers
Skinners
Basket Makers
Straw Workers
Rope Makers -
Reed Makers
Bleachers
Glovers
Tanners
Brick Makers
Lime Burners
Cutlers
Hair Cloth Makers
Distillers -
Miscellaneous
1
1
1
I
1
MALES.
Under
of age and 15 years
upwards.
15 years
of age and
FEMALES.
Under
TOTAL.
of age.
upwards.
15 years
of age.
21,197
3
73,211
7,080
632
7,633
1,455
21,832
89,379
286
286
3
1,745
92
30
27
3
1,894
35
1
1
245
36
245
23
23
4
1
5
96,745
7,176
8,299
1,483
113,703
6
16,935
742
3
6
12,044
30,555
819
554
8
1,531
4
22
}
2,119
1
4
1,808
106
1,919
477
53
530
229
11
240
223
223
1
80
45
126
53
16
t
69
51
3
54
2
1
40
3
46
15
10
25
17
20
17
15
16
211
19
16
16
13
13
12
1
13
11
I
11
8
1
9
7
7
6
1
6
5
5
2
2
4
3
1
4
33
3
3
3
t
33229
3
3
1
3
2
1
10
2,819
29
31,460
1,768
36,076
1
·
1
1
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
Ministering to Health -
""
Justice
Education
Unclassified
-
Religion
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
1
1,211
3,274
4,450
22
562
51
67
290
2,335
4
1,556
77
5,753
20
4
4,496
74
135
209
749
1
750
398
153
551
206
45
251
5,009
601
10,356
1,224
17,190
15,371
741
13,335
1,309
30,756
242,388
273,144
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
Total of all other Classes
"
""
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
"J
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
113,703
207,355
321,058
36,076
65,789
101,865
422,923
Q

114
[IRELAND.
KERRY-County of.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15 15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
-
19,131
1
542
19,674
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
45,803
3,011
1,977
419
51,210
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Gamekeepers
Dairykeepers
122
122
901
682
47
114
1,744
35
35
Land Agents and Stewards
156
156
6
29
86
I co
6
1
116
66,183
3,694
2,652
534
73,063
""
Knitters
Carders
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Woollen, Linen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified) -
4
1
2
33
3
7,532
363
15,308
1
6,830
573
253
15
1,092
3
6
1
1,370
567
36
603
256
21
277
Coopers
Nailers
229
1
230
1
144
11
155
Hatters
64
1
-
65
Net Makers
Dyers
Flax Dressers
Turners
-
Basket Makers
Winders and Warpers
Cloth Finishers
Salt Manufacturers
Lace Manufacturers
Clothiers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Wool Dressers
Glovers
Reed Makers
Tanners
Brick Makers
Cutlers
Gun Smiths
Rope Makers -
Sieve Makers
Distillers
Bleachers
Comb Makers
Iron Founders
Lamp Makers
Miscellaneous
1
1
22
1
25
21
1
23
9
12
21
1
17
11.
17
100
11
8
1
9
1
1
9
1
1
I
1
8
7
3
5
-
6
718
7
1
7
8
8
1
1
8
13 I
3
7
+
6 6
5
5
1
5
4
4
4
I
222226
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
2
1
1
2222∞
2
8
1,936
21
15,264
996
18,217
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
1,048
23
189
4
1,264
2,630
96
1,732
45
4,503
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,096
22
9
1
3,128
Ministering to Health
94
135
229
Charity
i
1
2
"5
Justice
-
450
2
452
"}
"}
Education
Religion
403
92
495
167
23
190
Unclassified
3,703
637
10,275
1,292
15,907
11,592
778
12,458
1,342
26,170
Residue OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
176,430
Total of all other Classes
202,600
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
-
73,063
162,167
235,230
18,217
40,433
58,650
293,880

IRELAND.]
115
KILDARE-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
age.
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
3,857
235
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
20,247
1,164
2,692
265
4,092
24,368
Gardeners
179
180
Graziers -
2
2
Herdsmen
606
119
2
2
729
Caretakers
20
1
1
·
22
Land Agents and Stewards
143
I
143
Game Keepers
18
18
Dairy Keepers
11
1
4
3
19
25,083
1,286
2,934
270
29.573
(Unspecified)
Knitters
(Unspecified) -
Factory Workers
Nailers
Flax Dressers
Hatters
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, Woollen, and Lace)
14
32
909
307
2
1,509
56 $
2,523
1
560
28
588
89
1
4
27
328
209
1
22
61
9
120
24
214
106
4
1
110
39
5
7
2
53
36
1
Straw Workers
Carders
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Winders and Warpers
Iron Founders
Brick Makers
Basket Makers
Sickle Makers
Sieve Makers -
Glovers
Lime Burners
Distillers -
Skinners
1
33
+
14
-
12
742
17
1
1
1
37
33
17
1
15
12
-
1
9
1
10
#
8
2
1
10
9
1
9
8
9
9
-
8
I
5
6
2
12
Turners
-
5
4
4
2
I
1
1
2
2
122
9
9
7
6
5
4
4
4
3
Mat Makers
Dyers
-
Manufacturers (Cotton and Woollen)
Clothiers -
Tanners
Comb Makers
Button Makers
Glass Makers
Miscellaneous
1
1
1
3
13
222222
1
1
1
1
322222
5
1
6
667
29
3,199
143
4.038
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
806
124
1,349
44
1,186
48
930
2,627
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,188
33
13
2,234
Ministering to Health
50
Charity
2
1
1
44
94
11
1
13
Justice
306
2
308
Education
Religion
167
98
Unclassified
2,673
328
111
19
5,314
278
117
450
8,765
7,639
405
6,824
498
15,366
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
65,511
Total of all other Classes
80,877
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
29,573
71,161
100,734
4,038
9,716
13,754
114,488
116
[IRELAND.
KILKENNY-CITY OF.


MALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants and Labourers
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretaker
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keeper
Dairy Keepers
1
J
·
1
FEMALES.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of
age.
59
4
356
28
63
11
45
458
45
4583

1
1
2
1
1
7
7
1
1
3
9
12
473
29
76
11
589
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool and Flax)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Woollen, Linen, Cotton, and Silk)
Knitters
Nailers
Hatters
(Unspecified)
-
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Cloth Finishers
Rope Makers
Glovers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Harness Makers
Wool Dressers
Skinners
1
Manufacturers (Woollen, Lace, and Starch)
Dyers
Flax Dressers
Clothiers
1
1
Turners
Carders
Winders and Warpers
Card Makers
1
Wire Workers
Brush Makers
Distillers
1
t
Factory Workers
Tanners
Leather Dressers
Brick Makers
Basket Makers
Iron Founders
Comb Makers
Gun Smiths
Miscellaneous
5
4
4
18
515
11
146
9
2
19
70
8
1
32
68
184
115
1
39
42
38
3
33
12
41
2
35
27
27
22
J
22
18
1
19
3
1
13
17
I w
1
18
1
18
16
16
11
15
14
14
17
5
1
6
∞∞
8
25
4
10
3
9
9
9
8
4
1962
9
7
7
1
7
1
7
6
1
7
5
1
6
5
|
5
1
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
4
1
4
18
6
Co
678
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
326
6
80
1
413
732
29
534
16
1,311
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
709
6
8
723
Ministering to Health -
27
12
39
""
Charity
1
6
7
Justice
103
1
104
-
"
Education
38
22
60
"}
""
Religion
32
14
46
Unclassified
1,811
20
1,327
77
3,235
3,779
61
2,004
94
5,938
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
11,866
Total of all other Classes
17,804
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
"}
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the City
589
8,232
8,821
678
9,572
10,250
19,071

IRELAND.]
117
KILKENNY-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
10,787
920
27,983
1,381
9,992
731
11,707
40,087
134
1
1
136
2
2
Herdsmen
Caretakers
301
87
35
1
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
108
05 1
8
396
41
108
13
13
1
8
82
1
91
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool and Flax)
""
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified).
Knitters
Nailers
Manufacturers (Lace and Woollen)
Hatters
Carders
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Basket Makers
Straw Workers
Lime Burners
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Winders and Warpers
Sieve Makers -
1
-
39,371
2
1
135
359
1,470
11,008
732
52,581
31
937
16
1,769
788
21
3
3
}}
500
330
12
342
189
189
3
30
33
14
1
7
1
23
{
2
16
1
19
18
18
17
I
་
1
-
16
I co
17
16
16
16
15
15
1
1
1
9
1
12
7
2
3
12
Flax Dressers
F
10
1
11
Wool Dressers
Turners
Distillers
Brick Makers
Musical Instrument Makers
Dyers
Iron Founders
Factory Workers
Skinners
Tanners
10
1
11
9
1
9
8
8
1
Clothiers -
Bleacher
Glover
Rope Maker
Mat Maker
-
Starch Manufacturer
1
4
5
3
4
3
3
3
Potters
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
851
9
2,145
52
3,057
ALL OTHER CLASSES :
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
769
4
185
958
1,878
28
1,321
24
3,251
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,795
10
8
3,813
""
")
""
Ministering to Health
Justice
Education
Religion
42
92
134
441
441
-
272
101
373
-
130
5
135
Unclassified
-
2,939
214
6,219
479
9,851
**
10,266
256
7,931
503
18,956
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
108,755
Total of all other Classes
127,711
5
I
1
1
1
1
LOLO SHEH CD CD CD co
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
19
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
52.581
120,694
173,275
3,057
7,017
10,074
183,349

118
[IRELAND.
KING'S COUNTY.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
ENGAGED IN
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
·
Game Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, Cotton, Corduroy, Lace, Silk,
and Stuff)
""
(Unspecified) -
Knitters
Coopers
Nailers
Carders
Hatters
Brick Makers -
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Flax Dressers
Wool Dressers
Dyers
Distillers -
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Tanners
-
Lime Burners
Turners
-
Gunsmiths
Glovers
Rope Makers -
Winders and Warpers
Reed Makers -
Basket Makers
Mat Makers
1
Manufacturers (Lace and Woollen)
Tobacco Pipe Makers
Wire Workers
Comb Makers
Iron Founders
Corduroy Cutter
Starch Manufacturer
Pin Maker
-
1
MALES.
FEMALES.
15 years Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
8,806
22,546
2,431
374
3,506
671
9,180
29,154
123
123
2
2
314
100
8
7
1
330
1
1
2
143
143
6
6
31,941
2,439
3,888
672
38,940
1
1
1,896
36
4
2,385
232
4,555
220
4
705
479
1
125
98
132
513
47
560
128
100
31
སྣུམ
26
64
2
6
H
68
33
32
21
I
21
12
1
13
13
13
7
11
11
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
5
12
11
11
10
10
10
10
5
3
8
7
1
7
4
2
6
6
6
6
4
5
1
6
1
2
6
5
542
5
4
2
2
1
2
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
1
1
1
217 p
1
1
•
1
1,144
14
4,880
323
6,361
Food
796
6
239
1
1,042
Clothing
1,598
37
1,491
55
3,181
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,371
31
16
2,418
Ministering to Health
64
53
117
""
Charity
1
1
Justice
489
2
491
""
Education
249
119
368
""
"
Religion
126
24
150
Unclassified
3,065
256
5,361
487
9,169
8,758
330
7,306
543
16,937
RESIDUE OF POPULATION;
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
84,619
Total of all other Classes
101,556
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:---
Dependent on
Engaged in Agriculture
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
38,940
87,296
126,236
6,361
14,260
20,621
146,857

IRELAND.]
119
LEITRIM-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL,
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
-
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
13,326
1
179
1
21,924
48
2,585
470
154
13,506
25,133
48
2
2
Herdsmen
163
40
12
13
218
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
I
-
3228
1
21
1
1
25
3
35
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen and Woollen)
Knitters
(Unspecified)
Coopers
Nailers
Flax Dressers
Carders
Bleachers -
Winders and Warpers
Dyers
Hatters
Basket Makers
Lime Burners
Potters
Clothiers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Tanners
Reed Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Turners
-
Card Makers
Cutlers
-
Sieve Makers
Skinner
Rope Maker
Brick Maker
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
3
2
100
3
1
35,513
2,626
655
167
38,961
7,583
505
11,850
1,364
21,302
274
1
2
986
707
1
1
521
22
243
119
61
12
1 33
543
246
122
13
74
14
7
21
12
5
36
1795
9
9
2
1
9
9
1
7
6
5
6-
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1,476
со
1
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
19,996
1,899
23,379
Food
Clothing
353
1
113
1,164
38
929
31
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
1,128
11
5
Ministering to Health
37
27
""
Charity
1
Justice
297
1
Education
205
1
61
t
1
467
2,162
1,144
64
1
297
267
19
Religion
71
2
73
Unclassified
1,239
3,134
225
443
5,041
4,495
3,185
1,362
474
9,516
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
83,441
Total of all other Classes
92,957
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
-
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
38,961
58,096
97,057
23,379
34,861
58,240
155,297

120
[IRELAND.
LIMERICK-CITY OF.
ENGAGED IN
MALES.
FEMALES.

15 years
of age and
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Stewards
Dairy Keepers
119
5
124
1
1,011
23
28
4
1,066
73
73
2
1
3
2
1
2
23
23
2
#
11
1,232
24
42
4
1,302
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
1
49
1
19
(Unspecified) -
1
342
278
12
Factory Workers
-
Coopers
240
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, and Woollen)
36
Nailers
(Unspecified)
163
86
Rope Makers
66
1212 +3
207
72
279
113
242
206
4
1
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
58
Hatters
40
1217
90
71
59
47
Wool Dressers
38
1
38
Glovers
2
1
29
Knitters
20
31
30
30
Iron Founders
25
4
29
Dyers
14
12
26
Tobacco Pipe Makers
Basket Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Cutlers
-
Straw Workers
Sail Makers
Turners
Comb Makers
Gunsmiths
Clothiers
-
Salt Manufacturers
Cloth Finishers
Paper Makers
Mat Makers
Paper Stainers
Block Makers
15
15
3
74
22
4
22
21
1
21
19
18
17
15
12
10
-
8
Manufacturers (Lace and Thread)
Skinners
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
19
17
1
18
1
18
17
15
1
13
1
11
1
9
9
9
8
1
8
8
4
4
77
1
1
8877
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
46
10
56
1,018
20
663
86
1,787
production of—
Food -
891
15
286
4
1,196
Clothing
1,158
27
2,234
198
3,617
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
1,865
42
50
1,957
Ministering to Health
77
+
44
121
"}
Charity
5
7
12
Justice
192
1
193
Education
104
63
167
""
Religion
Unclassified
60
13
73
5,119
116
3,652
147
9,034
9,471
200
6,350
349
16,370
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
28,932
Total of all other Classes
•
45,302
"
""
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the City
1,302
19,241
20,543
1,787
26,061
27,848
48,391
IRELAND.]
121
LIMERICK-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
14,489
567
15,056
47,300
2,237
3,630
521
53,688
217
217
688
86
10
784
75
3
78
241
241
""
Knitters
Coopers
Nailers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool and Flax)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, Corduroy, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
J
1
13
13
188
477
6
CO
671
63,211
2,323
4,687
527
70,748
-
1
145
1
5,713
183)
5
7,235
653
13,791
363
15
886
2
10
1,276
637
22
659
360
5
366
135
4
1
t
Carders
Winders and Warpers
Paper Makers
Flax Dressers
Wool Dressers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Lime Burners
Hatters
Dyers
Bleachers
Brick Makers
Manufacturers (Thread and Worsted)
Cloth Finishers
Skinners
Glovers
1
61
2
24
127
23
112
139
63
29
25
4
·
13
15
1
33
18
1
1
17
1
17
17
14
14
13
9
9
10
8
7
121
13
11
10
10
6
1
1
3
9
7
7
1
7
Turners
Basket Makers
Factory Workers
Clothiers
Gunsmiths
Salt Manufacturers
Tanners
-
1
1
Reed Makers
Cutlers
Tool Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Miscellaneous
4
7
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
·
13
3
NI
2
27
1
7654TH CD CD C~~~∞
3
3
3
2
2
2
8
1,935
16
13,721
865
16,537
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
766
3
122
2,800
52
2,090
32
92
892
5,034
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,413
22
17
3,452
Ministering to Health
63
96
159
Charity
2
2
4
Justice
459
459
Education
407
109
516
"
""
Religion
179
7
186
Unclassified
3,945
407
11,288
1,236
16,876
12,034
484
13,731
1,329
27,578
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
166,775
Total of all other Classes
194,353
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS, in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in and dependent on each interest will stand thus:—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
"
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
70,748
157,531
228,279
16,537
36,822
53,359
281,638
R

122
[IRELAND.
LONDONDERRY-COUNTY of.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTUKE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Grazier
Herdsmen
Caretakers
-
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
1
15,023
665
15,688
22,339
2,518
442
75
25,374
138
1
139
1
1
156
953
38
251
1,398
34
1
35
80
80
4
4
1
3
4
37,776
3,472
1,149
326
42,723
""
""
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, and Woollen)
(Unspecified)
Flax Dressers
Winders and Warpers
―
1
6,939
466
2
19,661
1,488
27,556
1,869
93
74
18
8,847
-
5,915
208
634
36
349
52
1
402
16
35
138
78
267
Bleachers
229
8
237
Coopers
222
6
228
Knitters
Nailers
181
18
I co
178
39
217
199
Factory Workers
16
Rope Makers
53
Mat Makers
8
1 00 00
68
84
3
1
57
8
19
4
39
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
38
t
38
Reed Makers
34
34
Braziers and Coppersmiths
28
1
29
Hatters
-
28
28
Cloth Finishers
Dyers
Iron Founders
26
26
12
I co
20
17
1
17
Turners
-
9
5
14
Basket Makers
Paper Makers
Distillers
Tanners
Potters
Tobacco Pipe Makers
Carders
Gunsmiths
Sail Makers
12
12
22
14
14
1
13
13
12
12
12
12
16
1
10
11
10
9
9
-
8
8
Cutlers
-
6
Manufacturers (Linen, Cotton, Silk, and Tabinet)
Miscellaneous
3
1
40
113
1
1
3
2
NII
6
5
46
9,189
387
27,791
2,132
39,499
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
1,277
13
160
1,450
Clothing
2,442
101
2,783
177
5,503
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,561
52
16
3,629
Ministering to Health
113
18
131
""
Charity
2
3
5
Justice
282
2
284
"
Education
340
1
169
510
33
Religion
200
3
203
Unclassified
3,295
408
6,225
712
10,640
11,512
575
9,379
889
22,355
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
117,597
Total of all other Classes
139,952
"
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
42,723
72,720
AGRICULTURE-Total -
115,443
Engaged in Manufactures
39,499
Dependent on
""
67,232
MANUFACTURES-Total
106,731
Total of the County
222,174
IRELAND.]
123
LONGFORD-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15
TOTAL.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
6,922
269
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
18,911
1,927
930
182
7,191
21,950
Gardeners
58
58
Graziers -
6
6
Herdsmen
123
Caretakers
12
2
1
125
13
Land Agents and Stewards
40
40
Gamekeepers
3
3
Dairykeepers
1
13
14
1
26,076
1,927
1,215
182
29,400
""
Knitters
Nailers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
""
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Silk)
(Unspecified) -
Flax Dressers
3,937
256
7
4,788
380
9,368
347
2
989
638
1
1
274
35
309
88
4
1
92
34
6
1
1
24
8
1 00
Carders
Hatters
1
31
40
32
31
1
Dyers
Winders and Warpers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Reed Makers
Distillers
Manufacturers of Lace
Tanners
Turners
-
Card Makers
Basket Makers
Sieve Makers
Gunsmiths
Bleachers
Brick Makers
Potters
Net Makers
Wool Dresser
Skinner
Glover
Lime Burner
Iron Founder
Tool Maker
Miscellaneous
12
5
8
9
1
1
9
7
I
I
1
6
5
2333Ŋ W UINO ccra Į
3
2
1
5
3
1
122
5
5
5
1
t
COCO CHA UT
5
4
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
1,219
14
9.059
683
10.975
LIN
7
.
1
1
17
3
11
10
9
7
1
6
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
390
4
99
493
1,108
32
$55
17
2,012
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
1,555
14
8
1,577
Ministering to Health -
47
32
79
Charity
1
1
Justice
232
2
234
-
"}
""
""
Religion
Unclassified
Education
157
55
212
ST
3
90
1,287
73
3,420
272
5,052
4,864
123
!
4,474
289
9,750
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
65,366
Total of all other Classes
75,116
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES "between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
11
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
29,400
54,698
$4,098
10,975
20,418
31,393
115,491

124
[IRELAND.
LOUTH-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
-
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
29
Knitters
(Unspecified)
Winders and Warpers
Pin Makers
Nailers
Coopers
Flax Dressers
Factory Workers
Basket Makers
Net Makers
Bleachers
Rope Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers -
Dyers
Hatters
Iron Founders
Tanners
Brick Makers
•
Carders
•
Tool Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Sieve Makers
Distillers
Potters
Turners
Wire Drawers
Salt Manufacturers
Lace Manufacturers
Lime Burners
Gunsmiths
Miscellaneous
-
I
1
MALES.
FEMALES.
15 years
of age and
Under 15 15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
upwards.
years of of age and
age. upwards.
years of
age.
4,560
14,218
325
831
1,280
176
169
4,885
16,505
169
2
177
147
4
30
2
358
22
J
139
22
139
16
16
5
6
11
19,308
978
1,615
206
22,107
-
1
351
26
2
2,300
30
2,522
181
}
5,042
|
6
4
1,522
1
t
11
33
1,927
I
303
12
315
4
69
60
38
28885
20
2++
2
93
16
115
4
61
24
109
2
1
71
60
6
5
1
50
7
3
34
1
45
37
2
39
1
4
22
12
12
39
32
3
1
35
24
·
24
17
1
18
12
4
1
16
15
1
16
14
1
15
12
1
13
13
1
13
2
8
10
10
10
8
1
9
7
1
8
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
1438
++
4
4
4.
I
3
3
11
2,315
45
5,405
282
8,047
t
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
-
1,393
19
215
4
1,631
1,292
24
1,052
45
2,413
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,063
20
19
2
2,104
Ministering to Health
54
34
88
""
Charity
1
1
"
Justice
331
1
332
"
""
Education
Religion
131
87
218
88
2
90
Unclassified
-
2,908
243
4,513
452
8,116
8,260
306
5,924
503
14,993
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
66,832
Total of all other Classes
81,825
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
-
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
-
22,107
59,989
82,096
8,047
21,836
29,883
111,979
IRELAND.]
125
MAYO-County of.

MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
22,049
2
426
67,172
8,941
6,215
1,777
22,477
84,105
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
161
161
9
9
677
297
67
234
1,275
7
1
8
Land Agents and Stewards -
101
101
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
12
12
+
3
1
4
90,188
9,240
6,712
2,012
108,152
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
-
1
15,480
919
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Ribbon)
""
Knitters
(Unspecified) -
1
13,766
1,030
31,196
601
26
2,684
10
108
12 J
3,441
1,883
164
2,047
Carders
442
52
494
Coopers
277
1
278
Nailers
Flax Dressers
Hatters
Winders and Warpers
Clothiers
Turners
-
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Bleachers
Straw Workers
Dyers
Reed Makers -
Rope Makers -
Gunsmiths
Brick Makers -
Potters
-
Net Makers
Sieve Makers
Distillers
Glovers
143
11
154
53
54
107
92
1
5
66
2
NI
93
73
28
1
28
27
1
•
27
25
22
14
122
25
24
16
13
2
15
5
6
11
10
10
9
10
8
8
1
6
6
5
5
25
2
3
5
5

4
4
4
4
Tanners
3
3
3
Comb Makers
Basket Makers
Salt Manufacturers
Skinners
Cutlers
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
I
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
3
3
2
2
2
7
1
4,052
22
31,853
2,181
32227
38,108
Food
995
3
328
2
1,328
Clothing
2,710
96
2,044
80
4,930
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,925
26
8
2,959
Ministering to Health
82
1
58
140
""
Charity
2
1
3
Justice
725
725
""
Education
334
3
107
444
""
Religion
191
1
2
194
Unclassified
3,446
497
7,580
1,158
12,681
11,410
626
10,128
1,240
23,404
RESIDUE OF POPULATION :
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
-
219,223
Total of all other Classes
242,627
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Dependent on
Engaged in Agriculture
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
108,152
179,411
287,563
38,108
63,216
101,324
388,887
126
[IRELAND.
MEATH-COUNTY OF.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
15 years
FEMALES.
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
7,084
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
31,104
1,901
501
1,830
295
302
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
39
1,355
201
11
1
100
7,585
35,130
302
39
8
1,575
108
1
5
114
Land Agents and Stewards
276
276
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
34
1
34
31
26
57
40,333
2,103
2,373
303
45,112
MANUFACTURES:
""
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Lace, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified) -
4
1
2,877
61
9
4,272
315
7,539
326
95
1.
1,003
Flax Dressers
Knitters
Nailers
Coopers
Factory Workers
1
116
42
20
4
1,453
652
60
713
118
109
-
50
1
32
3
Carders
Winders and Warpers
Hatters
Basket Makers
Turners
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Tanners
Dyers
Mat Makers
Paper Makers
Sieve Makers
Lime Burners
Brick Makers
Potters
Bleachers
5
33
1212
58
2
58
5
22
1275 CO
3
1
36
33
+
21
1
109
85
68
65
40
38
36
33
22
19.
1
17
1
9
I
13
32
6
1
12
19
18
2
18
2
·
15
1
14
14
12
12
11
11
9
t
9
Wool Dressers
3
Straw Workers
Iron Founders
6
Manufacturers (Lace and Woollen)
Cloth Finishers
ယယယ တ
8
1
8
4
7
5
1
6
6
3
1
4
Rope Makers
Gunsmiths
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Glovers
3 +3 32
1
1
4
4
4
3
3
2
Miscellaneous
10
10
1,889
27
8,110
466
10,492
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
990
12
139
1
1,713
27
1,277
38
1.142
3,055
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,152
22
7
1
Ministering to Health
73
46
3,182
119
Charity
4
1
5
Justice
404
1
•
405
Education
253
125
378
""
""
Religion
Unclassified
155
10
165
3,430
394
7,711
791
12,326
10,174
455
9,317
831
20,777
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
107,447
Total of all other Classes
128,224
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
45,112
104,030
149,142
10,492
24,194
34,686
183,828

IRELAND.]
127
MONAGHAN-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
16,127
25,399
1
448
3,010
1,181
208
16,576
29,798
74
1
75
2
Herdsmen
Caretakers
74
236
18
145
-
15
t
t
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
71
2
473
15
71
9
t
12
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
"2
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
""
Knitters
Coopers
(Unspecified)
Flax Dressers
Nailers
Winders and Warpers
Bleachers
Brick Makers
Basket Makers
Hatters
Dyers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Reed Makers
1
Tool Makers
Gunsmiths
Cloth Finishers
Turners
Carders
Manufacturers (Linen and Cotton)
Lime Burners
Rope Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Tanners
Quill Manufacturer
Sieve Makers
Distillers
Skinners
Straw Workers
Glovers
-
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
9
2
1
1
2
41,771
3,248
1,649
353
47,021
1
3,990
165
3
522
1 00
19,921
1,479
25,559
8
14
2,655
26
90
6
3,321
11
209
16
236
198
3
201
169
22
120
10
35
35
35
100372-
191
8
128
29
11
53
1
43
30
25
1
3
I
1
1
37
36
31
28
19
1
1
1
.
20
17
1
18
10
1
10
9
1
1
10
10
9
8
8
7
1
1
7
7
6
1
6
66
4
1
4
3
1
2
1
3
3
1322
127
3
2
2
NOT
2
2
1
2
12
2
10
3,966
61
24,291
1,678
29,996
Food
Clothing
808
1,818
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,511
=233
11
70
108
2,080
93
33
Ministering to Health
73
23
40
732
927
4,061
1
Charity
1
2,569
113
1
Justice
253
-
2
""
""
Religion
Education
254
1
74
12
255
2
331
116
1
117
Unclassified
1,949
4,835
472
749
8,005
7,782
4,950
2,801
846
16,379
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
107,046
Total of all other Classes
123,425
(C
Divide ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
47,021
75,355
122,376
29.996
48,070
78,066
200,442
128
[IRELAND.
QUEEN'S COUNTY.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
7,985
678
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
24,470
1,912
5,675
663
8,663
32,720
Gardeners
143
1
144
Grazier
1
1
Herdsmen
299
53
6
2
360
Caretakers
56
7
I
63
Land Agents and Stewards
128
128
Game Keepers
13
13
Dairy Keepers
5
23
28
33,100
1,965
6,390
665
42,120
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool and Flax)
16
""
(Unspecified)
5
Weavers (Cotton, Woollen, Linen, Lace, and Silk)
697
""
(Unspecified)
570
4
Knitters
3
Wool Dressers
269
4
Coopers
181
Nailers
140
1
Factory Workers
21
1
Winders and Warpers
3
6
Carders
-8688
2164 m co
1,469
45
846
51 S
2,435
216
2
159
1,657
3
682
58
743
5
1
279
181
1
1
142
103
11
87
22
69
122
136
118
71
Iron Founders
23
I
23
Braziers and Coppersmiths
19
1
20
Hatters
15
-
4
19
Potters
14
1
1
16
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
14
14
Dyers
11
12
Basket Makers
10
Turners
9
Flax Dressers
Manufacturers (Woollen)
Lime Burners
Sieve Makers -
Cutlers
Tanners
Straw Workers
Glovers
Brick Makers
Comb Makers
Wire Workers
Rope Makers
Cloth Finishers
Miscellaneous
3
6
8
90 6 5
8
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1552
10
9
8
8
8
8
6
1
1
6
5
1
1
1
ILOLO 3 3225
сл
5
5
5
1
5
5
3
1
5
1
4
I
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
16
30
3,651
202
5,971
15
2,088
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
666
2
145
813
1,549
36
1,579
65
3,229
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,775
24
18
2,817
Ministering to Health
50
61
111
""
Charity -
8
12
20
Justice
417
3
420
""
Education
210
144
354
"
Religion
95
26
121
Unclassified
2,620
320
5,137
501
8,578
8,390
382
7,125
566
16,463
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
89,376
Total of all other Classes
105,839
""
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
42,120
92,698
134,818
5,971
13,141
19,112
153,930
IRELAND.]
129
ROSCOMMON-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Floughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
""
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified)
""
Knitters
Coopers
Nailers
Carders
Hatters
1
1
1
1
1
Tobacco Pipe Makers
Flax Dressers
Potters
Winders and Warpers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Dyers
Turners
Card Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Glovers
-
Cloth Finishers
Sieve Makers
Skinners
Clothiers -
Basket Makers
Gunsmiths
Distillers
<<
Comb Makers
Cutlers
Lime Burners
Reed Makers
Rope Makers
Tanners
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
.
1
1
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
MALES.
15 years
Under
FEMALES.
15 years
Under
of age and 15 years of age and 15 years
TOTAL.
upwards.
of age.
upwards.
of age.
10,529
46,363
1
3,583
333
3,023
568
115
10,863
53,537
115
13
973
34
16
1
13
1,024
6
1
6
94
94
14
14
3
34
37
58,110
3,618
3,406
569
65,703
7,131
283
320
1
I
7,327
510
15,251
10
953
8
5
1,296
1
375
9
384
197
1
198
168
4
1
172
1
100
8
108
72
1
73
49
4
5
58
47
J
I
47
23
15
6
13
6
I co
3
I co
23
16
15
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
8
2
10
4
3
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
5
5
4
1
J
5
4
4
4 333
4
3
2
324
2
1,949
17
14,981
813
17,760
<< < 50 CM 26
4
4
3
3
3

Food -
620
3
202
825
Clothing
1,890
44
1,167
10
3,111
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,339
17
12
2,368
Ministering to Health
62
39
101
""
Charity
•
1
1
Justice
393
2
""
395
Education
295
96
""
391
Religion
119
2
121
Unclassified
<<
2,464
380
5,444
701
8,989
8, 183
444
6,964
711
16,302
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
153,826
Total of all other Classes
170,128
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES "between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
65,703
133,927
199,630
17,760
36,201
53,961
253,591
S

130
[IRELAND.
SLIGO-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under
15 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and 15 years
upwards.
of age.
of age and 15 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
12,975
1
25,283
3,236
194
1,192
375
13,170
30,086
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
111
111
7
7
376
107
16
39
538
19
3
22
Land Stewards
58
58
Game Keepers
4
4
38,833
3,344
1,405
414
43,996
""
Knitters
Coopers
Carders
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen and Woollen)
(Unspecified)
2
6,624
266
1
1
1
7,952
15,539
693
337
2
1,110
t
765
1
5
419
29
448
361
362
Nailers
Flax Dressers
Winders and Warpers
Hatters
Clothiers -
Cutlers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers -
Rope Makers -
Bleachers
Dyers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Tobacco Pipe Makers
Sieve Makers
Cloth Finishers
Gunsmiths
Comb Makers
Glovers
Turners
Lime Burners
Net Makers
Sail Makers
Block Makers
Reed Makers
Card Makers
Distiller
Miscellaneous
91
41
88
9
97
95
50
2
2006
1
52
28
12
32
1
31
17
WI
31
3
20
16
16
14
14
1
-
13
13
12
12
9
3
12
12
12
11
11
9
9
5
5
5
4
1
-
443
1322215
4
1
5
4
4
4
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
2
t
2
2
1
1
1
1
1,791
9
15,130
6
999
17,929
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
612
5
сл
180
1
1,733
42
1,344
77
798
3,196
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
1,709
9
6
1
1,725
Ministering to Health
49
33
82
Charity
5
5
Justice
346
3
349
"}
""
Education
Religion
244
76
320
116
2
118
Unclassified
2,427
277
4,790
680
8,174
7,236
333
6,439
759
14,767
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
104,194
Total of all other Classes
118,961
""
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
43,996
84,519
128,515
17,929
34,442
52,371
180,886
IRELAND.]
131
TIPPERARY-COUNTY OFf.

ENGAGED IN
MALES.
15 years
upwards.
of age.
FEMALES.
Under
15 years
Under
TOTAL.
of age and
and 15 years
of age and 15 years
upwards.
of age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
-
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Graziers
25,630
122
1,585
7
27,344
1
64,830
3,654
9,963
1,135
79,582
397
1
398
15
3
18
Herdsmen
963
253
8
Co
3
1,227
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
138
2
10
150
412
1
413
-
24
24
39
1
260
299
92,448
4,033
11,829
1,145
109,455
""
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
(Unspecified) -
2
3,505
93 1
4
3,969
313 (
7,886
276
1
826
17
Knitters
Coopers
Nailers
1
5280
37
1
1,186
26
2
690
26
717
585
10
427
850
595
30
457
1
Hatters
Carders
-
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Basket Makers
Lime Burners
118
13
131
1
1
1
87
1
❤
94
$5
2
87
55
1
5
61
<
4+
3
3
50
47
1
48
1
Flax Dressers
27
20
47
Dyers
Wool Dressers
Factory Workers
42
42
29
9
38
3
31
1
35
Turners
22
1
24
Tanners
Cutlers
Rope Makers
Clothiers
Skinners
Winders and Warpers
Straw Workers
Brick Makers
20
20
I
20
20
1
16
13
214
18
I
17
་
1
15
15
1
12
12
1221
2
14
1
14
1
14
14
Comb Makers
13
13
-
Gunsmiths
Distillers -
Glovers
Sieve Makers
12
1
13
1
11
11
+
6
4
10
1
9
1
10
1
Wire Workers
8
1
9
Miscellaneous
42
6
48
2,794
65
8,440
445
11,744
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
1,900
15
352
3
2,270
5,195
153
3,425
101
8,874
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
7,561
95
53
1
7,710
Ministering to Health
181
209
390
39
Charity
5
4
9
Justice
""
1,062
5
1,067
Education
666
235
901
""
Religion
280
50
330
Unclassified
8,030
664
18,401
1,879
28,974
24,880
927
22,734
1,984
50,525
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
263,829

Total of all other Classes
314,354
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
"}
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
109,455
283,894
393,349
11,744
30,460
42,204
435,553
132
[IRELAND.
TYRONE-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.

ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
23,799
3
503
24,305
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
34,697
ว
4,027
784
104
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
148
1
39,612
149
2
2
314
1,936
118
887
3,255
30
6
5
41
75
75
18
18
3
1
14
17
59,086
5,972
1,425
991
67,474
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
10,145
525
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, Cotton, and Fringe)
33,360
2,706 S
46,736
2472
47
250
18 >
""
(Unspecified)
Flax Dressers
Knitters
Coopers
Nailers
Factory Workers
7587
141
11,373
842
16
541
10
51
4
606
378
24
402
259
6
265
206
9
215
21
20
109
Winders and Warpers
Bleachers
Reed Makers
Carders
Hatters
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Potters
Cloth Finishers
Basket Makers
9
19
104
73
23
27
33
177
165
83
1
84
1
80
3
83
1
67
1
69
47
1
3
1
51
35
I
1
36
27
3
I
30
26
2
28
20
1
28
Rope Makers
Brick Makers
Dyers
Paper Makers
Lime Burners
Turners
Clothiers
Gunsmiths
19
3
22
20
20
15
3
18
18
18
17
17
17
1
17
16
16
Manufacturers (Linen and Cotton)
Braziers and Coppersmiths
11
11
-
11
I
11
10
1
11
Skinners
Net Makers
Tanners
Button Makers
10
1
1
•
10
-
1
3
4
2
10
-
9
I
9
2
Miscellaneous
22
1
10 10
5
7
5
28
11,612
264
45,341
3,356
60,573
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
1,306
10
Clothing
2,826
111
203
2,787
1,519
128
5,852
Lodging, Furniture, and Machinery, &c.
4,001
34
22
2
Ministering to Health
4,059
120
30
150
""
Charity
1
1
1
2
Justice
322
2
324
Education
""
-
431
1
131
563
""
Religion
-
238
5
243
Unclassified
2,643
699
6,854
1,023
11,219
11,888
855
10,035
1,153
23,931
RESIDUE OF POFULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
160,978
Total of all other Classes
184,909
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
67,474
97,438
164,912
60,573
87,471
148,044
312,956

IRELAND.]
133
WATERFORD-CITY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants and Labourers
Gardeners
Caretakers
Land Agent and Stewards
Game Keeper
Dairy-Keepers
MANUFACTURES:
1
18
2
362
17
87
28
I 21
2999
20
468
28
3
2
5
15
15
1
1
1
15
16
428
17
106
2
553
1
132
111
1
56
""
Nailers
-
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Coopers
Weavers (Linen, Cotton, Woollen, Lace)
(Unspecified)
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
Knitters
(Unspecified)
Assistants in Factories
Glass Makers
Rope Makers
Iron Founders
Tanners
130
1
1
10
23
-
51
26
53
3
0
14
26
46
1
4
31
1712
47
47
38
35
3
38
32
2
34
19
4
23
20
1
1
22
19
19
Sail Makers
17
Basket Makers
16
Manufacturers of Sundries
5
214
19
17
7
16
Tobacco Pipe Makers
9
6
15
Braziers and Coppersmiths
14
14
1
Wool Dressers
Hatters
Glovers
Turners
Lime Burners
Winders and Warpers
Dyers
·
Glue and Size Makers
Blockmakers
Cutlers
Gunsmiths
Skinners
Starch Manufacturers
9
1
3
12
2
7
1
10
8
}
1
10
•
8
8
}
4
1
6
5
1
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
1
3
3
1
3
Musical Instrument Makers
Manufacturers (Thread and Woollen)
Flax Dressers
Paper Stainers
Miscellaneous
3
2
2
2
6
1
1
O LO CO DE C~2~26
5
3
3
3
3
509
24
199
13
745
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
622
Clothing
736
18
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
1,014
12
692
191
1
820
797
27
1,578
19
1,045
Ministering to Health
42
14
56
""
Charity
1
2
3
Justice
142
3
145
Education
33
1
54
87
""
""
Religion
Unclassified
35
2,378
55
90
94
2,203
75
4,750
5,003
130
3,338
103
8,574
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
13,344
Total of all other Classes
21,918
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus :—
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE—Total
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the City
553
9,337
9,890
745
-
12,581
13,326
23,216

134
[IRELAND.
WATERFORD-COUNTY OF.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
MALES.
Under 15
FEMALES.
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
years of
of age and
years of
age.
upwards.
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
Gardeners
Herdsmen
7,071
352
7,423
29,809
2,066
9349
936
42,160
165
1
1
167
316
305
9
630
Caretakers
47
3
50
Land Agent and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
172
172
19
19
1
25
95
120
37,624
2,372
9,800
945
50,741
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
""
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Cotton, Woollen, and Linen)
""
Knitters
Coopers
(Unspecified)
54
1
1
1
198
344
7672
1,340
39
528
32
2,000
327
14
908
14
25
1
311
11
323
190
193
Nailers
121
4
t
125
Assistants in Factories
Carders
Winders and Warpers
Rope Makers
9
25
29
39
17
45
8
2
44
Lime Burners
Flax Dressers
Turners
Bleachers
Hatters
23
20
19
16
11
Wool Dressers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Basket Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Dyers
Manufacturers of Sundries
Tanners
Sail Makers
Iron Founders
9
163
122
22
8824
102
64
42
1
53
+
46
2
f
I
I
I
23
22
21
19
6
1
18
2
14
14
1
14
13
13
12
1
13
9
3
12
-
-
5
3
1
1
10
8
8
8
8
6
6
Skinners
Straw Workers
5
5
5
5
Brick Makers
Gunsmiths
Sieve Makers
Cloth Finishers
Glovers
Paper Makers
Net Makers
Miscellaneous
4
4
J
4
4
1
3
4
3
1
3
3
t
3
1
3
t
3
1
2
6
2
21
3
8
1,189
58
2,664
146
4,057
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
Food
Clothing
1,511
8
211
1,730
1,759
65
1,423
68
3,315
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
-
3,159
37
9
2
3,207
Ministering to Health
41
67
108
Charity
8
15
23
Justice
346
""
1
347
Education
203
102
305
""
Religion
192
98
290
Unclassified
-
3,127
322
7,366
923
11,738
10,346
432
9,292
993
21,063
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
97,110
Total of all other Classes
118,173
Divide "
ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
""
50,741
109,424
AGRICULTURE-Total
160,165
Engaged in Manufactures
4,057
Dependent on
""
8,749
MANUFACTURES-Total
12,806
Total of the County
172,971
IRELAND.]
135
WESTMEATH-COUNTY OF.

MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of
age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
6,251
398
23,453
2,245
2,892
526
6,649
29,116
Gardeners
136
136
Graziers
16
16
Herdsmen
595
82
12
6
695
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
45
1
1
46
4
117
117
-
30
4
30
2
1
14
16
30,645
2,327
3317
532
36,821
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax and Wool)
1
""
(Unspecified)
3
18
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, Cotton, and Corduroy)
296
(Unspecified)
615
Knitters
Coopers
213
Nailers
105
-
-
Carders
Winders and Warpers
Flax Dressers
Hatters
Dyers
Wool Dressers
Turners
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Basket Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Japanners
Lime Burners
1
3
4817
1276
4
3,206
103
4,407
379
8,121
4
1
933
9
1
376
16
392
215
2
114
54
7
62
31
9
49
t
20
7
1
28
24
1
1
26
19
I
5
1
24
6
2
7
15
13
13
1
1
1
13
13
8
4
12
12
1
12
12
12
11
11
Bleachers
Rope Makers
Distillers
Cutlers
Manufacturers (Lace and Cotton)
Cloth Finishers
Tanners
7
-
6
6
5
1
1
7
1
7
6
5
1
3
4
1
1
Skinners
Comb Makers
Brick Makers
Iron Founders
Wire Workers
Sieve Makers
Miscellaneous
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of—
44323
1
1
3
3
3
10
3
44B ∞ en að að ∞ ∞
3
3
3
3
3
3
13
1,435
49
8,120
516
10,120
Food
Clothing
605
4
144
2
755
1,378
41
1,128
49
2,596
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
2,175
37
18
2,230
Ministering to Health
60
38
1
98
Justice
350
2
""
352
""
""
Education
Religion
198
93
291
109
14
123
Unclassified
-
2,391
349
5,743
669
9,152
7,266
431
7,180
720
15,597
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
78,762
Total of all other Classes
94,359
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE—Total
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
36,821
74,017
110,838
10,120
20,342
30,462
141,300
136
[IRELAND.
WEXFORD-COUNTY OF.


MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
Under 15
15 years
Under 15
TOTAL.
of age and
upwards.
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
years of
age.
AGRICULTURE:
Farmers
11,903
1,103
13,006
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
27,700
1,561
6,225
512
35,998
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
Land Agents and Stewards
Game Keepers
Dairy Keepers
193
193
3
3
83
56
4
7
150
66
1
11
78
166
166
19
19
26
89
2
117
40,159
1,618
7,432
521
49,730
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Flax, Wool, and Cotton)
""
Knitters
(Unspecified) -
Weavers (Linen, Woollen, and Cotton)
""
Coopers
(Unspecified)
Straw Workers
-
26
3
3,452
103
5
2,938
113
6,622
905
58
963
208
3
4
509
27
755
318
3
1
321
-
3
227
35
265
Nailers
Carders
214
10
2
226
3
76
1
80
Hatters
Net Makers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Rope Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Flax Dressers
Factory Workers
Manufacturers (Lace)
Basket Makers
Clothiers -
Glovers
Lime Burners
Brick Makers
Winders and Warpers
Sieve Makers
Tanners
Mat Makers
Skinners -
Potters
Dyers
Turners
61
1
I
10
71
1
54
1
56
52
33
34
131
1
53
1
36
I
35
24
1
15
10
5
11
28
26
2230
1
]
7
1
20
23
19
17
18
1202 I
1
1
8
11
1
2
11
1
n
1
Block Makers
Miscellaneous
32
t
J
32
28
t
27
24
22
20
19
18
13
15
1
12
12
1
12
7
4
11
9
I
9
7
I
7
33
1
34
1,706
51
7,797
318
9,872
1241
34
33
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
1,701
14
353
2
2,070
Clothing
3,234
103
3,241
122
6,700
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
4,544
43
37
1
Ministering to Health
4,625
95
134.
229
"
Charity
2
2
Justice
483
2
""
485
Education
347
162
509
""
Religion
Unclassified
188
25
213
4,291
430
9,030
714
14,465
14,885
590
12,984
839
29,298
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
113,133
Total of all other Classes
142,431
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
AGRICULTURE-Total
-
Engaged in Manufactures
Dependent on
""
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
49,730
118,840
168,570
9,872
23,591
33,463
202,033

IRELAND,]
137
WICKLOW-COUNTY OF.
MALES.
FEMALES.
ENGAGED IN
15 years
of age and
upwards.
Under 15 15 years
age.
years of of age and
upwards.
Under 15
years of
TOTAL.
age.
AGRICULTURE :
Farmers
5,762
449
Servants, Labourers, and Ploughmen
18,443
1,130
2,210
259
6,211
22,042
Gardeners
Graziers
Herdsmen
Caretakers
177
1
1
1
179
2
2
265
197
7
8
477
110
12
122
Land Agents and Stewards
142
142
Game Keepers
17
17
41
1
50
3
95
Dairy Keepers
24,959
1,329
2,729
270
29,287
MANUFACTURES:
Spinners (Wool, Flax, and Cotton)
Knitters
(Unspecified)
Weavers (Cotton, Woollen, and Linen)
""
Nailers
Coopers
(Unspecified)
2
1
I
1
76
138
12125
1,213
367
2,086
788
45
709
71
782
71
7
8
13 S
320
142
5
147
91
1
Carders
64
Net Makers
Hatters
Straw Workers
Chandlers and Soap Boilers
Winders and Warpers
Basket Makers
Braziers and Coppersmiths
Flax Dressers
Turners
Mat Makers
Bleachers
Lime Burners
Wool Dressers
Clothiers -
Glovers
Calico Printers
Brick Makers
Factory Workers
Iron Founders
Sieve Makers
Manufacturers (Lace)
Dyers
Skinners
Cutlers
-
Gunsmiths
1
1
50
46
1
4
162 I
92
70
54
51
30
34
24
1
25
4
15
19
15
15
15
15
•
3
1
7
7
7
4
3
7
6
6
1
4
5
-
4
1
6
6
5
5
5
1
Miscellaneous
44MM IN2227
4
4
3
3
3
1
3
3
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
9
616
23
2,967
188
3,794
ALL OTHER CLASSES:
Employed in Handicraft, as Masters or Workmen, in the
production of-
Food
Clothing
1,312
14
183
1,509
1,414
49
1,370
61
2,894
Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c.
3,216
45
14
2
3,277
Ministering to Health
67
54
121
99
Charity
1
1
2
Justice -
319
2
321
"
Education
231
137
368
Religion
121
1
6
127
Unclassified
2,662
367
5,640
492
9,161
9,343
475
7,407
555
17,780
RESIDUE OF POPULATION:
Consisting of the Wives, Children, and others dependent on all Classes
·
- 75,282
Total of all other Classes
93,062
Divide "ALL OTHER CLASSES" between the AGRICULTURISTS and the MANUFACTURERS in the proportion which these
respectively bear to each other, and the numbers engaged in, and dependent on, each interest will stand thus:-
Engaged in Agriculture
Dependent on
Engaged in Manufactures
""
AGRICULTURE-Total
Dependent on
99
MANUFACTURES-Total
Total of the County
29,287
82,389
111,676
3,794
10,673
14,467
126,143
સ
T
138
IRELAND-SUMMARY OF POPULATION.

AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL OF
THE
COUNTIES.
COUNTY.
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
in:
on :
in:
on :
ANTRIM
49,915
88,076
137,991
49,990
88,207
138,197
276,188
ARMAGH
39,468 78,045
117,513
38,584
76,296
114,880
232,393
BELFAST (Town)
1,104
6,664
7,768
9,598
57,942
67,540
75,308
CARLOW
21,660
54,851
76,511
2,751
6,966
9,717
86,228
CARRICKFERGUS (Town)
1,195
3,973
5,168
974
3,237
4,211
9,379
CAVAN
57,705
84,180
141,885
33,780
67,493
101,273
243,158
CLARE
76,115
150,893
227,008
19,912
39,474
59,386
286,394
CORK (CITY)
1,880
28,970 30,850
3,039
46,831
49,870
80,720
CORK (COUNTY)
190,771
DONEGAL
DOWN
DUBLIN (CITY)
476,366 667,137
71,279 102,472 173,751 50,335
62,447
2,128
30,386
75,875
106,261
773,398
72,362
122,697
296,448
124,730 187,177
178,532
58,141
116,128
174,269
361,446
180,660 7,432
44,634
52,066
232,726
DUBLIN (COUNTY)
22,943
99,340
122,283 3,333
14,431
17,764
140,047
DROGHEDA
365
2,678
3,043 1,585
11,633
13,218
16,261
FERMANAGH
35,772
57,174
92,946
24,453
39,082
63,535
156,481
GALWAY (COUNTY)
113,703
207,355-
321,058
36,076
65,789
101,865
422,923
GALWAY (TOWN)
327
4,217
4,544
916
11,815
12,731
17,275
KERRY
73,063
162,167
235,230
18,217
40,433
58,650
293,880
KILDARE
29,573
71,161
100,734
4,038
9,716
13,754
114,488
KILKENNY (CITY)
589
8,232
8,821
678
9,572
10,250
19,071
KILKENNY (COUNTY)
-
52,581
120,694
KING'S COUNTY
38,940
LEITRIM
38,961
173,275
87,296 1-26,236 6,361
58,096 97,057 23,379
3,057
7,017
10,074
183,349
14,260 20,621
146,857
34,861 58,240
155,297
LIMERICK (CITY)
1,302
19,241 20,543 1,787
26,061
27,848
48,391
LIMERICK (COUNTY)
70,748
157,531
228,279 16,537
36,822
53,359
281,638
LONDONDERRY
LONGFORD
LOUTH
ΜΑΥΟ
MEATH
MONAGHAN
-
42,723 72,720
29,400 54,698 84,098 10,975
22,107 59,989 $2,096
108,152 179,411 287,563
45,112 104,030
47,021 75,355
115,443 39,499
67,232
106,731
222,174
20,418
31,393
115,491
8,047
21,836
29,883
111,979
38,108
63,216
101,324
388,887
149,142 10,492
24,194
34,686
183,828
122,376 29,996
48,070
78,066
200,442
QUEEN'S COUNTY
ROSCOMMON
SLIGO
TIPPERARY
TYRONE
283,894
67,474 97,438
42,120
92,698
65,703 133,927 199,630 17,760
43,996 84,519 128,515
109,455
393,349
134,818 5,971
13,141
19,112
153,930
36,201 53,961
253,591
17,929
34,442
52,371
180,886
11,744
30,460
42,204
435,553
164,912
60,573
87,471
148,044
312,956
WATERFORD (CITY)
WATERFORD (COUNTY)
WESTMEATH
WEXFORD
WICKLOW
553 9,337
50,741 109,424 160,165 4,057
36,821 74,017 110,838 10,120
49,730 118,840 168,570 9,872
29,287 82,389 111,676 3,794
9,890
745
12,581
13,326
23,216
8,749 12,806 172,971
20,342 30,462 141,300
23,591 33,463 202,033
10,673 14,467 126,143
1,844,929 4,065,620 5,910,549 *725,021
1,539,554 2,264,575 8,175,124
Total of the Agricultural Interest
Manufacturing Interest
""
Total Population of Ireland
* See note at page 150.
5,910,549
2,264,575
8,175,124
139
IRELAND-SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND LOCAL TAXATION.
Paid exclusively by the Landed Interest.
TITHES
-
* Paid in the Proportion of 5-7ths by the Landed Interest,
and 2-7ths by the Manufacturing Interest.
Paid by the
Landed Interest
and those
dependent on it.
Paid by the
Manufacturing
Interest and
those dependent
on it.
£
500,000
48
COUNTY CESS
£1,158,198
827,995
330,203
Annual average amount ordered to be levied in the years
1841, 1842, 1843.
POOR RATES
£256,658
183,325
73,333
Collected in the year ended 29th Sept. 1844.
1,511,320
403,536
£
Total paid by the Landed Interest
1,511,320
""
Manufacturing Interest
403,536
Total of Direct and Local Taxation paid in Ireland
£1,914,856
* There is no return of the assessment of the separate counties, and it is therefore impossible to ascertain
the exact proportion of the Direct and Local Taxation paid by each after the manner of the Counties in
Great Britain. Nor does there appear to be any return of the exact amount collected as Tithe; but it is
generally estimated at about £500,000, the whole revenue of the Church of Ireland being £854,129. The
proportion which the Landed and Manufacturing Interests bear to each other in the entire population, as
shown on the other side, is consequently the only division that can be made of these items.
:
140
*
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF POPULATION.

AGRICULTURE.
MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
Engaged Dependent
TOTAL.
in:
on :
Engaged Dependent
in?
TOTAL.
on:
ENGLAND
See Page
46
WALES
SCOTLAND
60
94
1,157,816 8,154,495 9,312,311
103,632 650,748 754,880
229,337 1,159,259 1,388,596
943,998 4,738,829 5,682, 827 | 14,995,138
19,517 137,706 157,223
BRITISH ISLANDS
+
96
IRELAND
8,493 95,564 104,057
138 1,844,929 4,065,620 5,910,549
220,171 1,011,417 | 1,231,588
|
1,631 18,352 19,983 124,040
725,021 1,539,554 2,264,575 8,175,124
911,603
2,620,184
3,344,207 14,125,686 17,469,893 1,910,338 7,445,858 9,356,196 26,826,089
| |
|
Total of the Agricultural Interest
Manufacturing Interest
Travelling on the right of the Census
Total of the United Kingdom
17,469,893
9,356,196
5,016
26,831,105
141
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND LOCAL TAXATION.

ENGLAND
WALES
SCOTLAND
BRITISH ISLES
IRELAND
Paid by the
Landed Interest
and those
dependent on it.
Paid by the
Manufacturing
Interest and those
dependent on it.
TOTAL.
See Page
46
£
11,278,954
£
3,751,713
15,030,667
60
733,456
93,121
826,577
95
358,181
184,627
542,808
96
(No Return.)
139
1,511,320
403,536
1,954,856
13,881,911
4,432,997
18,314,908
Total of Direct and Local Taxation paid by the Agricultural Interest
£13,881,917
Manufacturing Interest
4,432,997
Total paid by the United Kingdom
£18,314,908
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE.
COUNTIES.
Farmers and
Graziers.
Agricultural
Labourers,
Servants, and
Ploughmen.
Gardeners,
Nurserymen,
TOTAL.
and Florists.
ENGLAND.
BEDFORD
See Page 1
BERKS
BUCKS
CAMBRIDGE
CHESTER
CORNWALL
CUMBERLAND
DERBY
DEVON
DORSET
DURHAM
ESSEX
GLOUCESTER
HEREFORD
HERTFORD
HUNTINGDON
KENT
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
123 + LO CO
78
1,458
12,861
614
14,933
1,876
18,649
724
21,249
2,465
18,860
572
21,897
4
3,341
18,916
661
22,918
5
7,454
18,455
895
26,804
6
8,201
18,003
658
26,862
5,254
10,079
278
15,611
6,991
11,776
566
19,333
9
12,032
41,054
1,436
54,522
10
2,854
15,876
462
19,192
11
3,538
10,089
735
14,362
12
5,110
44,208
1,798
51,116
13
4,953
24,725
1,592
31,270
14
3,513
12,831
272
16,616
15
1,780
17,541
824
20,145
1
1
16
1,121
7,112
247
8,480
17
5,477
39,611
2,497
47,585
18
16,646
30,585
2,338
49,569
20
3,669
12,770
653
17,092
LINCOLN
21
11,288
45,394
879
57,561
MIDDLESEX
MONMOUTH
NORFOLK
NORTHAMPTON
NORTHUMBERLAND
NOTTINGHAM
OXFORD
RUTLAND
SALOP
SOMERSET
SOUTHAMPTON
STAFFORD
SUFFOLK
22
1,205
11,668
5,291
18,164
24
2,597
5,853
235
8,685
25
7,447
41,275
1,643
50,365
26
3,315
21,792
624
25,731
27
3,065
13,659
615
17,339
28
3,787
15,926
645
20,358
-
29
2,365
17,909
515
20,789
30
616
2,629
71
3,316
31
5,024
22,361
618
28,003
1
32
8,687
34,338
1,442
44,467
33
3,614
30,535
1,392
35,541
34
6,515
21,568
1,037
29,120
35
5,382
37,351
1,125
43,858
SURREY
SUSSEX
WARWICK
ND
36
2,030
19,282
4,040
25,352
37
4,012
30,522
1,144
35,708
38
3,799
19,284
1,156
24,239
WESTMORELAND
WILTS
WORCESTER
YORK (EAST RIDING)
YORK (CITY AND AINSTY)
YORK (NORTH RIDING)
YORK (WEST RIDING)
WALES.
39
2,478
3,975
113
6,566
40
4,456
31,099
$35
36,390
41
3,356
19,243
950
23,549
-
42
4,475
18,378
653
23,506
42
495
1,519
165
2,179
43
7,946
19,752
479
28,177
1
-
44
16,738
30,321
2,238
49,297
212,355
899,734
45,727
1,157,816
ANGLESEY
BRECON
CARDIGAN
CARMARTHEN
CARNARVON
48
2,348
5,299
73
7,720
49
2,107
3,410
72
5,589
50
3,467
5,478
51
8,996
51
5,503
8,936
72
14,611
52
-
3,496
6,195
122
9,813
FLINT
DENBIGH
GLAMORGAN
MERIONETH
MONTGOMERY
PEMBROKE
RADNOR
53
3,467
7,767
207
11,441
54
1,771
3,586
134
5,491
55
3,191
6,643
252
10,086
56
2,367
3,262
48
5,677
57
3,483
6,669
77
10,229
58
2,993
6,384
93
9,470
59
1,584
3,008
17
4,609
35,777
66,637
1,218
103,632
SCOTLAND.
ABERDEEN
62
8,677
15,974
573
25,224
ARGYLE
63
4,546
8,522
119
13,187
AYR
64
3,028
7,829
303
11,160
BANFF
65
2,553
4,925
103
7,581
BERWICK
66
579
5,501
93
6,173
1
BUTE
67
612
764
43
CAITHNESS
68
1,915
3,164
37
1,419
5,116
CLACKMANNAN
69
126
771
55
952
DUMBARTON
-
70
521
1,941
141
2,603
DUMFRIES
71
1,858
8,919
161
10,938
EDINBURGH
-
72
657
5,865
1,234
7,756
ELGIN OR MORAY
FIFE
FORFAR
HADDINGTON
INVERNESS
73
1,483
3,471
126
5,080
74
1,195
8,485
361
10,041
1
75
1,771
7,905
402
10,078
76
321
5,714
133
6,168
77
3,766
9,800
180
13,746
KINCARDINE
KINROSS
KIRKCUDBRIGHT
GHT
78
1,332
4,419
97
5,848
79
160
857
15
1,032
80
1,123
4,007
126
5,257
LANARK
LINLITHGOW
NAIRN
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND
PEEBLES
PERTH
RENFREW
ROSS AND CROMARTY
ROXBURGH
SELKIRK
81
2,552
10,029
588
13,169
82
372
2,007
77
2,456
83
393
1,183
15
1,591
$4
4,013
2,229
9
6,251
85
252
1,374
43
1,669
86
3,879
11,980
443
16,302
87
1,128
4,410
328
5,866
ARTY
$$
2,340
7,826
115
10,281
4
89
698
5,634
198
6,530
90
93
785
24
902
STIRLING
SUTHERLAND
WIGTOWN
91
1,266
4,945
204
6,415
92
450
2,914
16
3,380
93
1,214
3,897
56
5,167
54,873
168,046
6,418
229,337
ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS
96
3,960
4,246
287
8,193
143
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE.
(Continued.)

COUNTIES.
Farmers and
Graziers.
Agricultural
Labourers,
Servants, and
Ploughmen.
Gardeners,
Nurserymen,
and Florists.
Herdsmen,
Caretakers,
Land Agents
and Stewards,
Gamekeepers,
Dairykeepers.
TOTAL.
IRELAND.
See Page
ANTRIM
ARMAGH
97
17,868
30,975
260
812
49,915
98
16,779
21,917
158
614
39,468
CARLOW
CLARE
· DOWN
BELFAST (Town)
CARRICKFERGUS (Town)
CAVAN
CORK (CITY)
CORK (COUNTY)
! DONEGAL
DROGHEDA (Town)
99
102
893
64
45
1,104
100
4,682
16,399
116
463
21,660
101
376
803
[1
5
1,195
102
20,038
36,629
116
922
57,705
<
103
20,769
53,877
139
1,330
76,115
104
160
1,546
128
46
1,880
-
105
40,311
145,630
759
4,071
190,771
106
26,654
41,835
88
2,702
71,279
107
21,982
39,143
328
994
62,447
108
46
281
14
24
365
DUBLIN (CITY)
-
109
180
829
332
787
2,128
DUBLIN (COUNTY)
110
2,222
18,510
1,068
1,143
22,943
FERMANAGH
111
13,305
21,872
75
520
35,772
GALWAY (Town)
112
20
279
12
16
327
GALWAY (COUNTY)
113
21,835
89,379
286
2,203
113,703
KERRY
- 114
19,674
51,210
122
2,057
73,063
KILDARE
- 115
4,094
24,368
180
931
29,573
KILKENNY (CITY)
- 116
63
458
45
23
589
KILKENNY (COUNTY)
-
117
11,709
40,087
136
649
52,581
LEITRIM
KING'S COUNTY
LIMERICK (CITY)
LIMERICK (COUNTY)
LONDONDERRY
LONGFORD
118
9,182
29,154
123
481
38,940
119
13,508
25,133
48
272
38,961
-
120
124
1,066
73
39
1,302
·
121
15,056
53,688
217
17,87
70,748

-
122
15,689
25,374
139
1,521
42,723
123
7,197
21,950
58
195
29,400
LOUTH
-
124
4,887
16,505
169
546
22,107
-
MAYO
MEATH
MONAGHAN
QUEEN'S COUNTY
ROSCOMMON
SLIGO
TIPPERARY
TYRONE
WATERFORD (CITY)
WATERFORD (County)
WESTMEATH
WEXFORD
WICKLOW
125
22,486
84,105
161
1,400
108,152
126
7,624
35,130
302
2,056
45,112
127
16,578
29,798
75
570
47,021
128
8,664
32,720
144
592
42,120
129
10,876
53,537
115
1,175
65,703
130
13,177
30,086
111
622
43,996
·
-
131
27,362
79,582
398
2,113
109,455
132
24,307
39,612
149
3,406
67,474
133
20
468
28
37
553
134
7,423
42,160
165
991
50,741
-
135
6,665
29,116
136
904
36,821
136
13,009
35,998
193
530
49,730
137
6,213
22,042
179
853
29,287
472,916
1,324,144
7,422
40,447
1,844,929
ENGLAND
WALES
SCOTLAND
ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS
IRELAND
TOTAL
1
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Farmers and
Graziers.
Agricultural
Labourers,
Servants, and
Ploughmen.
Gardeners,
Nurserymen,
and Florists.
Herdsmen,
Caretakers,
Land Agents
and Stewards,
Gamekeepers,
Dairykeepers.
TOTAL.
212,355
899,734
45,727
1,157,816
35,777
66,637
1,218
103,632
54,873
168,046
6,418
229,337
3,960
4,246
287
8,493
472,916
1,324,144
7,422
40,447
1,844,929
779,881
2,462,807
61,072
40,447
3,344,207
TOTAL AMOUNT OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
3,344,207
144
UNITED KINGDOM-AGRICULTURE-AGE AND SEX.
SUMMARY OF THE AGE AND SEX OF ALL PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE.

MALES.
OCCUPATIONS.
20 years of age
and upwards in
Great Britain,
and 15 in
Ireland.
Under 20 years
of age in Great
Britain, and 15
in Ireland.
FARMERS AND GRAZIERS:
FEMALES.
20 years of age Under 20 years
and upwards in
Great Britain, Britain, and 15
age in Great
and 15 in
Ireland,
of
in Ireland.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND
194,596
2,467
15,392
WALES
31,807
190
3,780
212,455
35,777
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
3,752
44
164
3,960
SCOTLAND
50,732
354
3,787
54,873
IRELAND
453,096
168
18,126
8
471,398
733,983
3,223
41,249
8
778,463
AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS :
ENGLAND
724,625
139,661
26,888
8,460
899,634
WALES
47,447
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
17,155
1,300
735
66,637
3,247
626
335
38
4,246
SCOTLAND
-
109,550
39,854
13,528
5,114
IRELAND
1,127,484
102,739
108,173
18,481
168,046
1,356,877
2,012,353
300,035
150,224
32,828
2,495,440
GARDENERS, NURSERYMEN, AND
FLORISTS:
ENGLAND
WALES
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
-
IRELAND
ALL OTHER CLASSES; more particu-
larly enumerated in the Irish Abstract,
viz. :
LAND AGENTS
""
STEWARDS
GAME KEEPERS
DAIRY KEEPERS
1
42,364
2,165
1,074
124
1,141
59
16
2
45,727
1,218
276
11
287
5,727
615
65
11
6,418
7,378
31
12
7,421
57,886
2,881
1,167
137
61,071
174
4,829
439
1,720
2,034
8
160 100
6
174
4,835
439
23
3,785
7,162
2,034
14
23
9,233
2,810,384
308,173
192,654
32,996
3,344,207
RECAPITULATION.
MALES.-20 years of age and upwards in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
Under 20 years of age in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
TOTAL-MALES
FEMALES.-20 years of age and upwards in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
Under 20 years of age in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
""
TOTAL-FEMALES
TOTAL-MALES and FEMALES of all ages employed in AGRICULTURE
·
2,810,384
308,173
3,118,557
192,654
32,996
225,650
3,344,207
UNITED KINGDOM-MANUFACTURES.
THE MANUFACTURING INTEREST
OF THE
UNITED KINGDOM.
$
Ü
:
147
GREAT BRITAIN-MANUFACTURES.
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN GREAT BRITAIN ENGAGED IN
THE SIX MOST IMPORTANT BRANCHES OF THE TEXTILE FABRICS, viz. :
THE MANUFACTURE OF COTTON, HOSE, LACE, WOOL AND WORSTED, SILK, AND FLAX AND LINEN.
COTTON.

MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years of Under 20
age and
upwards.
years of
age.
20 years of Under 20
age and
upwards.
TOTAL.
years of
age.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE British SEAS
SCOTLAND
Total
Add proportion of Fabric not specified
73,819
36,727
67,182
50,440
228,168
31,991
12,241
16,648
13,328
74,208
105,810 48,968
83,830
63,768
302,376
32,302
10,203
20,640
12,141
75,286
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
138,112 59,171
104,470
75,909
377,662
HOSE.
Total
-
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
Add proportion of Fabric not specified -
23,820
3,726
6,071
2,371
35,988
1,632
416
2,066
99
3,943
25,182
4,142
8,137
2,470
39.931
7,688
863
2,003
470
11,024
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
32,870
5,005
10,140
2,940
50,955
LACE.

Total
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
Add proportion of Fabric not specified
5,330
1,072
14,425
5,655
26,482
43
10
1,451
429
1,933
5,373
1,082
15,876
6,084
28,415
1,640
225
3,909
1,158
6,932
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
7,013
1,307
19,785
7,242
35,347
WOOL AND WORSTED.
Total
-
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
Add proportion of Fabric not specified
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
66,092
17,758
21,819
15,580
121,249
6,508
1,753
1,510
1,123
10,894
72,600
19,511
23,329
16,703
132,143
22,164
4,065
5,744
3,180
35,153
94,764
23,576
29,073
19,SS3
167,296
SILK.

Total
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
Add proportion of Fabric not specified
22,267
2,191
7,170
521
20,723
767
12,509
743
62,669
4,222
24,458
7,691
7,466
1,602
21,490
5,291
13,252
66,891
2,523
16,882
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
-
31,924
9,293
26,781
15,775
83,773
FLAX AND LINEN.

Total
-
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH ISLES
SCOTLAND
Add proportion of Fabric not specified
8,819
2 S17
3,504
4,008
19,148
21,395
6,211
13,203
7,791
48,600
30,214
9,028
16,707
11,799
67,748
9,224
1,880
4,114
2,247
17,465
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
39,438
10,908 20,821
14,846
85,213
FABRIC NOT SPECIFIED.

ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
65,462
15,022
14,932
28,483
15,927
124,804
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
3,906
80,484 18,838 41,701
13,218
5,792
37,938
21,719
162,742
TOTAL OF TEXTILE FABRICS.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
-
TOTAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
265,609
78,512
344,121
$4,202 162,207
106,490
25,058 48,863 29,305
618,508
181,738
109,260
211,070 135,795
800,246
148
UNITED KINGDOM-MANUFACTURES.
SUMMARY OF PERSONS
OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURES,
SHOWING THE NUMBER ENGAGED IN EACH SEPARATE BRANCH.
ENGLAND,
WALES,
OCCUPATIONS.
and ISLES IN SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
TOTAL.
THE
BRITISH SEAS.
Alkali Manufacture
118
5
123
Alum
""
220
2
222
Annatto Makers
Anchor Smiths and Chain Makers
Anti-dry-rot Works
Anvil Makers
Asphalte Manufactures
Basket Makers
Bayonet Forgers and Makers
Bead Makers
Bell Founders
Bit Makers (all branches)
Blacklead Manufactures
Blade Makers and Forgers
Bleachers (branch not specified)
Block and Print Cutters
Blue Manufacturers
1,737
115
1,852
4
4
1
t
1
1
119
119
5
5
5,726
297
849
6,872
28
55
28
1
55
27
843
23
28
4
847
23
333
333
4,070
3,126
2,547
9,743
1,195
539
88
1,522
61
1
10
72
Bobbin Makers and Turners
1,010
26
1,036
Boiler Makers
2,752
727
3,479
Bolt Makers
253
6
259
Bombazine Manufacturers -
41
1
41
Bone Crushers and Millers
34
11
45
Bone Turners, Cutlers, and Workers
206
7
213
Bow-string Makers
17
2
19
Brace and Belt Makers
622
16
42
680
Braid Makers
78
4
82
Brass Founders and Moulders
5,459
933
1
6,392
Brick and Tile Makers
17,221
1,142
426
18,789
Brimstone Manufacturers
7
7
Buckle Makers
252
252
Buhl Cutters and Workers
26
26
"
""
(Silk)
Button Makers (all branches)
Candlestick Makers
Candle-wick and Lamp-wick Makers
Cane Dressers and Workers
Canvas Makers and Weavers
Card Makers
Card (Paper) Makers
Carpet and Rug Manufacturers
Castor Makers
Catgut Makers and Gut Blowers and Spinners
Cement Grinders
Chain (Curb) Makers
Chair Makers
Charcoal Burners
Chemists (Manufacturing)
Chocolate Manufactures
Clasp Makers
Clay Workers
Coach-lace Makers and Weavers
Coach-lamp Makers
Cock Founders
Coke Burners
Colour Manufacturers
Comb Makers
Composition Makers
Copper Manufacturers
Copperplate Makers and Workers
Copper Smiths
Copperas Manufacturers
Corduroy Cutters and Weavers
Cork screw Makers
Cotton-band Makers
Cotton Manufactures (all branches)
Cover Makers
Cover (Table) Makers
Coverlet Makers
Crape Manufacturers (all branches)
Crate Makers
Crucible and Casting Pot Makers
Curry Comb Makers
Distillers and Rectifiers
Drug Grinders and Manufacturers
Dye Manufacturers (al! branches)
Dyers (Calico and Cotton)
(Fur)
(Fustian)
(Leather)
") (Linen)
(Wool and Woollen)
Engine and Machine Makers
Engine Turners
3,915
40
156
4,111
64
1
65
48
15
63
I
192
1
193
329
748
3
1,080
2,052
103
3,249
5,404
164
3,023
1,094
16
164
4,133
54
54
9
1
10
I
100
6
106
76
76
4,905
218
5,123
216
63
279
544
140
684
37
37
17
17
365
10
375
1
133
12
145
I
36
36
1
162
162
930
7
937
473
165
638
1,752
369
277
2,398
34
1
2,126
14
34
2,140
26
7
1,100
219
33
1,319
33
19
52
150
150
-
70
70
40
40
213,944
66,945
6,033
286,922
19
19
12
12
17
1
323
550
177
17
330
7
557
36
36
1
80
1
80
313
400
204
917
21
9
30
123
142
265
1,451
201
22
104
167
2
899
4,930
24
8
1,072
91
772
117
6,264
925
1,324
8,513
1
104
4
108
149
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES.
OCCUPATIONS.
(Continued.)
ENGLAND,
WALES,
and ISLES IN SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
THE
BRITISH SEAS.
TOTAL.
Engineers
-
Eye (Artificial) Makers
Factory Workers (Manufactures not specified)
Fancy Goods Manufacturers
Felt Makers
Fence and Hurdle Makers
Fender Makers
Fent (Cotton) Makers
File Makers (all branches)
Filter Makers
Fire-iron Makers
31
130
1
Fire-work Makers
96
Flask Makers
-
Fullers
Fish-hook Makers
Flannel Manufacturers (all branches)
Flask (Powder) Makers
Flax and Linen Manufacturers (all branches)
Flint Millers
Flock Manufacturers
Floor Cloth Manufacturers
Fork Makers
Founders (branch not specified)
Fringe Manufacturers
Fustian Manufacturers
Gauze Manufacturers
192
628
21
2
21,419
3,951
434
25,804
9
9
16,245
6,233
8,193
30,671
3,573
52
3,625
201
6
256
16
462
1
38
4,267
16
1
1
1
207
272
462
38
4,298
16
130
96
213
630
5
5
50
50
15,917
45,837
135,303
197,057
85
10
95
70
70
299
7
306
571
571
958
351
1,309
643
87
64
794
1,219
12
1,231
3,554
4
3,558
49
4
1
53
Gimp Spinners and Weavers
10
10
Girth Web Makers and Weavers
77
16
93
Glass and Emery Paper Makers
69
4
73
Glass and Glass Bottle Manufacturers
6,745
662
358
7,765
Glass Painters and Stainers
100
8
108
Glass Plate Makers
57
57
Glove Makers
8,835
72
777
9,684
Glove (Silk) Makers
318
Glue and Size Makers
198
25
110
318
24
247
Gold Beater's Skin Makers
2
2
Gold Lace Makers
94
4
98
Grate, Range, and Stove Makers
212
5
217
Grease Makers
46
2
48
Grinders
2,841
33
2,874
Guard-chain Makers
26
Gun Makers
4,868
183
362
26
5,413
Gun (Air) Makers
2
2
Gun (Barrel) Makers
307
307
Gun Flint Makers
76
76
Gun Implement and Cartridge Makers
42
42
Gunpowder Makers
153
49
·
202
Hackle Makers
55
44
28
127
Haft and Scale Makers and Turners
760
760
Hair Manufacturers (all branches)
-
854
257
103
1,214
Hat Box Makers
271
43
314
Hinge Makers
Hoop Makers
-
Hat Block Makers
Hatters and Hat Manufacturers (all branches)
Heald Makers
Hemp Manufacturers (all branches)
Hook and Eye Makers
Horn Turners and Workers
Hose (Stockings) Manufacturers (all branches)
Hot Pressers
India Rubber and Mackintosh Manufacturers
Ink Makers
Ink-stand Makers
Instrument Makers
Iron Box Makers
Iron Manufacturers
Iron Masters
Isinglass Makers
Ivory Cutters and Workers
25
7
32
17,194
818
2,310
20,322
199
142
6
347
353
518
871
769
31
800
114
1
115
726
30
756
$2
15
97
35,988
3,943
39.931
+
142
5
147
157
3
160
87
18
105
60
60
154
1
154
8
8
25,878
3,618
546
30,042
202
24
16
486
4
Jack Makers
Jack (Bottle) Makers
Jack (Coach) Makers
Japanners
47
1
34
1
2
1
226
16
490
47
34
2
1,649
84
13
1,746
Jet Carvers and Workers
Kelp Manufacturers (all branches)
Knife Makers (all branches)
Knitters
Knitters (Frame Work)
Label Makers
Lace Manufacturers
Lamp, Lantern, and Chandelier Makers
Lamp Black Makers
Lead Manufacturers (all branches)
Leather Embossers and Gilders
36
26
J
1,878
1,441
142
23,019
312
9
36
26
1,878
24,602
321
2
26,482
1,933
1,862
423
13
1
1,178
115
42
}
12
2
30,277
435
13
1,293
42
150
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES.
(Continued.)

OCCUPATIONS.
ENGLAND,
WALES,
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
Letter Cutters and Makers
Lime Burners
41
41
1,801
310
360
Lint Manufacturers
Looking Glass Makers
Mangle Makers
Marble Turners and Workers
Mat Makers -
and Britannia Metal and German Silver)
2,471
125
504
629
183
12
15
210
31
31
15
18
33
833
39
245
Platers
Metal Manufacturers (all branches, including White
Millstone Makers
Miscellaneous Manufacturers
Morocco Leather Manufacturers
Mould Makers
Moulders (branch not specified)
Musical Instrument Makers
Musical String Makers
Muslin Embroiderers
Muslin Manufacturers
Mustard Manufacturers
Nail Makers
Needle Makers
Net Makers
Oil Miliers
Organ Builders
Ormolu Maker
Oven Makers
Pan Makers
Pan Smiths (Salt)
Paper Manufacturers
Paper Stainers
Papier-maché and Tray Manufacturers
Parchment Makers
Pasteboard Makers
Pattern Designer and Makers
Pattern Card Makers
Peg Makers
Pen and Penholder Makers
Pen (Steel) Makers
Pencil Makers
Pencil-case Makers
Percussion and Metal Cap Maker
Pewterers and Pewter Pot Makers
Pin Manufacturers (all branches)
Pipe Makers
Pipe (Tobacco) Makers
Plaister and Strapping Makers
Plaster Manufacturers
Plated Ware Manufacturers
Plush and Shag Manufacturers
Polishing Paste Makers
Pottery, China, and Earthenware Manufacturers
Press Makers
Press Workers
Printers (Cotton and Calico)
Print Cutters
Printers (Silk)
1,117
1,583
13
1,596
45
9
1
55
107
107
13
13
171
5
176
3,465
893
4,358
1,929
180
105
2,214
48
1
49
3,326
3,326
139
735
874
118
1
2
121
18,691
1,620
6,276
26,587
2,509
15
5
2,529
236
355
1,147
1,738
283
2
285
378
16
394
1
1
8
t
8
1
36
36
(
26
26
5,690
1,470
713
7,873
1,335
32
296
1,663
194
194
337
44
23
33
372
3
47
1, 47
625
23
1,795
91
1
91
20
t
20
234
2
236
•
327
327
250
4
254
45
1
46
46
46
311
10
321
1,306
24
385
1,715
1
2,721
111
1
2,832
174
35
234
443
5
5
26
3
29
56
56
1,583
9
10
1,602
260
6
266
4
4
23,811
963
218
24,992
42
42
65
65
8,976
6,327
345
15,648
48
48
Printers (Woollen)
Purse Makers
-
Quill Cutters
Quilter and Quilt Makers
Rack Makers
Razor Makers
Razor-case Makers
Red Lead Makers
Reed Makers
Reel Makers
Refiners
Ribbon Manufacturers (all branches)
Ring Makers and Turners
Rivet Makers
I
I
171
6
177
940
940
23
23
104
37
58
199
204
6
210
3
3
581
581
23
1
23
8
1
9
515
144
472
1,131
13
5
18
184
5
189
6,826
5
168
6,999
44
44
25
11
36
Roller Makers and Turners
602
27
629
Rope and Cord Spinners and Makers
9,485
1,834
1,081
12,400
Sail, Sail-cloth, and Tarpaulin Manufacturers
3,384
499
205
4,088
Salt Manufacturers
604
32
52
Scagliola Makers
18
688
18
Scissors Makers
1,042
1,042
Screw Cutter and Makers
1,242
7
1,249
Scum Boilers
Scuttle Makers
Sealing-wax Makers
Shawl Manufacturers
Shot Makers
Shovel Makers
Shuttle Makers
Sickle Makers
5
5
5
5
1
55
8
63
204
1,055
1
1,260
23
23
67
1
68
1
365
43
I
2008
10
418
26
26
151
Sieve Makers
Silk Manufacturers
Sinker Makers
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES.
(Continued.)
OCCUPATIONS.
Skate Makers
Skewer Makers
Skin Dressers and Skinners
Slate Manufacturers
Small-ware Manufacturers
Smelters (ore not specified)
Snuff and Tobacco Box Makers
Snuffer Makers
K
Soap Boilers and Makers
Soda Manufacturers
Spile Makers
Spindle Makers
Spinners (branch not specified)
Spoon Makers
Spring Makers
Spring (Door) Makers
Spring (Secret) Makers
Spur Makers
Stamp Makers
Starch Manufacturers
Steel Workers
Steelyard Makers
Stereotype Founders
Stirrup Makers
Straw Plait Manufacturers
Stuff Manufacturers
Sugar Bakers and Boilers
Swivel Makers
-
Sword Cutlers and Makers
Tag Makers and Dealers
Tambour Workers
Tank Makers
Tanners
Tape Manufacturers (all branches)
Tar and Rosin Makers
Tartan Manufacturers
Tassel Makers
Tea and Coffee Pot Makers
Thimble Makers
Thread Manufacturers
Thread (Shoe) Makers and Winders
Tin Manufacturers (all branches)
Tinfoil Makers
Tip Makers
Tonbridge Ware Manufacturers
Tool Dealers and Makers
Treenail Makers
Trimming Makers
Turners
Turpentine Distillers and Makers
Type Founders
Urn Makers
Varnish Makers
Vinegar Makers
Vitriol Manufacturers
Wadding Makers
Wafer Makers
Weavers (Tabinet)
Weavers (branch not specified)
Weighing Machine Makers
Whalebone Workers
White-lead Makers
Whiting Manufacturers
Willow Weavers and Workers
Winders and Warpers
1
.
1
1
t
1
1
ENGLAND,
WALES,
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
TOTAL.
360
63
234
657
54,144
4,101
602
58,847
207
207
3
3
15
1
1,604
437
304
16
2,345
271
22
1
293
600
11
611
664
664
6
130
136
180
180
680
58
1,416
2,154
36
3
39
14
14
240
16
256
9,350
3,630
*334,201
347,181
487
51
538
331
4
335
13
13
64
64
136
10
146
6
1
7
141
18
70
229
147
2
149
50
50
15
8
23
158
1
159
9,800
1,417
704
11,921
6,574
1
6,575
912
170
1,082
4
4
116
116
13
13
882
882
13
13
5,826
775
852
937
59
63992
7,453
21
1,017
23
1
23
241
241
87
9
25
121
19
19
97
97
757
800
166
1,723
57
1
1
57
1,320
1,320
18
1
18
39
39
23
23
4,685
233
108
5,026
21
399
3
21
402
6,117
1,042
722
7,881
24
2
635
292
35
、,
57
26
962
,
1
1
140
54
106
1269
57
142
1
61
3
118
67
35
INI
67
2
37
19
19
88,415
21,616
*91,086
201,117
12
12
82
82
1
47
47
84
84
208
208
Wire Drawers and Makers
1,324
35
7,564
32
7,564
1,391
Wire Rope Makers
4
4
Wire Workers and Weavers
1,480
Woollen and Cloth Manufacturers (all branches)
88,436
63
8,917
101
77,650
1,644
175,003
Worsted Manufactures (all branches)
20,835
523
11
21,369
Yarn Manufactures
-
Zinc Manufacturers and Workers
334
230
2,058
2
2,392
232
Unclassified
TOTAL
5,682
924,096
216,810
*725,021
1,865,927
* See note at page 152.
152
UNITED KINGDOM-MANUFACTURES-AGE AND SEX.
SUMMARY OF THE AGE AND SEX OF ALL PERSONS ENGAGED. IN MANUFACTURES.
MALES.
FEMALES.
20 years of age Under 20 years
20 years of age Under 20 years
and upwards in
and upwards in
Great Britain, Britain, and 15
of age in Great
Great Britain, Britain, and 15
of age in Great
and 15 in
Ireland.
in Ireland.
and 15 in
Ireland.
in Ireland.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND AND WALES, AND ISLES
IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
GREAT BRITAIN
IRELAND
479,774
130,443
191,968
121,911
924,096
99,672
31,983
53,894
31,261
216,810
579,446
162,426
245,862
153,172
1,140,906
138,334
6,538
542,384
37,765
*725,021
TOTAL
-
717,780
168,964
788,246
190,937
1,865,927
RECAPITULATION.
MALES-20 years of age and upwards in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
Under 20 years of age in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
FEMALES-20 years of age and upwards in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
Under 20 years of age in Great Britain, and 15 in Ireland
"}
717,780
168,964
788,246
-
190,937
1,865,927
* From the above statement, which is corroborated by the Summaries of the several Counties given in this work, and
by the Summary of Manufactures at page 151, the number of persons employed in the Manufactures of Ireland is stated
at 725,021. Of these, 699,485 are returned as "Ministering to Clothing," of whom no less than 573,860 are stated to be
females. This item, however, requires further explanation. The only branches of Manufactures of any importance in
Ireland employ about 215,000 persons, viz.:
Flax and Linen
Woollen
Silk, Tabbinet, Ribbon, Fringe, &c.
135,303
77,650
1,776
214,729
Miscellaneous Manufactures of every kind
$5,005
299,734
To this is added, in the Government Summary,—
Spinners (branch not specified)
Weavers
334,201
>>
91,086
425,287
725,021
In what branch of Manufactures these 425,287 persons are engaged does not appear, and it is clear that the
produce of their labour does not form the staple of any important branch of Manufactures carried on in Ireland. The
only solution of the difficulty is, that, after the fashion of the English Counties in the olden time, there is a large amount
of spinning and weaving done in private houses for the consumption of the particular individual or family, and these do
in truth belong to the Agricultural Interest, and are supported by it.
Instead, therefore, of estimating the number of persons engaged in Manufactures in Ireland at 725,021, according to the
Government return, we estimate it in round numbers at 300,000, and the number of persons dependent on these at
700,000, leaving to be supported by and dependent on the Agricultural Interest in Ireland, 7,175,124 persons; and with
this correction the Agricultural and Manufacturing Population of the United Kingdom will stand thus:

AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
See Page
ENGLAND
WALES -
-
46
9,312,311
5,682,827
60
SCOTLAND
-
-
94
754,380
1,388,596
157,223
1,231,588
BRITISH ISLES
IRELAND, corrected as above stated
96
104,057
7,175,124
19,983
1,00,000
18,714,468
8,091,621
Persons travelling on the night of the Census
TOTAL POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
26,826,089
5,016
26,831,105
UNITED KINGDOM-ALL OTHER CLASSES
DEPENDENT ON, AND SUPPORTED BY, AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES,
IN THE PROPORTION WHICH THESE RESPECTIVELY BEAR TO EACH OTHER,
IN THE WHOLE POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM;
VIZ.,
TRADE AND COMMERCE-ALL PERSONS EMPLOYED IN RETAIL TRADE OR IN HANDICRAFT,
AS MASTERS OR WORKMEN.
THE MINING INTEREST.
THE SHIPPING INTEREST.
PROFESSIONAL PERSONS.
OTHER EDUCATED PERSONS, FOLLOWING MISCELLANEOUS PURSUITS.
PERSONS RETURNED AS INDEPENDENT.
PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE GOVERNMENT CIVIL SERVICE.
PAROCHIAL, TOWN, AND CHURCH OFFICERS.
DOMESTIC SERVANTS.
LABOURERS.
ALMSPEOPLE, PENSIONERS, PAUPERS, LUNATICS, AND PRISONERS.
X
155
UNITED KINGDOM-TRADE AND COMMERCE.
SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN TRADE AND COMMERCE,
DEPENDENT ON AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES IN THE PROPORTION WHICH THESE RESPECTIVELY
BEAR TO EACH OTHER.
OCCUPATIONS.
ENGLAND,
WALES,
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
Keepers
Accoutrement Makers
Agents and Factors
Agricultural Implement Makers
Animal and Bird Dealers
Animal and Bird Freservers
Archery Goods Dealers and Makers
Armourers
Army Agents
Army Clothiers
Army Contractors
Articulators (Anatomical Instrument Makers)
Assay Masters
Assayers
Auctioneers, Appraisers, and House Agents
Axletree Makers
Baby Linen Dealers and Makers
Bacon and Ham Dealers and Factors
Bakers
Ball Makers
Bark Dealers
Barm Makers
Barometer and Thermometer Makers
Bat Makers
Bath Keepers
""
Makers
Bazaar Keepers
Bed and Mattress Makers
Bedstead Makers
Bee Dealer
Bee Hive Makers
Bellows Makers
Billiard Table Makers
Bird Stuffers
Dealers
Blacking Makers and Dealers
Blacksmiths
Bladder Dealers and Merchants
Blind Makers
Block, Oar, and Mast Makers
Boat Builders
133
5,030
7
140
557
895
6,482
1,048
32
1,080
83
18
101
77
77
44
19
63
14
14
23
on
26
37
87
1
11
11
1
1
2
4
4
66
2
68
3,061
242
241
3,544
34
34
77
16
93
287
45
11
343
37,143
7,334
6,698
51,175
1
54
7
61
5
5
•
1
125
35
195
17
INH1
10
10
7
132
36
33
245
7
7
44
1
45
363
18
381
396
396
I
1
1
49
1
50
234
1
93
328
11
1
12
100
10
110
4
4
1
1
379
82,180
23
44
446
15,160
25,185
122,525
5
5
341
13
1,247
241
2,444
480
354
1,488
2,925
ور
and Barge Owners
185
2
1
Bone Merchants
Bonnet Makers
Booksellers, Bookbinders, and Publishers
182
10
}
5,007
611
5,669
187
192
11,287
10,908
Boot and Shoe Makers
187,943
2,447
26,837
1,028
50,334
14,383
265,114
Bottle Dealers and Merchants
136
136
Braziers, Brass Finishers and Workers, and Tinkers
Brewers
6,332
340
1,764
8,436
9,357
1,085
367
10,809
Bricklayers
39,411
395
1,331
41,137
Bridge and Canal Contractors
6
6
Brogue Makers
5,394
5,394
Brokers (all branches)
3,945
677
857
5,479
Bronzers
20
20
Brush (Artists') and Hair Pencil Makers
13
13
Brush and Broom Makers
5,945
332
834
7,111
Builders
-
8,555
633
792
9,980
Building Material Dealers
6
Bullion Brokers and Merchants
10
10
""
Burnishers
Butchers
""
(Pork)
Inspectors
255
255
44,683
3,194
5,332
53,209
812
8
820
Butter Dealers, Merchants, and Factors
Button Dealers and Merchants
Cabinet Makers and Upholsterers
Cage Makers
Canal Agents
Cane Merchants
Cap Makers and Dealers
Carpenters and Joiners
311
15
81
407
3
3
46
46
26,387
4,325
71
3,086
8
33,798
79
26
1
27
в
1
7
1,499
154
138,515
24,462
456
38,891
2,109
201,868
Carpet Dealers and Warehousemen
558
1
559
Carpet Bag Makers
17
Carriers, Carters, and Waggoners
26,494
7,802
8,318
17
42,614
Cart Makers
722
722
Carvers and Gilders
4,098
533
258
4,889
Case Makers
256
2
258
Cattle and Sheep Dealers and Salesmen
2,263
703
919
3,885
Cellarmen
427
33
460
Chaff Cutters
67
67
156
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN TRADE, &c.
(Continued.)


ENGLAND,
WALES,
OCCUPATIONS.
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
Chair Letters
113
15
128
Chasers
449
11
460
(Herald)
32
-
32
Cheesemongers and Factors
2,426
81
3
Chemists and Druggists
2,460
10,122
731
177
11,030
Chimney Sweepers
4,697
331
642
5,670
China, Earthenware, and Glass Dealers
2,643
451
179
3,273
Cider Merchants and Dealers
56
2
9
67
Clay Agents and Merchants
40
5
45
Clerks of Works
5
5
Clock and Watch Makers
13,577
1,202
885
15,664
""
}}
""
Owners
""
""
""
""
"9
-
Setters and Workers
Cloth Merchants and Salesmen
Clothes Dealers and Outfitters
Clothiers
Coach Makers (all branches)
Coach, Cab, and Omnibus Owners
Coal and Colliery Agents and Bailiffs
Fitters
Labourers, Heavers, and Porters
Merchants and Dealers
Meters
Coffee Dealers and Merchants
and Cocoa Roasters
House Keepers
Coffin Makers
Collar (Dog) Makers
Colonial Agents and Brokers
Colourmen (Artists')
Compass Makers
Commission Agents and Factors
Contractors of Public Works
Cooks
Coopers
Cooper (Back) Makers
Copper Agents
""
Merchants
Coral Carvers and Workers
Cordial Makers
Cork Cutters
Merchants
Corn Agents
Meters
Cornice Makers
-
-
Cotton Agents and Brokers
""
Merchants and Dealers
Curiosity Dealers
Curriers and Leather Sellers
Custom House Agents
Cutlers
Diamond Merchants
"
Die Engravers and Sinkers
Dog Breakers and Dealers
Drapers
""
(Linen)
Draughtsmen
Dress Makers and Milliners
Dressing and Writing Case Makers
Drysalters
Drug Brokers and Merchants
Dulse Dealers
Dyers, Callenderers, and Scourers
East India Agents, Brokers, and Merchants
Eating House Keepers
Egg Merchants and Dealers
Embossers
47
144
191
518
62
580
11,022
562
11,584
11,802
801
1,425
14,028
1,520
55
122
1,697
1.
635
302
937
120
120
8,752
472
132
9,356
6,346
634
316
7,296
282
10
292
338
85
423
1
44
44
1
135
9
144
809
26
1
1
4
835
8
4
52
1
.
52
37
37
14
2
16
J
496
154
650
8
8
40
40
1
1
1
14,554
3 825
18,379
41
41
48
17
1
1
48
17
5
5
14
14
1,459
451
1,910
10
10
50
11
61
Merchants, Dealers, and Factors
3,148
452
728
4,328
172
25
197
5
5
161
24
185
412
81
493
40
40
9,629
1,024
877
11,530
28
28
6,089
229
6,318
10
10
62
62
266
15
281
18
6
24
21,167
1,800
185
5,421
125
733
4
1
94,349
12,452
45,745
23,152
6,279
4
152,546
58
3
61
281
38
319
37
+
37
3
3
11,839
2,138
13,977
15
15
733
86
819
213
70
1,768
2,051
78
Embroiderers
Enamellers
843
507
78
1,350
74
74
-
Engravers (all branches)
Exhibition (Show) Keepers
Fan Makers
Fancy Goods Warehousemen and Dealers
Farriers and Cattle Doctors
Feather Makers, Dealers, and Dressers
Fellmongers
Figure and Image Makers
Firemen
Fish Contractors
Curers
Fishermen
Fishing Rod and Tackle Makers
Fishmongers and Dealers
Flannel Agents and Merchants
4,540
681
249
5,470
119
13
132
41
41
199
199
.
5,180
316
206
16
465
39995
92
5,588
687
1,461
20
1,481
•
•
1
266
21
7
294
125
125
47
47
38
858
896
9,211
9,211
182
47
229
5,070
765
672
6,507
20
20
157
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN TRADE, &c.
(Continued.)

ENGLAND,
WALES,
OCCUPATIONS.
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
Flax Merchants and Staplers
Flock Dealers and Merchants
Flour Dealers and Mealmen
Flower (Artificial) Makers
Frame Makers
21
13
54
SS
18
18
1,675
316
30
2,021
1,112
26
11
1,149
1,150
33
29
1,212
French Polishers
1,362
52
1,414
Fruit Brokers and Merchants
130
130
Furriers
1,818
Gas Fitters
831
71
73
143
2,034
12
51
894
Gas Meter Makers
19
19
Ginger Beer, Soda, and Mineral Water Makers
541
55
65
661
Glass Merchants
30
3
4
37
Globe Makers
12
5
17
Gold Beaters
539
31
570
Golf Ball Makers
j0
10
Club Makers
""
2
2
""
(Saddler's)
Mark Makers
Mask Makers
Measurers
(Unspecified)
-
Green Grocers and Fruiterers
Grindery Dealers
Grocers and Tea Dealers
Haberdashers and Hosiers
Hair Dealers and Merchants
Hair (Artists in)
Hair Dressers and Barbers
Hardwaremen and Dealers
Hawkers, Hucksters, and Pedlars
Hay and Straw Dealers
Hemp Dealers and Merchants
Herb Distillers
Herbalists
Hop Dealers
Horse Dealers and Trainers
Ice Dealers
India Rubber Merchants
Indigo Brokers and Merchants
Instrument Case Makers
Insurance Agents and Brokers
Iron Agents -
Dealers and Merchants
Ironmongers
"
Jewel Case Makers
Jewellers, Goldsmiths, and Silversmiths
Knackers
Lace Agents
Lace Dealers and Lacemen
Lamp Contractors
Lapidaries
Last Makers
Lath Makers and Renders
Lead Agents
Lead Merchants
Leather Case Makers
""
Dealers
Leather Pipe Makers
Leech Bleeders and Dealers
Librarians
Limb (Artificial) Makers
Lime Dealers and Merchants
Linen Agents and Merchants
Lithographers and Lithographic Printers
Livery Stable Keepers
Locksmiths and Bellhangers
Lodging and Boarding House Keepers
Maltsters
Manchester Warehousemen
Manure Dealers
Map Makers and Publishers
Marble Merchants and Dealers
Marine Store Dealers
Masons (Marble)
Masons (Paviors and Stone Cutters),
Match Sellers
Mathematical Instrument Makers
Measure Makers
Measuring Tape Makers
Medalists and Medal Makers
Medicine Venders
Merchants (General)
Mercury Dealers
Metal Agents, Merchants, and Dealers
Meters (branch not specified)
7,908
466
433
8,807
14
14
41,929
7,277
3,434
52,640
3,536
527
1,260
5,323
53
33
86
1
17
17
9,543
770
691
11,004
454
84
538
14,709
2,561
6,022
23,292
447
23
12
482
79
2
81
6
78
199
2,238
125
7
2
80
5
•
204
125
427
2,790
5
5
3
3
11
11
1
7
7
81
24
296
5,658
766
45
1888-8
114
25
379
574
6,998
45
50
7
57
8,463
644
431
9,538
-
48
48
67
454
15
15
68
469
15
15
278
58
3
339
•
401
50
60
511
1,246
137
94
1,477
42
1
43
6
6
37
1
37
334
334
30
J
30
74
3
2
79
253
39
1
292
·
5
5
216
25
241
40
39
$7
166
220
201
20
441
1,099
39
3
1,141
5,429
92
55
5,576
7,557
2,693
1,411
11,661
7,965
498
104
8,567
27
J
29
1
27
30
132
17
7
156
12
465
46
1
17
471
18
18
10
10
547
147
694
1
64,068
18,585
20,473
103,126
236
43
279
310
8
318
1
130
3
133
1
83
83
6
1
7
26
1
27
115
9
124
12,315
6,472
3,257
18,787
3,257
4.
1
45
4
50
45
1
45
158
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN TRADE, &c.
(Continued.)

ENGLAND,
WALES.
OCCUPATIONS.
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
Milk Sellers and Cow Keepers
8,112
1,215
9,327
Millers
22,599
3,143
4,309
30,051
Millwrights
6,869
2,030
968
Mine Agents
343
2
9,867
345
Mineralogists
and Mineral Dealers
43
3
Miscellaneous Dealers
Modellers
379
Mop Makers
125
100 120
46
15
15
381
8
133
Music Copyists
7
J
7
Music Engravers and Printers
Music Sellers and Publishers
Muslin Agents and Dealers
Naturalists
Nautical Instrument Makers
Navy Agents
News Agents and Venders
Oil and Colourmen
Oil Merchants
Old Clothes Dealers
61
2
63
258
33
291
47
47
64
•
64
25
26
35
35
609
15
156
780
1,506
15
1,521
100
14
114
318
318
Opticians
1,009
86
33
1,128
Ornament Makers
83
7
90
Outfitters
104
t
104
Packers and Pressers
1,584
65
1,649
Painters, Plumbers, and Glaziers, and Varnishers
44,144
4,056
5,389
53,589
Painters (Herald)
101
3
104
Paper Hangers
1,077
22
1,099
Paper Merchants and Dealers
77
9
14
100
Paper Rulers
139
69
208
Paper Box Makers
141
3
144
Pastry Cooks and Confectioners
6,270
706
1,312
8,288
Patten and Clog Makers
3,327
158
3,485
Pawnbrokers
2,584
109
2,693
Pearl Workers
266
266
Peat Dealers
20
67
87
Peel Makers
4
4
Perfumers
657
54
19
730
Philosophical Instrument Makers
16
7
23
Picture Cleaners and Dealers
169
5
174
Frame Makers
108
9
117
Pig Dealers
662
9
949
1,620
Pitch and Tar Merchants
7
7
Plasterers
12,038
1,403
1,425
14,866
Pocket Book and Card Case Makers
312
30
342
Pole Dealers and Makers
10
10
Polishers
575
78
1
653
""
""
Porter and Ale Merchants
Potato Dealers and Merchants
Poulterers and Game Dealers
Print Colourers
Sellers
Printers
""
(Copperplate)
Provision Curers
Dealers
Pump Makers
Quarry Agents
Owners
Quarrymen
Quill Merchants
Rag Cutters, Dealers, and Gatherers
Railway Agents and Contractors
Reed Merchants
Register Office (Servants) Keepers
Respirator Makers
Ribbon Merchants and Dealers
Rice Millers
Road Contractors
Robe Makers
Rocket Makers
Rule Makers
Rush Dealers
Russia Merchants and Brokers
Sack and Bag Dealers and Makers
Saddlers and Harness and Collar Makers
Saddletree Makers
Salesmen and Saleswomen
Salt Agents
-
Salt Dealers and Merchants
Salt Proprietors
Salters
Sand Merchants
Sauce and Pickle Makers
Sawyers
Scale Makers
1
168
8
176
368
28
416
1,395
127
221
1,743
175
1
176
158
14
12
184
15,846
2,467
1,717
20,030
460
34
18
512
7
13
20
1,034
755
1,789
1
548
6
173
727
6
6
34
2
36
1
549
549
15
3
18
1,316
108
881
2,305
196
49
245
3
3
21
21
4
4
11
1
11
2
3
5
1
133
278
412
823
47
7
320
1
39
21
781
་
1
1
1
66
1
321
39
21
124
905
14,091
171
1,632
15
3,135
18,858
7
1,667
148
121
193
1,936
6
6
115
46
161
15
15
230
230
192
7
199
35
35
25,043
4,550
3,866
33,459
433
4
437
12
21
159
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN TRADE, &c.
(Continued.)

ENGLAND,
WALES,
OCCUPATIONS.
and
ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
Screen Makers
Screw (Wood) Makers
""
Scavengers and Nightmen
Seal Makers and Polishers
Seamstresses and Seamsters
Seedsmen and Seed Merchants
Shawl Merchants and Dealers
Shell Dealers
Ship Agents and Brokers
Builders, Carpenters, and Wrights
Breakers
526
6
83
609
6
85
85
23
1
14
38
18,780
9,531
47,283
75,594
771
135
88
994
42
15
57
44
1
45
682
100
68
850
17,198
2,926
1,768
22,192
10
10
Caulkers
"}
Chandlers
"}
""
Riggers
and Smack Owners
""
Smiths
612
2
614
T
197
14
211
701
26
727
938
215
1,153
177
3
180
Assistants
Shroud Makers
""
Shoe (Carpet and List) Makers
Shop Keepers and General Dealers
Shot Dealers and Factors
Silk Agents and Brokers
Silk Mercers
Silk Merchants
Skylight and Sash Makers
Slate Agents and Merchants
Slaters
-
Slop Makers and Sellers
Small Wire Dealers
Smelting Agents
Snuff Grinders
Spanish Leather Makers
Spar Cutters and Turners
Spectacle Makers -
Spice Merchants
Sponge Dealers and Merchants
Stationers
Statuaries
(Law)
Stay and Corset Makers
Steel Merchants
Stevedores
Stencillers
Stewards and Stewardesses (Ship)
Stock Makers
(Men's) Makers
Store Agents
Merchants and Dealers
Store Keepers
Straw Bonnet and Hat Makers
Straw Plait Dealers and Merchants
Strop Makers
Surgical Instrument Maker
Tailors and Breeches Makers
Tallow and Wax Chandlers
17
5
22
-
25,394
1,412
31,693
7,672
58,499
7,672
2
1
3
18
18
59
4
63
1,670
228
115
2,013
103
6
109
22
22
123
7
6
136
3,329
2,247
3,285
8,861
519
7
I
526
173
109
282
5
5
20
20
3
3
32
32
200
3
203
1
6
1
6
1
12
12
3,092
228
153
3,473
726
726
23
23
5,758
812
1,152
7,722
4
4
6
t
6
113
113
1
91
35
126
17
13
21
529
4
51
533
11
1
255
29
11
284
159
147
8,977
1,589
553
306
11,119
354
354
37
1
38
D
224
12
236
108,945
17,192
36,866
163,003
3,239
426
3,665
Tavern Keepers viz. :-
Beer Shop Keepers
5,629
13
5,642
Hotel and Innkeepers
15,441
1,612
Publicans and Victuallers
Spirit Merchants
37,805
2,556
1,736
10,914
18,789
51,275
904
4,365
2
5,271
Tea Brokers and Merchants
91
42
133
Benders
J}
""
Tea Dealers
Teazle Merchants
Tennis Court Keepers
Thatchers
Theatrical Property Makers
Tilers
Tilt Makers
Timber Agents and Brokers
Merchants and Dealers
Tin Dealers and Agents
Tin Plate Workers and Tinmen
Tobacconists
Tobacco Twisters
Toll Contractors
Tortoiseshell Dealers and Workers
Toy Dealers and Makers
Trap Makers
Travellers (Commercial)
Trimming Dealers
Tripe Dealers and Dressers
Trunk and Box Makers
Truss Makers
74
74
6
6
3,777
262
1,018
5,057
8
S
667
111
1
778
62
7
69
39
39
-
22
22
1,706
97
67
1,870
25
6,946
25
1,404
1,282
9,632
5,003
972
536
6,511
548
548
49
3
52
44
44
1,823
43
2
1,891
74
74
1,252
276
41
1,569
63
2
18
$3
334
2
336
Tube Makers
1
1
1,627
80
105
1,812
I
125
8
134
31
7
38
160
UNITED KINGDOM-SUMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN TRADE, &c.
OCCUPATIONS.
(Continued.)

ENGLAND,
WALES,
and
ISLES IN THE
SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
TOTAL.
BRITISH SEAS.
Turf Cutters, Dealers, and Merchants
Umbrella, Parasol, and Walking-stick Makers
171
1,749
204
+8
34
205
88
2,041
Undertakers
Vellum Binders
Venders of Soft Goods
Waiters (Hotel and Tavern)
918
33
21
972
134
134
905
905
100
100
Warehousemen and Women
Waste Dealers
Water Carriers and Dealers
Water Gilders
Wax Merchants
11,690
1,184
12,874
254
4
258
29
157
186
50
50
3
3
""
Modellers and Workers
21
Weaving Agents
Well Sinkers
West India Agents and Merchants
316
ಡಿಜ
13
34
63
63
318
9
9
Whalebone Merchants
Wharfingers
Wheelwrights
2
2
730
1
731
25,219
1,055
1,973
28,247
""
Coopers
""
Whetstone Cutters and Makers
Whip Makers
Whitesmiths
Willow Merchants
Wine Agents and Merchants
Merchants
Wood Merchants
Polishers
Wool Agents, Merchants, and Staplers
""
(Berlin) Dealers and Workers
Woollen Agents and Factors
Drapers
Worsted Dealers and Merchants
Yarn Agents
76
4
80
1,353
62
1,415
6,507
22
1,240
7,769
2
2
2,590
244
184
3,018
I
573
3
5
581
3
3
6
310
230
540
54
54
1,684
34
17
1,735
33
33
42
5
47
1,419
330
1,086
2,835
73
12
85
13
13
Dealers
12
13
71
96
""
Yeast Dealers and Merchants
179
2
181
Zinc Agents and Merchants
5
5
Other Persons engaged in Trade (branch not specified) -
50,976
6,136
527
57,636
TOTAL
1,712,699
256,771
443,981
2,413,951
UNITED KINGDOM.
THE MINING INTEREST.
Y
163
UNITED KINGDOM-THE MINING INTEREST.
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN WORKING THE MINES
OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
COAL.
MALES.
FEMALES.
years of
age.
20 years of Under 20 20 years of Under 20
age and
upwards.
TOTAL.
age and
upwards.
years of
age.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
72,090
27,641
789
794
11,318
4,834
396
371
101,314
16,919
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
83,408
32,475
1,185
1,165
118,233
COPPER.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
-
9,852
3,428
913
1,200
15,393
14
14
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
9,866
3,428
913
1,200
15,407
LEAD.

ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
-
9,006
421
1,875
145
40
20
10,941
57
478
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
9,427
1,932
40
20
11,419
IRON.

ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
-
5,933
2,174
399
1,840
505
25
30
53
8,559
20
2,390
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
7,773
2,679
424
73
10,949
TIN.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
4,601
1,349
68
82
6,100
1
1
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
4,602
1,349
68
82
6,101
MANGANESE.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
-
224
43
4
1
272
2
1
1
3
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
226
44
4
1
275
SALT.

ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
242
24
2
268
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
242
24
2
268
MINERAL NOT SPECIFIED.
ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
23,111
6,385
417
583
138
19
478
12
30,421
752
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
23,691
6,523
466
490
31,173
IRELAND
TOTAL of the UNITED KINGDOM
3,096
23,694
6,523
466
490
24,269
TOTAL OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN MINES.

ENGLAND and WALES, and ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
125,059
42,919
2,662
14,179
5,535
440
2,628
403
173,268
20,557
TOTAL of GREAT BRITAIN
139,238
48,454
3,102
IRELAND
3,031
193,825
3,096
TOTAL of the UNITED KINGDOM
-
139,238
48,454
3,102
3,031
196,921
164
COUNTIES.
ENGLAND.
CHESTER
CORNWALL
CUMBERLAND
DERBY
DEVON
DURHAM
GLOUCESTER
HEREFORD
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
MONMOUTH
I
1
1
1
NORTHUMBERLAND
NOTTINGHAM
SALOP
SOMERSET
STAFFORD
SURREY
SUSSEX
I
I
1
WARWICK
WESTMORELAND
WILTS
WORCESTER
YORK (NORTH RIDING)
YORK (WEST RIDING)
TOTAL-ENGLAND
WALES.
ANGLESEY
BRECON
CARDIGAN
CARMARTHEN
CARNARVON
DENBIGH
FLINT
GLAMORGAN
MERIONETH
MONTGOMERY
UNITED KINGDOM-THE MINING INTEREST.
TOTAL
OF THE
COUNTY.
COAL.
COPPER.
LEAD.
IRON.
TIN.
MANGANESE.
SALT.
MINERAL NOT
SPECIFIED.
MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES.
1
1,932
18
5
1
1
263
2
192
1
1,823
4,467
6
11,639
27
2,098
419
21
85
5,706
130
69
I
533
27
2,413
20,727
1,420
6
59
1
t
297
2
3,640
19
15
2
456
Com
1,455
187
15,156
46
4
1,458
623
591
1
233
13
6,784
17
145
5
197
291
14
1,339
7
}
1,319
5
17,998
2,748
8
1
33
3
1
15,218
762
246
2
15
702
3
2
5,037
68
121
2
262
1,134
27
292
7
3,177
27
65
547
50
17,111
1
28
1
736
22
14
3,133
149
9,584
7,527
20
940
49
1
277
6
8,821
1,074
5
}
3,780
46
6
486
451
2
3,321
73
-
51
6
1
I
1,079
1,512
42
6,325
1
143
2
3,596
9,827
110
37
52
2,549
21
1
6,070
68
18,736
9
2
172
184
15
}
4.7
1
782
2
4.2
~
178
57
I
199
16
62
1,006
272
11
48
1
5.9
908
4.
52
1,058
8
2,030
254
1
}
1,046
2
11,441
125
J
569
2
22
45
91
1,439
1,152
339
4
670
7
14,310
$6,137
1,321
! 12,419
2,103
8,304
43
6,624
399 5,879
150
266
5
265
2
17,174
402
141,493
}
PEMBROKE
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
1
I
1
}
1
#
327
I
699
1,952
145
3,315
216
8
774
46
4
1,637
114
581
344
2,439
785
8
3,941
3,407
58
11,450
111
212
76
167
23
874
104
3
501
1
4,817
296
5,248
266
2
29,496
925
173,331


113
I
256
1
1,071
22
81
44.
5
534
11
1
1,490
9
1
71
3
13
5
432
11
10
1,981
10
7
S4.
13
t
1,684
14
6,498
39
97
1
J
1,437
11
4.
1,340
47
2
52
3
5
83
684
167
15
364
I
14
1
60
2
1
71
1
1
1
99,731
1,583
13,280
2,113 10,944
60
8,107
452
5,950
150
267
5
10



TOTAL-ENGLAND AND WALES, AND
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
MISCELLANEOUS
165

ARGYLL
AYR
COUNTIES.
SCOTLAND.
CLACKMANNAN
DUMBARTON
DUMFRIES
EDINBURGH
FIFE
HADDINGTON
KIRKCUDBRIGHT
LANARK
LINLITHGOW
PEEBLES
PERTH
RENFREW
STIRLING
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL-SCOTLAND
IRELAND.
ANTRIM
ARMAGH
CARLOW
CLARE
CORK (CITY)
CORK (COUNTY)
DONEGAL
DOWN
C
DUBLIN
FERMANAGH
GALWAY
KERRY
KILKENNY
KING'S COUNTY
LEITRIM
LIMERICK
MEATH
MONAGHAN
QUEEN'S COUNTY
ROSCOMMON
TIPPERARY
TYRONE
WATERFORD
WEXFORD
WICKLOW
1
1
1
TOTAL-IRELAND
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
COAL.
COPPER.
MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES.
LEAD.
IRON.
TIN.
MANGANESE.
SALT.
MINERAL NOT
SPECIFIED.
MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES, FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES.
1
1
I
51
-
3
172
115
31
76
1
2,318
2
581
39
202
3
113
1,180
187
1,809
259
J
1
155
352
46
1
ᏭᏎ
7,226
165
10
143
261
12
31
26
26
907
3
រ
1,050
225
2
#
1
1
t
1
[
20
16,152 767
1
1
1
>
1
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
14
-
1
1
1
រ
I
1
រ
1
1
51
1
13
1,671
142
1
J
31
12
29
29
5
3
478
t
-
-
1
1
112
4
2,345
1
་
45
1
1
1
t
1
I
3
3
t
I
"
1
I
·
1
5
ခ
33
22
15
2253
528
9
•
TOTAL
OF
THE
COUNTY.
133
1
2,529
757
251
268
1,443
2,090
398
108
13
9,788
436
1
57
6
90
9
1
925
27
17
1,234
20
50
721
31
20,557
1
5
5
25
25
17
17
13
13
3
1
3
310
11
321
1
1
72
72
14
14
4
1
1
I
4
21
3
24
416
1
416
1
I
1
12
12
18
18
2
2
87
37
298
298
55
55
426
13
439
171
171
381
39
42
385
41
721
721
3,063
3833
3,096


166
AND
TH
ENGLAND AND WALES, AND ISLES IN THE
BRITISH SEAS
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
COAL.
UNITED KINGDOM-THE MINING INTEREST.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
COPPER.
LEAD.
IRON.
TIN.
MANGANESE.
SALT.
MINERAL NOT
SPECIFIED.
TOTAL.
MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES. MALES. FEMALES.
99,731
16,152
13,280
1,583
2,113
10,944
60
8,107 452 5,950 150
267
5
266
2 29,496
925
173,331
767
14
478
2,345
45
1
3
721
31
20,557
3,063
33
3,096
TOTAL-UNITED KINGDOM
115,883
2,350 13,294 2,113 11,422
60
10,452
497
5,951
150
270
5
266
2
33,280
989
196,984



UNITED KINGDOM.
THE SHIPPING INTEREST.
168
UNITED KINGDOM-SHIPPING.
VESSELS BELONGING TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
STATEMENT of the NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of VESSELS belonging to the BRITISH EMPIRE,
on the 31st December, 1844.

ON 31ST DECEMBER, 1844.
Vessels.
Tons.
Men.
UNITED KINGDOM
23,253
2,994,166
170,162
ISLES OF GUERNSEY, JERSEY, and MAN
BRITISH PLANTATIONS
763
50,226
5,529
7,304
592,839
40,659
Total
31,320
3,637,231
216,350
VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE COASTING TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
STATEMENT of the NUMBER and TONNAGE of VESSELS which ENTERED INWARDS and CLEARED
OUTWARDS with CARGOES, at the several Ports of the UNITED KINGDOM, during the Year ending
5th January, 1845; distinguishing the Vessels employed in the Intercourse between GREAT
BRITAIN and IRELAND from other Coasters.

ENTERED INWARDS.
CLEARED OUTWARDS.
COASTING TRADE.
YEAR ENDING 5TH JAN. 1845. YEAR ENDING 5TH JAN. 1845.
Vessels.
Tons.
Vessels.
Tons.
Employed in the Intercourse between GREAT
BRITAIN and IRELAND
10,147
1,349,273
Other Coasting Vessels
123,751
9,615,434
16,948
128,294
1,817,756
9,877,105
Total
133,898
10,964,707
145,242
11,694,861
VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
STATEMENT of the NUMBER and TONNAGE of VESSELS, distinguishing the Countries to which they
belonged, which ENTERED INWARDS and CLEARED OUTWARDS, in the Year ending 5th January,
1845; stated exclusively of Vessels in Ballast, and of those employed in the Coasting Trade
between GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND.

ENTERED INWARDS.
CLEARED OUTWARDS.
COUNTRIES TO WHICH THE VESSELS
BELONGED.
YEAR ENDING 5TH JAN. 1845. YEAR ENDING 5TH JAN. 1845.
Vessels.
Tons.
Vessels.
Tons.
United Kingdom and its Dependencies
14,681
3,087,437
13,842
2,604,243
Russia
199
53,272
136
37,426
Sweden
267
35,346
237
33,960
Norway
-
871
147,959
386
45,949
Denmark
Prussia
Other German States
1,559
115,287
1,527
115,307
1,104
207,490
821
145,725
1,003
85,535
1,132
107,264
Holland
-
565
46,199
641
59,319
Belgium
France
Spain
Portugal
-
Italian States
1
280
41,479
350
51,865
631
34,570
1,206
102,387
1
75
9,722
98
13,089
31
3,105
27
2,898
56
14,324
63
17,715
Other European States
1
196
United States of America
Other States in America, Africa, or Asia
600
348,548
572
6
865
4
342,254
665
Total
21,929
4,231,334
21,042
3,680,066
169
UNITED KINGDOM-SHIPPING.
BRITISH PLANTATIONS.
STATEMENT of the NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of VESSELS that belonged to the several BRITISH
PLANTATIONS in the Year 1844.

COUNTRIES.
VESSELS.
TONS.
CREWS.
EUROPE:
Malta
AFRICA:
Bathurst
Sierra Leone
Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town
19
Mauritius
ASIA:
Port Elizabeth
-
Bombay
Cochin
Tanjore
Madras
Malacca -
Coringa
Calcutta
Singapore
Ceylon
Prince of Wales Island
NEW HOLLAND:
Sydney
Melbourne
Adelaide
Hobart Town
Launceston
NEW ZEALAND:
Auckland
Wellington
AMERICA:
Canada, Quebec
""
Montreal
Cape Breton, Sydney
Arichat
New Brunswick, Miramichi
"
St. Andrew's
St. John's
Newfoundland, St. John's
Nova Scotia, Halifax
Liverpool
•
1
1
•
1
1
1
0
85
15,326
892
124
2722
25
1,169
215
17
1,148
111
27
3,090
265
201
19
12,079
1,413
113
50,767
3,393
15
5;67+
275
33
5,070
257
32
5,474
248
2
288
13
17
3,384
136
186
51,779
2,604
13
2,543
674
30,076
289
2,696
7
996
51
293
28,051
2,128
29
1,240
147
17
864
60
103
7,152
724
42
3,150
257
13
305
32
12
262
42
509
45,361
2,590
60
10,097
556
360
15,048
1,296
96
4,614
335
81
10,143
509
193
18,391
918
398
63,676
2,480
847
53,944
4,576
1,657
82,890
5,292
31
2,641
163
Pictou
60
6,929
354
Yarmouth
""
146
11,724
637
Prince Edward's Island
237
13,861
856
West Indies, Antigua
55
833
220
Bahamas
"
Barbadoes
""
Berbice
""
Bermuda
140
3,252
686
87
1,640
305
18
854
89
54
3,623
323
Demerara
54
2,353
250
Dominica
"
14
502
85
Grenada
"J
48
812
198
Jamaica, Antonio
5
95
22
""
""
Annotto Bay
2
79
13
Falmouth
"
""
5
107
29
""
Kingston
68
2,659
359
""
>
Montego Bay
18
849
105
"
Morant Bay
9
251
51
"
Port Maria
3
86
18
St. Ann's
""
1
20
4
""
""
Savannah la Mar
3
153
22
"
""
St. Lucea
2
64
10
"
Montserrat
4
100
19
Nevis
""
11
178
45
St. Kitt's
"
35
546
114
St. Lucia
"
19
913
132
St. Vincent's
27
1,164
180
Tobago
Tortola
Trinidad
7
189
46
48
278
127
61
1,832
378
Total
7,304
592,839
40,659
2
170
UNITED KINGDOM-SHIPPING.
FOREIGN TRADE-INWARDS.
STATEMENT of the SHIPPING employed in the TRADE of the UNITED KINGDOM, exhibiting the
NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of VESSELS that ENTERED INWARDS (including their repeated
Voyages), separating BRITISH from FOREIGN VESSELS, and distinguishing the Trade with each
Country, in the year 1844.
COUNTRIES.
BRITISH.
INWARDS.
FOREIGN.

Vessels.
Tons.
Crews. Vessels. Tons.
Crews.
EUROPE, viz.:
Russia
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Prussia
Germany
Holland
Belgium
France
Portugal, Proper
1,799
351,215
15,361
212
53,667
2,417
78
12,806
581
344
59,835
2,941
16
1,315
89
779
125,011
6.339
1
59
7,423
350
1,667
123,674
8,250
786
108,626
5,047
1,286
220,202
10,539
900
181,322
9,845
1,123
113,209
6,924
1,239
173,247
9,796
843
80,217
5,226
656
76,690
6,772
484
72,207
4,524
4,177
463,548
35,792
1,988
163,869
14,777
448
43,271
2,650
27
2,746
233
""
Azores
Madeira
218
17,458
1,254
5
444
44
24
5,196
348
1
123
10
Spain and Balearic Islands
447
45,994
2,669
87
9,512
773
Canaries
""
6
590
34
5
487
50
Gibraltar
84
19,856
1,554
1
218
13
Italy and Italian Islands
497
76,602
3,819
56
14,866
697
Malta -
39
5,365
282
Ionian Islands
51
6,250
356
Turkey and Continental Greece
177
29,708
1,717
14
2,843
141
Morea and Greek Islands
51
7,339
387
AFRICA. viz.:
Egypt -
-
115
31,354
1,652
Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocco
47
6,155
330
Senegal and Coast from Morocco to the River
1
56
5
Gambia
Sierra Leone and Coast from the Gambia to
43
the Mesurado
9,686
475
Windward Coast
1
190
14
Cape Coast Castle
31
4,864
291
Coast from Rio Volta to Cape of Good Hope
269
78,162
4,274
Cape of Good Hope
35
7,269
379
Eastern Coast
15
3,024
188
Ports in the Red Sea
Madagascar
Bourbon
Mauritius
Cape Verd Islands
St Helena and Ascension
82
1
23,593
84
1,115
8
1
196
9
∞ ∞
ASIA, viz.:
Arabia
East India Company's Territories, Singapore,
and Ceylon
440
197,979
9,634
1
Java
16
5,597
220
1
387
Philippine Islands
21
7,891
351
1
250
12
2222
Other Islands of the Indian Seas
China
104
45,605
2,174
Japan
-
1
New Holland
}
103
34,779
1,698
1
New Zealand
6
2
1,348
327
77
19
1
South Sea Islands
AMERICA, viz. :
British Northern Colonies
2,284
789,410
30,222
West Indies
-
714
195,440
10,716
1
"J
Hayti
36
6,810
355
Cuba and other Foreign West Indies
United States
135
39,993
2,010
41
373
206, 183
8,170
575
10,243
338,737
470
11,157
Mexico
70
25,011
1,641
2
408
22
Columbia
72
13,698
633
2
334
22
Brazil
200
45,649
2,333
14:
Rio de la Plata -
Chili
100
Peru
68888
2,589
128
13.134
621
29,343
1,421
16,279
747
2-
2
367
31
1
407
20
Falkland Isles
Whale Fisheries
49
Guernsey, Jersey, and Man
2,454
14,781
159,752
1,940
13,303
47
5,286
309
Total
19,687 3,647,463
195,728
9,608 1,402,138
76,091
171
UNITED
KINGDOM-SHIPPING.
FOREIGN TRADE-OUTWARDS.
STATEMENT of the SHIPPING employed in the TRADE of the UNITED KINGDOM, exhibiting the
NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of VESSELS that CLEARED OUTWARDS (including their repeated
Voyages), separating BRITISH from FOREIGN VESSELS, and distinguishing the Trade with
each Country, in the Year 1844.
COUNTRIES.
BRITISH.
OUTWARDS.

FOREIGN.
Vessels.
Tons.
Crews. Vessels.
Tons.
Crews.
EUROPE, viz. :
Russia
1,310
261,780
11,560
216
48,775
2,212
Sweden
72
13,366
598
239
28,841
1,676
Norway
13
1,230
83
757
129,990
6,370
Denmark
476
78,753
3,699
2,326
212,621
12,410
-
Prussia
584
75,226
3,920
1,039
198,016
8,693
Germany
Holland
902
180,815
9,478
1,191
98.297
6,269
1,154
157,708
9,058
742
60,979
4,287
Belgium
628
65,829
6,396
397
54,847
3,639
""
France
Portugal, Proper
Azores
Madeira
Spain and Balearic Islands
Gibraltar
Canaries
Italy and Italian Islands
Malta
Ionian Islands
Turkey and Continental Greece
Morea and Greek Islands
4,226
494,762
36,990
1,651
127,096
12,956
381
38,598
2,544
59
7,468
484
186
16,076
1,177
3
295
22
36
7,869
523
582
84,424
4,577
142
21,429
1,086
1
6
793
54
7
741
70
256
44,118
3,534
4
1,233
50
535
85,411
4,445
122
25,337
1,249
143
28,101
1,364
67
12,349
638
68
9,418
536
1
150
S
237
44,571
2,537
37
10,285
453
23
3,812
200
1
252
11
AFRICA, viz. :
Egypt -
91
25,859
1,561
14
3,150
147
Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocco
58
12,605
545
6
1,935
75
Senegal and Coast from Morocco to the River
1
85
8
Gambia
Sierra Leone and Coast from the Gambia to
49
11,563
594
0
the Mesurado
Windward Coast
1
240
11
1
Cape Coast Castle
35
6,424
406
Coast from Rio Volta to Cape of Good Hope
579
165,345
9,432
1
310
11
Cape of Good Hope
289
76,249
4,272
-
Eastern Coast
14
2,515
165
187
12
Ports in the Red Sea
2
630
30
1
Madagascar
Bourbon
Mauritius
-
Cape Verd Islands
St Helena and Ascension
4
1,061
54
2
1
73
26
1292
571
21,206
36
1,106
4
1
1,514
93
1
161
11
6,318
$39
1
ASIA, viz.:
Arabia
22
9,817
437
East India Company's Territories, Singapore,
and Ceylon
469
219,640
12,127
1
710
24
L
Philippine Islands
Java
Other Islands of the Indian Seas
21
7,273
352
4
1,477
4
1,347
66
1
589
35
90
24
2
1,242
83
China
Japan
New Holland
New Zealand
78
32,534
1,691
5
2,110
98
1
South Sea Islands
•
1
180
107
43,037
6
2,212
12
2,265
105
M
6
2,113
95
AMERICA, viz. :
British Northern Colonies
2,060
722,299
West Indies
"1
822
231,667
29,333
12,949
Hayti
-
32
5,169
304
24
882
27
940
Cuba and other Foreign West Indies
137
38,633
1,561
92
22,494
49
1,121
United States
428
238,889
9,229
621
355,344
12,117
Mexico
46
15,222
1,081
1
104
8
Columbia
39
9,521
524
6
1,180
64
Brazil
255
60,521
3,143
47
12,574
559
Rio de la Plata
42
10,177
500
3
389
26
Chili
100
25,915
1,370
3
637
49
Peru
39
9,782
532
Falkland Isles
1
Whale Fisheries
49
208
14,513
13
Guernsey, Jersey, and Man
1,972
126,051
2,019
11,216
1
87
6
Total
19,788 3,582,822
212,924
9,816
1,444,346
77,109
172
UNITED KINGDOM-SHIPPING.
ENTRIES AND CLEARANCES.
STATEMENT of the NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of VESSELS (including their repeated Voyages)
that ENTERED INWARDS and CLEARED OUTWARDS, at the several PORTS of the UNITED KINGDOM,
from and to FOREIGN PARTS, during each of the three years ending 5th January, 1845.

YEARS. BRITISH and IRISH VESSELS.
FOREIGN VESSELS.
TOTAL.
Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons.
Crews.
INWARDS
-
1842 18,987 3,294,725 178,884
1843 19,500 3,545,346 191,326
1844 19,687 3,647,463 195,728
8,054 1,205,303 65,952 27,041
8,541 1,301,950 69,791 28,041
9,608 | 1,402,138 76,091 29,295
4,500,028 244,836
4.847,296 | 261,117
5,049,601 271,819
OUTWARDS
1842 18,785 3,375,270 186,816
1843 19,334 3,635,833 197,976
|
1844 19,788 3,852,822 212,924
8,375 1,252,176 68,493 27,160 4,627,446 | 255,309
8,709 1,341,433 71,718 28,043 4,977,266 269,694
9,816 | 1,444,346 77,109 29,604 5,297,168 | 290,033
STATEMENT of the NUMBER and TONNAGE of VESSELS which ENTERED the undermentioned PORTS
in the Year ending 5th January, 1845.

London -
Liverpool
Bristol
Hull
-
Newcastle
Plymouth
Leith
Glasgow
Greenock
Cork
Belfast
Dublin
PORTS.
BRITISH.
FOREIGN.
Vessels.
Tons.
Vessels.
Tons.
4,741
1,008,463
2,144
353,346
2,671
760,597
939
367,918
347
72,847
56
9,382
1,085
234,361
1,388
156,308
1,229
184,413
945
109,862
340
40,110
47
8,508
250
38,458
489
42,455
238
44,938
46
9,942
209
67,353
3
963
165
30,444
17
1,807
177
41,119
40
5,489
243
43,062
43
5,644
STEAM VESSELS (BRITISH AND FOREIGN).
STATEMENT of the NUMBER and TONNAGE of STEAM VESSELS which ENTERED and CLEARED at PORTS
in each division of the UNITED KINGDOM; distinguishing the FOREIGN from the COASTING
TRADE, and the COUNTRIES to which the VESSELS belonged in the year 1844.

COUNTRIES TO WHICH THE
VESSELS BELONGED.
COASTING TRADE.
ENTERED.
CLEARED.
FOREIGN TRADE.
ENTERED.
CLEARED.
Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons.
Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons.
UNITED KINGDOM:
ENGLAND
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
9,611 1,887,846
2,827 716,353
3,115
783,961
9,656 1,821,946
2,523 617,741
3,321 830,812
2
3,122 507,271
278
3,061 490,837
2
278
15,553 3,388,160 15,500 | 3,270,499
3,124
507,549 3,063
491,115
FRANCE
HOLLAND
BELGIUM
GERMANY
To and
from
ENGLAND.
398
40,078 406
40,663
35
7,846
38
8,626
78
23,007
78
20,782
-
-
47
14,986
47
15,105
173
UNITED KINGDOM-SHIPPING.
SUMMARY OF THE SHIPPING INTEREST OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

VESSELS.
TONS.
MEN.
VESSELS BELONGING TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE on the
31st December, 1844
31,320
3,637,231
216,350
COASTING TRADE.
VESSELS ENTERED INWARDS during the year ending Jan. 5, 1845
VESSELS CLEARED OUTWARDS
133,898
10,964,707
145,242
11,694,861
""
""
COLONIES.
VESSELS BELONGING TO THE BRITISH PLANTATIONS in the
year 1844
7,304
592,839
40,659
FOREIGN TRADE.
VESSELS ENTERED INWARDS in the year 1844:
BRITISH
19,687
3,647,463
195,728
FOREIGN
9,608
1,402,138
76,091
29,295
5,049,601
271,819
VESSELS CLEARED OUTWARDS in the year 1844:
BRITISH
19,788
3,852,822
212,924
FOREIGN
9,816
1,444,346
77,109
29,604
5,297,168
29,033
STEAM VESSELS.
COASTING TRADE:
ENTERED in the year 1844
CLEARED
39
15,553
15,500
3,388,160
3,270,499
FOREIGN TRADE:
ENTERED
"
3,124
507,549
CLEARED
""
3,063
491,115
174
UNITED KINGDOM-PROFESSIONAL PERSONS.
PROFESSIONAL PERSONS.
THE NUMBER of PROFESSIONAL PERSONS in the UNITED KINGDOM is returned as follows:-

CLERICAL. LEGAL.
MEDICAL.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND
18,840
13,759
17,745
50,344
WALES
1,610
396
691
2,697
SCOTLAND
2,956
3,185
3,568
9,709
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
137
114
183
434
IRELAND -
7,192
*3,852
6,871
17,915
30,735
21,306
29,058
81,099
And these are supported by, and derive their incomes from, the AGRICULTURAL and MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS, in
the following proportions :-


MANUFACTURING COUNTIES.
CLERICAL. LEGAL. MEDICAL.
TOTAL.
CHESTER
321
221
326
868
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
331
136
225
692
1,082
959
1,454
3,495
419
105
210
734
332
118
214
664
355
227
372
954
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
351
288
438
1,077
1,632
860
1,389
3,881
4,823
2,914
4,628
12,365
Leaving to be supported by the AGRI-
CULTURAL INTEREST of ENGLAND
and WALES
15,627
11,241
13,808
40,676
20,450
14,155
18,436
53,041
And inasmuch as the AGRICULTURAL INTEREST of these Counties is numerically much greater than that of the MANU-
FACTURING in every other County of England and Wales, it follows that the MANUFACTURING INTEREST supports
about 1-4th of the CLERICAL, LEGAL, and MEDICAL PROFESSIONS, in England and Wales, and that the remaining
3-4ths are resident in, and dependent on, the AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS and INTERESTS for their support.
In SCOTLAND the population is equally divided between AGRICULTURE and MANUFACTURES. (See Page 94.)
In IRELAND the proportion which MANUFACTURES bear to AGRICULTURE is as 1 to 8. (See Page 152.)
This rule, although not quite conclusive, is sufficient for our present purpose; and we shall therefore adopt it in all
instances where a more minute investigation is rendered impossible by the defective returns of the Census.
We have therefore the following results :-

AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND AND WALES
40,676
12,365
53,041
SCOTLAND
4,854
4,855
9,709
ISLES IN THE BRITISH SEAS
IRELAND
354
80
434
15,675
2,240
17,915
61,559
19,540
81,099
There is nothing connected with or arising out of Statistics, that could better illustrate the relative importance of
the two interests than this, that the number of PROFESSIONAL PERSONS resident in and supported by our Manufacturing
Towns and Counties are but one-fourth of the whole number spread throughout the length and breadth of the United
Kingdom.
* This number is returned as Ministering to Justice, independent of those engaged in the Government and Civil
Service; but if the classification had been carried out on the same rule as the English, this item would no doubt have
been much greater.
175
UNITED KINGDOM-OTHER EDUCATED PERSONS, &c.
OTHER EDUCATED PERSONS
FOLLOWING MISCELLANEOUS PURSUITS.
Under this head are classed-
BANKERS,
MERCHANTS,
BROKERS,
AGENTS,
CLERKS,
SHOPMEN,
THE FINE ARTS,
LITERATURE,
SCIENCE,
and, in fact, every class that ministers to the wants of the community by any profession or calling requiring an education,
and not otherwise specifically enumerated.
These are distributed as follows:-
In ENGLAND
WALES -
SCOTLAND
BRITISH ISLES
IRELAND
Total
•
120,788
3,090
18,099
859
32,660
-
175,496
It must of course be obvious to every one that these classes would be principally located in our Cities and Towns,
and in the Metropolis of each Kingdom; and thus we find that-
MIDDLESEX contains 29,672; or 1-4th of the number returned for all ENGLAND.
EDINBURGH contains 3,585; or 1-5th of the number returned for all SCOTLAND.
contains 5,524; or 1-6th of the number returned for all IRELAND.
DUBLIN
The numbers returned in the eight Manufacturing Counties stand thus:-
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
2,590
1,528
13,804
1,051
1,302
3,207
4,031
9,603
37,116
And if to these we add one-half of those returned for Scotland, and one-eighth of those returned for Ireland, we arrive at
the following conclusion:-

AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND AND WALES
SCOTLAND
86,762
37,116
123,878
9,049
9,050
BRITISH ISLES
687
172
IRELAND
28,578
4,082
18,099
859
32,660
125,076
50,420
175,496
It will thus be seen that of "Other Educated Persons following Miscellaneous Pursuits," 5-7ths of the whole number
in the United Kingdom are supported by the AGRICULTURISTS, and 2-7ths by the MANUFACTURERS.
176
UNITED KINGDOM-PERSONS RETURNED AS INDEPENDENT.
PERSONS RETURNED AS INDEPENDENT.
The COMMISSIONERS for taking the CENSUS, in their Report, say that, "With respect to the term 'INDEPENDENT,'
we should premise that the numbers included under that head are not merely the wealthy, or even those in easy circum-
stances, but all who support themselves upon their own means without any occupation. It will, therefore, afford no test
of the relative amount of wealthy persons in different localities, or throughout Great Britain, as while it includes in the
more rural districts many poor widows or aged men living upon their savings, it omits many large capitalists, who are
returned under their proper heads in the list of 'OCCUPATIONS.'"
The numbers returned are as follows:-
In ENGLAND
WALES
BRITISH ISLES
SCOTLAND
Total of GREAT BRITAIN
421,995
23,978
7,176
58,291
511,440
""
With respect to Ireland, it is an extraordinary fact, that the Commissioners do not recognise or enumerate any class
as INDEPENDENT," and we are therefore left in utter darkness of the number of persons of independent means living
in the Kingdom of Ireland.
That they are a very large number there can be no doubt, as the resident Nobility and Gentry form a very influential
and important section of society.
Independent of Ireland, however, it will be seen that the number for Great Britain is no less than 511,440, and if to
these we add the large number of DOMESTIC SERVANTS, supported by persons of independent means (see page 179), we
have a class which, in number, exceeds that of the whole number of persons of all ages employed in the Manufacture of
the Textile Fabrics (see page 147), and but little inferior to the whole number employed by the Manufacturing Interest
of the United Kingdom (see page 152.)
For the eight Manufacturing Counties the return is as follows:-
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
Total
8,444
5,193
33,207
4,377
4,818
8,173
8,976
35,573
·
108,761
These amount to one-fourth of the whole number returned for England and Wales, but inasmuch as the population
of the eight counties is 4,867,028, or nearly one-third of the population of England and Wales, it follows that, in proportion
to population, the amount of resident independence is below the average of the other parts of the kingdom.
Of the sources from whence this important class derive their incomes, we have no statistical knowledge to guide us.
The Rental of the Land of the United Kingdom is about 52 millions; that of Houses, 40 millions; Government
Annuitants, 30 millions;-making together 122 millions per annum: and there can be no question but that these are the
principal sources of income.
On the other hand, but very few persons living in a state of independence draw their supplies from any branch of
Trade or Manufactures; for in nearly all cases, an individual, after spending a long life in business, on his retiring from
it takes the precaution to withdraw his capital, and invests it in one or the other of the interests above-mentioned.
Notwithstanding the deficiency of the Government Statistics in this particular, there is, however, a rule which may be
applied with great fairness to test not only the relative importance of each interest, but also to fix with some degree of cer-
tainty the proportion which each contributes to the support of the "INDEPENDENCE" resident in the United Kingdom.
We refer to the value of the annual productions of each, or, in other words, the amount of contribution which each Interest
makes to the common stock, as shown at pages 183 and 184, from which it will be seen that the productions of our
Manufacturers do not constitute more than about one-third of the whole. And if to this we add, that the effect of
machinery is to give almost unlimited power to one individual to produce great results, it comes in confirmation of the
fact, that the Master Manufacturers, as a class, are, numerically speaking, the smallest of any in the Kingdom, not
amounting to 1-50 th of those living in independence within the United Kingdom.
Indirectly, Manufactures of course contribute to the taxation of the country and the support of the population, in the
proportions which are shown at pages 140 and 141; but, for the foregoing reasons, we apprehend that in about the same
proportion do "Persons returned as Independent," draw their respective incomes or means of support directly from the
Manufacturing Interest, and those of course only in respect of capital not withdrawn from, or monies lent to, the
Manufacturers.
177
:
PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE GOVERNMENT CIVIL SERVICE.
The numbers returned in the Census are as follows:
ENGLAND
WALES
BRITISH ISLES
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
13,557
531
94
2,777
4,990
21,949
These, for the greater part, consist of persons employed by the Government in the departments of the Customs, Excise,
Post Office, and the collection of the Stamps and Taxes; and it might reasonably be expected that the great marts for
Manufactures in the eight Manufacturing Counties would find employment for a large proportion of the whole. The
return for these counties is, however, as follows:-
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
181
110
1,234
83
95
238
209
905
3,055
Add to these one-half the number returned for Scotland, and one-eighth of those returned for Ireland, and we have the
following result:

ENGLAND AND WALES
SCOTLAND
-
BRITISH ISLES -
IRELAND
-
AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES
TOTAL.
11,033
3,055
14,088
1,388
1,389
2,777
94
94
4,366
624
4,990
16,811
5,068
21,949
So far, therefore, as the Civil Service of the Government is concerned, it is apparent that not more than one-fourth is
employed in or supported by the Manufacturing Interests, and that the remaining three-fourths are supported by Interests
other than the Manufacturing, and arise out of the necessity of keeping up establishments of the Customs, Excise, and
Post Office, for the transaction and despatch of business in all the cities, towns, and villages of the United Kingdom.
2 A
178
PAROCHIAL, TOWN, AND CHURCH OFFICERS,
INCLUDING POLICE AND LAW OFFICERS.
Of these the total number returned is 38,208, and they are thus distributed :-
ENGLAND
WALES
BRITISH ISLES
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
The eight Manufacturing Counties are returned as follows:-
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD -
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
1
1
1
21,443
682
65
3,085
12,933
38,208
423
206
2,541
193
234
376
661
1,311
5,945
If to these we add one-half the number returned for Scotland, and one-eighth of those in Ireland, we have the following
result:-

AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND AND WALES
SCOTLAND
16,180
5,945
22,125
1,540
1,545
3,085
BRITISH ISLES
IRELAND
65
65
11,317
1,616
12,933
29,102
9,106
38,208
From the above it will be seen that the Agricultural Districts support about 3-4ths, and the Manufacturing 1-4th of the
whole.
It is necessary, however, here to draw a distinction which marks in a very decided manner the peculiar character of
each pursuit.
Agriculture supports a larger number of Parochial and Church Officers, because large masses of mankind congregated
in cities and towns do not require the same number to manage their Parochial and Church affairs as when the same
amount of population is spread throughout the small towns and villages in agricultural districts.
For instance, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Halifax, have a population of 812,267; and the number of Parochial
and Church Officers returned for these places is only 154, while the County of Norfolk, with a population of 412,664, has
147, or, as compared with the Manufacturing districts, 2 to 1.
On the other hand, the same towns of Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Halifax find employment for 1,163 persons,
returned as Police Officers, Constables, and Watchmen.
The Agricultural Counties of Devon and Suffolk, with a population of 36,000 mere, return only 305, or, as compared
with the Manufacturing districts, as 1 is to 4.
It follows that for Parochial and Church Government the Agricultural Districts support a very large proportion of the
whole number returned under that head; and for the protection of property, the detection, suppression, and punishment
of crime, the Manufacturing Districts find employment for 3-4ths, and the Agricultural 1-4th of the Police and Law
Officers, as compared with their respective populations.
179
DOMESTIC SERVANTS.
For the United Kingdom, this class may be estimated in round numbers at one million and a half. As a class, nume-
rically speaking, they rank next to the number of persons employed in Manufactures (see page 152;; but inasmuch as they
only represent themselves, and have no wives, children, servants, or tradespeople dependant on them for support, they
are, in truth, the weakest of all classes in the body politic. They are thus distributed :-
MALES.
FEMALES.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND
WALES
223,040
712,792
935,832
10,489
5:,727
63,216
BRITISH ISLES.
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
1,112
6,423
7,535
-
21,767
136,SS3
158,650
328,889
1,494,122
For the eight Manufacturing Counties the return is as follows:-
-
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
MALES.
FEMALES.
TOTAL.
6,953
17,048
24,001
5,484
9,751
15,235
11,746
61,252
72,998
4,652
8,895
13,547
2,805
10,478
13,283
4, 51
19,080
23,331
4,667
19,258
23,925
13,070
59,527
72,597
53,628
205,289
258,917
Add to these one-half the number returned for Scotland, and one-eighth those returned for Ireland, and the account
stands thus: -


AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND AND WALES
SCOTLAND -
740,131
258,917
999,018
79,325
79,325
158,650
BRITISH ISLES
IRELAND
7,535
7,535
287,778
41,111
328,889
1,114,769
379,353
1,494,122
The Commissioners observe that "We have reason to believe that, in some instances, servants kept in farm
houses and employed generally about the premises have been returned as Domestic Servants, whereas, in 1831, such per-
sons were included as Agricultural Labourers. Our directions were very precise on this point, as all Farm Servants were
to be returned as Agricultural Labourers."
If this be true that the Domestic Servants employed at all the farm houses, with the exceptions the Commissioners
here refer to, are returned as Agricultural Labourers, it is a very remarkable fact, that the Agricultural Counties, inde-
pendent of Agriculture, give employment to a much larger number of Domestic Servants than the Manufacturing Coun-
ties, if we compare the respective amount of their populations thus:-

LANCASTER
DEVON
NORFOLK
SUFFOLK
LINCOLN
1
POPULATION.
DOMESTIC
SERVANTS.
1,667,054
72,998
533,460
41,585
412,664
23,118
315,073
17,817
362,602
26,534
1,623,799
109,054
This gives a more unfavourable result to the Manufacturing Interest than the statement above, but when we consider that
Domestic Servants are principally supported by the resident gentry or by persons in easy circumstances, and that the great
mass of a manufacturing population are servants themselves of another kind, it proves most conclusively that the estimate
here given, as regards the amount of employment afforded to this class by the Manufacturers, is much overstated.
Whether this conclusion be correct or not, one fact is evident enough, that the Manufacturing Counties do not give
employment to more than one-fourth of the persons returned as " Domestic Servants."
180

LABOURERS.
Under this head are included Labourers whose employment is not otherwise specified, also Miners, Quarriers, Porters,
Messengers, and other persons engaged in laborious occupations.
These are returned as follows:-
ENGLAND
WALES
-
BRITISH ISLES
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
620,492
53,430
3,373
84,573
31,252
793,120
It will be necessary, however, to deduct from these the number engaged in the working of our mines, as in this work
we treat them as a separate and distinct interest, and these amount to 196,984 (see page 166), leaving 596,136 to be ac-
counted for.
The return for the eight Manufacturing Counties is as follows:-
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD -
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
14,544
15,477
76,079
3,676
5,460
34,917
11,804
51,743
213,700
Add to these one-half the number returned for Scotland, and one-eighth those returned for Ireland, and the numbers
supported by each interest will stand thus:-

ENGLAND AND WALES
BRITISH IS LES
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
-
AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
}
290,264
213,700
503,964
32,008
32,008
64,016
24,637
3,519
28,156
346,909
249,227
596,136
From this it will be seen that the Manufacturing Interest, in proportion to its population, gives employment to a much
larger amount of the labour classed under this particular head than the Agricultural, and for this very obvious reason—
that Porters, Messengers, Carmen, and Boatmen, are principally required in Manufacturing localities.
181
20 years of
ALMSPEOPLE, PENSIONERS, PAUPERS, LUNATICS, AND
PRISONERS.
In the Government abstract these several classes are included under one head, and the return for the United Kingdom
is as follows:-
ENGLAND
WALES
168,376
7,830
BRITISH ISLES
SCOTLAND
1,173
21,690
IRELAND
36,032
235,101
The eight Manufacturing Counties supply the following numbers :-
CHESTER
2,355
DERBY
1,585
LANCASTER
12,717
LEICESTER
2,134
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
1,923
3,669
t
3,499
10,896
38,778
If to these we add one-half the number returned for Scotland, and one-eighth of tuose returned for Ireland, we have the
following results:-
AGRICULTURE. MANUFACTURES.
TOTAL.
ENGLAND AND WALES
137,428
38,778
176,206
BRITISH ISLANDS
1,173
1,173
SCOTLAND
10,845
10,8 5
21,690
IRELAND
31,528
4,504
36,032
180,974
54,127
235,101
It is impossible for us to draw any general conclusion from the above figures, but the Commissioners have furnished us
with another table that will enable us to form some idea of the relative contribution which each interest makes to the in-
mates of the following institutions.


PERSONS ENGAGED IN COMMERCE,
TRADE, AND MANUFACTURE.
MALES.
FEMALES.
PERSONS ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE.
FEMALES.
MALES.
TO EVERY 10,000
PERSONS
ENGAGED IN
age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age.
20 years of
age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
age
TOTAL.
20 years of
age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
20 years of
age.
age and
upwards.
Under 20
years of
Workhouses
Hospitals
5,492
1,603
479 2,532
404 8,907 3,466 137 252 18
3,873
33.7
30.4
Gaols
Lunatic Asylums
312 451
4,928 1,227 569
1,759 13 457
185
2,551 573 146
22
5
746
8.2
5.0
148
6,872 1,634 316
15
4
1,969 22.0
11-1
8
2,237 620
5
43
668
7.2
4.5
age.
TOTAL.
COMMERCE,
TRADE, & MA-
NUFACTURES.
AGRICULTURE.
182
CRIMINALS.
COMPARATIVE TABLE showing the NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR TRIAL or BAILED
in each of the last Ten Years, and the numbers in each County separately.

COUNTIES.
1838.
1836. 1837.1838.1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843 1844. 1845.
BEDFORD
BERKS
BUCKS
CAMBRIDGE
CHESTER
CORNWALL
DERBY
246
220
1,042
162 123 134 108 175 191 229 202 188 155
205 270 290 324
193 258 237 251
279 260 237 219
554 616 645 775
347 306
333
328
287 260
287
277
313
280 286
240 241
257
297 239
9431,086
1,018
777
688
198 281 264
289
339
295 282
301
269
272
CUMBERLAND
143 154 155
146
131
151
115
109
138
118
192
228 262
239
247
277
322
322
279
186
DEVON
527
671
578 658
717
687
716
740
715 720
DORSET
193 256
255 294
274
284
241
252
203
218
DURHAM
164
202 164
206
171
215
266
300
76
203
ESSEX
619
747 636
542
683
647
758
710
596
554
GLOUCESTER (including BRISTOL)
823
9061,021
935
1,045
1,236
1,236
1,252
1,186
1,071
929
HEREFORD
154
186 190
214
237
245
259
238
230
226
HERTFORD
324
335 343
258
303
319
338
265
271
244
HUNTINGDON
68
67
97
53
83
62
68
68
79
88
KENT -
872 896
1,024
956
903 962 1,155
977
911 831
LANCASTER
2,265 2,809 2,585
2,901
3,5063,987 4,497 3,677 2,893 2,852
LEICESTER
LINCOLN
MIDDLESEX (including LONDON)
MONMOUTH
NORFOLK
310
432
365
412
466 466 492 509
481
328
411
412 383
388
409
349 507
563
542
389
3,350 3,2733,488 3,649
3,577
3,586 | 4,094
4,260
4,027
4,440
120 154 197
230
330
364 264
261
278
196
739 659 588
732
693
666 808
782
788
642
NORTHAMPTON
187 298 268
250
290
342 346
270
294
302
NORTHUMBERLAND
NOTTINGHAM
170
189 159
139
196
226
245
290
294
189
302 307 250 314
356
329
374 353
348
267
OXFORD
244
272
286 369
359
323 334
328
296
309
SALOP
RUTLAND
SOMERSET
SOUTHAMPTON
STAFFORD -
SUFFOLK
-
24
27
13
13
9
14
48
39
23
28
I
228
252
271 310
387
416
470
534 449
308
796 | 1,028
858 S43
1,128
991
1,148
9671,039
873
545
622
632
642
735 677
702
676 517
619
SURREY
SUSSEX
WARWICK
"
1
636
999
768
930
9231,059
1.485
1,175
885
717
528
493 505
527
484 482
527
585 630 407
984 950
898 1,016
I
381 420 529
988
504 543
923 1,017
539 550 493
$67
941 942
409 409
↑
728
880
884
7781,001
1,0161,003 | 1,045
894
769
WESTMORELAND
WILTS
WORCESTER
YORK
ANGLESEY
20
25
36
37
38
33
39
44
24
46
! 354
482
407 428
462
506
548 464
432
379
328 409 427 460 627
1,252
1,3761,3241,621
1,621 | 1,867
566 609
1,895 | 2,598 2,304
679
603
563
1,691 |1,417
19
16
9
16
16
13
21
20
7
23
BRECON
27
29
21
43
58
48
56
62
58
37
CARDIGAN
CARMARTHEN
5
13
16
27
13
17
14
26
31
47
19
49
61
36
67
32
49
171
117
87
FLINT
CARNARVON
DENBIGH
GLAMORGAN
MERIONETH
MONTGOMERY
PEMBROKE
32
22
45
47
66
33
33
21
32
39
55
76
62
48
55
81
79
89
$9
66
31
39
18
25
36
44
61
49
50
62
82
103
94
126
184
189
197
174
225
159
12
5
6
7
11
5
12
21
9
12
48
54
48
93
85
75
73
94
96
67
67
54
46
44
44
58
48
88
54
66
RADNOR
-
15
18
15
31
15
33
23
25
29
30
TOTAL
20,SS± 23,612 23,094 24,443 27,18727,760 31,309 29,591 26,542 24,303
From the foregoing table we extract the following figures in reference to the eight Manufacturing Counties:-
1836 1837.1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845.
837 338.1839 1840.
CHESTER
DERBY
LANCASTER
LEICESTER
NOTTINGHAM
STAFFORD
WARWICK
YORKSHIRE
TOTAL
1
•
,
}
1
1
554 616 645 775 1.042
228 262 239 217
943 1,086
277
1,018
322
322
192
2,265 2,809 2.585 2,901 3,506 3,987 4,497 3,677 2,893
| | | |
310
432 365
302
636
728
412 466 466
307 250 314
909 769 930
880 884 778
492
509
777 688
279 186
2,852
481
328
348
267
$85
717
356 329 874 353
923 1,059 1,485 1,175
|
1,001 1,046 1,003 1,045
|
894 769
1,895 2,598 2,304
| |1,691
1,691 |1,417
7,224
10,002 11,857 10,403|| 8,248
1,232 1,3761,324 1,621 1,867
6,219 7,557 7,083 7,970 9,408
183
CRIMINALS-( Continued.)
It will be seen from this, that in the 10 years from 1836 to 1845, these Counties with a population of 4,857,028, out of
15,906,741 have produced one-third of the Criminals in England and Wales.
In seasons of distress it will also be seen that crime increases in a much greater degree in a Manufacturing than in an
agricultural population; thus in the years 1841, 1842, and 1843, the proportion was nearly three-eighths of the whole, or
32,262 out of 88,680.
TOTAL.
EIGHT
MANUFACTURING
COUNTIES.
1841
27,780
10,00?
1842
31,309
11,857
1843
29,591
10,403
88,680
32,262
PUBLIC CHARITIES.
SUMMARY OF CHARITIES reported upon by the Commissioners, and included in the two Digests of
1832 and 1835.
From which it appears that there is held in trust, for various charitable purposes, the following property :-

A.
R. P.
279,497 2 11
Land, producing an Annual Rental of
15,797
Houses and Cottages
£3,060,684 17
154,247 5 ]
291,981 2 0
81,031 13 0
63,041 13 4
6
Three per Cent. Stock
Three and a half ditto
Four ditto
Five ditto
Bank and India Stock
782,611 19 7
£4,433,598 10 6
Mortgage, Personal, and Turnpike
Total Annual Income
£ s. d.
540,565 14 9
56,963 1 0
producing annually
150,649 9 3
£784,178 50
which, valued at 4 per cent., would make the Fee Simple of the Property held in trust for Charitable £19,604,150
Purposes, amount to
APPLICATION OF THE ABOVE.
To Endowed Schools
For Education not in Endowed Schools
Total for Education
""
"
other purposes
Chartered Companies
Total
1
00
£ s. d.
180,309 12 5
16,938 17
5
197,248 916
491,536 3 4
59,293 11 10
748,178 5 0
184
RENTAL OF LAND.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
ACCOUNT showing the AREA of the different COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES; the GROSS RENTALS
of each in 1814-15 and in 1842-43, as determined by the Assessments under the Property and Income
Tax Acts, with the RENT PER ACRE of each in 1814-15 and in 1842-43.


COUNTIES.
Acres.
Gross
Rental for
1814-15.
Rent per
Acre in
1814-15.
Gross
Rental for
1842-43.
Rent per
Acre in
1842-43.
Increase of
Rent per Acre
in 1842-43
over Rent per
Acre in
1814-15.
Decrease of
Rent
1842-43 below
Rent per Acre in
1814-15.
per Acre in
£
£ s. d.
Bedford
296,320
Berks
481,280
Bucks
472,320
Cambridge
548 480
Chester
673 280
Cornwall
851,200
Cumberland
974,720
316,595 1 1 41/2
502,096 1 0 101
548,630 1 3 23
541,325 0 19 8
805,141 1 3 11
629,259 0 14 91/
561,468 0 11 6
377,995
594,903
1 4 81/
597,736 1 5 31
774,658 1 8
8 23
962,857 1 8 7
774,692
£ s. d.
1 5 5
£ s. d.
0 4 102
£ s. d.
0 3 10
02 03
08 6
0 4 8
0 18 21
0 3 4
603,725
0 12 4
0 0 101

Derby
657,920
707,250 1 1
53234
845,681
1 5 81
0 4 21/0
Devon
1,654,400
1,360,812
0 16
5
1,556,181
0 18 92
0 2 41
Dorset
643,840
564,377
0 17
61
613.507
0 19 0
0 1 61
Durham
702,080
543,411
0 15 53
Essex
981,120
1,109,829 1 2 7
538,781
1,289,645
0 15 4
0 0 12
1 6 34
0 3 73
Gloucester
805,120
971,410
Hereford
-
552,320
524,781
Hertford
403,200
397,539
1 4 14/
0 19 0
0 19 81
1,121,125 1 7 10
0 3
3 8/1/20
629,981
438,226
1
2 9/1
0
3
3 9/1/1
1
1 1 83
0
2
2 0
Huntingdon
Kent
-
Lancaster
Leicester
238,080
277,463 1 3 33
312,083 1 6
6 21/1
0 2 10
996,480
961,368 0 19 31/
1,327,491
1 6
6 7/1/
0 7 4
1,130,240
1,463,183 1 5 10/1/
1,636,416
515,840
807,558 1 11 33
899,063
Lincoln
1,671,040
Middlesex
180,480
Monmouth -
317,440
Norfolk
1,295,360
1,865,086 1 2 4
517,669 2 17 4
231,113
1,102,352
2,340,625
1 8 11/1/20
1 14 104
1 8 0
0 3 1
0 3 3 6/1/2
0 5 8
387,861
2 2 11
0 14 51/2
Northampton
650,240
Northumberland
1,197,440
Nottingham
535,680
Oxford
483,840
Rutland
95,360
Salop
859,520
Somerset
1,052,800
0 14 63
0 17 0
846 172 1 6 01
999,951 0 16 8/1/
604.220 1 2 61
589,594 1 4 4/1/2
123,296 1 5 104
823,845 0 19 2
1,491,734 1 8 4
290,334
0 18 31
1,644,994 1 5 5 42
973,144 1 9 1
835,856 0 13 11/12/20
707,756 1 6 5
602,396 1 4 4 13
130,935 1 7 5/1/2
0 3 83
0 8
0 3
∞40
111
I
0 2 9
0 3 10/1/20
0 0 23
1,050,132
1 4 5
0 1 71
05 3
1,715,497
1 12 7
04
3
Southampton
1,040,000
707,127 0 13 71
777,636 0 14 11
Stafford
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Warwick
Westmoreland
Wilts
Worcester
462,720
gy
York
757,760 862,973 1 2 91
969,600 826,228 0 17 01/
485,760 437,958 0 18 01
938,240 641,736 0 13 8
574,080 838,993 1 9 23
487,680 260,945 0 10 8/1/0
874,880 964,611 1 2 0
609,746 1 6 41
3,735,040 3,563,980 0 19 1
716,498
3,989,937
1,104,151 1 9 1/1/2
1,147,536 1 3 8
433,505 0 17 10
855,373 0 18 23
905,869 1 11 6/1/20
269,418 0 11 02
1,021,706 1 3 44
1 10 11
1 1 44
0 1
0 6
4
0 6 6 7/1/
1
0 4 63
0 2 33
0 0 4
| | | | | | | | |

0 0 24
0 1 41
0 4 4 71
0 2 341
·
Totals for England 32,243,200 32,502,824
37,795,905
Average Rent per
Statute Acre of
1 0 2
-
1 3 5/1/
0 3 3/1/2
England
-
158
RENTAL OF LAND.
ENGLAND AND WALES.-( Continued.)


COUNTIES.
Acres.
Gross
Rental for
1814-15.
Rent per
Acre in
1814-15.
Gross
Rental for
1842-43.
Rent per
Acre in
1812-43.
Increase of
Rent per Acre
in 1842-43
over Rent per
Acre in
1814-15.
Decrease
of Rent
1842-43 below
Rent per Acre in
1814-15.
per Acre in
WALES.
£
Anglesea
173.440
Brecon
482,560
76,105
135,191
£ s. d.
08 91
£
129,063
£ s. d.
0 14 10/
0 5 5 71
139,225
059
0 0
1
13
£ s. d.
06 14
£ s. d.
is | |
Cardigan
-
432,000
Carmarthen
623,360
Carnarvon -
348,160
Denbigh
405,120
126,399 0 5 10
240,714 0 7 7 832323
105,852 0 6 1
224,678 0 11 1
159,949
0 7 42
0 1
6
315,761 0 10 13
0
2
2
43
150,047 0 8 73
0
261
284,346 0 14
01
0
2 114
Flint
156,160
139,753
Glamorgan
Merioneth
Montgomery
506,880
229,013
0 17 103
090
193,505 1 4 9
258,470
0
6 1021/
0 10 24
0
1 21
424,320
96,343 0 4 6/
108,237
0 5 1
0 0 61/
536 960
181,881 0 6 94
258,068
097
0
2 93
Pembroke
390,400
Radnor
272,640
181,057 093
90,652
266,865
0 11 11
0
1 101
06 73
107,648
0 7 12
0
0 6
Totals for Wales
4,752,200 1,827,638
2,371,184
Average Rent per
Statute Acre of
Wales
0 7 81
0 9 112
0 2 31
Add for England as
before
as
32,243,200 32,502,824
Totals for England 36,995,000 34,330,462
and Wales
37,795,905
-
40,167,088
Average Rent per`
Statute Acre of
England and Wales
0 18 63
1 1 81/
SUMMARY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Acres.
Average per Acre.
Gross kental.
£ s. d.
₤
England and Wales
36,995,000
1
1 8/1/20
40,167,088
Scotland (See page 186)
18,944,000
0 5 103
5.586,628
Ireland (See page 187)
20,177,446
0 13 51
13,562,946

76,116,446
59,316,662
Deductions
Net Rental
563,047
58,753,615
2 R
186
RENTAL OF LAND.-(Continued.)
SCOTLAND.
ACCOUNT, showing the AREA of the different COUNTIES of SCOTLAND, the RENT PER ACRE of each in
1810-11, and GROSS RENTAL and RENT per Acre of each in 1842-43, as determined by the Assessments
under the Property and Income Tax Acts, showing the INCREASE OF DIMINUTION of the RENT per
Acre in 1842-43, as compared with that for 1810-11.

COUNTIES.
Imperial
Acres.
Rent per Acre
Acre
in 1810-11.
Gross Rental Rent
per Acre
in 1842-3. in 1842-43.
Increase of
Rent per Acre
in 1842-3 over
Rent per Acre
in 1810-11.
Decrease of
Rent per Acre
in 1842-3 below
Rent per Acre
in 1810-11.
£ S. d.
Aberdeen
1,254,400
0 3 83
£
423,389
£ S. d.
0 6 9
£ S. d.
0 3 04
£ s.
d.
Argyle and Isles
2,002,560
0 1 11
232,441
0 2
2 33
0 0
0 42
Ayr
664,960 0 10 11/0
390,278
0 11 83
0 1 7/
Banff
412,800 0 3 104
110,608
0 5 5
41
0 1 6
Berwick
282,880 0 16 5
237,042
0 16 93
0 0 43
Caithness
439,680 0 1
5
57,982
0 2
2 7/
Clackmannan
Cromarty
Dumfries
30,720 1 0 104
35,249
1
2 11/1/
163,840 0 1 4
5,857
0
08/0
Dumbarton
Edinburgh -
Elgin
Fife
Forfar (Angus)
801,920 0 6 6
145,920 0 7 9 93
226,560 1 4 4
302,720 0 4
298,880 1 2
568,320 0 9 1 13
1/1/
266,547
0
6 72/1
0 1 2
0 2
1
0 0 64
72,041
0 9 102/
0 2 03
° | 10 ||
0 0 73
61
239 189
1
1 7
0 2 103
4 14/
84.082
0
5 5 6/1/20
0 1 52
381 572
1
5 561
0 3
3 1
312,201
0 10 11
0
1 10
Kinross
Lanark
Nairn
Peebles
Perth
Haddington
Inverness and Isles
Kincardine
Kirkcudbright
Linlithgow
174,080 1
09
221,714
1 5 5 5/1/
0 4 8
2,594,560
0 1 14
·
161,499
0 1 231
0 0 14
243,200
0 13 13
128,469
0 10 63
0 2 7
46,080
0 9 10/
38,892
0 16 101/20
070
525.760 0 7 33
182,926
0 6 111
0 0 4
602,880 0 9 10/
341,122
0 11 33
0 1 51
76,800 1 1 7
124,800 0 1 10/
82,842
15.202
1 2 1
0 0 53
0 2 5
0 0 0 6/1/20
-
204,160 0 5 7/1/
67,675
0 6 6 71
1,656,320
05 63
551,078
Renfrew
Ross and Isles
Roxburgh
144,000
0 17 7
152,924
1,682,560
0 1 1
120,824
457,600 0 10 1
235,041
Selkirk
Stirling
Sutherland
Wigtown
168,320
0 4
4
83
38,714
312,960
0 11 44
181,147
1,122,560
006
288,960
0862
33,689
124,807
0 6 7
1 1
0 1 5
0 10 31
047
0 11 63
0 0 7
0 8 7/
19-am
0 1 0
0 1 03
0 3 7
0 0 4
0 0 24
0 0 21/20
0 0 1
0 0 12
0 0 03
| | |
18,021,760
5,527,043
ISLANDS.
Bute, Arran, &c.
(Isles of Argyle, Inver-
ness, and Cromarty,
included in Counties.)
Orkney Isles
Shetland
Average Rent per
Imperial Acre in
Scotland
103,040 0 3 74
20,597
0 3 113
0 0 42
272,000 0 0 8/2/2
547,200 0 0 3
21,431
0 1 1 63
0 0 104
17,457
0 0
0
7/
7호
​0 0 41/2
18,944,000
5,586,628
0 5 13
05103
0 0 94
187
RENTAL OF LAND.-(Continued.)
IRELAND.
TABLE of the EXTENT of the Several COUNTIES and PROVINCES of IRELAND, exclusive of Lakes, dis-
tinguishing the CULTIVATED LAND from the UNIMPROVED MOUNTAIN and BoG; showing also the
PROPORTION of CULTIVATED LAND in each COUNTY, assuming 1,000 to represent the total extent
of Cultivated Land in Ireland; with the estimated GROSS RENTAL of the LAND in the several
Counties and Provinces, and the AVERAGE RENT per Statute Acre.


PROVINCES
AND
COUNTIES.
Cultivated
Acres, includ-
ing Towns and
Plantations.
Unimproved
Mountain and
Bog.
Total Extent
of Acres,
exclusive of
Lakes.
Proportion of
Cultivated
Acres,
assuming 1000
as the whole
cultivatedLand
of Ireland.
Gross Annual Average Rent
Value of Land.
per Acre.
LEINSTER.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
₤
Carlow
189,588
31,249
220,837
13,657
222,319
£ S. d.
1 0 11
Dublin
207,102
19,312
226,414
14,919
250,201
1 2 1
Kildare
365,565
51,854
417,419
26,334
387,401
0 18 7
Kilkenny
485,550
21,126
506,676
34,978
393,280
0 15 6
King's County
346,416
145,836
492,252
24,955
354,131
0 14 5
Longford
196.797
58,937
255,734
14,177
201,061
0 15 8
Louth.
185,490
15,603
201,093
13,362
280,650
1 7 11
Meath
560,622
16,033
576,655
40,386
703,458
1 14 5
Queen's County
355,169
69,289
424,458
25,585
202,500
0 11 11
Westmeath
374,649
56,392
431,041
26,989
387,597
0 18 0
Wexford
527,419
45,501
572,920
37,994
531,916
0 18 7
Wicklow
298,334
200,754
499,088
21,491
310,305
0 12 5
4.092.701
731,886
4,824,587
294,827
4,224.819
Average Rent per
Statute Acre in
0 17 6
Leinster
MUNSTER.
Clare
464,041
296,033
760,074
33,428
351,582
0 9 3
Cork
1,367,577
465,889
1,833,466
98,517
1,203,936
0 13 1
Kerry
426,590
726,775
1,153,365
30,731
421,759
0 7 21
Limerick
541.210
121,101
662,311
38,987
777,386
1 3 5
Tipperary
870,025
178,183
1,048,208
62,674
1,041,214
0 19 101
Waterford
350,278
105,496
455,774
25,233
346,949
0 15 2
4,019,721
1,893,477
5 913,198
289,570
4,142,826
Average Rent per)
Statute Acre in
0 14 0
Munster
ULSTER.
Antrim
528,166
180,423
708,589
38,048
650,509
0 18 41
Arinagh
275,017
35,117
310.134
19,812
322,673
1 0
0 9/1/20
Cavan
383,300
71,918
455,218
27,611
334,699
0 14 82/
Donegal
400,749
769,587
1,170,336
28,869
300,065
0 5 5 1
Down
530,746
78,317
609,063
38,233
607,619
0 19 11
Fermanagh
295,593
114,847
410,440
21,294
228,195
0 11 11
Londonderry
327,559
180,709
508,268
23,596
293,907
0 11 62
Monaghan
292,005
21,585
313,590
21,035
271,147
0 17 3/
Tyrone
462,977
311 867
774,844
33,352
370,075
0 9 61
3,496,112
1,764,370
5,260,482
251,850
3,378,889
Average Rent per
Statute Acre in
0 12 10
Ulster
CONNAUGHT.
Galway
768,324
708,000
1,476.324
55,348
Leitrim
252,746
115,869
368,615
18,207
614,208
161,338
0 8 33
0 8 9
Mayo
506,795
800,111
1,306,906
36,508
400,412
0 6 13
Roscommon
448,022
130,299
578,321
$2.274
385,818
0 13 4
Sligo
297,290
151,723
449,013
21,416
254,336
0 11 4
2,273,177
1,906,002 4,179,179
163,753
1,816,112
Average Rent per
Statute Acre in
0 8 81
Connaught
GRAND TOTAL
13,881,711
6,295,735 20,177,446 1,000,000
13,562,646
Average Rent per
Statute Acre in the
Whole Kingdom
-
0 13 51
A SYNOPTICAL TABLE,
Showing the STATUS of the LANDED and MANUFACTURING INTERESTS in respect of the numbers Employed by and Dependent on each in the whole
Population-the Relative Amount which they pay of the Direct and Local Taxation of the United Kingdom-their Capital and Annual
Productions—the proportion which each supports of the remaining Classes of which Society is composed, and the numbers which they respectively
contribute to the Workhouses, Hospitals, Gaols, and Lunatic Asylums of the Country.

POPULATION.
LANDED INTEREST.
MANUFACTURERS.
:
CAPITAL.
LANDED INTEREST.
£
NUMBERS.
Total of numbers em-
ployed, and of all
classes
on them.
dependent
England-See Appendix, page 46
Wales
9,312,311
60
754,380
Scotland
94
1,388,596
British Isles
96
104,057
"
11,559,344
5,682,827
157,223
1,231,588
19,983
*7,091,621
18,734,468
8,091,621
+26,826,089
Scotland
Ireland
England-See App., p. 144 & 152
Wales
144 & 152
British Isles
144 & 152
144 & 152
144 & 152
961,585
80,395
7,275
166,009
1,595,120
479,774
99,672
138,334
2,810,384
717,780
England-See App., p. 144 & 152
Wales
144 & 152
British Isles
144 & 152
"
Scotland
""
Ireland
144 & 152
144 & 152
144,293
17,404
681
40,823
104,972
130,443
31,983
6,538
Ireland
"
152 7,175,124
1,000,000
18,734,468
8,091,621
8,091,621
Value of the Land, at 25 years' purchase, of the annual rental of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, £58,753,615 (see Appendix, page 185), about
•
Farmers' Capital employed in the cultivation of the soil, independent of the stock on hand
at all times of cattle, grain, &c., £5 : ị £6 per acre on 46,522,970 acres (see page 35),
about
Stock in hand-
About 7,500,000 head of Cattle
31,000,000 Sheep and Lambs
TOTAL
+26,826,089
1,500,000 Horses
£50,000,000 value of Timber
(See pages 42 to 44) 250,000,000
•
England-See Appendix, page 46 1,157,816
EMPLOYMENT.
See also Summary,
page 143.)
Wales
Scotland
British Isles
60
103,632
943,998
19,517
94
96
229,337
8,493
220,171
On an average, three months' stock of Grain, Seeds, Hay
and other produce always on hand
1,631
1,499.278
1185.317
Ireland
143 & 152 1,844,929
300,000
3,344,207
1,485,317
England-See Appendix, page 46
ALL OTHER
Wales
60
81,54,495
650,748
">
CLASSES
DEPENDENT ON THE
FOREGOING.
Scotland
94
British Isles
Ireland
96
140 & 152
1,159,259
95,564
5,310,195
4,738,829
137,706
1,011,417
CAPITAL.
18,352
700,000
MANUFACTURING INTEREST.
15,390,261
6,606,304
*8,091,621
Cotton
Woollen
See page 69
£
24,500,000
79
16,500,000
Total number dependent on those
employed
Linen
83
""
7,000,000
Silk
90
""
4,000,000
Lace
92
2,000,000
SEX AND AGE.
Males (employed).
Above 20 in Great
Britain, and 15 in
Ireland.
Males (employed).
Under 20 in Great
Britain and 15 in
Ireland.
TOTAL EMPLOYED AND DEPENDENT
Hose
92
1,000,000
All other articles
92
པ
23,000,000
دو
£78,000,000
1500,000,000
250,000,000

2000,000,000

MINING INTEREST.
Number of Males and Females employed in Mines
308,173
168,964
Capital invested
See Appendix, page 163 196,921
See page 100
£28,723,000
3,118,557
886,744
886,744
Annual Profits
£ 2,872,000
Females (employed).
20 years of age and
upwards in Great
Britain and 15 in
Ireland.
Females (employed).
Under 20 years of
age in Gt. Britain,
and 15 in Ireland.
Total males actually employed
England
Wales
British Isles
Scotland
4,005,301
"
99
England-See App., p. 144 & 152
Wales
144 & 152
British Isles
Scotland
Ireland
144 & 152
144 & 152
144 & 152
43,264
5,096
499
17,380
126,325
191,968
53,894
*542,384
192,654
788,246
144 & 152
دو
144 & 152
144 & 152
8,584
737
38
121,911
SHIPPING INTEREST.
Number of Vessels belonging to the British Empire on the 31st December, 1844
Total Tonnage of the Vessels
Number of Men and Boys employed
Capital invested
•
པ
144 & 152
Ireland
144 & 152
5,125
18,512
99
31,261
37,765
Annual profits
""
31,320
3,637,231
See Appendix, page 168
See page 106
216,350
£36,372,310
£ 3,637,231
32,996
225,650
190,937
979,183
979,183
1,204,833
425,021
779,812
Deduct for reasons given at page 152 in the Appendix
Total of Females actually employed
TOTAL OF BOTH SEXES EMPLOYED
4,785,113
* This is 44,411 more than is given in the Government Abstract. + Exclusive of 5,016 travelling on the night of the Census.
TAXATION.
DIRECT AND LOCAL-(PAID BY THE LAND).
From which deduct the value of the raw material
Annual value of the productions of the Mining Interest
Annual value of the profits of the Shipping Interest
Annual Income from Colonies, about
Annual Income from Foreign Trade
Annual Income from Fisheries, about
Total.
ANNUAL PRODUCTIONS.
Annual value of Agricultural productions
Annual value of Manufacturing productions
•
See pages 42 and 44
£
250,000,000
See page 92
£177,184,292
£50,000,000
See page 100
127,184,292
36,121,000
106
""
3,637,231
108
15,000,000
15,000,000
3,000,000
£449,942,523
ENGLAND.
WALES.
SCOTLAND.
BRITISH
ISLES.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
INTERESTS SUPPORTED.
Land Tax
Tithes
Property Tax on Land
Poor and County Rates
Highway Rates
Church
Turnpike Trusts
•
Property Tax on Dwelling Houses
on other Property
£
1,816,312
1,786,942 173,388
1,102,380 69,160
4,291,002 305.819
£
42,612
£
47,954
£
No return.
£
162,948
106,546
£
1,906,878
500,000 2,460,330
1,334,488
1,011,320 5,714,687
The considerations which attach to each of the undermentioned will be seen on reference to the
Appendix.
•
See Appendix
730,884 35,970
325,721 11,405
879,163 59,892
618,405 13,461 32,517
166,349 21,664 8,199
*11,717,158 733,371 358,164
page 47.
page 61.
page 95.
No return.
766,854
337,126
""
""
939,055
BY THE
BY THE
MANUFACTURING
LANDED INTEREST.
664,383
INTEREST.
196,212
""
1,511,329 14,320,013
Professional Persons
See Appendix, page 174
61,559
19,540
Other Educated Persons
175
"
125,076
page 96.
50,420
page 139. page 141.
Persons returned as Independent
176
402,679
Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service
Parochial, Town, and Church Officers
108,709
177
16,811
5,068
178
29,102
9,106
DIRECT AND LOCAL—(PAID BY THE MANUFACTURERS).
Domestic Servants
179
1,114 769
379,353
Labourers
180
346,909
249,227
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners 181

180,974
34,127
ENGLAND.
WALES.
SCOTLAND.
BRITISH
ISLES.
IRELAND.
TOTAL.
And respectively contribute to the inmates of the following Insti-
tutions in the following proportions:-
£
£
Poor and County Rate.
2,183,534 62,250
£
111,715
£
No return.
£
403,536
£
2,761,035
every 10,000 Out of
engaged in
AGRICULTURE.
Out of every 10,000 Out of every 10,000
Highway Rate
engaged in
MANUFACtures.
•
394,894
6,407
No return.
401,301
Church
Turnpike Trusts
141,209
2,130
""
""
143,339
Workhouses
513,871
14,356
See Appendix, page 181
30.4
33.7
""
99
528,227
Property Tax on Dwelling Houses
400,851
""
on other Property
117,354
Total
3,751,713
3,996
3,982 20,308
93,121 184,627
Hospitals
5:0
52,604
""
8.2
457,451
"
Gaols
11.1
"
141,644
""
22.0
""
Lunatic Asylums
4.5
7.2
403,536 | 4,432,997
See Appendix
page 47.
page 61.
page 95.
page 96.
page 139.
page 141.
* This is the actual amount paid by the Landed Interest; but it differs from that given in the pages to
which reference is made, in consequence of the omission of the Property Tax on Land in the tables for the
counties of Northumberland and Nottingham, and the omission of the fractional parts of £1 in the
divisions and subdivisions of the numerous calculations given in the tables.
The Endowments of the Church
INVESTMENTS IN LAND.
Three-fourths of the property belonging to all the Charitable Institutions of the empire.
(See Appendix, page 183)
?
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