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MURAT NURTUR
***
THE ABBEY CHURCH,
CHURCH, BATH, FROM THE NORTH EAST.
Jo be fa

GIBBS'S
llustrated
BATH VISITANT;
08
Thonichsis.cgaL
New Guide to Bath.
Le
Bath:
PITUL
ar
است
M
S. GIBBS, UNION STREET.
*
List of Illustrations.
1 Frontispiece
2 In the Title Page, the Ancient Seal of the Bath Abbey
3 Arms of Bath
4 Tympanum of Roman Temple
5 Group of Roman Altars, &c.
6
Bath Coins of Ethelred and Canute
Granville's Monument, on Lansdown
7
8
East Gate
9 Grand Pump Room
10
Guildhall
11 Victoria Column
12 West Front of Abbey Church
13 Interior of Abbey Church
14 Prior Birde's Chapel
15 St. James's Church
16 St. Mary's Church, Bathwick -
17 Moravian Chapel
18
Grammar School
19 Blue Coat School
20 Temple of the Winds, Prior Park
21 Sham Castle
-
-
-
22 Farleigh Castle
23 Royal School for Daughters of Officers of the Army
24 Bishop Montague's Tomb
25 Portico of Beau Nash's Residence
Page.
1
9
10
14
19
22
43
52
55
59
62
64
71
75
84
- 103
- 106
- 119
- 123
126
128
- 139
- 145
-
-
THE
BATH VISITANT.
Fabulous and Ancient History.
HE present work is too
limited in its object to give
the legendary lore that has
been handed down to us as
the British History of the
City of Bath. There is not
the slightest authority ex-
tant for believing that the
hot springs of Bath were highly valued by the
aborigines of our island, and used medicinally by
them. The story of Prince Bladud having turned
swine-keeper, and discovered the hot springs
through his hogs partaking the luxury of thermal
bathing, must be pronounced a monkish fable.
To Jeffery of Monmouth we are indebted for the
legend, the substance of which is as follows:-
About five-and-twenty centuries ago, Bladud was
heir-apparent to the powerful Lud Hudibras, who
then swayed the sceptre of Britain. By some
accident the young prince became a leper; and as

B
2
ANCIENT HISTORY.
the disease was contagious, and considered incu-
rable, the father reluctantly banished him from his
court. The prince departed, and in course of
time was so reduced in circumstances that he
hired himself to a swineherd at Keynsham. In the
discharge of his duties he unfortunately commu-
nicated the disease to the animals under his care;
and dreading the displeasure of his master, drove
his charge to the neighbouring heights of Lans-
down, then covered with extensive forests. The
animals soon found their way to the valley beneath,
and, guided by instinct, wallowed in the steaming
marsh formed by the rising of the hot springs.
Bladud, with much difficulty, enticed them from
the morass, and on freeing them from the mud
and filth in which they were encased, discovered
that all the infected animals were greatly improved
in appearance, and many entirely cured. Bladud
lost no time in applying the remedy to his own
case, and with a similar result. A complete cure
was effected; and in a short time the outcast was
reinstated in all the honours of his high station.
In commemoration of his happy cure, Bladud built
a city on the spot, which was enriched with
palaces, temples, and baths, and where he lived
and reigned for many years with great honour.
Notwithstanding the lampoons that Lord Ro-
chester and others had levelled at the credulity of
the Bathonians, for their faith in Bladud and his
pigs, they still clung to its belief; and so late as
ANCIENT HISTORY.
3
1741, the principal inhabitants actually signed a
monstrous certificate, which embodied a sort of
criticism on a document containing the legend of
King Bladud. This they decided to be authentic,
with the exception of a circumstance that the
writer had omitted to state, which of course they
were well acquainted with as fact-that Bladud
presented his grateful acknowledgments to his
master for the lucky discovery made by his swine;
richly arrayed him; created him a knight; and
gave him an estate to support him in his dignity!
The statue of Bladud, erected in the baths about
1700, bore an inscription declaring that Bladud
founded Bath 863 years before Christ.
The true founders of Bath were the Romans;
this is evident from the fact, that not a vestige of
any remains has ever been discovered here that
may be considered anterior to the period of the
Roman subjugation. That it was a Roman station
is clear, from the numerous antiquities discovered
in the city, from the foundations of the old walls
still occasionally laid open, and from the known
attachment of this southern people to warm
bathing; to say nothing of the undoubted men-
tion of the city by Ptolemy of Alexandria about
A.D. 150. This astronomer mentions Bath under
the name of Υδατα Θέρμα, (Udata Therma,) Aquæ
Calidæ, or the hot springs, north of Ischalis
(Ilchester), in 17° 20′ long., and 53° 40′ lat. It is
pretty evident that Bath was a Roman station in
4
ANCIENT HISTORY.
A.D. 50; and a trophy found at Wookey records
a victory of Claudius Cæsar there A.D. 51. The
itinerary of Antoninus styles Bath, Aquæ Solis:
-Trajectus, Abone, Aquæ Solis, (or Aust, Han-
ham, and Bath,) are there given as succeeding
stations. If therefore Bath can lay claim to an
antiquity older than the Cæsars, if the ancient
Britons, half clothed in sheepskins with painted
bodies, indulged in the refinement of thermal
baths eight hundred years before Christ, we have
no evidence of the thing extant, for our existing
records are only coeval with the first Cæsars.
Bath, besides the names mentioned above, was
styled in Greek, Badiša, or Badiza; in Latin,
Fontes Calidi, Thermæ Badonia, Balnea Badonessa.
The Saxons called the city Hat Baden or Bathan,
hence the modern name of Bath. The ancient
geographical situation of Ptolemy we have given ;
by modern reckoning it lies in lat. 51° 22′ 30″ N.,
in long. 2° 21′ 30″ W., in time 9′ 26″ W. of
Greenwich, and in a parallel 4′ 10″ south of that
observatory.
The aspect of the country around Bath must
have been the same as at present, except that the
towering hills which encircle it were most probably
covered with wood. There are no records of any
convulsion having altered the features of the hills
or valleys, and it is natural to conclude that the
outline has not changed.
It appears that when Julius Cæsar landed in
ANCIENT HISTORY.
5
10
1
Britain (B.c. 54), and received the submission of
certain districts on the coast where he first planted
his eagles, he withdrew from the island without
pushing his conquests far inland. Nearly a
century elapsed before the Romans made any
further efforts at subjugation.
In the year A.D. 43, Aulus Plautius landed in
Britain, under whose command Vespasian subdued
the Isle of Wight, and defeated the Britons in
upwards of thirty engagements.
Claudius, as we have seen already, was near
Bath in A.D. 51, and had, at that time, conquered
the south-western part of the island; it is there-
fore probable that Bath owes its origin to him, and
the partiality of his countrymen for so inviting a
site as that of the hot springs. The Romans seem
never to have neglected the establishment of warm
baths, artificially heated, wherever they took up
their quarters, or even established a post. The
presence of a natural production so congenial to
their tastes was the inducement for departing from
their usual custom, in choosing a valley for a
station in preference to either of the neighbouring
heights. It is evident, from their well-known
masonry, that they surrounded their station at
Bath with walls of admirable workmanship, the
remains of which have been repeatedly discovered
in excavating for the foundations of later edifices.
t is remarkable that the hot springs are situated
in the centre of the pentagon formed by the primi-
B 2
6
ANCIENT HISTORY.
tive or Roman walls. This space, now included
within the streets called the Lower Boroughwalls,
Westgate buildings, Sawclose, and Upper Borough-
walls, into High street, may be easily seen to
embrace an area of only 400 yards by 380. Such
appears to have been the extent of the Roman
work; small indeed if compared to the modern city.
In the year 78, Julius Agricola was appointed
to the command of the Roman troops in Britain,
and has left some vestiges of his munificence to
the city of Bath. They consist of the remains of
a temple dedicated to Minerva. About thirty
years afterwards, Adrian founded here a Fabricia,
or College of Armourers, wherein were manufac-
tured the weapons for the use of the legions.
Upwards of a century after this event (A.D. 208),
Septimus Severus, who was called to the north by
an insurrection of the Caledonians, left his son
Geta as Governor of South Britain during his
absence. Complimentary statues were raised to
the young prince in honour of his promotion.
·
•
The joint reign of Dioclesian and Maximian,
towards the close of the third century, produced
several adulatory altars, which show they had
divine honours paid them at Aquæ Solis. From
this period to the time when the Romans left
Britain, little is known to illustrate the history of
Bath, excepting that the sixth legion, part of the
twentieth, and detachments of the Vettonensian
horse from Spain, were quartered here.
ANCIENT HISTORY.
Most of the antiquities, which are of so decisive
a character as to mark the early date of the city
not less than its importance, have been found
twelve or fifteen feet below the level of the present
streets. This is always the case in ancient cities,
from the rising of the ground, owing to the
rubbish of ages accumulating stratum super stratum.
At Rome columns may be seen upright, but only
half emerging from the present street level.
The Roman Baths, discovered at the present
King's Bath in 1755, were more than twenty feet
below the level of the surrounding streets, and were
of the most perfect and magnificent description.
The following account of these beautiful remains,
written shortly after they were laid open, will not
be uninteresting to the reader. The site of these
buildings, at once the most splendid, as well as
the most ancient structure of this description
erected in our country, appears to have extended
over the ground now occupied by Abbey street,
extending to Church street on the east, and to
the Abbey green on the south. The buildings
consisted of a centre and two wings, and embraced,
first, a bath, running north and south, forty-three
feet in length, and thirty-four in breadth, enclosed
within walls eight feet high, built with wrought
stone, lined with terras, and ornamented with
twelve pilasters; secondly, a semicircular bath to
the north of the former, measuring from east to
west fourteen feet ten inches, ornamented with
8
ANCIENT HISTORY.
four pilasters; thirdly, two large rooms to the
eastward, designed for sudatories, having double
floors, on the lower of which stood rows of pillars
composed of square bricks, sustaining a second
floor of tiles thickly coated with cement. The
stones and bricks had evident marks of fire, and
the flues were thickly charged with soot. One of
the furnaces which heated these hypocausts was
still visible; and at its mouth were scattered
pieces of charcoal and burnt wood. Succeeding
excavations brought to light another semicircular
bath to the southward, corresponding to that
already described, and evincing that this noble
establishment must have occupied an area two
hundred and forty feet from east to west, and one
hundred and twenty at the broadest part from
north to south. The building was highly deco-
rated with tesselated pavements, columns, pilas-
ters, and every ornament of classical architecture,
and contained the various conveniences which
rendered the Roman method of bathing so
much more pleasurable and salutary than our
own. A regular set of well-wrought channels
conveyed the superfluous water from the baths
into the Avon.
+
The next most remarkable objects discovered in
this neighbourhood are the remains of the Temple
of Minerva, the presiding deity of the hot springs,
found among fragments of skulls and horns, offer-
ings to the goddess, on the site of the present
ANCIENT HISTORY.
9
Pump room. They were dug up in 1790, a little
to the north of the King's Bath.

DE
unt
DD A Q.4.R.N
–O–D SI
UTTNO
Tympanum of the Temple of Minerva
These interesting relics, with many others, dis-
covered at different times, are preserved at the
Literary Institution; they consist of the tympanum
of the temple, portions of cornices, columns, pilas-
ters, and pieces of frieze, all of fine workmanship.
The tympanum is about twenty-seven feet at the
base, ornamented with a sculptured head (probably
of Belinus, the Celtic Apollo), wreathed with olive
and oak: on each side are two figures treading
upon spheres, and beneath them two helmets,
surmounted with Minerva's bird of wisdom.
Enough remains to explain the entire design.
Our next illustration gives a group of altars and
monuments, selected from the collection at the
Institution, which the visitant would do well to
examine for himself.
10
ANCIENT HISTORY.

1
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1. A sepulchral cippus, commemorating Caius
Calpurnius, a priest of the goddess Sul (the local
name of Minerva at Bath), who died at the age of
seventy-five. It was dug up in Sydney gardens
in the year 1797. The inscription is as follows-
DIIS MANIBVS. CAIVS CALPVRNIVS RECEPTVS
SACERDOS DEE SVLINIS VIXIT ANN. LXXV.
CALPVRNIA TRIFOSA THREPTE CONIVX FA-
CIENDVM CVRAVIT.
CVRAVIT. [To the memory of Caius
Calpurnius, a priest of the goddess Sul, who died
ANCIENT HISTORY.
11
at the age of 75, his wife, Calpurnia Trifosa
Threpte, has caused this stone to be erected.]
2. Is a monumental stone, found in 1708, on
the fosse road at Walcot. The inscription is,
JVLIVS
VITALIS FABRICIESIS LEGIONIS VI-
CESIMÆ VALERIANÆ VICTRICIS STIPENDIORUM
ANNORVM VIGINTI NOVEM NATIONE
NOVEM
BELGA EX COLLEGIO FABRICE ELATVS HIC
SITVS EST. [Julius Vitalis, a Belgian by nation,
and armourer of the twentieth legion (Valerian
and Victorius), who died in the twenty-ninth year
of his age, and ninth of his service, was buried
here by the company of armourers.]
3. An altar, discovered in 1774, on removing
the rubbish from the head of the spring of the
Hot Bath. With it were found a number of coins
of Nero, Vespasian, Adrian, Trajan, and Anto-
ninus Pius. The inscription-DEE SVLINI MI-
G
-
NERVE SVLINVS MATVRI FILIVS VOTVM SOLVIT
LIBENS MERITO. [To the goddess Sul Minerva,
Sulinus, son of Maturus, willingly discharges his
vow.]
4. A bas-relief representing Geta on horse-
back. A parma and hasta, which the figure bears,
indicate his dignity, as no one but a Cæsar had a
right to an equestrian statue thus ornamented.
5. The capital of a pillar belonging to the
Temple of Minerva.
6. The pediment of a sacellum, or small temple,
dedicated to Luna. The head is executed in rude
12
ANCIENT HISTORY.
but bold relief, a crescent encircles it, and a
knotted wand, with a serpent entwined around it,
appears on the right side without the crescent.
7 and 8. Fragments of an inscription, dug out
of the excavations made for the building of the
Pump Room. The inscription is incomplete, but
the late Govenor Pownall ingeniously supplied the
absent letters, and read it in the following manner:
AVLVS CLAVDIVS LIGVRIVS SODALIS ASCITVS
FABRORVM COLLEGIO LONGA SERIA DEFOSSA
HANC EDEM E NIMIA VETUSTATE LABENTEM
DE INVENTA ILLIC PECVNIA REFICI ET RE-
PINGI CVRAVIT. [Aulus Claudius Ligurius, a
Fellow of the College of Armourers, caused this
temple, ready to fall to decay from length of time,
to be restored and repainted with the money
found there in an earthen pitcher.]
These are but a portion of the Roman antiqui-
ties discovered at Bath. Vast masses of sculptured
columns, capitals, architraves, and friezes of ex-
tensive buildings, have at various times been
turned up, and used in other buildings for the
sake of the material; while smaller articles, as
pateræ, urns, vases, lachrymatories, coins, silver
and brass instruments of various kinds, have been
sold to strangers, and irrecoverably dispersed.
The Romans remained in Bath from the time of
their conquest of the south-western part of the
island under Plautius and Ostorius, until the
legionary troops were recalled for the defence of
ANCIENT HISTORY.
13
Italy, in the reign of the Emperor Theodosius,
about the year 444; and the power of that great
empire, which had subjugated the world, tottered
to its fall. With the Roman dominion in Bath
fell, it is probable, all the works of art and taste
they erected, the remnants of which have been so
frequently discovered. Porticos, temples, statues,
built or set up as ornaments to the city, in
which Agricola, Geta, and Adrian at one time re-
sided, were soon overthrown by the barbarous
Saxons, who conquered and laid it waste about
576. Legends relate that King Arthur, of whom
nothing definite is known, protracted this fate for
a short time by defeating the Saxons on Lansdown ;
but his prowess, real or fabled, was insufficient to
preserve the city from its doom. The Aqua Solis
of the Romans became debased even in name.
The "Waters of the Sun, or Apollo," are said to
have been styled by the conquerors, "Hat Bathan."
The city was taken and retaken by different
hordes of Saxon or Danish barbarians of that
time, as one or the other prevailed. Offa, chief of
Mercia, took the city from the Prince of Wessex,
and attached it, and the surrounding country,
to his dominions. Under Offa, Bath recovered
from the miseries to which it had long been ex-
posed, and a college of secular canons was founded
here in 775. For a period of more than a century,
the city still suffered from the incursions of the
Danes, and it was not till the reign of Athelstan
с
14
ANCIENT HISTORY.
(941) that it began to recover from its ruin. That
chief or prince established a mint in Bath. Edgar
was crowned in the city, gave a charter to the
abbey, and was for some ages commemorated by
the ceremony of annually electing one of the
citizens as king. Besides Athelstan, coins were
struck in Bath by Edgar, Ethelred, Canute the
Dane, and Edward the Confessor, specimens of
which still exist in the cabinets of the curious.
DELRE
ÆTHELRED REX ANGL.
ORL
M
ETHELRED.

GNL
CANUTE,
TR
CNUT REX ANGLORV.
MNO
BAD
97
ALFWOLD MNO BATH.
AL
ZA

73米
​GV
ALFWALD ON BATH.
It was under the Saxons that the Roman Catho-
lic faith was introduced into the island, and
ANCIENT HISTORY.
15
carried to Bath as well as to other places; a
church is said to have been erected where the
temple of Minerva once stood, about the centre of
the city, near the baths; and after the supersti-
tion of the time, a convent was founded in the
year 676 over the same spot.
Bath, under the Saxon princes, was assessed at
twenty hides, and paid two pounds to the Dane-
geld. It became the dower of Queen Editha ;
reverted to the crown; and was a royal demesne
when the Norman Conqueror made his survey. At
that time it contained only about five hundred and
seventy persons: so much had it suffered after its
evacuation by the Romans.
In the reign of William Rufus, Bath was
plundered and burnt by the bishop of Constance
during the insurrection of Odo. It was purchased
of the king for five hundred marks by John de
Villula, of Tours, in 1090, who removed the
bishop's seat hither, which had before been at
Wells, and erected a monastery upon the site of
the old one, at the same time rebuilding the city.
Henry the First extended these privileges,
transferring to the bishop and his successors the
hideage or Danegeld hitherto exacted of the
borough. In 1106 the bishop conferred the city,
with a variety of lands and tenements in its
neighbourhood, on the monastery of St Peter,
appointing the same to be governed by a prior
instead of an abbot, and reserving to himself,
16
ANCIENT HISTORY.
and his successors in the see, the patronage of the
monastery.
From this period, the Abbey or Priory gradually
extended its possessions; and the luxury and sloth
of the monks kept pace with its wealth, so that
when the good bishop, Oliver King, obtained the
see of Bath and Wells, in the reign of Henry
VII., he found such abuses and indolence as
obliged him to adopt stringent measures to sup-
press. In the following reign monastic delin-
quency reached its height, and the voluptuous and
lazy inmates of the Bath Abbey, in common with
the rest of the fraternity, were swept away.
After the destruction of the monastery, in the
year 1539, the site of the Abbey passed through
various hands into those of the present Earl
Manvers.
Bath sent burgesses to Parliament as early as
the reign of Edward I. Henry Bayton and Thomas
Missletre, in the twenty-sixth of Edward I., were
its representatives. In the following reign the city
was so poor, or the burgesses so parsimonious,
that for two successive annual parliaments they
had no representatives in the house; the citizens,
however, contrived about this time to obtain the
appointment of their own assessors and collectors
of taxes, by which they avoided the extortions
practised upon other places.
The royal concessions and charters to the city of
Bath were addressed to all its citizens properly
ANCIENT HISTORY.
17
so called. No exceptions were made, because the
right of all, in accordance with previous custom,
was equal. Strangers, visitors, or their offspring,
were alone excepted. Citizenship seems to have
been attainable by the payment of a sum of money.
All citizens could assemble at the Guildhall, take
a part in the business of the city, vote for their
representatives, and express their opinions by their
voices in everything that concerned the general
welfare. This right of all the citizens it became
an object to contract, as the desire of power in the
breasts of the more influential became stronger.
The mayor was first chosen by the citizens generally;
but it is probable that neglect on their part, or the
calls of business keeping away the greater number
from common civic duties, these last devolved upon
the few, who, from ambition or fondness for dis-
tinction among their fellows, first engrossed them.
That which had been thus tolerated became a
custom, and custom was proclaimed to be law
when it conferred power and profit. The citizens
at large were excluded from this right by a select
junta, who were powerful enough to get their
supremacy tolerated by a charter from Queen
Elizabeth, confirming their usurpations, about
the time of her visit to the city. This charter
was dated the 4th of September, 1590. It
declared Bath a city, and a number of citizens,
about thirty in all, were denominated the mayor,
aldermen, and citizens of Bath. Thus the des-
C 2
18
ANCIENT HISTORY.
potism of the few over the many was first esta-
blished, and the mayor and corporation began an
existence which changed their civic duties into
objects of private advantage. A modification of
the power in some trifling degree took place by
an act of George III., in 1794; but the ability of
the select body to manage, in their own uncon-
trolled and irresponsible manner, the funds of the
city, return the members in exchange for patron-
age, and continue among their dependants and
families all civic places to which property was
attached, remained the same.
The Reform Bill at length, in 1832, deprived the
corporation of the exclusive right of returning the
city members to parliament; the corporation, in
number about thirty, being formerly the exclusive
voters out of a population of 50,800. The voters
have been increased to nearly 3000, and no less
than 2329 polled at the first election after the
passing of the act.
In the troubles during the reign of Charles I.,
Bath was occupied in turns by both parties. It
was quietly taken from the king by the Earl of
Bedford; in fact its situation renders it untenable
since artillery has come into use, every part of the
city being commanded from surrounding emi-
nences. Bath was in possession of the Parliament
when Sir William Waller engaged Sir Beville
Granville on Lansdown, in which contest the latter
was slain. A monument has been erected on the
ANCIENT HISTORY.
19

MAKASLARUTAN
Granville's Monument, Lansdown.
spot where he fell, claiming the victory for his
party, a thing not borne out by fact. No decisive
result was obtained. Granville was killed, and out
of 2000 of the king's horse, not 600 left the field.
When Waller was worsted at Roundway Down,
near Devizes, the Royalists took possession of
Bath, and retained it for some time. It does not
appear that any military operations took place, in
which Bath had a share, during the remainder of
the civil wars. After the restoration, the civic
body supported the restored prince, and were the
devoted subjects of James II., in whose support
they shut their gates against the unfortunate Duke
of Monmouth, when he appeared before them.
Some of the inhabitants, however, showed a less
politic regard to their own safety, than detestation
against the worst of the Stuarts, for several of
20
ANCIENT HISTORY.
them fought at Sedgemoor against the tyrant, and
when Kirk and Jefferies visited the west, although
they acted with more mercy than their master
wished, Bath witnessed the execution of six of the
individuals condemned by Jefferies. Baker, Body,
Bryant, Clotworthy, Collins, and Carter, were the
names of the sufferers. Half-hanging, embowelling
alive, burning the entrails, salting and boiling
heads, and fixing them on poles, after the common
custom of the times, were ordered to be executed
upon those victims of the vengeance of Jefferies
and James.
Even subsequently, twenty-seven years after the
glorious revolution of William III., a strong party
in Bath, headed by a clergyman, acted in behalf of
the Stuart Pretender in 1715. This party was un-
kennelled, and the principal actors were fortunate
enough to escape punishment by flight. It is
difficult to imagine men at such a time adhering
to a party which displayed, in union with the baser
part of the human character, the deepest hatred to
civil and religious freedom.
Having thus far noticed cursorily the ancient
history of Bath, by what data imperfect records
have left, we turn with more pleasing feelings to
the time, when, from a comparatively ill-built
and diminutive town, scantily peopled, Bath arose
to a fame and splendour seldom equalled in
cities destitute of commerce or manufactures in
modern days.
ANCIENT HISTORY.
21
We have seen, that in the reign of William I.
it had been reduced to so few as five hundred and
seventy, or perhaps six hundred inhabitants. In
the parish of Walcot, in which only two baptisms
and one funeral occurred in 1691; five hundred
and fifty baptisms, two hundred marriages, and
two hundred and sixty-five funerals, took place in
the space of a year, in a century afterwards, or in
1791. In twenty years, from 1801 to 1821, the
increase of inhabitants in the city was 12,428;
the number having risen from 34,160 in the year
1801, to 46,588 in 1821; in 1831 to 50,800; in
1841 to 53,209; and in 1851 to 54,248. By the
census of 1861 the result was 52,517, shewing a
decrease of 1731 in the number of inhabitants.
But as the number of inhabited houses had in-
creased during the ten years by 599, it is evident
that the city had lost a portion of its poor, and
gained among its wealthier population.
Leland describes the city in 1530 as being all
within the walls, which were standing. In 1670 it
was much the same, the city not covering more
than about fifty acres, elevated fifteen or twenty
feet above the surrounding country; so that inside,
the walls were of little height, although on the
outside their elevation was considerable: they were
not a mile in circuit. The only portions of the
old city wall now in existence are on the Upper
Boroughwalls, opposite the Mineral Water Hospi-
tal, and in Boatstall lane, at the back of the
22
MODERN HISTORY.
market. In the latter instance it has been incor-
porated with the houses built above it, but its
embattled character is still preserved, as well as the

East Gate, with part of the City Wall.
east gateway of the city. There were, at the
period above alluded to, only three parishes within
the walls, St. James, St. Michael, and St. Peter
and St. Paul, and the united poor rates were only
thirty pounds per annum! There were suburbs
outside the north and south gates.
Modern History.
ABOUT the year 1700, the city was somewhat
improved, induced probably by the visits of the
court, Queen Anne and her consort having several
times sojourned here. Still there was nothing of
its present magnificence observable; the Guildhall,
MODERN HISTORY.
23
built after Inigo Jones, was the only edifice of
note it contained. It was not until 1728, when Mr.
Wood, an architect, began improvements upon an
extensive scale, that the "Modern History of
Bath "
may be said to have commenced. The
value of the warm baths, still too little appreciated
among northern nations at any time, and rarely or
never in the most salubrious season, drew numbers
of persons to these extraordinary waters: fashion
joining in the pursuit, houses sprung up on all
sides. A space of ground, three times the extent
of the old city, was soon covered with edifices of
handsome elevation. Wood erected Queen Square,
a monument of his good taste. He planned the
Circus, which was not completed until his decease.
The North and South parades were among his
other speculations, being raised out of a marsh,
and commanding fine views. The Royal crescent
was built by the younger Wood, and for simple
grandeur and pure taste, stands a monument of
the architect's talent, to put to shame almost every
other mass of domestic architecture since erected
in the kingdom. At the time of these improve-
ments, Nash, best known as Beau Nash, who will
be mentioned more particularly in a subsequent
part of this Guide, was master of the ceremonies,
and seems to have aided by all the means in his
power the efforts of the architects. He commemo-
rated the visits of distinguished persons to the
city by obelisks, which at least, or as far as regards
24
MODERN HISTORY.
that in Queen square, heighten the effect of the
buildings. This obelisk was erected in a basin of
stagnant water, which being filled up, the monu-
ment has a very pleasing appearance. It bears
the following inscription :-" In memory of ho-
nours conferred, and in gratitude for benefits
bestowed, on this city, by his Royal Highness
Frederick Prince of Wales, in the year 1737, this
obelisk is erected by Richard Nash, esq."
In Orange grove, the scene of many a courtly
promenade and gallant fracas, there stands another
obelisk, with the inscription :-"In memory of
the happy restoration of the health of the Prince
of Orange, by the drinking of the Bath waters,
through the favour of God, and to the joy of
Britain, 1734."
Magnificent plans in Bathwick parish were
subsequently projected by Mr. Baldwin. An
elegant bridge was thrown across the Avon (about
1770) at the expence of William Pulteney, esq.,
and the opposite meadows were soon covered
with streets of the highest architectural taste.
It is remarkable that all the elegant buildings of
Bath were the offspring of peaceable times. The
first halt in the elevation of her splendid edifices
was at the commencement of the last French war,
when a long range of buildings on the London road
was left uncompleted. The increase of inhabitants
since that time has caused them to be finished,
and a great number of others to be erected; but
1
MODERN HISTORY.
25
none upon so vast a scale as was projected prior to
that period.
The two great parallel avenues of Bath may be
considered, first, that which runs from the bridge
over the Avon on the Bristol and Wells road,
through Southgate street, Stall street, Union
street, and Milsom street. At the termination of
the latter street, deviating a little to the right, the
parallel continues to Belvedere, where the road
forks off to Lansdown on the left, and Camden
crescent on the right. A second parallel of streets
commences on the north side of the Abbey church,
curving with the bend of the river for a great
length, under the names of High street, Northgate
street, Walcot street, London street, Walcot terrac
and buildings, Piccadilly, Kensington buildings
Percy place, and Grosvenor place. From thes
two parallels the other streets are easily trace
out, branching off from them for the most part
right and left, or rather eastward and westward.
Every variety of elevation may be obtained for
residences, in the way of aspect and temperature,
from the levels of Green Park buildings and
Norfolk crescent, to the heights of Lansdown on
one side of the city, and of Bathwick and Wid-
combe hills on the other. The grandeur and beauty
of the views from these eminences are not sur-
passed near any other city of the empire which
does not command an ocean prospect. The
situation is a very pleasant and healthful one.
D


·
26
MODERN HISTORY.
The opening from the west through the narrow
vale in which the city stands, carries along a
perpetual current of fresh air, by which it is well
ventilated. On the north, Lansdown, rising
with a steep ascent of 800 feet, keeps off the
cutting blasts of winter, while the southern hills
of less elevation admit over them the early
rays of the sun. In winter the advantage of the
sun's power is very gratefully experienced, Bath
being several degrees warmer in that season than
any other inland city of the kingdom.
The hills around Bath, particularly on the
southern side, sink into romantic hollows of great
picturesque beauty, and afford landscapes of ever
varying scenery, remarkable for their variety of
aspect, and like the city itself, very favourable to
health. This is exemplified in the numerous
instances of longevity constantly occurring even
amongst the poorest classes, a circumstance no-
ticed by the various topographers, from the earliest
times, who have described the city. Contagious
distempers are almost wholly unknown. Mrs.
Chandler, who wrote a poetical description of Bath
in the early part of the last century, thus allude's
to the salubrity of the city:

"The min'ral streams which from the baths arise,
From noxious vapours clear the neighb'ring skies;
When fevers bore an epidemic sway,
Unpeopled towns, swept villages away;
While death abroad dealt terror and despair,
The plague but gently touch'd within their sphere."
MODERN HISTORY.
27
The river Avon sweeps through the city, which
descends abruptly to its shores, and thus the
drainage is rapid to the river, which carries off
every thing noxious to the sea below Bristol. In
winter it is subject to floods, which occasionally
overflow the meadows on its banks for a short
time, but their extent is too small, and the height
above the river at its customary level too great to
form anything resembling a marsh, even in the
narrow limits within which they are confined.
Bath possesses all the conveniences and enter-
tainments which the most capricious or fastidious
visitant can desire. Music is perhaps that art
blending science with amusement, which is found
in Bath in the greatest perfection. The city has
given abilities of high character to the world in
musical talent, whose names it would be superflu-
ous to recapitulate; nor is the city at present
wanting in its former character regarding this
science. Concerts are frequent, and under the
management of professional residents distin-
guished for their skill; and there are musical
societies under different names, consisting of
amateurs who are so well trained as to participate
occasionally with performers of the highest ability
upon public occasions. These meetings are always
highly interesting to the stranger. The subscrip-
tion concerts at different periods, under the Lin-
leys, Rauzzini, La Motte, Ashe, Sir George Smart,
and Loder, need not be more particularly alluded to.
28
MODERN HISTORY.
Shooting galleries, billiard rooms, news rooms,
riding schools, and lounges of a similar kind, are
matters of course in a place so much visited by
strangers. Swimming lessons are given at the
Tepid bath, and also at the Cold baths on the
banks of the Avon, near Sydney gardens.
Circulating libraries are numerous, most of
them well attended, and filled with that class
of works which suit the taste of the general
reader. Reviews, magazines, and newspapers of
all kinds, to be read in the rooms, are appended
to them. It is to be lamented, however, that Bath
has no large public library containing a good
collection of works of reference, and those in
the higher walks of literature. Novels and light
modern productions, under the head of fashion-
able works of amusement, generally fill the shelves
of the shop libraries, as being those most pres-
singly in demand.
There are four newspapers published in Bath;
viz., the Bath and Cheltenham Gazette, published
on Wednesday mornings; the Bath Chronicle, on
Thursday mornings; the Bath Journal, and the
Bath Express, on Saturday mornings.
The accommodation for strangers in Bath will be
found exceedingly complete. Besides hotels and
inns, there are lodging and boarding houses of the
most commodious character in every situation that
can be desired. Some on lofty eminences over-
looking noble landscapes, others close to the baths,
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
29
or in the heart of the city. Some may be taken in
situations completely sheltered from the north or
east winds, and open to the full action of the sun;
and, in short, in places retired or exposed, in
secluded or in the busiest streets; and that too
at very reasonable prices. Many are fitted up with
luxury, having most spacious apartments furnished
at high cost. If a family enter the city at noon,
it may easily get into lodgings the same night;
a short search will procure them; but as situa-
tion contributes much to comfort, if the visitant
be a total stranger, a day's delay and examination
of site will not be idly given.
Civil Government, &c.
THE visitant is well aware that Bath is not a
city of trade. No manufacture worthy of notice
is carried on within its limits, nor is it the resort
of commerce. To easy opulence alone, and to
those who have come to visit its healthful springs,
does it owe its present elegance and flourishing
condition. Of all places in the kingdom, Bath is
best fitted for the retirement of individuals with
independent incomes, whether small or large. For
those passed the meridian of life, its quietness,
beautiful neighbourhood, and warmth of climate,
particularly recommend it. Its entertainments are
regulated with decorum and exactitude; its mar-
kets are cheap; and its buildings splendid, yet
D 2
30
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
wax.
reasonable in rent to the occupant. Trade in Bath
consists principally in the sale of articles connected
with the refinements, rather than the necessities of
life. A large manufactory of cloth, the making of
which is now extinct in the city, once existed within
its walls; but specimens of superior excellence
and beauty are produced at the celebrated mills
at Twerton, two miles distant. In former times,
indeed as early as the reign of Richard Cœur de
Lion, it appears that there was an active trade
with Bristol in wine, salt, wool, silks, cloth, and
The woollen trade flourished here principally
in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and even
from the reign of Henry VIII. to the seventeenth
its looms were noted for this product of indus-
try. About the time of Charles II. it began to
decline in Bath, which from being one of the most
celebrated places for the manufacture, now exhibits
no traces of it except in a donation made every
twenty-fourth year from a sum left by Sir Thomas
White, as a loan to young men of good character
going into business. It was specially bequeathed
to the places then noted for woollen manufactories,
and is managed by the corporation of Bristol, to
whom the settlement of £2000 was left in 1566.
The annual fairs of Bath, which were suppressed
in 1852, were remnants of the trade and times.
The charter of incorporation of the City of Bath
has been already stated to bear date the 4th Sep-
tember, 1590. By this charter, a monopoly of
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
31
every public thing that before belonged to the
great body of the citizens was aggrandized by a
few, and the result was, as with other places simi-
larly circumstanced, a fearful injury to the property
of the city. Till about the middle of the last century,
the different trades were in the hands of various
fraternities, the members of which wore gowns,
adopted other insignia, and claimed exclusive
privileges in their avocations. In 1765, however,
a tailor, named Glazeby, persisted in following his
calling. In consequence, a trial ensued in a court
of law, when it was proved that these companies
had no legal existence, since which period the
various trades have been open to any who choose to
engage in them. In 1794 a renewal of the charter
of Elizabeth was obtained, with two additions,
namely, that the justices should be increased from
two to nine, and that in case of the absence of
the mayor, two aldermen might appoint a third
to be sworn in to act as the mayor's locum tenans.
The municipal business of Bath is transacted at
the Guildhall. A petty session was formerly held
four times a-year; but the Town Council having
obtained a grant of a general quarter sessions, the
first court was held on the 10th of April, 1837.
There was also a court of record, which, however,
has long ceased to exist. The municipal bill
places it in the power of the Town Council to revive
it and with administrative powers nearly equal to
the superior courts of Westminster.
32
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
Under the municipal act, Bath has twenty
magistrates; the Mayor being a magistrate during
his mayoralty, and the year succeeding. He attends
at the Guildhall every day, and is assisted in his
duties by two of the other magistrates, who by
agreement perform the diurnal duty in rotation.
The reform act of 1832 considerably extended
the jurisdiction of the borough magistrates, by
including within the municipal boundaries the
parishes of Bathwick, Lyncombe and Widcombe,
and that part of Walcot which was previously
without the limits of the city. These suburban
districts were formerly, in judicial cases, under
the jurisdiction of the county magistrates; but the
passing of the before-mentioned act superseded
their power, and placed the whole seven parishes
under the control of the city magistracy.
The steward of the city court leet is the town
clerk.
The police of the city and suburbs is under the
control of the Town Council, who appoint from
their body a Watch Committee of sixteen, with
whom rests the entire management. The police
force consists of a chief superintendent, four
inspectors, a clerk, twelve sergeants, and sixty-
seven men. There is also a detective force con-
nected with the police, consisting of one inspector,
one sergeant, and one constable.
Under the Bath Improvement Act, 29 Geo. III.,
c. 73, the sum of £123,558 was expended on the
CO
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
33
baths, pump rooms, and similar edifices now
adorning the city. To repay this money certain
tolls were levied, which have ceased to be collected
for a very considerable time, the sums borrowed
having been liquidated.
The city of Bath is lighted with gas under an
act of parliament obtained in 1818 for the forma-
tion of a company. The works are on the Upper
Bristol road and on the banks of the Avon. The
city was first lit up on the 26th of September, 1819.
The public revenue of the city, which was never
known with any approximation to certainty until
the appearance of the Report of the Commissioners
of Corporate Reform in 1835, arises from the rents
of the city property, from the renewal of leases and
fines, from the tolls in the various markets, from
the baths and pump rooms, from the water rents,
and other sources. The income of the Corpo-
ration was in 1801, 8,1117. 8s. 52d.; in 1804,
11,1617. 11s. 93d.; in 1825, 11,3187. 7s.; in
1830, 20,8261. 18s. 103d.; in 1832, 14,554l. 9s. 7d.
The corporation debt due on bonds in September,
1836, amounted to 75,6267. 10s.; in 1844, to
68,030l. 19s.; in 1854, to 64,800l.; and in
1860, to 63,500l. besides liabilities amounting
to 25,950l. on account of the New Gaol and
Waterworks. In 1864, the bonded debt was
77,600%.
Various acts of parliament have, from time to
time, been passed for regulating the affairs of the
34
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
city, making improvements, lighting, paving, and
cleansing. A body of commissioners, comprising
four of the corporation, and four inhabitants from
each parish chosen at the vestries, carried these
acts into effect. In 1813 it was found that the
business of this department of the civil govern-
ment of the city had so much increased, that
a new act was obtained, and a more extensive
authority conferred. In Bathwick parish, for
example, these affairs were regulated by thirty-six
commissioners; the outpart of Walcot by twenty-
eight, and so on.
In 1851 a new act was passed by which all
former statutes affecting any part of the borough
were repealed; the boards of commissioners were
abolished; and the whole management of the
affairs of the city was vested in the Town Council.
By this act the powers of the Council are greatly
extended, both as to effecting improvements and
abating nuisances.
The County Court, for the recovery of debts
under fifty pounds, is held at the Guildhall. Its
authority extends over the city, and to most of the
parishes within a circuit of six or seven miles.
The Borough Gaol is situated in the meadows
between Bath and Twerton. It was finished in
1842, at a cost of about 23,000l., and has accom-
modation for 120 prisoners, besides debtors.
HOT SPRINGS.
35
The Hot Springs and Baths.
IT has been already observed, that the celebrity
of this city arises from its natural hot baths.
The springs are situated at a very short distance
from each other, but are four distinct branches,
most probably from one grand source, which is
considered to be not very far from the surface.
The springs form respectively the reservoirs of
the King's Bath, the Hot Bath, the Cross Bath,
and the Kingston Bath.
From the middle of the sixteenth century to
the present time, very many treatises have been
written upon the Bath waters and their uses,
and numerous have been the conjectures upon the
cause of the extraordinary heat evolved by them.
Some have inclined to believe them volcanic; but
nothing in the neighbourhood of the city carries
any appearance of the agency of internal fire. The
geological formation of the district shows a tranquil
deposition of the various strata, without the slightest
indication of convulsion. Bath has never experi-
enced severe earthquake shocks; nor does it appear
from observation that any material alteration in
the temperature of the waters ever occurs. The
amazing quantity poured forth by the King's Bath,
no less than 364 tuns in ten or eleven hours, or
126 gallons per minute, with a temperature of
116° at the orifice, is equable in its flow, and does
36
HOT SPRINGS.
not intermit, like the volcanic geysers of Iceland.
The Hot Bath is 117°. The geysers are at the
lowest 1880, and rise to 212°, the boiling point;
but then they are in a volcanic country. Elastic
vapours seem to operate in Iceland, and cause
the fluctuations in the springs around them; but
in Bath nothing more is perceived than, according
to the ingenious experiments of Dr. Daubeney,
that gases are evolved at the King's Bath spring
at the rate of 267 cubic inches per minute, and
consequently while 126 gallons of water are dis-
charged. The gases are in the proportions of 97
per cent. nitrogen, 3 oxygen, and a variable
quantity of carbonic acid. The sparkling appear-
ance of the water, when fresh from the spring, is
due to the presence of the latter gas. That these
extraordinary springs are of remote antiquity in
origin cannot be reasonably doubted, and of this
their uniformity of flow is a proof.
The Bath Waters have been repeatedly the sub-
ject of analysis; but whether the waters differ at
distant periods, or the system of analysis followed
is the cause of the disagreement, certain it is the
results do not agree in detail. All the experimen-
talists concur, however, in giving as the most
abundant ingredients detected:-1, sulphate of
lime: 2, chloride of sodium; 3, chloride of mag-
nesium; 4, sulphate of soda; with an appreciable
proportion of iron. Alumina, silicic acid, and
jodine have also been observed in minute quantities.
HOT SPRINGS AND BATHS.
37
Among the later writers upon this subject are
Dr. Falconer, Sir G. Gibbes, Dr. Wilkinson, Dr.
Spry, Dr. Barlow, Dr. Tunstall, and Dr. Wilbra-
ham Falconer. The water, in small quantities, is
clear, colourless, without smell, a little chalybeate
in taste, and on being kept some hours loses a
portion of its transparency, and deposits an orange
sediment, extremely slight, but difficult to remove
from the surface of the glass. This ochreous
matter is always in solution when the water is
fresh from the spring, but when cold it is precipi-
tated, which shows that, to produce a medicinal
effect, it should be drank hot.
The operation of the Bath waters in curing
disorders of various kinds, particularly leprosy
and chronic rheumatism, is highly beneficial. Of
the former cases, out of 196 patients, 119 were
sent from the hospital cured in one year; and of
362 chronic rheumatic patients, 127 were cured,
and 127 made much better. In cases of debility,
these waters are highly useful. In gout they are
remarkably efficacious, and the greatest benefit is
certain to be derived from their use; the dyspeptic
symptoms are relieved, and the disorder terminates
by an attack of the extremities-the desired crisis.
In most disorders of the digestive organs, the
Bath waters are recommended when there is
absence of inflammatory symptoms. In every
tendency to fever they are hurtful, as well as in
pulmonary complaints, epilepsy, recent apoplexy,
L
38
HOT SPRINGS AND BATHS.
scrofula, disease of the heart, hæmorrhages, and
the existence of any diseased condition which has a
tendency to accelerate the circulation of the blood.
They are too active for these disorders, whereas,
in such as require stimulants, they operate with
decided benefit. They increase the circulation, and
by that means the nervous energy, and they con-
sequently act in improving the animal spirits.
These waters should not be drank until medical
advice is first obtained, and the body got into a
proper state by medicine. In cases where for lack
of tone or action in the system they are thought
likely to prove serviceable the benefit is soon
perceptible. They are much recommended in
cases of indigestion, to restore the vigour of the
digestive organs. In obstructions of the female
habit, in bilious obstructions, in cutaneous com-
plaints of most kinds, they are found eminently
useful. The mark of their agreeing well with the
system, is their imparting pleasurable sensations,
and increasing the appetite soon after they are
drank the exhilaration of the spirits is also
another mark of their good effect. Headache,
thirst, dryness of the mouth, and heaviness of the
head, indicate that they must not be persevered
in. Dr. Wilbraham Falconer, the latest writer on
the Bath waters, observes, that "the quantity of
water to be drank during the day should be
divided into two portions, one of which should be
taken before breakfast, and the other in the after-
HOT SPRINGS AND BATHS.
39.
noon. The usual amount taken at one time varies
from four ounces to half a pint. It may, however,
be increased to double that quantity, if the smaller
doses do not disagree and the case requires it.
The water should be drank leisurely, for nothing
is more likely to cause discomfort, than rapidly
tossing off the quantity directed to be taken.”
THE KING'S BATH
Is situated about one hundred and fifty feet west
of the Abbey church, and was originally erected
by the Romans, upon the foundations of whose
works the modern buildings are in several parts
actually laid. The Saxon barbarians are supposed
to have destroyed these; and little of their state
is known until they became the property of John
de Villula, about the year 1100.
The present
King's bath was so styled as early as the thir-
teenth century; and Latin poems are extant in
their praise, written in the reign of Henry III. in
the year 1216. The water rises from a very
powerful hot spring at 117° of Fahrenheit where
it issues from the ground; and discharging about
two hogsheads and a half in a minute, it is eleven
hours in filling the bath. The dimensions of this
bath are nearly sixty feet long, by forty feet wide;
and it contains, when filled to a depth of four feet
and a half, fifty-one thousand four hundred and
fifty gallons of water. The spring or source is
walled round with a cone of brickwork eight feet
40
HOT SPRINGS AND BATHS.
in diameter. There are seats and recesses round
the Bath for the accommodation of bathers, and
one side is formed by a Doric colonnade, to afford
shelter from the weather. Adjoining this bath,
on the northern side, are private reclining baths,
and dressing rooms communicating with the open
bath, the bather may therefore partake of either
at his pleasure.
THS QUEEN'S BATH.
This bath, which received its name from being
used by Anne, queen of James I., is supplied from
the same spring as the King's bath; in fact it is
only a retired portion of it. It is twenty-seven feet
square, contains eighteen thousand two hundred
and fifteen gallons of water, and is a little lower
in temperature than the King's bath, owing to its
communication with it being by a narrow passage,
which cools the water in a trifling degree as it
flows into the bath itself. It has, on the southern
and western sides various dressing rooms, com-
municating by steps with the water; and a re-
clining bath.
On the upper story of the above baths in
Stall street, are handsome private baths, with
sudatories, rooms for "douche" or dry pumping,
vapour bath, reclining bath, and every convenience.
They were built in 1788, by the city architect.
THE CROSS BATH
Is situated about a hundred yards from the fore-
going, terminating Bath street. It is named from
HOT SPRINGS AND BATHS.
41
a cross having been placed in its centre, in the
year 1687, by Lord Melford, secretary of state to
James II., as a memorial of the benefit derived
by the Queen from the use of the waters. The
temperature of this Bath is much lower than either
of the others, being about 100°.
THE HOT BATH
Is very near the Cross bath, and is so called
from having water of the highest temperature. It
reaches 120° of Fahrenheit in the cylinder before
it enters the bath. The late Mr. Wood was the
architect. The Pump room belonging to this
spring is on the opposite side of the carriage way,
constituting the first building in Hetling court.
THE ROYAL PRIVATE BATHS
Adjoin the foregoing, and consist of a suit of
elegant private, douche, reclining, and shower
baths, with dressing rooms attached. The arrange-
ments of these baths are considered superior to
anything of the kind in Europe. Connected also
with this establishment is
THE TEPID SWIMMING BATH,
Situated on the south-west side of Bath street. It
is commodious and well constructed, has numerous
dressing rooms, is sixty-five feet long by twenty-
five feet wide, and contains six hundred and seventy
hogsheads of water. It is supplied from the spring
at the King's bath: the temperature is 88°.
E 2
42
HOT SPRINGS AND BATHS,
THE KINGSTON BATHS
Are in Church street, and are private property.
They occupy a part of the site of the Roman
baths, and at a later date, of the baths attached
to the monastery.
The private baths astonish the stranger by their
size, and the quantity of warm water allowed the
bather. From those who have only partaken of
this luxury in the establishments of our other
cities or towns, Bath deserves a visit, because such
as relish hot bathing will enjoy it in a perfection
unequalled anywhere else in or out of England.
The time for bathing is usually between the
hours of two and five in the spring and autumn,
and earlier during the winter; but if not used
icdicinally, the taste or convenience of the bather
may determine at what hour the bath shall be
taken, provided it be not too soon after a meal.
The baths are open from six in the morning till
ten at night on week days; on Sundays from seven
to half-past nine in the morning; and from one to
three in the afternoon. Any degree of tempera-
ture can be procured as high as 115° Fahrenheit.
These baths (with the exception of the King-
ston baths, as before noticed,) are the property of
the mayor, aldermen, and citizens of the borough,
and are under the direction of the Town Council.
Public Buildings and Institutions.
THE GRAND PUMP ROOM,
Adjoining the King's bath, was built by the
Corporation in 1796. It is sixty feet long, fifty-
six wide, with semi-circular recesses beyond these
dimensions, and thirty-four high. The archi-
tecture is Corinthian. A marble statue of Beau

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The Grand Pump Room,
Nash, executed by Prince Hoare, occupies a niche
at its eastern end; and on the western side is an
orchestra. It has two fireplaces, between which
stands the fountain for conveying the water in a
continuous stream direct from the spring, at a
temperature of 114°. This room is the fashionable
promenade of the forenoon. It is open from an
44
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
early hour in the morning until four o'clock in
the afternoon. An excellent band performs during
the season, three days in the week, from two till
four. This is one of the oldest establishments of
fashion in Bath, and has always been remarkable
for the skill and execution of the performers,
several of whom have obtained here the first
principles of the art, in which they have in after
times greatly distinguished themselves.
The external character of this and the buildings
attached in Stall street is in good taste. The
pediment has the following words
Mad
ΑΡΙΣΤΟΝ ΜΕΝ ΥΔΩΡ,
An appropriate quotation enough, meaning,
"Water the best of elements."
The following elegant appeal to the benevolence
of those who visit this room is from the pen of
the celebrated Anstey, author of the "New
Bath Guide.”
""
The Hospital
In this city, open to the sick poor of every part of the world,
to whose cases these waters are applicable, was first established,
and is still supported, by the charitable contributions of the
liberal and humane.
OH! pause awhile, whoe'er thou art,
That drink'st this healing stream:
If e'er compassion o'er thy heart
Diffus'd its heav'nly beam;
Think on the wretch whose distant lot
This friendly aid denies :
Think, how in some poor lonely cot
He unregarded lies!
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
45
Hither the helpless stranger bring,
Relieve his heartfelt woe,
And let thy bounty, like this spring,
In genial currents flow.
Malay
So may thy years, from grief and pain,
And pining want be free;
And thou from heaven that mercy gain
The poor receive from thee."
THE ASSEMBLY ROOMS.
It appears that the first assembly room in Bath
was erected in 1708, on the Walks, by a Mr.
Harrison, before which time booths of a temporary
character were the only places in which the com-
pany assembled for amusement. The room erected
in 1708 was, at the suggestion of the celebrated
Beau Nash, afterwards made the small tea room at
the Lower Rooms. Additional apartments were
added ten years afterwards, and in 1750, a room
ninety feet long, thirty-six broad, and thirty-four
high. The card room was sixty feet long, and
thirty broad; with two tea rooms, forty feet by
twenty-four. Here it was that Nash revelled in
full glory, absolute king of folly and fashion.
His celebrated laws in force in these rooms are as
follow, and were agreed to in 1742.
Rules by general consent determined.
1. That a visit of ceremony at coming to Bath, and another
at going away, are all that are expected or desired by Ladies of
quality or fashion-except impertinents.
2.-That Ladies coming to the Ball appoint a time for their
footman coming to wait on them home-to prevent disturbance
and inconvenience to themselves and others.
46
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
3. That Gentlemen of fashion never appearing in a morning
before the Ladies in gowns and caps, show breeding and respect.
4. That no person take it ill that any one goes to another's
play or breakfast, and not to theirs-except captious by nature.
mag
S
5. That no Gentleman give his ticket for the ball to any but
Gentlewomen- unless he has none of his acquaintance.
6. That Gentlemen crowding before Ladies at the ball show
ill-manners; and that none do so for the future-except such as
respect nobody but themselves.
7. That no Gentleman or Lady take it ill that another dances
before them-except such as have no pretence to dance at all.
8. That the elder Ladies and Children be content with a
second bench at the ball-as being past or not come to perfection.
9. That the younger Ladies take notice how many eyes
observe them.-N.B. This does not extend to the Have-at-alls.
10. That all whisperers of lies and scandal be taken for the
authors.
11. That all repeaters of such lies or scandal be shunned by
all company-except such as have been guilty of the same crime.
N.B. Several men of no character, old women and young
ones of questionable reputation, are great authors of lies in this
place, being of the sect of levellers.
The Rooms were burnt by accident in 1820, and
with them perished the recollection of the gayest
scenes of Bath history, or at least those which
have most attracted historical notice.
In 1771, what were then called the Upper
Rooms were completed and opened at an expense
of £20,000. They are situated between Alfred
street and Bennett street, and were built by the
younger Wood. The ball room is one hundred
and seven feet long, forty-two feet eight inches
wide, and forty-two feet six inches high. There
are two card rooms, one seventy feet long by
twenty-seven wide, another in form of an octagon
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
47
forty-eight feet in diameter, and a tea room, sixty-
six feet long and forty-one wide. These rooms are
the finest and most convenient of the kind in the
kingdom, and they are handsomely decorated and
fitted up with much taste. In the octagon room
are full-length portraits of many of the previous
Masters of the Ceremonies; among others that of
Captain Wade, by the celebrated Gainsborough.
THE THEATRE.
There has been a succession of theatres here.
In the reign of Edward III. performances, under
the names of miracles, mysteries, or moralities,
were given in St. Michael's church.
For a
century after the reformation, strolling players
gave their exhibitions in waggons or on a stage
reared in the open air; but after the erection of
the Guildhall, in 1626, the performances were
permitted to be held there. The first legitimate
theatre in Bath was erected in 1705, upon the site
of which the Mineral Water Hospital stands. It
was purchased after its erection by Lady Howley.
It was a very imperfect building, and the receipts
were only thirty pounds when full. Of this sum,
for scenes, dresses, and house, her ladyship took
fourteen pounds. Music, attendants, lighting, and
printing, came to fifty shillings a-night, and the
surplus, after these sums were paid, was divided
between twelve performers. Subsequently plays,
conducted by a Mr. Simpson, were performed in a
48
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
large apartment, which Wood terms "a cellar,"
under the Lower Rooms.
A theatre was afterwards erected by subscription
in Orchard street, when the rival institution was
bought out by the new proprietors. The sole
management eventually fell into the hands of Mr.
John Palmer, who, in 1768, procured a patent for
it, granted to his son, the late John Palmer, M.P.,
and thus it became a theatre royal. Messrs.
Arthur, Lea, Keasbury, and Dimond, were the
first managers. On the expiration of the term of
the original patent, a second was granted to Messrs.
John Palmer and W. Dimond. Their theatre
being found too small, the edifice in Beauford
square was opened in October, 1805.
This was a handsome structure, and for its size
was considered one of the best theatres in the
kingdom. On the morning of Good Friday,
April 18th, 1862, the whole of the interior of the
building was destroyed by fire, only the main
walls remaining entire.
The present theatre has been rebuilt, with the
exception of the Beauford square frontage, from
the design of C. J. Phipps, esq., architect, and was
opened on March 4th, 1863. All the modern im-
provements have been introduced, especially on
the stage. There are two tiers of boxes, and a
roomy gallery above the pit, with ample means of
approach by six entrances. The edifice is about
125 feet by 90 feet, and will contain upwards of
1700 persons.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
49
The Bath Theatre justly ranks as the first pro-
vincial theatre in England; and has long been
considered as a nursery to the metropolitan stage.
Some of the most eminent of the performers
whose names adorn the annals of the British
stage, have here either made their debut, or been
distinguished for receiving that education which
led them afterwards to the summit of renown in
their profession. From the commencement of the
last century, there is scarcely an actor of eminence
who has not during his theatrical career been
connected with the Bath Theatre.
THE BATH AND COUNTY CLUB
Is an establishment in Queen square, similar to
the London club houses. It was formed in 1790,
and occupied premises in York buildings from its
commencement till its reorganization in 1858. The
members are elected by ballot, and the annual
subscription is three guineas. Members of the
London clubs at the west end are elected in Bath
without ballot. The metropolitan newspapers are
taken in, as well as those of Bath and Dublin.
Periodical publications are also laid upon the table,
with all the itineraries, maps, and lists required
for common reference. Here congregate not only
numerous visitants to the city, but resident inha-
bitants, by which means an agreeable and mutu-
ally advantageous intercourse with strangers is
continually carried on. There are other subscrip-
tion clubs of inferior note.
F
50
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
ROYAL LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION.
This society was established in 1823, and occu-
pies a building on the site of the Lower Assembly
Rooms, which were destroyed by fire in 1820.
The institution was erected by the late Earl
Manvers; and the property is now held by a
body of shareholders. It is a neat edifice, of
very simple character, in the Doric style. The
chaste portico of the Old Rooms, erected by
Wilkins in 1810, is still retained. The building
consists of a vestibule, reading room, library,
and museum; and among the underground offices
is a laboratory fitted up with all the appliances
required for philosophical experiments. The library
contains about five thousand volumes, many of
them works of rarity. Here are preserved and
properly arranged the Roman and other antiquities
discovered in the city, which are the most numer-
ous and important found in any place in England.
Some of these have been already described at page
10. The collection of coins is interesting and
valuable; and the museum contains a noble geolo-
gical collection, rivalling even that of the British
Museum, rich and scarce minerals, models, and
articles of vertû and curiosity. Here also is de-
posited a large ornithological collection, including
upwards of 1500 specimens, presented by Mrs.
Colonel Godfrey to the Corporation of Bath for
the benefit of the public. The specimens, many
of them extremely rare, have been arranged in a
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
51
K
gallery fitted up for the purpose, and tastefully
grouped and classified according to the order to
which they belong, forming one of the best
arranged and numerous collections in the king-
dom. The annual subscription, from proprietors
and subscribers, is two guineas; or one guinea for
the evening only. Visitors to Bath are also ad-
mitted as subscribers for shorter periods. The
situation is retired, and exceedingly well adapted
for its object, being insulated from the adjacent
buildings, and commanding a pleasing and exten-
sive prospect of the surrounding country. The
museum and antiquities are open to the public
free on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and
Saturdays, between the hours of eleven and four;
and on Tuesdays and Fridays, by payment of a
small charge for admission, which is appropriated
to defraying the expences of the museum.
THE COMMERCIAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTION
Was established in March, 1847, and occupies the
rooms over the Post Office. The tables of the
reading room are profusely supplied with news-
papers; and here is deposited the valuable theolo-
gical library of the late Rev. Edward Tottenham.
THE ATHENEUM,
Formerly called the "Mechanics' Institution," is
in the Orange grove. It has an excellent reading
room, and a library of upwards of 5000 volumes.
52
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

MOTPOLITIKILO
LITTLE Thirte
KERA
OMI
OMBIL
THE GUILDHALL
mi.
Is a handsome building, erected on the site of
a structure designed by the inimitable Inigo
Jones in 1626. It was seven years erecting, viz.,
from 1768 to 1775; and was completed by Mr.
Thomas Baldwin, architect. On the basement
story is a large kitchen, formerly a most essential
requisite to civic buildings, appended to which
are all convenient offices. On the ground floor
are a vestibule, sessions court, mayor's room, jury
room, the offices of the town clerk and treasurer,
a record room, and lobby for the attendant
officials. The banqueting room on the first floor
is a splendid apartment, eighty feet long by forty
wide, and thirty-one high, handsomely decorated
with three large glass gaseliers; it contains por-
traits of Frederick Prince of Wales and his con-
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
53
sort, presented by his Royal Highness, with a
silver gilt cup and salver, to the Corporation, in
consideration of the attentions he had received
from that body, and the citizens generally, during
his visit in 1734. There are also portraits of
George III. and his Queen, and the Earls of
Chatham and Camden; the two latter having
represented the city in parliament. Adjoining is
a drawing room, now used for the meetings of the
Town Council, containing also full-length portraits
of George III. and Queen Charlotte, and busts of
Beau Nash and Ralph Allen. In the mayor's
room is a bust of George III., executed by Tur-
nerelli, presented by a gentleman on occasion of
that monarch completing the fiftieth year of his
reign. In the same room is a portrait of Nash,
by Prince Hoare, who also painted the portraits of
Chatham and Camden; the three pictures being
presented to the Corporation by the artist. In the
grand staircase is a full-length portrait of General
Wade, who represented Bath in four successive
parliaments. This picture, with portraits of the
whole corporate body, were offerings from the
General, as an acknowledgment for his unanimous
election as representative of the city. These latter
paintings decorated the walls of the old Townhall,
and on its destruction were consigned to the lum-
ber room, whence they have only been rescued
within the last few years. Unfortunately twenty-
three out of the thirty have disappeared, and the
F 2
54
VICTORIA PARK.
identity of the remainder is entirely lost, with the
exception of that of Allen.
THE MARKETS.
Extending from the Guildhall, in the way of
wings, each fifty-two feet in extent, with con-
venient entrances, stretch the western sides of
the Market, in the centre of which the Guildhall
stands. These markets, which have been lately
erected at a cost of about £6000, from the designs
of Messrs. Hicks and Isaac, architects, are most
excellent in their arrangements, and well laid
out with every convenience. The fruit, vegetable,
butter, pork, fish, poultry, and butchers' markets
are held under a central dome, and in avenues
diverging from it. The Bath markets are a
proverb for cheapness, excellence of meat, and
cleanliness. The market days are Wednesdays
and Saturdays; but on every day there are suffi-
cient venders of all kinds of edibles to meet the
usual demand. There are three weighing machines
in the market, with sworn attendants, who are paid
by the Town Council, to see justice between buyer
and seller in all cases. The Cattle and Corn
Markets are held at the mart, some distance from
the common market, in Walcot street, on the right
hand side, towards the river.
THE ROYAL VICTORIA PARK.
The Park is situated on the west side of the
city, and was laid out with much taste by Mr.
VICTORIA PARK.
55

ALONS ARRIETAT
Victoria Columna.
Davis, architect, and called "The Royal Victoria
Park "
at the express wish of her Majesty, who
formally opened it on the 23rd of October, 1830.
The expenses were defrayed by public subscription,
which amounted the first year to £5000. The
annual outlay is now about £800, upwards of £600
of which are required in annual subscriptions to
maintain it in its present efficiency. The larger
part of the ground belongs to the freemen of the
city. Excellent drives and walks, and well-arranged
plantations, consisting of about twenty-one and a
half acres, are tastefully laid out for the pleasure
and recreation of the public; and will bear com-
parison, from the beauty of its site, with any
เร
56
VICTORIA PARK.
places of a similar character in the kingdom. The
entrance is adjoining Queen's parade, and is ap-
proached by the Royal Avenue, which is planted
with trees on either side, and adorned with vases
and statuary, shubberies, lawns, and side walks.
Just within the Park gates is an obelisk, commenced
in May, 1837, when her Majesty attained her ma-
jority, and completed in the October following. The
column, which is of freestone, and of a triangular
form, constitutes a conspicuous and interesting
object. Its design and execution were under the
direction of the city architect, Mr. Manners.
Near the column are placed two guns-trophies
from Sebastopol. To the right is the farm house,
an ornamental Gothic building, provided with
refreshment rooms and an excellent dairy. The
views from the Park are very fine, the air pure,
the drives ample in point of space; and there are
many natural beauties which demand a close
inspection from the visitant. Much taste has been
displayed in taking advantage of the natural and
artificial inequalities of the ground. What once
were unsightly and dangerous quarries and stag-
nant pools, have been converted into shady nooks
and picturesque dells. One spot has been con-
verted into a flower garden, and another devoted
to the cultivation of the coniferæ tribe of plants.
The lawns and shrubberies are kept in beautiful
order, and one or more of each tree and shrub has
been labelled with its botanical and English name.
SYDNEY GARDENS.
57
Few large cities have so agreeable and healthful a
place for air and exercise suitable to the hale and
invalid. The walks for foot passengers are exceed-
ingly well kept, and the drives watered. Ladies
and the most timid riders may here inhale the
breeze unmolested by vehicles of traffic. At the
north-west corner of the Park a colossal bust of
Jupiter has been placed. This interesting and
stupendous piece of sculpture is from the chisel of
the late Mr. John Osborne, of Bath, a self-taught
artist, and is carved from one block of freestone.
After the decease of the artist, a subscription
was raised, and the bust was purchased of the
widow. Near this is the Shakespeare memorial,
in the form of a votive altar, erected in 1864. The
whole of this delightful demesne is under the man-
agement of a committee of gentlemen, annually
appointed by the citizens and subscribers, and
whose zealous discharge of their duties is manifest
in its present high state of cultivation.
SYDNEY GARDENS.
This fashionable and delightful promenade is
situated on the east side of the city, and forms
the termination to Pulteney street. The gardens
occupy an area of about sixteen acres, and were
first laid out in 1795. The Kennet and Avon
Canal and the Great Western Railway both pass
through them; the latter spanned by elegant
stone bridges, and the former by iron Chinese
58
SYDNEY GARDENS.
bridges of a peculiar light and graceful structure.
The trees, many of them of rare species, are of
the most beautiful kinds, and from their age have
attained the utmost luxuriance of foliage. There
is an elegant gravelled promenade extending
through the garden, with retired walks laid out
with sylvan taste, thickly wooded copses, and
garden parterre, on either side. The management
of the gardens is conducted by a body of citizens,
who designate themselves "The Hanoverian Band
Committee." Under their spirited direction,
floral fêtes, musical promenades, and other al fresco
amusements are conducted with liberality and
propriety, alike attractive to the visitor and the
resident. The prizes contended for at the horticul-
tural exhibitions are costly, and, as a consequence,
the most beautiful displays of floral rarities are
shown. The mansion at the entrance is converted
into an educational establishment.
Ecclesiastical Buildings.

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THE ABBEY CHURCH.
THIS building, which is considered as the latest
specimen of ecclesiastical Gothic architecture, as a
living style, in this country, owes its origin to
Oliver King, Bishop of Bath in the reign of
Henry VII. He commenced its erection in 1499,
60
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
but it was not completed till 1606.
The west
front, which is exceedingly well executed, repre-
sents a vision of Bishop King, wherein he saw the
Trinity, with angels ascending and descending a
ladder, and heard a voice calling upon him to
rebuild the church. In representing the Bishop's
dream, it was neccesary the angels should appear
to be ascending as well as descending the ladder,
and to accomplish this idea the sculptor turned the
descending figures upside down, or head foremost!
On each side of the ladders are figures which
resemble shepherds, and above them are the twelve
apostles. The western window is of great beauty,
and underneath it is the grand entrance to the
church, with an elaborately carved door, charged
with the arms of the see, impaling those of Bishop
Montague, the munificent benefactor of the church.
On either side of the entrance are rich canopied
niches, enclosing the statues of the patron saints
of the church, St. Peter and St. Paul. The latter
figure holds a sword; and Cole, who described the
church in 1746, says that in his time the statue of
St. Peter had his keys in his hand," and that
there were appropriate inscriptions under each
figure. Over the arch is a small cornice supporting
an open battlement, divided in the centre by a
niche, once occupied, it is supposed, by a statue of
Henry the VII., as his arms and supporters are
underneath. There are also two smaller entrances
to the side aisles, surmounted by windows in
((
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
61
unison with the larger one.
On each side of the
arch of these windows are brackets for statues,
with inscriptions over the points: that to the
north is Domus mea; to the south Domus orationis.
Referring to the western front of this church, a
late writer observes: " viewed from beneath the
Pump-room colonnade, and amid the bustle of
Stall street, this poetical idea of the ascent and
descent of angels upon the ladder, sculptured in
enduring stone on each side of the great west
window, seems to realize some scripture dream of
one's youth, and to lead one back to those days
when white-robed angels, with the brightness of
the celestial mansions still surrounding them,
descended upon earth, and formed a link between
the Eternal and his earthly creatures."
On entering the edifice, the spectator is im-
mediately sensible of the chaste uniformity and
proportion of its several parts. The carved ceiling
of the nave is a beautiful work of art. The
mouldings and tracery only are of stone, the inter-
stices being filled up with lath and plaster. This
work is thirty feet nine inches wide, and yet its
rise is only three feet. The windows are fifty-two
in number, and have gained for the building the
title of "the lantern of England.” The choir is
separated from the nave by an elegant stone
screen, designed by Mr. Blore, and erected in
1833, when a large sum was expended in entirely
remodelling and beautifying the interior of the
G
62
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.

KOOH CRYS
Interior of the Abbey.
edifice. Before this period there was not a pillar
in the church but was disfigured by monuments
of all shapes and descriptions; many of the
arches were blocked up with galleries or staircases;
glazed doors of the most clumsy description broke
the uniformity of the view; and to complete the
catalogue of unsightly objects, the altar piece was
of a debased Roman style, instead of agreeing
with the rest of the building.
At the south-east end of the choir is PRIOR
BIRDE'S CHAPEL, a beautiful and interesting
specimen of architectural design. It consists of a
stone screen of two sub-arches, rising from a
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
63
basement ornamented with quatrefoils in panels,
and separated by octangular buttresses in com-
partments. Both externally and internally the
whole is richly adorned and elegantly pierced.
The spandrils are composed of beautifully wrought
foliage, in which a "bird
"bird" is frequently intro-
duced. The roof consists of four divisions of
fan-shaped tracery, diverging from the sides and
spreading over the surface. In the centre panel
is a shield, charged with the Prior's arms, sur-
mounted by a mitre.
In 1833 this chapel was, to a certain extent,
restored from the dilapidated state in which it had
been allowed to remain up to that period. A
subscription of about two hundred pounds enabled
a committee formed for that purpose, to place
the superintendence of the work of restoration in
the hands of the late Mr. Edward Davis, architect,
of this city, who subsequently published a series of
its most beautiful architectural details. In the re-
marks appended to that publication, Mr. Davis
observes:-"This oratory is almost coeval with
the Abbey in which it stands. The first stone
was laid about 1515, by Prior William Birde,
under whom the design was, for some time, dili-
gently prosecuted. When, however, nearly com-
pleted, its progress was interrupted, (probably
from the ecclesiastical reforms of that period,)
and the structure still affords unquestionable
evidence of the abruptness with which the work
64
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
was abandoned. Remarkable alike for its purity
and richness of decoration, it was fated to expe-
rience the same neglect to which all architecture
of a Gothic character was so long exposed. For
three centuries it was left to the mercy of the
parish officers; its front defaced by monuments,

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Frior Birde's Chapel,
the lower compartments of its windows blocked
up, while those parts permitted to remain exposed
were washed and rewashed with coats of different
hues, until all the sharpness of the carved work
was lost, and much of the delicate tracery
obliterated."
The monuments are very numerous, so that
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
65
the epigram upon the Abbey church is not in-
appropriate-
S
"These walls adorn'd with monument and bust,
Show how Bath waters serve to lay the dust."
Some honoured and worthy heads take their
last rest here, amid multitudes of those who
perish as the " summer flies." The feeble effort
of prolonging a recollection among the living,
records names, of which a very short time sufficed
beyond the day of burial to consign to forgetful-
ness every trace elsewhere. Nabobs and buffoons,
the gay, the self-assuming, and the titled, here
mingle with the modest, the beautiful, and the
gifted, and have alike passed into oblivion. The
lover of "wanderings among the tombs" may
here take his fill of melancholy enjoyment. Per-
sons of all climes mingle their dust beneath; and
the observer gets one more lesson of his mortality.
This church is filled with inscriptions, the records
of human vanity: most of them of little value.
Some there are over whose dust the literary man
may find grateful recollections revive, and the
good drop a tear; but of nearly five hundred
mortuary records, scarcely a dozen are worthy of
a place in the note book or album.
The most prominent monument is an altar
tomb of the pious Bishop Montague, the liberal
benefactor to the church at its restoration, at
the commencement of the seventeenth century.
G 2
66
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
It stands under an arch dividing the nave from
the north aisle. The bishop is represented in his
pontifical habit, with his hands raised in the atti-
tude of prayer.
One of the most pleasing epitaphs is that by
Dryden upon Mary Frampton :
Below this marble monument is laid
All that Heaven wants of this celestial mayd:
Preserve, O sacred tomb, thy trust consign'd!
The mould was made on purpose for the mind:
And she would lose, if at the latter day
One atom could be mixed of other clay.
Such were the features of her heav'nly face,
Her limbs were form'd with such harmonious grace,
So faultless was the frame-as if the whole
Had been an emanation of the soul,
Which her own inward symmetry reveal'd,
And like a picture shone in glass anneal'd;
Or, like the sun eclips'd, with shaded light,
Too piercing else to be sustain'd by sight.
Each thought was visible that roll'd within-
As through a crystal case the figur'd hours are seen:
And heaven did this transparent veil provide,
Because she had no guilty thought to hide.
All white, a virgin saint, she sought the skies-
For marriage, though it sullies not-it dies!
High though her wit, yet humble was her mind,
As if she could not, or she would not, find
How much her worth transcended all her kind.
Yet she had learn'd so much of heaven below,
That when arriv'd, she scarce had more to know;
But only to refresh the former hint,
And read her MAKER in a fairer print!
So pious! as she had no time to spare
For human thoughts, but seem'd confin'd to prayer ;
Yet in such charities she pass'd the day,
'Twas wondrous how she found an hour to pray.
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
67
A soul so calm, it knew not ebbs nor flows:
Which passion could but curl, not discompose !
A female softness, with a manly mind,
A daughter duteous, and a sister kind;
In sickness patient! and in death resign'd!
The following, to the memory of Lady Jane
Waller, wife of Sir William Waller, is also very
good.
To the deare memory of the right vertuous and worthy lady,
JANE LADY WALLER, sole daughter and heir to Sir Richard
Reynell, wife to Sir William Waller, knight.
Sole issue of a matchless paire,
Both of their state and vertues heyre;
In graces great, in stature small,
As full of spirit as voyd of gall;
Cheerfully brave, bounteously close,
Holy without vain-glorious showes;
Happy, and yet from envy free,
Learn'd without pride, witty, yet wise-
Reader, this riddle read with mee,
Here the good Lady Waller lyes.
This monument, with the exception of Bishop
Montague's, is the most remarkable one in the
church. Tradition relates that James II., passing
through the Abbey in company with friar Hud-
dlestone, the monarch vented his spleen by
hacking off the nose of the warrior. Pepys, how-
ever, in his gossiping Diary, under date 1668,
some years before James came to the throne,
exonerates him from the outrage.
He says-
Looked over the monuments, when, among
others, Dr. Venner, and Pelling, and a lady of Sir
W. Waller's, he lying with his face broken.”
68
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
Garrick's epitaph on Quin, is characteristic.
Quin died here in 1766.
That tongue which set the table in a roar,
And charm'd the public ear, is heard no more;
Clos'd are those eyes, the harbingers of wit,
Which spake, before the tongue, what Shakespeare writ;
Cold is that hand which, living, was stretch'd forth,
At friendship's call, to succour modest worth.
Here lies JAMES QUIN!-Deign, reader to be taught,
Whate'er thy strength of body, force of thought,
In Nature's happiest mould however cast,
"To this complexion thou must come at last.”
There are one or two epitaphs by Mr. Bowles,
pleasing enough, but too diffuse for lapidary in-
scriptions, in common with those already mention-
ed. Sir William Draper, whose memory survives
in the handling he got from the celebrated Junius,
has a long pompous Latin epitaph, which makes
no mention of that by which he is most likely to
be remembered. The names of Melmoth, Mac-
laine, Harington, Malthus, Nash, and others, will
readily bring back their histories to the visitant's
recollection. A host of medical men too lie here,
who have some claims to be remembered in their
locality; but the visitant to the Abbey church will
not fail to find a task in reading the inscriptions
which will draw heavily upon his time, but may
not be useless to his philosophy, nor without a
religious effect.
The whole of this building, having been cleared
externally from a number of houses which once
encumbered it, standing now perfectly apart from
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
69
every other edifice, presents as a whole a beautiful
specimen of ecclesiastical architecture.
The ap-
.pearance is exceedingly good from the north-east
corner of the Orange grove, whence it is seen
fore-shortened. From the Market place, opposite
to the Guildhall, the view is also very impressive
and beautiful; but when the moon is in the south
of a clear night, the streaming of the pale light
through the southern windows, across the great
aisle, and again through the windows on the
northern side, is matchless in effect, and exhibits
very remarkably the lightness of the architectural
construction, and that skill in the erection of
ecclesiastical buildings which is so obvious in all
the fabrics of the time, and which moderns
endeavour in vain to emulate.
Many different edifices have stood on the same
place as the Abbey church. The Roman build-
ings ruined by the Saxons, were succeeded by
a nunnery in or near the same spot, A.D. 676,
founded by Osric. The Danes having destroyed
the nunnery, it was replaced by a church, dedi-
cated to St. Peter, about 770, at the expense
of King Offa, at least such is the statement of
tradition. In this church Edgar was crowned.
King Athelstan added to the revenues of the
church in 931. In 956, King Edwy made further
grants to the monastery. Others were made about
the same time, particularly by Edgar, anno 970,
when Dunstan ejected the canons of Bath, and
70
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
established Benedictine monks in their place.
Elphage, a monk of Deerhurst, and native of
Weston, afterwards raised to the see of Canterbury,
was the first abbot after this expulsion. It was
during the time of Elphage that King Edgar was
crowned at Bath. In Leland's time, at Whitsun-
tide, a king was always annually chosen at a feast,
given on the occasion in honour of the ceremony.
The statue of Edgar also stood before the Guild-
hall, but has long ago disappeared, although
the absurd fable of Bladud is still seen to be
cherished in more places than one in the city.
Edgar enlarged the Abbey. About 1088 the
church of St. Peter was pulled down and rebuilt by
John de Villula. Bishop King began the present
church in the year 1499. In 1539 it was stripped of
everything valuable, and remained a mere carcase
until 1570, when it was begun to be prepared for
public worship, but not completely finished until
1606. Remains of a former building, consisting
of the bases and part of the shafts of four half
columns, and other vestiges of an ancient struc-
ture, may be seen under the east front of the
present building. They were discovered in 1833,
and are conjectured to have belonged to the
Roman temple dedicated to Minerva.
ST. JAMES'S CHURCH.
The parish church of St. James has experienced
a curious series of mutations. At the commence-
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
71
ment of the eighteenth century, the tower of the
church gave evidences of decay; it was accord-
ingly pulled down, and a new one erected (A.D.
1716). In turn, the body of the church, having

ift:13
vhengigil.
MAMAMA
St. James's Church.
undergone several enlargements, and again become
too small for the increased population, was rebuilt
in 1768. In the latter instance, the church was
in the Roman style, built to a Gothic tower! This
72
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
incongruity remained till 1848, when the present
elegant tower, and the whole of the western end
of the church, were rebuilt. The edifice now pre-
sents a bold semi-circular frontage, the tower
forming the central object, and containing the
principal doorway. Viewed from any part of the
neighbourhood, it is highly ornamental, graceful
in its proportions, and classic in its details. In-
cluding the lantern and dome, it is one hundred
and fifty feet high. In the interior the roof is
supported by four Ionic columns, and light is
afforded to the body of the church by two elegant
lanterns. The church possesses sittings for twelve
hundred persons.
ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH
Stands on the site of a church of great antiquity
without the walls of the city, and on the high
and ancient road from London. The present
edifice is the fourth church erected upon the same
spot. The oldest, which was standing about the
year 1522, was a mean building, succeeded by
another of the same character. The latter was
destroyed in 1734. The third church was injudi-
ciously built, and being placed at the junction of
two noisy thoroughfares, the services were con-
tinually liable to disturbance. It was removed in
1836 to make way for the present elegant structure.
The spire, which is pierced, is particularly beau-
tiful, rising to the height of 182 feet. The church
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
73
is built after the design of Mr. Manners, the city
architect, and is in the purest early English Gothic
style, or that prevalent in Salisbury Cathedral.
WALCOT CHURCH
Is a modern edifice, rebuilt in 1780, in the Italian
style, and dedicated to St. Swithin. It stands at
the junction where two Roman roads diverge-
the fosse leading through Walcot street to the
city, and the vicinal way leading to Weston. The
burial ground lies a little to the eastward, and
was used as such by the Romans; funeral remains,
such as urns and inscriptions having been fre-
quently dug up there. In fact, the old Roman
road ran close by it. There is a very impressive
monument in this church, with the following
inscription:
"Sacred to the memory of the Rev. James Sparrow, M.A.,
upwards of 40 years rector of this parish, who exchanged this
mortal life for a glorious immortality March 18, 1773, in the 71st
year of his age. He was a faithful and most assiduous labourer
in the gospel vineyard, always going about doing good, after the
example of his divine Master, and constantly practising those
excellent and sublime virtues which purify and perfect the
Christian character, and add the brightest lustre to the sacred
functions. 'When the eye saw him it blessed him.' His
amiable and exemplary manners gained him the love and vener-
ation of his flock; and the consciousness of having performed his
duty to God and man with sincerity, enabled him to exclaim,
'O Death! where is thy sting! O Grave! where is thy victory!'
He rests from his benevolent labours, and his works follow him
to those mansions of glory where they who turn many to right-
eousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever."
H
74
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
The epitaph on James Hare, esq., the com-
panion of most of the wits of his day, written
by the beautiful and accomplished Duchess of
Devonshire, is also worthy of note:
HARK! 'twas the knell of death! what spirit fled,
And burst the shackles man is doom'd to bear?
Can it be true? and 'midst the senseless dead,
Must sorrowing thousands count the loss of HARE?
Shall not his genius life's short date prolong?
(Pure as the ether of its kindred sky;)
Shall wit enchant no longer from his tongue,
And beam in vivid flashes from his eye?
Oh, no: that mind for every purpose fit,
Has met, alas! the universal doom :
Unrivall'd fancy, judgment, sense, and wit,
Were his, and only left him at the tomb.
Rest, spirit, rest! for gentle was thy course;
Thy rays, like beams divine, no venom knew,
For still benevolence allay'd the force
Of the keen darts thy matchless satire threw.
Yet not alone thy genius we deplore,
Nor o'er thy various talents drop the tear;
But weep to think we shall behold no more
A lost companion and a friend sincere.
CHRIST CHURCH.
A neat edifice in Montpellier,
built in an
unadorned modern Gothic style. It was opened
for divine service in November, 1798. The body
of the church is devoted to the poor who cannot
afford to pay for sittings, while the galleries are
let to the rich to support the expenses of the
service. It was erected by voluntary subscrip-
tions, and is vested in trustees.
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
75
ST. MARY'S CHURCH, BATHWICK.
This church is a handsome building, in the
florid Gothic style, situated near Sydney gardens.
It has a square tower, about 120 feet high,
adorned with four richly-decorated pinnacles. The
interior has a very beautiful effect. It consists of
a lofty nave, with two side aisles.
The nave
is supported by clustered columns, the ceiling
groined, and the intersection of the ribs set off
with handsome bosses. The windows are tastefully
ornamented with tracery. This church was from

||||||
St. Mary's Church, Bathwick,
a design by Mr. Pinch, architect, of this city,
and cost upwards of £20,000. It was opened for
divine service on the 4th of February, 1820.
76
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
TRINITY CHURCH,
In James street, was completed in 1822. The
style is a florid Gothic. The street front is
elaborately ornamented, and it possesses a light
and graceful spire. It was built for the accom-
modation of the poor of the neighbourhood.
ST. STEPHEN'S CHURCH
Is on the Lansdown road, above Lansdown cres-
cent. It is in the Decorated style, and has a
tower composed of three stages, flanked with
octagonal buttresses, and surmounted by pinnacles.
The east window is of stained glass, the gift of a
former rector of the parish, in memory of his
father; and in the western transept is a florid
Gothic mortuary font, presented by the Pinder
family. The church contains 700 seats, 450 of
which are free.
ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH,
Near Beaufort buildings, on the London road,
was completed in 1832, after a design by Mr.
Pinch, and built on land presented by Miss
Tanner. It is of the Decorated period. The
tower which is 120 feet high, consists of three
stages, embattled, the angles ornamented with
graduated octangular buttresses, surmounted with
pinnacles, and terminating with great richness
and delicacy. It contains a peal of eight bells,
the gift of Wm. Hooper, esq. The interior con-
sists of a nave divided by ten pillars from the side
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
77
aisles, the latter having galleries. The roof is
canopied, and ornamented with bosses. The
church contains 1100 seats, 700 of which are free.
WIDCOMBE OLD CHURCH.
This picturesque church was built by Prior
Bird, to whom we are indebted for the beautiful
oratory that bears his name in the Abbey church.
It is a small edifice, consisting of a single aisle,
a chancel, and a tower at the west end. The
population of this parish had long outgrown its
church accommodation, having increased from
2790 in 1801, to 8704 in 1831, while the church,
and the chapel attached to Magdalen hospital,
would not together hold 500. This led to the
erection of
ST. MARK'S CHURCH,
Which was opened for divine service in 1832.
Mr. Manners was the architect. The building is
neat, in the decorated Gothic style, with a quad-
rangular tower; but the original design was
crippled for want of funds. The interior is far
more effective than the exterior. It is divided
into ten arched compartments supported by pillars,
with galleries on three sides. The east window
(the gift of the late Mrs. Thos. Pickering Clarke)
is of stained glass, representing St. Peter, St.
Mark, St. James, and St. Michael, surmounted by
the letters ... in the centre mullion. The
church is capable of accommodating 1200 persons,
630 sittings being free.
H 2
78
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
ST. MATTHEW'S CHURCH.
The foundation stone of this edifice was laid on
the 27th of April, 1846, and the building was
consecrated on the 27th July in the following
year. The style is the decorated Gothic. The
tower, which is on the south side, is surmounted
by a spire, together 155 feet high, on the top of
which is a cross and weather-cock. Internally it
consists of a nave and chancel, with north and
south aisles the whole length of the building; the
chancel being separated from the aisles by carved
stone screens. The heads of the windows are
filled with flowing tracery of different designs.
The pulpit is of stone, with tracery work in the
panels, and stands near the north chancel arch.
The church will accomodate 1200 persons, 500
of the seats being free, independently of 290
sittings for children.
CHAPEL OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN.
This little edifice stands nearly at the top of
Holloway, in the parish of Lyncombe and Wid-
combe. It was founded in the twelfth century,
but by whom is unknown. Two centuries after-
wards it was given to the monks of Bath by
Walter Hosate; and was rebuilt by John Cantlow,
Prior of Bath, about 1490. On the east side of
the porch is the following inscription cut in rude
characters:
Thys. chapell. floryschyd. wt. formospte. spectabyll.
En. the. honowre. of M. Magdalen. prior. Cantlow. hath. edyfyde.
Despring. you. to. prag. for. him. wt. powre. prayers. delectabyl.
Chat. sche. will, inhabit, him. in. hebpn. ther, evpr. to, abyãe.
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
79
The chapel is forty-six feet long, by fourteen
wide, and is of a Perpendicular style. It has a
small embattled tower at the west end. Connected
with the chapel is a hospital for idiots, which will
be noticed in a subsequent page.
ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL.
This chapel is also attached to a hospital, which
will be described under another head. It was
built about the year 1722, and though usually
called after the institution to which it belongs,
was dedicated to St. Michael.
ST. MARY'S CHAPEL
Is in Queen square, and was erected by the
architect to whom Bath is under obligations for
the finest and most tasteful of her buildings, Mr.
Wood. It was built in 1735 by subscription; is
private property; and was the first proprietary
chapel in England. The order is Doric externally
-internally Ionic. It bears a distant resemblance
at the first glance, as far as the portico is con-
cerned, to that beautiful specimen of the Tuscan,
St. Paul's, Covent garden, erected by Inigo Jones.
THE OCTAGON CHAPEL
Was built in 1767. It is situated in Milsom street,
but has no street frontage. The interior possesses
every accommodation of ease, and refinement of
luxury, adapted to the tastes of its congregation,
which generally consists of the elite of the city.
80
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
MARGARET'S CHAPEL,
In Brock street, received its name from Mrs. Mar-
garet Garrard, who happened to be the lady of the
manor of Walcot at the period of its erection in
1773. It is spacious, but has no pretensions to
elegance of construction.
ALL SAINTS' CHAPEL.
This building is under Lansdown crescent. It
was completed in 1790 from a plan by Mr. Palmer,
architect, and is of a debased florid Gothic style.
A light gallery runs round the chapel, forming an
oval. The designs in the windows and the whole
of the ornaments were from the pencil of the
celebrated Mr. Barker.
LAURA CHAPEL
Stands in Henrietta street, and was built on a
tontine scheme in 1796.
PORTLAND CHAPEL.
This is a chapel of ease belonging to Walcot
parish, situated in Abingdon buildings. It is a
neat structure, and has successively belonged to the
Independents, the Catholics, and the Church of
England.
Besides the foregoing, there are various other
edifices belonging to the Established Church which
have nothing particular to recommend them to
the notice of the visitant; viz., St. John the
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
81
Evangelist's Chapel, near the Gas works; Corn
street Chapel; Penitentiary Chapel, Ladymead;
St. Paul's Episcopal Chapel in Avon street; and a
small neat church near Cleveland bridge, dedicated
to St. John the Baptist.
Dissenting Chapels.
LADY HUNTINGDON'S CHAPEL.
This building is situated in the Vineyards, and
is of great taste and elegance within. It was
built at the cost of the Countess, and was opened
in 1765 by the celebrated George Whitfield. The
galleries were added in 1783.
INDEPENDENT CHAPELS.
ARGYLE CHAPEL, in Argyle street, is a lofty
and commodious building with a handsome gallery
around it. It was opened for divine service on
the 4th of October, 1789. Near the pulpit are two
pillars, one to the memory of the first pastor of the
congregation, the Rev. Thomas Tuppen, who died
Feb. 22nd, 1790; the other commemorative of the
fifty years' pastorship of the Rev. Wm. Jay, who
was ordained on the 30th January, 1791. This
esteemed and venerable gentleman ministered to
the congregation of this chapel for the long period
of 63 years.
PERCY CHAPEL is situated in Charlotte street,
and takes its name from Percy place, in this city,
for many years the residence of the Rev. Wm.
82
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
Jay. It was opened for divine service on the 13th
December, 1854. The style of the building is
Lombardic; and externally, owing to the shape of
the ground, is somewhat of a wedge form. It is
elaborately decorated, in accordance with its pecu-
liar architectural style; and the front is flanked by
two towers, through which are the entrances from
the street. The interior is of dressed ashler; the
timbers of the roof are exposed and embellished;
and the pulpit and front of the organ loft is
of ornamental stone work. The architects were
Messrs. Goodridge and Son, of this city; and the
cost of the erection was about £4000.
WESLEYAN CHAPELS.
WALCOT CHAPEL was opened in May, 1816,
and is a lofty and commodious building. The
style is Grecian, with Doric columns, having a
portico at the entrance. On a tablet in the pedi-
ment is inscribed, "Walcot Chapel, 1815," and
on the frieze below, the motto, "Deo sacrum."
The design was by Mr. W. Jenkins, of London.
NEW KING STREET CHAPEL occupies the
site of a neat and substantial chapel built in 1779,
which was demolished to make way for the present
structure in 1847. James Wilson, esq., was the
architect. It is an elegant building, in the Gothic
style of the fourteenth century. The front has a
large centre window of rich flowing tracery, with
an octangular turret at each side, about 70 feet
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
83
high, with two side windows, underneath which
are the entrances. The extreme angles are finished
with pinnacles. The interior is fitted up with a
corresponding elegance. The pulpit, reading desk,
and communion railing, are of stone, the tracery
varying in each. The chapel is capable of seating
1200 persons.
Besides the congregations meeting in the fore-
going chapels, who still acknowledge the authority
of the Conference, there are several sections of
Wesleyans that have emancipated themselves from
the domination of that body, and have a church
polity of their own.
The REFORMED WESLEYANS, or those that
adhere to the cause of Messrs. Dunn, Everitt, and
Bromley, meet at a place of Worship in Quiet street.
The WESLEYAN FREE CHURCH occupy a neat
chapel in York street, which formerly belonged to
the Baptists.
The PRIMITIVE METHODISTS have converted a
dwelling in Westgate buildings into a meeting
house.
MORAVIAN CHAPEL.
This building is in Charlotte street, and was
opened for divine service on the 10th of October,
1845. It is a beautiful structure, in the Roman
style, with a lofty portico having Corinthian
columns. The principal approach is in the centre,
through a well-designed door-way. The straight
lines of the angles are relieved by wings, and the
84
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
happy introduction of rusticated quoins. The
interior is exceedingly chaste and neat. The seats
are open to all, pews not being permitted in any of
the chapels belonging to this denomination of
Christians. The Moravians had for the previous
eighty years occupied a chapel in Monmouth street,
which is now used by the Plymouth Brethren.

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Moravian Chapel.
The edifice was designed by James Wilson, esq.,
to whom Bath is indebted for many of its most
recent beautiful structures.
BAPTIST CHAPELS.
The Baptist denomination have several chapels
in the city, neither of which call for particular
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
85
notice. The oldest is in Somerset street, built in
1768; it is spacious, and has a gallery of consi-
derable size. Another, called Providence chapel,
is in the Lower Bristol road, built for the accom-
modation of the inhabitants of that district. And
a third is near the Basins, at Widcombe.
KENSINGTON CHAPEL, in a line of buildings
on the eastern side of the London road, was built
by subscription in 1795. It was originally a chapel
of ease to Walcot; but that extensive parish
having been broken up into several distinct livings,
it came under the ecclesiastical domination of the
rector of St. Saviour's, who withdrew its licence.
It is now occupied by a Baptist congregation.
THE FRIENDS' MEETING HOUSE
Is situated near St. James's parade. It is a com-
modious building, contains a spacious gallery, and
is capable of accommodating a large congregation.
It was once occupied by the Roman Catholics;
and the interior was destroyed by fire during the
no-popery riots in 1780.
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS.
From the year 1809 the Catholics occupied a
chapel in Orchard street, a building that had
previously been used as a theatre. They have now
erected a new place of worship in front of the
South parade. The style is a decorated Gothic,
and when completed is intended to have a spire
of considerable altitude.
I
·86
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS.
ST. MARY'S CHAPEL, Montpellier, was origin-
ally a riding school, and appropriated to its present
use in 1852, having been opened for public service
on the 22nd of August in that year. The interior
is neatly fitted up, but the building lays no claim
to architectural embellishment.
THE UNITARIAN CHAPEL
Is in Trim street, and was opened in 1796. In
1860 it underwent extensive improvements, both
within and without: the north end was entirely
rebuilt, new side galleries added, and the interior
remodelled in the Byzantine style. The dome and
windows are of coloured glass, in which various
mediæval emblems are introduced.
IRVINGITES' CHAPEL.
This building is at the back of the Vineyards;
is built in the Anglo-Norman style; and is exceed-
ingly neat in its internal arrangements.
THE NEW CHURCH,
Or followers of Emanuel Swedenborg, have a
chapel in Henry street. The front is chaste, but
its effect has been injured by the erection of a
much loftier building at its side.
BETHESDA CHAPEL.
This edifice was originally built for a Masonic
hall, and was opened with much ceremony by the
late Duke of Sussex in 1817. In 1842 it was con-
THE CEMETERIES.
87
verted into a place of worship. It has a lofty
portico in front, in the Doric style, and has two
wings which form the entrances.
THE JEWS' SYNAGOGUE
Is in Corn street, and was erected in 1841. A
marble tablet at the entrance states that it was
built in memory of the late Mr. Samuel of St.
James's square, who had been a great benefactor
to the Jews in this city.
The Cemeteries.
SOME years before any law was enacted for the
establishment and regulation of burial grounds,
the evil of interring the dead in the midst of the
living had not only been seen and deplored, but
measures had been adopted, so far as related to
this city, for remedying it. For ages the Abbey
church had been the general receptacle, not only
for the dead belonging to the parish, but for all
whose friends chose to incur the usual fees for
interment. In 1843 the then incumbent, the Hon.
and Rev. W. Brodrick, purchased the site of the
ABBEY CEMETERY, had it tastefully laid out,
built a chapel, and presented the whole in perpe-
tuity to the Abbey parish. It lies on the south
side of the city, and is reached by the road that
leads to Prior park. The design of the walks and
shrubberies was the last work executed by the
88
THE CEMETERIES.
talented Mr. Loudon. The chapel is in the Anglo-
Norman style, and, with the cemetery, was conse-
crated on the 30th January, 1844. Independently
of the rural beauties that surround this spot, one of
the finest views of the city that our vicinity affords
is commanded from it. There are many elaborate,
and some very chaste monuments here. One
memorial commemorates the discovery of some
Roman coins of Carausius and Constantine, of
several stone coffins containing skeletons, and
other remains, indicating that it must have been a
place of burial many ages since. There is also an
obelisk, erected to the memory of the heroes that
fell in the Crimea who had been connected with
this neighbourhood by birth or residence. A tomb
to the memory of Bishop Carr, who died in
1859, also deserves notice. He was the first bishop
of Bombay, to which see he was appointed in
1836, but resigned in 1851 in consequence of ill
health. Three years subsequently he accepted the
rectory of Bath, and here he laboured as an unos-
tentatious parish clergyman till within a few weeks
of his decease.
On the southern brow of Lansdown, a portion
of the demesne of the late Mr. Beckford, stands
LANSDOWN CEMETERY. It would be difficult to
select a spot more beautifully situated, or better
adapted for the purpose of sepulture, than these
grounds, cultivated and adorned as they previously
had been by the hand of taste. After the decease
THE CEMETERIES.
89
of Mr. Beckford, the property was bought for the
purpose of being converted, the land into tea gar-
dens, and the tower into a beerhouse! The late
Duchess of Hamilton, Mr. Beckford's daughter,
happily prevented this desecration by repurchasing
the property, and presenting it to the rector of
the parish, the Rev. S. H. Widdrington, with the
understanding that it should be used as a cemetery.
It was consecrated April 28th, 1848, and the first
body deposited here was that of its late proprietor,
which had been removed from the Abbey cemetery,
where it had previously rested. It lies above
ground, in a sarcophagus of beautifully polished
red granite, which had been made under his own
directions. On the sides are two bronze scrolls
bearing the following inscriptions: the one-
"William Beckford, esq., late of Fonthill, Wilts,
died 2nd May, 1844, aged 84," with a quotation
from Vathek-"Enjoying humbly the most pre-
cious gift of heaven to man-hope." On the other
side the obituary is repeated, with these lines from
a prayer written by himself:
"Eternal Power!
Grant me through obvious clouds one transient gleam
Of thy bright essence on my dying hour."
The entrance to the cemetery is by an elabo-
rately decorated arch, with two smaller side arches,
surmounted by a campanile. It was designed by
Mr. H. E. Goodridge, by whom also the tower was
built in 1827. This latter structure, which in its
I 2
90
THE CEMETERIES.
late owner's time was the receptacle of precious
gems, statuary, and pictures, to the value of a
hundred thousand pounds, resembles an Italian
villa at its base, upon which is constructed a
quadrangular tower, rising to the height of a
hundred and thirty feet, the whole crowned with
an octangular Grecian lantern.
In marked contrast with the foregoing burial
ground, which is on the summit of a hill 800 feet
above the sea level, is the BATHWICK CEMETERY,
on the opposite side of the city. It is situated in
a beautifully retired part of the valley of Small-
combe; and was laid out, and its chapel built in
1856, in accordance with the requirement of the
Burial Act of the 15th and 16th of Victoria.
Subsequently it was enlarged by the addition of
a piece of unconsecrated ground and a second
chapel for the use of Non-conformists.
It would have been desirable could a general
cemetery have been arranged for the whole city;
but as the Abbey and Lansdown cemeteries were
already in existence, parochial burial grounds
became necessary. The parishes of LYNCOMBE
and WIDCOMBE and ST. JAMES have united, and
laid out a cemetery in the Lower Bristol road, with
chapels for the use of members of the established
church and dissenters.
-
ST. MICHAEL'S CEMETERY, with similar ar-
rangements, is in the Upper Bristol road, beyond
the Gas Works.
I
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
91
WALCOT CEMETERY is at Locksbrook a short
distance from the preceding. It is tastefully
laid out and has two Chapels connected by
cloisters, with a tower one hundred feet high
between them.
Hospitals and Endowments.
ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL.
THIS is the oldest charity of the city. It was
founded in 1174, and during the seven centuries
that have since intervened, has contributed more
or less benefit to those who have found an abode
within its walls. In early times there was a
Lepers' hospital near this spot, that had fallen
into decay, which was succeeded by the present
institution, founded by Reginald Fitz-Jocelyn,
Bishop of Bath and Wells. At the dissolution
of religious houses in the reign of Henry VIII.,
its value was estimated at £22. 16s. 10d., but as
the commissioners decided that it was a hospital
rather than a religious house," it survived the
ordeal, and was vested in the crown. It then
successively fell into the hands of the rector of St.
Michael's, passed to the corporation, and again
reverted to the crown in the time of Charles II.
That monarch presented it to John Rustat, who
granted leases for lives, and pocketed some two or
three thousand pounds by the transaction. In 1711
the abuses of the charity had become so flagrant
Co
92
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
under the mismanagement of the corporation, who
had again become its stewards, that a chancery suit
was instituted, and in 1716 a decree was issued,
upon which the institution is still regulated. The
present hospital was built by Mr. Wood in 1728;
the chapel having been erected about six years
previously by another architect. Accommodation
is provided for six men and six women, who
have each a separate apartment, two pounds per
annum for garments and coal, and five shillings
weekly. They are required to be fifty years of
age, unmarried, ten years resident in Bath, to
be members of the Church of England, and to
be of good character. The appointment rests with
the master.
ST. CATHARINE'S HOSPITAL.
This institution goes also by the names of "The
Bimberies," and "The Black Alms." The first
derived from the name of two sisters connected
with its foundation; the other from the colour of
the garments worn by its inmates as a mark of
lamentation for the early death of its royal founder,
Edward VI. On the 12th July, 1552, the young
monarch granted to the corporation upwards of
eighty tenements, gardens, land, and stables, for
the purpose of founding a grammar school, and
"maintaining ten poor folk within the said town
for ever." This trust was grossly abused, till in
1735 a decree in chancery ordained that the corpo-
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
93
ration should pay £500 as a satisfaction for the
"notorious mismanagement, neglect, misconver-
sion, misgovernment, and misapplication" of the
revenues of the charity.
The present building is on the south side of
Bath street. It was erected in 1825, the old
structure having been removed to make way for
the United hospital, on the site of which it partly
stood. It is in the Elizabethan style, and accom-
modates fourteen aged women, who receive five
shillings per week, and a black cloak once in two
years. They are elected on the recommendation
of not less than twenty ratepayers, and the pre-
ference is generally shown to those who have been
householders.
BELLOTT'S HOSPITAL.
This hospital, situated in Beau street, was
founded in the reign of the first James, by Thomas
Bellott, esq., a benevolent man, who had also
generously contributed towards the restoration of
the Abbey church. The present building was
erected in 1859, and superseded an old and in-
convenient structure that had existed since the
days of its founder. Over the entrance is a shield
containing the arms of Lord Exeter, surrounded by
the garter, and underneath the motto, COR.VNvm.
VIA.VNA. (one heart, one way); but no allusion is
made to the donor. The charity is appropriated
to twelve poor strangers, who may come to Bath
94
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
for the benefit of the waters. The inmates have
medical advice, and bathe gratis; have a lodging,
and four-pence a-day: a resident nurse is also
provided. There is a distinct day-room for males
and females, and a separate sleeping room for each
inmate. A recommendation from the parish officers
where the applicant resides is sufficient to procure
admission to the charity, which is only open from
Lady-day to Michaelmas. The revenue of this
hospital, arising from lands in the parish of Don-
head St. Mary, Wilts, and Twerton, amounts to
£117 per annum, and is received and appropriated
by the charity trustees.
MAGDALEN HOSPITAL.
This is an institution, situated in Holloway, for
the reception of two idiots. Its foundation is
involved in obscurity. In common with most
other charities of a similar nature, many abuses
existed in the application of its funds, till in 1835
it became the subject of a chancery suit, when the
master of the charity was ordered to fulfil the
original intentions of the donor, in as far as they
could be ascertained. The mastership is in the
gift of the Lord Chancellor.
THE BATH MINERAL WATER HOSPITAL
Was established for the relief and support of poor
persons from any part of Great Britain and Ireland
afflicted with complaints for which the Bath
waters are a remedy. The foundation stone of
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
95
this noble charity was laid by the Hon. William
Pulteney in 1737; but the building was not
opened for the reception of patients till the 21st of
May, 1742. It was erected on a site formerly
occupied by a theatre, and at that time commanded
a view of the open country. The celebrated
Richard Nash, Dr. Oliver, and Ralph Allen, were
amongst the most prominent promoters of the
undertaking. The former exerted himself in ob-
taining contributions from the wealthy who resorted
to Bath for health or pleasure; the latter engaged
to provide, from his quarries on Combe down, all
the stone ready worked, and one thousand pounds
in money towards its funds.
In 1739 an act of Parliament was obtained, by
which it was incorporated under the name of
"The President and Governors of the Hospital or
Infirmary of Bath," and ninety-one governors
were originally named, who are succeeded on
their decease or resignation by others, to be elected
in their stead at a general court. Besides these,
any other person may become governors for life by
contributing, in one or more sums, forty pounds.
The patients are attended by three physicians
and three surgeons, who are elected by the go-
vernors. The other officers of the establishment
consist of a chaplain, resident apothecary, registrar
or secretary, and matron.
Until 1835 the inhabitants of the parishes
comprised within the old city of Bath were deemed
96
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
inadmissible; the intention of the founders being
presumed to be, to afford the benefits of the charity
to strangers only. But in that year the governors
resolved to remove the distinction, and admit all
who could not obtain the use of the waters with-
out charitable assistance. Previous to 1830 the
patients were conveyed to and from the public
baths in sedan chairs; but amongst other great
improvements, baths were then constructed in the
hospital, and the mineral waters were introduced,
so that the patients are now enabled to bathe
almost at their bedsides-an arrangement that
greatly conduces to their cure.
It is a peculiar feature in this charity that no
interest is required to gain admittance to its
advantages-no recommendation of subscriber,
governor, or any other person. All that is
required is that the party who desires admission
be in such a situation of life that the expenses
attendant upon a long residence in Bath would be
more than could be afforded; and that the waters
are applicable to the patient's case.
For many years the inadequacy of the hospital
accommodation, to meet the numerous applications
for admission, had engaged the attention of the
governors of the institution, and in 1856 they
succeeded in effecting a purchase of the Rectory
house and premises adjoining; and a new wing,
equal in extent to the old hospital, was determined
The foundation was laid with much ceremony
on.
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
97
on the 4th June, 1859, and the new building was
inaugurated on the 11th July, 1861. The elevation
is in keeping with the original structure, but the
proportions are more classic. On the tympanum
is sculptured a representation of the Good Sama-
ritan. The old and new buildings have a double
communication, a bridgeway over Parsonage lane
and a tunnel beneath that thoroughfare. The
entrance hall and staircase, which are of noble
dimensions, occupy the centre of the ground floor,
and adjoining are a board room and the offices of
the registrar, apothecary, and matron. The day-
rooms on the first floor are admirable as to size,
light, warmth, and ventilation. On the south
side of the building are balconies for the use of
patients who are cripples. Behind the new edifice
a plot of ground, extending the length of the
building, and of considerable depth, has been laid
down to grass and ornamented with shrubs. Here
the patients can take out-of-door exercise, without
interruption. The chapel is on the ground floor,
and has been fitted up with an elegance that would
have been unbecoming in a charitable institution,
had not funds been provided by a benevolent indi-
vidual expressly for the purpose. The late James
S. Brymer, esq., an old and respected inhabitant
of the city, gave £500 to be specially devoted for
the adornment of this place of worship. The
architecture, the sculpture, the stained glass
windows, the pulpit, which is carved from white
K
98
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
Clandown lias, are alike admirable for the good
taste and exquisite workmanship everywhere dis-
played. An eagle carved in wood, serves as a
reading desk, and the ceiling is handsomely pan-
elled, and enriched with imitations of the lily and
the olive. The chapel is the most chaste and
beautiful specimen of ecclesiastical ornamentation
we have in the neighbourhood.
By the addition of this building, and the new
arrangement of the offices, the space they formerly
occupied in the old hospital has been given up
for increasing and greatly improving the night
wards. The recovery of the patients being thereby
facilitated. The hospital now affords accommo-
dation for 142 patients-85 males and 57 females.
From 1742 to 1865, 12,619 persons have been
cured, and 21,078 relieved; making a total of
33,697 patients who have experienced the beneficial
effects of these healing springs.
The average annual expenses of the hospital are
above £4100, whilst the permanent income in
rents and dividends is £2442: so that the hospital
is dependant upon the bounty of the public for
nearly £2000 per annum.
The following are some of the rules and regula-
tions with which it seems necessary every visitant
should be made acquainted, from the very nature
of the charity; a thing not so important in respect
to other charities of a like character which are
wholly local in their operation.
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
99
A
Those patients only are admissible whose diseases are deemed
capable of being benefited by the Bath waters, and which are-
gout, rheumatism, paralysis; certain nervous derangements, in
which the brain is not materially affected, among which St.
Vitus's dance may be particularly noticed; leprosy, and other
diseases of the skin; dropped hands from lead, poisonous
effects of mercury or other minerals; pain, weakness, or con-
traction of limbs; dyspeptic complaints, and other visceral
derangements, &c.
It should also be particularly noticed, that when these com-
plaints are accompanied with cough, or spitting of blood; dis-
turbance of the heart, from severe organic disease; disease of
the brain as evinced by epilepsy, loss of speech and memory,
&c.; acute inflammation in any part, or general fever; abscess,
suppuration of the joints, or ulcer of any kind; the waters are
not applicable. And in cases of apoplectic paralysis, it is
necessary that some months should have elapsed after the attack
before the patients are admissible.
The eligibility of each case can be ascertained only by such
circumstantial report as may enable the physicians and surgeons
of the hospital to determine how far the patient is likely to
derive benefit by the use of the Bath waters; for which reason
the report of each case must contain-
1. The name, age, and parish of the applicant. 2. A brief
history of the disease, comprising its origin, date, progress, and
present symptoms, mentioning the parts principally affected, and
to what extent. 3. A correct representation of the state of general
health, particularly certifying the absence of all disorders which
render the Bath waters inapplicable, as above enumerated.
Accuracy of reports is important; for when from defective
or erroneous statements, improper cases are sent to Bath, they
are immediately returned, to the great inconvenience of patients,
and, when sent from a distance, with considerable expense.
*
*
All persons coming to Bath on pretence of seeking admission
to the hospital, without having their cases previously sent and
approved, and receiving notice of vacancy, will be treated as
vagrants, according to the provisions of the act of parliament
for regulating this hospital.
*
*
*
*
•
*
TH
100
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
THE UNITED HOSPITAL
Is an excellent and commodious building erected
in Beau street, at an expense of £7000. It
was built in 1826, and is a substantial structure,
having a rusticated base, with a central pediment,
supported by Ionic columns, bearing the city
arms. The institution makes up one hundred and
twenty one beds, and unites in itself what was
formerly the City Dispensary, Infirmary, and
Casualty Hospital. It is supported by annual sub-
scriptions and donations. Patients are admitted
by tickets, but the medical officers have power, in
extreme cases, of admitting in-patients for instant
relief. Attached to the hospital is a chapel for the
use of the patients, erected with funds expressly
subscribed for the purpose, amounting to about
£300. It is in the Italian style, and the interior
is beautifully neat.
In 1864, the "Albert Memorial Wing," on the
west side of the present hospital, was commenced
for the purpose of giving improved accommodation
to the patients, and those connected with the
institution. A new building has also been erected
at the rear, for the use of the various medical
officers. Whilst excavating the foundations a
tessellated pavement and other interesting Roman
remains were discovered.
THE PENITENTIARY
Is an institution in Ladymead, near Walcot
Maou
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
101
church, for affording refuge to a class of unhappy
females who are desirous of forsaking their vicious
habits. It was founded in 1806, greatly enlarged
in 1816, and again considerably augmented in 1845.
A chapel is attached to the institution capable of
affording accommodation for between three and
four hundred persons.
PARTIS COLLEGE
Is situated a little distance from the city, at a
place called Newbridge hill, on the road to Kel-
ston. It was erected in 1827, by Mrs. Partis, to
fulfil the intentions of her husband, which were
defeated by his decease. Thirty reduced ladies are
thus provided for, ten being widows or daughters
of clergymen. They are required to have attained
their fiftieth year; to be possessed of an income
not exceeding thirty pounds a-year, to which
thirty pounds per annum are added by the institu-
tion; and to be members of the Established
Church. Each inmate has a suit of four rooms
and a small garden, together with the above
annual provision. A chapel is attached to the
charity, which, with the guardianship of the whole
institution, is vested in thirteen trustees.
DISPENSARIES.
The EASTERN DISPENSARY is situated at
Cleveland place. Its object is to afford medical
and surgical aid to the necessitous from any dis-
trict in the neighbourhood of Bath; and to provide
K 2
102
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
attendance at their own homes, whenever requi-
site, to such patients as reside in the parishes of
Walcot St. Swithin, St. Saviour's, or Bathwick.
The professional duties of the institution are con-
ducted by three physicians, three surgeons, and a
resident apothecary. Its internal arrangements
are most complete for the purpose intended-
classification of the patients-economy of time-
and an easy oversight, by the apothecary, of all
the patients. The main feature of the institution
is an early attention to the disorders of the poor
at their own houses, and thus preventing the sick
(in many cases the heads of families) from being
removed from their connexions at a time when
the sympathising attentions of relatives are the
most valuable. Accommodation for in-patients
does not come within the scope of this charity.
The WESTERN DISPENSARY is in the Upper
Bristol road, and affords medical relief to the poor
of the district in which it is situated.
The SOUTHERN DISPENSARY is a new building
in Claverton street. It supplies medical and sur-
gical assistance to the necessitous of Lyncombe
and Widcombe and Combe down.
• **
THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL,
Situated in Broad street, was endowed out of the
property of the religious houses dissolved at the
Reformation. The present building was erected
in 1752 by the corporation. It is a neat and
substantial edifice, forming a handsome and com-
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
103

Milita
Mi
El
คต!
חנוך
The Grammar School,
modious residence for the master. It was esta-
blished by Edward VI. and called his Grammar
School. A fit person was to be appointed, who
should teach the Latin grammar, and receive ten
pounds per annum, to be paid out of certain
messuages and lands, granted to the Grammar
School and Black Alms for ever. These messu-
ages, amounting to upwards of eighty, were vested
in the corporation, on their petition, because they
had anciently belonged to the monastery of Bath.
They were granted on the sole condition that the
proceeds were to be wholly applied to founding a
grammar school in Bath, and relieving ten " poor
104
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
*
folk" within the town for ever. This property
became exceedingly valuable, but the corporation
carried on a gross system of peculation. No relief
was made for the poor, and the wholesale plunder
and mismanagement of a property grown consider-
able by time was so notorious, that in 1735 the
Court of Chancery was applied to, that justice
might be obtained. The enormities practised were
discovered, though not to their full extent; for,
dreading the complete disclosure of their defalca-
tions, they cut leaves out of the account books, or
otherwise mutilated them. Notwithstanding this,
the court ordered that within three months the
corporation should disgorge five hundred pounds
of their plunder, vest the premises in the hands
of certain trustees, and maintain ten poor women,
elected by the trustees on the recommendation of
not less than twenty householders, inhabitants of
Bath. It was also ordered (but never enforced)
that the bounds of the several properties belong-
ing to the charity should be " duly set forth ”
within three months, or a further penalty of £5000
should be inflicted. Matters were thus to remain
until the existing leases of the premises expired,
when the enlarged resources were to be applied to
fresh objects of charity. It was twenty years
after this that the present school was erected, at a
cost of about £5000, and the salary of the master
raised from ten to fifty, and subsequently to eighty
pounds per annum.
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.
105
In 1832, a second Chancery suit was instituted
against the corporation, and after sixteen years'
litigation, at a cost of upwards of £2000 to the
charity, and probably a similar sum to the bur-
gesses of the city, was eventually settled by the
cession of Bladud buildings, the corporation hav-
ing previously paid into court £2548 for rents,
fines, and interest they had received. This deci-
sion added four hundred and fifty pounds per
annum to the funds of the Charity Trustees, who
have now the government of the institution. On
this occasion a new scheme for the management
of the school was framed by the Lord Chancellor,
which more nearly approaches the requirements of
the day; and fifty free boys are now receiving a
liberal education on the foundation.
THE BLUE CHARITY SCHOOL.
This charity was founded in 1711, through the
instrumentality of the excellent Robert Nelson.
The present building, which superseded one that
had been built in 1722, was opened October 18,
1860. It is of a mixed character, the body being
of the Elizabethan style, with a clock tower nearly
a hundred feet high, in which the Tuscan predomi-
nates. The interior consists of two large school-
rooms, one over the other, for the boys and girls,
which are reached by distinct entrances. Both
rooms are lighted on the north side by ornamented
windows, and handsome bay windows on the east.
106
HOSPITALS AND ENDOWMENTS.

magtatan da
pigile aja alipotaka
sta quantitate,
Jeg and
baka mag kang lang akoma majaj
My targets, page
My ma
SHU
A gaat di
Blue Coat School.
BRIDGES.
107
The building also contains the necessary domestic
offices for the master and mistress. There are
sixty boys and sixty girls admitted to the school,
whose parents must be inhabitants of Bath, and
belong to the Church of England; and it is also
required that the master and mistress, with whom
the children are placed, be members of the Esta-
blished Church. The charity is under the man-
agement of trustees: the mayor, two justices, and
the rectors of Bath and Walcot, being of the
number.
Bridges, &c.
THE River Avon, as it winds through the city
in a course from east to west, is spanned by
numerous bridges; no less than seven occurring in
the space of little more than half a mile. The
first of these that deserves notice is
THE OLD BRIDGE,
Or, more properly, Saint Lawrence's Bridge. The
original structure was built in 1304, previous to
which the river was crossed at a ford, a short dis-
tance above the present bridge. It consisted of
five arches, with a small chapel or oratory project-
ing above one of the piers. This bridge was
removed in 1754, and the present structure raised
upon the old foundation. In 1848 the bridge was
widened by removing the stone balustrades and
throwing out brackets for footways on each side,
UorM
108
BRIDGES.
leaving as great a width for the carriage-way as it
previously had allowed for passengers and traffic.
PULTENEY BRIDGE
Was built about 1770, to give access to the new
buildings which were then just commenced in Bath-
wick parish. It consists of three arches, and has a
row of houses on each side. Formerly these were
uniform, but of late years they have been altered
to suit the tenants' individual tastes or require-
ments. In 1803, in consequence of a bad founda-
tion, one of the piers gave away, and so many of
the houses were damaged, that it became necessary
to rebuild one side of the bridge.
THE NORTH PARADE BRIDGE.
This erection forms a junction between the city
and Pulteney road. It is of cast iron, the arch
being one hundred and three feet in the span,
with masonry of a solid and bold character. The
road is carried over the meadows by a viaduct of
five arches, terminating with two handsome lodges,
and a continued embankment to Pulteney road.
W. Tierney Clark, esq., was the architect. The
foundation was laid in July, 1835 and the struc-
ture opened to the public on the 10th of Novem-
ber, 1836.
CLEVELAND BRIDGE
Connects the parishes of Walcot and Bathwick,
opposite Walcot parade. It is a cast iron structure
BRIDGES.
109
of one arch, supported by lofty and massive
abutments. The span is somewhat more than a
hundred feet. It was built in 1827, from the
design of H. E. Goodridge, esq., at a cost of
about ten thousand pounds.
THE RAILWAY AND ITS BRIDGES.
The course of the Railway from the point it enters
the boundaries of the city, rendered a succession
of tunnels, bridges, and viaducts indispensable.
It approaches the city on the London side through
the beautiful vale of Hampton, and is carried
through the meads by a series of embankments of
various elevations, and entering Sydney gardens
by a deep cutting, emerges at the upper extremity
of Raby place. Thence it is continued by an em-
bankment to Pulteney road, which is crossed
diagonally by a viaduct of handsome design. On
entering the Dolemeads, the railway proceeds
over a continued archway to the Avon, which is
spanned by
SAINT JAMES'S BRIDGE;
A noble and massive freestone structure, consisting
of a centre arch, with a side arch on each bank.
The railway is here forty feet above the level of the
river. At a short distance is the station, on leav-
ing which, the Avon is again crossed by means of a
SKEW BRIDGE,
Which, from its novel character demands the
visitant's attention. The principle is taken from
Ꮮ
110
BRIDGES.
some of the American lines of railway, (whence
also its name is derived,) and was rendered neces-
sary by the very great obliquity of the railroad to
the river. The bridge consists of two arches,
composed of segmental ribs of timber, in thick-
nesses, kyanized, then steam-bent to the proper
curve, and secured by bolts and iron plates. The
ribs are six in each arch, and are inserted in
massive cast-iron shoes, secured by ties of iron
extending a considerable depth into the founda-
tions of the work. The spandrils between the
ribs and roadway are filled up with iron standards,
which support the timbers on which the permanent
rails are laid. From the Old Bridge the peculiar
features of this remarkable construction are very
apparent.
The railway now crosses the Widcombe and
Wells roads, which diverge to the south-east and
south-west, and at this point appears as a handsome
castellated terminus to Southgate street. It then
proceeds for a considerable distance on a substan-
tial viaduct, almost parallel with the turnpike road,
and passes through the gardens below South
Hayes, where the arches give place to an earthwork
embankment. This is succeeded by cuttings of
various depths till it leaves the city boundaries and
enters Twerton, through which the line proceeds
over massive stone work, at a considerable eleva-
tion above the turnpike road. After leaving the
village it enters a tunnel of about three hundred
BRIDGES.
111
yards in length, and emerges into the Newton
and Saltford meadows.
The railway was opened between Bath and
Bristol on the 31st of August, 1840, on which day
5387 persons passed between the two cities. On
the 30th June following, the communication
between Bath and London was completed; and
on the 1st May, 1844, the whole line from Exeter
to London was finished.
SUSPENSION BRIDGES.
There are three bridges of this kind in the
neighbourhood. The first erected was that at
the back of Grosvenor place, constructed for
the convenience of the inhabitants of that vici-
nity, and is appropriated for foot passengers
only. Another, built on Dredge's principle, forms
a connection between the Upper and Lower Bristol
roads; and a third is beyond the Gas works.
Near the Railway station is a small wood bow
and string bridge, of about 100 feet span, for foot
passengers; and at Twerton there is another, on
the same principle, constructed of iron.
UorM
Street Architecture.
THE beauty of the crescents, squares, and streets
of Bath, is no less attributable to the general
uniformity of each pile of buildings than to the
material used in their construction. With only
two or three exceptions, the whole city is built of
the beautiful oolite or freestone for which the
neighbourhood is justly celebrated.
Unquestionably the finest range of buildings in
the city is the Royal Crescent. It consists of
thirty mansions, in an elliptical form, fronted with
Ionic columns, rising from a massive basement,
and supporting the superior cornice. In front is
a wide pavement and ample carriage way, with a
beautiful lawn beyond. The prospect from hence
is varied and extensive, embracing a portion of the
city, the opposite hills, and the remarkable natural
formation, Englishcombe round hill.
To the west of the Crescent is Marlborough
buildings, a range of fine houses, commanding a
town view in front, and at the back a look-out over
the park, with the western hills in the distance.
North of the Crescent are St. James's square,
Cavendish place and crescent, Somerset place, and
Lansdown crescent, all in proximity, and rising
on the hill side, one above the other. In the
latter is the mansion where the celebrated William
Beckford lived and died,
STREET ARCHITECTURE.
113
These crescents consist of beautiful houses, pos-
sessing every convenience that luxury can require,
the advantage of fine views, and when the wind is
in a westerly quarter, the salubrious breezes direct
from the Atlantic.
Descending the Lansdown road, and diverging a
little to the left, is Camden crescent, a pile of
buildings of bold character, having the eastern
part of the city lying beneath. The view from
hence is very fine, extending to the summits
of the hills on the north, the east, and the south.
In the valley the Avon is seen wending its way
from Hampton, its banks studded with numerous
cottages half embowered in garden foliage. Few
town residences command a view of such sur-
passing beauty.
Returning to the Lansdown road, the second
opening to the right, on the descent, leads by the
Assembly rooms to the Circus, a noble pile of
buildings of a circular form, as its name implies.
The houses are elaborately adorned with columns
between each story in the Ionic, Doric, and
Corinthian styles, and profusely decorated with
ornaments suitable to each order. In the centre,
surrounded by a shrubbery of luxuriant growth,
is a reservoir which supplies the neighbourhood
with water.
Leaving the Circus by Gay street, the visitant
will reach Queen square, a series of splendid
houses, each side of the square being of a different
L 2
114
STREET ARCHITECTURE.
design, but of the same character. That to the
north is peculiarly grand in its architectural effect,
appearing, at a short distance, as one princely
mansion. It is ornamented with Corinthian co-
lumns, upon a rustic basement, with a bold
pediment in the centre.
This Square, with the Circus and the adjoining
avenues, were all designed by Wood, and as they
were erected at a period when domestic architecture
on so large a scale was comparatively unknown,
the popularity that Bath deservedly enjoyed during
the latter part of the last century is easily ac-
counted for.
On the south-western side of the city, Green
Park buildings and Norfolk crescent are the
principal edifices that claim notice. The first is a
handsome range of mansions forming two sides of
a triangle, with a meadow between them, and open
to the south. The prospect from these buildings,
looking over the Avon and across the lawn-like
fields, intersected with rich foliage, is very beauti-
ful. Norfolk crescent is further to the west. It
consists of about thirty lofty dwellings, in a chaste
style of architecture, with a lawn in front tastefully
laid out in shrubberies and flower borders. This
crescent is entirely open to the west, having a view
of the village of Twerton, with the distant hills
forming the horizon to the south and south-west.
On the east side of the city are several magnifi-
cent streets, of which the first in order is Laura
STREET ARCHITECTURE.
115
place, a lozenge-shaped pile of buildings, with a
considerable area in the centre, and openings at
the four angles. That to the right, through John-
stone street, displays a splendid view, in which
St. Matthew's church, the Cemetery chapel, and
Prior Park, form prominent objects. To the left
is Henrietta street; and in front Pulteney street,
terminating with Sydney gardens. This street, for
beautiful uniformity, width, and architectural
effect, is without a parallel. The view from.
Sunderland street, with Bathwick park in the
foreground, and a part of Walcot beyond, with
successive tiers of streets on the hill side, from
which Camden crescent stands out in bold relief,
and St. Stephen's tower rising above a clump of
rich foliage, and Beacon hill crowned with villas
and delightful residences, forms a picture of sin-
gular beauty and richness.
At the end of Pulteney street, branching off to
the left and right, are Old and New Sydney place,
and beyond the latter, and passing Bathwick
church, is a succession of genteel mansions and
detached villas, reaching to the very summit of
Bathwick hill.
In the vicinity of the Abbey church are the
North and South parades, with the connecting
avenues, Pierrepont street and Duke street, a
group of large and respectable residences, mostly
occupied as lodging and boarding houses. The
parades have wide terraces in front, raised on
116
STREET ARCHITECTURE.
arches, eighteen or twenty feet above the natural
level of the ground. These buildings were de-
signed by Wood, and were commenced in 1740.
In the days of Nash, and long subsequently, the
parades were the favourite promenade of all the
fashion and beauty that resorted to Bath either for
health or pleasure.
Besides the buildings here enumerated, there
are many streets of mansions of first-rate character,
and of every variety of aspect and altitude. Nor
is that part of the city devoted to trade deficient
in taste or architectural embellishment, but is in
every respect worthy of its connection with the
most beautiful city in Europe.
Of late years
public taste has inclined to detached villa resi-
dences in preference to continuous streets. To
meet this requirement numerous handsome man-
sions, in different styles of architecture, have
extended the suburbs of the city in every direction.
$
The Neighbourhood of Bath.
THE various interesting objects in the vicinity of
Bath, within the distance of a few miles, may next
claim the visitant's attention. The rides in all
directions, except two, may be characterised as
hilly, but exceedingly beautiful. The heights of
the eminences in the neighbourhood are as follow:
Beechen Cliff
Beacon Hill
Combe Down
Solsbury Hill
Claverton Down
Hampton Down
Farleigh Down
Kelston Round Hill
Lansdown
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Leaving the city by the Old Bridge, and passing
the Abbey cemetery, we reach the domain of
PRIOR PARK, once the residence of Ralph Allen
and of Bishop Warburton. The Bishop married
Allen's niece, and in her right inherited the
property. In 1829 it was purchased by the
Roman Catholics, and converted into a college
for the instruction of youths. After the expen-
diture of much money in the erection of buildings
for scholastic and other purposes, it was found not
to answer; and in 1856 the valuable contents of
the mansion were submitted to the hammer, and
the house given up. It is now again occupied as
118
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
a private residence. The house of Allen forms
the centre only of a large mass of buildings. A
magnificent flight of stone steps leads up to the
front of the centre building, which commands a
most charming view of the city and Lansdown
through the sweet but deep glen of Widcombe.
Rich foliage, pieces of water, sloping hills beauti-
fully tinted, gardens, cottages-all come every one
in its place, and render the landscape exquisite.
picturesque, and tranquilly beautiful.
On the 30th May, 1836, the centre mansion was
destroyed by fire, which, in the course of a few
hours, completely consumed the interior of the
building, and property valued at £18,000 was
destroyed.
At the back of the house may be traced remains
of the celebrated WANSDYKE, a work executed by
the Belgæ previous to the Roman invasion. It
consists of a dyke or ditch, by the side of which
is a lofty bank or vallum, and extends nearly eighty
miles, commencing, according to Dr. Stukeley, at
Andover, in Hampshire, and traversing the coun-
ties of Berks, Wilts, and Somerset. It enters the
latter county on the brow of Farleigh down and
meets the Avon a little beyond Bathford. It
then mounts the hill, crosses Hampton down and
Claverton down, and may be traced skirting the
hill above Midford valley. It again appears at
Englishcombe, whence it proceeds by Stantonbury,
and joins the Bristol channel at Portishead.
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
119
UCKE
The hills around Prior Park
afford beautiful views, and are
decorated with towers and ruins
at particular spots, the works of
Allen, whose property in the
vicinity of Bath was very con-
siderable. The bold heights
of Solsbury hill, Charmy down,
Beacon hill, the summit of Lansdown, with the
Tower erected by the late Mr. Beckford, Kelston
Round hill, with its clump of trees, and over
its slope the far distant hills of Wales, with the
rich intervening landscape, including every variety
of scenery, are observed with great advantage,
and form a view of vast extent and surpassing
beauty. In the valley to the eastward, Bath-
hampton, Batheaston, Swainswick, and other
villages, with cottages in every nook of the hills,
lead the eye to the dense block of buildings in the
city itself, the fine Abbey church, and noble masses
of crescent and square; and past them, the vale to
the westward, where the Avon meanders in silvery
volutes, and the smoke of the extensive Twerton
manufactories is seen ascending. The view con-
trasts well with Weston, reposing in peace amid
shady groves under the lofty hills around it.

Beyond Prior Park is COMBE DOWN, a delight-
ful eminence, much resorted to in summer by
invalids on account of the salubrity of the air.
There is a neat modern church here, and many
120
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
rows of respectable houses. Near the upper lodge
gate of Prior Park a romantic lane leads down
towards the city, called Pope's walk, from the
visits of Pope, the poet, to the spot.
Leaving Combe down, and taking the left hand
road, the visitant passes MIDFORD CASTLE, a
mansion erected by Disney Roebuck, Esq., nearly
a century since. Ascending the hill beyond.
MIDFORD, we pass through CHARTERHOUSE
HINTON, and visit the ruins of the Abbey, situ-
ated but a short distance from the village. It was
founded by Ela, Countess of Salisbury, in 1227;
and, as its name implies, was tenanted by monks
of the Carthusian order. At the suppression of
the monastery in 1540, there were twenty-one
monks here, and its revenue was £250.
Two miles beyond Hinton, and midway between
Bath and Frome, is PHILIP'S NORTON, rendered
memorable by the defeat of the unfortunate Duke
of Monmouth, in 1685. The George inn, where
he slept on the night of the battle, is an inter-
esting relic of a by-gone age. It was originally
appropriated as a granary belonging to Hinton
Abbey, and though much disfigured by modern
"improvements," still retains enough of its mid-
dle age character to fix the period of its erection
at about the first quarter of the fifteenth century.
Returning towards Bath, and diverging to the
left at Hinton, at a distance of two miles is the
village of WELLOW. About half a mile hence,
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
121
in a meadow, called Wellow Hayes, are the cele-
brated tesselated pavements, first discovered in
1685, and again laid open in 1737, when engrav-
ings of them were published by Vertue. The
pavements, three in number, exhibit a variety of
elegant borders, enclosing representations of beasts
and birds, displaying much taste in the grouping.
The Rev. R. Warner, who described the remains
in 1807, considered that they belonged to a villa
which must have been a hundred feet in length
by fifty in breadth; and, from the correctness and
neatness of the execution, to have been erected
about the second century of the Christian era.
Wellow church is a beautiful specimen of ecclesi-
astical architecture. It was commenced by Sir
Walter Hungerford, in 1372, but not completed
till the reign of Henry VII. Near the church is
the old manor house, where is still to be seen a
beautiful wood carving of the Hungerford arms,
as fresh and as sharp as when first executed.
Wellow is also celebrated for its rosary and straw-
berry gardens, offering attractions at a certain
period of the year that no visitor would do well
to resist.
At the distance of a mile and a half from
Wellow, is the village of COMBEHAY. The manor
house is neat, and there are fine woods and some
spacious pieces of water on the estate. The vil-
lage church, with its ivy-covered tower, is close to
the house, but presents no feature of particular
M
122
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
interest. The coal canal runs near the village,
rendered memorable about that spot by an attempt
on the part of Mr. Weldon to construct what was
called a "caisson lock" for lifting or lowering
boats. The plan was perfectly feasible, and there
was no doubt of its success, but the inattention
bestowed on the masonry caused the experiment
to fail, and the abandonment of the project broke
the inventor's heart. His simple scheme is super-
seded by a number of locks. In the churchyard
of this pretty village lies Carrington, the sweet
poet of "Dartmoor." He died at Bath, in 1830,
of pulmonary consumption.
The visitant in retracing his steps towards the
city necessarily passes LIMPLEY STOKE, a pleas-
ant village, and the Poor House belonging to the
Bath Union, and enters the city by the Wells road.
Another delightful excursion may be accom-
plished by ascending Bathwick hill, on the summit
of which are Claverton and Hampton downs.
On the latter are the remains of an extensive
British earthwork, in which the family divisions
of the settlement, with its hut circles and encamp-
ment, may be distinctly traced. The down termi-
nates abruptly on the east with Hampton rocks,
a wild and romantic spot, commanding a magni-
ficent view of the valley beneath. It was on
Claverton down that the duel between the French
counts Rice and Du Barri took place upwards of
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
123
three-quarters of a century ago, in which the latter
was shot through the heart: a stone on the spot
still marks the scene of legalized murder, after the
practice of feudal times. Du Barri was interred
in Bathampton churchyard, beneath the hill, in a
sweet and retired spot. On the brow of the hill,
a little to the left, are the remains of an orna-
mental castle, erected in 1762, by Ralph Allen, of

na
Jala
Sham Castle,
AND
AUG
00
Prior Park, from which the landscape is exceedingly
fine and variegated. The plantations of Mr. Vivian,
the proprietor of the manor, intercept the beautiful
views which were once open on all sides; but still
there are places where the eye ranges over hill,
valley, glen, meadow, river, forest, and city, in
rich perspective. A road to the left leads to the
manor house, village, and romantic valley of
124
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
CLAVERTON. The house was formerly situated
in the vale, and was a mansion of much interest,
of the time of James I. A cannon ball, fired at
it from the opposite hill during the civil wars,
remained in the breast of the hall chimney till
the house was pulled down, in 1819, by the
father of the present proprietor. It is still pre-
served as a relic in the hall of the modern mansion;
and the fine old terraces, coeval with the building
of the house, have been put in repair from a
state of dilapidation into which they had fallen.
The new edifice, situated higher up the hill, was
built after the plan of Sir Jeffery Wyattville. A
vast deal of money has been expended on the build-
ings and grounds; and though denuded of the
interest which attached to the old mansion, it
stands on a lovely spot, and commands extensive
views of varied scenery.
-
Claverton rectory was the residence of the Rev.
Mr. Graves, author of the Spiritual Quixote, who
resided there for more than sixty years, and was
the friend of the poet Shenstone. He died in
1807, at the age of ninety years, and was a man
of great benevolence, and of exemplary character.
The church, a picturesque building of the fifteenth
century, from its dilapidated state, has given place
to a new building, erected at the cost of the rector.
In the churchyard is a stately monument to the
memory of Ralph Allen, esq., of Prior Park, who
was interred here in 1766.
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
125
No vale not more than three miles from a large
city can be more beautiful than this. A fine road
runs through it, effecting a communication with
Warminster, and is one of the most pleasing rides
that can be conceived. Wood, rock, and water,
add every additional charm to the lofty hill features
and narrow boundaries of the valley. Dundas
Aqueduct, conveying the Bradford branch of the
canal over the Avon, and the Viaduct in this vale
are objects of art of a very superior character
amid those of fine natural scenery. Proceeding
over the Viaduct and ascending the opposite hill,
we reach the pretty village of FRESHFORD, pas-
sing Limpley Stoke in our route, a delightful spot,
commanding a view of the valley of Claverton
through its whole extent. Beyond is FARLeigh
CASTLE, the seat of the late Colonel Houlton.
The church of this village is a fine remnant of
antiquity dedicated to St. Leonard, whose portrait
is still there in the painted glass of the north
window. It was built by Walter Lord Hunger-
ford, High Treasurer of England in the reign of
Henry VI., and was consecrated in 1543. Not
far from hence is the celebrated castle of the
Hungerfords, or rather what remains of it, in
fragments of strong and thick walls, and towers
covered with ivy. The antiquity of the village is
very great, as it extends back to Saxon times. In
the eleventh century it belonged to a Norman, Sir
Roger de Courcelles, who had followed William
M 2
126
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
the Conqueror into England. It reverted to the
crown on his death, and was bestowed by William
Rufus upon another Norman adventurer, Hugh de
Montfort, hence its appellation of Farleigh Mont-
fort. Lord Burghersh possessed it in 1337, and
his son disposed of it to Lord Hungerford in 1369,
who repaired and made great additions to it. The
Hungerfords were a family greatly distinguished
from the reign of the second Richard to Edward
IV. for their deeds of arms, until by the civil wars
of the two roses the estate became forfeited, but

Farleigh Castle.
It
was restored in the reign of Henry VII.
remained in the family until the dissipation of its
owner, in the time of Charles II., caused it to be
disposed of to the family of Bayntun, about the
year 1618, from whence it came into the Houlton
family. The chapel of the castle, dedicated to St.
Leonard, is still perfect. It is fifty-six feet long by
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
127
twenty broad.
All the appendages still remain.
The altar is formed of one huge stone of fine
granatilla. There is also a tomb with a figure of
a knight in armour, in memory of Sir Thomas
Hungerford and Joanna his (second) wife, dated
1398. Colonel Houlton most appropriately deco-
rated the walls with armour preserved from the old
castle, and brought from other places; and this
chapel is now an object of great interest to the lovers
of antiquity. There is a small chantry attached,
in which there are several monuments of the
Hungerford family. In the centre is a splendid
tomb of polished marble to the memory of Sir
Edward Hungerford and his lady, dated 1648. In
a vault beneath, which is entered from the outside,
eight of the family rest in lead coffins, one of which
is partly open, and discovers a resinous substance
used in the embalming. The flesh is gone, but
the bones are sound; the admission of air having
probably produced this effect. The residence of
J. T. Houlton, esq., is about a quarter of a mile
distant from the castle. It is erected with con-
siderable taste in the modern Gothic, and decorated
within in perfect keeping with the associations of
the spot. There are some good pictures in the
house, which is one of the most interesting, in
conjunction with the remains of the castle, of any
in the neighbourhood of Bath.
To the north of the city, passing Lansdown

CIBEL
Royal School for Daughters of Officers of the Army
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
129
FOR
crescent and St. Stephen's church, on the ascent
to the right, is THE ROYAL SCHOOL
DAUGHTERS OF OFFICERS OF THE ARMY.
The object of this institution, is to give orphan or
other daughters of military officers a good, prac-
tical, and religious education, at a mere nominal
charge. The edifice is Gothic, of the geometric
period, and is built of the Lansdown oolite, with
dressings of the purer freestone of Combe Down,
forming a sufficient contrast to give full effect to
the architect's design. The front runs parallel
with the Lansdown road, and consists of a central
tower, with a turret at the angle, surmounted by
a spirelet, 148 feet high; a gable with richly-carved
oriel window, and deeply-moulded tracery win-
dows; and a smaller gable and turret to the north.
The interior is arranged according to the modern
requirements neccessary for an educational esta-
blishment.
In the immediate neighbourhood, on the other
side of the road, is NEW KINGSWOOD COLLEGE,
an institution belonging to the Wesleyan Metho-
dists, for the education of ministers' sons. The
building is a handsome structure, in the Tudor
style, with a tower in the centre rising to the
height of ninety feet.
To the right of the road, at a distance of about
half a mile, is the village of CHARLCOMBE, re-
markable for its seclusion in a deep valley below
Lansdown. It is very retired, and even pictu-
130
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
resque. A little brook glides through the calm
valley in which it is situated, and falls into the
Avon near Lambridge. This village once belonged
to the Abbey of Bath, and was held of that esta-
blishment in the time of Edward the Confessor.
The church is very small but exceedingly curious;
with the nave and chancel it is but 50 feet long by
18 wide. On its western extremity is a singular
turret embattled. A fine yew tree grows near it.
On passing the summit of the hill a beautiful
expanse of country bursts upon the view. To the
right, the hills of Wiltshire, from the borders of
Salisbury Plain, and embracing the Marlborough
downs and Cherill hills, form the horizon. Hence
the eye ranges over the high land of the counties
of Gloucester and Worcester; and, as we proceed
further on the down, successively come within the
range of vision the noble hills or rather mountains,
beyond Abergavenny, the Monmouth bank of the
Severn, with the shores of Glamorgan about Car-
diff, and the broad estuary and the intervening
country, including Clifton, and Bristol amid con-
tinued rolling masses of black smoke, Dundry
tower, and a long range of summits of Somerset-
shire hills trending away to the east until the
objects join Wiltshire again. The eye dwells with
unwonted pleasure on the vast and splendid pano-
rama around us, unequalled perhaps in England,
considering its short distance from a city. It
is upon Lansdown that the Bath Races are held.
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
131
The turf on the ground is short, firm, and admi-
rably adapted for horse exercise, and has the
advantage of being free from the interruption of
vehicles. From the commanding position of this
hill it appears to have been selected as a military
post from the earliest ages. At its north-western
extremity are the remains of a British camp, and
very near is a well-defined Roman entrenchment.
It was also the scene of a sanguinary battle be-
tween the Royalists and Parliamentarians in 1643.
At about three miles distance from this spot are
the romantic rocks of WICK, consisting of lofty
perpendicular masses of limestone rising to the
height of two hundred feet. They form a deep
but highly picturesque glen three quarters of a
mile long. The beauty of the scene, however, is
disfigured by the presence of several mills. On
the northern cliff are the remains of a Roman
camp, near which many coins and other antiqui-
ties have been discovered.
On all sides of the city of Bath there are shel-
tered glens and lanes, such as that of Lyncombe,
where, in boisterous and cold weather, the visitant
may take an airing without ascending the heights.
If he prefer the level to the hills, he may follow
the London road towards Batheaston, on each
hand finding objects of high and romantic interest.
Swainswick (the birth-place of Prynne), Woolley,
and Langridge, are on the left, at a short distance
132
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
on the road to Oxford and Gloucester. In the
parish of Swainswick, is Solsbury hill, surmounted
by a British encampment, which tradition attri-
butes to King Arthur. Batheaston, St. Catharine,
Bathford, the hamlet of Middle hill, or the more
distant village of Box, may also be visited.
BATHEASTON is two miles from Bath.
church is a fine building, of the Perpendicular
period, and is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
Near the village are the Water Works that partly
supply the city with water. Batheaston villa is
rendered memorable as being once the residence
of Sir John Miller; and was renowned in the
fashionable annals of Bath about a century ago,
for an antique vase, which had been purchased in
Italy, and was placed therein as a curiosity.
Within this vase were deposited the poetical
effusions of the sons and daughters of fashion;
they were dropped into it on a Thursday, which
was proclaimed an open day for that purpose.
The verses so deposited were then drawn by a lady
of the company, selected by chance, and presented
to a gentleman to read aloud. A committee was
appointed to decide on their merits, and adjudge
the prizes for the four best productions. The
fortunate parties were each presented with a wreath
of myrtle by Mrs. afterwards Lady Miller, and a
cold collation terminated the pleasantry of the day.
This custom was continued for some years, until a
wicked beau polluted the chaste vase with a sati-
Its
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
133
:
rical or licentious composition, to the grievous
horror of the elder maiden ladies, and the wounded
amour propre of the lady of the mansion, who
missed her modicum of weekly flattery. The
mysterious urn from thenceforth became closed
alike to the sober and licentious. Four volumes
of these effusions were published, and abundantly
prove that fashionable society in modern days has
not since then much decreased either in wit or
vapidness.
On the opposite side of the Avon, which may be
reached by crossing the ferry at this place, or
from the city by a pleasant walk on the banks of the
canal, is BATHAMPTON, a pretty village, with a
picturesque church, of the Perpendicular period.
The tower, which is covered with ivy, is of three
stages, with diagonal buttresses, an embattled
parapet, and the angles capped with pinnacles. On
the east side of the church, in a niche, is a rude
bas-relief of an ecclesiastic, with the remains of a
mitre upon his head, from the back of which hangs
some drapery; the right hand supports a crook, in
the left is a book. In the south porch are the
dilapidated effigies of a knight and his lady, of
the age of Edward III. There is an ancient barn
just without the precincts of the churchyard which
is probably coeval with the church itself. The
manor formerly belonged to the Bath Abbey. It
has been successively in the possession of the
Popham, the Hungerford, and the Basset families.
N
134
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
In 1701 it was purchased by Richard Holder,
through whom it descended to Ralph Allen, of
Prior Park, in whose family it still remains.
A short distance to the left, in a beautiful
and romantic valley, is the little village of Sr.
CATHARINE. The church and manor house are
particularly interesting from their early connection
with the priory of Bath. John Cantlow, about
1499, nearly rebuilt the church, and erected St.
Catharine's court. It afterwards became the pro-
perty of Sir John Harington, being the dower
given by Henry the Eighth with his natural daugh-
ter, Ethelred Malte. In a succeeding reign the
manor was sold by Sir John Harrington, son of the
preceding, to meet the heavy expenses attendant
upon entertaining Queen Elizabeth at Kelston
House; this being one of the methods in which
that politic monarch "delighted to honour" those
who had incurred her displeasure.
About five miles from Bath, on the London road,
is the village of Box, rendered remarkable by the
celebrated Tunnel of the Great Western Railway.
This gigantic work penetrates the hill to the east
of the village, and emerges on the Corsham side
at a distance of nearly two miles, running 306 feet
below the surface of the earth. It is ventilated
by six shafts, each twenty-five feet in diameter,
and varying from seventy to three hundred feet
in depth.
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
135
The Lower Bristol road is also sheltered from
certain winds, and is nearly a level for a considera-
ble distance from the city through the village of
TWERTON; here the cottage of Fielding stands,
and Tom Jones is said to have been written. It
is now built up to, though it formerly stood in the
midst of pleasant gardens. A broad-cloth manu-
factory, where the finest cloth England produces is
made, and a large carpet manufactory, employ
nearly the whole population of the village.
A mile from Twerton is the village of NEWTON
ST. LOE, with Newton Park, the seat of W. H.
Gore Langton, Esq. The house is a modern
edifice, but solidly built, and the park large and
well timbered. Near the mansion stands the
remains of the old castle of the Lords of St. Loe.
It consists of a tower above 50 feet high, and
contains three rooms above ground, with the usual
appendage of baronial residences, a dungeon
beneath.
ENGLISHCOMBE may be easily reached from
Newton, from which it is distant about two miles.
The Round hill, half a mile from the village, was
till lately considered an artificial mound, marking
the grave of some warrior chief; but recent inves-
tigation satisfactorily proves it to be a natural
formation. It is a hundred feet in perpendicular
height from the high ground on which it stands,
with a base eight hundred yards in circumference.
The church, some portions of which are of an early
136
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
period, has of late years been completely renovated :
it has an embattled tower rising from the centre.
The manor house is now used as a beer-shop. The
Prince of Wales, as Duke of Cornwall, is lord of
the manor. The Wansdyke
The Wansdyke is traceable in several
parts of this parish, particularly in an orchard near
the church.
The Upper Bristol Road is a very pleasant drive,
and may be attained after seeing the little village
of WESTON, lying in a nook under Lansdown, or
may be reached by the regular road. A short
distance from Bath, on the right hand, is Partis
College, the purpose of which has been already
stated. Still further on is the village of KELSTON,
and Kelston House, the property of Colonel Inigo
Jones. It is about three miles from the city, and
is a spot worthy of note from its connection with
the Harington family. The present house was
built by Sir Cæsar Hawkins, who pulled down the
ancient manor house, near the church, built in
1587, by Barozzi, an Italian architect. Of this
ancient house the courtyard only remains. It was
there that Queen Elizabeth was entertained by Sir
John Harington, the proprietor and well-known
author of the Elizabethan era. He was a wit of
the court, and a deserved favourite of the Queen.
It was to Kelston he retired after having been
made a knight banneret, by the Earl of Essex.
He received the knighthood without her privity,
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
137
and Elizabeth was offended with him. He retired
to this spot until the accession of James I., when
he again played the courtier. Sir John died in
1612, and his son, the puritan, succeeded him at
Kelston, where, although his enemies abused him,
he was greatly esteemed and loved.
A short ride from Kelston brings us to BITTON,
where is a fine church of an early date. The
foundation is Norman, together with much of
the superstructure, but its general character is
now Perpendicular. In the year 1826 some
interesting memorials of the 13th century were
discovered on the south side of the nave, one, an
incised slab, with the head in relief, supposed to be
the effigy of Robert de Bitton, another that of the
Lady Emmota de Hastinges. The stones are pre-
served in the vestibule at the north entrance.
The tower is a fine piece of masonry, but is not
considered earlier than the fifteenth century. In
the village are extensive paper mills, where paper
of an excellent quality is produced.
The visitant may now, instead of retracing his
steps to Bath by the same route, proceed onwards
a short distance, cross the Avon by a substantial
stone bridge, and visit the village of KEYNSHAM.
It consists of a long irregular street, containing
several interesting specimens of domestic architec-
ture, one of which is a street-front with a curious
bay window supported on two half-length figures
sculptured in a costume of early date. Some parts
W
N 2
138
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BATH.
of the church are much admired, particularly the
west end of the south aisle, with its stairs' turret.
The tower was rebuilt in 1612. Keynsham came
into the possession of the Chandos family in the
sixth year of Edward the Sixth, for the considera-
tion of £922. 2s. 2 d. In 1841 this property was
sold by the Duke of Buckingham, reserving to
himself much of the patronage and monetary
profit, for £70,000.
Two miles nearer Bath is SALTFORD, and at a
short distance is Newton, which has been already
noticed; but instead of returning through Twerton,
a pleasant road leads off to the left of the turnpike-
house, over Newton bridge, by Partis college, and
to the city by the Upper Bristol road.
Biographical Notices.
It now remains that we notice some of the most
remarkable characters that have been connected
with Bath. The renown of cities is derived as
much from the names of the great men who have
flourished within their precincts, as by their topo-
graphical or architectural beauties.
Bishop Montague, who possessed considerable
claim to veneration from his talents and liberality,
was Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1608. He was

WE REME!
尚
​1.1. E
FLAS
Bishop Montague's Monument.
born at Boughton, in Northamptonshire, and was
master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in
1598. He expended a good deal of money in the
140
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
repairs of the Abbey church, which rendered the
people of Bath grateful to him in those times when
such works were regarded as labours of piety which
redeemed a load of personal sins. The bishop, too,
seems to have been a truly good man.
He was
translated to Winchester in 1616, and dying there
in 1618, was, at his own desire, brought for inter-
ment to Bath, where a Latin inscription records
his name upon a monument erected at the expense
of his four brothers.
Dr. Edward Jorden, who died in 1632, and was
the first person who wrote on the Bath Waters, is
described as a learned man, and a member of the
"famous College of Physicians." To him Bath is
indebted for spreading abroad the fame of her
waters. An account of him is extant in Dr.
Guidott's "Lives and Characters of the Physicians
of Bath, from 1598 to 1676." Dr. Venner, who
died in 1660, was a Bath physician of the same
time : : a plain man it appears. He lived to be 85,
and was buried in the Abbey church. Some one
wrote his epitaph as follows, alluding to his person :
"The ashes of this grave
No Phoenix but chimera gave;
The head, the feet, about the thigh,
A duck, a mouse, a butterfly."
His treatise on diet and regimen has been much
quoted. Dr. Bave was another noted physician of
Bath. He was a German by birth, and dying,
aged 80, in 1668, was buried in the Abbey church;
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
141
where also lies his contemporary, Dr. Maplet, who
practised both in Bath and Bristol, and died two
years after him. Dr. Thomas Guidott, who was
of Italian descent, seems to have been a superior
character to the mass of the profession in his day.
At Bath he was much persecuted and envied,
having set his face against the quackery of the time.
He practised both in London and Bath. The
revival of the use of the Bath Waters internally
is ascribed to his efforts about 1673. Dr. Oliver
a noted Bath practitioner and medical essayist,
died here in 1716.
William Prynne, who represented Bath in par-
liament in 1660, and 1661, was born at Swainswick,
in 1600, and educated in the Bath Grammar school.
He took his degree of B.A. in 1620, at Oriel
college, Oxford. Thence he removed to Lincoln's
inn, and, devoting himself to the study of the
law, was successively made barrister, bencher, and
reader. On the Restoration, he was appointed
keeper of the records in the Tower. In 1633 he
was fined £5000 for a libel on the Queen, was
expelled the University and Lincoln's Inn, stood
twice in the pillory, and lost an ear.
Four years
afterwards he was again fined a similar amount,
lost his other ear in the pillory, was branded on
both cheeks, and consigned to perpetual imprison-
ment. In 1640 he was released by the House of
Commons, who sympathised with his sufferings,
while they admired his talents and indomitable
142
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
courage. In the early part of the Protectorate he
was the friend of Cromwell; but imagining that
Oliver assumed to himself too much power, he
became his foe. After his election for Bath, he
libelled the House of Commons, for which the
Speaker (Sir Edward Turner) told him he deserved
all his sufferings over again; but as he had
rendered essential service to the King, and ex-
pressed sorrow for his misdeeds, mercy was
extended to him. From this time he withdrew
from the political world, and devoted himself
principally to theological and historical subjects.
He closed his chequered life at Lincoln's Inn,
October 29, 1669, and was interred near the
chapel there. He was a man of exemplary morals,
a great reader, and his writings evince an extraor-
dinary boldness in grappling with every enormity
in church or state. Bishops and players, senators
and lovelocks, successively came under the lash
of his pen; and were alike summarily dealt with,
gaining for the redoubtable censor the appellation
of "The Modern Cato."
In 1761 died and was buried at Bath, the cele-
brated Beau Nash, the king of all the folly and
fashion of the city. His name was Richard Nash,
and he was born at Swansea, in 1674, of respect-
able parents. He was early sent to Oxford, but
had too volatile a disposition for study. He then
entered the army, where the order and discipline
were too strict for his temper. He next took
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
143
•
chambers in the Temple, and lived upon the town
in all its dissipated habits. The gaming table
became his study. The theatres and scenes of
revelry were his frequent locations. He dressed as
a dandy of the time, and devoted his every hour to
play, finery, and women. On the accession of
William III. he was made director of a scene of
revelry in the Temple, and was offered knighthood
for his supremacy in this kind of folly! It was
in 1704 that he came to Bath, and acted as
assistant to Captain Webster, who conducted the
fashionable amusements of the city, and ultimately
succeeded him in his post. He entered upon his
singular career of office with a full presentiment
of its importance in his own view, and rigid deter-
mination to enforce the laws which he laid down
to regulate the empire of fashion. He was now
supreme in the realm of folly: he rejoiced in the
fruition of his hopes, and suffered not even royalty
itself to infringe upon the laws which regulated
the court of frivolity in which he ruled. He
prohibited the wearing of swords in any of the
public rooms: a duel having taken place by torch
light in the Orange Grove, he made a law that no
swords should be worn in Bath, and he was im-
mediately obeyed. He desired the Duchess of
Queensberry to remove an apron of rich lace which
she wore, and he himself threw it to an attendant;
nor would he suffer the Princess Amelia to have
a single dance after the conclusion of the ball.
144
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
He told her royal highness his decrees were
unalterable. The dress of the King of Folly was
well adapted to impose on his subjects lofty ideas
of his dignity, being covered with lace, after the
fashion of the time. He wore a cocked white hat
instead of a crown, to distinguish him from other
persons; and besides travelling in a chariot with
six horses, he was attended by musicians and
others, on foot, and horseback. He held his levees
at his mansion, after the manner of other poten-
tates; and the titles of his most distinguished
visitors were borne along by powdered menials
from the portico to his presence. To one so en-
dowed with all that fashion and folly called great,
it is not to be wondered at that princes paid es-
pecial honour: the Prince of Wales, father of
George III., among their number. Poets wrote him
letters; and ladies of quality were gracious to him.
The corporation of Bath made him their tutelary
deity, and erected his graven image in the Pump
room between busts of Newton and Pope. This
ignorant adulation of the municipal body was
satirized with great felicity :·
"Nash represents man in the mass,
Made up of wrong and right;
Sometimes a knave, sometimes an ass,
Now blunt, and now polite.
The statue placed the busts between,
Adds to the thought much strength;
Wisdom and Wit are little seen,
But folly's at full length !"
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
145
The king of Bath appears to have been a giddy
thoughtless personage, who acquired his money
easily at the gaming table, and parted with it

B
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MIKOULUANAL PARKGA
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Portico of Nash's Residence on the Sawclose.
freely.
His charity was great, and numerous
were the instances of his benevolence, so that he
0
146
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
was known to shed tears when left without the
means of relieving distress. In 1739, during the
very severe winter, he employed himself actively
in alleviating human misery: he entered the habi-
tations of the indigent, and relieved those who
were in distress, but too proud to crave assistance,
without solicitation, or making it known to the
world. He saved the starving colliers from want,
who, without work, had entered Bath in a body;
and indignantly disowned ever using a penny of
the public subscription money, or that he had ever
touched a sixpence of the sums raised beyond the
expenses, and when there was any surplus the
hospital books would show what he had done with
it to this he called God to witness, after being, he
says, "a fool and a slave to the public for forty
years." Among the items of his account while
in the Temple, was found the memorandum of
"ten pounds, for making a man happy." Having
heard a poor man say this sum would make him
happy, he gave it him out of the charitable dona-
tions intrusted to him, offering to repay the amount
from his private purse if not approved of. Such
doings indeed cover a multitude of sins! Yet
sickness and poverty attended him in the downfall
of life. The butterflies of fashion, and the reck-
less gay ones who had admired him in the full tide
of glory, abandoned him when age had dimmed
his splendour. He became too infirm to follow
the amusements of his preceding years, which
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
147
had brought him great resources. The charitable
extended not their hands to him whose charity had
been unostentatiously, openly, and secretly admin-
istered to hundreds when he possessed the means
of dealing it forth; and he died neglected by those
who had incurred obligations from him in brighter
days; thus furnishing a melancholy lesson of the
heartlessness of the fashionable world, and of the
unfitness of its appliances to confer lasting benefit.
The Corporation gave his remains a splendid fune-
ral in the Abbey church. Nash died February 3rd,
1761, aged 87.
At Bath lived the better part of his life, pro-
claiming in his latter years, as he was wheeled
along the South parade, that Bath was the first
place in the world "for an old cock to go to roost
in," James Quin, the celebrated actor. He died
here in 1766, at the age of 73. Of this kind-
hearted man, and lover of good eating, numerous
anecdotes are upon record.
In the Abbey church lies Broome, the translator
of some part of Homer with Pope, and once that
poet's friend. He was a profound scholar, and a
good poet, but is chiefly known by his translations.
He died in 1745.
Here also reposes Sarah Fielding, the sister of
the author of Tom Jones. This lady wrote the
Adventures of David Simple," and a translation
of "Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates." She
died in 1768.
148
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
Samuel Derrick, by birth an Irishman, died at
Bath in 1769, aged 45. He was chosen master of
the ceremonies, had been a soldier, and an author.
Dr. Johnson had no opinion of his talents. He
was of a diminutive figure, which was a drawback
upon his authority.
Sir Wm. Draper, the political antagonist of
Junius, has a pompous Latin epitaph, in the Abbey
church, recording his Manilla deeds. He died in
1787, and was buried in Bristol. Melmoth, the
elegant translator of Lucan and Pliny, was a resi-
dent of Bath, where he died in 1795. Sibthorpe,
the author of the Flora Græca, was also an inhabi-
tant of Bath. He died in 1800. Dr. Maclaine,
the translator of Mosheim, resided here, and died
in this city in 1804.
Of all the literary names however which attach
to Bath, that of the poet Anstey is the most re-
markable. His subjects and scenery all belong to
the city. He was born at Trumpington, in 1724;
educated at Eton; studied at King's College,
Cambridge; went into the army; and afterwards
married and took up his residence in the Crescent.
His Bath Guide, with certain indelicacies of allusion
excepted, is unrivalled: is rich in humour, preg-
nant with wit, sharp in irony, and lively in narra-
tive. Edition has followed edition, and the humour
is still in demand. Anstey produced a "Monody
on the death of the Marquis of Tavistock,” in 1767,
written in very fluent and sweet blank verse. He
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
149
also wrote a satire, called the "Priest detected,"
addressed to a clergyman, to whom he ascribed
certain lampoons in the vase at Lady Miller's villa,
mentioned in a former page of this Guide. He
published various other works, and lashed the
owner of the Crescent ground rents, Sir Peter
Rivers Gay, for an attempt to turn the fields in
front of that beautiful pile of buildings into kit-
chen gardens. It is entitled an "Ode on an early
view of the Crescent." Each stanza ends with
"Sir Peter Rivers Gay." He was obliged soon
afterwards to give up for new dwellings a favourite
spot of ground. New buildings were at that
moment the rage, and Anstey wrote this epigram
in revenge:-
"Ye men of Bath, who stately mansions rear,
To wait for tenants from the devil knows where,
Would you pursue a plan which cannot fail,
Erect a madhouse and enlarge your jail!"
Anstey died at the seat of his son-in-law, Henry
Bosanquet, esq., at Hardenhuish, near Chippenham,
August 3rd, 1805, aged 81. He was buried in
Walcot church, Bath. John Anstey, esq., his son,
author of the Pleader's Guide, collected and pub-
lished his works, in one volume, quarto, in 1810.
The well-known Walsh Porter, distinguished in
his day in literature and the fine arts, resided in
Bath, and died in 1809, at Dawlish. He was
interred in the Abbey church, where a tablet to
his memory has been erected. He was author of
02
150
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
several dramatic works that were once popular.
In Bath lived and died the musician Rauzzini, a
Roman by birth, well known in the fashionable
world. He had quitted Rome young, where he
was celebrated for his abilities in singing, and his
knowledge of the art of music. He had travelled
into Germany in early life, and sung at the opera
in Vienna, where he became intimate with Metas-
tasio. He was a great favourite at Vienna, and
was applauded even in presence of the Emperor,
a piece of indecorum, according to German notions
of fashionable propriety. From Rome Rauzzini
proceeded to Munich, where he resided some
years, and became known to Dr. Burney, who
spoke of him as a charming singer, and a good
actor. He came to England in 1774, under an
engagement at the Opera house, and soon, being
a favourite, attracted the notice and friendship
of Garrick. Rauzzini's principal works are the
Operas of Pyramo e Tisbe, L'Ali d'Amore, L'Eroe
Cinese, Creusa in Delfo, La Regina di Golconda,
and La Vestale. He did not long remain on the
stage in this country, but retired to Bath as a
professor of music, where he became director of
the public concerts, which office he held for thirty
years. His house was in Gay street, but he took
up his residence in the summer at Perrymead,
high up in the sweet vale of Lyncombe. Rauz-
zini died at Bath in 1810, at the age of 62, much
and generally lamented. His house was open to all
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
151
men of talent, and his hospitality was proverbial.
The funeral honours heaped upon his remains, left
the impress of the respect felt by the public for
his character. He was buried in the Abbey church.
Rauzzini was tutor to Mara, Billington, Storace,
Mountain, Braham, and Incledon. A neat monu-
ment, with an appropriate inscription, has been
erected to his memory, by his pupil Braham, over
the spot where he lies.
Henry Harington, M.D., already mentioned in
these pages as descended from the Kelston family
of that name, was long well known and respected
in Bath, as his ancestors had been before him. He
was born at Kelston in 1727, and entered Queen's
college, Oxford, after a private education at home.
He received a Bachelor's degree in 1748, but
declined entering the church, for which he was
designed by his friends. He married Miss Mus-
grave, and began his practice at Wells, whence he
removed to Bath, where he continued until his
death in 1816, at the advanced age of 89, subject
however, to the disadvantage of blindness for some
years previously. The talents and acquirements
of Dr. Harington were various out of his profes-
sional character. He was an excellent classical
scholar, possessed a refined musical taste, had
studied the mathematical sciences, and was fond of
the mechanical arts. He formed the well-known
musical society at Bath called the "Harmonic,”
in 1795. His manners were full of urbanity, his
152
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
deportment stamped with perfect freedom, remark-
ably mild and pleasing. He was a very agreeable
companion, having stored up an abundant fund of
anecdote, with which he was accustomed to enter-
tain his friends. He wrote a treatise on the use
and abuse of music: a treatise entitled ΣYMBOAON
TPIZATION, or the Geometrical Analogy of the
Catholic Doctrine of Trinity consonant to human
reason and comprehension; typically demonstrated
and exemplified by the natural indivisible Trinity
of Simultaneous Sounds, &c., 1806. Dr. Haring-
ton wrote also several poetical pieces. Among
these the "Witch of Wokey" is well known.
His musical compositions were numerous, em-
bracing the light and pleasant, as well as the
loftier strain. The refined taste of Dr. Harington
in musical composition has been much praised.
That he was an excellent critic there can be no
doubt, and critical ability necessarily implies judg-
ment of a sound character. He was 70 years of
age when he composed the "Eloi," or last words
of our Saviour, a fine piece of music arranged for
three voices. It was attacked by the preacher at a
fashionable chapel in the city, who displayed as
much bad taste as ignorance in his censures. Dr.
Harington also published several collections of
songs, glees, elegies, and canons. He was, in
fact, an individual such as few provincial cities
could boast as a resident native and continued
inhabitant. Persons endowed with equal talents
Ad
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
153
generally find congenial spirits only in the metro-
polis, and consequently repair thither as to a com-
mon centre. Dr. Harington preferred the place of
his early attachments as his abode, and his ashes
were laid near where his living home had been.
Governor Pownall, who had been the governor
of one of our American colonies, was a distinguished
resident at Bath, and died here in 1805. He held
at one time an appointment in the commissariat in
Germany, when he was accused of making a profit
by a contract in oats for the Army in 1761. The
charge was investigated and satisfactorily disproved,
and his accuser dismissed from his situation. He
was soon after elected a member of the House of
Commons, in which he manfully and patriotically
opposed the fatal American war. He was a man
of literary habits, and contributed largely to the
Society of Antiquaries, of which as well as the
Royal Society, he was a distinguished member.
He died in his 85th year, and was buried in Walcot
church, and a monumental tablet was placed to
record his name in the Abbey.
Mr. Palmer, a name well known to the world as
the inventor of the mode of conveying the mails
by coaches, was a native of Bath, where he was
born in 1742. His father was a brewer in good
circumstances, and his mother was connected with
the Longs, a well known ancient Wiltshire family.
He received the rudiments of education at Colerne,
and was sent from thence to the Marlborough
154
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
grammar school, being designed for the church.
He preferred the army, but his friends would not
suffer him to gratify his inclinations. He still re-
solutely refused to enter the church, and was in
consequence taken from school, and placed in the
counting-house of his father's brewery. He found
the inactivity of this kind of life exceedingly irk-
some, and one day after a dispute respecting his
desire to enter the military service, he left the
counting-house, put on the dress of a labourer,
and worked for more than a year in his father's
brewery as a common workman. At length his
health began to give way, and medical advisers
pronounced a change of air necessary to prevent
consumption. After his absence, and the restora-
tion of his health, he returned to Bath, and found
that his father and several of the inhabitants had
erected a new theatre in Orchard street. Some
trouble ensued in getting an existing establishment
closed; but in the end, his father succeeded in
having the whole arranged, and vesting the entire
property in himself. To prevent the erection of a
new theatre, which was attempted in opposition to
his own, Mr. Palmer petitioned the crown for a
patent, and was supported by the corporation of
the city. After many obstacles he succeeded, and
an act was passed agreeably to his request, in the
8 Geo. III., from which time the Bath theatre be-
came a theatre royal, the first out of the metropolis.
This patent was obtained principally through the
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
155
activity of young Palmer, who thus became intro-
duced to many persons of political consideration,
besides making the acquaintance of those who were
connected with the drama in the metropolis. The
next undertaking in which he embarked with inde-
fatigable industry, was that which connects his
name with the general post-office. The idea was
suggested to him by the conveyance employed for
removing the actors of the theatre royal from Bath
to Bristol and back again; which he remarked
often went over the ground much faster than the
mail cart. He considered the subject much, and
made accurate observations upon all which could
contribute to the success of his plan. Dr. Pretty-
man communicated it to Pitt, who agreed that
Palmer should receive two and a half per cent. on
the future increased revenue of the post-office if
he succeeded, and if he did not succeed, he should
not benefit a single shilling. What was his suc-
cess need not be recapitulated here. The labour
was great, and the organization of such a scheme
required sound judgment and unflagging persever-
ance. Every kind of obstacle which official inso-
lence or cunning could throw across his path, was
placed as an impediment to his success. The post-
office authorities thwarted his plans as innovations
upon customary usage, and he was at last obliged
to address a letter to Mr. Pitt upon the subject, who
seeing the merits of Mr. Palmer, appointed him in
1789 surveyor and comptroller of the post-office,
156
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
with a salary of £1500 per annum. From this
situation he was suspended in 1792, on account of
some disputes with the postmaster-general relative
to his plans. He had increased the revenue of the
post-office more than double, yet in flagrant viola-
tion of a solemn engagement, the per centage
agreed to was disallowed him, but he received a
salary of £3000 per annum. It was not until 1808
that Mr. Palmer could obtain a common act of
justice from the hands of the House of Commons,
when his claim was admitted by a majority of 86,
that he was entitled to two and a half per cent. on
the revenue of the post-office from 1793, amount-
ing to £240,000. The Lords however, threw out
the bill with a bold and unflinching defiance of
common justice. The ministers then granted him
by bill £50,000 over and above £3000 per annum.
Thus was the inventor and perfector of so im-
portant a scheme for the public benefit put off with
less than half what the nation had solemnly agreed
to give him. Mr. Palmer was twice in parliament
for Bath. He died at Brighton, in 1811, aged 76.
Dr. Thomas Haweis, who died at Bath in 1820,
aged 86, was bred to medicine, but left that profes-
sion to enter the ministry, and took his degree at
Cambridge in 1772. He became assistant to the
Rev. Mr. Madan, at the Lock Hospital; and in
1764 was presented to the rectory of Aldwinckle,
in Northamptonshire, which he kept until his de-
cease. Dr. Haweis was chaplain to the well-known
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
157
Countess of Huntingdon, and at her death she left
him the trustee of numerous charities. Dr. Haweis
was the founder of the London Missionary Society.
He left several religious works on different topics
behind him, the last of which was "A View of Evan-
gelical Religion throughout the World in 1812."
Dr. Caleb Hillier Parry, a name long known and
much respected in Bath, died in 1822, and was
interred in the Abbey church. Dr. Parry was
educated at Cirencester, and graduated in Edin-
burgh, 1778. In the year following he married
Miss Rigby, of Warrington, and after visiting the
continent, finally settled at Bath, 1779, where he
soon obtained a most extensive medical practice.
His acquaintance was very large, and with charac-
ters of high renown in their time. Windham and
Burke were among his friends; and his information
in politics, as well as in the fine arts, agriculture,
and mineralogy, was acknowledged by all who
were attached to these pursuits. Dr. Parry was in
habits of close intimacy with the late Dr. Herschel,
Lord Somerville, and Sir Joseph Banks. He was
a great reader, and an able metaphysician. He
left behind him two sons and four daughters. The
able navigator, Sir W. E. Parry, was the youngest
son of Dr. Parry; the elder was a physician in his
native city.
Mrs. Piozzi, the well-known friend of Dr. Samuel
Johnson, and once Mrs. Thrale, died at Bath in
1821, where she had long resided. She was the
P
158
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
daughter of John Salusbury, esq., of Bodville, in
Carnarvonshire, and in 1763 she married Mr.
Thrale, the Southwark brewer. Her works are
numerous. Her Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson ap-
peared in 1786, in one volume. She took up her
residence in Bath in 1781, and three years after
married a Mr. Piozzi, a native of Florence, who
taught music in the city, which occasioned a dis-
solution of her long friendship with Dr. Johnson.
She visited Italy with her new husband, and in
Florence joined the Della Cruscans in contributing
to the Florence Miscellany. Her works were of
the pleasing rather than the profound character.
She was a lively woman, and had the art of trifling
agreeably, with abilities far above what those who
possess the same talent can in general lay claim to.
She survived her second husband and all her early
friends. Her last work was published in 1801; it
is entitled, "Retrospection; or, Review of the most
Striking Events, &c., and their Consequences,
which the last 1800 Years have presented to the
View of Mankind," 2 vols. 4to.
Among the earlier individuals noted in the annals
of Bath, may be classed Mr. Pelling, rector of the
Abbey parish, a great benefactor to the repairs of
the fabric, whose motto was Non mihi, sed ecclesiæ.
He was rector of Bath thirty years, dying in 1620.
Glanville, the well-known writer on witchcraft,
lived and died in Bath, where he was inducted to
the Abbey church in 1666. He was controverted
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
159
in his day by the Rev. R. Crosse, of Chew Magna,
and Henry Stubbe, M.D., a physician then resident
in Bath. This last individual was a personage of
some note in his time, born in Lincolnshire, and
one of the keepers of the Bodleian library at
Oxford. He was a friend of Sir Henry Vane, and
defended at one time the tenets of the Quakers.
On the restoration, he lost his situation at Oxford,
and practised medicine, going out to Jamaica for
that purpose in 1661 as physician general. Dr.
Stubbe supported Hobbes against Dr. Wallis, at-
tacked Sprat's History of the Royal Society, and
wrote a treatise against the theory of Aristotle by
Glanville. He was drowned in 1676, while on his
way to Bristol, and lies in the Abbey church.
Dr. William Falconer, F.R.S., a very eminent
physician. He died August 31, 1824, in the 81st
year of his age. He was the son of William Fal-
coner, esq., recorder of Chester, in which city he
was born. His mother was the daughter of Randle
Wilbraham, esq., of Nantwich, Cheshire, the grand-
father of the first Lord Kelmersdale. The medical
writings of Dr. Falconer are numerous, and ob-
tained for him great distinction. They related to
the Bath Waters, to the Pulse, the Poison of
Copper, the Gout, the Health of Persons employed
in Agriculture, the Ischias, the Influence of the
Passions, &c. The University of Cambridge printed
a collection of tracts selected by him from the
writers of antiquity on Natural History, a work
160
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
or
said by Dr. Parr to have been drawn up by one
"whose knowledge was various and profound, and
whose discrimination upon all topics of literature
was ready, vigorous, and comprehensive." He
published two very valuable essays upon biblical
subjects: one upon the Voyage of St. Paul, and
the other on the Words uttered by the Centurion at
the Crucifixion; and he was also the author of a
work of great learning and research, entitled
"Remarks upon the Influence of Climate,"
upon the operation of physical causes on the habits
and institutions of various countries. Upon the
death of his brother, the learned Thomas Falconer,
esq., of Chester, he inherited a handsome fortune,
but though his tastes were simple, and his personal
expenses small, and though his professional income
was as large as that obtained by any physician in
this city, he added no accumulation to his fortune,
his annual income being expended in acts of the
most unostentatious munificence, benevolence, and
charity. Among his friends and patients he num-
bered Mr. Pitt, Lord Chancellor Thurlow, Lord
Nelson, Sir Sydney Smith, Mr. Gibbon, the his-
torian, Bishops Porteus, Watson, &c., and he
mainly contributed to maintain the literary and
medical reputation which this city long enjoyed.
He married a daughter of Thomas Edmunds, esq.,
of Worsborough Hall, Yorkshire, a family of some
antiquity, the male branches of which lately became
extinct, and had issue an only child, the subject of
the following notice.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
161
The Rev. Thomas Falconer, M.A. and M.D., born
in this city, Dec. 24, 1771. He was elected, at an
early age, Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
and in 1810 was unanimously elected to the very
honourable office of Bampton Lecturer in that
University. He was the author of several works
of learning and research. He translated and edited
the ancient voyage of Hanno, accompanied with
dissertations, and also Arrian's Voyage round the
Euxine Sea. In 1807, as editor, he published the
Oxford edition of the Geography of Strabo, in two
vols. folio. This important work he also trans-
lated, but died when preparing the translation for
the press. He was the author of several sermons,
and of a Defence of Eusebius, Bishop of Cæsarea,
against a charge of having mutilated certain copies
of the Scriptures. He married the daughter of
Lieut.-Col. Raitt, and left a numerous family. He
died February 19, 1839, and was buried in the
churchyard of Weston, near Bath.
William Beckford, the only son of the celebrated
Alderman Beckford, who led the city of London
opposition during the stormy period of the first
few years of the reign of George III., was born in
September, 1760. When ten years of age, his
father died, and he succeeded to the Fonthill estate,
together with an extensive West Indian property,
and upwards of £100,000 per annum.
His first
literary attempt was a jeu d'esprit, entitled "Biogra-
phical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters," which
P 2
162
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
•
was published when he was not more than eighteen.
At twenty-two, he composed "Vathek," his most
celebrated work. It was written in French, at one
sitting of three nights and two days, and without
intervening sleep or rest. At an early period of life
he married Lady Margaret Gordon, daughter of the
Earl of Aboyne, and at the age of twenty-six was
left a widower with two daughters. The next few
years of his life were spent on the continent. His
observations on the countries he visited are pre-
served in a series of letters, which were not pub-
lished till nearly fifty years afterwards. On his
return to England, he represented the borough of
Hindon in several successive parliaments. He
afterwards revisited Portugal, purchased an estate
at Cintra, and built, in one of its loveliest spots,
the first creation of his marvellous conception.
Mr. Beckford has left a memorial of his residence
in Portugal in his "Recollections of an Excursion
to the Monasteries of Alcobaça and Batalha,"
which, however, was not published till 1835. At
the commencement of the peninsular war, he
abandoned Cintra, and retired to Fonthill, where
he employed himself in rearing its Abbey, and
decorating the surrounding grounds. In 1822, he
removed to Bath, again to "realize the dreams and
fictions of his fancy." The residence of Mr. Beck-
ford was in the west wing of Lansdown crescent,
and on the summit of the neighbouring hill he
reared the Lansdown Tower. This building con-
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
163
tains several apartments, and during the life of its
founder, was crowded with choice pictures, rich
cabinets, and valuable articles of virtû. The gar-
dens were Eastern in their character, and every
part, both within and without, indicated alike the
wealth, the magnificence, and the taste of him who
had built this temple in dedication to grandeur,
solitude, and the arts. Here he continued those
recluse habits for which he had always been
remarkable, and which made him all but totally
inaccessible. The taste of Mr. Beckford was cul-
tivated to the highest possible state of refinement.
Mozart was his music-master; Sir William Cham-
bers instructed him in architecture; and an emi-
nent painter of his day taught him drawing. He
understood Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese, and Arabic; and conversed in many
of these languages. The mind of this extraordi-
nary man endured a longer period than is usually
allotted to humanity. Only a few months pre-
vious to his decease, he completed a poem on
the Temptation, which is said to possess, in nu-
merous instances, the energetic and nervous style
of Milton. At length, after upwards of sixty
years of mature life, spent in unlimited indulgence
of the highest intellectual tastes, he reached the
"inevitable hour," a very short illness only inter-
vening between his usually robust health and his
decease.
Thomas Barker, a name to which a national
164
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
reputation is attached, was an inhabitant of Bath
for upwards of half a century. He was a native
of Monmouthshire, and was born in 1769. At an
early age he evinced considerable talent in draw-
ing, which, on his family removing to Bath, he
adopted as his profession. Here he was taken by
the hand by a Mr. Spackman, a wealthy coach
builder, who, perceiving the talent of his protegé,
not only provided the funds necessary for prose-
cuting his studies at home, but enabled him to
visit Rome, and while there to maintain his posi-
tion as a gentleman. During the period of his
residence with Mr. Spackman he copied many of
the best pictures of Vanderneer, Rembrandt, Ruys-
dael, and other of the old Dutch and Flemish
masters, and with such success, that only the best
judges could distinguish them from the originals.
No picture of the English school is more generally
known than his "Woodman," of which two were
painted. For nearly half a century Mr. Barker
was an exhibitor at the British Institution; and
when he had far passed his threescore years and
ten, his productions gave good evidence that
neither his execution nor perceptions were im-
paired. During the extended period of his artistic.
career his productions embraced almost the entire
range of pictorial subjects; they have the marks
of true genius stamped upon them-deep study,
original thought, much practical knowledge, and
free execution. His death took place on the 11th
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
165
December, 1847, when he had nearly attained his
79th year.
The Rev. Edward Tottenham, the talented con-
troversialist, was a native of Mallow, in the county
of Cork, where he was born in 1810. Taking an
active part in the operations of the Reformation
Society, his duties brought him to Bath, from
which resulted the celebrated Downside Discus-
sion, which at once, though he was then only
in his twenty-fourth year, established his well-
deserved reputation. In 1834 he became minister
of Kensington chapel, in this city, whence he
removed in 1841 to Laura chapel; and here he
continued during the remainder of his life. Mr.
Tottenham died at the early age of 43 years, on
the 7th June, 1853. His literary remains consist
of reports of his controversial discussions, and
some few sermons; but his fame rests upon the
former, which display "great talent, great com-
mand of language, and great skill in the selection
of his arguments."
The Rev. Wm. Jay, the pastor of Argyle chapel
for sixty-three years, was born at Tisbury, in
Wiltshire, in 1789. His parents were humble but
respectable villagers, and the son was intended for
his father's occupation, that of a mason; but the
Rev. Cornelius Winter taking notice of the lad, he
removed to Marlborough, where under him he
made rapid progress in his studies for the ministry,
and became well known as the "boy preacher."
166
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
He was invited to Bath in 1791, having previously
spent one year as the Independent minister of
Christian Malford, and for a short period filled a
like situation at Clifton. During the long duration
of Mr. Jay's pastorate, his popularity never waned.
He died December, 27th, 1853, in his 85th year.
The Rev. Richard Warner, the "historian of
Bath," was connected with this city for upwards
of twenty-three years during the first quarter of
the present century. He was born in London,
but during his boyhood the family removed to
Lymington, in Hampshire. After a grammar-
school education, he matriculated at St. Mary's
hall, Oxford; and, on the completion of his college
terms, accepted successively two curacies in Hamp-
shire. He afterwards removed to Bath, and was
appointed minister of All Saints' chapel. This
office he soon exchanged for the curacy of St.
James, which he held during the remainder of his
residence among us. Although a hard-working
clergyman, and taking an active part in the esta-
blishment and sustentation of most of the charita-
ble institutions of the city, he yet found time to
produce many works-historical, antiquarian, and
theological. His principal work is "The History
of Bath," published in 1800; and second to it
"The History of Glastonbury Abbey." Mr.
Warner's erudition, discrimination, and indefati-
gable industry, eminently fitted him for this
branch of literature. He also published several
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
167
volumes of walks through various parts of En-
land and Wales, besides eight or ten theological
works. On leaving Bath, he was presented to the
rectory of Chelwood and Great Chalfield, and at
Chelwood he resided for forty years. Besides
being a Fellow of the Society of Arts, Mr. Warner
was an honorary member of the Natural History
Society at Moscow, and of the Dutch Society of
Sciences at Haarlem. He died July 27th, 1857,
in his 94th year.
George Norman, a native of Bath, whose pro-
fessional reputation as a surgeon extended over
the long period of sixty years, enjoyed perhaps the
most extensive practice of any man out of London.
It was principally through his labours that the
United hospital owes its erection, which, pre-
viously to 1826, existed as two distinct institutions.
Mr. Norman filled the office of city and county
magistrate for many years, and was twice elected
to the mayoralty. He died January 17th, 1861,
aged 78.
.
The Geology of the Neighbourhood
of Bath.
THE geology of the district around Bath is well
worthy the attention of the stranger interested in
the science; indeed few places present so varied
a field for geological study as is afforded by this
neighbourhood. The supposition that the thermal
waters are indebted for their high temperature to
volcanic agency is not borne out by facts, for the
geological phenomena of the country around
clearly indicate a quiet deposition and gradual
consolidation of the various materials which con-
stitute its diversified stratification. The district,
moreover, bears no marks of general disturbance.
The valleys are all valleys of denudation, and
nothing can be more general than the dip, or
more regular than the recurrence of the several
strata in the sides of the hills. In fact the com-
position of each hill, and the order of its consti-
tuent beds, may be detected in its general outline.
The lowest part of the ground on which Bath
stands is alluvial, or lias covered up with alluvium.
The higher streets stand in succession on the
inferior oolite and fuller's earth, and the great
oolite caps the whole, and forms the summits of
Solsbury hill, Claverton, Lansdown, and Combe
Down. North-west of the Abbey church, at
Weston, Kelston, and Saltford, the stratum is
GEOLOGY.
169
blue lias; at Newton, more to the west, there is
coal; at Englishcombe, fuller's earth, and inferior
oolite; at Twerton, white lias, blue clay, and blue
lias. In the railway cutting at Saltford, white lias
of a very beautiful kind was laid open; and
a similar bed occurs at Dunkerton. To the south
of the city, at Prior Park, we have clay under
great oolite; great oolite at Combe Down; cal-
careous sand at Midford, and at a few furlongs
distance, fuller's earth. To the south-east, at
Charterhouse Hinton, Farleigh, and Norton St.
Philip, forest marble occurs. To the east of the
city, the high table land on Claverton, Kingsdown,
and Farleigh hills present the great oolite at their
summits, and the inferior nearer the bases, till, at
Bathampton and Larkhall, we come again to
alluvium. To the north, after passing Lansdown,
at Wick, mountain limestone occurs in great
masses. The alluvial ground appears scattered
over the bottoms of the valleys which bound the
course of the river. It consists generally of gravel,
of which only a small part is silicious. Its greater
portion seems to have been furnished by the
oolite, or its rags, which form the summits of all
the hills in the neighbourhood. On Hampton
Down, at an elevation of nearly six hundred feet
above the valley, a bed of gravel exists, in which
flints are common. In the alluvium at Newton
was found the vast tusk of the mammoth, eight
feet long, and eighteen inches round; and at
Q
170
GEOLOGY.
Hampton, the skeleton of an elephant, with quan-
tities of fossils peculiar to the oolite formation.
The following is a list of the strata found within
six miles of Bath.
Silicious Sand; without fossils.
Forest Marble; a mass of compressed anomiæ,
with the Venus and riband pecten detached.
Clay: no fossils.
Great Oolite; with its Upper and Under Rag.
The Upper Rag contains the encrinus, corals,
anomiæ, entrochi, and the rare fossil patella. The
oolite itself is composed of exceedingly small
globular shells, and is deposited in thick beds,
separated into vast blocks by vertical fissures, the
sides of which are lined with crystallized sṭalac-
tites and beautiful spars. Its fossils are the nauti-
lus, pinna, marina, ostrea, and the pecten. The
Under Rag is of a similar character with the
Upper Rag, but contains no fossils.
Yellow Clay; contains no fossils.
Blue Clay; with great quantities of anomiæ.
This stratum throws out the upper set of springs
around Bath.
Fuller's Earth; with a mytilus peculiar to itself.
Impure Fuller's Earth; contains numerous shells,
corals, &c.
Inferior Oolite; with spined anomiæ, corals, and
numerous other fossils.
Calcareous Sand; with pectens, coral, and masses
of serpulæ mingled with belemnites.
GEOLOGY.
171
Blue Marl; containing crystallized sulphuret of
iron and nodules of ochre. The lower set of
springs are thrown out from this stratum.
Blue Lias; with vertebræ of enormous amphi-
biæ, and cornua ammonis of vast size; succeeded
by Grey Lias and White Lias.
Black Marl; a fertilizing earth, with no fossils.
Blue and Red Variegated Marls; succeeded by
new red sandstone, a sedimentary conglomerate
of sand and pebbles, and a mixture of sand and
clay. Contains strontian, quartz crystals, and
calcareous spar.
Magnesian Clay; of a light pink yellow colour,
and laminated shale, overlying a small portion of
hard red sandstone, stained with coal measures.
Coal Measures; composed alternately of coal,
sandstone, and shale. The seams of coal vary
from two inches to three feet in thickness, and are
deposited in series. The first series consists of
six workable seams, varying from forty to one
hundred and twenty fathoms from the surface,
and are together, with intermediate shale and
sandstone, about forty fathoms thick. The second
series commence at a depth of ninety fathoms
below the preceding. At the Timsbury Grove
Colliery, six seams of the second series have
been explored in passing through a further
depth of fifty fathoms, and it is supposed that
other seams exist before reaching the pennant
rock, which, in the Somerset Coal Field, divides
172
GEOLOGY.
the second and third series of coal seams. A great
variety of fossil ferns, coniferæ, impressions of
junci and other vegetables are found imbedded in
the strata between the seams. The coal works
with which Bath is chiefly connected are those of
Radstock, Timsbury, Camerton, Dunkerton, High
Littleton, Paulton, Midsomer Norton, and Writh-
lington. The coal field runs in a direction from
the South-west to the north-east dipping about
nine inches in a yard, though the vein is frequently
interrupted by dislocations, or what the workmen
call faults, a separation occasioned by an early
disruption or sinking of the earth, sometimes to
the depth of a hundred fathoms. The works are
from ninety to two hundred and forty fathoms
deep, and extend in some instances upwards of a
mile from the bottom of the shaft. The produce
of the Somerset Coal Works, raised from thirty-one
pits, averages upwards of a thousand tons per diem.
The surface of this district is mostly overlaid with
rocks of new red sandstone, lias, and inferior
oolite, with their respective marls, and clays;
escarpments of which strata are frequently laid
bare on the slopes of the hills rising above the
deeply denuded valleys in the neighbourhood of
the collieries.
Mountain Limestone; a grey or bluish sub-crys-
talline rock; contains corals, madrepores, and a
variety of fossil shells.
Times of Divine Service.
CHURCHES.
ABBEY, St. Peter and St. Paul. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m., and
6.30 p.m.; and on Wednesday 7 p.m. Prayers daily 11 a.m.
Sacrament first Sunday in the month, after morning service;
second Sunday, after evening service; third Sunday, 9.15 a.m.;
and fourth Sunday, at afternoon service.
CHRIST CHURCH, Montpellier. Sunday, 11 a.m., 3 p.m.,
and 6.30 p.m. Wednesday, Friday, and every Saint's Day at
11 a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
ST. JAMES'S, St. James's street. Sunday, 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
Thursday 7 p.m. Sacrament second and fourth Sundays in
the month.
ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, Bathwick. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30
p.m. Saints' Days 7.30. p.m. Sacrament second Sunday in
the month.
ST. MARK'S, Lyncombe. Sunday, 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Wed-
nesday 6.30 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
ST. MARY'S, Bathwick. Sunday, 11 a.m., and 6.30 p.m.
Wednesday and Friday 11 a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in
the month at 9 a.m, and third Sunday after morning service.
ST. MATTHEW'S, Widcombe. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m., and
6.30 p.m. Thursday, 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday after
morning service, and third Sunday in afternoon.
ST. MICHAEL'S, Broad street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
Thursday 7 p.m. Sacrament last Sunday in the month.
ST. SAVIOUR'S, Lambridge. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
(in May, June, July, and August 6 p.m.) Wednesday and
Friday 11 a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
ST. STEPHEN'S, Lansdown road. Sunday 11 a.m., and 6.30
p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
TRINITY, James street. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m., and 6.30
p.m. Friday 11 a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
WALCOT. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Wednesday 11 a.m., 7
p.m. Friday 11 a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
WIDCOMBE (Old Church). Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m. Sacra-
ment last Sunday in the month.
Q 2
174
TIMES OF DIVINE SERVICE.
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS.
ALL SAINTS', Lansdown crescent. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m.
Wednesday 10.30 a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month
8.30 a.m., and at noon.
CORN STREET. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Sacrament first
Sunday in the month.
LAURA, Henrietta street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Sacra-
ment first Sunday in the month.
MAGDALEN, Holloway. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m. Sacrament
first Sunday in the month.
MARGARET'S, Brock street.
Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m. Wed-
nesday, Friday, and on all Saints' Days, 11 a.m. Sacrament
second and last Sundays in the month.
OCTAGON, Milsom street. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m.; and 11
a.m, on Wednesdays and Fridays in Lent, and Fridays before
Communion. Sacrament first Sunday in the month at noon.
and third Sunday at 9.30 a.m.
PENITENTIARY, Ladymead. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m., during
the winter, and 6.30 p.m. during summer.
Sacrament last
Sunday in the month.
PORTLAND. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Thursday 11.30
a.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
QUEEN SQUARE. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Sacrament
first Sunday in the month, and principal festivals.
ST. JOHN'S, Hetling court. Sunday 11 a.m., 3 p.m. Prayers
every morning, 11 a.m., and Wednesday and Friday 3 p.m.
Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST, near the Gas Works. Sun-
day 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
ST. PAUL'S, Avon street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Thurs-
day 7 p.m. Sacrament last Sunday in the month.
DISSENTING CHAPELS.
BAPTIST, Kensington.
Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Lec-
Sacrament every fourth Sunday.
Sunday 11 a.m., and 6.30 p.m. Wed-
nesday 7 p.m. Sacrament first and second Sundays in the
month morning and evening.
BAPTIST, Somerset street.
ture on Wednesday 7 p.m.
BAPTIST (Providence), Bristol road. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30
p.m. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 7 p.m. Sacrament
first Sunday in the month.
TIMES OF DIVINE SERVICE.
175
Wed-
BAPTIST (Ebenezer), Widcombe. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
Wednesday 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
BETHESDA, York street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
nesday 7 p.m. Sacrament every Sunday.
CONGREGATIONAL, Argyle street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.,
and Thursday 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month
CONGREGATIONAL-PERCY CHAPEL, Charlotte street. Sun-
day 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Wednesday 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sun-
day in the month, and quarterly after a Sunday evening service.
FRIENDS' MEETING, Lower Borough walls. Sunday 11
a.m., 6.30 p.m. Wednesday 11 a.m.
IRVINGITE, Vineyards. Services every day, Sunday included,
6 a.m., and 5 p.m.; additional on Sunday 10 a.m. Litany,
Wednesday and Friday, at 9 a.m. Sacrament every Sunday.
JEWS' SYNAGOGUE. Services: one hour before sunset on
Friday; on Saturday 8 a.m. in summer, at 9 a.m. in winter;
and at 1 p.m. and the fasts and festivals of the Mosaic ritual.
LADY HUNTINGDON'S, Vineyards. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30
p.m. Wednesday 7 p.m. Sacrament 1st & 3rd Sunday in month.
MORAVIAN, Charlotte street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
Wednesday 7 p.m. Sacrament every fourth Sunday.
NEW CHURCH, Swedenborgian, Henry street. Sunday 11 a.m.,
6.30 p.m.
Sacrament first Sunday of every alternate month.
PLYMOUTH BRETHREN, Monmouth street. Sunday 11
a.m., 6.30 p.m. Thursday 7 p.m. Sacrament every Sunday.
PRIMITIVE METHODIST, Westgate Bdgs. Sunday 11 a.m.
6 p.m. Wednesday 7 p.m. Sacrament last Sunday in month.
ROMAN CATHOLIC-ST. JOHN'S. Sunday and Holydays 8
Thursday 7 p.m.
and 11 a.m., 3 p.m., and 6.30 p.m.
ROMAN CATHOLIC-ST. MARY'S, Montpellier. Sunday
and Holydays 8 and 11 a.m., 3 p.m., 6.30 p.m. Friday 7 p.m.
UNITARIAN, Trim street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Sacra-
ment first Sunday in the month.
WESLEYAN, New King street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30 p.m.
Tuesday 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month,
WESLEYAN, Walcot. Sunday 11 a.m. 6.30 p.m.
day 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
WESLEYAN (Reform), Quiet street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30
p.m. Wednesday 7 p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
WESLEYAN (Free Church), York street. Sunday 11 a.m., 6.30
p.m. Sacrament first Sunday in the month.
Wednes-
Index.
...
Abbey Church
Accommodation for Stran-
gers
Amusements
ANCIENT HISTORY
Anstey, the Poet
Antiquities, Roman
Assembly Rooms
Athenæum
044
""
...
...
...
...
310
**
...
...
A
...
...
...
...
Barker Thomas
132
133
Bath burnt
Bathwick Church
Batheaston
Bathampton
Bath Waters
Bathing hours for
Bave Dr.
Beckford Mr.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 139
36
42-179
140
...
161
137
...
...
...
…….
...
...
...
...
…….
...
***
...
...
...
...
...
***
...
1
34
132
...
Bitton
Bladud, legend of
Borough Gaol
Box
Blue Charity School
BRIDGES
Broome, the poet
Burgesses in Parliament 16
105
107
...
147
14
87
Canute, Coin of
CEMETERIES
Chapels-Episcopal
Dissenting
Charterhouse Hinton
78
81
120
16
129
74
59
Charters to Bath
Charlcombe
Christ Church
Churches
CIVIL GOVERNMENT
Civil wars, events during 18
Claudius, founder of Bath
Claverton
Clubs
29
5
•*•
Combe Down
Combehay...
Commercial Institution...
...
Concerts, &c.
Convent founded
Corporation debt...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.0
...
..
••
...
...
4.4
...
………
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
59
...
-28
27
1
148
7
45
51
163
15
75
124
49
119
121
51
27
15
33
...
...
...
County court
Cross Bath
Derrick Samuel
Devonshire, Duchess of,
epitaph by
Dryden, epitaph by
ECCLESIASTICAL BDGS....
Edgar, crowned at Bath
Elevations, variety of
Englishcombe
Ethelred, coin of
FABULOUS HISTORY
Falconer Dr. Wm.
159
Falconer Rev. T., M.D. 161
Farleigh Castle
Fielding Sarah
Frederick Prince of Wales,
obelisk to
125
147
...
..
...
***
...
...
***
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
24
34
168
...
Gaol
GEOLOGY
Grammar School
... 102
Granville Sir Bev., killed 19
Guidott Dr.
Guildhall
141
4.4
Harington Dr.
Harington Sir J.
Haweis Dr.
Heights of hills
Hinton Abbey
HOSPITALS, &c.
...
***
...
...
...
...
***
...
...
040
...
...
...
52
151
136
156
117
120
91
92
""
91
>>
93
"}
94
""
St. Catharine's
St. John's
Bellott's
Magdalen
Mineral Water
United...
100
Penitentiary 100
Dispensaries 101
94
""
""
""
""
41
35
125
...
Hot Bath
HOT SPRINGS & BATHS
Hungerford family
Jay Rev. W.
1.65
Jefferies, his butcheries... 20
Jew's Synagogue
John de Villula, Bath pur-
chased by
87
...
...
Jorden Dr.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
***
***
...
***
34
40
148
***
74
66
59
14
25
135
14
1
...
15
140
INDEX.
Kelston
Keynsham
King's Bath
Kingston Baths
King, Bishop Oliver
Lansdown battle of
...
130
...
Lansdown...
Leland's description of Bath 21
Literary Institution
50
...
...
...
9
Markets
54
Medicinal qualities of water 37
Midford Castle
120
Miller Lady, and her vase 132
Minerva, temple of
Mint, establishment of 14
MODERN HISTORY
Monastery abolished
Monmouth sum. the city 19
Montague Bishop
139
Municipal arrangements 31
Municipal reform, effects of 18
22
16
...
Museum
50
142
117
28
135
167
13
141
...
...
...
Orange Grove
Palmer Mr.
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
...
...
...
...
...
Nash Beau
NEIGHBOURHOOD, &c.
Newspapers of Bath
Newton
...
...
Norman George
Offa, Bath taken by
Oliver Dr. ...
...
...
...
...
...
***
...
...
...
...
...
•10
…….
...
...
...
...
***
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
Park, Royal Victoria
Parliamentarians occupy
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
...
157
101
the city
Parry Dr. C. H.
Partis College
Philip's Norton
Piozzi Mrs.
Population at the Conquest 15
120
157
21
153
during present century
Pownall Governor
Prior Birde's Chapel
Prior Park
64-
117
...
...
...
…….
040
...
...
...
...
0.4
...
...
**
Private Baths
Prynne William
Ptolemy mentions Bath 4
PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. 43
Pulteney bridge
24-108
Pump Room
43
Queen square, Obelisk in 24
...
...
136
137
39
42
59
19
...
24
153
55
41
141
***
...
Queen's Bath
40
Queen Anne visits Bath 22
Quin James
147
Quin's epitaph
68
Railway and its Bridges 109
Rauzzini
150
Remarkable characters 139
Revenue of the city
Romans, founders of Bath
Roman Baths
Romans, evacuate Britain 13
Royal School for Daughters
33
...
3
7
70
75
78
77
49
57
35
41
of Officers of the Army 129
Salubrity of Bath
26
Saxons their devastations 13
St. Catharine, village of 134
St. James's church
St. Mary's church
St. Matthew's church
St. Mark's church
St. Michael's church
St. Stephen's church
St. Saviour's church
STREET ARCHITECTURE 112
Subscription Club
Sydney Gardens
Temperature of waters...
Tepid swimming bath
Terms for bathing
Terms for drinking
Theatre
Times of divine service 173
Tottenham Rev. Edward 165
Treatises on Bath waters 37
Trinity church
Twerton
Venner Dr.
Villula, John de, rebuilds
the city
Walcot church
Waller, Lady epitaph on 67
Walsh Porter
Wansdyke
Wellow
179
178
47
...
76
15
...
73
...
..
149
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Da
***
...
...
Wesleyan College
Weston
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
118
120
129
136
131
...
Wick rocks
Widcombe old church
Wood, his improvements 23
Woollen manufacture 30
77
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
72
76
76
..
135
140
PUMP ROOMS & BATHS.

Visitors to Bath are particularly requested to inspec
the Baths, which may be done free of Charge.
Terms for Drinking the Bath Hot
Mineral Waters.
One Week
One Month
Three Months
Six Months
One Year
•
1 6
0 5 0
£0
0 10
0
0 15 0
1 0 0
2 0 0
A Family, One Year
N.B. If at the HETLING PUMP ROOм exclusively, On
Shilling per Week.
No Charge is made for Tasting the Waters.
Times for Drinking the Waters.
Week Days-Eight A.M., to Half-past Four P.M.
Sundays-at GRAND PUMP ROOM-Half-past Eight t
Half-past Nine A.M., and One to Three P.M.
The Waters can be obtained in Half-Pint Bottles, at 4s. per Doze
by application to the Superintendent.
Terms for Bathing.
At the KING'S and QUEEN'S BATHS.
From Six A.M., till Ten P.M., from Lady-Day to Michae
mas. From Seven A.M., till Ten P.M., from Michaelm
to Lady-Day.
[See next page
s. d.
s. d.
1 6
Vapour and Shower Bath
combined
0 6
1
0
First Class Douche
Second Class Douche
2 0
1
0
Pumping in the Bath
One additional Bather in each Bath-
1 01
Second Class
'irst Class Bath
econd Class Bath
Ditto with Fire
'apour Bath
hower Bath
'irst Class
…….
'000
***
...
...
...
...
...
***
...
...
...
First Class Bath
Second Class Bath
hower Bath and Douche,
each
'umping in the Bath
***
···
***
...
...
...
...
1 6
1 0
...
...
DAYS FOR BATHING.
KING'S SIDE: Gentlemen-Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
Ladies-Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
···
QUEEN'S SIDE: Gentlemen-Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Ladies-Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
•••
These Baths are open on Sundays from Seven to Half-past
Nine A.M., and One to Three P.M.
...
Baths may be taken at any Temperature to 115° Fahrenheit.
VA
THE ROYAL BATHS.
...
...
***
...
Lavement of improved
construction
One additional Bather in
First Class Bath
Second Class
2 6
2100
9900
6
6
0 6
...
1
0
0 6
TEPID SWIMMING BATH.
Open from Six A.M., till Ten P.M., from Lady-day to
Michaelmas.
...
16
1 0
0 6
From Seven A.M., till Ten P.M., from Michaelmas to
Lady-day.
SUNDAY-Seven till Half-past Nine A.M.
With use of Private Dressing Room, for One Person, 1s.
Two Persons, 1s. 6d.; Three Persons, 2s.
With use of Public Dressing Room, 6d.
Annual Subscription, £2; Six Months, £1. 10s.;
Three Months, £1.
Bathers under Fourteen Years of Age to pay Half the
above Subscription.
No Bather to occupy a Dressing Room more than Forty
Minutes.
This Bath is open for Ladies, until further notice, on
Mondays and Thursdays, from Eight A.M. till Four P.M.
[See next page.
HOT PUBLIC BATH.
Open from Six till Nine A.M., from Lady-day to Michae
mas; and from Seven to Nine A.M. from Michaelma
to Lady-day.
Males-Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday; and on Sunda
Morning from Seven till Half-past Nine A.M.
Females-Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.
Sixpence each.
This Bath is Free from Nine A.M. until Noon, for tl
use of the Poor, on the Certificate of a Resident Medic
Practitioner, countersigned by the Mayor, or a Magistra
being a Member of the Town Council. Blank Forms
Certificates may be obtained from the Superintendent ·
the Baths.
CROSS BATH.
For Males only. Open from Six A.M., till Nine P.M
from Lady-day to Michaelmas; and from Seven A.M
till Four P.M., from Michaelmas to Lady-day.
The Charge is Threepence with a Towel, or Twopence
the Bathers find their own Towels.
ww
PORTABLE BATHS, filled with Mineral Waters,
a Temperature not exceeding 106°, can be supplied at ar
short distance.
Slipper and Hip Baths, at 1s. 6d. per Week.
Tubs of Water, 1s. each.
The above Charges include Bathing, Linen, and all
ordinary Attendance.
It is requested that any incivility on the part
the Attendants may be immediately reported to the Supe
intendent at the Baths.
By order of the Committee,
|
T. BOSHIER, Superintenden
KOTASARKANS
Chemi
|_
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 03063 8632
DO NOT REMOVE
OR
MUTILATE CARD