za s-0 ****--ſae swae. s º i -: i - º Hº Kº-º. --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - gº º º 'º - º º * * * * * g º ºr s sº * * * * * tº ºr e º ºr e º ºr e º e º e º 'º º ~~ **w- *NITUTIENTITV, 3rº Jºſſ][ſ]]||Uſ!!!" HgIITTTTTTTIU' § t º ) § IITUTILIIIILIII: - C- rewºº-yº” | 4 || | ſº ſ * pºss E :- º ... . ... 3 ARTES UN Jº M 5CIENTIA r: ... • º of the h E 5: <> { lºº (P.J. ..º.º. ºf aſ Jº J. W., & Aſ ºf 11...ſº Jº...º.º. ‘. . . . . . . . . - R º Frºnºſ.nlm.nºrmºur milliºl - - -------- - - -º | | | | | º + Sovcº, of Wow tiewAtwre oºd. practical Aardewing * PLAN S. OF FLOWER GARDENS, BEDS BORDERS : ROSERIES, AND AQUARIUMS; .x. * i Accompan[ED BY RULES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR FORMATION, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUITABLE PLANTS, THEIR ARRANGEMENT AND CULTURE. ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN SEVENTY ENGRAVINGS, BY CONTRIBUTORS TO THE “Journal, OF HORTICULTURE.” I, O N TY O N : JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER OFFICE, - - 171, FLEET STREET 3-4 , loğ841 . . . . 5-48. It's : I.ONDON . PRINTED AT THE JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE OFFICE, 171, FLEET STREET. zºss-ar223. i i PREFACE. WE have nothing further to say to the Reader than that the following pages are the conjoined contributions of the taste and judgment of some of the most skilled Flower Gardeners of Great Britain, whose dictates, all of which have been practically carried out, have this additional value —that the Plants to be selected, their Names, and the Culture they re- quire, are given in detail. These aids, combined with the numerous drawings, render this volume one of the best guides in Ornamental Gardening hitherto published. This is said in no boastful spirit, because the labour of arrangement was all that devolved upon THE EDITORS, 42.6081 FLOWER GARDENS, BEDS, AND BORDERS. O two gardens are precisely alike, except those small rectangular and palisaded plots so usually attached in the front and rear of rows of suburban houses. It is almost impossible, therefore, to present a plan that will be exactly suitable to a garden for - which that plan was not originally designed: much must depend upon the taste and judgment of the adapter. Yet plans that have actually been carried out are so suggestive, and those of beds and borders are so easily applied to any garden, that we offer the plans in this volume as equally suitable to the gardener and amateur. The planting of them was carried out by some of the most successful of our contemporary flower-gardeners, and the fundamental rules by which they were guided are from their own dictation, as are also the best modes of propagating and cultivating the plants they employed. - We have no intention of entering upon that wide subject, Landscape Gardening, nor shall we make more than a few and brief incidental observations on the general disposal of extensive pleasure-grounds. Our true theme is the arrangement and planting of the beds in the immediate vicinity of the residence. There are two rules which are applicable to all gardens—Let all the separations be broad; Unity should be combined with contrast. What is meant by separations being broad is easily explained. Sometimes we see a beautiful little lawn and well-managed flower- beds deprived of much of their charm from inattention to this idea. Here is a handsome house, with a fine lawn in front of it, backed at a distance by masses of Rhododendrons and other evergreens, and the sides flanked in a manner somewhat similar. But the flower-beds are E 2 - FLOWER-GARDEN PLANS. clustered chiefly near the mansion, and the greatest breadth of lawn is between them and the background—an arrangement which lessens the effect of the flowers; and the crowding close to the house lessens its dignity, and the beds appear diminutive when contrasted with the massiveness of the house. A broad separation of turf would have exalted both. When a group of beds is so placed near the house, they can hardly be too geometric in outline. If such beds are sunk in a panel beneath the general level, their interest will be enhanced, and they will interfere but little with the views on the lawn. In general, an irregular outline of beds on the two sides, with an opening. breadth of lawn in the centre, but also varied in outline, would be far more effective, giving width of view and massiveness to the appear- ance of the house. It is different when the whole space is a regular flower garden, for then the fine effect of a lawn is little regarded; but even there, or wherever it enters as one of the features of the place, flower-beds ought either to be grouped at a distance from the house, or at the sides if near to it, so that there may be broad openings of turf to con- nect the house with the lawn beyond. Broad walks—broad surfaces of turf, which are the separations in a garden to which we refer, impart dignity to the grounds. Narrow walks and narrow slips of turf give an impression of smallness. ... • That Unity should be combined, with, contrast, is our other uni- versal rule, and may be similarly illustrated. We hardly expect unity of expression in small gardens. There we can hardly find fault if a vase is placed, near the old Willow pollard that serves instead of a rustic basket. We should be inclined to muse on the charms of variety, if, besides a beautiful Chinese porcelain vessel, we were called upon to admire the taste displayed in throwing into a heap bits of granite, sandstone, brickbats, and fire-clinkers, dignified with the title of “our rockwork.” Variety is ever pleasing, and if the mixture is somewhat. heterogeneous the owner cannot help it, if his place is too small to keep them separate and distinct. Nevertheless Unity will be best promoted if there is no such clashing between the truly artistic and . the roughly picturesque. It would be easy to place the vase near a modern house, and the pollard and the rockwork at the greatest distance from it; and, if one is concealed from the other so much the better. - • The same desire and love of opposites are carried out in many places where there can be no reason for their being there, except that the owners are themselves pleased with them, and expect their friends to be equally gratified. True, there are, for a definite purpose, rooteries. GENERAL RUIES. 3 and rockeries in the Crystal Palace itself; but should we look to Sir Joseph Paxton as an authority and an example if he had clustered the scenery he has placed around the pre-Adamite animals upon a lawn in front of the principal terrace P. Yet such incongruity is being performed daily by many who are otherwise clear-headed and develop- ing every mark of genius. True, there are places where it would be natural to look for masses and boulders of rock; but there the gardening should be somewhat in character, in agreement as well as in contrast. But, in positions where no such things could be naturally expected, a beautiful lawn ought not to be disfigured by a heap of stones or roots thrown together in its centre, or a prominent position on One of its sides; though, in a retired, secluded corner, such a heap decorated with plants might be congruous and suitable enough. Then, however great the contrast, it is not forced upon you—you visit, it at your leisure; and then you look upon it, not as an incongruous part of a whole, but as a whole in itself, and therefore congruous. We have often felt a considerable amount of interest in the contrasts of extensive grounds; but others have considered them deformities, and that the mind is as little prepared for some of them as a visitor to a princely drawing-room, who, on opening the door, is unexpectedly ushered in amid the filth and discomforts of a bog-trotter's hut. But, even allowing contrasts sometimes to be great, yet there is usually a barrier, a distinctive line to be passed; so that all along you are pre- sented at one time with unity of expression, or one set of ideas. We found this carried out the other day, where a fernery had been formed close to a lawn, but completely concealed from it by Laurels, &c. You expect nothing of the kind, and you are doubly gratified, first on, find- ing another fernery, and, secondly, finding it has an appropriate home, and neither interfered with nor interfering with other scenery. A rockwork in a dell, or anywhere apart by itself, would command due attention. Place it in the middle, or at the side of a fine lawn as a prominent feature, where mansion, conservatory, and flower-beds—all that is elegant and lovely—come at one sweep before the eye; and then, in such circumstances, such heaps of stones, roots, and clinkers, add neither interest, beauty, harmony, nor fitness to the scene. . It is more difficult to arrange a small flower garden than one of large dimensions, for in a small space the arrangements, if too small, are strikingly insignificant, and if too large they are offensively pre- tentious. - º Let us take, as an example, a suburban house, of which the flower. garden is all comprehended in the small plot between the front of the house and, the main road. We do not assume that the design here 4 FILOWER-GARDEN IPLANS. given is the best in all cases; our purpose is more to give directions. for the arrangement and management of plots of ground of this class. But, taking our sketch (fig. 1), as a guide, and the extent of ground into consideration also, there does not seem much reason to find fault with the design, although it will be Fig. 1. seen that the figures all point to the ſº jº } house, and none to the other direc- N 2% : tion, as is more frequently the case; º but leaving this, and supposing that - *N - - each amateur has certain motives of | .5 his own for the particular mode in which he lays out his ground, we will leave to his own discretion the shape, size, and number of his beds, as well as their circumferential borders, if there be any, and will merely advise him not to crowd them too closely together, nor yet make them too N E. A dºſ º Aº Small; and a piece of good turf is as useful and ornamental as any other | - surface could be, taking the whole twelve months into consideration : therefore, do not let it be too much cut away; and, likewise, let it be borne in mind, in forming beds, that fancy- shaped ones look much better on paper & than on the ground; in fact, a plain circle and oval are the prettiest-shaped beds, and, when planted, invariably look best. Points and corners, as well as all intricacy, are lost when plants grow up a little, and the very smallest mar, to a certain extent, the features of elaborate scrolls and other whimsi- 6. º: cal-shaped beds; besides which, where - - such figures are not kept in their exact shapes with mathematical ac- curacy they offend the eye very much. - When a number of residences with their respective gardens lie contiguous to each other, there is generally an anxiety for variety, and some aspirant for horticultural novelty cuts the whole of his grass plot up and lays it out in the Dutch fashion—i.e., with a series of fancy-shaped beds fitting into each other, and gravel walks between, A-2-..."--T- /P 676 /('Af/? Y •-r” --" *s-e- “-w -*-**** 7|| --------as-ºs-ºs mºsºmatº...as sain so * * *r- SMALL FLOWER GARDENS. 5 the edgings being either Box, stone, or something that will clearly define the outline. This gives more ground space for flowers; but we are far from advising its adoption, except in rural districts, where the abun- dance of grass land and foliage on all sides can well afford this garden space being devoted to such a system; but in all village or suburban plots, where the eye of the spectator cannot well turn at the same moment from this mechanical contrivance of beds to an ample survey of rural scenery, in the shape of trees and meadow, we advise the amateur to consult the opinion of some one of good taste in such matters before he disturbs his turf-carpeted front, if it be so, for we would rather see it studded over with artificial objects, as vases, sculp- ture, &c., than that the beautiful turf should be entirely removed; for, be it remembered, that with the best of management flower-beds look naked and bare a considerable time during winter, when turf looks remarkably well. At the same time, the amateur had better not devote too large a space for flowers alone, but add here and there a shrub to break the monotony of plain groundwork; and, as his space is small large shrubs must not be introduced, but such as Irish Yew, Juniper, Box, and now and then a Yucca, while standard Bay and Portugal Laurels will be very appropriate, and, as a slow-growing shrub, the Aucuba will be useful; fast or coarse-growing shrubs will hardly do, and there is but little room for deciduous ones. Rhododendrons must not be planted on a chalky soil, unless it be prepared for them; but on stiff, retentive soil, not very dry, they will do very well. - With the above general observations on the small flower garden, we now look to the back of the house, and find there a piece of rockwork, which may also be regarded as a portion of the flower garden; and as it is supposed to be already in existence we will not say anything about its construction, for there are few things connected with gardening that it would be more difficult to convey, in writing, a just knowledge of what it ought to be than a piece of rockwork. Leaving, therefore, to the amateur the task of dealing with his fancy stones, roots of trees, &c., as his taste may dictate, we only beg him to bear in mind that the mound of earth forming the basis of operation ought to be of good, useful material, as its crop will be heavy, and it is not easy to com— municate manures to it except of a liquid kind, which may not always be forthcoming. It is also right to observe that it would be prudent not to plant any of the large-leaved Periwinkle in a small rockery, as by its rambling habit it kills everything else; neither should the smaller kind be planted to any great extent; but as something green is wanted to look upon in winter, small plants of Savin, Juniper, Box, Cotoneaster, and some other low-growing shrubs, might be placed there, not for- 6 FLOWER-GARDEN PLANS. getting the Berberries; and these may be all kept within sufficient bounds, so that the small flowering plants to be introduced amongst them may all flourish and flower in their respective seasons, and the shrubs above will serve to break the outline in winter, when the bulk of the flowering plants are only level with the ground. All the hardy herbaceous flowering plants in the accompanying lists will do well on rockwork, except those which are higher than a foot or 18 inches. ty - Returning again to the flower garden, in the arrangement of flower- ing plants there is a matter open to much comment. We would cer– tainly advise the beds to be planted with the hardy herbaceous ones mentioned hereafter, with here and there a patch of annuals sown amongst them ; and if a few bedding-out plants can be had, they might also be allowed good places amongst the others, but beds naked from October till May cannot be tolerated in a small garden of this description, and, probably, if it be a very small one, the whole of the plants enumerated below will not be able all to get places; and as it is imprudent to plant any of them nearer to each other than 18 inches, and the taller ones than 2 feet or more, the cultivator will be able to know how many he can accommodate. Of course, in planting, care must be taken to have the back row in long continuous borders, or the centre in beds, of the tallest plants, and the dwarfest at the edge, as the Primrose, Hepatica, Anemone, Polyanthus, Auricula, Alyssum, and many others, as well as the Crocus, Snowdrop, &c.; and if here and there a place be left for a Pelargonium, Calceolaria, Cuphea, and the like, they will add materially to the variety in autumn. Calceolarias of the shrubby kinds may be kept with very little trouble all winter. The accompanying list of herbaceous plants may be extended at pleasure; but as it contains nothing but what is good, it will do for the amateur to begin with, and as everything is hardy and of easy culture, there need be no fear of their succeeding. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Arabis verna, 1 foot high Aster spectabilis, 2 feet Anemones, of sorts, 9 inches Anchusa carnea, 2 feet Aquilegia glandulosa, 2 feet Antirrhinums, of sorts, 1% foot Alyssum saxatile, 1 foot Betonica stricta, 1; foot Aconitum virgatum, 4 feet Batchelors'-button, double white, 2 feet - speciosum, 3 feet double yellow, 2 feet . Aubrietia deltoidea, 3 inches - Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold), 1 foot Aster amellus, 2 feet Campanula persicifolia, 3 feet - elegans, 2 feet glomerata, 2 feet HARDY BORDER FLOWERS. 7 Campanula latifolia, 4 feet pyramidalis, 4 feet nobilis, 4 feet grandis, 3 feet garganica, I foot Catananche caeruleå, 3 feet Carnation of sorts, 2 feet Dielytra spectabilis, 1% foot Dodecatheon elegans, 1% foot high meadia, 1 foot Delphinium azureum, 1} foot grandiflorum, 2 feet Epsii, 1; foot Barbourii, 1} foot Dianthus aggregatus plenus, 1 foot Splendens, 1 foot patens, 1 foot Erinus alpinus, 3 inches montanus, 3 feet Epimedium violaceum, 9 inches Eranthis hyemalis, 3 feet Fraxinella, 2 feet Geum splendens, 1} foot Golden Rod, 3 feet - Iberis gibraltarica, 1 foot Helianthemum crocatum, 6 inches Helianthus (double Sunflower), 6 feet Helleborus niger, 1 foot Hesperis matronalis (double white and purple Rocket), 2 feet Hepatica (double and single blue, purple, pink, and single white), 4 inches Lychnis (double scarlet), 2 feet fulgens, 1% foot Linum flavum, 9 inches Lobelia fulgens, 3 feet erinus, 6 inches propinqua, 4 feet Liatris Spicata, 6 feet Lupinus polyphyllus, 4 feet polyphyllus albus, 4 feet grandifolius, 4 feet Mimulus cardinalis, 2 feet and varieties CEnothera speciosa, 1 foot fruticosa, 3 feet Ononis rotundifolia, 2 feet . Pentstemon gentianoides, 4 feet gentianoides alba, 4 feet gentianoides coccinea, 4 feet ovatum, 4 feet venustum, 2 feet Scouleri, 3 feet azureum, 6 inches Potentilla formosa, 1} foot McNabiana, 1 foot Prunella pennsylvanica, 6 inches Pulmonaria caerulea, 1% foot - Pyrethrum parthenium flore pleno, 2 feet Primula farinosa, 3 inches all the varieties of Polyanthus and Primrose, as well as Auricula, &c. Paeony, of sorts, Phlox, of sorts, 1-2 feet odorata, 3 feet verma, 6 inches Pansy, or Heartsease, of Surts, 6 incheſ, Rudbeckia hirta, 2 feet. Ranunculus acris (double yellow), 2 feet aconitifolius, 1 foot Symphiandra pendula Silene pendula, 1 foot Schafta, 6 inches Spiraea filipendula plena, 2 feet japonica. - Stachys coccinea, 3 feet Saxifraga hypnoides, 3 inches tridactylites, 3 inches granulata plena, 1 foot Trollius europoeus, 2 feet Veronica spicata, 1 foot gentianoides, 2 feet Wallflowers (single and double), 2 feet - BUILBS, Lilies white, Tiger, and Turk’s-cap Narcissus, of sorts Daffodil Snowdrops Crocus, of sorts Fritillaria. Tulips, of sorts Hyacinths, single Crown Imperial FLOWER-GARDEN PLANS. The following are a few other plans for suburban gardens:— s § HöuSEUOO ſº, . § § § s §|| t : | ;* -§#wºº:*}• *d º º § Nº. ^ # E{\N\{}ll Mºš jºyºkº *65??ºnºr,” º § (&ºrºººººººº. | ... --sº Š Fig. 2. HOUSEFRONT . & § Š tº - QN - *e tº “Śes. ºve - - ſº Y ſºlº * - SA Gº, º 'º Š - > --~~~~~~. -- - as-- * - A *-- * - - - - - -e-º-º-º-º: . Pansies. Roses. 1. 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8 9 . Grass. W. Walks. v. Walls. . Paeonia herbacea and P. arborea. . Scarlet Pelargoniums. ... Werbenas. . Fuchsias, Calceolarias, and Annuals, mixed. . Climbers—as Clematis, Wistaria sinensis, Climbing Roses, &c. - . Shrubs, intermixed with herbaceous plants, Dahlias, and near the edge Annuals. r* i LARGE SUBURBAN GARDEN. Fig 3. r- D South. D -N->>. sºs TSN. 22-sº s ºf >~~~~ • Sºss- *** gºº, ºxº '...} & S § \ & Ş cº’sº †- 5 -- *, &- ºr * * _- :*: &% g" tº ź. ++++. º & sº º º -º-, 7), i - *º-sº Prºr…ºrrºr-2 ſ...} A O - AVorzh, O , , 104/azz.w LARGE SUBURBAN GARDEN. . Entrance. . Coach-walk. . House. . Various shrubs and trees. . Rock, under which an ice-cellar. ... Platform. - g. Grass. H. Straight walk (allee). I. Climbing Roses, which cover the wall, with Azaleas, Rhododendrons, &c.; low shrubs - in front of the Roses. s - . . . . k. Various flower-beds. * . . .” L. Coniferae, as Cedrus, Pinus, Thuja, Juniperus, &c. m. An elevated seat, the elevation already beginning by n. O. Evergreens. - P. A. Horse-chestnut tree or Lime tree. q. Steps and walk up to the platform : the latter not exceeding 10 or 12 feet in height. . 10 FLOWER-GARDEN PLANs. The following plan (fig. 4), is only one-half of the garden. A walk 8 feet wide, edged with 5 feet of grass, divides the two beds No. 10, so that there is a corresponding arrangement on each side of the walk. # # # # - # # cº § *: s c; a a 2, # & 5 § 3. sº 3 #3 # 5 E3 § 5" g; 3. ‘ā Ś ~5 - ; ‘5. 5 § § | B: '3 .# .# O # §ſº a ! E: ; 3 g :5 3 ### H .# P = } © H. : C T tº: