C 455,872 EXCAVATIONS IN CRANBORNE CHASE. BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. WINKELBURY CAMP. ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. LIEUT.-GENERAL PITT RIVERS, F.R.S. VOL.II. IND ! ) : 1 } 1 1817 ARTES LIBRARY VERITAS SCIENTIA OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN I'm FLORIOUS ORO N TUEBOR SCUERIS PENINSULAM AMŒNAM IRCONSPICE ! 1 ; 1 DA 145 .168 Vol. 2 D 30 M D W N L A N D BRONZE FIBULA NORTH WEST PLAN OF ROMANO - BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, WILTSHIRE. SHEWING THE PITS AND DITCHES DISCOVERED DI JRING THE EXCAVATIONS, 1886-7. 10 5 0 M SCALE OF FEET. 50 100 150 ते NOTE. THE POSITIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL FINDS ARE SHEWN 1 "HUS + THE POSITIONS OF THE SKELETONS ARE SHEWN THUS THE POSITIONS OF SKELETONS OF INFANTS ARE SHOWN THUS FI N T 7 N D W السكسية * 20. } 1 81 66 N MA F14 F13 -F12 FI PORTION OF IRCON CHAIN D T C H W E S T ERN DIT CH NORTHERN بچے N BRONZE BRACELET IRON KNIFE DITCH 82 O TRENCH 61 92 87 R SKELETON 12, CROUCHED. O T 84 60 85 € 0 0 88 89 H NORTH IN DIRECTION OF SPRINGS NEAR BERWICK ST. JOHN ROADWAY TO 90 091 ! OF UNKNOWN SKELETON 14, P IRON JAVELIN 65 USE BRONZE BUCKLE F29 SKELETON 15, CROUCHED, WITH BRONZE RING ON FINGER. HEAD SKELETON 13, CONTRACTED. 58 CROUCHED. * 55 SKELETONS 7,8,9,10. C 59 SKELETON II, CROUCHED. CAUSEWAY a BITCH OF 54 NORTH IRON SOCKET 53 EAST OS GROUP IV SUPPOSED of (+ GRANARY. Or Oq 56 00 on SKELETON 6, CONTRACTED,WITH BRONZE Fibula on RIGHT SHOULDER. NORTH * EAST On L ро GROUP III ENCLOSURE SUPPOSED GRANARY. GRAIN! S OF WHEAT FOUND IN ALL THESE HO! _ES. T ENCLOSURIE - 86 + BOW OF BRONZE FIBULA FLINT ARROWHEAD BRONZE FIBULA... 48 F26 & F27 MA O 49. Fea نا MAI C : I N 80 BRONZE TWEEZERS N BRONZE NAIL CLEANER + 45 50 GROUP || Ok go F17 F17 of F23 F24 -51 E 46 IRON SICKLE + GROUP 1, SUPPOSED CO a O Od GRANARY. 47 Об CIRC 44 43 F 19 F 20 F21 +3 F22 O BRONZE FIBULA ENTIRE POT GRAINS OF WHEAT ENTRANCE BRONZE IRON PILUM FIBULA POINT * PAVING OF FLINTS DRAIN 5 F25 Oh 77 15 M 73 072 B R FLO D ENTRANCE-WAY SUPPOSED HEARTH GFROUP VI ••• STAKE HOLES E ENTRANCE WAY BRITISH SILVER COIN F И DRAIN Q 83 A Ov шо S HORSE SHOE “BRONZE AGE” + BRITISH DRINKING YESSEL 63 SKELETON WITH AT FEET. O PPOSED DRA 6 40 ENCLOSUR OBLONG ENCLOSUR IRON KNIFE + BRONZE + RING BROOCH ZRN 42 - + O TI F F16 E- COIN OF ANTONINUS Plus 79 O T 57 QU + ART É R AO BRONZE TWEEZERS 64 F.3 во 62 N.W. BRANCH OF S.E. DRAIN 41 01 • + • " 39 28 O F9 27 NO 32 29. BRONZE FIBULA 38 SOUTH SKELETON I, IN GRAVE, EXTENDED, WITH IRON HOBNAILS ON FEET. 36 SOUTH K SKELETON 3, ·L SKELET "ON 4, CROUCH ED. 34 №1 M BRONZE RING BROOCH 35 O TERN BRANCH Q EASTERN DRAIN !! W 67 N L A N D N SIT KEN OF SUN) H UTS D YRON 21 FOX-GOAD +25 DRAIN HYPOCAUST 26 F O 030 P 19 BRONZE FIBUEA 18 OUTH 23 SITE 3 OF SUNKEN TS H 24 16 17 BRONZE RING AS BRITISH CODIN ឃ BRONZE PENDANT!!!!! BRONZE FIBULA F8 WCOIN OF MARCUS AURELIUS 06 F4 + IRON KNIFÉ +COIN OF HADRIAN + IRON FIBULA + BRONZE RELIQUARY(?) -COIN OF GALLTENUS: CROUCHED. BRONZE FIBULA QUARTER SKELETON 2, CONTRACTED. Holy - Bagon - EDGE FRO ROTH ERL Wyman& Sons, Photo-lathe. CQueen St London WC. 12 AST + BRONZE BROOCH • 4 3 SKELETON 5, EXTENDED. + CELTIC IRON KEY タ ​" MAGNETIC NORTH PLATE XCIV. BROW O F WESTERN BRANCH OF ROTHERLEY BOTTOM *** ཀམ ཅ་མ་་ ROADWAY TO SOUTH-EAST IN DIRECTION OF CARRANTY RACK → 2 N SINK 76 10 00, BRONZE + FIBULA 13. 014 11 COIN OF HADRIAN E> 20 SINK • S BRONZE T W BRACELET BRONZE BRONZE TWEEZERS D R SUPPOSED FOUNDATION OF SQUARE BUILDING BRONZE EAR=RICK FLINT ARROWHEAD 74 TABLET OF KIMMERIDGE SHALE · + BRONZE IRON OX-GOAD + FIBULA GROUP V, SUPPOSED WO + BRONZE FIBULÀ XO GRANARY, IRON + CHISEL C U A A oy R COIN OF TRAJAN FLINTS ROW OF +IRON KNIFE + COIN OF TRAJAN BRONZE BRONZE FIBULÆ + 068 EAR-PICK LARGE CHALK SPINDLEWHORL CROSS DITCH DRAIN E Y Wo O D 2 SOUTH RETURN OF CROSS DITCH İSKELETON of YOUNG HORSE x 69 T 70 E SUPPOSED COOKING PLACES, BUILT OF FLINTS. R I ไป R FIBULA 75 SUPPOSED COOKING PLACES BUILT OF FLINTS D -E TRUE NORTH MAGNETIC NORTH! From Ferne & Tisbury D W N Rother â Romano-British Tillage Wood W Ancient Fields RO JUBILEE ROOM, Hiking N To Bridmore NORTH LODGE BRIDMORE! LODCE 巍 ​THE FARM Costers Fencing Cuttice D C k Fencing Barrow. .. રોજ ન མཁག་དང་ས་བ་ཡང་དཔའ་ མ་ནས་འ་ ་མན་ .... UNIV Rotherly MAP OF THE Do w n PARK AND GROUNDS, RUSHMORE, WILTS, WITH A PORTION OF CRANBORNE CHASE, SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE ANCIENT REMAINS. SURVEYED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF LIEUT.-GENERAL A. PITT-RIVERS, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A, 100 1884.-7 Note. The Antiquities are marked in Old English letters. 600 1200 SCALE Q. e A Hewetts G La terridge Shiftway. Toppice = 2_ Ancient Fields GARYTELLINGSELabanyasthe WHIT ·HAZEL COTTAGES GE Les "Park, Fencing" ti Costers Pleck PARK HOUSE. 7th Road ༧. 0 "Bot Waterp Regven Corner Bottom 2 Glovers Coppice # 2 do ...L ARUNDEL COTTAGES 6: Romans British Ats. [with Skeleton CARPENTERS YARD Point THE KENNELS 俊 ​Pond Great Arundell Coppice TZ calo .0 nu. A. Barrow Hill ta Iariante @$0.00 E Ple EA C ง KEEPERS Great 4. 4,9 Co ว Arundel pice New Pond 思 ​Arundell Coppice. Upper North Road ARE است A.RUN Pits Grove Pleck Great Cartway • Coppice Stables Well RUSHMORE om: Road 1800 £400. 3000 Feet 1000 sufine દુ×. مجھیے - se ja 10 €. ماند الا ...V. 1:|:2 བསྐ ད|:དོ ܂ · satima pod., MIA V WJ.- www - www... elin. $1. vich (2... L ه تایی ای است ..Q. -- alo N°4 HYPOCAUST. ぐ ​Bottom Romano British Cillage: இ ріс Way o Charrow allo i do. Barrow alo al Coppice But-66 .. - CHILD.. Wh V 21. J 4.... 10.- 10. االي Church Barrow Cale · to a wo . --- .... BOMAN WELL -6. Ju 9. G. จ . Q.. : R & *tL པ་ Q ../. < ཚ་ - Id. d - ་་. -.. HI... ฟ C 2.... R A. t .. W D .. -the AL. - 11 whee an WY ||ima .ul... Ο ין, ཀ. •YA M .. "VE.. 2..0. -Arthurs Pleck Kitchen Garden 9. Pound Little è. Coppice Cartway Coppicer C amily Trees Rollestons Barri Flint impleme bronze huids, eur Field Lond ས་་་ Ⓒ Old Pond Tinkley Susan Gibbs "Walk. Straight Ro :9 Down VI Burrows R Douglas Plech C Park "Fencing - の ​.. A سالار Q. D. Willice 80002; Entrench- meut. A الدم. SALL ليه ام الله N UND. ..... ༧་ เม - ...A Doo .-11.. ។ APP G_ A. -WL .... 4.4 PLATE I. e 10 學 ​São do sio txo By toby 2. Oxford Street. Scrabbity Ń Barrows. British urns ; d'Aint celt. & boat shaped coffin, with interments by cremation. dlo ..L انید سعد - Will. ♡ aver. H Cala warate. MIL' Salle - SUN. D. 2012 12 'A. AL- -9... _Q....... Hi الده i with a -12.. 1 - 1 مقاء P الا لقادر ملار S able & m E m เฟ R الإنت. -1}} - D….e ނ. L の ​:)/L. • -- Q_ -VE 最 ​Brooks Coppiace H TINKLEY I DAK British Uris 20 Cramatiert. INKLEY 3う ​PACES Wyman& Sons. Photo-Litho GQueen SLondon.W.C encing A.. Suc Your. --་--, ---。----L-a. The .. A - .... P. ✰ 11924 י Ω I A VIK. Raw ia. 4.4 16 2... ... འའ་ VIN --- -✔ ~ 显 ​Pollards Wood 12 CHALKPIT'S Marrour Barrow Pleck. Uddens SOUTH LODCE Entrenchmen & Coppicer. ... Que n • ... 0- ..A ל. ✔ ...ABLE.. - AL SAMS PAL LUMIZA 10 Q.. —VILO LA _ -2!!,, D New Fallh… ? - ANGEL 1. 310.. يق the ས་ .11 ८ Par JIM Tollard & Farnham To Bugden Bottom From Tollard -~- እ R Bits To Handley A O WELL READ'S HOUSE W EXCAVATIONS IN CRANBORNE CHASE, NEAR RUSHMORE. ON THE BORDERS OF DORSET AND WILTS. 1880-1888. BY You- LIEUTENANT-GENERAL PITT RIVERS, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.Z.S., V.P. Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland; Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris ; Hon. Associate of the Società Italiana di Antropologia e di Etnologia; Hon. Member of the Anthropological Society of Washington; Inspector of Ancient Monuments in Great Britain. VOL. II. PRINTED PRIVATELY. Ide! 1888. LONDON: 1 HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. 6-33 cfle 0.2 C A VOL. II. EXCAVATIONS IN BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE. EXCAVATIONS IN ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE. ROTHERLEY. EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP. EXCAVATIONS IN BRITISH BARROWS AND ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. a 2 TITLE PAGE. CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES PREFACE MUSEUM AT FARNHAM CONTENTS. Page i V vii • xiii xix EXCAVATIONS IN BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE 1 RELIC TABLES OF BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE 10 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES OF BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE 22 EXCAVATIONS IN ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY 51 RELIC TABLES, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY 67 TABLE OF FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY IN RELATION TO QUALITY AND FORM FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY 111 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES XCV.-CXLIII., ROTHERLEY 112-226 REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE HUMAN BONES, AND TABLES OF SKULLS AND LIMB-BONES, ROTHERLEY 203 MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS AND BONES OF PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT DOMESTICATED ANIMALS FOR COMPARISON WITH MODERN BREEDS 209 vi. Page TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF BONES OF DOMESTICATED AND OTHER ANIMALS FOUND IN ROTHERLEY AND WOODCUTS 217 TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS AND LIMB-BONES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS FOUND AT ROTHERLEY IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS OF WOOD AND GRAINS OF WHEAT, WITH TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION 229 μ PETROLOGY, ROTHERLEY 230 EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP 233 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES CXLVII.-CXLVIII., WINKELBURY CAMP AND WINKELBURY HILL 248 EXCAVATIONS IN BRITISH BARROWS AND ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL 257 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CL., RELICS FROM ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL 264 RELIC TABLES OF EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP, AND BRITISH BARROWS AND PITS ON WINKELBURY HILL 269 RELIC TABLE, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL 284 REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE HUMAN BONES AND TABLES OF SKULLS AND LIMB-BONES, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL LIST OF PLATES. XCIV. Plan of Romano-British Village, Rotherley, Wiltshire, showing the Pits and Ditches discovered during the excavations, 1886-7 (at commencement of Volume). I. Map of the Park and Grounds at Rushmore, with a portion of Cranborne Chase, showing the position of the Ancient Remains, reproduced from Vol. I. (at commencement of Volume). BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE. Page LXXV. Plan and Sections of Barrows Nos. 1 and 20, Rushmore Park. Bronze Period 22 LXXVI. Relics discovered in Barrow No. 1, Rushmore Park. Bronze Period 24 LXXVII. Drinking Vessel discovered with interment in Barrow No. 20, Rushmore Park. Bronze Period. 26 LXXVIII.) Skull of Skeleton discovered in Barrow No. 20, Rushmore LXXIX. Park. Bronze Period LXXX. Plan of Barrows and Entrenchment on Barrow Pleck, Rush- more Park. Bronze Period 28 LXXXI. Plans and Sections of Barrows on Barrow Pleck, Rushmore Park. Bronze Period LXXXII. Plan of Barrows, Scrubbity Coppice, Handley, Dorset, showing the original ditches re-excavated by General Pitt-Rivers. Bronze Period 28 32 LXXXIII. Plan of Barrows in Scrubbity Coppice, marking the position of the several finds. Bronze Period. LXXXIV. Sections of Barrows in Scrubbity Coppice. Bronze Period 32 vili. LXXXV. Plan and Section of Barrows in Scrubbity Coppice, also of No. XIX. in Chalkit's Coppice, and XXI. in Barrow Pleck. Bronze Period LXXXVI. Ornamental Pottery from Barrows in the neighbourhood of Rushmore. Bronze Period LXXXVII. Urn found in Barrow No. 4, Barrow Pleck, Fragment of Pottery found in an adjoining Barrow, and facsimile of Oak Coffin found in Barrow No. 9, Scrubbity Coppice. Bronze Period LXXXVIII. Urns found in Barrows 10, 14, and 16, Scrubbity Coppice. Bronze Period LXXXIX. Flint Implements found in Barrows in the neighbourhood of Rushmore. Bronze Period XC. Large Flint Celt found near Farnham, Dorset. Page 36 38 40 42 44 46 XCI. Characteristic Flint Implements found on the surface near Rushmore. 48 XCII. Drinking-Vessel of red earthenware, found at the feet of Bronze Age skeleton. Romano-British Village, Rotherley EXCAVATIONS AT ROTHERLEY. XCIII. Plan of Romano-British Village, Rotherley, showing the Banks and Ditches before excavation 50 51 XCIV. Plan of Romano-British Village, Rotherley, showing the excavations. (At the commencement of the Volume) XCV. Sections across Ditches, Pits and Banks, with a Plan and Section of Hypocaust in the S.E. Quarter 112 XCVI. Plan and Sections of Stone Foundations in the S.E. Quarter 114 XCVII. Bronze Fibulæ 116 XCVIII. Bronze Fibulæ 120 XCIX. Bronze Fibulæ C. Bronze Fibulæ 122 124 • ix. Page CI. Iron Fibulæ and Iron Nails 126 CII. Bronze Objects of Personal Ornament and Use CIII. Bronze Objects 128 130 CIV. Iron Knives, Spearheads and other Objects 132 CV. Iron Objects 136 · CVI. Iron Horseshoes, Sickles and other Objects 138 CVII. Earthenware vessels, partly restored 140 CVIII. Earthenware Vessels, partly restored . 142 CIX. Fragments of Earthenware Vessels, partly restored 146 CX. Earthenware Vessels, partly restored and Fragments of Pottery 148 CXI. Eyelets, Handles, portions of rims with Leaden Rivet, &c. 152 CXII. Handles and Fragments of Rims of Pottery 156 CXIII. Fragments of Pottery and Handles 158 CXIV. Fragments of Glazed Roman Pottery and other Ornamental Pottery 160 CXV. Fragments of Ornamental Samian Pottery 164 CXVI. Supplementary Plate of Pottery 168 CXVII. Bone and Glass Objects 172 CXVIII. Tablet of Kimmeridge Shale 174 CXIX. Quernstones, Spindlewhorls and Holed Stone . 178 CXX. Portions of Quernstones 180 CXXI. Whetstones, Saddle-querns and Flint Pounders 182 CXXII. Stone and Flint Objects 184 CXXIII. Flint Implements 186 CXXIV. British and Roman Coins CXXV. Plans showing the positions of the Skeletons discovered in a Grave in the S. Quarter, in surface trenching in the S.E. Quarter, over the eastern edge of Pit 38, E. Quarter, and in a trench of unknown use in the N.E. Quarter CXXVI. Plans showing the positions of Skeletons discovered in the Southern Ditch, and in Pits 54 and 59, N. Quarter. The positions are shown relatively to the true meridian line 188 190 194 b X. Page CXXVII. Plan and Section of Pit 55, N. Quarter, showing the positions of Skeletons 7, 8, 9 and 10, and of the various relics found beneath them. The positions are shown relatively to the true meridian line. CXXVIII. Bones of Skeleton No. 2, showing the effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis • CXXIX. Acetabulum of Human Skeleton showing Rheumatoid Arthri- tis; heads of femur of ox used as spindlewhorls; femur from which they were cut off; horn of roedeer CXXX. Skull of Skeleton No. 1, found in grave in South Quarter CXXXI. Skull of Skeleton No. 2, found in the Southern Ditch CXXXII. Skull of Skeleton No. 3, found in the Southern Ditch CXXXIII. Skull of Skeleton No. 4, found in the East Quarter, over the eastern edge of Pit 38 CXXXIV. Skull of Skeleton No. 5, found in surface trenching, in the South-East Quarter, N.W. of Pit 37 CXXXV. Skull of Skeleton No. 6, found in Pit 54, Ditch of Northern Enclosure. CXXXVI. Skull of Skeleton No. 7, found on the south-east side of Pit 55, North Quarter CXXXVII. Skull of Skeleton No. 8, found on the east side of Pit 55, North Quarter CXXXVIII. Skull of Skeleton No. 9, found on the east side of Pit 55, North Quarter CXXXIX. Skull of Skeleton No. 10, found on the north-east side of Pit 55, North Quarter CXL. Skull of Skeleton No. 11, found in Pit 59, North Quarter CXLI. Skull of Skeleton No. 13, found in the trench of unknown use, North Quarter CXLII. Skull of Skeleton No. 15, found in the trench of unknown use, North Quarter CXLIII. Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones of Sheep found in Woodcuts and Rotherley compared with those of the Modern Test Animals 198 200 202 226 xi. EXCAVATIONS ON WINKELBURY HILL. CXLIV. Plan of Winkelbury Hill Page 233 CXLV. Sections of Ramparts, Ditches, Pits, &c., Winkelbury Camp. 239 CXLVI. Plan of Pit Dwelling, showing its position with reference to the Rampart CXLVII. Relics from Winkelbury Camp and Winkelbury Hill 242 248 CXLVIII. Urns and Pottery from Winkelbury Camp and Winkelbury Hill 252 CXLIX. Plans and Sections of British Barrows and Pits, and Anglo- . Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill CL. Relics from Winkelbury Cemetery CLI. Skull of Skeleton No. 2, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLII. Skull of Skeleton No. 5, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLIII. Skull of Skeleton No. 7, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLIV. Skull of Skeleton No. 14, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLV. Skull of Skeleton No. 20, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLVI. Skull of Skeleton No. 23, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLVII. Skull of Skeleton No. 28', Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLVIII. Top views of Skulls Nos. 1, 4, 8, and 13, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery CLIX. Top views of Skulls Nos. 16, 17, 18, and 282, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery 257 264 1 12 PREFACE. THE present volume contains the account of excavations made at different times in the neighbourhood of Rushmore since 1880. They are not in the order of their occurrence. The excavations in the Barrows were the earliest in point of time; then followed those in Winkelbury Camp and Winkelbury Hill, and the Rotherley excavations were the latest, following those of Woodcuts Village, which are recorded in the First Volume. They refer to three distinct periods: the Bronze Age, the period of the Romanised Britons, and the Anglo-Saxon period: and all the remains of these several ages, hitherto examined, are contained within a radius of about three-quarters of a mile. The delay in printing the results of the earliest excavations has enabled me to profit by subsequent experience in the same neighbourhood, and to form comparisons between the different ages, which adds to their value as a whole. I have endeavoured to keep up in the present volume the minute attention to detail with which investigation commenced. Much of what is recorded may never prove of further use, but even in the case of such matter, superfluous precision may be regarded as a fault on the right side where the arrangement is such as to facilitate reference and enable a selection to be made. A good deal of the rash and hasty generalization of our time arises from the unreliability of the evidence upon which it is based. It is next to impossible to give a continuous narrative of any archæological investigation that is entirely free from bias; undue stress will be laid upon facts that seem to have an important bearing upon theories that are current at the time, whilst others that might come to be considered of greater value afterwards are put in the background or not recorded, and posterity is endowed with a legacy of error that can never be rectified. But when fulness and accuracy are made the chief subject of study, this evil is in a great measure avoided. At the cost of much repetition, I have done all in my power to facilitate reference. If the object of the enquirer is to ascertain the use, or to trace the distribution, of any particular relic discovered during the excavations, he will find all necessary references in the descriptions that are attached to the plates. If he wishes to investigate the xiv. form of any part of the earthworks for comparison with similar structures elsewhere, reference to the relic tables will afford him easy access to all the objects discovered in the excavation of that part, or if his intention is to obtain only a general idea of the results of the diggings without entering closely into the details, he will find it in the narrative of the excavation of each locality. My staff of assistants has been the same that has been mentioned in the previous volume. Upon Mr. James, besides other work as my principal assistant, has devolved chiefly the laborious duty of calculating the indices and arranging the relic tables, under my supervision. I have checked all the tables and many of the figures, but the chief credit of this extremely tiresome but important part of the business is due to him. Mr. James has also restored all the skulls, counted and tabulated the fragments of pottery and generally supervised the sub-assistants in their work. Mr. Tomkin, as before, has done the great majority of the illustrations and has continued to improve in his power of drawing the objects correctly. The human skulls have had less attention to shading given to them than in the former volume. Accuracy of outline is the chief desideratum, and the time occupied in superfluous shading may be advantageously devoted to other things. The camera lucida haș been used when practicable to ensure accuracy, and has been employed in the drawing of all the skulls. In drawing the norma verticalis the camera has been adjusted so as to show the plane of greatest length; this, after much consideration, appears to me to be the best way of taking this view of a skull, and the one in which the drawings are made to tally most closely with the measurements. Mr. Reader has made or superintended the construction of the models of the earthworks for my local museum in the neighbouring village of Farnham, and has also done a few of the plates, and during a great part of the time he was charged with the continuous supervision of the workmen at Rotherley. No excavations have been carried out at any time during my absence; and during the time of my visits to the Ancient Monuments as Government Inspector in Great Britain, on which occasion I was always accompanied by one and at times by all three assistants, the excavations at Rushmore were stopped. As before, all the measurements of skulls and bones, human and animal, as well as of all the objects found in the excavations, have been taken by myself personally. All the descriptions, and the letter-press, have fallen to my share as well as the close direction and supervision of the whole, both indoors and out. Nothing has been delegated to the assistants which has not been personally supervised by me; I also superintended the clearing of all the skeletons on the ground, having been sent for, if elsewhere, immediately any skeleton or other object of special interest was found. As a rule I visited the diggings from two to three times a day, regulating my time on the ground by the importance of the work that was going on. The excavations in Winkelbury having been carried on before my assistants were XV. sufficiently trained, I never left the ground during any part of them. One or more of the assistants were always engaged in superintending the workmen upon the ground, and the others were employed in planning the ground, or in drawing the objects, in repairs to the skulls and the pots, and in forming the relic tables, by which means the records have been kept up to date, and it has been found important that, as far as possible, everything should be recorded whilst it was fresh in the memory. To conduct and record investigations with so much detail, within a reasonable time, and without assistance, would be a physical impossibility. I have, on former occasions, attempted myself, and seen it attempted by others, to carry on explorations by the voluntary combination of independent archaeologists sharing the work between them, or, as not infrequently happens, impeding one another, but I have never seen this system applied successfully. The advantage of having an able coadjutor of standing and experience, is very great, but the necessity for one directing head has always been apparent, and I am convinced by the experience of some years that the only satisfactory way of doing the work is by employing a paid staff of assistants, well selected for their respective qualifications, and having separate duties assigned to them. The system requires the most vigilant supervision, and at the same time each of the assistants should receive due credit for his share of the work. I have no hesitation in believing that my assistants have taken quite as much interest in these investigations as myself; in fact, there are few positions in which pleasure and profit can be more harmoniously combined. I again take this opportunity of acknowledging the zeal, energy, and ability that they have devoted to their duties. Another consideration favours the method of working which I have adopted. So long as the records of the excavations are confined chiefly to opinions and results, the importance of having several experienced heads to decide upon the value and bearing of the evidence, is very great, but in proportion as detail is given to the records, the necessity for having a consension of opinion becomes less. If errors creep into the judgment, future investigators, by the system I have adopted, will be able to refer to the actual facts, to the dimensions of every part and object, and to weigh them by the light of the superior knowledge of after years. Nothing short of this will, I believe, meet the requirements of the future. But to put all these details into the narrative would make the book unreadable, and on this account I have tabulated them in such a way that they can be easily got at when required. The expense of conducting explorations upon this system is considerable, but the wealth available in the country for the purpose is still ample, if only it could be turned into this channel. The number of country gentlemen of means, who are at a loss for intelligent occupation beyond hunting and shooting must be considerable, and now that a paternal Government has made a present of their game to their tenants, and bids fair to deprive them of the part that some of them have hitherto taken, most xvi. advantageously to the public, in the management of local affairs, it may not perhaps be one of the least useful results of these volumes if they should be the means of directing attention to a new field of activity, for which the owners of land are, beyond all others, favourably situated. It is hardly necessary to insist upon the large amount of evidence of early times that lies buried in the soil upon nearly every large property, which is constantly being destroyed through the operations of agriculture, and which scientific anthropologists have seldom the opportunity or the means of examining. To render all this evidence available for anthropological generalization, is well worth the attention of the owners of property, who may thus render great service to an important branch of science, provided always that it is done properly; for to meddle with, and destroy antiquities without recording the results carefully, would be a work as mischievous as the converse of it would be useful. As before, I am indebted to Mr. Rudler for his examination of the stone objects found in the excavations; to Mr. Carruthers for the identification of the fragments of wood; and to Drs. Beddoe and Garson for their remarks on the human skeletons in the tables of measurements which I had prepared. An almost new branch of inquiry has been added to this volume by the careful measurement of all the bones of domesticated animals, of which a large number have been found in the Romano-British Villages; 15 animals have been killed for com- parison as test animals after external measurement, and by this means the size of all the animals whose bones have been found in the villages has been ascertained. Drawings of some of the skulls of these animals will probably be given in a future volume, meanwhile they are deposited with the other relics in the Museum at Farnham. I have adhered to the plan of printing this volume, like the last, privately, although I have been urged by some to publish it. The numerous letters which I have received from this country and the Continent, afford ample evidence that the last volume has been appreciated by actual workers, for whose benefit alone it is intended: but it would be unreasonable to expect that a work of so much detail should interest the general public, or even those who care only for results, without taking the trouble to inquire into the means by which the evidence has been obtained. For the same reason I have not been lavish in my presentations of the volumes, but have retained a certain number for future distribution. In Since this volume was in the press additional interest has been given to the whole of the Romano-British part of it by the discovery of the date of Bokerly Dyke. my address to the meeting of the Royal Archæological Institute, at Salisbury, last year, I described this entrenchment as one about which much had been written but nothing known, and as a fact no one had ascribed a proper date to it. The accumula- tion of remains of the Roman age all over the district immediately to the west of it, throughout the whole region, which I have reason to think went in those days by the xvii. name of Vindogladia, and in which my villages of Woodcuts and Rotherley are situated, had long led me to think that it might turn out to be Roman. Two broad sections cut near the spot where the Roman road crosses it have since proved this to be the case. Upwards of 500 Roman copper coins, with pottery of the same kind as found in the villages, have been found in the sections, distributed all through the rampart down to the old surface line. The excavation of the Dyke, with the inferences to be drawn from it, will probably form part of my address as President of the Anthropological Section of the British Association at Bath this year, by which time I hope also to have the present volume ready for issue. Rushmore, Salisbury, August 1st, 1888. A. PITT-RIVERS. C OPENED BY A.PITT-RIVERS F.R.S. This Medalet was designed for me by Dr. John Evans, Treasurer of the Royal Society, and President of the Society of Antiquaries, to whom I am also indebted for valuable assistance and advice on many occasions. It has been placed near the bottom of the greater number of excavations made by me since 1880, together with a few coppers and other objects, and the date has usually been stamped on it with a punch. xix. MUSEUM AT FARNHAM. My Local Museum near Farnham, Dorset, contains models to scale of nearly all the ancient remains excavated by me in the neighbourhood, viz. :-Model of the Romano-British Village at Woodcuts, which is 2 miles from the Museum; model of the Romano-British Village at Rotherley, showing the undulations of the ground before the excavations commenced. Model of this same village, showing all the works discovered during the excavation. Models of part of Bokerly Dyke where the Roman road crosses, with enlarged models of the sections cut through it, showing the positions of the finds. Model of Barrow 20, Susan Gibb's Walk, Rushmore Park, with Bronze Age skeleton and urn. Models of the neolithic Flint Mines at Cissbury, near Worthing, excavated in 1867-1875. Models on an enlarged scale of the following excavations, viz. :--Northern Cross Ditch, showing the position of Skeleton No. 8 and adjoining pits, Woodcuts; Pit 4, showing the position of Skeleton 4, Woodcuts; Pit 62, showing the positions of Skeletons Nos. 1, 2 and 3, Woodcuts; Pit 64, showing position of Skeleton No. 10, Woodcuts; Pit 88, in the N.E. Ditch, showing the positions of the two skeletons, 12 and 13, Woodcuts ; Hypocausts 1, 2 and 3, Woodcuts; portion of N. Quarter, showing the trench of unknown use with Skeletons Nos. 13, 14 and 15, and the adjoining pits with Skeletons 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Rotherley; portion of Southern Ditch, showing the positions of Skeletons Nos. 2 and 3, Rotherley; Pit 54, showing the position of Skeleton No. 6, Rotherley; Grave in S.E. Quarter with Skeleton No. 1, Rotherley; Hypocaust in S.E. Quarter, Rotherley. All the relics with the pottery restored, together with the skulls and limb-bones found in the excavations, are arranged in cases round the models. The Museum also contains four rooms devoted to agricultural appliances of different nations and peasant handicraft, including peasant carvings, pottery, embroidery, household utensils, costume, cooking utensils, a series showing the development of primitive locks and keys, models of country carts and a small series of implements, illustrating the stone, bronze and iron ages. A facsimile of a Norse mill is erected in the grounds. The Museum is distant from Salisbury 174 miles, Blandford 8 miles, Tisbury 12 miles, Wimborne 11 miles, Shaftesbury 8 miles. It is in charge of a custodian and is open to the public every day, Sunday afternoons included. c 2 EXCAVATIONS IN BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE. a BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE. THE excavation of the Barrows near Rushmore was one of the earliest investigations made in this locality shortly after my arrival there. It was commenced in 1880, and carried on during the intervals of other work until September, 1884. Professor Rolleston, whom I had assisted in various archæological explorations, which he has recorded in company with Canon Greenwell and others, being on a visit at Rushmore in August of that year, I took the opportunity of commencing work on the Barrows in order to profit by his experience in a branch of archæology to which he had devoted special attention. The first barrow opened was near the house on the side of the lower south coach road. Since his death, it has gone by the name of Rolleston's Barrow, and a beech has been planted on the top of it in his memory. The Rev. H. Winwood, the geologist, was also present on this occasion. The mound was of such slight elevation that, like many others, it had never been noticed; and I commenced my examination of this district under the by no means encouraging anticipations of some of the old employées on the property, who did not hesitate to assure me that there were plenty of such like to be found, all of which had been made out of road scrapings "and what not " during the time of their long residence on the estate. As all the excavations in barrows are detailed in the relic table, page 10, and the description of them repeated in the explanations to the plates, it is only necessary in this place to give a brief outline of them in the order in which they occurred, and those who desire further particulars can refer to the relic tables and the plates. No. I.-The first barrow contained an interment by cremation, in which the body had been burnt on the spot, and the whole pile subsequently covered over by a tumulus, no doubt originally of a noticeable height, but which had become subse- quently flattened by denudition. The Bronze Age of this tumulus was attested by the discovery of some minute fragments of bronze, being all that remained of probably a bronze weapon of some kind buried near the ashes of the dead. The barrow had no ditch round it, and was one of those described by Thurnam, Hoare, and others, as a flat bowl barrow of the slightest form. It may no doubt have been the earliest form of round barrow used, but its use certainly survived during the latest time of the Round Barrows. The flint implements found in it, including a flint borer B 2 Barrou's near Rushmore. (Fig. 5, Plate LXXVI.), are characteristic of the Bronze Age, and the fragments of pottery, though of superior quality to what is usually found in barrows, may be of the same period. No. II. was a very small one, forming part of a cluster near the South Lodge, in an open space in the wood vulgarly called in this neighbourhood a "pleck," and by me termed "Barrow Pleck," from the number of barrows in it (Plate LXXX.). It contained an interment by cremation which had been cremated elsewhere and the bones collected and placed in a basin-shaped cavity neatly cut in the chalk about 2 feet in diameter, and a small mound raised over it. Like the last it was a bowl barrow without any surrounding ditch, and was probably of the Bronze Age. No. III. (Plate LXXXI.) formed part of the same cluster. It contained two central interments by cremation placed in circular basins neatly cut in the chalk like the last, and was remarkable for having 9 secondary interments, 8 by cremation in basins like the central ones and one by inhumation, the skeleton of this last being crouched up on its left side. The tumulus was surrounded by a ditch, which was only found during the excavations, no trace of it being apparent on the surface. It had a causeway of undisturbed chalk across it on the south-east side of the tumulus, as shown in Plate LXXXI. The fact of finding a secondary interment by inhumation together with others by cremation, the central interments being also by cremation, affords proof that both systems of burial were here practised at the same time. The fragments of pottery placed in the basins with the bones to mark the spot were, no doubt, broken up before being deposited, as fragments of different vessels were found in the same basin. They were British, of coarse quality, with large grains of flint in their composition, but in the silting of the ditch were some fragments of Romano- British pottery, including one fragment of imitation red Samian. No. IV. (Plate LXXXI.) was a large barrow in the middle of which was found a large basin cut in the chalk as if to contain a burnt body, but with nothing in it; and a cremated body outside of it with a British urn upright (Fig. 1, Plate LXXXVII.), but partly destroyed, on the opposite side of the basin-shaped cavity. A ditch was also found silted up round the foot of the barrow. It contained nothing but British pottery and had been partly cut through in the formation of the coach road. This was the only barrow that contained animal bones. Another barrow, marked by a dotted line Plate LXXX. in this cluster, had been destroyed for the sake of the materials before my arrival at Rushmore. It contained an urn part of which had been preserved by a workman, and which is represented in Fig. 3, Plate LXXXVII. This cluster of barrows was near a rectangular intrenchment shown in Plate LXXX., which may or may not be of the same age. It has not yet been examined. Barrows 18 and 21, shown in Plate LXXX., were so small that they were not noticed until afterwards, and the next barrow opened was- Barrows near Rushmore. 3 No. V. On the opposite side of Woodcuts Common (see Map, Plate I.). A very large barrow surrounded by a ditch, which, unlike the others, was large enough to be seen on the surface before excavation. It contained in the centre a basin-shaped cavity, like those already mentioned, cut in the chalk floor as if to contain the interment, but the bones not placed in it. It was filled with charcoal, and the burnt bones of the interment were found over it dispersed on the chalk floor in a large deposit of ashes, covering a space 9 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 9 inches. These were covered by a small mound of mould, and over this a cairn of nodular flints and chalk rubble. It is noteworthy that, both in this and the last barrow, the evidence is of a nature to show that the original intention was not carried out. The basin for the bones was cut, but the bones were not put in it, but left with the ashes on the funeral pyre, yet it appears odd that, in this case, the body was burnt over the basin which had been previously cut in the chalk, or it may be that the hole was cut afterwards in the space occupied by the pyre, and that, finding the bones so much dispersed in it, they were not collected, but the basin filled up indiscriminately with the ashes. The possibility of the hole having been dug to contain food for the dead may also be considered, but, if so, it is noticeable that this was done in connection with a cremated interment. Nothing but fragments of pottery of superior quality were found in this barrow. The ditch was not fully excavated being of very large size. Dr. Evans, President of the Society of Antiquaries, was present during the excavation. We have now to turn to Tinkley Down (see Map, Plate I.). No. VI. is a small barrow without any ditch. It contained an interment by cremation 10 inches beneath the surface, and a hole in the chalk to the south of it. The fragments of pottery were British. No. VII. was of the same size, close to the south of the last. It contained no interment, only one fragment of pottery and some flint flakes. No. VIII. was oval, and contained no interment that could be seen, but 22 fragments of coarse British pottery, a flint axe and a flint borer, represented in Figs. 2 and 4, Plate LXXXIX., the latter being of kitchen midden type. The borer was similar to the one found in Barrow I. The next excavations were in a cluster of barrows in Scrubbity Coppice, to the east of Woodcuts Common (see Map, Plate I.). The barrows are represented in Plates LXXXII. and LXXXIII., and in the sections Plate LXXXIV., where they are described in detail. No. IX. (Plate LXXXII. and LXXXIII.) was a large barrow with a ditch round it, which was only discovered by excavation. It contained in the centre a wooden boat-shaped coffin (Fig. 4, Plate LXXXVII.), cut out of the trunk of a tree, and containing a burnt body. This is remarkable, as the coffin itself was adapted to contain a crouched skeleton, and the fact of its containing a burnt one would appear to be another instance of change of purpose. The rounded bows of the boat-shaped B 2 4 Barrows near Rushmore. coffin pointed E. 15° S. (true). The barrow contained also a flint knife, a half formed flint celt, 595 flint flakes, and several pieces of pottery of red sandy texture, some of which may be of a later date than the construction of the barrow. No. X. (Plate LXXXII. and LXXXIII.), a large barrow close to the north of the last, and like it, with a ditch surrounding it, which was only discovered during the excavations. It contained in the centre an inverted British urn (Fig. 2, Plate LXXXVIII.), but no burnt bones either in or near it. Several instances of this have occurred, especially in this neighbourhood. A British urn found by me in a barrow on Winkelbury Hill had no bones in it, but was filled and surrounded by a mass of small chips of flint. Other explorers also speak of a similar occurrence; and Canon Greenwell in a letter to me of the 10th March, 1888, mentions barrows which he had discovered in the Yorkshire Wolds, in which a grave had been made and a tumulus thrown over it, but without any contents, and he suggests that these may perhaps have served as cenotaphs or memorial barrows. Burnt bones are usually well preserved, and had they ever existed, would probably be found in the urns which contained them. 712 flint flakes were found in the barrow, and a finely chipped flint celt, represented in Fig. 5, Plate LXXXIX. The fragments of pottery found in the barrow were all of coarse British manufacture. No. XI. was a small mound of nodular flints and contained nothing but a deposit of ashes, the form of which, being sickle-shaped, suggested the idea that a body had been burnt there and the bones scraped out of it to be buried elsewhere, and the remains of the pyre then covered with flints. 45 flakes were found here. No. XII. was a large barrow to the west of the others, represented on the same plate, surrounded by a ditch, which was discovered during the excavations. It appeared, by a depression at the top, to have, perhaps, been opened before. In it was found an oblong grave, 12 feet long and 9 feet wide, extending to 5 feet beneath the old surface, with nothing in it, but, just above the grave and within the area of it, a cremated interment was found, and close to it a well-formed flint thumb-flint (Fig. 6, Plate LXXXIX.). A small fragment of an ornamental drinking vessel was found in the barrow and 4 pieces of harder pottery in the silting of the ditch. 167 flakes and 72 flint cores were also found in the barrow. No. XIII. was a very small mound and contained a cremated interment and 27 flint flakes; no pottery. No. XIV. was also a very small mound of such slight elevation that it will be seen by the contour lines in Plate LXXXIII. that they scarcely diverged from the natural slope of the ground whilst passing over it. It contained, however, a British urn (Fig. 1, Plate LXXXVIII.) standing in an upright position. This vessel contained a cremated interment and a large number of small flint chips. The barrow contained no other relics except 303 flint flakes. For the occurrence of flint chips in an urn see my account of Barrow IV. on Winkelbury Hill. Barrows near Rushmore. 5 On No. XV. contained nothing of importance, and it appeared a question whether it was not a heap of the materials removed from the top of Barrow XII. The next excavations were in two barrows about 50 yards to the N.W. of the last-mentioned cluster, and not shown in the plan Plates LXXXII. and LXXXIII. No. XVI. (Plate LXXXV.) was a large flat barrow. It contained a long depression, apparently cut in the chalk, about a foot deep, which might have been a grave, but contained no body. At one end was a British urn in an inverted position containing a cremated interment. There was also a hole near it. If this was a grave cut in the chalk, as it appeared to be, it affords another example of change of purpose. No. XVII. The centre of this was about 50 feet west of the centre of the last barrow. Nothing was found in it, except a hole about 1 foot 2 inches deep. We now returned to Barrow Pleck, represented in Plate LXXX., and examined two barrows which were so flat that they had not been observed when we were digging there before. No. XVIII. was a very flat barrow. Nothing was found in it but two flint scrapers and 104 flint flakes. It must, however, have been a barrow as a ditch 6 feet 6 inches wide and 2 feet deep was found surrounding it, which had completely silted up. No. XIX. A large barrow which appeared to have been opened before. It was found to be surrounded by a large ditch 8 feet wide at top and 3 feet deep. Three flint scrapers were found and several flint flakes, but no interment. Traces of char- coal, however, were found. The pottery was of superior quality. No. XX. was in Susan Gibb's Walk (see Map, Plate I.) It was so small that I had several times passed and noticed it before determining to open it. It contained a well cut grave in the chalk floor 8 feet 4 inches long, 5 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, in which a crouched skeleton, represented in Plate LXXV. was buried. The head was detached as if it had been cut off before interment, and at the feet was an ornamental drinking vessel of a well-known Bronze Age type, shown full size in Plate LXXVII. The skull (represented in Plates LXXVIII. and LXXIX.) was brachycephalic, of a typical Bronze Age form, and the stature was of the usual large size of that people, a subject which will be considered more in detail in the remarks which follow. No. XXI. (Plate LXXX.) was a very small barrow in Barrow Pleck which had not been noticed before, although quite close to No. III., which had occupied our attention for some days. It contained an interment by cremation in a basin-shaped depression cut in the chalk at a depth of 1 foot 5 inches beneath the crest. The barrow also contained 10 flint flakes. No. XXII. The last interment of the Bronze Age was found unexpectedly whilst excavating the Romano-British village at Rotherley (see Plate XCIV.) The 6 Barrows near Rushmore. ground being trenched all over, this skeleton was found 11 inches beneath the surface without any apparent grave, close to Pit 57, in the East Quarter. At its feet were the broken fragments of an ornamental drinking vessel of the well- known Bronze Age type, which at once showed that the interment was of a different period from the rest of the relics discovered in the village. If it had ever been covered by a tumulus it had probably been removed by the Romano-Britons without discovering the interment. This vessel (restored and represented full size in Plate XCII.) much resembles that found in connection with the skeleton in Barrow 20. The discoveries here coincide with the results of excavations made by Canon Greenwell, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, and Mr. Bateman, in showing that drinking vessels are usually found with interments by inhumation, two of the three skeletons of the Bronze Age found near Rushmore having had drinking vessels at the feet. In both cases the drinking vessel was put in upright. The form has been well described in Canon Greenwell's British Barrows, pages 94–104, and in many other works. The skeleton lay on its back and left side, and was crouched up, the head to the left, as shown in the sketch given by the side of the urn, Fig. 2, Plate XCII. It was much decayed, but the femur was well preserved, and was 479 millimetres in length, giving a stature of 5 feet 9.5 inches, this being, next to one of the Saxon skeletons found in the cemetery on Winkelbury Hill, the largest skeleton discovered, as yet, in the neighbourhood of Rushmore. STATURE OF THE BRONZE AGE SKELETONS. Only two of the three skeletons of this period, discovered at Rushmore, afforded measurements from which the stature could be estimated, viz., that of the male skeleton from Barrow 20 in Susan Gibb's Walk, and No. 22 from Rotherley Village. Of the former all the bones were measured, of the latter only the length of the femur could be taken. The secondary interment by inhumation in Barrow No. 3 in Barrow Pleck was too much decayed for measurement. The skeleton in No. 20 Barrow appeared to have very short arms. The stature estimated by the femur only, according to Dr. Topinard's method, was 5 feet 6.6 inches, by the femur and tibia combined, 5 feet 6.5 inches, and including the humerus and radius with the femur and tibia, it amounted to only 5 feet 4.8 inches, thereby reducing the stature considerably. I feel convinced, however, that the inclusion of the humerus and radius vitiates the result, and that, as these bones do not form part of the actual stature, and there is no necessary correlation between them and the length of the body, they ought to be omitted in cases where their length is obviously abnormal. I take the stature of the skeleton therefore to be 5 feet 6.5 inches, that estimated from the femur and tibia together. Barrows near Rushmore. 7 The estimated stature of the bronze age skeleton, found with the drinking vessel at Rotherley, by the femur, was 5 feet 9.5 inches, and it was probably a male skeleton. From this it will be seen that the two skeletons considerably exceed those of the Romanised Britons found in the villages at Woodcuts and Rotherley, and also the one of the same period from the pit near Park House which amounted altogether, for 18 males, to 5 feet 2.7 inches, and for 10 females to 4 feet 10.9 inches. The tallest Romano-Briton in the two villages was 5 feet 7.8 inches, but as this skeleton was considered to show marked characteristics of Roman origin, and he was 14 inch taller than the next tallest man, it was thought that he did not fairly represent a Romanised Briton (see page 168, Vol. I., Excavations in Cranborne Chase), and the next tallest man, viz., one found in Rotherley, ought properly to be considered the tallest man of this period found near Rushmore. He was 5 feet 64 inches in stature, and it may therefore be fairly said that the shortest of the two bronze age men discovered near Rushmore was 0.01 inch taller than the tallest Romano-Briton. Dr. Thurnam gives the average stature of the Bronze Age people at 5 feet 8·4 inches, and Canon Greenwell, in his British Barrows, page 126, gives it at 5 feet 7 inches. Taking the average of our two Rushmore bronze age skeletons at 5 feet 8 inches, it will be seen that they are normal specimens of the stature of this period. The skull found in No. 20 Barrow was round, with a cephalic index of 845 millimetres. It was, therefore, a typical Bronze Age skull. That found at Rotherley, although roughly estimated at a cephalic index of 74 to 76, was too much broken to afford trustworthy results. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE BARROWS. The twenty-two Barrows opened near Rushmore, may without doubt be assigned to the Bronze Age, but the fragments of Romano-British pottery found in the ditches and superficial deposits, suggests the possibility of some of them having been used for secondary interment up to the Roman period. It is possible that Barrow V., the large barrow in Barrow Copse, may be altogether of a late period of the round Barrow age. Most of the small barrows were plain bowl barrows without any surrounding ditch. The majority of the larger barrows had ditches round them, but so much silted up as not to be seen on the surface previously to excavating them. These kinds are described by Thurnam as bowl barrows with a ditch round them, and they are regarded as a transition form between the simple bowl and the bell-shaped barrow, which latter has usually a level space between the ditch and the barrow, the latter standing in the centre. It is supposed that the bowl barrows are the earlier of the two, but there can be no doubt that this form survived during the whole period 8 Barrows near Rushmore. during which round barrows were in use. This neighbourhood, Dr. Thurnam considered, to mark the western limits of the bell-shaped barrows, some of which are seen on the down close to the Roman road, immediately to the west of Woodyates, but none of this peculiar form have been found at Rushmore. Here, as in other places, the smaller barrows have, as a rule, been found to contain the larger number of relics, a circumstance which appears worthy of attention as implying a difference of custom. Barrow III. affords proof that cremation and inhumation were practised together. The fragments of urns found with the secondary interments in the barrow, placed in cleanly cut cavities with the burnt bones, may perhaps be regarded as a substitute for entire urns which contained the ashes, and, if so, as marking a later date. The stake holes found in Barrows III. and IV., casts of which were preserved, are features of interest which have not been much noticed by previous explorers, although Canon Greenwell speaks of them in connection with a barrow on Ganton Wold in Yorkshire (British Barrows, p. 170), and suggests that they may have been intended to support a platform. I also discovered stake holes in a barrow at Sigwell, near Cadbury, Somerset (Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. VIII., 1879, p. 185, paper by Professor Rolleston), which, in that case, appear to have been used to support the funeral pile. In the case of the Rushmore stake holes, I suggest that they may have been poles set up with the insignia of the deceased to mark the grave, a custom prevailing in parts of India. The stakes here were hardly strong enough to have supported a platform. without any bones, burnt or otherwise, peculiar custom has been observed, and The urns and graves found in the barrows add to the number of instances in which this gives rise to a question whether some of the mounds may not have been erected as cenotaphs, or memorial monuments rather than as actual receptacles for remains of the dead. The absence of bronze implements in any of the tumuli is noteworthy, and is in conformity with previous exploration in this district. The urns with over- hanging rims present no special feature of difference from those previously discovered in this neighbourhood, but the strengthening ribs running vertically down the sides and sometimes ornamented with punch marks as represented in Figs. 1 and 3, Pl. LXXXVII., appear to be very prevalent in the district. The flint implements call for no special observation, and are of the character usually discovered in connection with interments of the Bronze Age. The same remark applies to the ornamentation, quality and form of the drinking vessels found in two of the graves. No sufficient number of animal bones were found to enable any judgment to be formed upon the character of the animals in use in this district during the period of the barrows, nor is there any certain evidence of the prevalence of funeral feasts. This does not arise from its not having been noticed, as every object was carefully recorded. Barrows near Rushmore. 9 The details of each tumulus are given in the relic tables, and are, in great part, repeated in the description of the plates. In the majority of cases the barrows have been restored since excavation and turfed over. The ditches discovered in the excavations have been left as found, and turfed over. Medals have been deposited within the barrows marking the date of excavation and models have been made of some of them, which have been deposited in my local museum at Farnham. C 10 Barrows near Rushmore. RELIC TABLES. EXCAVATIONS IN BARROWS AT RUSHMORE AND IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Coarse, brown colour, British. Other Qualities. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. 1 9-10 Aug., 1880. On east side of lower coach road near the house. Called "Rolleston's Barrow." See Map, Plate I. 28' diameter at base. Greatest height above old surface line, 2′ 4″. A depression like a grave, EE on Plan, Plate LXXV., was found to N.W. of centre, 4′ 6″ long by 2′ 6″ wide, 12" deep, cut in the natural chalk. (See Plan and Section Plate LXXV.). No trace of a ditch was found to this barrow. 2 11 Aug., 1880. On Barrow Pleck Rushmore. Near the South Lodge, and be- tween Barrows Nos. 3 and 4. See Map, Plate I. 0 09 100 A Remains of charcoal and of an interment by cremation were found in the centre of the barrow F on Plan and Section Plate LXXV. 1 foot 6 inches beneath the crest; also some fragments of bronze, Fig. 4, Plate LXXVI. at B on Plan, Plate LXXV. flint scraper, Fig. 6, Plate LXXVI., 2 feet 2 inches beneath the surface at G on Plan, Plate LXXV.; another Fig. 7, Plate LXXVI., at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches; a flint saw, Fig. 8, Plate LXXVI., 2 feet 3 inches beneath surface at C on Plan, Plate LXXV. ; a boat-shaped flint implement, Fig. 9, Plate LXXVI., at a depth of 2 feet 4 inches, at D on Plan, Plate LXXV., and a flint borer, Fig. 5, Plate LXXVI., 1 foot 6 inches beneath the surface, at H on Plan, Plate LXXV. None. The body appears to have been burnt on the spot, not gathered up after cre- mation. The pottery found in this barrow, Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 3a, Plate LXXVI., was of very superior quality to that found in some of the other barrows, being close- grained and hard without large grains in it, and form- ing fragments of smaller vessels than those of Bar- rows Nos. 3 and 4. About 20' in diameter. Greatest height above old surface line, 1′ 6″. 0 0 0 0 (See General Plan, Plate LXXX., and enlarged Plan and Sec- tion, Plate LXXXI. An interment by cremation was found near the centre in a circular depression about 2 feet diameter on the old surface line. Also several flint flakes. None. The body appears to have been burnt, and the ashes gathered up and placed in the depression. Barrows near Rushmore. 11 3 28 Sept., 1880. Barrow Pleck, Rushmore, 40 feet east of centre of Bar- row 2. See Plate LXXX. 40′ diameter, greatest height 117 of top of barrow above old surface line 4′ 6″. The bar- row was surrounded by a ditch 2′ 6″ deep, and about 8' average width. On the south side the ditch was broken by a causeway, 15′ wide, and in this as well as in the body of the tumulus interments were found. See General Plan, Plate LXXX., and Enlarged Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI. Ditch of ditto. 100 0 0 114 97.4 3 2.5 on Two central interments by None. cremation N N on plan and section, Plate LXXXI. were found close together in the centre in basin-shaped holes, the larger 2 feet in diameter, and the smaller 15 inches. The larger contained frag- ments of British pottery, and the smaller was without pot- tery. Separated from these on the South side were found a cluster of eight similar interments (see n Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI.), by cremation, one of which was in the causeway across the ditch. Of these, four contained pottery similar to Figs. 10 and 11, Plate LXXXVI., and the others had no pottery in them. They were in basin-shaped holes similar to the central inter- ments, and like them varied in depth from 7 to 14 inches. A large flint was found cover- ing each interment. A stake hole, P on Plan, Plate LXXXI., 5 inches in depth and 24 inches diameter at top, was found close to the two central interments. It was filled with decayed wood which was taken out and a cast made of the hole. In the causeway on the South side was found the vestiges of a crouched skeleton (a on Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI.) lying on its left side, the head on the N.W., and the feet towards the S.E. In the silting of the ditch, pottery, flint flakes, a flint hollow scraper, Fig. 1, Plate LXXXIX., and a small piece of bronze, Fig. 5, Plate LXXXVI., were obtained. ; All the pottery in these several holes was of the same quality, but consisted of different forms of urns. No hole appeared to contain an entire urn, but only frag- ments of one. The urns showed two forms: one plain, without any rim, and having a horizontal raised band, Fig. 2, Plate LXXXVII., 2-inch wide at 2 inches below the rim, im- pressed with punch marks the other had a flat rim, ğ inch wide, Fig. 11, Plate LXXXVI., the edge im- pressed with indentations and having a row of oblique indentations at 2 inches be- low the rim. Both of these were very large and hand-made, containing grains of silex. In excavat- ing the ditch, three other kinds of pottery were found in addition to the quantities of coarse hand-made pottery above described, one frag- ment of coarse Red Samian, about inch in thickness, and although of Roman form, without the fine glaze and quality of ordinary Samian ware, one one frag- ment of fine black quality, with a groove round the rim on the outside, Fig. 4, Plate LXXXVI., one piece of rim of hard coarse brown pottery, Fig. 8, Plate LXXXVI., mixed vases, with grains of flint, and having a wide expanding rim. Some of these last may probably be of the Romano-British period. 4 80.0 10 20 '0 28 Sept., 1880. Barrow Pleck, Rushmore West of Barrows 2 and 3. See Plate LXXX. 40′in diameter. Greatest height | 40 of top of tumulus above old surface line 8' 6". Near the centre a circular basin-shaped depression S on Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI., was found cut in the chalk to a depth of 2' 9" beneath the surface. The barrow was Animal bones and pottery were found West of the centre and portion of an urn 7 feet to the East of the centre, R on Plan, Plate LXXXI. It contained no bones, and stood on its proper bottom and was about 14 inches in diameter. The portion re- Identified by Pro- fessor Rolles- ton. Os innom- inatum of small ox. Portion of left upper and lower jaws, and portions of scapula, tibia The fragments of pottery found in this barrow were ornamented with lines, Fig. 6, Plate LXXXVI., and punch marks, Fig. 3, Plate LXXXVI., and appeared to form parts of carefully decorated vases. The prin- cipal urn, Fig. 1, Plate C 2 12 Barrows near Rushmore. BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE; RELIC TABLES-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Coarse, brown colour, British. Other Qualities. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL REMAINS. REMARKS. 4 continued.. 5 No. cent. Per No. Per cent. found to be surrounded by a ditch about 9′ wide at top and about 2′ 6″ in depth. This was re-excavated all round except in the part now occupied by the coach road which skirts the tumulus. : 30 100 0 0 maining was about 10 inches high. All the upper part was wanting. 3 stake holes, V V V on Plan and Section LXXXI., similar to the one found in Barrow No. 3, were found. Pieces of ornamental pottery occurred at a depth of 3 feet 9 inches beneath the surface U on Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI., and a flint scraper and several flint flakes at various depths. A cremated interment was found at T outside the basin cut in the chalk and on the opposite side to the urn. and metatarsal of pig, probably all of the same animal. Hu- merus, radius, and part of lower jaw and germ of both upperand lower milk molars of a very young pig a few weeks old; right cubo- navicular from tarsus of roe- deer and first phalanx of toe of adult roe- deer cervical vertebra and metatarsal of adult roe-deer metatarsal and other bones of calf. ; ; LXXXVII.,was ornamented and strengthened by six vertical raised ribs passing from top to bottom on the outside and resembling in this respect an urn found in a tumulus on Lord Arundell's property at Wardour, Wilts, and now in my possession. It was of a very coarse quality with frag- ments of white flint and shell in its composition, and averaging about inch thick. The pottery found in the ditch was also British, of coarse quality, the tops plain and without rims. Ditch of Barrow 19 Oct., 1881. Barrow Coppice, Handley, Dor- set. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate 1. Circular, dome-shaped, appa- rent diameter 40', surrounded by a ditch. Greatest height of top of tumulus above old surface line 5'47'. A cutting was made in direction of mag. N. and S., and was 50' long and 20' wide. In the centre of the barrow on the old surface line, 5'47″ beneath the crest of the barrow, was found a circular basin-shaped hole 1' 10" inches in diameter and 12″ deep, filled with charcoal, earth, and burnt flints. Covering this on the old surface line was a deposit 0 0 21 100 ; A well-formed flint scraper, Fig. 8, Plate LXXXIX., was found on the old surface line with the deposit of charcoal and burnt bones another feet south and 8 feet west of the centre. 20 flint flakes or chips were found with the bones, and 60 in the remain- ing portion of the barrow. Also numerous flint cores, showing that the flakes must have been formed on the spot. One fragment of red Samian pottery, with rim and fine glaze inch thick was found in the surface mould. of Fragments horn of Red deer. The pottery found in this barrow was all of a fine hard quality without large grains in its composition. Barrows near Rushmore, 13 of ashes 9′ 6″ greatest length, and 3′ 9″ greatest width. In these ashes the burnt bones of the interment were dis- tributed, so that the body was in all probability burnt upon the spot and not col- lected into the hole previously prepared for it. Above this was a small mound of mould 2' high and 20′ in diameter. Above this a deposit of large flints 3' thick. 6 17 Nov., 1881. Tinkley Down, Rushmore. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I. 18′ diameter at base, rising to a height of 12" at centre above the surface of the ground. A cutting 10' wide and 20' long was made in a mag. N. and S. direction, which extended to a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the surface. A hole 5½" diameter was found 4' 6" south of centre. It ex- tended to a depth of 2′4″ beneath the surface of the barrow where it terminated in a point. Pieces of car- bonised wood were found in it. The barrow was com- posed of black mould with a few flints. 75 100 0 0 An interment by cremation and charcoal was found at a depth of 10 inches beneath the surface in the southern part of the barrow. Also 20 flint flakes with bulb of percussion, and 16 small nodular flints perhaps used as slingstones. : Four fragments of the pot- tery were ornamented with two rows of punch marks, Figs. 9 and 12, Plate LXXXVI. The greater part of the fragments of pottery were found in the Northern half of the bar- row, and at a depth varying from 6 to 10 inches beneath the surface. 7 18 Nov., 1881. 0 0 1 100 Tinkley Down, Rushmore. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I. West of Barrow 6, 20' diameter at base. Height at centre above old surface line 18". A cutting 10' wide and 20' long was made in the direction of mag. N. and S. The barrow was composed of black mould mixed with chalk rubble. 8 18 Nov., Tinkley Down, 1881. Rushmore. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I. Oval; major axis E. and W., 22 20′ by 16'. A cutting 10' wide and 16′ long was made in the direction of mag. N. and S. The barrow was composed of black mould mixed with chalk rubble. 100 0 6 flint flakes with bulb of percussion; 3 small rounded flints similar to those found in the adjoining barrow were found. One fragment only of hard smooth pottery was found at a depth of 12 inches beneath the surface. 0 One small fragment of sand- stone, one flint borer, Fig. 4, Plate LXXXIX., 3.99 inches greatest length, 1.13 inch greatest width, shaped to a point at one end; found at a depth of 9 inches and nearly similar to that found in Barrow 1, see Fig. 5, Plate LXXVI. ; one flint axe, Fig. 2, Plate LXXXIX., 2.1 inch None. 14 Barrows near Rushmore. BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE; RELIC TABLES-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Coarse, brown colour, British. Other Qualities. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL KEMAINS. REMARKS. 8 Per No. No. cent. Per cent. continued.. 15-31st, Dec., 1882. Scrubbity Cop- pice, Handley Wood, Dorset. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I. : : Circular, dome-shaped, 52′ diameter 4.5′ greatest height. It was found to be surrounded by a ditch averaging 5′ wide at the top, and 1' 6" at the bottom; depth 2′ 7″ with evenly cut chalk sides and bottom of an uniform level. No trace of the ditch was seen on the surface before excavating it. A cutting was made in the direction of mag. N. and S. on line AB of Plan, Plate LXXXIII., and was 20' wide to 8' N. of the centre, the remainder to the ditch being 10' in width. Two ex- tensions on East and West of Section, 8′ wide and 4′ long. The barrow was com- posed of reddish loam mixed with a little chalk, on an irregular chalk floor. The ditch was likewise filled with loam. See Plan, Plate LXXXIII., and Section, Plate LXXXIV. LO 0 0 5 100 long, width of edge 1·53 inch, similar in form to those found in the Danish Kitchenmid- dens; chipped into shape and bruised on the sides, and the edge formed by a small transverse facet. See Evans' "Stone Implements," p. 62. Found at a depth of 8 inches. 6 small nodular flints, perhaps used as slingstones 0.92 inch to 1.32 inch across, similar to those found in Barrows 6 and 7. ; 595 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion; 29 flint cores; 4 water-worn pebbles; 9 frag- ments of burnt flints; 1 flint knife chipped on one side, Fig. 3, Plate LXXXIX. and 1 half-formed celt, Fig. 9, Plate LXXXIX. In the centre of the barrow at a depth of 2 feet 8 inches with its longitudinal axis E, 15° South, was found the remains of an oblong boat-shaped coffin, Fig. 4, Plate LXXXVII., probably hollowed out of the trunk of a tree, but too much decayed to be removed. Con Plan and Section Plates LXXXIII., and LXXXIV. Greatest length 4 feet 2 inches, greatest width 1 foot 9 inches, narrowing to about 12 inches at one end, depth of sides 9 inches and nearly upright; thickness of ditto 2 inches at the widest part, and about 1 inch at the apex ; bottom slightly rounded ; about 7 inches of the end of the coffin had been removed before the section was taken. None. All the fragments of pottery were of a red sandy tex- ture. One had rows of triangular punch marks on it, Fig. 1, Plate LXXXVI., and another piece consisted of very coarse pottery with rim roughly formed and plain. Most of this being found in the silting of the ditch may be of later date than the construction of the barrow. 9❘ Barrows near Rushmore. 15 3 Jan., 1883. 9 Jan., 1883. Scrubbity Cop- pice, Handley Wood, Hand- ley, Dorset. Scrubbity Cop- pice. The cen- tre 84 feet S.W. of centre of Barrow 9. See LXXXIII. Plate Circular, dome-shaped; 64' 20 diameter ; 2′ greatest height above natural surface. It was found to be surrounded by a ditch 5′ wide at top, 1′ 8″ at bottom; depth 2′ 6″, no trace of which was seen on the surface before excavating it. A section was cut on line HI of Plan, Plate LXXXIII., 38′ long and 20' wide. The barrow was formed of brown mould mixed with a little chalk rubble. The ditch was also filled with mould in which were a number of flint flakes. See Plan, Plate LXXXIII., and Section, Plate LXXXIV. Circular; apparent diameter 28'; a cutting 22′ long and 10' wide was made on the line NO of Plan, Plate LXXXIII. The barrow was composed entirely of flints. See Plan, Plate LXXXIII. and Section, Plate LXXXIV. 100 0 0 0 0 A hole about 11 or 12 inches deep had apparently been dug in the chalk floor and the coffin placed in it. An interment by cremation was found inside the coffin amongst the soil which con- sisted of mould and fine chalk. A representation of the coffin as restored is given on Plate LXXXVII., Fig 4. 0 712 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion; 30 flint cores ; 4 fragments of burnt flints ; a finely-chipped flint celt, Fig. 5, Plate LXXXIX., 4-1/2 inches greatest length, and 2 inches greatest width found at a depth of 1 foot 9 inches beneath the surface, 10 feet East of the centre (K on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). The more prominent parts had traces of grinding. An urn of coarse British pottery Fig. 2, Plate LXXXVIII., was found in an inverted position 3 feet 3 inches beneath the surface in the centre of the barrow at J on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV. No burnt bones, or relics of any description were found in or beneath the vessel. A depression of about 14 inches deep had been dug in the chalk floor and the urn placed therein. Traces of charcoal occurred at M at a depth of about 2 feet 3 inches. 0 Beneath the centre at an average depth of 12″ beneath the surface an irregular seam of charcoal was found measur- ing about 10" in thickness, 9′ 6″ greatest length and about 4' greatest width. See Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV. No burnt bones, pottery or relics of any description were found in the barrow except 45 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion and 2 burnt flints. None. None. 20 fragments of pottery of a quality similar to the urn were found in various parts of the barrow. CH 10 11 16 Barrows near Rushmore. BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE; RELIC TABLES-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Coarse, brown colour, British. Other Qualities. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL REMAINS. REMARKS. 12 16 Jan., 1883. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. pice. The cen- tre 59 feet N.E. of the centre of Barrow 11. See Map, Plate I. Scrubbity Cop- Circular, dome-shaped; dia- meter 45'. Greatest height above natural surface about 3'. At the summit was a depression about 15' in dia- meter and 18" deep, which gave rise to the suspicion that it might have been opened before. The barrow was found to be surrounded by a ditch averaging 6′ in width at top and 1' 8" at bottom; depth 3′ 2″, filled with reddish-brown mould, with evenly cut chalk sides, and bottom of an uniform level. No trace of the ditch was seen on the surface before excavating it. A cutting 38' long and 20' wide was made on the line UV of Plan, Plate LXXXIII. Beneath the centre of the barrow and extending to a depth of 5′ beneath the sur- face was a rectangular de- pression like a grave, a a a a on Plan, Plate LXXXIII., measuring 12' long and 9' wide at top, the sides sloping downwards to 7' x 4'. The bottom was flat. The grave was filled with light brown mould, and a mound of the same also covered it, rising to within about 1' 9" of the surface. Over this was a deposit of flints covered by surface mould. See Plan, Plate LXXXIII., and Section, Plate LXXXIV. 0 0 4 100 In the grave beneath the centre of the barrow, at a depth of 3′ 2″ beneath the surface, a cremated interment was found covering an area of about 6" to 8" across, W on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV. Close to this at X on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV. at a depth of 4′ 2″ a care- fully chipped thumb-flint, Fig. 6, Plate LXXXIX., was found worn by use at the end and having two niches at the other for attachment to a handle; 167 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion, 72 flint cores; 7 burnt flints; 1 rudely formed flint celt, Fig. 7, Plate LXXXIX., 8″ long and 4' wide, was found at a depth of 12″ in the ditch on the south side, at Z, Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV. None. Three of the fragments of pottery found in the barrow were reddish-brown in colour and had similar ornamentation. The largest piece found at Y on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV. was a por- tion of a rim (probably of a "drinking vessel ") and had parallel and di- agonal rows of punc- tured dots, Fig. 7, Plate LXXXVI. This is of a well known bronze age type. The 4th fragment was a piece of rim half an inch in thickness, Fig. 2, Plate LXXXVI., of superior quality, with a hard tex- ture and grey colour. It was found in the ditch at a depth of 4" and may therefore be of subsequent date to the construction of the barrow. Barrows near Rushmore. 17 13 24 Jan., Scrubbity Scrubbity Cop- 1883. pice. The centre 42 feet N. of centre of Bar- row 12. See Map, Plate I. Circular; apparent diameter about 24', with a very slight rise above the natural surface. Composed of brown mould and flints. A cutting, 12′ 6″ long and 10' wide, was made on the line UV of Plan, Plate LXXXIII. 14 1883. 25 Jan., Scrubbity Cop. pice. The centre of the barrow was 50 feet S. of the centre of Barrow 9. See Map, Plate I. Circular; apparent diameter 30', with a very slight rise above the natural surface. The barrow was composed of brown mould and flints. A cutting was made on the line PQ of Plan, Plate LXXXIII. 15 D 0 0 0 None. Beneath the surface at the centre, at a depth of 8 inches, a deposit of ashes, about 9 inches thick and 5 feet across, was found at dd on Plan, Plate LXXXIII., in which the remains of a cremated interment were distributed. No pottery or other relics were noticed, except 27 flint flakes with bulbs of per- cussion and one flint core. 0 0 0 0 In the centre, the upper part None. being at a depth of 1′5″ beneath the surface, R on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV., was found a large British urn, standing on its proper base, mouth upwards, Fig. 1, Plate LXXXVIII. It had an overhanging rim and zigzag ornamentation. The vessel was much fractured, but otherwise in good preserva- tion, and was filled with mould, in which were the remains of a cremated inter- ment and numerous small flint flakes and chips. The chalk floor on which it stood was 3 feet 6 inches beneath the surface. No charcoal or other relics were noticed, except 13 flint cores, 1 burnt flint, and 303 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion. 0 0 0 0 25 Jan., 1883. Scrubbity Cop- pice. Centre 39 feet S.W. of centre of Bar- row 12. See Map, Plate I. Oval; about 20' long by 16' wide, with a slight rise above the natural surface. Com- posed of brown mould and flints. A cutting, 5′ wide and 15' long, was made on the line S T of Plan. Plate LXXXIII. It appears doubt- ful whether this was really a barrow, or a mound com- posed of materials thrown down from Barrow 12. 28 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion. 1 flint flake with secondary chippings found at a depth of 14 inches E. of the centre. None. 18 Barrows near Rushmore. BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE; RELIC TABLES-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Coarse, brown colour, Other Qualities. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL REMAINS. REMARKS. British. 16 cent. No. Per No. Per cent. 2 April, 1883. Scrubbity Cop- pice. About 175 feet to the N.W. of Bar- row 12. See Map, Plate I. It is not repre- sented in Plate LXXXIII. Circular; apparent diameter 36', with a rise of about 1' 6" above the surface. Composed of mould and flints. A cutting 25' long and 20′ wide was made in the direc- tion of mag. N. and S. Beneath the centre at a depth of 2-3′, extending in a direc- tion, was an irregular shaped depression 9' long and about 2′ 8″ wide, with cleanly cut sides. It was filled with mould, and had apparently been dug in the chalk floor to a depth of 12″. At the south end of the depression a small hole was found 6" x 5" at top and 114" deep, tapering to a point, and filled with brown mould. See Plate LXXXV. 0 0 At the centre, at a depth of None. 1 foot 8 inches beneath the surface of the barrow, was found a British urn, Fig 3, Plate LXXXVIII., with overhanging rim, in an in- verted position. It was filled with mould, in which were the remains of a cre- mated interment. A depres- sion, about 12 inches deep, in the chalk floor, at a depth of about 2 feet 3 inches beneath the surface of the barrow, had apparently been dug and the urn placed therein. A little charcoal was noticed at a depth of 2 feet 1 inch near the centre. 219 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion; 5 fragments of burnt flints, 23 flint cores, 1 tertiary pebble. 17 0 0 4 April, 1883. Scrubbity Cop- pice. The cen- tre about 50 feet west of centre of Bar- row 16. See Map, Plate I. Circular; apparent diameter 40', with a rise of about 1' 6" above the natural surface. A cutting 25' long and 20' wide was made in the direc- tion of mag. N. and S. A small hole (perhaps a stake hole) filled with black mould was found at a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the surface, 9' S.W. of the apparent centre. It was funnel-shaped and had been formed in the chalk floor. Diameter at top 1' 6", ditto at bottom 3". Depth 14″. See Plate LXXXV. 218 flint flakes with bulbs of None. percussion; 14 flint cores; no pottery, burnt bones, or any other relics were noticed. Barrows near Rushmore. 19 18 10 April, 1884. 19 15 Sept., 20 1884. Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. This forms part of the cluster of barrows re- presented in Plate LXXX. Owing to its slight rise above the surface it was not noticed at the time the others were opened. Chalkits Cop- pice, Rush- more. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I. 22 Sept., Susan Gibb's 1884. Walk, Rush- more. About 400 yds. due North of Barrow Pleck. See Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I. Circular; diameter 30', with a very slight (scarcely percepti- ble) rise above the natural surface. Composed of brown mould. It was surrounded by a ditch averaging 6′ 6″ wide at top, 1′ 3″ at bottom, and 2′ 0″ deep with smooth chalk sides, and filled with brown mould and chalk rubble. This was re-exca- vated all round except on the west side, which was occu- pied by the roots of a large tree. See Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI. Circular, dome-shaped, 36' in diameter; greatest height above old surface line about 3'. It was found to be surrounded by a ditch averaging 8′ wide at top, 2′ 4″ at bottom, and 3' deep, with smooth chalk sides, and filled with reddish- brown mould. The barrow was composed of brown mould with a few flints. There was a considerable de- pression at the top, which gave rise to the suspicion that it had been previously opened. The ditch was re- excavated all round except on the west side which was occupied by some old holly trees. Circular; apparent diameter, 24', with a very slight rise above the natural sur- face. Composed of black mould mixed with chalk. A cutting 24' long and 10' wide was taken in the direction of mag. N. and S. See Plan and Section, Plate LXXV. Beneath the centre of the barrow commencing at a depth of 2' and extending to a depth of 3' beneath the surface was an oval grave cut in the chalk, the long. axis being due N. and S., and measuring 8′ 4″ long, 5′ wide, with almost upright sides, and a flat smooth bottom. 10 3 37.5 5 62.5 0 0 7 100 1 100 0 One very well formed flint scraper, Fig. 10, Plate LXXXIX., 8 or 9 feet south of centre, depth not known. Another similar in form was found at a depth of 9 inches beneath the surface, and 6 feet north of the centre, Xon Plan and Section, Plate LXXXI. 104 flint flakes with bulbs of percussion. No burnt bones, ashes, or anything pointing to an in- terment were noticed. A flint scraper was found at a depth of 2 feet beneath the surface, north of the centre of the barrow; another at a depth of 1 foot 10 inches be- neath the surface on the west side; and another, depth unknown. Several flint flakes with bulbs of percussion. Traces of char- coal were noticed at a depth of 2 feet 8 inches beneath the surface at 8 feet south of the centre, but no burnt bones were found in any part of the cutting. 0 In the grave beneath the centre of the barrow a human skeleton, male, estimated stature 5' 6'5", was found at a depth of 2.5 feet beneath the surface. See Plan, Plate LXXV. and Plate LXX.VIII. The skeleton was in a good state of pre- servation, and had apparently been buried on its left side with its head on the North, the spinal column having a bearing of N. 2° E. (true). The lower limbs were crouched up and the cra- nium stood on its base with its face to the South, in the centre of the area covered by the interment. The lower jaw was found upside down a little West of the skull, which from some cause was None. None. None. Of the 8 fragments of pottery found, 5 consisted of pieces of a hard and superior quality. One fragment of light red pottery, 17 inch diameter, perhaps the bottom of a pot was found at a depth of 12 inches in the ditch. This appeared to be Roman or Romano-British. All the pieces of pottery found in the barrow were of a hard quality and grey colour, and included a piece of rim, and 5 fragments of similar colour and texture. D 2 20 Barrows near Rushmore. BARROWS NEAR RUSHMORE; RELIC TABLES-continued. POTTERY. Coarse, Other No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. brown colour, Qualities. British. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL REMAINS. REMARKS. 20 continued.. 21 : : No. Per cent. No. Per cent. : detached from the spinal column, whether previous to interment or subsequently could not be discovered. Close to the feet of the skeleton, the top at a depth of 2.21 feet beneath the sur- face, and standing on its pro- per bottom, was a drinking vessel of reddish-brown pottery, Plate LXXVII., 8 inches high and 5.90 inches diameter at mouth, orna- mented on the outside from top to bottom with encircling lines of grooves, bands, and small square dots. One smaller fragment of coarse pottery was found with the body. A little charcoal was noticed in the earth at a depth of 2′ 5″ N. of the centre and portions of a nodule of iron pyrites near the feet of the skeleton, but no flint flakes or any other relics occurred throughout the cutting. 24 Sept., 1884. Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. 50 feet S.E. of Barrow 3, measured from centre to centre. This forms part of the cluster of barrows repre- sented in Plate LXXX., but owing to its very small size it was not dis- covered at the time they were opened. Circular ; apparent diameter 18', with a very slight eleva- tion above the natural sur- face. Composed of brown mould. A cutting 15 feet long and 10 feet wide was taken in direction of mag. N. and S. See Plan and Section, Plate LXXXV, 4 100 0 0 10 flint flakes with bulbs of None. percussion; 1 cylindrical fragment of iron pyrites. An interment by cremation was found in a basin-shaped de- pression cut in the chalk, measuring 2 feet long and 1 foot 10 inches wide, which occurred at a depth of 1 foot 5 inches, and extended to a depth of 2 feet 5 inches be- neath the surface at the centre of the barrow. The depres- sion had cleanly out sides, and was filled with black mould. W on Plan and Section, Plate LXXXV. The fragments of pottery con- tained white grains, and were found in the hole with the interment. 22 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXV. PLANS AND SECTIONS OF BARROWS Nos. I. AND XX., RUSHMORE PARK. BRONZE PERIOD. BARROW, No. I., adjoining the lower south road. This was the first barrow opened at Rushmore, on the 10th August, 1880. Professor Rolleston and the Rev. H. Winwood were present at the opening. The elevation was so slight that it had hitherto escaped notice. In the centre, 1 foot 6 inches beneath the crest, a layer of charcoal and ashes, 9 feet by 6 feet, was found containing a burnt body. The body appears to have been burnt on the spot, and not gathered up after cremation, but a mound raised over the funereal pile. A few fragments of bronze, probably the remains of some implement which had corroded or been burnt, were found in the ashes, and in the body of the barrow two flint scrapers, a well-formed flint borer, and a boat-shaped flint, all of which are figured in Plate LXXVI., were found. A few scattered fragments of pottery found in the barrow were of a superior and harder baked quality than is usual in barrows. No trace of a ditch was found around the barrow, but towards the north of the centre, a depression -EE on plan-which might, or might not, have been a grave, but filled with mould and without remains, was discovered. The barrow is undoubtedly of the bronze age, and is interesting on account of its being the last at the opening of which Professor Rolleston assisted shortly before his death. BARROW XX.--The elevation of this barrow was so slight on the surface that I had noticed it frequently in passing, and subsequently opened it with but little expectation of finding anything. Beneath the centre was found a cleanly-cut grave of oval form, 8 feet by 5 feet, and extending to a depth of 3 feet beneath the crest. In it, at the bottom, a male skeleton was found lying on its left side with the legs drawn up in the usual position of bronze age interments. The back bone was directed true north and south, the upper part of the body to the north. The head was 18:0″ 14:0″ 3-20 10.9 BARROW NO.I, RUSHMORE PARK. SECTION ON LINE A-B OF PLAN. 3.28 6-43): H I. 3.25 09.9 3.25 -6·50- 1:6° SL-S RENT LIMIT PLAN 2.3 TRUE N. MAG. N. 'A C LOWER SOUTH ROAD $ ! 8:0* 14:0″ 4.50 1349 B 5-49 5.75 18:0" 18:0″ 15.0° 12:0″ 6:0 3:0 PLATE LXXV. BARROW NO.20, SUSAN GIBBS' WALK, RUSHMORE PARK: SECTION ON LINE A-B OF PLAN. :8:51 1 1 82 APPARENT LIMIT PLAN GRAVE SKELETON 3'0" 6:0° 9:0" 12:0″ 15.0" 18:0* B A.DRINKING VESSEL, DEPTH 2-21 PT. } REFERENCE TO BARROW I. FLINT SCRAPER, DEPTH | FT. 6IN. B FRAGMENTS OF BRONZE, DEPTH 2FT.2IN. C FLINT SAW, DEPTH 2 FT, 3IN. D BOAT-Shaped flint IMPLEMENT, DEPTH 2FT.4IN. EE DEPRESSION LIKE A GRAVE. FAREA OCcupied by BURNT BONES. G FLINT SCRAPER, DEPTH 2 FT. 2IN. REFERENCE TO SOILS. BROWN SURFACE MOULD- CHALK RUBBLE- Undisturbed chalk- LIMIT OF EXCAVATIONS SHEWN THUS H FLINT BORER, DEPTH IFT.6IN. KK AREA OCCUPIED BY ASHES. SCALE OF FEET FOR BOTH BARROWS. 10 15 Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho CtQueen St London, WC. 20 25 30 FEET. B MAG. N. TRUE N. 4:81 Barrows near Rushmore. 23 detached from the body and found resting on its base in front of the breast. The arm bones were also somewhat scattered above the head. At the feet was an urn of the form known to archeologists as a drinking vessel, of the bronze age, a full-sized drawing of which is represented in Plate LXXVII. The skeleton appears to be that of a young person 5 feet 6.5 inches in height; the skull, brachycephalic, is a very good typical example of a bronze age skull. See Plates LXXVIII. and LXXIX. All the teeth were perfect. 24 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXVI. RELICS DISCOVERED IN BARROW No. I., RUSHMORE PARK. BRONZE PERIOD. Fig. 1.-Fragment of rim of grey pottery, well baked and smooth, without grains, ornamented under the rim by two grooves.* Fig. 2.-Fragment of rim of hard sandy pottery, ornamented with a horizontal raised band, 0·90 inch beneath the rim on the projecting part of the side. Found 5 feet north of centre. Fig. 3 and 3A.-Fragments of light-coloured pottery of similar quality to Fig. 1. Fig. 4.-Five fragments of bronze, probably the remains of some bronze implement. Found near the burnt bones and in the part occupied by the ashes of the pile, 2 feet 2 inches deep and 1 foot 7 inches north of centre, в on Plan and Section of Barrow I., Plate LXXV. Fig. 5.-A well-formed flint borer, 3.9 inches long, chipped all along the edge. Found at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches beneath the surface within the part occupied by the ashes of the pile, H on Plan and Section, Plate LXXV. One very similar was found in Barrow VIII., Tinkley Down. (See Fig. 4, Plate LXXXIX.) Figs. 6 and 7.-Two well-formed flint scrapers found, one at a depth of 2 feet 2 inches and the other at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches beneath the surface outside the area occupied by the ashes of the pile, A and G on Plan and Section, Plate LXXV. Fig. 8.-Flint saw, well serrated at the edge, found at a depth of 2 feet 3 inches beneath the surface outside the area occupied by the ashes of the pile, c on Plan and Section, Plate LXXV. * The sections of the rims in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 3A, have, by mistake, been turned the wrong way. PLATE LXXVI. 2 1 -12 6 1/2/24 -~ 1424 -12 8 4 --- 124 5 14 3 30 14 9 7 -12 -12 UNIV OF Wyman&Sons. Photo Litho Gt Queen St London,W.C. RELICS DISCOVERED IN BARROW NO. 1, RUSHMORE PARK, BRONZE PERIOD. Barrows near Rushmore. 25 Fig. 9.-Boat-shaped flint implement, found at a depth of 2 feet 4 inches beneath the surface, D on Plan and Section, Plate LXXV. The pottery found in this barrow was of superior quality to most of that found in the other barrows, being hard and close grained, without large fragments of flint, and are fragments of smaller vessels than those of Nos. III. and IV. Barrows. Nine pieces were found in all, interspersed throughout the material of the barrow and not necessarily having any connection with the interment, though probably of the same period. E 26 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXVII. DRINKING VESSEL DISCOVERED WITH INTERMENT IN BARROW No. XX., RUSHMORE PARK. BRONZE PERIOD. This vessel was found complete, as shown at a on Plan and Section of Barrow XX., Plate LXXV., at the feet of the skeleton, and at a depth of 2.2 feet beneath the surface. It is 8.1 inches high, the diameter of the mouth being 5'94 inches, and the thickness 0.22 inches. It is ornamented on the outside from top to bottom with encircling lines of grooves, bands, and small square dots, and resembles in form and size the one found with the Bronze Age interment in the Romano-British village at Rotherley, which is figured and described in Plate XCII. It is here represented full size. ; PLATE LXXVII. OF Wyman & Sons,Litho CQueen St London.W.C. DRINKING VESSEL, DISCOVERED WITH INTERMENT IN BARROW 20, RUSHMORE PARK, BRONZE PERIOD. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLATES LXXVIII. AND LXXIX. إن Skull (five views) of Male Skeleton (No. 1 Bronze Age), found lying on its left side at a depth of 3 feet beneath the crest in an oval grave in Barrow No. XX., Susan Gibbs' Walk, Rushmore Park. (For plan and section of Barrow see Plate LXXV.) The vertebral column was directed true North and South, the upper part of the body being to the North. The head was detached from the body and was found resting on its base in front of the breast. The arm-bones were also somewhat scattered above the head, and the legs were drawn up in the usual position of bronze age interments. At the feet was an ornamental drinking vessel, figured on Plate LXXVII., and described on the accompanying page. No other relics were discovered. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Length. 1 2 No. Skull. Femur. 1 2 Index. 1 2 MEASUREMENTS OF SKULL. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. 1 580 174 174 147 845 845 131 753 753 100 103 103 49 22 449 33 40 825 1350 120 327 108 291 110 330 96 106 96 133 37 Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Tibia. diameter. Antero-posterior - - Transverse Diameter of Shaft. ▼ Latitudinal Index. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Length. Fibula. MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB BONES. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Mean. Right 459 90 196 376 80 212 33 26 788 W W W 318 70 220 214 45 184 267 39 146 W W W 5' 4.8" 5' 6'5" 5' 6'6" Left.. W W W 377 77 204 33 25 757 363 32 88 317 68 214 W W W 267 37 138 152 40 263 OTHER MEASUREMENTS. REMARKS BY DR. BEDDOE, F.R.S. Male. Typical example of bronze period skull in every point, prominent superciliary ridges, prominent arched nose, large mouth, heavy lower jaw with strong chin, somewhat flat back-head, norma verticalis pear-shaped, norma occipitalis well filled. Greatest breadth parietal. Estimated Stature as computed from + + All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. PLATE LXXVIII. -IN 2 2 흐 ​Wyman & Sons Litho,G:Queen St London.W.C SKULL OF SKELETON, DISCOVERED IN BARROW 20, RUSHMORE PARK. BRONZE PERIOD, PLATE LXXIX. 4 -N 3 11/24 5 SKULL OF SKELETON, DISCOVERED IN BARROW 20, RUSHMORE PARK. BRONZE PERIOD. 28 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES LXXX. AND LXXXI. BARROWS ON BARROW PLECK, RUSHMORE PARK. BRONZE PERIOD. This is a collection of large barrows near the South Lodge. They were covered with a thick growth of hazel and other underwood. One of the barrows-marked by a dotted circle-had been destroyed before my arrival at Rushmore in 1880. The earth of the barrow had been removed and a good urn found in it, which had been broken and scattered, but I was fortunate enough to recover one of the fragments which had been preserved by the estate carpenter, and which is represented in Fig. 3, Plate LXXXVII. Plate LXXX. gives a general plan of the barrows and of an oblong entrench- ment, which has not yet been excavated, being covered with hazel. Close by is seen one of the cultivation terraces which abound in these woods, and are so frequently associated with ancient remains generally of the Roman Age. Plate LXXXI. gives plans of each barrow on an enlarged scale, with the sections and the positions of the objects discovered. An enlarged plan of Barrow 21 is given on Plate LXXXV., it having been opened subsequently to the others. There were no traces on the surface of any of the ditches surrounding these barrows, all of them having been completely silted up by the material washed down from the barrows. Here, as in the barrows in Scrubbity Coppice, to be described further on, the small barrows had no ditches, which is probably owing to the facility with which the material for a small barrow was transported, whilst in a large barrow it was necessary to obtain it by digging in the immediate vicinity of the mound. This, at least, appears to be a more reasonable hypothesis than of supposing these different kinds of barrows to be constructed by different people having different customs, or to mark the graves of persons in a different class of life for which there is no warrant in the relics discovered. PLATE LXXX. 100 に ​JAN D PLAN OF BARROWS AND ENTRENCHMENT, ON BARROW PLECK, RUSHMORE. ... MAG. NORTH TRUE NORTH • Will Wl//v.. པ་ Ilm.. ENTRENCHMENT BRIIH /་་་་་ ་་་་ད་་་ いぶ ​l༦་ SOUTH LODGE. SCALE OF FEET 80 60 40 20 100 All... %“.. ར་་་ད་དངང་ VW ...1... ་་་ ་་་་་ • WER volum. 味 ​willie.. 14. win... www.lib... W ༞༢. ས་*་ SOUTH IM Ин. UPPER いい ​1122 . السيد ་་་ ייין וויי. wig.... R ... llan... HANNY མཁན་ཟ//11ལ་ ה/יייי D O ...ellen... ་་་་་、 ས་t་་་ ་ ...... U D ་་་ 290 • ་་་་ ་ D M willen E ROAD TO RUSHMORE. ་་{་་་་... spikes... willey BARROW 18. M NO INTERMENT. .1/4. ทง ་་་ Th SOUTH ་་་: .. N ་་་་་་ S 2/2 *** M 、、、、、 bu... "/1 ་.. Allio. יי?" ... -ཁཤཀ}}ད་བ TO RUSHMORE Mr.. K ROAD BARROW 3. Central AND INTERMENTS, SECONDARY OLD BARROW DESTROYED. BARROW4. URN, BURNT BONES, RED SAMIAN WARE IN DITCH. ་། Maviite ***** ・バ ​willen. tina www.lpp... 行​灬 ​པ་་་་་ Mr. ";"" v..... ว .... ে ין . .. ./..... sillte si O wh.. 3 བ་་་ff. BARROW 2. BURNT BONES. ا.... CAUSEWAY BARROW 21. ་་་་་་ BURNT BONES ་་་་་་ ן זיי ... in- Al · -| ¢ Wyman&Sons, Photo-Litho. GtQueen St London, WC. CKE E PLATE LXXXI. PLANS AND SECTIONS OF BARROWS ON BARROW PLECK, A 1081 24 6 16.6 Showing the Original Ditches as Re-excavated by General Pitt-Rivers. Q:FF BARROW 4. 0.6 1301 0:91 36'6 12.0 RUSHMORE. BARROW 3. BARROW 2. 15'0' 11.0" 12'6 410.0 DITCH BARROW No. 2. 120" 2'3" RN F + APPARENT Reference to Soils. Brown Mould mixed with Chalk Undisturbed Chalk. -10 LIMIT BURNT BONES. PLAN DITCH SCALE OF FEET. FOR BARROWS 2.3.& 4. 10 BARROW No. 4. 29 20' 10'5 15:50 DITCH 50% 0.06 2.8 C.OL 20 80 20' 29 13:50 13.25 Ω ROAD Ditch here not re-excavated in consequence of position of road! A DIT CH 14564 ག་ søml S PLAN R B UR 40 SCALE FOR SECTION THROUGH BARROWS 60 10 20 40 2 3 AND 4. 100 12,0 80 FEET BARROW No. 3. DITCH H to 26'6 109° 18'316 80 80' DITCH 10' 26' 286 H 19.9. n Causeway 72 N P 1 25 380 །བ PLAN n 20 BARROW No. 18. ら ​DITCH 10' 15 20 M T DITCH Ditch here not re-excavated in consequence of position of tree. 1 5 20 THE DOTTED LINE THUS.. MARKS THE AREA OF THE CUTTING PLAN 30 M X SCALE OF FEET .. 40 50 jk Barrows near Rushmore. 29 BARROW II.—A small tumulus, with a central interment by cremation, the bones and ashes neatly placed in a round basin-shaped hole cut in the solid chalk floor in the centre. No pottery or charcoal, but several flint flakes were found. BARROW III.-In the centre were found two interments by cremation, in round basin-shaped holes, cut in the chalk floor, which were neatly filled with the burnt bones and ashes. To the south were eight secondary interments by cremation, in similar holes, and one crouched skeleton. In several of the holes, with the burnt bones, were placed fragments of coarse British urns. None of them contained a whole urn, and the fragments of more than one urn were mixed with the same interment. It is evident that they must have been put in as fragments to mark the spot. Several of the holes were covered with a large flint. The fact of finding a crouched skeleton as a secondary interment, the primary one having been by cremation, and several of the secondary ones also, is interesting. It shows that cremation and inhumation were probably practised simultaneously, as has already been conjectured by previous explorers. It is also noteworthy that the secondary interment by inhumation, and one of the cremated interments separate from the rest, were made in a small causeway left in the undisturbed chalk in the ditch about 15 feet broad, the centre of which bore South 14° East of the centre, which was also about the line of the centre of the secondary interments within the barrow. These holes, the exact dimensions of which are given in the Relic Table, page 11, I have cemented over to preserve them, and to show the relative positions of the primary and secondary interments. The practice of burying the secondary interments on the south or south-east side of a barrow has been alluded to by Canon Greenwell and others, and a parallel has been drawn between this ancient pre-historic custom and the still prevalent superstition in many places in England concerning burial on the south side of a church. This barrow affords a very excellent illustration of the custom, and has been carefully preserved my me on this account. Plate LXXXI., N N.-Two primary interments, one of which contained fragments of pottery and the other none. n, n, n.—Secondary interments by crema- tion, some of which contained fragments of pottery and the others none. P-marks of a stake hole filled with decayed wood, which was cleaned out and a cast taken of the hole. I would suggest that this may have been a standard placed close to the primary interment to mark its position, perhaps bearing the banner or insignia of the buried person. o, o.-Fragments of pottery. BARROW IV. This large barrow was dug into from the south side. Near the centre in the chalk floor at S, a circular basin-shaped cavity was found 2 feet 9 inches in diameter which, though clearly cut in the chalk, contained nothing, but a cremated body was found at T just outside on the chalk floor, and distributed round the bones were three stake holes, V V V, one of which was in the basin-shaped cavity. A British urn was found about the same level at R, 10 feet to the north-east of the bones and on the opposite side of the basin-shaped cavity. It was standing on its 30 Barrows near Rushmore. * proper bottom and contained nothing. The upper part had been broken off, the remaining portion being about 10 inches high. This urn is represented in Plate LXXXVII., Fig. 1. It is ornamented, or rather strengthened, by six vertical bands raised upon the surface of the pot, in which respect it resembles one found near Wardour, the fragments of which were presented to me by Lord Arundell. Other fragments found in this barrow are represented in Figs. 3 and 6, Plate LXXXVI. BARROW XVIII.--This barrow contained nothing but a flint scraper found at Y, and some fragments of pottery of a superior quality found at X, and at Z in the ditch (Plate LXXXI.). All these Barrows have now been restored and turfed over, leaving their ditches open. 32 Barrow's near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES LXXXII., LXXXIII., AND LXXXIV. PLANS AND SECTIONS OF BARROWS IN SCRUBBITY COPPICE, HANDLEY, DORSET. BRONZE PERIOD. A collection of seven barrows of various sizes, numbered IX. to XV., situated on the brow of the hill on the north edge of Tarrant's Bottom-(see Map of Environs of Rushmore, Plate I.)—opened between the 15th of December, 1882, and April 6th, 1883. For the details see Relic Table, page 14. Plate LXXXII. gives a survey of the barrows with the ditches excavated. No trace of the ditches were seen before the excavation commenced, as they were completely silted up by mould washed down from the barrows. The plate represents the barrows as they are now left after excavation and after being restored. The The gaps shown in the line of the ditches of Barrows X. and XII. are places where the ditch was not excavated in consequence of a tree. They are not original gaps. Plate LXXXIII. shows the details of the excavations and the positions of the objects discovered, as well as contours of one foot vertical height, showing the general slope of the hill. Plate LXXXIV. gives the sections through the barrows on the several lines marked on the plan. BARROW IX.—A section was cut on a magnetic N and S line, laying bare the original chalk surfaces of the ground everywhere. During this process the ditches of the barrow were found at the north and south of the section, and they were then dug out all round the barrows. In the centre of the barrow at C a wooden boat-shaped coffin of oak 4′ 2″ in length, and 1′ 9″ greatest width was found. It appeared to be hewn out of a solid trunk, and was boat-shaped, narrowing towards what might be called the bows (see Model, Fig. 4, Plate LXXXVII., on which a drawing of the coffin is given, and a brief notice of similar interments in tree coffins.) The small end was directed E. 15° S. (true). In it were the ashes of a burnt body; PLATE LXXXII BARROW XV. 1 PLAN OF BARROWS, SCRUBITTY COPPICE, HANDLEY, DORSET, BRONZE PERIOD. SHOWING THE ORIGINAL DITCHES RE-EXCAVATED BY GENERAL PITT-RIVERS. D BARROW XIII. MAG. N BARROW XII. BARROW IX. BARROW XI. 10 Scale of Feet 20 30 40 60 60 BARROW X DITCH BARROW XIV. D T C Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho GtQueen St London, WC $ PLATE LXXXIII. 71 10 PLAN OF BARROWS, SCRUBITTY COPPICE, HANDLEY, DORSET. BRONZE PERIOD. MARKING THE POSITION OF THE SEVERAL FINDS. NOTE.-THE DOTTED LINE THUS SHOWS THE MARGIN OF THE EXCAVATION. 8: 12 BARROW XIII PPARENT IMIT. 13. AP PRAREN LIMIT ΥΓ Z BARROW XV 8 MAGNETIC NORTH, TRUE NORTH. BARROW XII APPARENT 13' 2. 12 LIMIT. BARROW XI 10° SCALE OF FEET. 30 BARROW X BARROW IX OOF PATH 10' BARROW XIV 60 90 8 ML K DD PANINIK NEWS U B ОТРАТА 2' J' E APPAR LIMITI Wymau & Sons Litho GQueen St London WC. PLATE LXXXIV. 40°0" U 7:50 22 84.8 N 1 1 OLE 8.90 Ι =7651 Sss 35 DITCH 90.9 06.2 A DITCH 4–2:5 22.8 5.75 BARROW XI. SECTION (III) ON LINE N O OF PLAN. 350° 30'0 250 06.9 098 BITCH 8.30 +20 8.55 6.35 200* 15'0" 100 76" 50" TT 26:2" *7-64 01.8 564 19 44 SECTIONS OF BARROWS IN SCRUBITTY COPPICE, HANDLEY, DORSET. BRONZE PERIOD. BARROW IX.-SECTION (I) ON LINE A B OF PLAN. 767 } 1 2010 7258 650 Fot 3:501 364 633 f BARROW ✔ X.-SECTION (II) ON LINE HI OF PLAN. 15 870 06.0 BARROW XIV. SECTION (IV) ON LINE P Q OF PLAN. 10:00 P 200 008-9 +9901- 0.080 ·9.4– I 1 BARROW XII.-SECTION (VI) ON LINE U V OF PLAN, 7:20 7.0 1:0. 9.10 9-60 -910 REFERENCE TO Surface Mould. Reddish-Brown Mould. Reddish-Brown Mould, with Flints. SOILS Flints. Charcoal. Light-Brown Mould (Barrow XII). 10 Chalk rubble mixed with Mould. Undisturbed ground. 006 46 76 6:50 70·85 38.9 126 176 22'6" 27′6″ 32'6 +-56-- K-40=20182 EDITCH 1 6.03 5:50} 10:0' S 6·72 5801 1 DITCH BARROW XV. SECTION (V) ON LINE S T OF PLAN, 9.73 2:7 BARROW XIII. 37'6" 426" 5.80 OL.9. 570 Scale of Feei to Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 Scale of Feet to Section 6. (Barrows 12, 13).. 15 40 20 25 30 35 40 Wyman&Sons. Photo-latho G'Queen 5'London.W.C 879 476 526 -8:50 DITCH T 565 555 B Barrows near Rushmore. 33 this is remarkable, as the form of the coffin indicates that it might have been intended for a burial by inhumation. D D D, patches of charcoal; at E a half-formed celt DD was found (see Fig. 9, Plate LXXXIX.). Some fragments of pottery of a red sandy texture were found, but mostly in the silting of the ditch, and they may therefore belong to a later period than the construction of the barrow. 595 flint flakes and 4 worn pebbles were also found in the barrow. BARROW X.-A section 20 feet wide was cut along the line H-I. The ditch surrounding the barrow was found in the same position as in No. IX., and the silting was dug out. In the centre, at J on Plan and Section, an urn of coarse British pottery (Fig. 2, Plate LXXXVIII.) was found in an inverted position 3′ 31″ beneath the surface, but no burnt bones or relics of any description were found in or beneath the vessel. A depression of about 14 inches deep had been dug in the chalk floor and the urn placed therein. Allowing for the surface mould, the hole originally dug must have been deeper beneath the surface than this. Traces of charcoal occurred at a depth of about 2′ 3″ at M, and a finely chipped celt (Fig. 5, Plate LXXXIX.), partly polished, was found 1′ 9″ beneath the surface (at K on Plan and Section). No pottery of the kind found in Barrow IX. was found in this barrow, but several frag- ments of coarse British pottery of the same quality as the urn were found at the spots marked L on Plan. It may be thought perhaps that this barrow was not sufficiently excavated, and no doubt something may have been missed in this way, but the large barrows generally are very unproductive, and the centre and southern part as well as the ditch was sufficiently explored. BARROW XI. This was a small mound of very slight elevation, composed entirely of chalk flints. A deposit of charcoal extending over a space of about 9 feet 6 inches by 4 feet was found, but no burnt bones. It appears probable that a body must have been burnt on this spot, and the bones may perhaps have been removed from it and buried elsewhere. The peculiar form of the deposit as shown on the plan looks as if the bones may have been scraped out and collected from the centre of the burnt ashes. BARROW XII.-This was a comparatively high barrow, composed at top entirely of chalk flints. It had a depression in the centre which looked as if it had been opened at some time. Beneath this, cut in the chalk floor, was a grave (a, a, a, a,) with nothing in it, but a well-chipped thumb-flint (Fig. 6, Plate LXXXIX.), which was found at X nearly at the bottom. The grave was filled with mould which formed a mound over it with a deposit of chalk flints over that. At w, just on the edge of the grave, and at a depth of 3 feet 2 inches beneath the surface, was found a burnt body occupying a space of 6 inches by 8 inches. This must have been a secondary interment, and the body for which the grave had been dug must have decayed, or had been removed. The ashes of the secondary interment must have been burnt elsewhere, collected and buried here. A rudely-formed flint celt was found at Z in the silting of F 34 Barrows near Rushmore. the ditch; a fragment of a drinking vessel ornamented with parallel and diagonal rows of dots of a well-known bronze age type (Fig. 7, Plate LXXXVI.), was found at Y, two other fragments of the same were found elsewhere in the barrow; a fragment of rim of superior and harder quality represented by Fig. 2, Plate LXXXVI., was found in the silting of the ditch. Here, therefore, as in the other barrows in Scrubbity, a superior quality was found in the silting of the ditch to that found in the body of the barrows which shows that in later, and probably in Roman times, this pottery must have been scattered, accidentally or otherwise, upon the barrows, and must have been washed down and silted up in the ditches before the latter were completely silted up. The sequence of the periods is very clearly marked by this means. BARROW XIII.-In the centre of this small mound, which had a very slight elevation, as shown in the section, and at a depth of 8 inches beneath the surface, a deposit of charcoal--d d-extending to about 5 feet across, was found, with burnt bones intermingled with it. Here a body must have been burnt on the surface, and heap of flints and earth made over it without collecting or removing the burnt body. No pottery, but twenty-seven flint flakes were noted. BARROW XIV.-This had a scarcely perceptible elevation above the surface, as shown in the section. Indeed, had it not been for the vicinity of the other larger barrows, it would probably not have been noticed. In the centre, at R on Plan and Section, an urn (Fig. 1, Plate LXXXVIII.) was found standing upright on its proper bottom, very much fractured by the roots of the underwood which grew over the whole of the barrow. The top of it was 1 foot 5 inches beneath the surface. It had an overhanging rim, and was ornamented with triangular lines. In it was a cremated interment, and a quantity of minute flint flakes and chips. The chalk floor on which it stood was 3 feet 6 inches beneath the surface. No charcoal or other relics were observed, except thirteen flint cores and 303 flint flakes distributed throughout this small barrow. The practice of filling the urns with small flint chips has been noticed in this neighbourhood by myself and others. An urn in a barrow near Winkelbury Camp, described elsewhere in this volume, was completely filled and covered with small chips both inside and out. BARROW XV.-Nothing was found in this heap, and I am doubtful whether it may not have been merely a heap of stones thrown out from the depression at the top of Barrow 12 already mentioned. 36 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXXV. PLAN AND SECTION OF BARROWS IN SCRUBBITY COPPICE, ALSO OF No. XIX. IN CHALKITS COPPICE AND XXI. IN BARROW PLECK. BRONZE PERIOD. BARROWS XVI. and XVII. were in Scrubbity Coppice, though not marked in the Plan, No. XVI. being about 175 feet to the north-west of Barrow XII., Barrow XVII. about 50 feet west of Barrow XVI. and Barrow XIX. in Chalkits Coppice, to the east of Barrow Pleck. Barrow XXI. is one of those represented in the plate of barrows on Barrow Pleck, which was excavated subsequently to the others. BARROW XVI.—Plan and section of barrow. The section was taken on the line A B of Plan in the direction of mag. north and south. cc, burnt flints; D, charcoal, depth 2 feet 1 inch near the centre; E, British urn (Fig. 3, Plate LXXXVIII.), 1 foot 21 inches high, of brown pottery without grains found in an inverted position at a depth of 1 foot 8 inches beneath the surface. It has an overhanging rim and was found filled with mould, in which were the remains of a cremated interment. A depression about 12 inches deep had apparently been dug in the chalk floor to receive it. Making allowance for the surface soil, the original hole must have been deeper; F, hole 11 inches deep filled with mould; &, depression 12 inches deep in natural chalk, having smooth and apparently cut sides. Filled with brown mould. Holes in close proximity to an interment have been frequently found in barrows of the bronze age, and it has been suggested that they were made for the insertion of food, but their use is enigmatical. Depressions resembling a grave with nothing in them were found in other barrows. Their use is obscure, and it is also to be borne in mind that when the chalk floor is so carefully examined, as in the case of the excavation of a barrow, irregularities in the apparent surface may sometimes be mistaken for graves which are in reality only natural inequalities. No ditch was discovered surrounding this barrow. BARROW XVII. Plan and section of barrow. The section HJ, was taken on the line HJ of Plan in the direction of mag. north and south. K, hole 2 feet 2 inches beneath surface, 1 foot 6 inches across at top, 3 inches at bottom; depth PLATE LXXXV. | PLANS AND SECTIONS OF BARROWS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF RUSHMORE, WILTS. BARROW 16. Scrubbity Coppice, Handley, Dorset. A 20 :5 JC' BRONZE PERIOD. BARROW 17. Scrubbity Coppice, Handley, Dorset. c 6:30. 565 3.75 APPARENT LIMIT C F PLAN DEPRE C • Scale for Barrows 16, 17, 19. SCALE OF 10 5 10 45 20 25 30 35 40 FEET. 32°30' 26 ر 08.9 www 6.70 DC R BARROW 19. Chalkits Coppice, Rushmore, Wilts. 22 18 DI TÍCH 7:26 208.F 10' 6' 0' 2' 6 10' 3:50 1.032 5.36 -7.30 =6·40 =750 08.9= 16' 22 26′ 30°32′ M 3:50 consequence. Ditch here not re-excavated PLAN in DITCH M DITCH 10' U 00:5 REFERENCE 25 15' 5:90 ar. 9 5 Ο 8.8 } APPARENT LIMIT. PLAN 4.40 10' TO SOILS. Brown Mould. Chalk Rubble. Y Reddish-Brown Loam. A Brown Mould and Flints. Black Mould. Undisturbed Ground. BARROW 21. Barrow Pleck, Rushmore, Wilts. 4.54 4.85 6 3' 09.t 34 4.40 A PPARENT W PLAN SCALE OF FEET. 65 4.35 J 5·20 4.40 5510 LIMIT UNIE OF 0s.t Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho GtQueen St London,W.C. N 9 5.95 Barrows near Rushmore. 37 1 foot 2 inches. Smooth sides, filled with black mould. This probably must have been made for the same purpose as in Barrow 16, and the burnt bones must have disappeared through decomposition. Although burnt bones are usually well preserved, there are, no doubt, instances in which they entirely disappear. BARROW XIX.-Plan and section of barrow. The section (LM) was taken on the line LM of the Plan in the direction of mag. north and south, and the original ditches are shown as re-excavated. NN, Depth dug to in the undisturbed chalk, 4 feet beneath the surface; PP, this rise in the undisturbed chalk shows a part in which the undisturbed chalk was harder and firmer than in the remainder of the cutting, which latter was dug out to make sure that there was no grave. Q, Fragment of hard grey pottery; R, Flint thumb scraper, depth 15 inches; s, flint scraper, depth 1 foot 10 inches beneath the surface; TL, fragments of pottery in ditch, depth 14 inches. All these fragments were of hard quality and may probably be of subsequent date to the construction of the barrow. The ditch, 8 feet wide at top, 2 feet 4 inches at bottom, and 3 feet deep was the largest found in connection with a barrow. A considerable depression at the top of this barrow showed that it had in all probability been opened before. No interment was found. BARROW XXI.-Plan and section of barrow. The section was taken on the line uv of Plan (see also Plate LXXX.), in the direction of mag. north and south. w, Basin-shaped depression filled with black mould containing an interment by cremation. Four fragments of coarse, brown, British pottery with grains were found with the burnt bones. This was a very small barrow of such slight elevation that it was not noticed at the time of the excavation of the adjoining barrows. 38 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXXVI. ORNAMENTAL POTTERY FROM BARROWS, RUSHMORE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. BRONZE PERIOD. Fig. 1.-Fragment of pottery of red sandy texture, 0.31 inch thick, ornamented with rows of triangular punch marks. Found at a depth of 2 feet 1 inch beneath the surface in the silting of the ditch, Barrow 9, Scrubbity Coppice (G on plan, Plate LXXXIII.). Fig. 2.-Fragment of rim, 0.50 inch in thickness, of hard grey pottery of superior quality. Found at a depth of 4 inches in the ditch, Barrow 12, Scrubbity Coppice. This piece may probably be of the Roman age. Fig. 3.-Fragment of smooth, apparently hand-made, pottery, 0.28 inch in thickness, ornamented with incised horizontal lines and triangular punch marks. Probably British. Found in Barrow 4, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. Fig. 4.—Fragment of fine black pottery, 0.24 inch thick, ornamented with a groove round the rim on the outside. Found in the silting of the ditch, Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. This piece, from its position and quality, might be Roman. Fig. 5.-Fragment of bronze, 0.40 inch in length. Found in the silting of the ditch, Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. Fig. 6.-Fragment of smooth pottery, 0.28 inch in thickness, ornamented with hori- zontal and diagonal lines. Found in Barrow 4, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. Probably British. Fig. 7.-Fragment of smooth rim (probably of a food vessel) of reddish-brown pottery, 0.28 inch thick, ornamented with parallel and diagonal rows of small punctured dots. Found at a depth of 1 foot 5 inches beneath the surface, at 12 feet south-west of centre of Barrow 12, Scrubbity Coppice. Fig. 8.-Fragment of wide expanding rim of hard, coarse, brown pottery, 0.38 inch thick, mixed with fine grains of quartz or flint, probably Romano-British. Found in the silting of the ditch of Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. PLATE LXXXVI. Ź 10 7 cu/10 стро || = خدایه N/ 4 8 ORNAMENTAL POTTERY, FROM BARROWS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF RUSHMORE. BRONZE PERIOD. ÷ --- 2 5 6 ÷ plav 12 Wymian&Sons, Litho.G!Queen St London.W.C. 2 куро 3 Barrows near Rushmore. 39 Fig. 9.-Fragment of rim of coarse British hand-made pottery, 0.30 inch thick, mixed with grains of flint; ornamented with two rows of punch marks 0.36 inch apart. Found at a depth of about 6 inches beneath the surface in Barrow VI., Tinkley Down, Rushmore (see map of Rushmore and District, Plate I.). Fig. 10.—Fragment of rim of coarse British pottery, 0.34 inch thick, containing grains of silex and ornamented with two rows of circular punch marks 1.50 inch apart. Found in one of the secondary interments, marked "n," Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore (Plate LXXXI.). 5 Fig. 11.-Fragment of coarse brown British pottery, 0.36 inch thick, with rim § inch wide, mixed with grains of flint, the edge impressed with indentations, and having a row of oblique indentations at 2 inches below the rim. Found in one of the secondary interments marked "n," Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore (see Plan and Section, Barrow 3, Plate LXXXI.). Fig. 12.-Fragment of rim of coarse brown British pottery, 0.36 inch thick, ornamented with two rows of circular punch marks 0·63 inch apart, and mixed with grains of flint. Found in Barrow 6, Tinkley Down, Rushmore. (See map of Rushmore and District, Plate I.) The quality of the pottery found in the body of the barrows differs from that of the pieces found in the ditches of the barrows in being generally of coarser construction, either quite smooth or mixed with grains of flint; whilst that found in the ditches is of harder texture and better baked. As the ditches of the barrows had silted sequently to their construction, it is probable that these pieces have become mixed with the silting in more recent and presumably Roman times. up sub- 40 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXXVII. URN FOUND IN BARROW No. IV., BARROW PLECK, FRAGMENT OF POTTERY FOUND IN AN ADJOINING BARROW, AND FACSIMILE OF OAK COFFIN FOUND IN IN BARROW IX., SCRUBBITY COPPICE. BRONZE PERIOD. Fig. 1.--Portion of hand-made urn, about 10 inches in diameter and 0.38 inch average thickness, ornamented and strengthened by six vertical and slightly raised ribs passing from top to bottom on the outside. Found 7 feet to the east of the centre in Barrow 4, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore (R. Plate LXXXI.). The portion found, stood on its proper bottom and measured 10 inches in height. The upper part was wanting and appears to have been destroyed before putting it in the barrow. This urn resembles in the vertical ribs one found on Lord Arundell's property at Wardour and presented to me by him. Fig. 2.-Fragment of rim of coarse British pottery and ornamented with a horizontal raised band, 0.75 inch wide at 2 inches below the rim, impressed with punch marks. Found in the filling of the ditch, Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. Fig. 3.-Fragment of an urn found in the barrow between Nos. 2 and 4, of which a trace only is shown on the plan, Plate LXXXI. This barrow was destroyed previously to my coming to Rushmore, and no record taken of the contents, but this fragment had been preserved by a workman and was presented to me by him. It resembles in the character of its ornamentation the fragment (Fig. 2) found in the filling of the ditch, Barrow 3. Fig. 4. Facsimile of the wooden boat-shaped coffin, identified by Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S., as being of oak; found in the centre of Barrow 9 in Scrubbity Coppice, at c on Plan, Plate LXXXIII., at a depth of 2 feet 8 inches beneath the highest part. The wood was too rotten to be removed, but its dimensions were taken carefully as it was cut away, and a facsimile of it PLATE LXXXVII. wi- 3 4 -IM 2 12 13 Wyman & Sons, Litho G:Queen St London WC. URN FOUND IN BARROW NO. 4, BARROW PLECK, FRAGMENT OF POTTERY FOUND IN AN ADJOINING BARROW, AND FACSIMILE OF OAK COFFIN FOUND IN BARROW 9, SCRUBITTY COPPICE. BRONZE PERIOD. Barrows near Rushmore. 41 made out of a new log, which is now deposited in the Museum at Farnham. Greatest length, 4 feet 2 inches, greatest width, 1 foot 9 inches, narrowing to about 1 foot wide near the point; depth of sides, 9 inches; thickness, 2 inches at the widest part of the coffin, the sides nearly upright, the bottom slightly rounded; about 7 inches at the end of the coffin had been cut into by the workman before the nature of the object was ascertained. A hole about 11 or 12 inches deep had apparently been dug in the chalk floor to receive the coffin. An interment by cremation was found inside amongst the soil, which consisted of mould and fine chalk. The central line of the coffin was E. 15° S. (true). Although the wood was exceedingly rotten the marks of it were sufficiently clear to make the measurements perfectly reliable. At page 377 of Greenwell's British Barrows numerous references are given of the occurrence of interments in tree coffins, both in this country and in Denmark. Sir R. C. Hoare also mentions them in Ancient Wilts, vol. i. page 122, 126, 185, 207, and 211. G 42 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXXVIII. URNS FOUND IN BARROWS X., XIV., AND XVI., SCRUBBITY COPPICE. BRONZE PERIOD. Fig. 1.-Urn of brown British pottery, with overhanging rim ornamented with a zigzag pattern. Height, 1 foot 3 inches; greatest circumference, 3 feet 31 inches; diameter of mouth, 101 inches. Found at a depth of 1 foot 5 inches beneath the centre in Barrow 14, Scrubbity Coppice, Rushmore. It was standing on its proper base, mouth upwards, and was filled with mould, in which were the remains of a cremated interment and numerous small flint flakes and chips (see R on Plan and Section, Barrow 14, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). It has been restored by Mr. Ready, of the British Museum. Fig. 2.-Urn of brown British pottery with overhanging rim. Height, 1 foot 2 inches; greatest circumference, about 3 feet; diameter of mouth, 8 inches. Found in an inverted position at a depth of 3 feet 3 inches beneath the surface in the centre of Barrow 10, Scrubbity Coppice, Rush- more. No burnt bones, bones, or relics of any description were found in or beneath the vessel (see J on Plan and Section, Barrow 10, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). This urn has been very much restored, but enough pieces were found to ensure the correct shape being obtained. Fig. 3.-Urn of brown British pottery with overhanging rim. Height, 1 foot 21 inches; greatest circumference, 2 feet 11 inches; diameter of mouth, 101 inches. Found at a depth of 1 foot 8 inches beneath the surface in the centre of Barrow 16, Scrubbity Coppice, Rushmore. It stood in an inverted position, and was filled with mould, in which were the remains of a cremated interment. A depression about 12 inches deep had apparently been dug in the chalk floor and the urn placed therein (see E on Plan and Section, Plate LXXXV.). 1 URNS FOUND IN BARROWS, 10,14 & 16 ScrubBITY COPPICE, 2 BRONZE PERIOD. PLATE LXXXVIII & FULL SIZE ' - NK-PHOT· SERIJE & 6. LONDON. કું 44 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXXIX. FLINT IMPLEMENTS FROM BARROWS, RUSHMORE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. BRONZE PERIOD. Fig. 1.—Flint hollow scraper; the semi-circular part at the side is hollowed by chipping, in order to form a concave edge for rounding sticks or the shafts of arrows (see Evans's Flint Implements, page 287). Found in the silting of the ditch of Barrow 3, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. Fig. 2.—Flint axe, three views, 2·10 inches greatest length, 1·13 inch width of edge ; in form similar to those found in the Danish Kitchenmiddens, chipped into shape and bruised on the sides, and the edge formed by a single transverse facet (see Evans's Stone Implements, page 62). Found at a depth of 8 inches beneath the surface in Barrow 8, Tinkley Down (see Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I.). Fig. 3.—Flint knife chipped on one side. Found in the ditch, Barrow 9, Scrubbity Coppice (see Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). Fig. 4.—Flint borer, 3.99 inches greatest length, 1·13 inch greatest width, chipped to a point at one end, nearly similar to that found in Barrow 1, Rushmore Park (Fig. 5, Plate LXXVI.). Found at a depth of 8 inches in Barrow 8, Tinkley Down (see Map of Rushmore and District, Plate I.). Fig. 5.-Finely chipped white flint celt, 4:10 inches greatest length, 2.00 inches greatest width. Found at a depth of 1 foot 7 inches beneath the surface, and 10 feet east of the centre in Barrow 10, Scrubbity Coppice (see K on Plan and Section, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). This celt has traces of grinding on the more prominent parts. Fig. 6.-Chipped thumb flint, 3.66 inches long, worn quite smooth by use at the end, and having two niches at the other for attachment to a handle. Found at a depth of 4 feet 2 inches beneath the surface in the grave, Barrow 12, Scrubbity Coppice, and 12 inches beneath the cremated interment (see x on Plan and Section, Barrow 12, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). PLATE LXXXIX. aho 4 7 2 3 cu/rs 2/10 5 ain 8 10 9 6 Wyman Sous Litho.G:Queen St London WC FLINT IMPLEMENTS FOUND IN BARROWS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF RUSHMORE. BRONZE PERIOD. Barrows near Rushmore. 45 Fig. 7.-Rudely formed flint celt 8 inches long and 4 inches wide, found at a depth of 12 inches in the ditch on the south side of Barrow 12, Scrubbity Coppice (z on Plan and Section, Barrow 12, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). This is probably an unfinished celt, and resembles in character many of those found by me in the flint manufactory at Cissbury Camp, near Worthing. (See Archæologia, vol. xlii., Part I.) Fig. 8.-Flint scraper, found at a depth of 8.30 feet beneath the surface on the old surface line, with a deposit of charcoal and burnt bones, in Barrow 5, Barrow Coppice. (See Map of Rushmore and district, Plate I.) Fig. 9.-Half-formed flint celt 5.70 inches long. Found in Barrow 9, Scrubbity Coppice (E on Plan and Section, Barrow 9, Plates LXXXIII. and LXXXIV.). Fig. 10.-Flint scraper, well formed. Found 8 or 9 feet south of the centre in Barrow 18, Barrow Pleck, Rushmore. (See Plan of Barrow 18, Plate LXXXI.) 46 Barrows near Rushmore. + DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XC. LARGE FLINT CELT, FOUND NEAR FARNHAM, DORSET. A remarkably fine chipped flint celt 9 inches long by 34 inches greatest width, found by a labourer whilst digging a hole for a post in a field adjoining my museum near the village of Farnham, Dorset. The man took it up, thinking it a remarkable stone, and then threw it away. Afterwards he thought better of it, and returned to fetch it, and finally he brought it to me, hearing that I was curious "about stones and such like." PLATE XC. FULL SIZE. LARGE FLINT CELT, FOUND NEAR FARNHAM, DORSET. Wyman & Sons Litho 3tQueen S' London WC 48 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCI. CHARACTERISTIC FRAGMENTS OF FLINT IMPLEMENTS FOUND ON THE SURFACE NEAR RUSHMORE. Fig. 1.-Fragment of polished flint celt. Found on the north side of Pitt Place, Chase Avenue, Rushmore. Fig. 2.-Fragment of small end of polished flint celt. Found at Farnham, Dorset. Fig. 3.-Small end of a polished flint celt. Found in a field at the back of the Hand-in-Hand Inn, Newtown, Dorset. Fig. 4.—Well-formed flint scraper. Found in Whitehazel Field, Rushmore. Fig. 5.—Part of a chipped flint celt. Found in a ploughed field, near Dean, Handley, Dorset. Fig. 6.-Flint knife, chipped to an even edge all round. Found at Handley, Dorset. Fig. 7.-Larger end and edge of a well-formed polished flint celt. Found at Upwood, 1883. Fig. 8.-Flint knife, evenly chipped all round. Found near Half Hide Plantation, Farnham Farm, Dorset. Fig. 9.-Roughly-formed flint celt, the edge only chipped into form, and the remaining portion left with the outside coating of the flint. Found on the surface in the Chase Avenue, Rushmore. Fig. 10.-Flint ball, chipped to a rough edge; perhaps a throw-stone. Whitehazel Field, Rushmore. Found in Flint arrowheads appear to be rare in this neighbourhood, but the surface has not yet been sufficiently searched. PLATE XCI. 4 2 3 6 7 9 8 10 20/- CHARACTERISTIC FLINT IMPLEMENTS, FOUND ON THE SURFACE NEAR RUSHMORE. H 50 Barrows near Rushmore. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCII. Drinking vessel of red earthenware 8 inches high, 5.8 inches in diameter at mouth and 3 inches diameter at bottom; thickness 0·20 inch; ornamented with incised lines as shown in the drawing. It was found broken at the feet of a contracted skeleton in the East Quarter of the Romano-British village at Rotherley in the position shown in the plan of the village, Plate XCIV., close to Pit 57. The skull was 11½ inches beneath the surface, and there was no mark or rise in the ground to show its position, but was discovered whilst trenching the surface. The form and ornamentation proves it to be undoubtedly of the Bronze Age, although found in the centre of the Romano-British village. If it had ever been covered by a tumulus, the mound had been removed by the occupants of the village without touching or probably discovering the skeleton. The bones were much decayed, although they were sufficiently distinct to enable the skeleton to be accurately drawn, as shown in the sketch of it by the side of the urn, Plate XCII. Only the right femur could be removed intact. It affords a somewhat remarkable instance of the value of anthropometric deductions that, on seeing this skeleton laid bare with the broken urn at its feet, I remarked to my assistants that, being unquestionably of the Bronze Age, it ought to turn out a larger skeleton than any of the others found in the village. Great care was in consequence taken to preserve the femur uninjured. On measuring it, it was found to be 18.85 inches (479 millimetres) in length giving an estimated stature of 5 feet 9.5 inches or 3.1 inches taller than the tallest of the other skeletons found in the village. The right forearm was across the waist, the left hand doubled up to the chin, and the legs drawn up towards the left side. The urn closely resembles both in form and size the one found with the bronze age skeleton of Barrow 20 in Susan Gibb's Walk, which is figured and described in Plate LXXVII. PLATE XCII. MAG.N N 2 LI Zyd! DRINKING VESSEL 所 ​3 FELT FIC.I. +- EARTHENWARE DRINKING VESSEL OF THE BRONZE AGE FOUND AT THE FEET OF A SKELETON WHILST EXCAVATING ROTHERLEY VILLAGE, AND SKETCH SHOWING THE ATTITUDE OF THE SKELETON, Lith • MEASUREMENTS OF MALE SKELETON (No. 2) OF THE BRONZE AGE, FOUND LYING IN A CONTRACTED POSITION AT A DEPTH OF 11 INCHES BENEATH THE SURFACE IN THE EAST QUARTER OF THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. AN EARTHENWARE DRINKING VESSEL, FIG. 1, PLATE XCII., WAS DISCOVERED AT THE FEET. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Length. 1 2 No. of Skull. 1 2 Index. 1 2 MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. 2 W 191 186 142 743 763 W W W W W W W 21 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 99 W 35 Male LIMBS. Femur. Tibia. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Estimated Stature. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-Rivers. Skull much broken and cephalic index very unreliable; prominent superciliary ridges; absat- zung; thick skull. Right 479 87 181 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 289 35 121 W W W 5′ 9.5″ * * Calculated from femur only. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. EXCAVATIONS IN ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. H 2 PLATE XCIII. PLAN OF ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. SHEWING THE UNDULATIONS OF THE SURFACE BEFORE EXCAVATION, 1886. 2 6 8 10 12 14 SCALE OF FEET. 10 50. MAG • N M Z MAIN POTTE CIRCLE ON SURFAC 2 10 12 /16 18 20 NORTH EAST EN/CLOSURE E. A T UARTER 122 24 26 28 3:0 BRANCH OF ROTHERLEY BOTTOM BROW OF WESTERN $ D U/A ARTER T A ST C S O T T ERY P H OBLONG RE SU FAC E EN CLOS o s W NOR HERN E D/G E E 16 18 ROTH SOUTHERN ليا Z R/LE Y SOUTH QUARTER W D R D 46 48 A 50 须 ​52 R Gam 28/17 30 34 38 40 STAL. 44 52 品 ​26 Wyman & Sons, Litho. GtQueen St London, W.C. 級​酒 ​22 いね ​24 51 EXCAVATIONS AT ROTHERLEY. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, WILTS. PLATE XCIV. (at the commencement of the Volume). REFERENCE was made to the exploration of this village in the first volume of Excavations in Cranborne Chase, and as the excavations were completed before that volume was issued, some of the final results were included in it. Its position is marked on the map, Plate I., which is reproduced in this volume for convenience of reference. It is 1 mile and 370 yards north-west from the centre of the Romano- British village at Woodcuts, and 1 mile 690 yards in a southerly direction from the centre of Winkelbury Camp. It occupies the brow of the hill above Rotherley Bottom, one of the deep coombs which run southward from the watershed of the Wiltshire Downs, which latter runs east and west about 1,300 yards to the north of the village. It is just outside the northern margin of the wood, and in all probability, judging from the character of the soil, it has been so situated with reference to the woody district ever since it was constructed. It is about 659 feet above mean sea level, 172 feet above Woodcuts, and 192 feet below Winkelbury Camp. Unlike the Woodcuts village it had never been explored, and I have never been able to ascertain that it had ever even been noticed until I commenced excavations in it in October, 1885. The appearance of the ground before excavation is shown in Plate XCIII., a carefully contoured and shaded plan, showing the undulations of the surface, to which I have attached the various names given to the different parts as the excavations progressed. The total area of the village was about 4 acres. An irregular main circle on the north-west, surrounded by a shallow ditch on its west and a slight rampart not more than a foot high on its east and north,* with an entrance on the south-east, opened into an oblong enclosure, which was surrounded on three sides by a slight bank about 12 inches high, having another bank leading westward from it to some traces of ancient fields. On the north-east of the main circle the north-eastern 44 * I use the word rampart for all banks, alligning ditches, although the term generally implies a larger work than is here spoken of. H 3 52 Excavations at Rotherley. side of another very shallow circle with a ditch, could be very indistinctly traced on the turf. A low bank with a shallow ditch on the east side of it ran southward from the oblong enclosure. To the east and south-east the ground was broken irregularly as shown on the plan, as far as the edge of the wood. On the east of the main circle some rather higher mounds and slightly deeper hollows served to mark the probable site of larger structures beneath the turf, and from this part two shallow terraces ran south-eastward towards the brow of the hill in the wood, and had the appearance of having been a roadway. The whole was covered with unbroken turf and a few very shallow and scarcely perceptible depressions scattered here and there over the surface, suggested the possibility of pits, but the whole series of undulations were so slight that they hardly appeared to deserve much attention had it not been for some small fragments of Romano-British pottery and a few fragments of red Samian thrown up by mole-hills in the main circle, and in greater quantities in the south-east quarter. The excavations were therefore commenced in this quarter, which seemed to promise the best results, by trenching over the surface, taking off the turf carefully in order to lay it back again when the work was completed. Pottery soon began to turn up in considerable quantities, of the same qualities that had been found at Woodcuts, including here and there a fragment of red Samian and imitation Samian made by the Romanised Britons after Roman models, with occasional fragments of the thin hard quality known as New Forest ware. The ordinary common quality was of the two kinds described in the account of Woodcuts as "superior" and "inferior," but the distinction between these two qualities, was, upon the whole, less marked than in that village. The fragments with loops were of the same form, but now and then it was composed of hard ware instead of the invariably smooth pasty quality tooled over with striations, to which we had become accustomed at Woodcuts. Before long, pits were discovered of the recognised Romano-British form which gave encourage- ment to the workmen, as we knew from experience that where one or two pits occurred more would be found. It is remarkable, however, that the pits almost invariably occurred in places where there was no mark on the surface, and the slight depressions that we had observed before commencing, seldom turned out to go deeper than the surface mould. In order to keep separate all that was found on the surface and distinguish it from anything that might be found deeper in the soil all was regarded as surface trenching which extended to 12 inches beneath the turf. Even over the pits and ditches we included the upper 12 inches in the surface deposit, so that in case any pit should have been dug and filled up early in the history of the village, its contents might not be confounded with things dropped on the surface at a later period. The chalk generally was reached at about 12 inches or less from the surface of the turf. After digging for some time the cross ditch and the south-east drain, Plate XCIV., Excavations at Rotherley. 53 were reached, which averaged 4 to 6 feet wide at the top and 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet deep. Following this southward, we found a young horse buried in a small widening of the trench marked Pit 2 on the Plan. After digging out Pit 1 north of the cross ditch, we followed the trench northward and found that a widening of it took place in the part marked pits 3 and 4. Other men were put to Other men were put to dig out the southern return of the cross ditch, which soon died out to the south. We now began to perceive that this trench, called the south-east drain on the plan, was evidently a drain similar to those which at Woodcuts led from the ditch of the main circle down to the road, and as it rose constantly as we went north, it seemed likely that it must be a drain to carry off the water from some inhabited region higher up the hill. Presently, near Pit 31, it divided into two branches, both of which were dug out, the eastern branch ending in a kind of pit or return about 70 feet to the north-east, and the other getting smaller continued to the north-west, and took its rise in the oblong enclosure which we had observed on the surface. Close to the west of the drain a grave, No. 1, was found with an extended skeleton in a well-cut grave about 2 feet 9 inches deep, the feet being directed to the south-west. The pits now began to be more abundant and were of different sizes, some 5 and 6 feet deep and others not more than 3 and 4 feet. All resembled those found at Woodcuts, and had more or less similar contents. Trenching along the ground to the east and north-east, we came upon two small drains which led into two pits, 11 and 20. This clearly showed that these pits had been dug as dry wells or cesspools to receive the water carried along the drains from a part in which huts no doubt had occupied the surface. Following up the drain which came down from the northward into Pit 20, we soon came upon a cluster of pits, 16, 23, and 24, which were at the bottom of an irregular sunken excavation, which was cleared out, and at the bottom of which, about 2 feet 6 inches beneath the surface, the marks of round structures were found, and it became evident that these were two or three huts half sunk in the ground with the pits 16 and 24 sunk near them lower still in the chalk. This was the first time we had come across traces of sunken huts, nothing of the kind having been found to our certain knowledge at Woodcuts, although one or two sunken excavations had suggested the idea of such structures, and it throws a good deal of light on the use of the pits which now appeared evidently to be refuse pits made outside the half-sunken huts. At the bottom of Pit 24 the greater part of a horse was found entire, with pottery, fragments of querns and other refuse. Another drain, Drain No. 2, was found between Drain 3 and the cluster of sunken huts, and on examining the course of these two drains it appeared evident that they had been made to drain off the water from the surface above the excavation, which would otherwise have flooded the sunken huts, and carry it, the one into the little Pit 20, and the other on to the surface of the ground lower down on the hill. 54 Excavations at Rotherley. It now appeared probable that the broken ground to the north of this cluster might perhaps be found to be another cluster of sunken huts, and we dug it out, and found, according to our anticipations, the marks of round and irregularly formed huts in the hollow, about 3 feet beneath the natural surface.* To the east of this cluster, within the sunken part, Pit 52 was found, and a drain leading distinctly into it from the part occupied by the foundations of the huts. But there was no walling in either of these clusters to define the exact dimensions of the buildings, nothing but flat, round, and irregularly formed spaces where the huts must have stood. This is a valuable discovery in relation to the use of the pits, because in Woodcuts village and in the remaining portion of Rotherley, the huts appear to have been built quite on the surface, and their position with reference to the drains and pits could only be conjectured. But here it would seem that, owing probably to the exposed position of the village, they sunk the foundation of the huts 3 feet in the ground for the sake of shelter, and by this arrangement their position with reference to the drains and pits became apparent. Near this, in trenching the surface, Skeleton No. 5 was found lying extended just beneath the turf. We now found by digging further that another drain, which we called the Eastern Road Ditch covered the upper side of the upper hut cluster in the same way that Drain 3 had done for the lower hut cluster, and was evidently meant to carry off* the water that would otherwise have flooded the sunken huts, and conduct it down the hill to the south-east into a large sink marked on the plan which was found on following the drain to the southward. Another drain called the Eastern Drain ran parallel to this to the east of it, and evidently the two together formed the drains at the sides of a road which ran down, as we had supposed, into the coomb to the East. This Eastern Drain, on being followed northward, turned to the west and communi- cated with Pit 67, which was probably another sunken hut of smaller size, and after that it was traced about 36 yards to the North, passing within 16 feet of the ditch of the North East enclosure, afterwards excavated, and leaving between it and the ditch sufficient space for another roadway, which may possibly have been another entrance to the village from the North East. This Eastern Ditch therefore appears to have formed the eastern boundary of the village, and besides its function of draining the roadway by the side of the two entrances, it may also have lined a stockade to defend this side of the village, just along the brow of the hill, but of this there is no actual evidence. To the West of the sunken huts in the South East quarter was found a hypo- caust, consisting of an oblong pit, described elsewhere, with a large stone slab placed * The earth dug out from the excavation would no doubt be piled round the huts in order to increase the shelter and it was so found heaped above the depression into the banks which we had noticed on the surface and which are shown in Plate XCIII. Excavations at Rotherley. 55 horizontally across it, about half-way down and slight marks of fire underneath. The use of this hypocaust we were unable to ascertain. Finding that pottery and the usual relics, all of which are described elsewhere, continued to turn up towards the South East of the village, we continued our trenching in that direction, and discovered a square foundation, cut level in the slope of the hill (marked Square Hut Foundation on the Plan). As this was the only square spot cut level in the village, it is reasonable to suppose it may be the site of a superior building of some kind. In it was found the Kimmeridge shale tablet figured in Plate CXVIII., with some fragments of querns, and near it Pit 69, with a short, deep drain running into it on the north side, also to the west of Pit 69, four good size post holes (marked Group 5 on plan), about 7 feet apart, which I suggest may have been the supports of small granaries, such as are still to be seen in the villages about here, standing on four supports. My reason for supposing them to be the supports of granaries is that in another similar group in the North East Enclosure some of the holes were afterwards found to be filled with grain. Going on eastward we came upon what appeared to be some foundations composed of large tabular flints. They were in two patches, one running from the sink at the end of the Eastern Road Ditch for about 95 feet to the South, and the other detached to the westward of this and contiguous to two pits, 68 and 71. There was also a row of flints under the turf running towards it from the westward. These foundations or whatever they were, were just beneath the turf, and were not visible until we trenched up to them. They consisted of a compact layer of large flints without mortar or any binding material except earth. Three little cells shown in the Plan, Pl. XCVI., were found at the edge of them, which we took for cooking places, as they were almost too small for huts. In the middle of the mass were three little pits, lined with flints. The position of this line of flint foundations running southward from the sink at the end of the Eastern Road Ditch, suggests the possibility of its having served amongst other things as a defensive wall on that side, for which purpose it is in a suitable position, the ground sloping gently from it on the outside. It is not likely that they would have defended the village with a wall in one spot unless the same or some equally efficient defence were carried all round, but it is not improbable that the stones may have originally been built higher, and that all above the surface may have been removed in after years, leaving only those beneath the turf. In this part of the South East Quarter as many as 264 fragments of querns were found, making it probable that they may have ground the wheat as well as baked it and cooked in this part of the village. Burnt flints used for pot-boiling were found thickly strewed all over the village, no less than 7,093 having been found in all. We now turned the diggers on towards the North West in the direction of the Main Circle, trenching over every inch of ground as before, after the turf was removed. Several pits were discovered, one of which, No. 38, contained a crouched skeleton, 56 Excavations at Rotherley. buried in the soil with which it was filled, but quite at the top of it, and only 11 inches beneath the surface. Another skeleton, crouched up, was found close to the surface where there was no pit, between Pits 57 and 63. This had a drinking-vessel at its feet, Plate XCII., which directly I saw it, showed me that it had nothing to do with the Romano-British village but belonged to a much earlier date, and must have been buried there before the Romanised Britons settled here. If it ever had a tumulus over it, it had been removed by the Roman people without disturbing the skeleton. I said to my assistants directly we had found the drinking-vessel, "This ought to turn out a larger skeleton than the others, being a bronze age' man," and on measuring the femur and calculating the stature from it, it was found that it was 3.1 inches taller than any other found in the village. C The oblong enclosure from which we had anticipated great results from its regular shape and from its being lined by a wall foundation of flints on two sides, disappointed our expectations; nothing being found in it but a coin of Antoninus Pius, Plate CXXIV., Fig. 7, a broken ring brooch and an iron knife. We then approached the entrance to the Main Circle. It was found that a drain ran up to the mouth of the opening, so that there were two exits divided from each other by the drain, one running to the North East, and the other to the South West, into the space between the Main Circle and the Western Ditch. The North East road outside the circle had another drain lining it on the east side. Everywhere we see the care with which the people drained every part, and the drains in some places seem to be deeper than would be thought necessary now. I have commented upon a similar condition of things at Woodcuts and used it as an argument for a heavier rainfall in those days. If we trace the lines of exit from this entrance to the Main Circle we shall see at least three diverging lines of road, either lined with drains or passing through the gaps in the drains. One to the north-east, as stated above, by the eastern side of the north-east enclosure, another to the east passing through two gaps in the drains, to the south-east through the centre of the south-east quarter. On following this line on the plan drawn before excavation, Plate XCIII., it will be seen that it is occupied by a raised ridge running throughout the centre of the south-east quarter, which was probably its road. Another exit as before mentioned led towards the south. None of these drains showed the least trace on the surface before excavating. The lines of road which they are the means of defining, show probably that they were the interspaces between huts, which stood thickly on the ground and to which probably the pits were attached. The Main Circle was now reached and trenched over. This probably represents the same feature in Rotherley as the central and north-west quarters in Woodcuts. Circles of this kind have been frequently noticed in British villages, and various uses have been assigned to them. By some they have been called "Sacred Circles," why, I know not. Had I been asked, I should have simply described them as round, and having now dug carefully over this one and excavated its ditch all round, I have little Excavations at Rotherley. 57 more to say about it. The ditch was 5 to 8 feet wide at the top and 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches in depth. It contained 10 pits of the usual form and a group of 4 stake holes, which I have supposed to be granaries (Group 1) on the west, with three other stake holes (Group 2) on the east side. All the relics and the pits were of the same kind as in the other quarters and must probably have served the same use. A British coin, Fig. 2, Plate CXXIV., was found in the bank to the east, above the ditch, a small iron sickle, Fig. 2, Plate CVI., near Pit 51, a flint arrowhead, Fig. 2, Plate CXXIII., near Pit 48, an iron knife, Fig. 8, Plate CIV., and a bronze nail-cleaner on the surface, and in the ditch a thin bronze bracelet, Fig. 3, Plate CII., a bronze fibula, Fig. 7, Plate C., bronze tweezers, Fig. 4., Plate CIII., and an iron point of a lance like a Roman pilum point. In Pit 43 some grains of wheat were found. One feature of interest was, that the ditch which was uncovered on the west side. was covered by a small bank coinciding with the direction of it on the east side. This is shown in Section III., Plate XCV., so that it appears evident that the ditch had once extended all round, and that afterwards, for some reason, it had been filled in and a bank raised over it on the east side. Does this imply less necessity for drainage and a lesser rainfall? It would hardly be safe to assume this, but it might be so. The trenching having been carried into the North East enclosure, a ditch 3 to 5 feet wide at top and 1 foot 6 in. to 2 feet 6 in. deep, was found to surround it on all but the inner side. Very slight trace of its ditch was seen on the surface. The enclosure contained two pits and two groups of stake holes, including the one which I have mentioned as containing grain, and some grain was also found in the soil about them. A narrow causeway of undisturbed chalk led over the ditch to the west, where several pits were found in the north quarter. Some of these pits, Nos. 55, 59, and 82, and one in the ditch of the Enclosure, Pit 54, contained skeletons crouched up and lying on their sides. One of the pits, No. 55, contained as many as four crouched skeletons in the positions shown in Plate CXXVII. Immediately to the north of this a ditch which seemed to have enclosed some four-sided structure and ran into a shallow depression to the west, had three crouched skeletons buried in it, at what appeared to be the corners of the building enclosed by the ditch. No trace of the building, however, was found, and it is only suggested by the shape of the ditches. Other pits continued to the northward, and to the north-west a line of shallow ditch was found bounding the village on the north-west, which may perhaps have been a stockade on this side, but no trace of such an erection could be found. In the open space between the north and east quarters which was generally bare of pits, a group of 7 stake holes (Group 6) was found, but without associated relics. The ditch on the east of the Southern Bank was dug out and found to be 76 feet in length, about 5 feet 6 inches wide at the top, and 3 feet 6 inches deep. In the silting of it had been buried two contracted skeletons 23 feet apart, lying on their side, with their heads to the north. The bones of one of them showed evidence of having been much I 58 Excavations at Rotherley. affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis during life. The drawing and description of this skeleton is given in Plates CXXVI. and CXXVIII. To the east of this between it and the south-east ditch a curious relic was found consisting of a small bronze swan with a human head on its back, Fig. 6, Plate CIII. The wings opened with a hinge and contained a cavity inside. I have not been able to find any similar object recorded elsewhere, and its use must remain an enigma. Perhaps it may have been a reliquary of some kind. Only two pits were found to the west of the Main Circle. This completes the excavations in Rotherley which occupied 8 months from October, 1885, to May, 1886; eleven to twelve men, besides the assistants, having been employed the whole time. The extent of the village far exceeded my expectations when the excavations commenced. Though not equal to Woodcuts in area, the results are of equal interest and throw light upon some points which the excavations in Woodcuts had failed to clear up. In so far as the fibulæ found in the excavations are concerned, it would appear that an equal number of them were used by the inhabitants of Rotherley as in the other village, and the same thing applies to Samian pottery found in both places. A fibula discovered on the right shoulder of Skeleton 6, in Pit 54, is of interest as showing the position in which it was worn. An iron one was found on the right hip of the same skeleton, which also proves that bronze and iron ones were in use at the same time. Most of them were of Roman form, but two may have been of earlier and late Celtic construction, but it was a shape kept up in Roman times. On the whole, the general impression conveyed by the excavations is, that Rotherley was a poorer village than Woodcuts; there was no rich quarter in it: the coins, as shown in the detailed statement of them, were much fewer, although they belonged to the same periods, commencing with two British silver coins and extending to the time of Tetricus, A.D. 272, with a gap between Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 180, and Gallienus, A.D. 253, as at Woodcuts. (See Table, Vol. I., page 162.) Only 16 oyster-shells were found distributed nearly equally over the village, which may be regarded as a sign of poverty, for the people of the Roman Age regarded them as a great luxury, and took great pains to obtain them fresh. There was no trace of ornamental plastering, which had lined the insides of a better class of straight-sided houses, as at Woodcuts. Fewer iron nails were found, and such as were found were more equally distributed in the several quarters, although comparatively few were found in pits. The horses in Woodcuts were slightly larger, and it seems probable that the larger animals would naturally become the property of the richer people. There was no well in Rotherley, and it must remain a matter of conjecture where they got their water from. Marks of an old well were seen in Malacombe Bottom, which I thought might have supplied the village, as an old road- way led down to it from the direction of the village. I had it excavated but found no trace of antiquity about it. It was modern, 89 feet deep, with a good supply of Excavations at Rotherley. 59 water at the bottom. Why it had been filled up, nobody knew. It is now used for the supply of cattle on the down. This leads me to think they must have had a well somewhere in the deep coombs on either side. I have my eye on a spot near where the Carranty Rack runs down to the bottom of Cuttice Bottom (see Map, Plate I.), and shall dig for it some day, as there was a road which led in this direction from Rotherley. Another road led from the village northward in the exact direction of the spring at Berwick St. John, but this is 1 mile 750 yards off. Under any circumstances, they must have fetched their water from a distance, and this is a sign of comparative poverty, especially as they had cattle and horses to supply. Their dogs were more uniform in size and breed. The stature of the people was slightly lower, and the supposed mixture of Roman blood, which was recognised in one of the skeletons from Woodcuts, was not observed in Rotherley. The spot is higher and less sheltered, and more likely to have been occupied by people in a lower condition of life. Numbers of new-born children were found in different parts of the village as shown in the list of them given elsewhere. It would not be safe to say that this points to infanticide, but the fact of their being all new-born, both in this village and Woodcuts is worthy of notice. Something has been done towards tracing the distribution of the various forms of pottery to other localities in the neighbourhood, as will be seen in the remarks that are devoted to the several forms in the description of the Plates. Not- withstanding the presence of one bone tool, which may perhaps be regarded as a pottery former, there is no sufficient evidence of pottery having been made on the spot in either village, and the study of the numbers and varieties of the forms will no doubt hereafter determine the localities from which they were derived. Until other villages have been excavated with equal care, it is not to be expected that much light will be thrown upon this interesting investigation. Several considerations point towards Weymouth as the source from which the various kinds of pottery may have been distributed throughout the district, and eventually, we may reasonably expect, that the trade routes will be satisfactorily determined by a careful study of the objects found in the neighbourhood. As at Woodcuts, the relics found in Rotherley show that the inhabitants were devoted to peaceful arts rather than to war, and if we may except two spear points which have some resemblance to those of the Roman pilum, no weapon of any kind has been discovered in the village, nor is there any certain evidence that the village was surrounded by any defences, notwithstanding what I have said on that subject. They were a pastoral and agricultural tribe, and very probably they devoted some attention to the rearing of horses, but they fed upon domesticated rather than wild animals, they ground their own wheat, and if we may judge by the large number of pots with holes in the bottom of them and loops for the suspension of them, it seems not unlikely that they may have been used for straining honey, in which case we may probably regard that as an important article of food.* * As at Woodcuts detached parts of human skeletons were found in two of the pits, which looks as if graves had been disturbed at some time during the period of occupation. I 2 60 Excavations at Rotherley. use. With respect to the pits, some progress has been made towards determining their None of the pits at Rotherley had the enlargement at the bottom, like some of those at Woodcuts, nor had they single and double recesses at the side of them, which in Woodcuts led it to be supposed that they might have been used for storing goods or grain. All were cylindrical or smaller at the bottom, others were square at the bottom, which might originally have been square all through, and the tops rounded by weathering, the bottoms were in many cases better preserved than the tops which may have arisen from the sides having fallen down from the top, and the débris accumulated at the bottom, thereby preserving the latter from weathering. In some cases the edges at the top seemed worn as if by people jumping in and out at one spot. Twenty of the pits are recorded as having had a layer of mould of greater or less thickness at the bottom covered with chalk rubble above, which looks as if they had been kept open some time during which mould from some cause or other accumulated at the bottom. That they were used for latrines as well as other refuse seems extremely probable. None of them had any kind of lining or puddling at the sides or bottoms. My impression is that they were filled up with earth or rubble from time to time, and the refuse covered over much as we do with our earth closets, until the pit was filled up to the top. This is the only way of accounting for the bones and other objects being found at various stages in the filling from top to bottom, and not accumulated at the bottom, although deposits of dark mould with relics were found here and there throughout the filling. The smaller and larger pits probably served the same purpose, whilst some unquestionably were dug as dry wells to receive the drainage. The supposition that they were made and filled with rubbish and shards, merely as boundary marks "arca finales," is disproved by the immense number of them in one place and by the drains connected with them. For purposes of habitation the majority of them were too small at the bottom. To suppose that they were dug expressly for burial "puits funéraires," seems also to be disproved by the facts. Why should they have dug pits 5 and 6 feet deep and filled them up again merely to bury the dead at the top of them? No skeleton was found here at the bottom of any pit, all were from a foot to 2 feet from the surface, nor were any burnt bones found in any of them; most of the workmen and my assistants were familiar with the appearance of the burnt bones of a cremated interment, and could not have failed to recognise them had they occurred, especially as they were on the look out for them. One could have understood pits dug in the first instance to place a cremated interment at the the bottom, having been afterwards used for secondary interments by inhumation at the top, but nothing of the kind was found. The reason for the pits having been used for interment appears to have been simply the greater facility with which graves could ""* * Puits funéraires Gallo-Romains du Bernard (Vendée) par MM. l'Abbé Ferdinand Baudry, La Roche- sur-Yon. MDCCCLXXIII. Excavations at Rotherley. 61 be dug in moved earth than in the undisturbed chalk, and also perhaps from their having been the only vacant spaces within the village. In two cases, the people appear to have missed the area of the pit they intended to bury in, and to have dug the grave too near the edge, in which case when they reached the chalk side of the pit, the body was put in at a higher level than the others dug well within the area of the pit. They used for burial, not the pits only, but also the ditches and drains which had silted up or been filled up. In the case of the two skeletons, 2 and 3, buried in the southern ditch; this ditch was 76 feet in length; they would never have dug a ditch of this length to bury two bodies 23 feet apart; it is evident that this ditch must have been filled up before the graves were dug and when they reached the bottom in digging the grave, the bottom being only 15 inches broad, was enlarged by digging into the chalk side as shown in the plan, Plate CXXVI., to receive the bodies. The only doubt appears to me to be as to the reason for which the pits and ditches were filled up. As to their having been made for other purposes and used afterwards for graves, no reasonable doubt can in my opinion exist. The Western ditch leads to several low lines of entrenchment to the westward which appear to mark the enclosures of fields in which the inhabitants cultivated the grain that was found in the village, so that probably the grain was grown on the spot. There are many places on the downs and in the woods where small square enclosures are to be found in association with fragments of Romano-British pottery. The remarkably low stature of the people, whose skeletons are found at Woodcuts and Rotherley, has occupied the attention of eminent Anthropologists. I have been in constant communication with Drs. Beddoe and Garson on the subject, and Professor Flower has also given me the benefit of his remarks from time to time. A summary of the measurements is given in connection with the tables of measurements towards the end of this volume, with a description of the methods taken to obtain results. I have myself referred to the subject in my inaugural address at the Annual Meeting of the Royal Archæological Institute, held at Salisbury, in 1887,* and in my paper on the subject, in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute.† Dr. Beddoe has also alluded to it in his paper "On the Stature of the Older Races of England, as estimated from their Long Bones," in the same Journal. It may not perhaps be out of place in concluding the description of this village to offer a few remarks on the bearing which these investigations have on the general question of Race in this part of the country, and in so doing I will quote from my address to the Archeological Institute as President of the Salisbury Meeting, in 1887. "Dr. Thurnam was the first to apply anthropology to the elucidation of the Wiltshire barrows, and his papers are included amongst the earliest contributions to * Journ. Arch. Inst., Vol. XLIV., p. 271. † Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. XVII., p. 190 62 Excavations at Rotherley. the newly-established Anthropological Society in 1865-7. Profiting by the contem- porary researches of Professors Thomson and Wilson in Scandinavia, and Canon Greenwell in the Yorkshire wolds, he systematised the results of Sir Richard Hoare's investigations, and separated them more definitely into those of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, which began to be finally accepted by archeologists; and about the same time the volume on 'Prehistoric Times,' by Sir John Lubbock, published in 1865, the excavations of Messrs. Lartet and Christy in the bone caves of France, and the treatises on the stone and bronze implements of Great Britain by Dr. Evans, contributed to establish what had only been lightly touched upon by the earlier writers. Thurnam reopened some of the barrows which had been examined by Hoare, and added greatly to the number by his own excavations. Sir Richard had abandoned his excavations in the long barrows as being very unproductive of relics of human workmanship, and taking no notice of skeletons, he confessed himself unable to derive any satisfactory information from them, or to determine the purpose for which they were constructed. Thurnam now showed that besides relics of the Stone Age, the long barrows contained the bones of a particular race, small in stature, averaging not more than 5 feet 5.4 inches in height as computed by the measurements of the long bones of twenty-five individuals. They had also the peculiarity of very long heads, the average breadth of which was in proportion to their length as seventy- one to a hundred, a much longer head than that of any race now inhabiting Europe. On the other hand, the skeletons found in the Round barrows he showed, by a compu- tation from the long bones of twenty-seven individuals measured by himself and others, were those of people of large stature, averaging 5 feet 8·4 inches in height or three inches taller than the long barrow people, and having heads rounder than those of any people now inhabiting Europe, the proportion of breadth being as eighty-one to a hundred. Here, then, we have undoubtedly one of the most important pre-historic discoveries of our time. By a comparison of the results of his excavations with the scanty notices of aborigines by ancient authors and the investigations of anthropolo- gists into the physical characteristics of the existing races of man, Dr. Thurnain was able to show that these two kinds of skeletons represented two great primitive races of mankind. The tall round-headed skeletons were those of the Celts, a branch of the great nomadic race of the North, which all history records under various names and in innumerable tribes and nations as having been constantly drifting westward from their original home in Northern Asia, where their representative round-headed people still exist, retaining all their pristine idiosyncrasies. These were the people whom Cæsar speaks of as the Belgæ and whom he describes as a recent importation from the Continent. The short long-headed people were the Iberians, a race about whose origin less can be said with certainty. Whilst some have been so bold as to endeavour to trace them across the Atlantic, Professor Huxley brings them by way of Egypt from the Melanesian people of Australia and the Asiatic Isles. It seems likely both Excavations at Rotherley. 63 from their stature and head form, as well as from the scanty evidence of their colour in ancient histories, that they must have had affinity for some or other of the dark races of mankind which now occupy the Southern Hemisphere. This much at any rate may be said without drawing too largely on our imaginative faculties that the round-head and light complexion is a northern, whilst the long-head and dark-skin is a southern peculiarity of the races which occupy the world at the present time, and that the two classes of skeletons found in the barrows may be those of branches of these two great primitive races which met and contended for the mastery in the British Isles at the time we are speaking of. "Thus far, the evidence derived from archæological sources is in complete harmony with tradition and with ethnology, but as we approach non-historic times and attempt to deal with the unrecorded life of the Britons, who were contemporaneous with our earliest histories, we find ourself involved in some obscurity. The extension of the Roman Empire to Britain checked for more than three centuries the westerly drifting of Nomads into Britain and turned the current of migration northward into Scotland and round to Ireland, so that at the end of that time the Britons found their Scandinavian enemies upon them from the north as well as from the east. One of the last acts of the Roman Emperors was to post a force on the east coast of England which was called the Saxon shore, to repel these invaders, but no sooner was that force withdrawn than the full tide of westerly migration set in again direct upon Southern Britain with results that are well known to us all. "During the comparative blank in history that follows that period we almost lose sight of the Britons. Whilst some believe them to have been nearly exterminated or driven westward into Brittany, others amongst them Professor Huxley-consider that the amount of Celtic blood in the veins of the modern Englishman is considerably in excess of what has hitherto been supposed. The investigations of Dr. Beddoe in England and of Drs. Broca and Topinard in France tend to confirm this view and to show that in the existing population of Europe, and in the West of England and in Wales in particular, a small dark race may still be seen, such as would correspond to the survivors of the aboriginal long barrow Britons. If, as seems probable from this, the Britons continued to exist in considerable numbers during the Saxon epoch, what became of the two distinct races, the long-headed short dark people, and the tall round-headed fair people revealed to us by the investigations in the barrows? Did they mix, and in mixing blend their physical peculiarities, or did they maintain an independent existence retaining the stature, colour, and head form that belonged to their respective stocks? In the investigation of this matter we are met with difficulties in the way of determining the nationality of skeletons belonging to the Roman age. The Romans did not invade this country alone, but brought with them auxiliaries from all parts of the world, who afterwards colonized the country, so that, as Mr. Wright has pointed out in his Celt, Roman, and Saxon,' a skeleton of this C 64 Excavations at Rotherley. . period may be of any nationality. It may be that of a Fortensian, a Tungrian, a Vetasian, a Dalmatian, a Crispian, a Spaniard, or a Dacian. These colonists, however, appear to have settled more frequently in the east and north of Britain. In the west of England, and especially in spots that are remote from the centres of Roman occupation, the probability of coming upon the skeletons of Britons is very much greater. Dr. Thurnam was of opinion that the Durotriges and Dobuni of Gloucester- shire were aboriginal races whose territory may have been encroached upon by the Belgæ, but was never entirely overrun by them. He also draws a distinction between the unchambered long barrows of Wiltshire and the chambered long barrows of Gloucestershire, for, whilst twenty-seven skulls from the unchambered long barrows of Wiltshire had a breadth index as low as sixty-nine, forty skulls from the chambered long barrows of Gloucestershire had the somewhat higher index of seventy-one, and these he considered afforded evidence of a mixture of tribes, although seventy-one is a longer skull than that of any existing European people. He thought the chambered long barrows showed by their contents that they continued to be used by the original tribes up to and within the Roman era, and the plain bowl-barrow also he believed to belong to the aboriginal tribes, whilst the bell- shaped and disc-shaped barrows were the graves of the Belgæ. It is evident, therefore, that we must not lose sight of these two distinct races in our investigations into the relics of the Romanised Britons, and the district immediately to the west of where we are now assembled, appears to be that which is likely to be most fruitful in evidence relating to that period. "As we go westward from Salisbury to Blandford we pass over a region which on two separate lines of evidence may be regarded as an ancient ethnical frontier. Here by the investigations of Dr. Beddoe and others into the physical condition of the existing population, we begin to come upon traces of the short, dark-haired people, whom he believes to be the survivors of the earliest wave of Britons. My own measurements confirm this opinion. Here also in the neighbourhood of Woodyates we cross the western boundary of the region of bell- and disc-shaped barrows which Dr. Thurnam believed to be the graves of the Belgæ and pass over to the region of the bowl-shaped barrows containing inferior relics which he conjectures to have belonged to the original Durotriges, and the twenty-one barrows which I have opened at Rushmore, to the west of this boundary line, have all been found to be bowl-barrows, or bowl-barrows with a ditch round them, which Thurnam thought to be a later combination of the bowl- and bell-shaped forms. It is a position which, probably owing to the extent of dense forest to the west and south in pre-historic times, has always afforded a standing point for the earliest races in resisting the encroachments of succeeding waves of migration from the east. Here, or hereabouts, Professor Rhys has shown that the Goidels or first wave of the Celts for some time contended against the Brythons or second Celtic invasion. Here also Mr. Green, in Excavations at Rotherley. 65 his Making of England,' proves that the West Welsh withstood the Saxons for some time after the latter had penetrated as far as Wilton. Across this region also, but a little to the east of the boundary defined by the barrows, runs the Great Bokerly Dyke, about which much has been written, but nothing known. Its direction and position show it to have been a line of boundary defence thrown up by a western people against invaders from the north and east, and a proper examination of it hereafter will be of much interest. On the whole the district is one which is especially worthy of the attention of anthropologists and archæologists. The evidence to be derived from the tumuli is now nearly exhausted, for although more remain to be opened, the majority have already been rifled, and it is to the vestiges of the Romanised Britons that we must now turn for information. "Happily the antiquities of this hitherto almost unexplored period present themselves here in great abundance. All over the hilly district, Sir Richard Hoare describes the villages of the Romanised Britons. He did not examine them carefully, as I have already said, but he made plans of a number of them which are to be seen in his great work. Two villages of this period are on my property close to Rushmore, and during the last six years I have thoroughly excavated them, trenching over every foot of ground and bringing to light all the pits, ditches and relics of the inhabitants which were to be found beneath the surface. The results of the first of these villages, viz., that on Woodcuts Common, have been put together in the quarto volume containing seventy-four plates which I am now issuing privately on the occasion of this meeting, and I hope to have the pleasure of conducting, on Tuesday, some of the members of the Society over the villages themselves and the Museum at Farnham, which contains the models of them and the relics found in them. On this account I do not propose to describe the villages now, but merely to mention the main anthropological results which have a bearing on the subject of this address. They are satisfactorily proved by the coins and all the contents to be of the Roman age but of British construction. Contrary to all expectation it was found that they were in the habit of burying their dead in their villages in pits, which had been previously made for other purposes such as storehouses or refuse pits, and of these pits 191 have been dug out in two villages. Twenty-eight skeletons were found in positions to prove that they were those of the inhabitants of the two villages. By a calculation from all the long bones it has been found that their average stature for the males was five feet two inches, and for the females four feet ten inches. This unexpected result shows that they were a remarkably short race, shorter by three inches than the short people of the long barrows, whose average height, as already mentioned, was five feet five inches. The average cephalic * In the preface to this volume I have mentioned that this has since been done, with the satisfactory result of proving it to be Romano-British of the same period as the villages. The account of it will be printed in a future issue. K 66 Excavations at Rotherley. ་ or breadth index for the males and females together was found to be seventy-four, which, by a comparison with the seventy-one of the long barrows and the eighty-one of the round barrows, shows that in head form, no less than in stature, they approach the long barrow people more closely than those of the round barrows, and the bodies being mostly crouched near the tops of the pits showed that they had retained their ancient form of burial, although the extended bodies of a few of them implies a partial introduction of more recent customs. The tibia of some of these skeletons were also decidedly platycnemic or flat-boned, more so than those of any existing European race, which is an additional link of connection with the earliest inhabitants of this country. But whilst the breadth index of the head stands intermediate between that of the long and round barrow people one or two of the skulls were markedly brachycephalic or round-headed, reaching to eighty-two, whilst one or two were hyper-dolichocephalic or markedly long-headed, reaching to sixty-eight, which exceptional extremes, according to the laws of heredity, are precisely what we should expect, on the supposition of a mixture of the two races. We may, therefore, assume as a working hypothesis, until some more reasonable theory is devised, that these people were a tribe of the Durotriges, partially mixed with the Belgæ, and also perhaps with the Romans, of which race, in the opinion of Drs. Beddoe and Garson who have examined the skulls, some trace may be seen in one or two of them. Unlike skulls of the earlier Britons, their teeth showed traces of decay and they were afflicted to some extent with rheumatoid arthritis, or 'Poor Man's Gout.' Whether the exceptionally short stature of this Rushmore tribe of Britons was accentuated by evils attendant upon slavery or by some of their largest men being drafted into the Roman legions abroad, is a point upon which we can only speculate. I shall not dogmatize or attempt to fix with precision the ethnical position of this diminutive race, for it is evident that we are only on the threshold of the inquiry. The tribe of the Roman Britons at Frilford examined by Professor Rolleston, if they were really Roman Britons,* had an average stature of 5 feet 8 inches for the males, so that a marked difference may have existed between the different tribes, as might reasonably be expected. I have another village close by to explore, after which other villages on my property remain to be examined. If it is thought that twenty-eight skeletons is a small number on which to base a calculation of stature it must be remembered that the skeletons of Ancient Britons are scarce, but, in the opinion of good physical anthropologists, the number is sufficient to form a good approximate idea of the height. Dr. Thurnam based his important conclusions upon no more than twenty-five long barrow and twenty-seven round barrow people, so that my evidence is fully equal to his in respect to the number of cases computed from." * Dr. Beddoe, in a paper published subsequently to these remarks, rejects Dr. Rolleston's Frilford skeletons, as he considers their racial attribution doubtful, but he quotes the following measurements of Roman Britons from Davis and Thurnam, viz., 10 males stature 66.64 inches, 4 females 60.7 inches. 1 RELIC TABLES. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; ANIMAL, AND SHOWING THE RELICS, HUMAN, FOUND FOUND IN EACH LOCALITY, VEGETABLE, 1885-1886. On the classification (quality and texture) of Fragments of Pottery found in Rotherley. The same classification for pottery has been held to in Rotherley that was adopted in Woodcuts, but the difficulty in assigning the several fragments to their proper columns has been found to be greater. Although the two qualities of "superior" and "inferior can be recognised distinctly in some cases, there were found a large number which might be classified under either head. The division did not appear to be so clearly marked as at Woodcuts, and the table of classification cannot be relied upon with the same degree of confidence. Hence the marked difference in the proportion in one or two of the localities must not be taken to denote the contrast which the figures would seem to imply. This remark applies to the quality and composition of the pottery, and not to the forms. The column of red pottery, not Samian, or imitation Samian, has been retained, but only a few frag- ments of this quality were found, and those in the Main Circle. In the Samian pottery the two qualities of red and well- glazed and dull imitation Samian can be distinguished, as at Woodcuts. Both are included in the same column as Samian. Besides these, two fragments of green and yellow glazed pottery have been found in Rotherley, which are included in the column of ornamental pottery and represented in Figs. 1 and 2, Plate CXIV. Since these were found at Rotherley the Woodcuts fragments have been looked carefully over again, and one fragment of thin glazed pottery has been found which is represented in Fig. 4, Plate CXVI. This class of glazed ware of the Roman Age is extremely rare. SURFACE TRENCHING, SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. Date.-From October 4th, 1886, to April 30th, 1887. Description.—This includes the surface trenching of all that part of the village which is bounded on the north by the Upper Hut Cluster, on the east by the Eastern Ditch, on the south-east by the Flint Wall Foundation, on the west by Drain 4 and the East Branch of the South-East Drain, and on the south-west by the South-East Drain. After the turf had been removed the whole of this area was picked over down to the solid chalk, which was met with at an average depth of 12 inches beneath the surface, and all relics found between the surface and this depth are included in this Table. The relics found to a depth of 12″ over all the pits and drains are also recorded here with those found in surface trenching. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 211 6106 3.2 92.7 216 49 3.2 0.7 The fragments of pottery recorded as "inferior" included 61 pieces having a small bead rim, eight eyelets for suspension similar to Fig. 1, Plate CXI., and 43 portions of eyelets. The fragments classed as of "superior" quality included eight pieces of rim of hard grey pottery similar to Fig. 1, Plate CXII. ; two pieces of rim, Figs. 11 and 13, Plate CXII.; nine bottoms of pots, one perforated with fifty-nine holes, probably used as a colander, similar to Fig. 5, Plate CXIII.; 43 pieces of rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 18 pieces of rim with projecting ledge, similar to those found associated with the better class of relics in the Romano-British village at Woodcuts, and shown in Fig. 1, Plate XXXII., Vol. I.; 6 fragments of New 1 J K 2 68 Rotherley Relic Tables. Forest ware; fragment of handle showing mode of attachment to side of pot, Fig. 2, Plate CXIII.; 11 fragments of handles with one groove, 12 with two grooves, 3 with three grooves, similar to Fig. 2, Plate CXII., and 1 with four grooves; neck and handle of vessel, Fig. 3, Plate CXIII.; two portions of saucers with handles attached, Figs. 5 and 6, Plate CXI.; portion of rim and side of pot with handle having a leaden rivet, Fig. 8, Plate CXI.; four fragments of pottery, each perforated with a hole (one fragment is shown in Fig. 5, Plate CXIX.): one portion of saucer-shaped vessel, Fig. 4, Plate CXII.; and one fragment of reddish pottery in form of a hollow tube. The fragments of Red Samian pottery included 19 ornamental pieces, of which three fragments are shown in Figs. 2, 5, and 9, Plate CXV., one piece having a leaden rivet and two fragments with makers' names, one of which is shown on Plate CXV., Fig. 8, the other being too illegible for illustration. The ornamental pottery included 21 fragments of rim ornamented with a twisted rope pattern, and identical with pieces of the same kind found in the Romano-British village Woodcuts; 5 fragments of reddish pottery, Fig. 7, Plate CXII.; 1 fragment of rim having a perpendicular raised rib on the side, Fig. 7, Plate CXIV.; 7 pieces of rim similar to Fig. 11, Plate CXIII.; 6 fragments of New Forest ware ornamented with white "hatching;" 1 piece ornamented in a similar manner to Fig. 5, Plate CXIV., and 1 fragment of rim of glazed pottery, Fig. 1, Plate CXIV. OTHER RELICS.— Fibulæ.—14 bronze fibulæ were found in this quarter in surface trenching, and they are shown on the following Plates :-Figs. 7 and 8, Plate XCVII.; Figs. 3 and 12, Plate XCVIII.; Figs. 1, 3, 7, 8, Plate XCIX.; and Figs. 3 and 12, Plate C.; iron fibulæ, Fig. 6, Plate CI.; 3 bows of iron fibulæ, Figs. 1, 10, 11, Plate CI. ; Various Bronze Objects.-Bronze band, Fig. 4, Plate CII.; fragment of bronze twisted wire, Fig. 5, Plate CII.; bronze finger ring, Fig. 9, Plate CII.; circular bronze brooch, Fig. 16, Plate CII.; 2 bronze ear picks, Figs. 5 and 7, Plate CIII. fragment of band of white metal, Fig. 9, Plate CIII.; bronze tweezers, Fig. 15, Plate CIII.; piece of bronze twisted wire; fragment of bronze plate with remains of iron on the inside. Iron Objects.-Iron nail (?), Fig. 13, Plate CI.; iron object, Fig. 3, Plate CIV.; 3 iron knives with tangs, Figs. 4, 6, and 7, Plate CIV.; iron knife with remains of bone handle and bronze mountings, Fig. 9, Plate CIV.; fragment of iron staple, Fig. 16, Plate CIV.; 5 iron staples, one of which is shown in Fig. 20, Plate CIV.; iron chisel, Fig. 1, Plate CV.; stylus, Fig. 3, Plate CV.; celtic key, Fig. 5, Plate CV.; 2 iron points or ox-goads, Figs. 10 and 12, Plate CV.; iron key, Fig. 13, Plate CV.; iron object, perhaps part of a bit, Fig. 7, Plate CVI.; portion of an iron flat ring and 14 fragments of iron, various. Iron Nails.-94 iron nails and fragments of nails in all were found in surface trenching in this quarter, and of this number three were T-shaped, similar to those found at Woodcuts, and figured on Plate XXX., Figs. 2, 6, 10, and 12, Vol. I. ; 1 with thick square head, like Fig. 17, Plate XXX., in the same volume; 3 large round-headed nails, and 2 spike nails with triangular heads. The remainder consisted of short nails with round heads, averaging about 1½ inches in length. Glass.-10 fragments in all were found, including one fragment of a dark blue bead; 4 fragments of thin white glass; 3 pieces of green glass, and one fragment ornamented with two raised bands, Fig. 10, Plate CXVII.; neck of bottle and 17 fragments of thick dark green glass (mediæval). ; Various Objects.-Two pieces of unworked shale; spindlewhorl of thick coarse pottery, Fig. 3, Plate CXIX.; 4 spindle- whorls of hard pottery; spindlewhorl of sandstone; irregular piece of chalk perforated by a circular hole, Fig. 6, Plate CXIX.; flat piece of lead, somewhat triangular in shape and perforated with a small hole at one end; left metacarpal bone of a small sheep, perforated with a small hole, Fig. 6, Plate CXVII.; portion of metatarsus of sheep, the shaft perforated throughout its length, and both ends cut off, Fig. 8, Plate CXVII., perhaps used in weaving; tine of red deer, apparently for use as a handle, Fig. 3, Plate CXVII.; 3 portions of stone mortars with handles; 2 fragments of rim of quern or mortar of sand- stone; 197 fragments of burnt clay, one piece perforated with a hole, six pieces had the impress of a stick; 52 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 32 fossil echini; 2,922 pieces of irregular sandstone; 327 pieces of burnt chalk; 4,082 burnt flints; portion of saddle-quern of Grey wethers or Sarsen stone, probably from the chalk downs of Wilts and Dorset, Fig. 6, Plate CXXI.; 264 fragments of quern stones; 3 pieces of (?) slate, one piece having a dressed edge; 181 fragments and nodules of iron pyrites; 26 pieces of tiling; 10 pieces of whetstone, one of which is shown in Fig. 1, Plate CXXI., one piece resembles old red sandstone: it consists of pebbles of vein quartz in a hard reddish sandy matrix; flint arrowhead, Fig. 3, Plate CXXIII.; 13 flint scrapers; 17 flint flakes; portion of white flint celt 4.1 inches long, 2.2 inches greatest width, Fig. 1, Plate CXXII.; portion of basalt celt, Fig. 5, Plate CXXII.; 2 flint hammerstones, Figs. 8 and 9, Plate CXXIII. Roman Coins.-Eight Roman coins were found in surface trenching in this quarter, as follows:-TRAJAN, two (A.D. 98–117), Figs. 3 and 4, Plate CXXIV.; HADRIAN, two (A.D. 117–138), Figs. 5 and 6, Plate CXXIV.; TETRICUS (A.D. 267–272), and three unknown. Human Remains.-Three skeletons of new-born children. A female skeleton, No. V., estimated stature 4 feet 8.8 inches, was found lying in an extended position at a depth of 12 inches beneath the surface. The position is shown in Fig. 3, Plate CXXV., where its attitude is described. The skull is shown on Plate CXXXIV. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. Horse.-Teeth, 89; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2; portion of scapula; lower portion of radius; tibia; lower portion of tibia; lower portion of femur; phalanx, 3; astragalus, 5; frag- ment of pelvis; metacarpus, 3; lower portion of metacarpus ; metatarsus; lower end of metatarsus. Ox.-Teeth, 188; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 8; atlas; lower end of radius, 3; lower end of tibia, 4; metacarpus ; portion of metacarpus, 2; metatarsus (small); portion of metatarsus, 5; digits, 4; astragalus, 4. Pig.-Teeth, 8; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 9; tusk; fragment of lower jaw with tusks. Sheep.-Teeth, 309; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 34; humerus; lower portion of humerus; radius, 3; upper end of radius, 2; tibia, 4; lower portion of tibia; lower end of ulna, 5; metacarpus (short and thick); metacarpus (one young), 4; upper portion of metacarpus, 3, one perforated with a hole through the shaft about the middle of the bone; portion of meta- tarsus (one long and thin, small breed), 5; upper end of metatarsus, 2, one of the bones being perforated throughout the length of the shaft. Dog.-Lower jaw with teeth, 2; humerus, 2; lower portion of tibia; portion of pelvis; metatarsal. Roedeer.-Perfect tines, 4; lower end of tine, 3: metacarpus (young); portion of metacarpus, 2; metatarsus; portion of metatarsus. Red Deer.-Portion of horn, 2. Numerous fragments and split bones. 5 fragments of oyster-shells. Specimens of wood of ash. Rotherley Relic Tables. 69 SOUTH-EASTERN DRAIN. Date.-October 5th, 1886, to December 11th, 1887. Description. This ditch commenced at a point about 12 feet east of Pit 42, in the oblong enclosure, and ran, after making some slight detours, in a south-easterly direction, dying out gradually a few yards south of Pit 2. It varied from 6 feet 8 inches to 4 feet 6 inches wide at top, and was about 10 inches in width at the bottom, the depth varying from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet, and was filled with brown mould mixed with chalk rubble. No trace of this ditch could be seen on the surface before excavation. The bottom sloped continuously downward from the commencement near Pit 42 to the point beyond Pit 2, where it gradually disappeared. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage : : 1027 205 0 3 24 81.5 16.2 0 •23 1.9 The fragments of pottery, recorded as "inferior," included five eyelets and 14 fragments of eyelets similar to Fig. 1, Plate CXI. ; 24 pieces with small bead rim similar to Fig. 3, Plate CVIII.; 28 fragments of rims apparently belonging to wide-mouthed pots, and similar to Fig. 5, Plate CVIII.; 1 fragment of side of pot perforated with hole, and 1 circular piece of pottery perforated with hole, perhaps used as a spindlewhorl. The fragments of pottery enumerated under the head of "superior," included eight pieces of rim like Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 1 fragment shown in Fig. 5, Plate CXII.; portion f vessel similar in shape to Fig. 12, Plate CXII. ; 1 fragment of colander perforated with 41 holes; portion of handle of cream- coloured pottery, Fig. 6, Plate CXII. ; portion of saucer; 3 bottoms of pots, one perforated with hole, and two portions of bottoms of pots, one perforated with three small holes. ( The fragments of ornamental pottery included 14 fragments, ornamented with crossed lines, 6 pieces of rim of hard yellowish-grey ware, ornamented with the impress of a finger, Fig. 8, Plate CXIII.; 1 fragment of rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXII.; and 1 piece of pottery with two raised bands. Pottery which has been Restored.-One vase with three holes in side, Fig. 2, Plate CVIII. OTHER RELICS.-Fibula.-Bronze fibula without pin, Fig. 7, Plate XCVIII.; 2 bronze fibulæ, Figs. 10 and 11, Plate XCVIII.; bronze fibula without pin, Fig. 8, Plate C.; bronze pin of fibula, Fig. 6, Plate CII. Various Bronze Objects.-Bronze pendant, Fig 7, Plate CÎI. Iron Objects.—Fragment of band iron, perforated with hole; portion of iron nail; 16 fragments of red earthenware tiles; 21 pieces of burnt clay, one perforated with a hole; 7 nodules of iron pyrites; fragment of stone mortar ; 3 flat pieces of stone with sides rubbed smooth, perhaps whetstones; tertiary pebble; 1 piece of flat sandstone with one side worn smooth; 1 flint scraper and 6 flint flakes with bulb of percussion. Roman Coin.-Silver coin of Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 161-180, Fig 8, Plate CXXIV. Human Remains.-The skeletons of 7 new-born infants were found in the filling of the ditch. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.--Skeleton of young horse, found on the bottom of the ditch at a depth of 2′ 8″ beneath the surface; teeth, 26; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3; humerus; radius, 3; portion of radius ; femur; lower portion of femur, 3; tibia, 5 (one of the bones has had both ends cut off); lower end of tibia, 3; metacarpus, 3, the lower ends wanting; lower end of metacarpus, 2; metatarsus, 2; upper end of metatarsus; astragalus, 3; phalanx, 4; portion of pelvis, 6; portion of sacrum; atlas; dentata, 3. Ox.--Teeth, 58; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 8; fragment of horn core; lower end of humerus; tibia, young; portion of metatarsus; digits, 3; astragalus, 2. Pig.-Teeth, 4; tusk; portions of jaw with teeth, 5; portion of ulna, 2; lower end of humerus; upper part of scapula. Sheep.-Teeth, 75; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 35; metatarsus, 2, one young; upper end of metatarsus; lower end of metacarpus, long and thin; upper portion of ulna; lower end of ulna, 3. Dog.-Portion of upper jaw with teeth, 3; lower jaw with teeth, 4; radius; upper portion of ulna, 3; femur; lower end of femur; upper portion of tibia; lower portion of tibia; atlas. Goat.-Horn core (?) Half a sackful of fragments and split bones. Specimens of wood of oak, ash, and elm. EAST BRANCH, SOUTH-EASTERN DRAIN. Date.-November 4th and 7th, 1886.-Description.-This ditch ran into the south-east drain near Pit 31, extending in a northerly direction from the latter for about 70 feet. It varied from 5 feet 9 inches to 4 feet 3 inches in width at the top, and from 12 to 14 inches at the bottom. The depth was 2 feet 6 inches, the bottom being 11 inches above the bottom of the 70 Rotherley Relic Tables. S.E. drain, to which it therefore ran in with a kind of step. The filling consisted of mould mixed with chalk rubble. At the northern end the ditch was enlarged into a basin-shaped pit, and a small circular pit 4 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep was also discovered in the bottom of the ditch. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage • 405 0 0 1 1 99.5 0 0 •2 •2 Included amongst the fragments of pottery recorded as inferior were 15 pieces with a small bead rim; 1 fragment of rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate ČXIII., and five portions of bottoms of pots, one being 6 inches in diameter. Two of these were perforated with holes. One fragment only was ornamented, consisting of a piece of rim and side of vessel with three horizontal incised grooves with a chevron pattern between. OTHER RELICS.-White metal ring; bronze ring brooch, Fig. 15, Plate CII.; 24 pieces of burnt clay, one fragment having the impression of a stick; 2 pieces of red terra cotta tiles; 1 tertiary or sea-shore pebble; several pieces of sandstone. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Tooth; lower end of tibia. Ox.-Teeth, 3; lower end of tibia; astragalus; os calcis; digit. Pig.-Teeth, 2; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 2. Numerous split bones and fragments. CROSS DITCH, SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. Date.-November 8th, 1886. Description.-45 feet long, 4 feet 8 inches wide at top, 12 inches at bottom, and 2 feet 9 inches deep, extending from the S.E. drain in an easterly direction about 12 feet south of Pit 1 in the S.E. quarter, the bottoms of both ditches being on the same level. The filling consisted of mould mixed with chalk rubble. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 91 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 • The fragments of pottery recorded as superior" included one handle with portion of neck of vessel; 4 pieces with small bead rim; 1 fragment of wide flat rim, and 1 piece of rim of coarse thick ware. OTHER RELICS.-Two bronze fibulæ, Figs. 13, Plate XCVIII., and Fig. 2, Plate C.; chalk spindlewhorl, Fig. 2, Plate CXIX.; 2 iron nails; fragment of iron; fragment of iron pyrites; 4 pieces of burnt clay; fragment of rim of stone mortar; piece of whetstone and two tertiary or sea-shore pebbles. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 2; cervical vertebra, 3. Ox.-Teeth, 7; portion of horn core. Sheep.-Tooth; portion of jaw, 4; metacarpus, 2. Dog.-Lower jaw. A few fragments of bones. Specimens of wood of ash. Rotherley Relic Tables. 71 SOUTH RETURN OF CROSS DITCH, SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. Date.-November 18th, 1886. Description.-55 feet long, average width at top 5 feet, at bottom 12 inches, average depth 2 feet 6 inches, extending from the eastern end of the Cross Ditch in a south-easterly direction, and nearly parallel with the South-eastern Drain, dying out gradually at the southern end at the point shown on the plan. The filling consisted of brown mould mixed with chalk rubble. POTTERY. 1 2 3 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 523 27 94.5 4.8 0 0 3 10 The fragments of "inferior" pottery included 20 pieces of small bead rim; 3 eyelets like Fig. 1, Plate CXI.; 2 fragments of eyelets, and portion of bottom of pot perforated with four holes. The fragments of "superior” quality included 1 piece of rim perforated with hole. The ornamental pottery included 1 fragment ornamented with incised perpendicular lines, and 1 piece of rim with orna- mentation similar to Fig. 9, Plate CXIV. OTHER RELICS.-2 iron nails; 1 fragment of iron pyrites; 7 pieces of burnt clay, and 1 piece of calcareous sandstone with one surface rubbed smooth. This might be from the Portland Beds in the Vale of Wardour. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Tooth; upper end of scapula; cervical vertebra; lower end of Ox.-Horn cores, 2; teeth, 2. metatarsus. Pig.-Lower jaw with teeth, fragment of tusk. Sheep.-Teeth, 2; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 4. Numerous fragments and split bones. NORTH-WEST BRANCH OF SOUTH-EAST DRAIN. Date.-February 3rd, 1887. Description.-2 feet to 3 feet wide at top, 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches in depth, and 59 feet in length, running from the South-east Ditch, near Pit 28, in N.W. direction. The filling consisted of mould mixed with chalk rubble. POTTERY. 1 2 3 ما 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 22 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 The only other relics found in this drain were four pieces of burnt clay, tooth and horn core of ox, and the lower end of a humerus of sheep. 72 Rotherley Relic Tables. SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. DRAIN 1. Date.-November 4th, 1886. Description.-2 feet wide at top, 2 feet 6 inches deep, and 60 feet long. It began at a point 25 feet south of Pit 8, and proceeded eastwards for about 25 feet, when it took a sharp turn to the Ñ.E., running into Pit 11, at its termination. The drain was filled with mould and chalk rubble. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 205 4 0 2 2 96.2 1.8 0.9 0.9 The fragments of inferior pottery included three pieces of bottoms of pot, each perforated with a hole. The pieces of superior ware included one bottom of pot perforated with 4 holes. Two pieces were ornamented in the manner shown in Fig. 9, Plate CXIV. Pottery which has been restored. Three vessels, Fig. 7, Plate CVIII., and Figs. 4 and 5, Plate CVII. Neck and handles of a doubled-handled vase, Fig. 4, Plate CIX. OTHER RELICS.-Two fragments of burnt clay. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Portion of right and left side of skull, with teeth. Ox.-Teeth, 3. Sheep.-Tooth; lower jaw with teeth, 2. SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. DRAIN 2. Date.-December 16th, 1886. Description.-About 50 feet in length, extending in a N.W. and south direction, close to the east side of Pit 23 or site of sunken huts. Average width, 2 feet at top; average depth, 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet. Filled with mould. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 69 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 The fragments of pottery included three pieces of rim, like Fig. 3, Plate CXII. OTHER RELICS.-Iron knife, Fig. 5, Plate CIV.; 10 fragments of burnt clay. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 2; metacarpus ; portion of tibia. Ox.-Teeth, 6; digits, 3. Sheep.-Teeth, 10; portion of lower jaw with teeth. Roedeer.-Portion of tine. A few fragments and split bones. 1 Helix sp. (?) Rotherley Relic Tables. 73 SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. DRAIN No. 3. Date. December 16th, 1886. Description.-94 feet in length, averaging 2 feet in width at top, and from 2 to 3 feet deep. It ran almost parallel to Drain No. 2, at a distance of 3 feet on the east side of it, and extended in a N.W. and S.E. direction. At its N.W. end it turned at right angles, proceeding in a S.W. direction of about 12 and within 2 feet of the N.W. end of Drain 2. Passing on the S.E. it terminated in Pit 20. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 6 0 63 0 100 0 0 0 The fragments of pottery were very uncertain in quality. OTHER RELICS.-Iron nail with round flat head; fragment of iron and 12 pieces of burnt clay. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-A few fragments only of bones. SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. DRAIN No. 4. Date. December 18th, 1886. Description.—This drain commenced on the east side of Pit 22, into which it opened, and extended to the N. for 45 feet, when it turned at right angles in an easterly direction for a distance of 23 feet. It varied from 2 feet 6 inches to 6 feet wide at top, and from 2 feet to 4 feet 4 inches in depth. The filling consisted of mould mixed with fine chalk rubble. A section of the ditch is shown in Section V., Plate XCV. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 206 46 0 0 0 81.7 18.2 0 0 0 bottoms of The fragments of inferior pottery included 4 fragments of eyelet holes; 10 pieces with small bead rim; pots, and 2 fragments of pottery, each perforated with a hole. The fragments of superior quality included a piece of rim similar to Fig. W, Plate CXVI. OTHER RELICS.—Iron nail (bent); 5 pieces of burnt clay; 3 pieces of flat sandstone and 1 flint flake. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 2; upper portion of scapula; axis; lower end of femur. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3; lower portion of radius; os calcis. Several fragments and split bones. Fragments of oak wood. L 74 Rotherley Relic Tables. UPPER HUT CLUSTER, OR SITE OF SUNKEN HUTS. Date.-February 9th to February 14th, 1887.-Description.-This was a sunken excavation about 50 feet long and 20 feet wide, below the natural surface of the ground, having, at an average depth of 2 feet, marks of a cluster of flat, round, irregularly formed spaces, which may have formed the foundations of huts. See Section V., Plate XCV. To the east of the cluster, a pit (No. 52) 8 feet by 7 feet 8 inches at top, 5 feet by 4 feet 5 inches at bottom, and 9 feet 1 inch deep, was found sunk below the level of the cluster, with a drain leading directly into it from the part occupied by the sunken huts. The filling consisted of mould down to a depth of 2 feet beneath the surface, beneath which it was chalk rubble. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Per centage : : 0 299 0 17 0 0 94.6 0 5.3 0 The fragments of superior pottery included three fragments of rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 1 base of vessel of New Forest ware; fragments of handles; 2 eyelets; 1 circular fragment of pottery with hole partially bored through in the centre. Included amongst the pieces of Red Samian pottery was a portion of the bottom of a vessel having slight traces of a potter's mark. OTHER RELICS.-Fragment of iron fibula; iron object, perhaps a chisel end; iron hook (Fig. 8, Plate CV.); 6 iron nails, including one horseshoe nail and two spike nails with triangular heads; 9 fragments of iron; 4 pieces of iron pyrites ; 20 fragments of burnt clay; 3 fossil echinii; 2 flint scrapers. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 5; upper end of scapula. Ox.-Teeth, 10; astragalus, 2; digit; portion of metacarpus. Sheep.-Teeth, 26; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 9; humerus, scapula, metatarsus. Dog.-Portion of lower jaw with tooth. Several fragments of bones. A piece of oyster-shell was found in the filling of the small drain on the south side of the Hut Cluster. SURFACE TRENCHING OVER EASTERN ROAD DITCH. Date.-February 2nd, 1887. Description.-This includes all relics found to a depth of 12 inches beneath the surface, over the area occupied by the Eastern Road Ditch. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 Ст 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 1 49 0 0 0 2.0 98.0 0 0 0 OTHER RELICS.—18 pieces of burnt clay; 2 fragments of iron pyrites; 1 tertiary pebble, and 3 flint flakes; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 12, Plate C.; silver coin of Edward II. or III., Fig. 10, Plate CXXIV. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Ox.-Teeth, 7. Sheep.-Teeth, 9; lower jaw with teeth, 1. Rotherley Relic Tables. 75 EASTERN ROAD DITCH. Date.-February 4th to March 10th, 1887. Description.-On the eastern side of the village, 215 feet in length, commencing about 15 feet north of the site of sunken huts, and running towards the east (skirting the hut site) for about 50 feet, when it turned at right angles, and proceeded towards the south-east, terminating in an oval "sink." See Plan, Plate XCIV. It averaged 5 feet wide at top, and was 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet deep. The "sink" was about 30 feet long, and 12 feet wide at top. The bottom was rounded. The filling consisted of chalk rubble mixed with mould. A large number of flints were found in the filling of the south-eastern half of the ditch. The sink was filled entirely with mould. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 184 1 1 7 0 95.3 •5 •5 3.6 The fragments of "superior" pottery included 7 pieces of flat rim like Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 1 fragment of eyelet; 2 pieces of handle; and object of pottery of unknown use, Fig. 6, Plate CXIII. The ornamental fragments included 1 piece ornamented as in Fig. 3, Plate CXIV. OTHER RELICS.-Bronze fibula, Fig. 3, Plate XCVII.; bronze bracelet, Fig. 1, Plate CIII.; iron point, Fig. 10, Plate CVI.; iron nail and three fragments of iron; metatarsus of a small sheep bored throughout its length by a hole, Fig. 7, Plate CXVII.; 22 pieces of burnt clay. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 23; lower end of radius; tibia; lower end of humerus ; astragalus. Ox.-Teeth, 14; fragment of horn core; portion of lower jaw, 2; humerus (small ox); femur (small ox); lower end of tibia, 5; metatarsus, 2; portion of metatarsus; astragalus, 2. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw, with teeth, 4; upper portion of ulna, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 25; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 12; lower end of tibia; metacarpus; metatarsus (long and thin). Dog.-Fragment of lower jaw, with tooth; ulna; lower end of radius of small dog; lower end of femur of small dog. Roedeer.-Tine. Several fragments and split bones. EASTERN DRAIN. Date.-February 5th to March 5th, 1887. Description. This drain commenced on the east side of the north quarter at a distance of 15 feet from the ditch of the N.E. enclosure, and proceeded southwards for about 105 feet, where it ran into Pit 67, a somewhat square-shaped excavation about 15 feet across, which may have been a site of sunken huts. The drain ran out of this excavation on the east side, and continued for a distance of 40 feet to the east, when it turned at right angles and proceeded for a distance of 150 feet towards the S.E., and almost parallel with the Eastern Road ditch. The intervening space, which was from 10 to 20 feet wide, formed a supposed roadway, which led from the village to the S.E. in the direction of Carranty Rack. The drain was about 3 feet in width and 2 feet 6 inches average depth, and was filled throughout its length with chalk rubble mixed with mould, in which a number of flints occasionally occurred. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 10 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 33 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 L 2 76 Rotherley Relic Tables. The superior pottery included two pieces with small bead rim and 2 fragments of eyelets. OTHER RELICS.-Bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 4, Plate C.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 5, Plate C.; iron object, Fig. 3, Plate CVI.; two tertiary pebbles; one piece of shale. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Lower end of femur; metacarpus (lower end wanting); phalanx. Ox.-Teeth, 2; lower jaw, with teeth; upper end of radius. of shaft. Sheep.-Tooth; portion of lower jaw with teeth; metatarsus (lower end wanting); perforated throughout entire length Dog.-Portion of upper jaw, with teeth, 2. HYPOCAUST OF UNKNOWN USE, SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. Date.-December 11th, 1886. Description.-An oblong pit with rounded corners, 11 feet 6 inches long, and about 4 feet 4 inches wide at top, with a ledge all round at about 2 feet deep, below which it was 8 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 3 inches, and smaller at the bottom. The total depth was 43 feet. Near the north end there was a horizontal slab of sandstone, 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 2 inches, and 4 inches thick, the ends resting on the ledge in a notch cut for it in the chalk. See Plan and Section, Plate XCV. The pit was filled with chalk rubble and mould mixed. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Of inferior Fragments of pottery. quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 10 5 4 0 0 0 55.5 44.5 0 0 0 1) Three of the fragments of pottery of "superior" quality consisted of pieces of hard thin ware, and grey in colour. OTHER RELICS.-Two pieces of burnt clay; 1 fragment of iron slag. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Upper end of scapula. Sheep.-Teeth, 4. Dog.-Portion of lower jaw with tooth; a few fragments of bones. Note.-In the filling beneath the stone, 4 small fragments of pottery of an "inferior" quality, a fragment of iron pyrites, 2 pieces of burnt clay, one piece having the impress of a stick, and two lower jaws of an ox were found, together with two small pieces of wood of willow. SQUARE HUT FOUNDATION, SOUTH-EAST QUARTER. Date.—March 5th, 1887. Description.—This was a square foundation, about 20 feet square, with sloping sides cut level in the slope of the hill (marked Square Hut Foundation on Plan, Plate XCIV.), its sides bearing N.W. and S.E., with a smooth level floor, which on the N.Ŵ. side was 2 feet 2 inches beneath the surface. On the S.E. the floor died out gradually as shown on the plan. No signs of any walling were found. This was the only square shaped area, cut level, found in the village. The filling consisted of brown mould. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 254 0 3 8 0 95.8 0 1.1 3.0 Rotherley Relic Tables. 77 Included amongst the fragments of "superior" pottery were two portions of sides of saucer-shaped vessels; 1 portion of rim and side of vessel, Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 2 bottoms of pots, and 5 fragments of handles. 8 fragments were ornamented with crossed lines. One of the fragments of Samian consisted of portion of bottom of pot, inscribed with the maker's name CARATEDOFE (?), Fig. 6, Plate CXV. OTHER RELICS.—Bronze fibula, Fig. 4, Plate XCVII.; red earthenware object, perhaps a muller for grinding, Fig. 1, Plate CXIII.; tablet of Kimmeridge shale, Plate CXVIII.; upper stone of a small quern, Fig. 7, Plate CXIX., " composed of sandstone of the upper green sand, probably from the beds exposed along the escarpment, near Shaftesbury" (Rudler); pottery spindlewhorl; 5 fragments of iron; 2 pieces of thick green glass, medieval; 8 pieces of burnt clay; 4 fragments of iron pyrites; 1 large tertiary or sea-shore pebble, and 3 smaller ones; 2 fragments of stone mortar; bottom stone of quern of green sandstone, about 16 inches in diameter, Fig. 3, Plate CXX.; nine other fragments of quern stones were also found. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Portion of radius; portion of tibia; astragalus. Ox.-Teeth, 10; femur (young). Pig.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth. Sheep.-Teeth, 12; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3. Roedeer.-Metacarpus ; portion of metatarsal, 2. Numerous fragments and split bones. 2 oyster-shells. A few grains of wheat and wood ashes, the latter containing fragments of oak wood, were noticed on the floor. FLINT WALL OR FOUNDATIONS. Date.-March 12th to April 20th, 1887. Description.-An irregularly-shaped area (see Plate XCVI.) consisting of a number of tabular flints arranged together after the manner of a pavement or wall foundation. No part of these foundations were apparent on the surface before excavating. The foundations averaged about 1 foot in thickness. Although the form of the structure was quite irregular, three cells about 4 feet wide were regularly formed, and suggested the idea of fireplaces, but no marks of fire were found. In the centre of the larger mass were three cavities or holes X, Y, Z, on Plan, about 3 feet 6 inches in length by 2 feet in width, regularly edged with flints. These contained a few relics (pottery, fragments of bone, &c.) enumerated below. For plan and sections see Plate XCVI., and in the description of the Plate a fuller account is given of the whole structure, the use of which is uncertain. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 116 6 2 93.5 4.80 0 1.60 The inferior fragments of pottery included 4 pieces with small bead rim. OTHER RELICS.—Iron fibula, Fig. 2, Plate CI.; iron band, 10 inches long; 2 fragments of quern; 10 pieces of burnt clay; 8 fragments of iron pyrites. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Ox.-Tooth; astragalus. Sheep.-Teeth, 2; portion of metatarsus. Hole X contained 5 pieces of inferior quality pottery, including 1 eyelet or loop, 10 burnt flints, and a small fragment of bone. Hole Y contained 3 pieces of pottery of inferior quality, 6 burnt flints, and 1 fragment of sandstone. Hole Z contained 6 pieces of pottery of inferior quality, 7 burnt flints, 1 fragment of sandstone, 3 tertiary pebbles, tooth of ox, ditto of sheep, and several fragments of vertebræ and the acetabulum of a human skeleton. The acetabulum was encrusted with a bony deposit, probably caused by rheumatoid arthritis, as shown in Fig. 1, Plate CXXIX. 78 Rotherley Relic Tables. SURFACE TRENCHING, EAST QUARTER. Date.-December 11th to March 4th, 1886. Description.-This quarter includes the area bounded on the south by the South-Eastern Drain as far as its junction with the Eastern Branch near Pit 31, on the south-east by the Eastern Branch, on the east by Drain No. 4, and on the west by the Main Circle ditch. Northwards the east quarter extended as far as a line joining the N.E. corner of Drain 7 with the W. end of the Eastern Road Ditch. The ground was trenched over to the depth of the solid chalk, which was about 10 or 12 inches beneath the surface, and all relics found between the surface and this depth are recorded in this table, including those found in surface trenching over all the pits, drains, and holes in the quarter to a depth of 12 inches. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage : 1029 Ꮕ 42 3 0 96.0 0 3.8 •2 The fragments of "superior" pottery included 8 pieces of flat rim like Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 2 fragments of handles; 5 pieces of eyelets; half a saucer, shown restored in Fig. 9, Plate CXI. : three of the fragments had a bright yellowish glaze, and one piece had a brownish glaze. Three fragments only were ornamented, two having a twisted rope-shaped pattern on the rim, the third being ornamented as shown in Fig. 13, Plate CXIV. The fragments of red Samian pottery included one piece ornamented. OTHER RELICS.-Bronze fibula, Fig. 1, Plate XCVII.; bronze fibula of peculiar form, Fig. 2, Plate XCVII.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 12, Plate XCVII.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 4, XCVIII.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 10, Plate XCIX.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 1, Plate C.; bronze band, Fig. 10, Plate CIII.; bronze tweezers, Fig. 11, Plate CIII.; iron object of unknown use, Fig. 14, Plate CI.; iron double hook, Fig. 10, Plate CIV.; iron spiral ring, Fig. 18. Plate CIV.; iron object. Fig. 6, Plate CV.; iron ox-goad, Fig. 11, Plate CV.; iron object, apparently the point of a knife or dagger with guard, Fig. 14, Plate CV.; iron object of unknown use, Fig. 15, Plate CV.; iron spearhead, Fig. 17, Plate CV.; portion of iron horseshoe, Fig. 12, Plate CVI.; British horseshoe, Fig. 13, Plate CVI.; portion of iron horseshoe, Fig. 14, Plate CVI.; iron ring; link of chain; fragment of horseshoe with caulking; iron band with two holes; iron pin or bolt; circular flat iron ring with hole in centre; 35 iron nails and fragments of nails, including one with large square head, Fig. 12, Plate CI.; two with round flat heads, Fig. 16, Plate CI.; and two spike nails with triangular heads; chalk spindlewhorl; 11 fragments of thick green glass; fragment of purple glass with raised band; 2 pieces of unworked shale; 88 pieces of burnt clay; 64 pieces of iron pyrites; whetstone of sandstone, Fig. 2, Plate CXXI.; 10 fossil echini; 29 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 5 fragments of sandstone, with one or more surfaces rubbed smooth; 137 burnt flints; 277 pieces of irregular sandstone; 40 fragments of quern- stones; 13 flint scrapers, one of which is shown on Plate CXXIII., Fig. 4; and 6 flint flakes. Human Remains. A human skeleton (No. 4), male (?), estimated stature 5 feet 48 inches, was found in surface trenching at a depth of 11 inches beneath the surface over the eastern edge of Pit 38. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXIII., and the position is shown in Fig. V., Plate CXXV., where a further description is given. 1 skeleton of new-born infant. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-teeth, 13; metacarpus, 2. Ox.-Teeth, 20; portion of lower jaw with teeth; horn core; lower end of tibia; astragalus, 2. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth. Sheep.-Teeth, 29; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2; lower end of tibia. Dog.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3. Several fragments and split bones. SURFACE TRENCHING, OBLONG ENCLOSURE. Date.- December 21st, 1886, to January 13th, 1887. Description.—An oblong area 100 feet long and from 30 to 60 feet wide. The table below includes all relics found in surface trenching, the ground being picked over down to the solid chalk which was met with at an average depth of 12 inches beneath the surface. All relics found between the surface and this depth are recorded in the table, which, however, does not include the relics found in the various drains contained within the area of the oblong enclosure. Rotherley Relic Tables. 79 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4. LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 177 91.2 17 8.7 The fragments of "superior" pottery included five pieces of flat rim like Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 1 piece of New Forest ware; 2 pieces of handles; 1 eyelet and two pieces of eyelets of pottery of hard sandy texture. The fragments of Red Samian included six pieces which were ornamented, one of which is shown in Fig. 3, Plate CXV. OTHER RELICS.-Bronze fibula, Fig. 11, Plate XCVII.; bronze fibula, Fig. 6, Plate XCVIII.; bronze fibula, Fig. 9, Plate XCIX.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 6, Plate C.; bow of iron fibula, Fig. 3, Plate CI.; bronze pin, Fig. 1, Plate CII.; bronze penannular ring, Fig. 14, Plate CIII.; iron pin, Fig. 14, Plate CIV.; iron knife with tang, Fig. 5, Plate CIV.; fragment of band iron with nail; iron staple; iron nail probably belonging to a British horseshoe; 11 iron nails, including one spike nail with triangular head; 24 pieces of burnt clay; 8 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; fragment of bone perforated throughout its length; 2 fossil echinii; 1 flat piece of sandstone with one surface rubbed smooth; 2 pieces of whet- stone, one of which is shown in Fig. 4, Plate CXXI.; 4 fragments of iron pyrites; 2 flint scrapers. Roman Coin.-Large brass of Antoninus Pius, A.D. 138-161, Fig. 7, Plate CXXIV., found at a depth of 8 inches beneath the surface. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 8; tibia; lower portion of tibia; phalanx. Ox.-Teeth, 25; lower portion of humerus, 2. Pig.—Teeth, 2; tusk; part of radius. Sheep.-Teeth, 24; portion of jaw with teeth, 6; radius (young); metatarsus (young), 2; lower end of metatarsus, 8. Numerous fragments and split bones. 1 oyster-shell. DRAIN No. 5, OBLONG ENCLOSURE. Date.-December 23rd, 1886. Description.-On the N.W. side of the oblong enclosure, dividing the entrance to the Main Circle. The drain was about 32 feet long, from 2 to 3 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. See Plan, Plate XCIV. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 51 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 The "superior" fragments of pottery included 1 piece of rim of pot with leaden rivet (Fig. 7, Plate CXI.); 2 fragments of handles, and 1 piece of saucer-shaped vessel. OTHER RELICS.-Two iron nails, and fragment of iron; 13 fragments of burnt clay; 2 fossil echini; 1 flint scraper, and 1 flint flake. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Ox.-Tooth. Pig.-Tooth. Sheep.-Tooth; fragments of jaw with teeth, 3. A few fragments of bones. 80 Rotherley Relic Tables. * DRAIN No. 6, OBLONG ENCLOSURE. Date.-January 13th, 1887. Description.-This drain was 57 feet long, with a direction E. and W., running into Drain 5 on the W., and the N.W. branch of the S.E. Drain on the East. It averaged 2 feet 6 inches wide at the top, and was about 2 feet 6 inches deep. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage : 7 30 0 1 0 18-4 78.9 0 2.6 0 OTHER RELICS.-One iron nail; 7 fragments of burnt clay; 1 flint scraper, and 2 pieces of Purbeck marble, with Paludina, &c. This rock has not been found in the Vale of Wardour, and is not known nearer than the Isle of Purbeck, in the neighbourhood of Swanage (Rudler). ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Tooth; fragments of skull. Ox.-Teeth, 5; lower end of tibia; portion of metacarpus. Sheep.-Tooth. A few fragments of bones. WESTERN DITCH. Date.-December 23rd, 1886, to January 21st, 1887. Description.-This ditch commenced opposite the opening in the southern bank of the oblong enclosure, and ran for a distance of 215 feet in a westerly direction. At one part its course was broken by a narrow causeway of undisturbed chalk, about 3 feet wide. It varied from 2 feet to 4 feet wide at top, and averaged about 2 feet 6 inches in depth, and was filled throughout its length chiefly with mould, except in the part beneath the bank of the oblong enclosure, where a quantity of flints were found mixed with the mould. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 72 0 0 100 0 0 0 The fragments of pottery included 1 piece of flat rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 1 bottom of pot and 1 eyelet. The eyelet was of an inferior quality compared with the other fragments found here. OTHER RELICS.-Small piece of hollow rim of pale green glass, Fig. 11, Plate CXVII.; 1 iron nail; 5 fragments of burnt clay; 1 fossil echinus; fragment of burnt bone; 3 flint flakes; 1 flint scraper; 79 burnt flints; and 47 irregular fragments of sandstone. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 4; radius; lower end of metatarsus. Ox.-Teeth, 10; portion of lower jaw with teeth; metatarsus, upper end wanting. Pig.-Lower jaw with teeth. Sheep.-Teeth, 14; portion of lower jaw with teeth; metacarpus; metatarsus, young. Several fragments of bones. Rotherley Relic Tables. 81 SURFACE TRENCHING, INTERIOR, MAIN CIRCLE. Date. December 23rd, 1886, to February 4th, 1887. Description.-This includes the surface trenching of the whole of the area of that part of the village comprised within the limits of the Main Circle Ditch, and including the bank which covered the ditch on the N.E. side, see Plate XCIII. All this ground was picked over down to the solid chalk, which here varied from 8 to 12 inches beneath the surface. All relics found between the surface and this depth are recorded in this table as are also all those found in surface trenching (to a depth of 12 inches) over the Main Circle Ditch, and over all the pits contained within the Main Circle. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage : 25 1370 31 80 14 1.6 90.1 2.0 5.2 ⚫9 The fragments of pottery recorded as "inferior," included 9 pieces with small bead rim; 1 eyelet and 8 fragments of eyelets. The fragments enumerated under the head of "superior," included 6 pieces of flat rim, like Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 2 handles, one of which is figured on Plate CXII., Fig. 2, and 9 fragments of handles; 1 fragment of New Forest ware; 1 small cup or saucer, Fig. 4, Plate CXIII.; 1 bottom of pot perforated with 4 holes, and an object of pottery, Fig. 10, Plate CXI. of unknown use. The ornamental pottery included 7 pieces of rim, having a twisted rope-shaped pattern. OTHER RELICS.- Two portions of bronze bands, Figs. 2 and 3, Plate CII.; bronze bead (?), Fig. 11, Plate CII. bronze tweezers, Fig. 4, Plate CIII.; bronze nail-cleaner, Fig. 8, Plate CIII.; iron knife, Fig. 8, Plate CIV.; iron nail, Fig. 11, Plate CIV.; fragment of iron, perhaps pin of fibula, Fig. 15, Plate CIV.; 2 iron staples, Fig. 19, Plate CIV.; iron object, perhaps a ferrule of some kind, Fig. 9, Plate CV.; iron sickle, Fig. 2, Plate CVI.; iron spud, Fig. 8, Plate CVI.; iron strike-light, Fig. 9, Plate CVI.; 110 iron nails and fragments of nails, including 4 spike nails, with triangular heads and 2 T-shaped nails; fragment of purple glass streaked with white; 6 pieces of whetstone; hammer-stone of fine grained sandstone with groove round it for a withy, Fig. 2, Plate CXXII.; portion of saddle-quern of "pudding-stone," Fig. 7, Plate CXXI.; 93 fragments of burnt clay; 11 pieces of iron pyrites; 9 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 2 fossil echini; 10 pieces of terra-cotta tiles, 3 fragments having portion of a flange; 22 pieces of burnt chalk; 795 burnt flints; 943 irregular fragments of sandstone and 7 pieces of quernstones. British Coin.-Uninscribed silver British Coin, Fig. 2, Plate CXXIV. Roughly formed flint arrow-head, Fig. 1, Plate CXXIII.; flint arrow-head, Fig. 2, Plate CXXIII.; portion of basalt celt, Fig. 3, Plate CXXII.; 4 flint scrapers and 3 flint flakes. Human Remains. Skeleton of new-born child. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 13; portion of femur; portion of radius, 2; lower end of tibia, 2; fragment of metacarpus, 2; portion of metatarsus; astragalus, 3. Ox.—Teeth, 84; horn core, the tip cut away; portion of horn core; fragment of pelvis ; portion of metatarsus, 2; astragalus; digit, 2. Pig.-Portion of tusk. Sheep.-Teeth, 75; portion of jaw with teeth, 8; lower end of tibia; portion of metatarsus, 4. Dog.-Tooth; portion of lower jaw with tooth. Roedeer.-Portion of metatarsus, 2. Numerous fragments and split bones. ; 1 oyster-shell. MAIN CIRCLE DITCH. Date.-January 14th, to February 1st, 1887. Description. This ditch surrounded the Main Circle on all sides with the exception of a causeway on the south-east, 35 feet in width, which formed an entrance to the interior of the circle. The ditch varied from 8 feet 6 inches to 5 feet in width at top, and was 10 inches to 14 inches wide at bottom; depth 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches. It was covered by a rampart over a great part of the N.E. side, which had to be cut along to get at it. The filling consisted of mould mixed with chalk rubble. Sections across the ditch are given in Sections I., II., III., and IV., Plate XCV. M 82 Rotherley Relic Tables. 1 2 、 1 POTTERY. 3 4 5 LO 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 79 5.9 1222 0 15 8 92.3 0 1.1 .6 The fragments of pottery recorded as "inferior" included 59 pieces of coarse ware with grains of quartz or flint in its composition of the kind usually considered British; 2 eyelets and 8 fragments of eyelets. The "superior "fragments included 3 pieces of New Forest ware; 5 fragments of handles; 3 eyelets of hard sandy texture; 3 pieces of rims similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII.; 3 similar to Fig. 1, Plate XXXII., Vol. I., Woodcuts, and 1 fragment of rim of vessel of yellow ware, per- forated by a leaden rivet, Fig. 8, Plate CXII. The ornamental pottery included 6 pieces of rim with a twisted rope-shaped pattern, one fragment ornamented as in Fig. 4, Plate CXI., and one piece, Fig. 6, Plate CXIV. Two or three pieces of the red Samian pottery were found at the bottom of the ditch. One fragment is shown in Fig. 1, Plate CXV. OTHER RELICS.-Bronze fibula, finely patinated, Fig. 5, Plate XCVII.; bronze fibula, Fig. 8, Plate XCVIII.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 7, Plate C.; bronze catch of fibula; bronze ring, Fig. 8, Plate CII.; bronze band or bracelet, Fig. 3, Plate CIII.; bronze penannular ring, Fig. 12, Plate CIII.; fragment of iron, curved, perhaps bow of a fibula; iron point resembling the point of a Roman pilum, Fig. 13, Plate CIV.; iron chain, Fig. 7, Plate CV.; iron staple, Fig. 6, Plate CVI. ; iron link of chain; 3 iron nails; green glass bead, Fig. 13, Plate CXVII.; fragment of glass; 80 fragments of burnt clay, one perforated with hole; 34 nodules of iron pyrites; whetstone of hornstone, Fig. 3, Plate CXXI.; 7 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 3 fossil echini; 2 fragments of burnt bone; 7 fragments of mortar or plaster; flint knife, Fig. 5, Plate CXXIII. ; 3 flint flakes. Human Remains.-6 skeletons of new-born children, found in the filling of the ditch. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.—Horse.—Teeth, 40; radius, 2; upper end of scapula; portion of radius, 3; lower end of femur, 2; tibia; lower end of tibia, 3; astragalus, 2; phalanx; metacarpus, 3; metatarsus, 2. Ox.-Teeth, 74; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3; horn cores, 2; radius; portion of radius; head of femur; meta- carpus, 2, ends gone; metatarsus; portion of metatarsus, 2; astragalus, 2; digits, 7; humerus. Sheep.—Teeth, 105; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 23; metacarpus ; lower end of tibia. Pig.-Teeth, 3; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 7. Dog.-Fragments of jaw with teeth, 2; portion of femur; upper end of tibia; metatarsal. A large quantity of split bones and fragments. 2 oyster-shells. 6 Helix aspersa. 1 Helix nemoralis. Fragments of oak wood; a mixture of wheat, hay, &c., probably fodder for cattle. SOUTHERN DITCH, SOUTH QUARTER. Date.--December 1st to 4th, 1886. Description.-This began at a distance of 40 feet from the southern entrance to the oblong enclosure and ran for 75 feet in a southerly direction. It was from 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 6 inches wide at top, 15 inches at bottom, and averaged 3 feet in depth. See Section VI., Plate XCV. At two places in its course two bays had been cut in the west side of the ditch for the purpose of receiving two interments, details of which are given in the description of Fig. 6, Plate CXXVI. Over the northern end of the ditch just beneath the surface, and extending towards the entrance of the oblong enclosure, a number of flints were found, arranged as if to form a roadway. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 1 205 0 10 5 10 5 · •4 94.9 0 2.3 2.3 The superior pottery included five fragments of New Forest ware. Five fragments of pottery were ornamented with a twisted rope-shaped pattern on the rim. Rotherley Relic Tables. 83 Two of the pieces of Red Samian pottery were ornamented, one of which is shown in Fig. 4, Plate CXV., and one fragment was perforated with a hole. Pottery which has been restored.-Small fluted vase of New Forest ware, Fig. 1, Plate CVIII.; bowl of dark brown earthenware, Fig. 5, Plate CVIII. OTHER RELICS.—Bronze fibula, Fig. 10, Plate XCVII.; portion of horseshoe, Fig. 11, Plate CVI.; bronze coin of Gallienus (A.D. 253–268) Fig. 9, Plate CXXIV.; coin (small) not identified, and flint hammer found at a depth of 14 inches, Fig. 7, Plate CXXIII.; all these objects were found in trenching in the Southern Ditch and over the area occupied by Skeleton No. 3. The following relics were recorded from other parts of the Southern Ditch :-Green glass bead, Fig. 12, Plate CXVII., found whilst filling in the soil after excavation, 6 pieces of burnt clay, 2 fragments of iron pyrites, 1 fossil echinus, 1 flint scraper, and 9 fragments of thick green glass, medieval. Human Remains. Two male skeletons (Nos. 2 and 3) 5 feet 1.2 inches and 5 feet 1.5 inches in height respectively, were found on the bottom of the Southern Ditch, a small bay having been cut out of the side to receive each of them as shown on the plan, Fig. 6, Plate CXXVI. The skulls are shown on Plates CXXXI. and CXXXII. The femora of No. 2 Skeleton were afflicted with "rheumatoid arthritis," as shown in Plate CXXVIII. At the feet of Skeleton No. 3 several fragments of bones of a dog were found together. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 3. Dog.-Portions of humerus, tibia, femur, and other bones. A few fragments and split bones, most of which were found with Skeleton No. 2. Fragments of oak wood. $ SURFACE TRENCHING, SOUTH QUARTER. Date. December 3rd, 1885. Description.-This includes all relics found in trenching the ground between the southern ditch on the west, the south-east drain on the north and east, and the bank of the oblong enclosure on the north-west, and comprised everything obtained between the surface and a depth of 12 inches beneath it. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 42 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 OTHER RELICS.—Bronze fibula, Fig. 1, Plate XCVIII.; bronze hinge, Fig. 2, Plate CIII.; bronze reliquary, Fig. 6, Plate CIII.; fragment of sandstone with one surface rubbed smooth; 1 piece of burnt clay; 3 flint scrapers, one of which is figured on Fig. 6, Plate CXXIII. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.—A few fragments only of bones; 1 fragment of oyster-shell. Fragments of wood of willow. RECTANGULAR GRAVE, SOUTH QUARTER. In the north part of the south quarter and about 8 feet 6 inches from the centre of the S.E. drain. Length 7 feet 6 inches, breadth 1 foot 4 inches, depth 2 feet 9 inches. See Plan, Plate XCIV. The grave was cut in the chalk, and contained a human skeleton, male, estimated stature 5 feet 6-4 inches, lying on the floor of the grave, with the head on the north-east. The bearing of the skeleton was N. 15° E. (true). See Fig. 1, Plate CXXV. The skull is figured on Plate CXXX., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. SURFACE TRENCHING, NORTH-EAST ENCLOSURE. Date. From February 14th to February 23rd, 1887. Description. This comprises the surface trenching of the area included within the limits of the ditch of the N.E. enclosure. All relics found between the surface and a depth of 12 inches are recorded in the table below, as are also those found to the same depth over the ditch and over the pits in the enclosure. M 2 84 Rotherley Relic Tables. I 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 CO 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 4 142 0 2.7 97.2 0 0 0 OTHER RELICS.-Bronze fibula, Fig. 9, Plate XCVII.; bronze pin of fibula, Fig. 5, Plate XCVIII.; bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 9, Plate C.; bronze ring, Fig. 10, Plate CII.; iron object of unknown use, Fig. 16, Plate CV.; iron chisel, Fig. 1, Plate CVI.; iron nail with flat head, Fig. 17, Plate CI.; 1 iron nail, and 3 pieces of nails; fragments of band iron; half a pottery spindlewhorl ; 4 fragments of iron pyrites; bone implement composed of the metatarsus of a small horse, Fig. 4, Plate CXVII.; 3 pieces of whetstone; 1 oval sandstone; 6 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 36 pieces of burnt clay, one piece having impress of stick or wattle; 4 flint scrapers; 7 flint flakes. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.—Lower end of metatarsus; phalanx. Ox.-Teeth, 9; astragalus. Pig.-Portion of jaw with teeth. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of jaw with teeth; radius; metacarpus. DITCH OF NORTH-EAST ENCLOSURE. Date.-February 14th to February 22nd, 1887. Description.-From 3 feet to 5 feet in width at top, 5 inches to 10 inches wide at bottom, and from 1 foot 3 inches to 2 feet 6 inches in depth. It surrounded the North-East Enclosure on all sides but the south, where there was an opening about 73 feet in width. There was a narrow causeway of undisturbed chalk across it on the west side. A circular pit 6 feet 6 inches in diameter was also found in it on the north-west side of the enclosure, the bottom of which was 3 feet 8 inches below the bottom of the ditch. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 222 0 0 3 3 97.3 0 1.3 1.3 The "inferior" fragments of pottery included 1 eyelet and 1 portion of eyelet, and 9 pieces of a large vessel of very thick coarse ware. Three fragments were ornamented in a similar manner to Fig. 9, Plate CXIV. OTHER RELICS.-Portion of iron saw (Fig. 2, Plate CIV.); iron fibula (Fig. 9, Plate CI.); fragment of iron staple; bone object with an oval hole throughout its length (Fig. 1, Plate CXVII.); upper portion of the femur of an ox, with the head cut off to be used as a spindlewhorl (Fig. 3, Plate CXXIX.); 9 fragments of unworked shale; 3 pieces of burnt bone; fossil echinus; 62 pieces of burnt clay; 1 flint scraper, and 3 flint flakes. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 9; portion of jaw with teeth, 4; lower end of ulna; portion of radius; astragalus, 2; metatarsus. Ox.-Teeth, 29; portion of jaw with teeth, 3; horn core; dentata; portion of radius; lower portion of tibia; portion of metatarsus; fragment of scapula; portion of pelvis; astragalus. Pig.-Tooth; portion of jaw with teeth, 3. Sheep.-Teeth, 14; portion of jaw with teeth, 7; lower end of tibia; lower end of metacarpus. Fragments of oak wood. Rotherley Relic Tables. 85 SURFACE TRENCHING, NORTH QUARTER. Date.-Commenced February 15th, 1888. Description.—This includes all the surface trenching of that part of the village, extending to the north and north-east of the Main Circle Ditch, except that contained within the area of the north-east enclosure, its limits on the south-east being defined by a line drawn from the Main Circle Ditch to the W. end of the Eastern Road Ditch, passing between Pit 83 and Drain 7. All relics found in surface trenching over this area to a depth of 12 inches are recorded below, including those found over the pits, drains and holes. A shallow depression, marked "Hearth" on the Plan, Plate XCIV., about 10 inches deep was found in the chalk floor. It was 4 feet 4 inches long, 2 feet 6 inches wide, and the bottom was 1 foot 10 inches beneath the surface of the ground. The depression was filled with clay, some of which was burnt, and also several pieces of burnt sandstone. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage : 31 206 0 4 1 12.8 85.1 0 1.6 ⚫4 The "superior" fragments of pottery included three pieces of rim, like Fig. 7, Plate CXIII., and two fragments of eyelets. One fragment was ornamented with a twisted rope-shaped pattern on the rim. The fragments of Red Samian pottery included one piece stamped with the maker's name TITTIV(s), Fig. 7, Plate CXV. OTHER RELICS.-Bow of bronze fibula, Fig. 2, Plate XCIX.; bow of bronze fibula; bronze circular brooch, Fig. 14, Plate CII.; iron javelin-head, Fig. 4, Plate CV.; fragment of iron knife; iron nail; pottery spindlewhorl; 2 small pieces of shale; 1 piece of terra-cotta tile, with hole; fossil echinus; 59 pieces of iron pyrites; 74 pieces of burnt clay, one fragment having the mark of a stick; 4 fragments of whetstones; fragment of basalt celt; 6 flint scrapers; 4 flint flakes; 7 pieces of burnt chalk; 816 burnt flints; 568 irregular pieces of sandstone; and three pieces of a quernstone, Fig. 4, Plate CXX., composed of coarse grit, containing large pieces of quartz, almost unrolled. Similar rocks occur in the lower carboniferous series." (Rudler.) CC ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Horse.-Teeth, 4. Ox.-Teeth, 9; metacarpus; portion of metatarsus, 2. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw, with teeth, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 5. Dog.-Tooth. 1 fragment of oystershell. TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE, NORTH QUARTER. This ditch or trench (see Fig. 4, Plate CXXV.) appeared to have enclosed some four-sided structure, and ran into a shallow depression to the west. It averaged 3 feet wide, and was from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet deep, and had 3 human skeletons buried in it, at what appeared to be the corners of the building enclosed by the trench. No trace of the building, however, was found, and it is only suggested by the shape of the trench. An enlarged plan of portion of the trench is given in Fig. 4, Plate CXXV., showing the position of the 3 skeletons, 2 of which were buried in holes or graves below the bottom of the trench, which was filled with brown mould containing a few fragments of pottery and animal bones. NORTH-WEST DITCH. Date.-April 9th, 1887. Description. This ditch bounded the village on the N.W. side, commencing at a distance of 54 feet W. of Pit 60, and running in a northerly direction for about 117 feet, when it turned at a right angle and extended towards the S.E. for about 32 feet. It was from 3 to 3 feet 6 inches wide, and from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet deep. The filling consisted of brown mould. 86 Rotherley Relic Tables. 1 Fragments of pottery. No. of fragments Percentage : : • 2 POTTERY, 3 4 10 5 6 Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. 15 0 0 100 0 0 0 OTHER RELICS.-Bronze fibulæ, Figs. 4, 5 and 6, Plate XCIX.; 28 fragments of iron pyrites; 2 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 11 pieces of burnt clay; 1 flint flake; 128 burnt flints and 36 irregular fragments of sandstone. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-Ox.-Horn core; metacarpus; digit. Pig.-Tooth; portion of jaw with teeth. SURFACE TRENCHING, WEST QUARTER. Date.-March 26th, 1887. Description. The ground to the west of the Main Circle was trenched in places, but only a few fragments of pottery were found, there being but few traces of the soil having been disturbed. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 LO 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 15 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 OTHER RELICS.-Half an iron horseshoe; fragment of iron nail; 7 pieces of iron pyrites; 2 pieces of burnt clay; flint flake and 2 flint scrapers. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS.-A few fragments only of bones. SURFACE TRENCHING, SOUTH-WEST QUARTER. Date.-April 6th, 1887. Description. The ground to the south of the Western Ditch, and west of the Southern Ditch was trenched in places, but no traces occurred of its having been disturbed. 1 2 POTTERY. 3 4 10 5 6 Fragments of pottery. Of inferior quality. Of superior quality. Red pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. of fragments Percentage 0 15 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 The fragments of "superior" pottery included portion of an eyelet. The only other relics found were 4 fragments of burnt clay and 2 fossil echini. Rotherley Relic Tables. 87 ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Of Superior Quality. Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 16 Oct., S.E. quarter 1888. Circular; 6′ 6″ diameter at top; 3'4" diameter at 6' bottom; depth 6′ 8″; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 pieces of burnt clay; 2 burnt flints. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 100 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 Oct., S.E. quarter 1886. 3 8 Oct., S.E. quarter 1886. 4 8 Oct., S.E. quarter. 1886. roughly cut sides, flat bottom, filling of chalk rubble. Before being re-excavated this formed a slight circu- lar depression having the appearance of a pit, but on being dug out was found to be continuous with the South-eastern Drain, the depression on surface being probably the result of a subsidence of the soil caused by the interment of a horse, the skeleton of which was found on the bottom of the drain. Slightly oval; about 4′6″ long by 4' wide; depth of bottom beneath sur- face 4'. The filling con- sisted chiefly of mould; at a depth of 2′9″ beneath the surface there was a layer of burnt earth in which were some frag- ments of wood, and around the western side of the pit at the bottom were a number of large irregular flints. Irregularly-shaped depres sion about 7' long and 6' wide, and 3′ to 4' deep, with uneven floor, filled with mould and chalk rubble. 0 0 139 97.2 0 0 0 0 4 A few small fragments of bones; fragments of chest- nut wood. 0 A quantity of red apparently baked clay was found at a depth of about | 2 ft. 6 in.; several burnt flints. Or.-Tooth; digits, 2; lower | end of metacarpus, 2; upper end, 3; portion of pelvis. Sheep.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth, 5; portion of horn core; metatarsus (young). Dog. Radius (young); several fragments and split bones. The fragments of superior pottery included one bottom of pot, 5 in. in diameter, perforated with 3 holes, averaging in. in diameter, and was found at a depth of 2 ft. 9 in. beneath the surface. 2.8 Bow of an iron fibula None. (Fig. 5, Plate CI.), found in filling in. The fragments of superior pottery included 11 pieces with small bead rim like Fig. 2, Plate CVII. 1 fragment of large vase with upright neck like Fig. 4, Plate CVII. fragment of bottom of pot perforated with two holes ; 4 fragments of rim were orna- mented with wave lines. 1 88 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornainental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- cent centage. No. Per- centage. 0 0 11 91.7 0 0 0 0 1 8.3 None. 1 2.4 38 92 7 0 0 0 0 2 4.8 LO 5 2 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. 6 3 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. 722 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. A slight depression about 7′ long, 3′8″ wide, and 12″ deep in the chalk floor, which was 2' 4" beneath the surface. Circular; 5′ 3″ diam. at top, 4′ 4″ at bottom, 6′ deep; bottom quite flat and smooth in places; filled with light-brown mould, in which were a large number of irregular flints. Almost circular at top; about 5' 5" diameter, bot- tom 3′ 2″, depth 7′ 10″; sides roughly hewn, in some places quite smooth; the filling consisted of gravelly mould to a depth of 2', then a layer 12" of fine chalk rubble ; the remainder beneath this to the bottom being brown mould. 8 20 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. Circular; diameter at top 4', bottom 2' by 1′ 6″; depth, 4′2″; sides roughly cut, uneven bottom; filled with mould. 9 23 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. 0 11 100 0 0 0 0 0 Portion of bronze fibula, found at a depth of 2 ft. 3 in. beneath the surface 15 burnt flints 3 pieces of baked clay. ; A few fragments of bones, Included amongst the frag- not identified. ments of pottery was 1 eye- let for suspension; 1 fragment was ornamented with horizon- tal incised lines. Ox.-Tooth; scapula; lower end of radius. Sheep.-Lower portion of tibia, 2; a few fragments and split bones. Included amongst the fragments of superior pottery were 4 pieces with small bead rim 2 fragments were ornamented with crossed lines. ; 03 3 burnt flints; 71 | Horse.—Tooth. rounded fragments of burnt chalk; 16 fragments of sand- stone and 6 pieces of baked clay, perhaps daubing. Ox.-Horn cores, 2; teeth, 4; portion of lower jaw; upper end of radius. Pig.-Portion of upper jaw with teeth; tooth. Sheep.-Portion of upper jaw with teeth, 2; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 5; teeth, 2; scapula; tibia (young). Several small fragments and split bones. Fragments of wood of oak, ash, and elm. Ox.-Tooth; portion of lower jaw with teeth. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 burnt flints. larger, 5' 2" by 4′ 3″; Oval; 5′ 2″ by 3′ 10″ at 55 top; bottom slightly 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 depth 7′ 2″, bottom quite flat, sides roughly hewn, filled with flints and chalk mould to a depth of 5′ 3″, and mould only to the bottom. 01 flint scraper; 16 burnt flints; 3 frag- ments of sandstone; and 4 pieces of baked clay. Sheep.-Tooth; portions of scapula, 2; lower portion of humerus; metacarpals, 2, long and thin. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 1 piece of rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII. Rotherley Relic Tables. 68 10 23 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. Circular; 3' 4" diameter, depth 3′ 3″, flat bottom, filled with chalk rubble mixed with black mould, in which were traces of charcoal. 5 100 0 0 0 0 0 16 fragments of sand- stone; 11 burnt flints, 3 pieces of daubing. Pig.-Digit, 2. 1 oyster shell near bottom of pit. 11 24 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. Oval; top 5′ 5″ by 2' 9", 15 100 0 0 bottom 4' 6" by 4' 2", 0 0 0 0 depth 4′2″, bottom flat, sides roughly cut in the upper part, in some places near the bottom quite smooth, filled with small chalk rubble. 0 3 fragments of baked Horse.-Teeth, 5; portion clay. of jaw with tooth; several fragments and split bones. 12 25 Nov., South quarter 1886. A natural depression in the chalk, filled with yellow sand. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O None. | 13 25 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. Circular; 4'4" diameter at top, 3′ 6″ at bottom, depth 4' 4", bottom basin-shaped; the filling consisted of chalk rubble. N 11 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 25 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. Oval; 3′ 9″ long, 3′ 2″ wide, depth 3' 6", filled with chalk rubble. 5 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 25 Feb., North quarter 1887. 16 28 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. Nearly round, 6' 0" by 5′ 2,″ 4′ 9″ by 3′ 10″ at bottom; depth 3' 4". Filled to a depth of 2′2″ with chalk rubble, below which the east side was filled with mould to the bottom, the other side with chalk rubble. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nearly circular, 7' 2" by 18 6'6" at top, bottom 5'10" by 5′ 6″; depth 5′ 8″. Bottoni flat, sides very rotten and roughly hewn, except in some places near the bottom, where they were quite smooth; filling of chalk rubble. 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. ; 13 48 burnt flints fragments of burnt clay. Ox.-Horn core. Sheep.-teeth, 5; portions of lower jaw with teeth, 3. 0 2 pieces of burnt clay Sheep.-Portion of humerus. A few small fragments of bones. 0 6 fragments of burnt clay; 3 burnt flints; 2 pieces of sand- stone, and 1 piece of burnt chalk. atlas ; Dog.- Femur, 2 axis; scapula; portion of pelvis, 2 ; astragalus, 2 os calcis, 2; metatarsals, 7. 0 Pin of iron fibula, Fig. 8, Plate CI, found at a depth of 1 ft. 6 in.; 3 frag- ments of daubing; 1 fragment of sand- stone. Vase (partly restored), with two small holes in the rim, Fig. 4, Plate CVIII. ; Horse.-Tooth; humerus radius; tibia; portions of pelvis, 2. Ox.-Lower jaw with teeth, 1; tooth; humerus; por- tion of femur. Pig.-One lower jaw. Sheep.-Portions of lower jaw with teeth, 7; 1 tooth. Several fragments and split bones. The fragments of inferior quality pottery included 1 piece of rim similar to Fig. 4, Plate CVII. 90 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS—continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 17 29 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. 18 29 Nuv., S.E. quarter 1886. Slightly oval, 5′3″ by 4′11″ 14 at top, 3′ 7″ diameter at bottom; depth 6' 2". Bottom uneven ; sides quite smooth in places near the bottom. This pit was filled with nothing but large flints and a little mould, except at the bottom, where there was a layer of dark mould about 6" thick. 100 0 0 0 0 REMARKS. 0 0 0 9 fragments of daub- ing, some pieces of which were found adhering to the sides of the pit; 1 frag- ment had the mark ; of the wattle 4 burnt flints. | Horse.-Teeth, 8; portion of lower jaw, 2; radius, small horse. Ox.-Humerus. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth. Sheep.- Portion of lower jaw with teeth. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 1 piece of rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII., and 1 portion of eyelet. Oval; 4′7″ by 2′ 10″ long axis S.W ; _depth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. None. 4 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 29 Nov., S.E. quarter 1886. 20 2 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. 21 1 Dec., 1886. S.E. quarter 3'9". Filled with chalk rubble mixed with dark mould. Bottom flat. An oval pit, with long axis E. and W. Length 5' 8", breadth 3′ 3″, depth 3′ 2″, having a shallow depresssion on the west side which was 6' long and about 4′ 6″ wide, depth 2′ 7″, the bottom being 5"above that of the pit. The filling in both was chalk rubble mixed with mould. Circular; diameter 2′ 6″, depth 3′6″; filled with mould and chalk rubble. A long shallow trench; long axis N. W. and S.E. opening into Pit 22 at its N.W. end; length 12', width at S.E. end 3′ 10″, width at N.W. end 4′ 8″, depth 2′ 6″. Filled with mould and chalk rubble. Bottom flat. 4 100 0 0 0 00 0 2 fragments of burnt clay; 1 nodule of iron pyrites; 6 burnt flints. Tertiary pebble, with one side slightly hollowed. Tooth of horse. A few fragments of bones. 0 0 0 6 burnt flints; 3 A few fragments of bone. pieces of sandstone. The pottery included 2 pieces with small bead rim. 13 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ; 17 burnt flints; 35 pieces of sandstone fragment of iron; fragment of burnt clay; 15 portions of sandstone querns, 2 of which are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, Plate CXX. Ox.-Teeth, 9; portion of 1 fragment having a bead rim ; upper jaw with tooth. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; fragments of jaw, 4. Dog.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth; radius hu- merus, 2; femur, 2; tibia, 2, one of which had been broken during life; meta- carpals, 3; metatarsals, 4. These bones belonged to a dog about the size of a large-sized retriever. was included amongst the pieces of pottery. Rotherley Relic Tables. 16 22 6 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. Slightly oval; 5′ 5″ by 87 4′ 5″ at top, 5′ by 4′ 5″ at bottom, depth 11′ 3″. Long axis north and south. The bottom was quite flat, and the sides were cleanly cut and in some places smooth. 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 231 950 23 3 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. 24 6 Dec., 25 26 6 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. 8 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. 9 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. An irregularly shaped ex- cavation about 30′ long and 25′ wide, sunk to the level of the chalk which averaged 2′ beneath the surface. In the chalk floor, which was level, marks of flat round spaces occurred which may have been the foundations of a cluster of sunken huts. In the centre of the ex- cavation and sunk to a depth of 4' 11" beneath the level of the chalk floor, was a circular pit (No. 24), and 15' to the south of this another one sunk to a depth of 3′ 8″ (No. 16). The filling of the excavation consisted of brown mould. Circular; 7' diameter at top; 4′ 9″ at bottom; depth 6' 11". Filled with chalk rubble, except 18″ of mould which covered the bottom; the sides in some places were quite smooth, and the bottom flat. Slightly oval; 4′ 7″ by 4′ 3″ at top; bottom 3′ 5″ by 2′ 9″; depth 3'. Filled with mould and a little chalk rubble. Lozenge - shaped; 5' 7" long; 3′ 2″ wide at top; 3′ 11″ at bottom; depth 4'. Filled with chalk rubble mixed with mould. 0 09 09 3.7 3 56 burnt flints; head of femur, probably ox, perforated with hole, Fig. 4, Plate CXXIX.; 20 pieces of burnt clay; tertiary pebble; small piece of burnt bone. a | 1.2 8 pieces of burnt clay; 6 fragments of sand- stone; 1 flint flake; tertiary pebble ; bronze fibula,Fig.11, Plate C.; an iron staple, Fig. 1, Plate CIV.; an implement of horn and part of a bone spindle-whorl were found at an average depth of 2 feet; 4 iron nails, and 1 iron staple. An iron fibula, Fig. 7, Plate CI., was found in filling in. Horse.-Teeth, 5; cervical vertebræ, 5; 2 lower jaws with teeth, numerous frag- ments of ribs, and vertebræ, probably of horse; lower end of femur. Sheep.-Teeth, 2; fragments of lower jaw with teeth, 7. Pig.-1 tooth. Numerous fragments of bones. Horse.-Teeth, 4; 1 bone of foot ("coffin-bone"). Ox.-Teeth, 3; lower end of tibia. Sheep.-Teeth, 11; frag- ments of lower jaw with teeth, 12; lower ends of humerus, 2; lower ends of metacarpus, 2. Numerous split bones and fragments. Fragments of oak wood. The 87 fragments of pottery in- cluded 4 pieces with small bead rim, 3 pieces with narrow horizontal raised band near the rim, 1 fragment of eye- let similar to Fig. 1, Plate CXI., and one piece perforated with hole. The pottery recorded as superior included 1 portion of basin- shaped vessel with rim similar to Fig. 7, Plate CXIII., and 1 piece with rim similar to Fig. W, Plate CXVI. The ornamental pieces con- sisted of 1 fragment of rim with twisted rope pattern similar to Fig. 10, Plate XXXVIII., Vol. 1, and 2 pieces having horizontal raised bands like those on the vase Fig. 7, Plate XXXV., Vol. 1. • 12 100 0 0 0 0 0 04 pieces of quern Horse.-Humerus; radius; stones. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 burnt flints; 1 frag- ment of sandstone. metacarpus ; femur; tibia numerous fragments of bones apparently belonging to skeleton of horse. A fragment of burnt quern was found beneath the bones and some charcoal round about them. A few small fragments of bone. The fragments of pottery included half a small saucer with bead rim. 0 0 4 66.6 0 0 1 16 6 1 16.6 Skeleton of newborn None. infant found at a depth of 2 feet 5 inches. The superior pottery included the mouth and neck of a small vessel of red pottery. The ornamental fragment con- sisted of a piece of reddish brown pottery covered with a yellowish brown_glaze and ornamented as in Fig. 2, Plate CXIV. It was found at a depth of 1 foot 3 inches beneath the surface. N 2 92 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 19 pieces of burnt 1 jaw of sheep. clay; nodule of iron pyrites. 0 Fragment of burnt Portion of metatarsus of ox. bone. 2 fragments of burnt Jaw of sheep with teeth. clay; 3 burnt flints and 2 fragments of sandstone. 27 7 Dec., East quarter 1886. Circular; 2' 10" diameter; 2' 10" deep. Filled with chalk rubble. 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 9 Dec., East quarter 1886. Oval; 5' 4" by 3′ 3″; depth 3′3″. Filled with chalk rubble. 1 50.0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 29 9 Dec., East quarter 1886. 30 6 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. Oval; 3′ 10″ long, 2' 10" 13 wide, 2′ 4″ deep. Filled with brown mould, except at the bottom where there was a layer of black earth 9" thick. Circular; diameter 6' 6", 35 depth 7′; straight sides; good even bottom. Filled to a depth of 4′ 5″ with large flints and mould 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 fragments of burnt Sheep.-Tooth; fragments clay. of lower jaw with teeth, 2. A few fragments and broken bones. 1 oystershell. The pieces of pottery recorded included 5 pieces of rim simi- lar to Fig. 11, Plate CXIV., and 1 eyelet for suspension, similar to Fig. 1, Plate CXI. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 4 fragments with small bead rim. ; below this, to the bottom, mould only. 31 13 Dec., East quarter 1886. This pit had apparently 39 been a double one, 8′ 3″ long, 5'10" wide at east- 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 fragments of sand- Ox.-Tooth: stone. ern end, 5′ 2″ at western end; depth 2′3″. Filled with chalk rubble. horn core; lower jaw with teeth tragalus. Sheep.-3 teeth; 1 lower jaw. ; as- 32 10 Dec., East quarter 1886. Nearly circular; 3′8″ long, 3′ 1″ wide, 2′7″ in depth. Filled with mould. 4 100 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 4 burnt flints. 33 14 Dec., East quarter 1886. Circular; 3' diameter; depth 2′9″. Filled with mould and chalk rubble. 7 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. 34 14 Dec., East quarter 1886. Circular; 7' 6" diameter 64 at top; bottom 3′ 6″ by 3′ 3″; depth 7' flat ; bottom. Filled with chalk rubble. 100 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 8 fragments of sand- burnt stone; flints. 41 Ox.-Tooth; 3 small frag- ments of bone. 1 tooth of sheep, and a few fragments of bones. Horse.—Tooth; tibia; Horse.-Tooth; tibia; meta- carpus; splint-bone; pha- lanx. Ox.-Lower end of tibia ; os calcis lower end of humerus. ; Pig.-Lower jaw. Dog.-Portion of lower jaw. Numerous fragments and split bones. The pottery included 1 piece with small bead rim. Rotherley Relic Tables. 93 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 14 Dec., East quarter 1886. 36 14 Dec., South quarter 1886. 37 14 Dec., S.E. quarter 1886. Slightly oval; top 6′ 3″ by 5′4″; bottom of irre- gular shape and flat, greatest length 5′ 11″; width 4'; depth 8′ 3″. Filled with mould. A funnel-shaped pit; diameter at top 11′ 6″, lessening to 4′ 6″ at a depth of 5′ beneath the surface; bottom 1′ 7″ by 1′5″; depth of pit 10′ 2″. It was filled to a depth of 5' with chalk rubble, in which were a number of large flints. Beneath this to the bottom was chalk rubble only. сл 0 Circular; diameter at top 30 6' 6"; oval at bottom 4′ 8″ by 3′ 8″; depth 10'3". Filled with loose and large chalk rubble; bottom quite flat. 38 14 Dec., East quarter 1886. Slightly oval; 6′ 8″ by 192 5′9″ at top; 5' by 4' at bottom ; depth 7' 8". Bottom flat. Filled with mould and chalk rubble. 0 A few fragments of unburnt clay were found in the filling, as well as 9 pieces of burnt clay and 1 piece of sandstone. of human femur, tibia, and jaw, found at a depth of 4 ft. 6 in. beneath the surface. Horse.-Tooth. Dog.-Portion of lower jaw. A few fragments and split bones. Sheep.-2 teeth, 2 lower ends of tibia, and numerous fragments. Fox.-Lower jaw. The pottery included 1 bottom of pot 2 in. diameter, perfo- rated with 2 holes. The fragment of pottery came from the upper part of the pit. 0 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Portion 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94.4 5 5.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Some fragments of Horse.-Astragalus. burnt clay were found adhering to the south side of the pit. 0 91 burnt flints; 42 fragments of sand- stone; 10 pieces of burnt clay; fossil echinus; iron object, perhaps part of a buckle; fragment of whetstone of mica- ceous sandstone, Fig. 5, Plate CXXI. 5 burnt flints; 6 fragments of burnt clay. Ox.-Teeth, 3; lower end of tibia. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portions of jaw with teeth, 4; 1 horn core. Numerous fragments and split bones. Horse.-Portion of top part of skull with upper jaws and teeth; teeth, 3; por- tions of upper jaw with teeth, 2; condylar bone, with foramen magnum; upper portion of femur. Ox.-Tooth. Pig.-Teeth, 6; portions of lower jaw with teeth, 5. Sheep.-Portion of lower jaw, 3; teeth, 5. Numerous fragments and split bones. A few fragments of bones only. Fragments of wood of edible chestnut. One fragment of bone only. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 2 fragments with small bead rim. Included amongst the pottery of inferior quality were 2 eyelets for suspension, similar to Fig. 1, Plate CXI., and I bottom of pot 2 in. in diameter. 39 17 Dec., East quarter 1886. An oval pit; 4′ 6″ long, 22 2′ 4″ wide, and 3′ 6″ deep; filled with mould. 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 20 Dec., Oblong enclosure A pit 4' 10" long, 3′ 6″ 1886. wide, and 3′ 9″ deep, with a step at one end; filled with chalk rubble. 41 21 Dec., Oblong enclosure An oval pit; 6′ 2″ by 1886. 5′ 1″ at the top, and 5′ 6″ by 4′ 4″ at the bottom, 4' 5" deep; filled with chalk rubble. The bottom was slightly basin- shaped. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 pieces of burnt clay; 1 nodule of iron pyrites; 1 piece of sandstone and 1 burnt flint. None. 94 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS- continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. Per- No. centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 42 21 Dec., Oblong enclosure Oblong enclosure 1886. Irregularly shaped; about 7′ 6″ long, 4' 8" wide, and 2′ 10″ deep, with a narrow trench running into it from the north; filled with dark mould. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O None. None. 43 15 Jan., Main circle 1887. 41 17 Jan., Main circle 1887. 45 25 Jan., 1887. Main circle, east Main circle, east side. Circular; diameter at top 29 7' 8", at bottom 4′ 2″ by 3' 9", with slight side chamber 3' 6" wide on the east side; depth 5′ 7″. Good sides and smooth bottom. The filling to a depth of 2′ 10″ beneath the surface was black mould in the centre, and chalk rubble round the sides. The remaining portion of the pit was filled with brown mould in which were traces of burnt wood and grain. Oval; 5' by 3′ 6″ at the top; and 3' by 2′ 6″ at the bottom; depth 3'; filled with chalk rubble. SO ; 86.6 4 13.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 tertiary or seashore pebble; 12 pieces of burnt clay; a bronze fibula was found at a depth of 3 ft. 1 in. beneath the surface; | Horse.-Teeth, 2. Ox. - Teeth, 4; radius; lower end of tibia. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3. A few fragments of bones. Fig.11,PlateXCIX., A number of grains of wheat 4 skeletons of new- born children were found at a depth of 2 ft. beneath the surface; vase of black ware, partly restored. | were found at a depth of 4 ft. 10 in., and continued mixed with the soil to the bottom. Fragments of oak wood. The inferior fragments of pottery included 2 pieces with bead rim. The superior fragments in- cluded one bottom of pot. 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. Circular at top; diameter 384 7'. It became rectangular at a depth of 4′ 10″, and continued to the bottom, which was at a depth of 9′ 2″. The top of the rectangular part was 5' 8" by 4' 9"; at bottom 3′ 6″ by 5′ 3″ filled to depth of 3′7″ with brown mould; chalk rubble then occurred, mixed with brown mould, to depth of 8′ 5″, under which was a layer of dark mould 9″ deep, over the bottom. The sides of the pit were well cut, and smoother in the lower 96.5 10 2.5 0 0 0 0 4 1.0 Afragment of bronze at a depth of 2 ft.4 in.; 3 pieces of iron scoriæ; 58 burnt flints; 61 fragments of sand- stones; 2 bits of quern; fossil echinus; Í burnt sandstone; 70 fragments of burnt clay, including one large fragment having the impres- sion of a stick or wattle 0.9 inch in diameter, Fig. 4, Plate CXIX. this ; was found at the bottom of the pit; 1 None. Horse.-Upper end of sca- pula; astragalus; portion of pelvis, 5; phalanx. Ox.-Teeth, 9; lower end of tibia; portion of pelvis of small ox; astragalus, 2; digit, 2. Pig.-Fragments of jaw with teeth, 4. Goat.-Horn cores, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 26; portion of upper jaw with teeth, 6; lower jaw with teeth, 2; portion of ditto with teeth, 20; lower portion of tibia radius (young), 3; ulna metacarpus (young), 3; metatarsus, 7 (all young). skeleton of newborn | Dog.-Tooth ; metacarpal ; ; of The inferior fragments pottery included 2 eyelets for suspension, 29 fragments with small bead rim, and 2 bottoms The of pot. ornamental pieces consisted of 1 fragment of rim ornamented as in Fig. 3, Plate CXI. ; 2 pieces similar to Fig. 9, Plate CXIV., and 1 piece as in Fig. 11, Plate CXIV. Rotherley Relic Tables. 95 part than in the upper part of the pit. A quan- tity of burnt clay and charcoal was mixed with the filling all the way down. infant, found at a depth of 2 ft. 2 in., and 1 premature skeleton of infant found at a depth of 3 ft. 3 in. beneath the surface. bones, 4. Numerous frag- ments and split bones. Fragments of wood of oak, ash, elm, and willow. 85.0 7 11.7 0 0 0 0 2 3.3 46 26 Jan., Main circle 1887. Circular; diameter at top 51 6′ 4″; 5′ 3″ by 4' 7" at ; bottom 6' deep. The filling to a depth of 3′ consisted of mould in the centre and chalk rubble round the sides ; then chalk rubble 2′ 4″ deep; whilst over the bottom was a layer of mould 6″ deep. The sides were regularly cut. 47 26 Jan., Main circle 1887. An oval pit; 7′ 6″ by 5′ 5″, and 2′ 2″ deep, having a basin-shaped depression at side 5' 4" by 3′ 8″, and 2′ 6″ deep, filled with chalk rubble and mould mixed. 33 fragments of burnt clay; 60 burnt flints; 19 pieces of sand- stone; 1 fragment of iron; skeleton of newborninfant found at a depth of 3 ft. 1 in. beneath the surface. Ox.-Teeth, 5; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2. Teeth, 2; tibia, metatarsus, metacarpus, and several small bones of calf. Sheep.-Portion of lower jaw. A few fragments of bones. The inferior pieces of pottery included 3 fragments with small bead rim. The superior fragments included 1 piece of rim similar to Fig. W, Plate CXVI., and 2 pieces of mouth of large vessel of yellow ware, Fig. 10, Plate CXII. 0 0 7 87.5 0 0 1 12.5 0 0 13 burnt flints; 6 fragments of sand- stone querns; frag- ment of iron pyrites; 9 pieces of burnt chalk. Ox.-Tooth; fragment of head of femur of ox (?); a few small fragments of bone. The fragment of Red Samian was found nearly on the bottom in the side depression. 48 29 Jan., Main circle 1887. Funnel-shaped; 7′0″ dia- 73 meter at top, 4′ 8″ by 4' 3" at bottom, 9' 7" deep. The filling to a depth of 3′ 3″ was dark mould, then chalk rubble to a depth of 6′ 8″, after which the chalk became much mixed with ashes and dark mould, con- tinuing so to the bottom, which was smooth. The sides were straightly cut. On the south-east side of the pit a circular depression about 2′ 8″ deep was found adjoin- ing the pit. 96.8 1 1.0 0 0 0 0 2 2.1 ; 4 fragments of burnt | clay; 2 skeletons of newborn infants; fragment of iron; 15 burnt flints 31 sandstones; 2 small pieces of pale green glass (depth 2 feet 2 inches); vase (partly restored) 112 inches high, 6 inches diameter at mouth, with small bead rim, and two eyelets for sus- pension similar to Fig. 6, Plate CVII.; 3 vessels partly re- stored, Figs. 2, 3, Plate CVII., and Fig. 3, Plate CVIII. Fig. 3, Plate CVII., was found at a depth of 8 ft. 1 in. beneath the surface, or 1 ft. 6 in. from the bottom. | Horse.—Portions of 4 skulls ; teeth, 3; lower jaw with teeth, 3; portion of femur of small horse, 3; tibia, 2; portion of pelvis, 2; metacarpus, 2; meta- tarsus, 1; astragalus, 2; phalanx, 2; os calcis, 2. Ox.-Lower jaw of small ox with teeth, 2; lower jaw with teeth of large ox, 2; portion of skull with horn cores attached of small ox; portion of skull of small ox; portion of lower jaw with teeth ; metacarpus, digit, astra- galus. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2. Dog.-Front part of skull and portion of jaw; several fragments bones; 1 helix nemoralis. Fragments of oak wood. of The inferior fragments of pottery included 9 pieces with bead rim; 1 eyelet for suspension; and 2 portions of eyelets. The ornamental pottery consisted of a small fragment shown in Fig. 4, Plate CXIV.; and part of the rim of a large vessel orna- mented, as shown in Fig. 12, Plate CXIV. 96 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. Per- No. centage. Per- No. centage. 100 49 31 Jan., Main circle 1887. 50 26 Jan., Main circle 1887. Circular; diameter at top 10 6′ 2″ by 6′ 0″, at bottom 3' 4", depth 5′ 10″, straight sides. At a depth of 2′ 10″ beneath the surface on the west side was a step 12″ wide. The pit was filled with dark mould to a depth of 2′ 8″, then chalk 2′ 5″ in thickness, followed by dark mould again to the bottom. Oval; 6' by 4' 6" at top, 145 2′10″ diameter at bottom; depth 4' 8". Filled with chalk rubble, mixed with brown mould. The sides were a little uneven ; fairly good bottom. 00 0 0 0 0 4 pieces of burnt clay; skeleton of newborn infant; vase of brown ware, Fig. 8, Plate CVIII., found complete with the exception of 4 pieces. Horse.-Fragments of skull; tibia; metatarsus; pha- lanx, 2; astragalus; tooth. Ox.-15 fragments of skull; teeth, 12. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; several split bones and fragments. Fragments of wood of edible chestnut. 7 90.6 4.3 0 0 0 0 8 5.0 ; 10 Small piece of bronze; 4 burnt flints fragments of a sub- stance like mortar were found adher- ing to the sides at a depth of 4 ft. 3 in. Horse.-Metacarpus. Ox.-Teeth, 3. Sheep.-Teeth, 4; metatar- sus (young). A few small fragments of bones. Fragments of wood of oak and willow. The inferior fragments of pot- tery included 14 pieces with small bead rims, 5 similar to Fig. 9, Plate CXVI.,and 2 eye- lets for suspension, 1 of which is shown in Fig. 2, Plate CXI. The ornamental fragments in- cluded 2 pieces of rims and sides of vessels ornamented as in Figs. 9 and 10, Plate CXIV., the remaining 6 fragments being ornamented with crossed lines. 6.5 29 93.5 0 0 0 00 0 51 3 Feb., Main circle 1887. 52 12 Feb., 1887. Within the area occupied by the site of sunken huts, S.E. quar- ter. Circular; 5' 6" diameter 2 at top, 3′ 10″ at bottom, 7' 1" deep. Filled with brown mould. Regular cut sides; smooth bottom. ; Almost circular 8' by 7′8″ at top, 5' by 4' 5" at bottom, 9' 1" deep. Filled with chalk rubble to depth of 8′2″, beneath which was a layer of brown mould and chalk rubble. 10 3 pieces of burnt clay; | Horse.-Numerous small fragment of iron. 5 burnt flints; 6 burnt fragments of sand- stone; 4 pieces of 1 frag- sandstone ; ment of iron pyrites. 1 piece of daubing was found adhering to the side near the bottom. frag- ments of skull; teeth, 5; portion of tibia. Ox.-Teeth, 2; digit. Sheep.-Teeth, 2. A few small fragments. Horse.-Portion of pelvis. Ox.-Atlas; portion of radius with ulna attached; sacrum. Sheep.-Teeth, 11; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 9; humerus; portion of hu- merus, 2; radius; portion of pelvis; metacarpus of lamb, 4; metatarsus of lamb, 2; upper end of metatarsus, 4. Dog.- Skull of large dog with lower jaw. Raven.-Humerus. 1 helix nemoralis. A large quantity of broken bones. 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rotherley Relic Tables. 97 87.1 0 0 0 0 53 19 Feb., N.E. enclosure... An irregularly shaped pit, 1887. about 13'6" long and 10' wide, the depth varying from 2' 9" to 3′ 9″, with an inner pit sunk in the centre, of rectangular shape, the sides being about 4' in length. The bottom was 5′ 2″ from the surface. The filling in the upper part of the excavation consisted of very dark mould only, chalk rubble being mixed with it in the bottom part. 4 12.9 27 | 54 21 Feb., 1887. Bronze fibula, Fig. 2, Plate XCVIII., found whilst filling in; 14 burnt flints; 11 sandstones. A fragment of burnt clay was found at a depth of 5 ft.; fragment of an iron handle, Fig. 4, Plate CVI.,at depth of 5ft. 9 in.; portion of iron socket, Fig.17, Plate CIV.; 2 small frag- ments of bronze at a depth of 2 ft. 8 in. Horse.-Fragments of skull. Ox.-Teeth, 3; lower end of tibia, 2; portion of meta- carpus. Sheep. - Portion of jaw with teeth, 5; portion of metatarsus; metacarpus ; ditto (young); metatarsus (young). Dog.-Radius. Roedeer.-Tine, Fig. 6, Plate CXXIX. Shell of limpet. Several fragments of bones, including some pieces of skull of horse or ox. The superior pieces of pottery included 3 fragments of rim and side of a tazza of black ware. The inferior fragments included a piece of pottery with small bead rim. 3.2 30 96.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 In the ditch of the north-east enclosure on the west side. Circular at top; diameter 6′ 6″; bottom nearly square, 4′ 2″ by 3′ 6″; depth 5′ 8″. The filling was chalk rubble to a depth of 4' 6", beneath which it was brown mould with chalk to a depth of 5' 6", then 2" of sand mixed with charcoal and grains of wheat. 1 A human skeleton, No. 6, male, esti- mated stature 5 ft. 3.7 in., was found lying in a contracted position in the direc- tion of N. 64° E. (true), with the skull on the N.E., the latter being at a depth of 3 ft. be- neath the surface. See plan of pit, Fig. 8, Plate CXXVI. The skull is shown on Plate CXXXI. A bronze fibula, Fig. 10, Plate C., was found on the right shoulder, and an iron one, Fig. 4, Plate CI., on the upper end of the right femur. Ox.-Teeth, 2; a few frag- ments of bones not identi- fied. A few grains of wheat mixed with charcoal were found in the filling about the skeleton. Fragments of wood of ash. 5 12.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 24 Feb., North quarter.. Slightly oval; 10′ 9″ by 35 87.5 1887. 9′ 3″ at top, diameter at depth of 3 beneath the surface, 6′ 9″, diameter at bottom 5′ 3″, depth 9′ 3″. The filling to a depth of about 3' 8" consisted of dark mould in the centre, and mould mixed with chalk rubble round the sides. Below this, to within 2″ of the bottom, coarse chalk rubble only occurred, with the excep- tion of a layer of large flints at a depth of 7′ 2″. O Four human skele- tons, Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10, all males, were found in this pit at depths varying from 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. 10 in. beneath the surface, each one lying in a contracted position, as shown in the plan and sec- tion of the pit. Plate CXXVII. The skulls are figured on Plates CXXXVI. to Horse.-Tooth. Ox.-Teeth, 4; portion of skull. Sheep.-Tooth. Fragments of wood of oak and ash. Included amongst the pieces of inferior pottery were 5 frag- ments with small bead rim. The fragments of superior pottery were associated with the skeletons to a depth of 3 ft. 8 in., and included 3 pieces with bead rim. 86 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. 55 continued. The bottom, which was quite smooth, was covered with 2" of mould, in which was a good deal of wood and some grains of wheat. See Plate CXXVII. 56 23 Feb., N.E. enclosure 1887. Diameter at top 7, bottom 4′ 7″ by 5′, depth 10′ 4″. The filling consisted of dark mould to a depth of 2′ 2″, below which, to 9' 1", it was chalk rubble No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. Per- No. centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 10 5 20 235 96.9 0 0 0 0 2 CXXXIX. A pot- tery spindle-whorl, bone gouge, Fig. 5, Plate CXVII., were found with skeleton 7, the skeleton of a new-born infant with skeleton 8, and a bronze stud with skeleton 10. Be- neath the skeleton, at a depth of 7 ft. 8 in. beneath the surface, an iron nail, Fig. 15, Plate CI., was found. In the filling the following relics also noted:-3 pieces of whetstones, frag- ment of bone ap- were parently cut; 6 pieces of iron py- rites; 8 burnt flints; 7 fragnients of sand- stone; 5 pieces of burnt chalk ; terti- ary or sea - shore pebble; fossil echi- nus; 11 pieces of burnt clay; 6 small thin pieces of un- worked shale; frag- ment of burnt bone; and a circular flint ball or pounder found at a depth of 6 ft. 11 in., Fig. 8, Plate CXXI. 8 Pottery spindle-whorl found at a depth of 2 ft. 3 in.; circular piece of pottery partly bored with small hole, probably Horse.-Tooth, portion of pelvis; radius; lower end of femur tibia; lower end of tibia; portion of sac- rum. ; Ox.-Teeth, 19; lower jaw; Included amongst the frag- ments of inferior pottery were 12 pieces with a large bead rim, 10 with a rim simi- lar to Fig. 4, Plate CVII.; 4 similar to Fig. 4, Plate Rotherley Relic Tables. 99 only; from this depth to the bottom it was black mould. intended for use as a spindle-whorl. A tazza, Fig. 1, Plate CVII., of black earthenware was found complete in the upper part of the pit; 41 burnt flints, and 156 frag- ments of sandstone. 0 Pottery spindle-whorl, depth beneath sur- face, 1 ft. 6 in.; 18 pieces of burnt clay, 1 flint scraper, and 1 flint flake. lower end of tibia, 3; por- tion of metatarsus. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of jaw with teeth ; meta- carpus. A few grains of wheat were found at the bottom of the pit. Horse.-Tooth; astragalus. Ox.-Teeth, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 5. A few fragments of bones; 2 snail shells. CXI.; 3 fragments of eye- lets and 3 pieces of bottoms of pots, one perforated with 4 holes, the others with two only. The superior fragments of pottery included 1 piece of handle. 7 18.4 31 81.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 100 0 0 0 0 12 10.5 0 0 0 0 3 2.6 57 25 Feb., East quarter 1887. 58 59 1 Mar., North quarter 1887. 2 Mar., North quarter 1887. Circular; diameter at top, 7' 6"; 5' 10" at bottom; depth 6′ 6″, with a small step on the west side at a depth of 2′ 8″ beneath the surface. Regular cut sides, smooth bottom. Filled with mould and rubble mixed to depth of 3' 4", then chalk rubble only to bottom. Circular; 4' 8" diameter at top, 3′ 8″ at bottom ; 8' 2" deep. Very smooth sides and bottom. Filled with very fine chalk rubble and mould mixed. Circular; 6' 0" diameter at top; 3'6" diameter at a depth of 2′ 8″; 3′ 0″ diameter at bottom depth, 4′10″. Filling, chalk rubble mixed with wood ashes. ; 0 99 86.9 60 1 Mar., North quarter 1887. radius. Ox.-Tooth. Sheep.-Tooth. 0 Pottery spindle-whorl Horse.-Upper found at a depth of 1 ft. 6 in.; 2 pieces of burnt clay; 5 burnt flints; and 6 pieces of sandstone. 18 pieces of burnt clay; 17 burnt flints; 23 pieces of sandstone. Frag- ment of iron found on the bottom. A human skeleton (No. 11), probably male, estimated stature, 5 ft., was found in a contracted position with the skull on the S.E., the skull being at a depth of 3 ft. 7 in. beneath the surface (see Fig. 7, Plate CXXVI.). A number of large flints were found in and about the re- mains. 0 4 fragments of stone quern ; 11 burnt flints; 43 fragments of sandstone; frag- ment of iron and pin of bronze fibula, the latter found on the bottom of the pit. ; end of Horse.--Metatarsus. A quantity of wood (oak and hazel) ashes were found at a depth of 2 feet 11 inches in the filling of the pit. 3 fragments of pottery were ornamented with crossed lines. The inferior pieces of pottery included 2 fragments of eye- lets for suspension, and 3 fragments of rim. Included amongst the pieces of superior pottery was 1 fragment having a yellowish glaze on one side, and portion of rim and side of vessel, Fig. 9, Plate CXII. Horse.—Radius; lower end The inferior fragments of of metatarsus. Ox.-Tooth. Sheep.Fragment of lower jaw with teeth ; meta- tarsus (lower end gone). Dog.-Lower end of tibia. A few fragments and split bones. pottery included 3 pieces with small bead rim, 2 pieces similar to Fig. 4, Plate CXI., and portion of bottom of pot, having on the under side 33 small impressions or punch- marks, Fig. 11, Plate CXI. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A double pit, consisting 51 100 of a circular pit, with another pit opening out of it on the N.W. side. The S.E. pit was 5' 6" diameter at top, 4′ 4″ by 3′ 9″ at bottom, and 7'0" deep. The N.W. pit was 4' 6" diameter at top, 3' 0" at bottom, and 3′ 8″ deep. Well- ז 0 2 100 Rotherley Relic Tables. No. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Of Superior Quality. Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 60 continued. 61 3 Mar., North quarter 1887. cut sides and smooth bottoms. Some clay was found on the bottom of the smaller pit, and at a depth of 4' 7" in the larger one. The filling in both consisted of chalk rubble mixed with mould. Irregular in shape; 6′ 3″ by 5′ 9″ at top, 4′ 3″ by 3' 3' at bottom, depth 7' 3". In the wall of the pit, on the N. side, was a step 3′10″ long, 1′10″ wide, and 3′ 6″ deep. The filling was chalk rubble and mould mixed. 62 2 Mar., East quarter 1887. 4 166 20 83.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circular; 5' 6" diameter 78 96 3 3 37 0 at top, 3′ 3″ at bottom, 5' 8" deep. Filled with dark mould to depth of 3′ 10″, then chalk rubble to bottom. 631 1 Mar., East quarter 1887. Almost circular; 5′ 6″ by 4', 2′ 6″ deep. Filled with mould. 2 nodules of iron py- rites; 1 fragment of burnt clay; 2 frag- ments of bronze, found at depth of 1 ft. 5 in.; 31 burnt flints and 22 frag- ments of sandstone. ; ; Horse.-Teeth, Horse.-Teeth, 2; orbit ; portion of upper jaw and several fragments of skull portion of pelvis, 3; portion of radius; tibia, 2; femur metacarpus; metatarsus, 2; phalanx; astragalus, 2 fragment of sacrum. Ox.-Teeth, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 5. Dog.-Portion of upper jaw with teeth; fragments of lower jaw with teeth, 5; radius ; several fragments of ribs, vertebræ, and limb- bones belonging to skeleton of young dog, all found at a depth of 2 ft. 6 in. beneath the surface. The superior pieces of pottery included 3 fragments of eye- lets. 0 0 0 0 O None. 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 0 0 Horse.-Portion of lower The inferior fragments of pot- jaw. Ox.-Teeth, 3. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2. Sheep.-Teeth, 4; lower jaw with teeth. Numerous fragments of bones. tery included 8 pieces with small bead rim. 0 2 pieces of burnt clay. A few fragments only of bones. Rotherley Relic Tables. 101 64 2 Mar., East quarter 1887. Diameter at top 4' 3", squarish at bottom 3′ 2″ by 2′10″, 7' deep. Well- cut sides and smooth bot- tom. Filled with light chalk mould. It had a small step 1' 6" long, 1′6″ 1 5.3 18 9.17 0 0 0 0 0 11 pieces of burnt clay; 1 fragment of whetstone; 35 burnt flints; 23 fragments of sandstone. Horse.-Dentata. Ox.-Teeth, 2. Sheep.--Teeth, 4; metacar- pus, 2 (young); metatarsus (young). wide, and 2′ deep on the north side. 65 3 Mar., North quarter 1887. Round; 6' diameter at top, 40 952 2 4.7 0 0 0 3′ 10″ by 3′ 6″ at bottom, 0 0 0 5'10" deep. Filled with 66 26 Mar., West quarter 1887. dark mould to depth of 4' 4", then chalk rubble 1′ 1″ thick,and 5″ of dark mould on the bottom. Slightly oval; 4' 4" by 3′ 9″ at top; 3′ 0″ by 2′ 7″ at bottom; depth 3′ 5″. Regularly cut sides, good bottom. Filled with chalk rubble mixed with mould. 675 5 Mar., 1887. On the east side of the north quarter. 68 7 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. * * 0 0 0 0 8 pieces of burnt clay; Ox.-Teeth, 3; portion of portion of whet- stone; chalk spindle- whorl (found on the bottom); 19 pieces of sandstone; 15 burnt flints; 1 piece of burnt chalk. 1 burnt flint ; 1 piece sandstone; 2 pieces of quern stone. 0 4 pieces of burnt clay; 2 fragments of iron pyrites; 2 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles. 57 Flint knife; 3 frag- ments of iron pyrites; 11 burnt flints. 0 5 fragments of iron pyrites; 2 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles; 1 echinus; 1 flint flake ; 3 pieces of burnt clay, 1 having a flat face; 59 burnt flints; 18 fragments of sandstone; 6 pieces of burnt chalk ; 1 piece of burnt bone. The inferior fragments of pot- metacarpus ; portion of tery included 6 pieces with metatarsus. Several frag- small bead rim. ments of bones. A few fragments of bone only. Fragments of wood of oak. Horse.-Teeth, 4; astragalus. Ox.-Teeth, 8; astragalus; lower end of tibia. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of lower jaw with teeth. Dog.-Upper end of femur. Several fragments of bones. Ox.-Lower end of tibia; lower end of metacarpus. Sheep.-Tooth; portion of lower jaw with teeth. A few fragments of bones. Horse.-Teeth, 4; portion of jaw with teeth, 3. Ox.-Teeth, 5; portion of jaw with tooth. Sheep.-Teeth, 8; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 9; ulna; lower end of tibia scapula. Dog.-Portion of jaw with teeth. Several fragments of bones. Fragments of oak wood. ; * A few fragments of pottery were found in this pit; but their number was not ascer- tained, owing to the pieces having been mixed with those from another pit. The inferior fragment of pottery was very coarse in quality with small pieces of flint in its composition. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 1 fragment of rim similar to Fig. W, Plate CXVI., 1 mouth of vessel of yellowish coloured fine smooth ware, Fig. 12, Plate CXI., and 1 portion of saucer - shaped vessel. 2 fragments were ornamented with a twisted rope-shaped pattern on the rim. 2 The inferior fragments of pottery included 1 eyelet, pieces of rim of pot similar to Fig. 4, Plate CVII., 1 fragment like Fig. 10, Plate CXIII., and 6 pieces with small bead rim. A squarish-shaped pit, 15' long, 13' wide, 4′ 6″ deep, with two slight depres- sions in the floor. Filled with mould and coarse chalk rubble. This may have been a site for sunken huts. 1 48 20 95.2 0 0 0 0 0 A shallow oval pit; 6′ by 5′ 6″ and 2′ deep. Very smooth level bottom. Filled with mould and chalk rubble. 69 9 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. 0 0 33 94.3 0 0 0 0 2 9 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 An oval pit; 8' by 5′ 8″ at 72 88.8 top; 6' 5" by 5' 5" at bottom; 11′ 7″ deep, with a neck or trench about 2′ wide and 3′ deep running from it for about 6′in a northerlydirection. There was a small well- worn step in the west wall of the pit at a depth of 4' 2" beneath the surface,measuring 3' long and 1' 6" wide. The filling to a depth of 5′ 6″ 102 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. 69 continued. 70 11 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. 71 12 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. consisted of brown mould followed by 14" of fine chalk rubble, the remainder to the bottom being coarser. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. Per- No. centage. Slightly oval; 5′ 6″ by 29 5′ at top, 4' 6" by 4' at bottom; depth 7′ 6″; a 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 roughly cut pit, smooth bottom; filled with fine chalk rubble. Almost square; 5′ 6″ by 29 5′ 3″ at top, 5′ 3″ by 4' at bottom, 4' 4" deep; well-cut sides, uneven bottom; illed with mould and chalk rubble. 87.9 4 12.1 0 0 0 0 0 REMARKS. 0 2 fragments of iron pyrites; 1 fossil echinus. Horse.-Tibia. Sheep.-Teeth, 2; portion of lower jaw with teeth. Several fragments of bones. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 1 piece with small bead rim. 0 0 21 100 0 0 0 0 0 | 72 14 Mar., North quarter 1887. 73 14 Mar., North quarter 1887. Nearly square; 5' 7" by 5′ 0″ at top, 4′ 9″ by 4' 7" at bottom, 3′ 7″ deep; regularly cut sides and smooth bottom; the filling consisted of very black mould to a depth of 3', followed by chalk rubble mixed with brown mould to the bottom. Diameter at top 4' 9", 3′ 10″ by 3′ 7″ at bottom. depth 3' 9"; filled with chalk rubble; a layer of dark mould covered the bottom 2″ in thickness. 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 fragments of iron pyrites; tertiary or sea-shore pebble; 3 small pieces of burnt clay; 1 fossil echinus; a pottery spindle-whorl found at a depth of 2 ft. 2 in., and another at 4 ft. beneath the surface. was 11 pieces of burnt clay; 2 flint scrapers; 57 burnt flints; 17 pieces of sandstone; half a spindle-whorl of pottery with hole in the centre; fragment of un- worked shale; bronze fibula, Fig. 6, Plate XCVII. Horse.-Teeth, 2; portion of tibia. Sheep.-Teeth, 9; portion of jaw with teeth, 9 meta- carpus (young). Dog.-Teeth, 2. ; Horse.-Teeth, 2; astragalus. Ox.-Teeth, 3; lower end of radius ; lower end of tibia. Sheep.-Lower jaw with teeth. Several fragments of bones. Fragments of wood of oak and willow. 07 pieces of burnt clay; Horse:-Metacarpus; pha- 3 fragments of un- lanx. Ox.-Tooth. 3 | Pig.--Portion of ulna. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of lower jaw with teeth. Several fragments of bones. worked shale; 6 burnt flints; pieces of burnt chalk ; 13 sand- stones; bat-shaped bone implement, Fig.2, Plate CXVII.; cup-shaped vase, re- stored, Fig. 1, Plate CA. The fragments of inferior pottery included 2 pieces circular in form, each per- forated with a hole in the centre, and perhaps intended for use as spindle-whorls. ་ 1 Rotherley Relic Tables. 103 74 14 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. Oval; 5′ 6″ by 4' 3" at top, 4′ 3″ by 3′ 3″ at bottom, depth 3′1″; sides evenly cut, smooth bottom; filled with chalk rubble and mould mixed. 0 0 11 100 0 0 0 0 1 fossil echinus; 1 fragment of burnt 6 burnt clay; flints. 75 23 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. Diameter at top 7' 0"; 57 95 0 3 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6′ 8″ by 6′ 0″ at bottom; depth 8′ 9″; well-cut sides; unlevel but smooth bottom. Down to a depth of 3′ 3″ beneath the surface the filling consisted of rich brown mould, under which was a layer of chalk rubble 2′ 0″ thick. This was followed by another layer of dark soil 2′0″ thick, beneath which chalk rubble occurred as far as the bottom, which was covered by a thin layer or stain of black mould. 0 1 100 0 0 0 0 U 7 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 23 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. 77 23 Mar., North quarter 1887. Oblong; 5′ 8″ by 3′ 5″ at top; 3'3" by 1′ 4″ at bottom; depth 3′ 8″. Filled to a depth of 1'11" with brown mould, fol- lowed by chalk rubble to the bottom. On the bottom the rubble was mixed with black mould 2" thick. A small circular pit 2′ 9″ diameter at top; 2′ 4″ at bottom; 2′ 9″ deep. Filled with fine brown mould. A thin layer of dark soil covered the bottom. 0 78 25 Mar., S.E. quarter 1887. Circular; 5' 8" diameter at top; 3'6" at bottom; 7′ 5″ deep. Filled to depth of 4' 10" with black mould, followed by chalk rubble, mixed with mould to 6′ 9″, a layer 8" thick of dark soil covering the bottom. 35 fragments of burnt clay (in 3 places fragments were seen adhering to the sides of the pit); 1 fossil echinus; half a bone spindle-whorl; iron pilum head, Fig. 12, Plate CIV., found at a depth of 2 ft. 3 in. beneath the surface; 78 burnt 78 burnt flints; 13 pieces of sandstone; 2 pieces of flat sandstone with marks of fire. ; Horse.-Teeth, 2; portion of femur; tibia lower end of tibia; portion of metacarpus. Ox.-Teeth, 6; portion of upper jaw with teeth, 2; ditto lower jaw, 1; portion of pelvis. Sheep.-Teeth, 3; portion of jaw with teeth, 8; meta- tarsus (young). Badger.-Lower jaw with teeth. Numerous fragments of bones. Fragments of wood of oak, ash, and hazel. The inferior fragments of pottery included 3 eyelets for suspension, and 5 pieces of pottery with small bead rim. 0 3 pieces of burnt clay; 1 fragment of iron pyrites; 17 burnt flints were found in the upper part of the pit. A few fragments of bones unidentified. Fragments of oak wood. 2 7.6 23 88.5 0 0 0 0 1 3.8 Fragment of pottery A few fragments only. perforated with hole, perhaps intended for use as a spindle- whorl ; 7 burnt flints; 1 piece of burnt chalk. 5 fragments of burnt clay; 91 burnt flints; 24 pieces of sandstone ; pot - tery spindle-whorl, found at a depth of 3 ft. 10 in. | Ox.-Tooth; digits, 2; por- Ox.-Tooth; digits, 2; por- tion of metatarsus. Pig.-Teeth, 2; portion of tusk. Sheep.-Portion of horn core: tooth; portion of upper jaw with teeth, 2. Several fragments of bones. The fragments of superior pottery included 1 bottom of pot of fine thin brown ware. 1 fragment was ornamented with a sinuous wave line, Fig. 5, Plate CXIV. 104 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Of Superior Quality. Red Quality. Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS, 79 25 Mar., East quarter 1887. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. Slightly oval; 5′ 9″ by 4' 9" at top; 4′ 9″ by 3′ 10″ at bottom; depth 4' 7". Irregular sides; smooth bottom. Filled with black mould to depth of 2′ 3″, then with chalk rubble and brown mould to the bottom. 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Traces of charcoal on 2 pieces of burnt clay; 17 burnt flints, and 12 fragments of sandstone, most of which were found in the upper part of the pit. Ox.-Tooth; astragalus. Horse.-Tooth. Sheep.-Tooth. the bottom. Diameter at top 5′ 9″; 29 100 0 80 26 Mar., North quarter 1887. .. 3′ 4″ at bottom; depth 81 29 Mar., West quarter 1887. 82 28 Mar., North quarter 1887. 5' 3". Well-cut sym- metrical sides, and good bottom. Filled to a 2' 8" depth of 2′ 8″ with mould, followed by chalk rubble to the bottom. Over the bottom was a layer of large flints. Oval, 7′0″by 5′6″; bottom about 3′ 10″ diameter; depth 5′8″. On the north side of the pit were two steps or ledges one above the other, the top one being at a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the surface, the lower ledge 11" deeper. The filling of the pit to a depth of 2′ 2″, consisted of dark mould, then coarse chalk rubble round the sides, and mould in the centre, down to the bottom, which was covered with mould. Evenly cut sides and good smooth bottom. Diameter 6' at top; at a depth of 4' it was 3′ 8″, diminishing to 2′ 10″ at the bottom, which was 6′ 5″ beneath the sur- face. Well-cut sides 6' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 0 72 5 pieces of burnt clay; 1 tertiary or seashore pebble; 1 flint flake; 39 burnt flints, and 59 frag- ments of sandstone, most of which were found at the top of the pit. 0 2 pieces of burnt clay; 17 burnt flints; 12 pieces of sandstone. Horse.-Posterior portion of lower jaw. Ox.-Horn core and several fragments of skull; teeth, 7; tibia; metacarpus ; metatarsus, 2; portion of pelvis; femur; astragalus; digits, 11. Sheep.-Teeth, 4. Several fragments of bones. Ox.-Lower end of tibia. Pig.-Portion of jaw with teeth. A few fragments of bones. Fragments of wood of beech. 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 pieces of burnt clay; 1 flint flake ; 5 burnt flints ; 25 pieces of burnt chalk. A human skeleton Horse.-Phalanx ; portion of metacarpus. Ox.-Portion of skull, with horns attached, of small ox; teeth, 2; lower end of femur. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 4 pieces with small bead rim. Rotherley Relic Tables. 105 82 continued. and smooth bottom. The filling consisted of chalk rubble mixed with mould to a depth of 3′ 3″, then a layer of large flints, followed by coarse chalk rubble down to the bottom. 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 (No. 12) 12) female, estimated stature, 4 ft. 9.9 in., was found in a contracted posi- tion at a depth of 3 ft. 7 in. beneath the surface, in the direction of E. 10°S., with the skull on the East (see plan of pit, Fig. 2, Plate CXXV.). Traces of wood were noticed in the filling all round the skeleton. A layer of large flints completely covered the pit over the skeleton, one of which was over the skull, and had com- pletely shattered it. A number of animal bones were found in and about the skele- ton. At a depth of 5 ft. 1 in. was an ox skull, and at 5 ft. 3 in. a layer of animal bones. , Sheep.-Teeth, 14; por- tion of upper jaw with teeth, 4; ditto, lower jaw, 6; portion of horn core, 7; part of clavicle, 2; humerus, 4; ditto (young), 4; radius, 3; ditto (young). 1; portion of ulna (young), 2; femur, 2; portion of ditto, 2; femur (young), 3; tibia, 1; portion of ditto, 2; tibia (young), 3; metacarpus (small breed), 2; metatarsus (small breed), 3; ditto (young), 4; atlas, 1; axis, 3. Numerous fragments of vertebræ, ribs. &c., ap- parently the remains of 2 or more skeletons of sheep. Dog.-Teeth, 2; lower jaw; atlas; radius. 1 piece of burnt clay. Tooth of sheep; tooth of pig. 83 29 Mar., North quarter . 1887. .. 84 29 Mar., North quarter 1887. Oval; 5′ 8″ by 4' 8" at top; 5′ by 3′ 2″ at bottom ; depth, 3' 7". A step or ledge 1′ 8″ wide occurred on the south side at a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the sur- face. The filling con- sisted of chalk rubble and mould. Diameter at top, 4' 11"; at bottom, 3′ 7″; depth, 3′ 10″. Regularly cut sides ; even bottom. Filled with chalk mixed with mould. A layer of large flints occurred at a depth of 3' beneath the surface. 0 85 31 Mar., North quarter 1887. Р 0 3 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Large circular pit, 8' 6" 93 93 '0 1 1.0 0 0 0 0 diameter at top; 5' at bottom; 6' 9" deep. Well-cut sides, rather rough bottom. Filling:- a layer of very black mould about 6" thick occurred under the 12″ of surface trenching, followed by 9″ of brown mould, beneath which CO 6 Iron needle, Fig. 5, Some fragments of skull of Plate CVI., found at a depth of 1 ft. 6 in. beneath the surface. OX were found on bottom. the Portions of 2 vessels partly restored, Figs. 2 and Plate CX. 3, 6.0 5 pieces of burnt clay; 3 pieces of iron pyrites. Horse.-Teeth, 3. Ox.-Teeth, 15; lower end of tibia, 3. Sheep.-Tooth; portion of lower jaw with teeth, 2. Dog.-Teeth, 3; portion of jaw, 3. Roedeer.-Tine cut at the base. Numerous fragments and split bones. The inferior fragments of pottery included 1 bottom of pot. The ornamental pieces included a portion of rim and side of vase orna- mented as shown in Fig. 8, Plate CXIV. 106 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; PITS-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Quality. Red Pottery. Red Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. 85 continued. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. Per- No. centage. No. Per- centage. chalk rubble extended to the bottom of the pit. The rubble was mixed with mould in the centre of the pit. The bottom of the pit was covered with about 3" of brown mould. At a depth of 2′ 7" was a layer of wood, about an inch thick, nearly all over the pit. Circular; 4' 6" diameter [105 at top; 2′ 4″ at bottom; depth, 5'5". Filled to a depth of 2' 10" with dark mould, followed by chalk rubble to the bottom. At a depth of 2′ 9″ was a layer of burnt chalk or sediment. 86 8 Apr., North quarter 1887. 87 29 Mar.. North quarter 1887. Slightly oval; 5' 0" by 4' 6" at top; 3′ 9″ dia- meter at bottom and 4' deep. Roughly cut sides; smooth, well-worn bottom. Filled with black mould to depth of 2′ 5″, then fine chalk rubble to the bottom. 100 0 0 0 0 0 00 5 21.7 18 78.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 fragments of burnt clay; vase (partly restored), 9 in. high; 64 in. diameter at mouth, with eyelets for suspension simi- lar to Fig. 6, Plate CVII. Ox.-Teeth, 3; fragment of radius; astragalus; portion of humerus; ditto of meta- tarsus. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw with teeth, 3. Sheep.-Tooth. The fragments of inferior pottery included 17 pieces of a large vase having 2 eyelets for suspension, and 8 pieces of another vessel of black ware, 1 of the pieces being perforated with 2 holes, per- haps intended for the recep- tion of rivets in the manner shown in Fig. 8, Plate CXI. 0 2 pieces of burnt clay; 1 fossil echinus ; ter- tiary or sea-shore pebble ; 2 flint flakes found at the bottom; piece of band iron 12 in. long, 1 in. broad, found at a depth of 3 ft. 4 in.; semi-cir- cular spindle-whorl of bone with hole through the centre, Fig.5, PlateCXXIX., found on the bottom of the pit; 7 burnt flints; 8 pieces of sandstone found in the upper part of the pit ; 6 pieces of 4 sandstone and pieces of burnt chalk were found in other parts of the filling. Horse.-Humerus; radius; portion of metatarsus. Ox.-Frortal bone with horns attached and several fragments of skull of small ox; teeth, 21; portions of lower jaw with teeth, 2; astragalus; lower end of tibia. Numerous broken bones. Rotherley Relic Tables. 107 101 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 10 Apr., North quarter 1887. 89 11 Apr., North quarter 1887. A small oval pit, 4' 6" by 4' at top; 3′9″ by 3′ at bottom ; 2′ 8″ deep. Roughly cut sides, un- even bottom. Filled with mould to depth of 2′ 2″, then chalk rubble mixed with mould to the bottom Oval; 6′ 6″ by 5′ 6″ at top; 3′ 6″ by 2' at bottom; depth 5'. A very irre- gular pit, very rough and rotten sides; smooth bottom of irregular form. Filled with black soil to depth of 2' 10", then chalk rubble and mould to 3′ 6″, and pure chalk rubble to the bottom. 22 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 pieces of burnt Tooth of sheep. clay; 12 pieces of sandstone. 0 12 fragments of burnt clay; fragment of pottery of circular form with hole par- tially bored through the centre, found on Horse.-Tooth; metatarsus. Ox.-Tooth; dentata; por- tion of metatarsus; portion of humerus. Sheep.-Portion of jaw with teeth. teeth. the bottom; 57 burnt | Pig.-Portion of jaw with flints and 28 pieces of sandstones were found in the upper part of the pit; 19 burnt flints and 22 pieces of sandstone occurred in other parts of the filiing. A human fœtus was found at a depth of 2 ft. 2 in. Frog.-Several small bones. Numerous fragments of bones. 29 burnt flints; 10 None. pieces of sandstone ; 1 tertiary pebble. These objects were all found in the upper part of the pit. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 11 Apr., North quarter 1887. 91 11 Apr., North quarter 1887. 92 16 Apr., North quarter .1887. Circular; 8' diameter at top; 2' at bottom; 8' 3" deep. Filled with brown clayey soil to depth of 3' 9", when it became mixed with chalk rubble down to the bottom. A layer of mould 6" deep covered the bottom, which was very rough. An oval shallow pit; 6' by 4′ 10″ at top; 4′ 10″ by 4′ 2″ at bottom; 2′ deep. Roughly cut sides and uneven bottom. Filled with black mould. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circular; 3' 6" diameter at top, 2' by 2' 4" at bottom, 2'6" deep. Filled with black mould. 4 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 burnt flint; 4 frag- None. ments of sandstone. 0 4 fragments of baked clay; 2 pieces of sandstone. A few fragments only of bones. P 2 108 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; HOLES. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Of Superior Quality. Quality. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centa centage. No. Per- centage. c3 a 20 Jan., Main circle, west Slightly oval; 3' by 2' 4" at 1887. side. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 top, 2′3" by 1' 7" at bottom, and 2' 10" deep. Filled with chalk rubble and mould. GROUP 1. GROUP II. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. 0 44 sandstones; 4 burnt flints; and 5 pieces of burnt clay. b 20 Jan., Main circle, west Slightly oval; 2' 5" by 2' 2" 0 1887. side. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 at top, 1' 6" at bottom, 2' 8" deep. Filled with chalk rubble and mould. с 21 Jan., Main circle, west | Slightly oval; 2' 6" by 2' 1" 1887. side. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 at top, 1' 10" by 1' 8" at bottom, 3' 2" deep, filled with chalk rubble and mould. d 21 Jan., Main circle, west Slightly oval; 2' 2" by 2' 7" 1887. f side. at top, 1' 10" at bottom, and 3′ 3" deep. Filled with chalk rubble and mould. 25 Jan., Main circle, east Round; diameter at top 1887. side. 2′ 1″, 1' 6" at bottom, and 2′ 5" deep. Filled with brown mould, slightly mixed with chalk. 25 Jan., Main circle, east Round; diameter at top 1887. side. 2', at bottom 1' 5", and 2′ 2" deep. Filled with chalk rubble. g ac h i Jan. 26, Main circle, east Almost round; 2' by 1′ 8″ 1887. side. at top, and 1′ 1″ at bottom, 2′ 8″ deep. Filled with chalk rubble and mould. Jan. 27, Main circle, east Irregular shape; 2′ 10″ by 1887. side. 2′7″ at top, and 2′ 1″ by 1' 5" at bottom, 1' 11" deep. Filled with big flints and chalk rubble. Jan. 29, Main circle, east Oval; 3′ 2″ by 2′ 4″, and 1887. side. 1′ 6″ deep at one end, from which the bottom sloped to the surface at the other end. Filled with chalk rubble and big flints. 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 : 4 fragments of bones. 0 39 sandstones; 1 burnt flint; 7 pieces of burnt clay; and fragments of mortar-like substance. 02 burnt flints; 1 piece of Sheep.-Tooth. sandstone; and a fragment of glass, at a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the surface. 0 3 sandstones; 1 burnt flint; and 5 very small pieces of burnt clay. 이 ​02 pieces of burnt chalk; a skeleton of a new-born infant was found at a depth of 1 foot 3 inches beneath the surface. Traces of burnt wood. Traces of decayed wood or Traces of decayed wood or charcoal on the bottom. Sheep.-Teeth, 2; portion of lower jaw with tooth ; four fragments of bones. Some traces of charcoal or decayed wood were ob- served on the bottom of the hole. (C The The fragment of pottery classed as inferior," was of coarse quality, British, 0.32 inchi thick, with grains of quartz and flint in its composition. 1 50.0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 burnt flints; 1 sandstone and 2 pieces of burnt clay. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O None. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 large pieces of quern; 2 pieces of sandstone. Rotherley Relic Tables. 109 < Jan. 29, Main circle, east Oval; 3′ by 1′ 9″, and 1887. side. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 fragment of sandstone. 1′ 8″ deep at one end, the other sloped to the surface. Filled with chalk and mould mixed. centre. k Jan. 29, Main circle, near Irregular shape; 4' by 1887. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3′ 9″, 2′ 9″ by 1′ 3″ at bottom, and 2′ 3″ deep. Filled with chalk rubble and mould mixed. 01 piece of quern and 1 piece of burnt clay. 1 side. 28 Jan., Main circle, east Basin shaped, 2′ 2″ diameter 1887. 1 100 0 0 0 05 pieces of burnt clay at top and 1'5" deep. Filled with mould and chalk mixed. Horse.-Phalanx; fragment of bone. m 15 Feb., North east en- 1887. closure. About 11″ by 9,″ and 2′ 1″ deep. Filled with black earth and ashes, which, at the bottom of the hole, were mixed with grains of wheat. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None A number of grains of car- bonized wheat. n 15 Feb., North-east en- 11" by 9", 2′ deep. Filled 1887. closure. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None : with ashes containing grains 15 Feb., North-east en- 1887. closure. of wheat. 11″ by 10", and 2′ 2″ deep. Filled with black mould containing grains of wheat. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O❘ None : P 15 Feb., North-east 1887. closure. en-1′ 1″ by 11", and 2' deep. The upper half was filled with brown mould, whilst 0 0 2 100 0 0 0 0 : : the lower contained black earth mixed with decayed wood. q 16 Feb., North-east 1887. closure. en- 2′ 6″ by 2′ 3″ at top, 2′ by 1′ 9″ at bottom, 3′ deep. Filled with mould and chalk rubble. 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 0 0 0 0 2 fragments of sandstone; 3 pieces of burnt clay; some pieces of burnt bone. A number of grains of car- bonized wheat. A number of grains of car- bonized wheat. A number of grains of car- The pieces of pottery were bonized wheat. Ox.-Portion of horn core; lower end of humerus. Sheep.-Teeth, 6; portion of metacarpus. 0 Flint scraper and a fragment Tooth of sheep, and a few of burnt clay. small fragments of bones. found on the bottom of the hole, and consisted of 2 fragments of hard thick yellowish red ware an inch thick. GROUP III. GROUP IV. r 16 Feb., North-east 1887. closure. S 16 Feb., North-east 1887. closure. t 16 Feb., North-east 1887. closure. en- 2' 3" by 2' at top, 1′ 6″ diameter at bottom, 3' deep. Filled with mould and chalk rubble, in which were slight traces of de- cayed wood. en- 2′ 8″ by 2′ 4″ at top, 2' diameter at bottom, 2′ 9″ deep. Filled with mould and chalk rubble, in which were slight traces of de- cayed wood. en- 2′ 3″ diameter at top, 2′ by 1'10" at bottom, and 2′ 6" deep. Filled with mould and chalk rubble, in which were slight traces of decayed wood. u 26 Feb., East quarter, a 1887. little east of drain 7. 7 100 0 0 0 0 0 2 small pieces of burnt clay. A fragment of bone. 3' by 2' at top, about 10" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None diameter at bottom, 3' deep. Filled with large flints. : : None. 110 Rotherley Relic Tables. ROTHERLEY RELIC TABLES; HOLES-continued. POTTERY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Of Inferior Quality. Of Superior Red Quality. Samian. Ornamental. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. No. Per- centage No. Per- No. centage. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. 28 Feb., East quarter, a 4 by 2′ and 2' deep. Filled 30 100 1887. little east of with brown mould and drain 7. chalk rubble. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 small fragments of burnt | A few fragments of bone clay; vase of black earthen- ware, 7 inches high, and 6/1/2 inches diameter at mouth. The fragments of pottery in- cluded 5 pieces with small bead rim, one fragment being ornamented. One piece consisted of portion of bottom of pot perforated with two holes. GROUP V. W ter. 8 Mar., South-east quar- 1' 6" diameter at top, 12″ 1887. diameter at bottom, 3' deep. Filled with brown mould and chalk rubble. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 fragment of iron pyrites ; 3 fragments of sandstone. None. X 0 0 0 0 0 이 ​0 0 2 fragments of sandstɔne None. 8 Mar., South-east quar- 1' 4" diameter at top, 12″ 1887. at bottom, 2' 6" deep. ter. Filled with brown mould and chalk rubble in which were some slight traces of wood. 8 Mar., South-east quar- 1′ 6″ diameter at top, 12" at A small fragment of bone. Tooth of sheep and a frag- ment or two of bone. Ꭹ 1887. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. : ter. bottom, 2′ 8″ deep. Filled with brown mould and chalk rubble. Z א 1887. ter. 8 Mar., South-east quar- 1' 4" diameter at top, 11″ diameter at bottom, 2′ 6″ deep. Filled with brown mould and chalk rubble. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None None. A 2 Mar., East quarter. 1887. 3′ at top, 2' at bottom, 2′ 4″ deep. Filled with chalk 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 None and mould. B 2 Mar., East quarter. 1887. 3′ 4″ by 2′ 3″ and 4' deep. Almost entirely filled with big flints. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None None. C 1887. 24 Mar., On the west side of the Main Circle, beyond the Main Ditch. D 26 Mar., 1887. East quarter, group 6. E 26 Mar., East quarter 1887. 4' by 1' 3" at top, 2' 7" by 9" at bottom, 2′ 3″ deep. Filled with brown mould and chalk rubble, in which were slight traces of wood. Diameter, 1' 11" at top, 1′ 6″ diameter at bottom, 1' 6" deep. Filled with mould. 11″ diameter, depth 1'1". Filled with chalk rubble and mould. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fragment of sandstone None. found at the bottom of the hole. 0 0 0 0 0 0 None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None F F 28 Mar., East quarter 1887. 10" diameter and 1′ 2″ deep. Filled with chalk rubble and mould. 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 None.. G 29 Mar., North quarter 1887. About 4' 8" by 2′ 41″, 2′ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None deep. Filled with mould. Ox.-Teeth, 7; astragalus. A few fragments of bones. A few fragments of bones. A few fragments only of bone. 111 TABLE OF FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY, IN IN RELATION TO QUALITY AND AND FORM, FOUND IN THE ROMANO - BRITISH VILLAGES AT WOODCUTS AND ROTHERLEY, SHOWING THE NUMBER AND PERCENTAGES OF OF RIMS, EYELETS, HANDLES, AND SAMIAN OF THE VARIOUS KINDS NAMED, IN PROPORTION TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS FOUND IN THE SEVERAL QUARTERS AND PARTS DESCRIBED IN THE HEADINGS TO THE COLUMNS. NOTE. The percentages cannot be taken to show the proportion of the actual numbers of pots specified to the total, because, the total number of fragments must, no doubt, include numerous portions of the same pots, the aims of which are specified in the horizontal columns. They, however, give a fair idea of the relative proportion of the various kinds of pots found in the several parts and quarters. WOODCUTS. ROTHERLEY. 1 2 3 4 1. Red Samian Total number of fragments found in ALL EXCAVATIONS: 27721 10 6 8 1 2 3 4 LO 5 6 7 8 Total number of fragments found in SURFACE TRENCHING :- 7479 Total number of fragments found in DRAINS AND DITCHES :- 12019 Total number of fragments found in ALL PITS, excluding Pit 29, called the Roman Excavation:- 4954 Total number of fragments found in NORTH-WEST QUARTER, including surface, interior and cross ditches and pits, but exclusive of Main Ditch and Rampart*:- 9660 Total number of fragments found in ALL QUARTERS OTHER THAN THE N.W. QUARTER, and excluding the Small Well, Pit 29, and also the Main Ditch and Main Rampart* :- 10950 Total number of fragments found in CENTRAL QUARTER only, including its pits, and not including the Large Well, Pit 29, and excluding the Main Ditch and Rampart* : 6346 Total number of fragments found in ALL EXCAVATIONS:- Total number of fragments found in SURFACE TRENCHING:- 18932 9880 Total number of fragments found in DRAINS AND DITCHES :- 5370 Total number of fragments found in ALL PITS :- 3367 Total number of fragments found in the SOUTH-EAST QUARTER, including surface, ditches, pits, and upper and lower hut clusters :- 11367 Total number Total number of fragments found in the of fragments found in ALL REMAINING EXCAVATIONS :- 7566 MAIN CIRCLE, including surface bank, ditch, and pits : 3621 Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. 585 2.11 215 2.87 216 1.80 28 0.56 291 3:00 115 1.05 86 1.30 Red Samian Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. 437 2:30 363 3.67 42 0.78 11 0.32 267 2.35 170 0 22 96 2.65 2. New Forest Ware 218 0.78 125 1.67 82 0.68 4 0.08 144 1.50 23 0.21 19 0:30 New Forest Ware, Fig. 1, Plate CVIII. 17 0.09 8 0:08 Co 8 1·50* 0 0 7 0.06 10 0.13 4 0.11 3. Rim with twisted rope Pattern, Fig. 6, Plate CX. 186 0.67 81 1.00 78 0.65 9 0.18 72 0.74 60 0.55 52 0.82 Rim with twisted rope 51 0.27 31 0.31 17 0.31 3 0'09 30 0.26 21 0.27 13 0.35 Pattern, Fig. 6, Plate CX. 4. Handles, Fig. 5, Plate CXI. 90 0.32 50 0.67 29 0.24 4 0.08 50 0.52 32 0:30 17 0.27 Handles, Fig. 5, Plate CXI. 66 0.35 46 0.46 16 0.30 1 0.03 38 0.33 28 0.37 16 0.44 5. Basin shaped · Rims 586 2.11 307 3.40 253 2.10 16 0.32 361 3.74 97 0.89 67 1.05 Basin-shaped Rims with 26 0.14 18 0.18 4 0.07 3 0.09 22 0.20 4 0.05 0.11 with high ridge, Fig. w, Plate CXVI. high ridge, Fig. w, Plate CXVI. 6. Eyelets or Loops for 81+ 0.29 7 0.09 31 0.25 29 0.60 13 0.13 53 0.48 17 0.26 suspension, Fig. 1, suspension, Eyelets or Loops for Fig. 1, 151 0.79 84 0.85 42 0.78 23 0.68 90 0-71 61 0.80 26 0.72 Plate CXI. Plate CXI. 7. Bead Rim, Fig. 3, Plate CVIII. 599 2.16 39 0.52 259 2.15 288 5.81 79 0.82 412 3.80 300 4.72 Bead Rim, Fig. 3, Plate CVIII. 283 1.50 70 0.71 75 1.40 138 4.10 173 1.52 110 1.45 66 1.82 * The fragments from the Main Ditch and Main Rampart having been counted separately before the North-West and Central Quarters were excavated, are here excluded from the number of fragments in those quarters. + This number is 6 in excess of the total given on Page 114 of the Woodcuts volume, and is caused by Pit 73 having been there omitted from the calculation. * This percentage is increased by 5 out of the 8 fragments having subsequently been found to match, forming the restored vase, Fig. 1, Plate CVIII. 111 TABLE OF FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY, IN RELATION TO QUALITY AND FORM, FOUND IN THE ROMANO - BRITISH VILLAGES AT WOODCUTS AND ROTHERLEY, SHOWING THE NUMBER AND PERCENTAGES OF RIMS, EYELETS, HANDLES, AND SAMIAN OF THE VARIOUS KINDS NAMED, IN PROPORTION TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS FOUND IN THE SEVERAL QUARTERS AND PARTS DESCRIBED IN THE HEADINGS TO THE COLUMNS. NOTE.—The percentages cannot be taken to show the proportion of the actual numbers of pots specified to the total, because, the total number of fragments must, no doubt, include numerous portions of the same pots, the rims of which are specified in the horizontal columns. They, however, give a fair idea of the relative proportion of the various kinds of pots found in the several parts and quarters. WOODCUTS. 1 2 3 4 cr ROTHERLEY. 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 Total number of fragments found in ALL EXCAVATIONS :- 27721 Total number of fragments found in SURFACE TRENCHING: 7479 Total number of fragments found in DRAINS AND DITCHES :- 12019 Total number of fragments found in ALL PITS, excluding Pit 29, called the Roman Excavation :- 4954 Total number of fragments found in NORTH-WEST QUARTER, including surface, interior and cross ditches and pits, but exclusive of Main Ditch and Rampart* :- 9660 Total number of fragments found in ALL QUARTERS OTHER THAN THE N.W. QUARTER, and excluding the Small Well, Pit 29, and also the Main Ditch and Main Rampart*: 10950 Total number of fragments found in CENTRAL QUARTER only, including its pits, and not including the Large Well, Pit 29, and excluding the Main Ditch and Rampart* :· 6346 of fragments Total number Total number of fragments found in SURFACE TRENCHING :- 9880 found in ALL EXCAVATIONS :- 18932 Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. 1. Red Samian 585 2.11 215 2.87 216 1.80 28 0.56 291 3:00 115 1.05 86 1.30 Red Samian LO 5 6 7 8 Total number Total number of fragments found in DRAINS AND DITCHES :- 5370 Total number of fragments found in ALL PITS :- 3367 of fragments found in the SOUTH-EAST QUARTER, including surface, ditches, pits, and upper and lower hut clusters :- 11367 Total number Total number of fragments found in the of fragments found in ALL REMAINING EXCAVATIONS :- 7566 MAIN CIRCLE, including surface bank, ditch, and pits: 3621 Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. Number. Per- centage. 437 2:30 363 3.67 42 0.78 11 0.32 267 2.35 170 0 22 96 2.65 2. New Forest Ware 218 0.78 125 1.67 82 0.68 4 0.08 144 1.50 23 0.21 19 0:30 New Forest Ware, Fig. 1, Plate CVIII. 17 0.09 8 0.08 CO 8 1.50* 0 0 ~J 7 0.06 10 0.13 4 0.11 3. Rim with twisted rope Pattern, Fig. 6, Plate CX. 186 0.67 81 1.00 78 0.65 9 0.18 72 0.74 60 0.55 52 0.82 Rim with twisted rope 51 0.27 31 0.31 17 0.31 3 0.09 30 0.26 21 0.27 13 0.35 Pattern, Fig. 6, Plate CX. 4. Handles, Fig. 5, Plate CXI. 90 0.32 50 0.67 29 0.24 4 0'08 50 0.52 32 0.30 17 0.27 Handles, Fig. 5, Plate CXI. 66 0.35 46 0.46 16 0.30 1 0.03 38 0.33 28 0.37 16 0.44 5. Basin - shaped Rims 586 2.11 307 3.40 253 2.10 16 0.32 361 3.74 97 0.89 67 1.05 with high ridge, Fig. w, Plate CXVI. Basin-shaped Rims with high ridge, Fig. w, Plate CXVI. 26 0.14 18 0.18 4 0.07 3 0.09 22 0.20 4 0.05 4 0.11 6. Eyelets or Loops for ~J 0.09 31 0.25 29 0.60 13 0.13 53 0.48 17 0.26 81+ 0.29 suspension, Fig. 1, Plate CXI. 7. Bead Rim, Fig. 3, Plate CVIII. 599 2.16 39 0.52 259 2.15 288 5.81 79 0.82 412 3.80 300 4.72 Bead Rim, Fig. 3, Plate CVIII. 283 1.50 70 0.71 75 1.40 138 4.10 173 1.52 110 1.45 66 1·82 Eyelets or Loops for 151 0.79 84 0.85 42 0.78 23 0.68 90 0.71 61 0.80 26 0.72 suspension, Fig. 1, Plate CXI. * The fragments from the Main Ditch and Main Rampart having been counted separately before the North-West and Central Quarters were excavated, are here excluded from the number of fragments in those quarters. † This number is 6 in excess of the total given on Page 114 of the Woodcuts volume, and is caused by Pit 73 having been there omitted from the calculation. * This percentage is increased by 5 out of the 8 fragments having subsequently been found to match, forming the restored vase, Fig. 1, Plate CVIII. 112 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCV. AND SECTIONS ACROSS DITCHES, PITS, AND BANKS, WITH A PLAN SECTION OF HYPOCAUST IN THE S.E. QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Section I.-Section on the line AB of Plan, Plate XCIV., across Hole f, Pit 45, and the ditch of the Main Circle on the N.E. side. Hole ƒ is presumably a stake hole, but it contained a human foetus, teeth of sheep, and decayed fragments of wood on the bottom, with fragments of pottery. Pit 45 was 9 feet 2 inches deep, square on the lower part and round above, where the enlargement is shown in the section. This was probably caused by the pit having remained open for some little time during which the chalk from the top of the sides fell down, and by filling up the bottom preserved its original square form. The nine inches of black mould at the bottom is also in this, as in so many instances in this village, an indication that the pit remained open for some time during which the mould from whatever source it emanated, was deposited. The pit contained iron scoriæ, burnt flints, fragments of sandstone, and fragments of burnt clay, one of which had the impression of a stick, bones of horse, ox, pig, sheep, goat, and dog. The section across the ditch of the main circle shows by the shaded part that the ditch had at some time been filled up and a bank formed over the part where the ditch originally existed. Section II.-Section on the line CD of Plan, Plate XCIV., across the ditch of the Main Circle. The bank here was on the outside of the part occupied by the ditch. Section III.-Section on the line EF of Plan, Plate XCIV., through Pit 46 and the ditch of the Main Circle on the East side. Pit 46 was 6 feet deep and oval at bottom, round at top; filled, as shown, with chalk rubble at the bottom and sides, and brown mould in the middle, the bottom had a layer of black mould 6 inches deep. In this case also, as in Pit 45 (Section I.), the mould at the bottom shows that the pit must have been open for some time, during PLATE XCV. K 7.8 + BRITISH SILVER COIN. 1-0! > 7510 E 39' 10" 314° 11.3 11·70 SECTIONS across DITCHES, PITS AND BANKS, WITH A PLAN AND SECTION OF HYPOCAUST IN THE S-E.QUARTER, Romano-British village, RotherLEY. SECTION 1. SECTION II. 9'9" 17'9'18′9″ 24'9" 33'2" 40′1″ 44′10″ 49′3″ 55'3" 60'3" 657" 37'0" 27'0" 18′0″ 15′0″ 12′0″ 9′0″ 3′0″ 0 3'0" T B C 12′0″ D MAIN CIRCLE HOLEƒ PIT 45 DITCH 12.8 10.8 SECTION III. 21'6" 15'3" 8:8" 2′0″ 0 2′6″ 56″ 9′0″ 12′6″ 17′10″ İPIT 46 188 N DRAIN 4 12.7 12.4 12.2 12.0 12.2 12.9 13.7 1 MAIN CIRCLE DiITCH ! 14.1 25′6″27′9″ 32′ 6″ 14.6 14.5 15-7 LL. 1 6·11 8-11 MAIN CIRCLE DITCH SECTION IV. 310" 210 120° 90° 12090" 30" 6'0" 12'0" 2100 T H SECTION V. 6′0″ 9′0″ 15′ 6″ 24'0" 30′0″ 33:4″ 41′0' 50:8" 59′3″ 67′4″ 71'′8″ 82′5″ 86′3″ 90 0″ T Г (2.2 13·4 12.6 14.3 13.5 L9.81 12.9 12.6 DRAIN 4 OR SECTION VI. 3′0″ 5-6″ 8′6″° 10′6″ 13'′6″ 18′9″ 9.2 T SOUTHERN DIITICH A. COIN OF GALLIENUS. B. BRONZE FIBULA. C. SKELETON 3. 12-6 SU POSEID SUNKEN HU TS URFIA CE OF GROUIN D SECTION VII. 25'0' 27'9" 0 3′4″ 6′ 6″ 9′6″ 13′0″15′8″ 18′9″ 23′0″26′0″ 41′0″ LM 13.5 N O EASTERN BRANCH OF SOUTH EAST DRAIN! WESTER DITCH 12.1 - 21.3 PIT 52 - 96′6″ 100′0″ 12.2 8:11 12.1 12.0 MAIN CIRCLE DII TICH EASTERN IROIAD DITCH SOUTH-EAST ROADWAY SECTION VIII. o z'a' b′0″ 8′9″ 11′ 6″ 16′4″ 20′8″ 25′5″ 1.01 Z WESTERN BANK ! 33'0° 9.5 דדד 120′0″ 124′0″ 130′0″ 136′0″ EASTERN DİR!AIN 14.7 13.5 14.3 P REFERENCE TO SOILS. UNDISTURBED CHALK. CHALK RUBBLE. FLINTS. BROWN MOUL.D. CHALK RUBBLE AND BROWN MOULD. BLACK MOULD. SCALE OF FEET. SECTION AND PLAN OF HYPOCAUST OF UNKNOWN USE, IN THE S.-E. QUARTER. 2.68 SECTION ON LINE QR OF Plan. 7'6" 10′2″ 12'7" 1 88-1 2.08 5.24 14′6″ 15′6″ 7.18 5.49 17'8" 19.2 20'5" 22'8* 5-80 1 3.61 28'2" 4.00 R ← MAC. N. SCALE OF FEET FOR SECTION AND PLAN OF HYPOCAUST. 2 5 6 7 8 6 10 FEET PLAN. XX SIGNS OF FIRE. Y R LOWER JAWS OF COW. 10 5 Wvman & Sons Photo-Litho GtQueen St London,W.C. 10 20 Excavations at Rotherley. 113 which the mould was deposited. The filling of the pit contained bones of ox and sheep and some fragments of pottery. The section of the ditch of the circle also shows here that the ditch had been filled up at some time and a rampart formed on the spot where the ditch formerly existed. The same thing is seen by the Plan, Plate XCIV. The cross (+) in the section marks the spot where a British coin, represented in Fig. 2, Plate CXXIV., was found in surface trenching over the ditch. Section IV.-Section on the line GH of Plan, Plate XCIV., showing the section of the ditch of the Main Circle at a point where a line was excavated through the rampart on the outside. Section V.-Section taken on the line IJ of Plan, Plate XCIV., of the Upper Hut Cluster, showing the part excavated for the sunken huts, and a section through Pit 52 and through the Eastern Road Ditch and Eastern Drain. The Upper Hut Cluster is described in the general account of the village. Section VI.-Section on the line KL of Plan, Plate XCIV., across the Southern Bank and Ditch showing the position of Skeleton 3, a coin of Gallienus and a bronze fibula above it. Section VII.-Section across the Eastern Branch of the South-East Drain on the line MN of Plan, Plate XCIV., showing the position of a pit cut in the bottom of the ditch. Section VIII.-Section on the line OP of Plan, Plate XCIV., across the bank of the Western Ditch, showing the position of the flints in the bank. Plan and Section of Hypocaust.-This was an oblong pit with rounded corners, 11 feet 6 inches long and about 4 feet 4 inches wide at top, with a ledge all round at about 2 feet deep, below which it was 8 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 3 inches and smaller at the bottom. The total depth was 4 feet 3 inches. Near the north end there was a horizontal slab of sandstone 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 2 inches and 4 inches thick, the ends resting on the ledge in a notch cut for it in the chalk. Three fragments of pottery of superior quality, 1 piece of iron slag, 2 pieces of burnt clay, and bones of horse, dog, and sheep were found above the stone, and below it 4 fragments of pottery of superior quality, a fragment of iron pyrites, 2 pieces of burnt clay, one having the impress of a stick, and two lower jaws of ox. Marks of fire were found at the bottom. Q 114 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCVI. ENLARGED PLAN OF FLINT WALL FOUNDATION OR PAVEMENT, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Plan on an enlarged scale of the flint wall foundation or pavement found in the lower part of the south-east quarter. See Plan of village, Plate XCIV. No part of these foundations were apparent on the surface before excavating, the upper surface being on the level of the ground and covered with grass, and it was only discovered whilst trenching the whole area. The foundation averaged about 1 foot in thickness, and the margin of the parts occupied by the flints appeared to have been regularly edged with flints. Although the form of the structure was quite irregular, 3 cells about 4 feet wide marked A A A were regularly formed and suggested the idea of fire-places, but no marks of fire were found except 79 burnt flints in one of them of the kind which had evidently been used in pot-boiling. Of these 152 were found in and about these foundations. But few other relics were discovered. An iron fibula, Fig. 2, Plate CI., was found on the western edge of the larger mass, where marked on the plan; an iron band 10 inches long, 12 inches broad and about 0.36 inch thick, flat on one side and convex on the other, at X on the plan, and some fragments of a quern on the opposite side. In the centre of the larger mass were three cavities or pits, X Y Z, about 3 feet 6 inches in length by 2 feet in width regularly edged with flints, the sections of which are shown in the Sections A B and E F; X contained 5 pieces of pottery of inferior quality including one eyelet, 10 burnt flints and a small fragment of bone; Y contained 3 pieces of pottery of inferior quality, 6 burnt flints and 1 fragment of sandstone; Z contained 6 pieces of pottery of inferior quality, 7 burnt flints, 1 fragment of sandstone, 3 tertiary or sea-shore pebbles and several fragments of vertebræ and the acetabulum of a human skeleton, the latter being encrusted with a bony deposit probably caused by "rheumatoid arthritis " as shown in the drawing of it, Fig. 1, Plate CXXIX.; other examples of human bones having this disease are given in Plate CXXVIII. The flints used in this structure were of the large brittle tabular form found everywhere throughout this village. The margin of the area occupied by the flints was clearly defined everywhere. Very few relics as C راله ༔.ཆ་ 7.3 CR 1. ROW OF FLINTS -:#4ས-ཕ PIT 68 O O PIT 71 · A H- S دار .J/«པ་་་་ 5.50 PIT 69 موا العارية . ...་་་་་་་་་ PLATE XCVI. PLAN AND SECTIONS OF STONE FOUNDATIONS, IN THE SOUTH-EAST QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 10 SCALE OF FEET. 10 20 30 40 3'0 78° 9′6″ 11'0" SECTION ON LINE A B OF PLAN. 24'0" • 108.2 im 3-90 6.00 F L 1 N T S · SECTION ON LINE C D OF PLAN. 0 10" 5'6" IN 12′ 6″. 20′6″ 190 14 FLINTS 2'0" SECTION ON LINE G H OF PLAN. 9'0°10′0″ 11' 0" • 16′0″ 22'6"24'0" 3-88 FLINTS Z 4.061 H 27′6″ 29′6″30'6" T 6.40 7.00 8.50 48′0″ 50′0″ 54′0″ 57′0″ 3.41 100.0 SECTION ON LINE E F OF PLAN. 0 10″ 3′0″ 5′6″ 6′ 6″ 9′0″ SECTION ON LINE IJ OF PLAN. 13" 3'6" 6'0" 8'0" 3.20 4.20 FLINTS 15′0″16′0″ FRAGMENTS OF QUERNSTONE 絕 ​cza.. 79 BURNT FLINTS IRON FIBULA .. 盟 ​MAGNETIC™N. N m Z E A ང Z 5.88 T S 13'′0″14′0″ 7-87 F SOILS. ← IRON BAND UNDISTURBED CHALK. FLINTS. BROWN MOULD AND CHALK RUBBLE . 繼 ​魚魚 ​恿 ​Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho G:Queen St London.W.C. Excavations at Rotherley. 115 1 a rule were found in the immediate neighbourhood of the structure. The position of the wall foundation, if such it is, running in continuity with the Eastern Road Ditch, suggests the possibility of its having formed a defence for this side of the village, being well placed for such a purpose on the brow of the slope. Beyond this and the finding of the burnt flints above mentioned in cells suitable for fire-places, the evidence of the use of this structure is not very apparent. Q 2 116 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCVII. BRONZE FIBULE. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Bronze fibula with fragment of hinge-pin; a half disc at the nose and ornamented on the bow with four cross bars and a central groove. Found in surface trenching near the cluster of stake holes, East Quarter. Fig. 2.-Bronze fibula with spiral spring, the bow flat and not more than 0.024 inch in thickness, expanding in the centre into an oval disc 0.61 inch by 0.58 inch. It is rudely ornamented on the upper side by two longitudinal grooves, the interval being filled with cross hatching, and terminating at the commencement of the expanded portion in two cross lines. The bow is of one piece with the spiral, which is twisted on both sides of the central piece. Found in surface trenching at a depth of 6 inches in the East Quarter. I have not been able to find an illustration of any other fibula resembling this. Fig. 3.—Bronze hinge-pin fibula, the bow highly ornamented in three lozenges set with blue and yellow-coloured glass or amber, and having a knob at the nose. Found at a depth of 2 feet 2 inches in the filling of the Eastern Road ditch, South-East Quarter. Fig. 4.-Bronze fibula with spiral spring found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation, South-East Quarter. The flat plate at the catch appears to have been perforated with two circular holes 0.10 inch in diameter. The bow at the back divides into two bands, one of which forms the spiral, and the other is turned back over the crossing band of the spiral. At the sides are two lateral expansions to cover the spiral. A similar fibula to this found at Woodcuts is represented in Fig. 7, Plate XI., Vol. 1. Fig. 5.--Bronze spiral fibula highly patinated, found at a depth of 2 feet 10 inches beneath the surface in the filling of the Main Circle ditch on the east side. The back of the bow is converted into the spiral, which is twisted round a cylindrical tube 0.16 inch exterior diameter. The spiral, after twisting round the right side, passes across and completes the twist symmetrically on PLATE XCVII. 4 -1- - 7 2 3 5 MYFORTIMAYAN VIMEO. 10 O :: 8 = BRONZE FIBULÆ, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 6 9 12 Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho. CQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 117 α -|- b --- ~/m C d e -|- f 구 ​! Fig. a. From Avebury. (British Museum.) ,, b. "" C. d. e. ;) f. وز "" Chichester. Hungary (?) (Pitt-River's Coll.) Naples. (Montelius.) Hunsbury Camp, Northampton. a barrow at Cowlam, Yorkshire. the other side. One twist only of the spiral is broken. The bow is ornamented on the upper side with a line of incised zigzag pattern, and the nose, after forming a side catch for the pin, is bent up- wards and backwards, terminating in the rude representation of a duck's head, the bill of which touches the bow again on its foremost part. A nearly similar fibula to this in the British Museum found at Avebury is represented in the annexed woodcut a, for the knowledge of which I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, C.B., F.R.S.; another, somewhat similarly ornamented with a duck's head curved back, and springing out of the top of the bow, also in the British Museum, is represented in b, and was found amongst Roman remains at Chichester; another, c, from my collection, is believed to have come from Hungary; another, nearly similar, from Bohemia, is figured by Professor Hildebrand, as well as one of the same form from the Rhine and another from Switzerland. Another with a duck's head curved back is represented in Fig. d, from Naples, and is figured in the work on fibula by Mr. Monte- lius, Fig. 75; one nearly similar, e, and also having what appears to be a duck's head curved back, was found by Sir Henry Dryden in Hunsbury Camp, Northampton, and is figured in his paper on the subject published by the Northampton Architectural Society. In this case it was associated with remains which I can have little doubt are late Celtic and præ-Roman, although in ascribing it to that period I venture to differ from the author of the paper who considers the remains to be Roman. One nearly similar, ƒ, but with the duck's head flattened into a circular disc, was found by Canon Greenwell in a circular barrow, 22 feet in diameter and 2 feet high, in the parish of Cowlam, in Yorkshire. It was asso- ciated with objects of glass, and is attributed to the Early Iron Age, and the bronze pin which had been in one continuous piece with the bow had been Dr. Evans, broken, and replaced by a pin of iron.* * “British Barrows," page 208, Fig. 111. 118 Excavations at Rotherley. g ÷ h h. >> Rhodes. Copper. "" "" "" in his “Ancient Bronze Implements," figures the Cowlam brooch, and says, "I have a somewhat similar brooch from Redmore, near St. Austell, Cornwall, as well as one of longer form with a larger disc which was found in a barrow near Bridlington. These were described by the late Mr. Thomas Wright (Arch. Assoc. Journ., Vol. XXXVI., p. 110), who figured them as undoubtedly Roman, but their character is decidedly "late Celtic." The Baron J. De Baye has been kind enough to send me his Report of Discoveries in a Fig. g. From Rhodes. Silver. (Pitt-Rivers Coll.) Gaulish Cemetery at Mareuil-le-Port, Marne,* in which a similar fibula occurred which is figured in his work. The curved back end of the fibula terminates in a knob, but the association of the duck's head is kept up by a bronze bracelet found with it on which the duck's or swan's head is represented in relief.† From these examples it appears certain that the form had its origin in Italy, and that it may possibly have preceded the Roman invasion of this country, although several examples of it associated with Roman remains, as at Rotherley, show that it probably continued in use during Roman times. The duck's head appears to be a rude imitation of the duck's head so often found upon bronze objects of Roman manufacture, more particularly in the handle of the simpulum, two examples of which, in my collection, one of silver and the other of copper, from Rhodes, are here given, g and h. The further development of the curved back form of fibula is spoken of under the head of Fig. 4, Plate XCIX. Fig. 6.-Bronze spiral fibula in form probably resembling the last figure, but the nose is broken off. It has a line of punctured dots on the bow, but is in rough condition. Found at a depth of 2 feet 2 inches in the filling of Pit 72. Fig. 7.-Bronze fibula with spiral spring, the back of the bow expanded laterally to cover the spiral in the same manner as Fig. 4 of this Plate, and Fig. 4, Plate XCVIII. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 8.-Bronze enamelled fibula representing a fish in blue enamel, found in surface trenching at a depth of 11 inches in the S.E. Quarter. It has a spiral spring but the spring part is too much corroded to enable its form to be clearly It seems to be an intermediate link between the spiral pin and the hinge-pin. The dark parts represented in the drawing are blue enamel, and seen. * “Extrait du Bulletin des Travaux Historiques, Archéologie, No. 1 de 1884." + Two similar fibulæ were found in the Tumulus de Montsaugeon (Haute Marne), and are figured in Matériaux pour l'Histoire de l'Homme, Vol. XXII., 3me Series, Juin, 1888, p. 266. Excavations at Rotherley. 119 the intermediate spaces bronze; the eye is also blue enamel. Enamelled fibulæ in the form of animals are not of uncommon occurrence in this period, but the only other specimen in the form of a fish that I have been able to discover is one figured with brooches representing animals. and birds in Grivaud de la Vincelle, Plate XLIII. Fig. 9.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula with a knob on the nose and ornamented with a cross band on the upper part of the bow. It has a ring behind to secure it to the object to which it was attached. Found in surface trenching, North-East Enclosure. Fig. 10.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula ornamented with a knob at the nose and cross bands on the upper part of the bow, found in surface trenching over the Southern Ditch. The back is expanded into a cup-shaped form, and it has had a ring. for attachment. In the form of the bow and the expansion of the back it resembles Fig. 5, Plate XI., from Woodcuts, which latter, however, has a spiral spring instead of a hinge-pin. The present specimen must therefore be considered a development upon the Woodcuts specimen. Mr. Roach Smith figures a specimen from the Romano-British remains at the Settle Cave in Yorkshire, which nearly resembles this example (Coll. Antiq., Vol. I., Plate XXVI., Fig. 1). Another similar one from a Roman Villa at Combe Down, near Bath, is figured in Canon Scarth's Aqua Solis, Plate L., Fig. 7. Another is given in Roach Smith's Roman London, Plate XXXIII., Fig. 13. Another was found with Roman Remains between West Hartlepool and Seaton Carew, and is figured in a Paper by Mr. R. M. Middleton, in Archæologia Eliana, Vol. X., No. 2. Fig. 11.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula, with a ring at the back resembling the preceding specimen; for description of which see Fig. 10. Found in surface trenching at a depth of 12 inches, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 12.-Another similar to the two preceding ones. It is finely patinated, and was found in surface trenching at a depth of 8 inches, in the East Quarter. 120 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCVIII. BRONZE FIBULA. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Bronze fibula with hinge-pin, similar in construction to Figs. 6, 8 and 11, Plate X., from Woodcuts, Vol. I. Found in surface trenching, in the South Quarter. Fig. 2.—Bronze fibula without pin, similar in construction to the last. Found whilst filling in Pit 53 in the North-east Enclosure. Fig. 3.—Bronze fibula without the pin, similar in construction to Figs. 1 and 2. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4. Bronze fibula, similar to Fig. 9, Plate XII., from Woodcuts, Vol. I. Found in surface trenching in the east quarter at a depth of 4 inches beneath the surface. The back of the bow is enlarged in a semi-cylindrical form to cover the spiral spring which is absent in this specimen. The upper side of the bow is ornamented with two longitudinal furrows. Fig. 5.-Bronze hinge-pin of fibula, found in surface trenching, North-east Enclosure. Fig. 6.—Bronze fibula resembling Figs. 6 and 11, Plate X., from Woodcuts, Vol. I. It has a hinge-pin; the upper part of the bow is ornamented with three longitudinal grooves with intervening bands. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 7.-A fine bronze fibula resembling Fig. 9, Plate X., from Woodcuts, Vol. I. It has had a hinge-pin, and is ornamented with a knob at the nose and a hatching along the furrows on the bow. Found whilst filling in the South- Eastern Drain. Fig. 8.—Bronze fibula with hinge-pin, ornamented with well-marked lines of hatching on the upper part of the furrows on the bow, and bands across the nose. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch at a depth of 1 foot 5 inches. Fig. 9.-Bronze hinge-pin of fibula. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 10.—Bronze hinge-pin fibula, highly patinated. Found in the filling of the South-Eastern Drain at a depth of 2 feet 6 inches beneath the surface. PLATE XCVIII. -|- 8 STYADA DI VAN TALAGA 2 4 5 12 9 7 BRONZE FIBULÆ, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. ut 10 --- 13 6 3 Wyman & Sons, Photo-latho GQueen St London WC Excavations at Rotherley. 121 Fig. 11.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula, well patinated, with a lozenge and notches on the upper side of the bow. Found in the filling of the South-eastern Drain, at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches beneath the surface. Fig. 12.-Large plain bronze hinge-pin fibula. Quarter. Found whilst filling in the S.E. Fig. 13.—Bronze hinge-pin fibula, highly patinated, ornamented with serrations on the bow. Found in the filling of the Cross Ditch, S.E. Quarter, at a depth of 1 foot 2 inches. رام R 122 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XCIX. BRONZE FIBULE. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula. It has three incisions for stone-setting on the bow, and is ornamented with a knob at the nose and a cross band in the centre of the bow hatched with zigzag lines. Found whilst filling in the eastern branch of the S.E. Drain. Fig. 2.-Bronze fibula with flat bow 0.04 inch thick, ornamented with two longitudinal grooves on the bow. It appears to have had a hinge-pin, but the hinge is wanting. Found in the depression, North Quarter, at a depth of 10 inches. Fig. 3.-Bronze fibula of similar construction to the last; thickness of bow 0.04 inch. Found in surface trenching near Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.-Bronze tibula with spiral spring, found in the filling of the North-West Ditch. The thin plate forming the catch for the pin at the nose of the fibula is perforated with a triangular hole, the sides of which correspond to the form of this part of the fibula. Similar perforations of this part are seen in specimens represented in Grivaud de la Vincelle, Plate XL., Fig. 1 ; Montelius Spännen Fran Bronsaldern, p. 185, from Italy; Hildebrand's History of a Fibula in Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige, 4, Figs. 141, 144, from Germany; Puits Funéraires, Gallo-Romain, by Baudry, p. 229, Vendée. It appears not improbable that this perforation, for which no special cause can be assigned, may represent the folding back of the bow of the fibula at the nose, in the manner represented in Fig. 5, Plate XCVII., from Rotherley. If this view is accepted the following illustrations will PLATE XCIX. --- + 4 JamuresTTÜ 6 9 سسسسس A 10 2. اندال الرئيسة 7 BRONZE FIBULÆ, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 3 5 8 Wyman & Sons.rnoto-Litho. CQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 123 α b d e f adm ÷ --- 1/3 Fig. a from Rotherley. رو b from Bologna. >> c, German. d from Palestrina. "" e, Italian. "" f from Rotherley. Fig. 9.—Bronze fibula with hinge-pin. represent the sequence of development, viz., a, from Rotherley; b, from Bologna (Monte- lius); c, German (Hildebrand); d, from Pales- trina (Montelius); e, Italian (Montelius). It will be seen that the two transverse grooves on the upper part of the bow, marked with a in the specimen under consideration, corresponds to the band uniting the folded- back portion of the bow with the body of the bow in the Italian specimen e; f from Rotherley. Fig. 5.-Bronze fibula. The flat plate forming the catch for the pin at the nose is brought up and divided, the bow inserting itself in the slot between the two divisions. Whether this is a repair or merely a form of ornamentation cannot now be determined from the condition of the specimen. Found in the filling of the North-west Ditch at a depth of 12 inches. Fig. 6.-Bronze fibula, with hinge pin. Found in the filling of the North-west Ditch at a depth of 12 inches. Fig. 7.-Large bronze fibula, with the plate forming the catch at the nose, perforated in the manner represented and described under Fig. 4 of this plate. Found in surface trenching, north of Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. No specimen of this perforation was found in Woodcuts. Fig. 8.-Bronze fibula with spiral spring. Found whilst filling in the South-east Quarter. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 10.-Bronze fibula, ornamented with cross hatching on the bow. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 11.-Bronze fibula with hinge-pin. Found at a depth of 3 feet 1 inch beneath the surface in the filling of Pit 43, Main Circle. R 2 124 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE C. BRONZE FIBULE. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Fibula with hinge-pin, of white metal, with thin flat bow, 0.03 inch thick, with knob on nose and longitudinal grooves and intervening bands on the upper part of the bow. Found in surface trenching in the East Quarter near Pit 37. For similar fibulæ, see Grivaud de la Vincelle, Plate XLI. Fig. 2.—Bronze hinge-pin fibula with thin flat bow, 0.03 inch thick, with a knob on the nose, the bow towards the nose much attenuated. Found in the filling of the cross ditch, South-east Quarter, at a depth of 1 foot 4 inches. Fig. 3.—Bronze hinge-pin fibula with flat thin bow, 0.04 inch in thickness. It has longitudinal serrated bands on the bow. Found in surface trenching near Pit 23, S.E. Quarter. Fibulæ resembling this from Woodcuts are represented in Figs. 1, 3, 8, and 9, Plate XI., Vol. I. This class of fibula with thin bows appears to be of Roman origin, but it is remarkable that precisely similar ones are not represented in the work of either Hildebrand or Montelius. One, more notched than the present specimen, from Marzabotto, is figured by Montelius (Spännen fran Bronsaldern), p. 187, Fig. 190, and has a Roman inscription on it. Fig. 4.—Bow of bronze fibula, which has had a spiral spring. Found whilst filling in the Eastern Drain. Fig. 5.-Hinge-pin fibula of white metal or silver, with projecting wings on the upper part of the bow. Found whilst filling in the Eastern Drain. The only one of this form found in either village. One wing has been broken off. When found the metal was bright and well preserved. Thickness of the bow 0·05 inch on the upper part, thinning to 0.01 inch near the nose. The projecting wing is 0.24 inch in length, and of the same thickness as the bow, flat on the under side and rounded above. The upper part of the bow is ornamented by three longitudinal ridges with deep intervening grooves. The central ridge has lateral hatching on it. One very similar to this from the Roman villa at Combe Down, near Bath, is figured in Canon Scarth's Aqua Solis, PLATE C. -1- 2 ין :.. 4 5 8 7 Perinat 10 મ BRONZE FIBULÆ, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 3 9 9 12 Wyman & Sons. Photo Litho. CQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 125 Plate L., Fig. 8. Several are figured by Grivaud de la Vincelle, Plate XLI. Wings in this position appear to have served the same purpose as the bar at the back of the bow, viz., to keep the fibula upright when resting on the body. Wings similarly situated are represented in fibule of the Bronze Age by Montelius, from Rimini in Italy, p. 143, and by Lindenschmit, Alterthumer 18, Heft VII., tafel 3, from the Wiesbaden Museum, but the bows in these specimens are of a totally different form, and are not to be confounded with fibule of the Roman Age. Fig. 6.-Bow of bronze fibula which has had a spiral spring. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 7.-Hinge-pin fibula, in form resembling Fig. 2. Found with two small fragments of Red Samian in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch at a depth of 2 feet 10 inches beneath the surface. Fig. 8.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula, resembling Fig. 8, Plate XI., Vol. I., from Woodcuts. Found in the filling of the S.E. Drain at a depth of 1 foot 1 inch beneath the surface. Fig. 9.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula, with thin flat bow 0.04 inch thick. Found in surface trenching in the North-East Enclosure. Fig. 10.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula, with thin plain bow 0.05 inch thick, highly patinated. Found on the right shoulder of skeleton No. 6 (male, estimated stature 5 feet 3.7 inches), at a depth of 3 feet beneath the surface in Pit 54, North Quarter. Fig. 11.-Bronze fibula with spiral spring, the bow in one piece with the spiral, which is twisted first on one side, then crossed underneath, and the twist completed on the other side in the usual manner. It has a fine blue patina, and is similar to Fig. 4, Plate XII., Vol. I., from Woodcuts. Found in the filling of Pit 23, S.E. Quarter, together with an iron staple, Fig. 1, Plate CIV., and a horn implement, Fig. 3, Plate CXVII. Fig. 12.-Bronze hinge-pin fibula, with plain thin bow 0.08 inch thick in the centre and 0·04 inch at the edges. Found in surface trenching over the Eastern Ditch, S.E. Quarter, together with the iron point, Fig. 10, Plate CVI. The fibula with plain thin flat bows tapering gradually towards the nose and having a slight arch represented in Figs. 3 and 10 of this Plate, and Fig. 1, Plate XII., and Fig. 4, Plate XIII., Vol. I., from Woodcuts, appear to be peculiar to these villages, and are not represented, so far as I know, in the illustrations of fibulæ from elsewhere. 126 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CI. IRON FIBULÆ AND IRON NAILS. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Iron hinge-pin fibula without pin, with round bow. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.—Iron hinge-pin fibula with round bow. Found at a depth of 12 inches, near the east edge of the flint wall in the S.E. Quarter. Fig. 3.-Iron fibula with flat bow, 0.10 inch thick, Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 4.-Iron fibula with flat bow. Found lying across the upper part of the right femur of Skeleton 6, Pit 54, North Quarter. (See Plate CXXVI., Fig. 8.) Fig. 5.-Iron hinge-pin fibula with flat bow, 0·10 inch thick. Found whilst filling in Pit 4, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.—Iron fibula with spiral pin and rounded bow. Found in surface trenching near Pit 23. Fig. 7.—Iron hinge-pin fibula with flat bow, 0·10 inch thick. Found whilst filling in Pit 23. Fig. 8.-Iron spiral pin of fibula found at a depth of 18 inches in the filling of Pit 16, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 9.-Fragment of iron fibula with spiral spring and rounded bow. Found in the filling of the ditch of the North-east Enclosure. Fig. 10.-Fragment of iron fibula with flat bow, which has had a hinge-pin. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 11.—Iron fibula with hinge-pin and rounded bow. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter, near Pit 23. Fig. 12.-Iron nail or bolt, 3.8 inches long, with square head and square shaft. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 13.-Iron nail, 4·54 inches long, with oblong sectioned shaft 0.34 inch by 0.24 inch in the middle. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 14.-Iron object of unknown use found in surface trenching, East Quarter. PLATE CI. wil the 1 4 7 14 " cx/m 10 EXCEPT OTHERWISE SHOWN. 15 2 5 00 8 12 a/m 13 соро IRON FIBULE AND IRON NAILS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. !! ་སཱས ་ ་ א 3 ó 16 9 די спро Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho. CtQueen St London,W.C. Excavations at Rotherley. 127 Fig. 15.-Iron nail with flat head, found at a depth of 7 feet 8 inches in the filling of Pit 55, North Quarter. Fig. 16.-Iron nail with flat head about 1 inch in diameter. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 17.-Iron nail with flat head, having a knob in the centre like a door nail. Found in surface trenching, North-east Enclosure. Note on Iron Fibula.—The finding of both bronze and iron fibulæ on Skeleton No. 6, the former on the right shoulder, and the latter on the right hip, proves that both were in use at the same time. Both were used with spiral spring and hinge-pin, and the bows of both were of the same forms. As a rule the flat bow in iron appears to have been in use with the hinge-pin as in the case of the bronze fibulæ, but this was not constant, as proved by Fig. 11 which had a rounded bow and a hinge-pin. Note on the distribution of Iron Nails.-283 iron nails (exclusive of the shoe nails and possible coffin nails, found in graves) were found in Rotherley. Of these, 258 or 91 per cent. were found in surface trenching, 19 in the ditches and drains and only 6 in pits and they were pretty evenly divided throughout the various quarters. This is but a small number compared with the 2,579 nails found in Woodcuts, and seems to imply that wooden timbered buildings were less used here than in the rich quarter at Woodcuts, which it may be remembered contained nearly three-fourths of the nails found in that village. 128 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CII. BRONZE OBJECTS OF PERSONAL ORNAMENT AND USE. ROMANO BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Bronze pin found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 2.-Fragment of bronze band with hatching on the outside; flat on the inside and rounded on the outside; 0.14 inch broad and 0.06 inch greatest thick- Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. ness. Fig. 3.-Bronze band, twisted, flat on the inside and rounded on the outside, 0·18 inch broad and 0.07 inch greatest thickness. Found in surface trenching over the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 4.—Bronze band of unknown use, flat on one side and rounded on the other, with three punctured dots on one end; 0.20 inch average breadth, greatest thick- ness 0.06 inch. Found in surface trenching north-east of Pit 23, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 5.-Twisted bronze band, representing two strands but solid; 0.08 inch average thickness. Found in surface trenching north-east of Pit 23, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.-Bronze pin found at a depth of 1 foot 5 inches in the filling of the South- eastern Drain. Fig. 7.-Thin, bronze, heart-shaped pendant 0.03 inch thick, with a ring 0:46 inch exterior diameter. Found at a depth of 3 feet in the filling of the South-east Drain. A nearly similar implement of bronze from Corinium is represented in Professor Buckman's work on the Roman remains at that place, page 104, and is reproduced in the annexed figure. It is there described as a nail cleaner, and the Rotherley specimen may I think be regarded as having the same use, although from its form it must have been worn as a pendant. Fig. 8.-Bronze ring, flat on both sides, 0·10 inch broad and 0.02 inch thick. Found on the east side of the Main Ditch. It has probably been a finger-ring, similar to that found on the finger of Skeleton No. 15, but has opened out. Several similar rings from Woodcuts are represented in Plate XV., Vol. 1. PLATE CII. + 5 2 3 7 8 9 ނ 14 6 10 12 || 13 15 16 4 Wyman & Sons, Photo-Litho. CtQueen St London WC. BRONZE OBJECTS OF PERSONAL ORNAMENT AND USE, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Excavations at Rotherley. 129 Fig. 9.—Bronze ring 0·76 inch interior diameter, greatest breadth 0·12 inch, thickness 0.04 inch, irregularly weathered. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 10.-Bronze ring, partly flattened in one part, and the remainder round; the metal is 0.07 inch in diameter. It does not appear to have been a finger-ring. Found in surface trenching. Fig. 11.-Apparently a bronze cylindrical bead 0:48 inch exterior diameter, straight on one side, which is 0.51 inches in length, and convex on the other, which is 0.82 inch in length. The ends converge. The metal is 0.03 inch in thick- ness, and the convex side is ornamented with 3 principal lateral grooves having in each interspace two slighter grooves, and all the grooves die out gradually on the short straight side, which is smooth. It is possible that it may be a fragment of a hollow bronze bracelet as the ends are rather irregular, but in its present state it has all the appearance of a cylindrical bead adapted to fit others of the same kind, strung together in a circle. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 12.-Bronze buckle, highly patinated. Found in surface trenching over Pit 58, North Quarter. Fig. 13.--Bronze fragment of brooch 0.04 inch in thickness. Found in the filling of Drain 7, East Quarter. Fig. 14.-Bronze star-shaped brooch with 8 points and hinge-pin. Found in surface trenching over the Depression, North Quarter. Fig. 15.-Bronze ring-brooch, found in the East branch of the South-eastern Drain. Fig. 16.-Bronze brooch with recesses for receiving enamel, having 6 points, found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. A nearly similar brooch, but with a central boss, is figured in Grivaud de la Vincelle, Plate XL., Fig. 6. S 130 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CIII. BRONZE OBJECTS. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Bronze bangle, 0.07 inch greatest thickness. Found at a depth of 1 foot 8 inches in the filling of the Eastern Ditch. Fig. 2.-Bronze plate 0.02 inch thick with two rivet holes and two eyelet holes 0.14 inch interior diameter, probably forming portion of a clasp for a belt. Found in surface trenching, South Quarter. Fig. 3.—Bronze ring flat on the inside and rounded on the outside; breadth 0·14 inch, thickness 0.04 inch. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 4. Bronze tweezers found in surface trenching over the Main Circle Ditch. These objects are commonly found amongst Roman remains, and were found in Woodcuts. The iron tweezers of similar form, of which the annexed wood- cut is a representation, are used at the present time by the natives of Madagascar for picking out the hair of the beard, and are called "Fearfamata. They were presented to me by Mr. E. Bartlett. -- Fig. 5.-Bronze ear-pick. It has formed part of a collection of objects for the toilet, united together by a pivot. Found in surface trenching over the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.--I have not yet been able to ascertain the use of this remarkable object of bronze in the form of a duck or swan with a human head on its back, which was found in surface trenching, in the South Quarter. The upper part opens on a pivot at the tail, and exposes a circular cavity cut in the bronze about 0.60 inch in diameter and 0.15 inch deep. It has a catch of bronze in the lid, which when shut is inserted into a slot behind the neck of the bird. The pivot, 0·09 inch in diameter, is of bronze. The eyes of the bird and of the human face are deep cavities, and were no doubt intended for settings of glass or some other substance; the wings of the bird and hair of the PLATE CIII. + C 4 5 α b 9 C 12 d أن بالنعنان 11 O 2 6 7 MIR. 0 → 13 14 BRONZE OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. + 3 10 15 Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho. CtQueen St London.W.C. Excavations at Rotherley. 131 human head are rudely represented by hatching, and the whole is covered by a fine green patina. I have looked in vain for an illustration of a similar object elsewhere. Fig. 7.- Bronze ear-pick. Found in surface trenching, close to the Cross Ditch, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 8.—Bronze nail-cleaner, found in surface trenching, Main Circle. A similar one found with Roman remains at Springhead, Kent, is figured in Roach Smith's Collectanea Antiqua, Vol. I., Plate XLI., Fig. 1. Others, also Roman, are represented in Buckman's Corinium, p. 104, Figs. 35 and 36. Fig. 9.-Fragment of band or bracelet of white metal. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 10. Thin bronze band, 0.03 inch in thickness, finely patinated. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Such an object might have formed the band round the sheath of a sword. It is ornamented by longitudinal ridges at the edges and in the centre. Fig. 11.- Bronze tweezers, found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 12.-Bronze penannular ring, the ends turned back and ornamented with cross- bands; much corroded. It may have formed the ring of a ring brooch. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 13.-Rude bronze ring, consisting of a flat band covered with green patina, 0·10 inch in breadth and 0.02 inch thick, the ends overlapping. The interior of the ring is 0.68 inch by 0-60 inch (nearly round). It was found on one of the fingers of the left hand of Skeleton No. 15, which has been pronounced to be male and aged by Dr. Garson, and has distinct male. characteristics, although the stature, 4 feet 8.5 inches, is extremely small. It was found in a crouched position in a grave in the trench of unknown use in the north quarter, represented in Fig. 4, Plate CXXV., and the hand containing the ring was raised touching the chin with the fingers doubled beneath it. Fig. 14.-Bronze penannular ring, the ends turned back, having on it the remains of the ring of the bronze pin which was attached to it. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 15.-Bronze tweezers found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. • S 2 132 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CIV. IRON KNIVES, SPEARHEADS, AND OTHER OBJECTS. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Iron object with two tangs, 0·14 inch thick, the use of which I have not been able to ascertain, perhaps a strike-light. The metal is of equal thickness throughout without any edge. Found in the filling of Pit 23. Fig. 2.-Fragment of an iron saw 0.12 inch thick on the side of the teeth, thinning to 0.04 inch at the back. The teeth are irregular, but it appears to have been a double-edged saw with the teeth set alternately to opposite sides. Found in the filling of the ditch of the North-East Enclosure at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches. Fig. 3.-Iron staple with two tangs, 0·18 inch thick, found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. The use of these and Figs. 19 and 20 appears to be uncertain. I have supposed them to be strike-lights, but this is doubtful. Several from the Roman Camp at the Saalburg are in the Homburg Museum, where the Superintendent, Mr. Keller, informs me that they are supposed to be clenches for fastening timber. Similar objects, called "dogs," are used for fastening timbers together in this country at the present time, as shown in the accompanying woodcut. One is figured in La Ferronnerie, Vol. I., p. 296, Plate 14, from the ceme- teries of La Marne, where they are described as "petites poignés," and are supposed to be connected with saddlery. One is figured amongst Roman objects in "Puits Funéraires, Gallo-Romaines" by L. Ballereau, where it is described as a crampon en fer," calking or frost nail. Eight of these in all were found in Rotherley, seven in surface trenching and one in the ditch of the N.E. Enclosure. All are curved to one side in a plane at right angles to the plane of the tangs, which circumstance may eventually throw some light on their use. 4 4 Fig. 4.—Iron knife 4 inches long, including tang, 0.12 inch thick at back; single edged. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. PLATE CIV. 5 + 1 -+- 6 16 ALL EXCEPT OTHERWISE SHOWN. 18 A 2 12 10 I 13 -B 17 للاسم م -|- 7 19 A S 20 13 B 14 3 1. 15 9 8. + W Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho. GQueen St London WC. IRON KNIVES, SPEARHEADS, AND OTHER OBJECTS. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Excavations at Rotherley. 133 Fig. 5.-Iron knife, 7.0 inches long including tang, single edged, 0.24 inch thick at back; tang, oblong section, having a circular bronze stop at the bottom, 0.54 inch in diameter. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 6.-Iron knife 7.8 inches long, single edge, including tang; 0.12 inch thick at back, oblong sectioned tang, with a circular iron stop at the bottom. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 7.-Iron knife, single edged, 5 inches long including tang; greatest width of blade 0.16 inch, greatest thickness at back 0.20 inch, which is opposite the greatest breadth. Found in surface trenching between Pits 9 and 11, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 8.-Iron knife, point and end of tang deficient; present length including tang 3·90 inches, greatest width of blade 0.88 inch, greatest thickness at back 0.12 inch. The edge on the convex side appears to have been very blunt. Found in surface trenching on the north side of the Main Circle. a razor, Fig. 9.-Iron clasp knife or razor, found in surface trenching between Pits 9 and 11, S.E. Quarter. Assuming the flat broad end to be the proper end of the knife, which it has all the appearance of being and not a fracture, its use as "cultur tonsorius," appears very probable. At the handle end the blade is inserted between two bronze plates, to which it is hinged with a bronze pin; part of the wood or bone handle remains on one side. The tang has a notch at the back to receive the spring within the handle, and the distance of the end of the tang from the hinge-pin (0:42 inch) would admit of its turning within the points, leaving about 0.08 inch within the points for the spring at the back. Length of blade including tang 3.14 inches, width of blade at end 0.58 inch, depth of tang 0·82 inch, width of tang at end 0.32 inch. The blade appears to have had a wave back. The corner of the end of the tang is taken off at the back to admit of its turning whilst pressing upon the spring at the back of the handle. Fig. 10.-Iron object of unknown use, found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 11.-Iron nail with flat T-shaped head, similar to those found at Woodcuts. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 12.-Iron square-headed point of a spear resembling the point of a Roman pilum, but without the long shank of that weapon. Found at a depth of 2 feet 3 inches in the filling of Pit 75. It is 3.14 inches in length. The point is 0.8 inch long and 0.36 inch square at the base. The smallest part of the shank below it is 0.24 inch in diameter. The socket at the base is 0·60 inch in diameter, which must have been the size of the wooden shaft to which it was attached. Too slight for anything but a javelin. Similar javelin points, also Roman, are figured in Lindenschmit's Alterthumer, 134 Excavations at Rotherley. 4 IN. Heft XI., Taf. 4, 1858, where they are supposed to be the points of cross-bow arrows; and it is suggested that they may in some cases have been used as harpoon heads, the points becoming unshipped with the sockets after penetrating the wound. A similar form shown in the accompanying woodcut was found at Hod Hill, Dorset, and is represented in Warne's Ancient Dorset, Plate 11, Fig. 5. Fig. 13.-Another, similar to the last, length 3.3 inches, the point 106 inch long and 0·60 inch square at the base. The smallest part of the shank below it is 0.4 inch in diameter. The socket is 0.7 inch at the base. Both have slight slots, and this one has a hole on the side opposite the slot. It is in all respects a stouter weapon than Fig. 12, although of the same length, and was found at a depth of 1 foot 10 inches in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 14.-Iron pin 3.9 inches long and 0.20 inch in diameter. It is slightly larger towards the point than at the twisted end, where it is only 0·14 inch diameter. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 15.-Iron pin of a small fibula. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 16.—Fragment of iron, bent into a ring at one end. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 17.—Iron socket, probably of a bill or large knife. The blade is broken off. An open slot runs up the side, and across it is an iron pin. The exterior diameter at the base is 1.54 inch, interior diameter 1.22 inch, length 4.54 inches. It has traces of wood inside the socket. Found in the filling of Pit 53 at a depth of 5 feet 9 inches. Fig. 18.—Iron spiral ferrule of a lance, twisted round four times. Exterior diameter of spiral 1·16 inch, interior diameter 0·82 inch at the small end, and 0·90 inch at the large end. Such a contrivance might be used to bind the shaft of a lance when the spearhead was inserted into it by means of a tang, or it might be used to weight the butt end. Quarter. Found in surface trenching, East Fig. 19. Similar to Fig. 3, where they are described. Found in surface trenching over the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 20. Similar to the last. Found in surface trenching, S E. Quarter. 136 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CV. IRON OBJECTS. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Iron stonemason's chisel, 7.3 inches long and 0.6 inch in diameter at top. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.-Iron object of unknown use. Locality not recorded. Fig. 3.-Iron stylus. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.—Iron arrow or javelin head. Found in surface trenching, North Quarter, the blade having a triangular section, flat on the side opposite the slot of the socket and bevelled to a central ridge on the other. Length 4.8 inches, greatest breadth of blade 0·92 inch, thickness of blade at the centre 0·22 inch, length of socket 1.26 inch, exterior diameter of socket at base 0.44 inch, which must have been the diameter of the wooden shaft to which it was attached. Fig. 5.-Large iron door-key, of Celtic form, found in surface trenching near Pit 23, S.E. Quarter. Length 16 inches, similar to one found in Woodcuts, and represented in Fig. 5, Plate XXV., Vol. 1, where it is described. It has a ring for suspension at the end. The section is circular, except at the handle, where it is oblong. Fig. 6.-Iron clench, found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 7.-Fragment of iron chain with "Figure-of-8" links, which average 1·64 inch in length, the metal being 0.22 inch in diameter. Found on the bottom of the Main Circle Ditch. I found a similar chain in Mount Caburn Camp, near Worthing. Similar links are figured in Grivaud de la Vincelle, Plate XXIX., Fig. 2, Plate XXXV., Fig. 10, and elsewhere. Fig. 8.—Iron hook, found in the filling of the Upper Hut Cluster. Fig. 9.-Perhaps a ferrule of some kind. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 10.-Iron object, supposed to be an ox-goad, similar to one from Woodcuts, represented in Fig. 10, Plate XXIX., Vol. 1. Exterior diameter of spiral 0.58 inch, interior diameter 0.32 inch. Seven of these from the Saalburg are in the Museum at Homburg. Found in surface trenching at the side of the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. PLATE CV. 14 3 EXCEPT OTHERWISE SHOWN, 10 2 3 4 5 7 Full لمعنى 11 12 17 16 15 IRON OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 13 Wyman & Sons Photo-Litho CtQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley, 137 Fig. 11.-Similar to the last; exterior diameter of spiral 0.74 inch, interior ditto 0.4 inch. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 12. Similar to the last; exterior diameter of spiral 0.72 inch, interior ditto 0.52 inch. Found in surface trenching over Pit 21, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 13.-Key of tubular padlock, resembling one from Jordan Hill, Weymouth, in my collection, represented in the annexed woodcut. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. 18 Fig. 14.-Apparently a fragment of a knife or dagger with guard. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 15.-Iron object, use unknown. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 16. Fragment of iron of unknown use. Found in surface trenching, North-east Enclosure. Fig. 17.-Iron barbed arrowhead; medieval. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Mr. Lee, in "Isca Silurum," figures one of these from the Castle Villa, Caerleon, in the upper layers of earth. There are several in the Salisbury Museum, some of which are from Old Sarum. The exterior diameter of the socket is 0.54 inch. From Jordan Hill, Weymouth. T 138 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CVI. IRON HORSESHOES, SICKLES AND OTHER OBJECTS. ROMANO- BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Iron drill 5.54 inches long, 0·32 inch greatest diameter. Found in the filling of the ditch of the North-east Enclosure. Fig. 2.-Iron sickle with part of socket, similar to one found at Woodcuts, Fig. 12, Plate XXIX., Vol. 1, where it is described. Thickness of blade at back 0.10 inch. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 3.-Iron object of unknown use, 0·10 inch thick at the wide end. Found in the filling of the Eastern Drain. Fig. 4. Fragment of an iron handle. Found at a depth of 5 feet 9 inches in Pit 53. Fig. 5.-Iron packing needle 3.80 inches long, the hole 0.12 inch by 0.04 inch. Found in the filling of Pit 84 at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches. Fig. 6.-Iron staple with eyelet. Found in the filling of the Ditch of the Main Circle. Fig. 7.-Iron object of unknown use. It has evidently turned on the central hole, which is 0.30 inch diam. Found in surface trenching near Pit 22. Fig. 8.-Iron spud, the socket 0.68 inch interior diameter. Found in surface trenching over the Main Circle Ditch. A nearly similar object was found in Woodcuts, Fig. 22, Plate XXIX., Vol. I. Fig. 9.-Iron strike-light similar to others found in Woodcuts, and represented in Fig. 5, Plate XXVI., Vol. I. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 10.-Iron point, perhaps for the butt end of a lance, the socket 0.7 inch diameter, similar to Fig. 19, Plate XXIX., Vol. 1, from Woodcuts. Found in the filling of the Eastern Ditch. Fig. 11.-Fragment of iron horseshoe, found in surface trenching over the Southern Ditch. The thickness at the outer edge is 0.30 inch. The holes are in a broad furrow, as shown in the section; the nail holes oblong 0.24 inch by 0.10 inch. I would not guarantee the antiquity of this object, which, having been found near the surface, might be modern. PLATE CVI. 3 کار گلی رو از خود در 8 12 I C 2 3 બ 7L 4 A B 13 9 رایشگاهی لراز ارس 7 14 #'s Geaiti 10 Wyman & Sons, Photo-Litho. CQueen St London WC. IRON HORSE-SHOES, SICKLES, AND OTHER OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 5 Excavations at Rotherley. 139 Fig. 12.-Fragment of iron horseshoe with 2 nails, found in surface trenching, East Quarter. The greatest breadth of the metal is 1.46 inch tapering to 0·62 inch at the calking. The thickness on the outside is 0.22 inch and on the inside 0.10 inch. The surface on the side facing the hoof is concave, the holes 0.3 inch by 0.12 inch. It appears to be adapted to the hoof of a small horse; see remarks on Fig. 13. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 13.-Iron horseshoe with sinuous edge, 3 nail holes on each side. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. The holes are 0.46 inch by 0.16 inch in the clear. The calking on one side is bent back; greatest breadth of metal 0.84 inch, thickness 0.18 inch; flat on the side facing the hoofs and slightly rounded on the other; the calkings 0·32 inch deep below the lower surface of the shoe. The tip is much worn down. One nail of the usual British T-shaped kind is attached to one of the holes. The greatest width of this undoubtedly British horseshoe between the extremities of the sinuosities is 32 inches, which is exactly the width of that of the test Exmoor pony described elsewhere in this volume, which was 11 hands 24 inches high at the shoulders. In the Homburg Museum there are several horse- shoes from the Roman Camp at the Saalburg, which are of the same two kinds found at Rotherley and Woodcuts, Vol. 1, Fig. 2, Plate XXXI. The thin shoe with the sinuous edge, at that place, is probably the German shoe, and the broad flat shoe may perhaps be the Roman form. Both the Saalburg specimens measured 33 inches across, which corresponds exactly with the Rotherley shoe and that of the Exmoor pony. These measure- ments tally with the results of the measurements of the bones, and confirm the opinion as to the small size of the horse in use at the time of the Roman occupation of this country. Fig. 14.-Fragment of horseshoe, similar in form to Fig. 12, found in surface -Im trenching, East Quarter. Greatest breadth of metal 1.20 inch tapering to 0.54 inch at the small end. It has no calking; slightly concave on the side facing the hoof, and rounded on the other face. Thickness of metal on the outside 0·10 inch and on the inside 0·08 inch. The nails in both this example and Fig. 12 are precisely similar to the modern shoe nails. Although these two shoes cannot be pronounced ancient with the same certainty as Fig. 13, I have reason to believe that they are Roman. The accompanying woodcut is an illustration of one of the flat, broad metalled shoes from the Saalburg, presented to me by Mr. Keller. T 2 140 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CVII. EARTHENWARE VESSELS, PARTLY RESTORED, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Cup or tazza of black earthenware without ornament 46 inches high, 9.4 inches exterior diameter at mouth, and 3 inches at the base, found in the filling of Pit 56, North-East Enclosure. It is of inferior quality, and has a hole in the bottom, through the centre of the base, 0·8 inch in diameter, which appears to have been wrought from both sides. It is irregular in form, and not truly circular. There is a slight groove on the top of the rim as well as round the outside of the edge. This was the only tazza of this form found in either village. It is difficult to conceive the reason for the large hole bored in the bottom of this vessel. All the pieces of this tazza were found except a small piece of the rim. Fig. 2.-Vase of black earthenware with bead rim, 6.1 inches high and 5 inches interior diameter at mouth; of smooth earthenware. It has no hole in the bottom. Found in the filling of Pit 48, Main Circle. 4 Fig. 3.-Large vase of black brown earthenware 72 inches high and 7½ inches interior diameter at mouth; found in the filling of Pit 48, Main Circle. It is ornamented on the side by a horizontal band of oblique lines and in three equidistant places it has an additional ornament consisting of two bosses pressed out from the inside and covered above with eyebrows or wing-shaped ornaments resembling those on the vase, Fig. 8, Plate CVIII. This latter, in fact, appears to be a survival of this ornament, in which the bosses are omitted and the wing-shaped ornament above only remains. The curves of the wings are explained by the assumption that they took them from the bosses. The bosses were pressed from the inside and the eyebrows marked over them from the outside. When the inside process was neglected or imperfectly performed the outside process was nevertheless continued, and in this way a modification of the ornament was produced. The bottom of the vessel has a hole, 0.6 inch in diameter, rudely bored in the centre of it. PLATE CVII. -+ 4 3 144 LO 5 2 14 44 4 -14 EARTHENWARE VESSELS, PARTLY RESTORED, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Wyman & Sons. Litho.GQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 141 Fig. 4.—Vase of black brown earthenware of inferior quality, 8 inches high, with an open mouth 63 inches in diameter. It has a hole, 0.6 inches in diameter, rudely bored in the centre of the bottom. Found in the filling of Drain 1, South-East Quarter. Fig. 5.-Vase of black brown pottery, 10 inches high, with an upright cylindrical mouth, 0.72 inch exterior diameter, ornamented with a horizontal band of crossed lines on the side and a zigzag ornament on the neck of the rim. It has a hole in the bottom. Found in the filling of Drain 1, South-East Quarter. Fig. 6.-Vase of brown earthenware with eyelet holes on each side. It is 10 inches high, and 5 inches interior diameter at mouth. The eyelet holes are oval, . 1 inch in length by 0.46 inch in width, and do not admit of the insertion of an ordinary finger. Found in the filling of Pit 48, Main Circle. This class of pot has been frequently described in the present and previous volume. See remarks on Fig. 1, Plate CXI. It has a small hole in the bottom, 0.26 inch diameter. 142 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CVIII. EARTHENWARE VESSELS, PARTLY RESTORED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Vase of black earthenware with fluted sides, 4 inches in height, exterior diameter at mouth 18 inch. It is of the form known as New Forest ware, but of coarse manufacture. The sides are 0.14 inch thick. It is a good deal restored. A similar vase from Woodcuts is represented in Plate XXXIV., Fig. 5, Vol. I. Found in surface trenching, Southern Bank. Reference to the tables of pottery, page 111, shows that in Woodcuts, New Forest ware was found more abundantly on the surface than in the pits, the percentage being-" surface," 1.67; "pits," 008. It was also more common in the N.W. Quarter than elsewhere in the village, the percentage being- N.W. Quarter, 1.50; all other quarters, 0.21. At Rotherley, only 17 fragments having been found, the numbers are hardly sufficient to enable any useful comparison to be made, but it appears to have been more evenly distributed. None, however, was found in pits. Fig. 2.-Vase of black-brown earthenware, 5 inches in height, interior diameter at mouth 4.5 inches, with a bead rim of uneven shape, tooled over with striæ about 0.18 inch broad, running horizontally but irregularly round the pot. If made on the wheel, this pot has been tooled over subsequently. It has three holes, 0.36 inch in diameter, on one side only, which suggest its use as a brazier for burning charcoal. Perforations are commonly found in pots both here and at Woodcuts, but this is the only example having three holes on one side. The sides are 0'26 inch thick; Fig. 11, Plate XXXV., Vol. I., is an illustration of one found in Woodcuts having one hole in the bottom and one at the side. Found in the filling of the South-Eastern Drain. Fig. 3.-Vase of black-brown earthenware 5.6 inches in height, interior diameter at mouth 4 inches, of the same circular form as the last. In addition to the horizontal striæ, it has several vertical marks on the exterior surface, as if it PLATE CVIII. 2 -+ 4 4 +1- -1+ 4 7 5 3 -1+ 4 4 -1+ -14 -1+ 4 8 -14 EARTHENWARE VESSELS, PARTLY RESTORED, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, Wyman & Sons, Litho.GQueen St London,W.C Excavations at Rotherley. 143 had been smoothed down vertically with the fingers. Where these vertical finger grooves occur, the horizontal striæ made with a small tool are seen across them, but not so clearly marked as on the other parts of the surface. It has one hole in the bottom inch in diameter, a little to the side of the centre, and irregularly formed. The sides of the pot are 0.34 inch thick. For examples from Woodcuts with one hole in the bottom, see Plate XXXII., Figs. 2 and 4, Vol. I. Found in the filling of Pit 48, Main Circle. Fig. 4. Vase of black-brown earthenware 4.3 inches in height, diameter at mouth 3.8 inches, with a horizontal band round the centre 2 inches deep, ornamented with crossed incised lines, Roman fashion. It has horizontal striæ formed with a tool above and below the ornamental band, but not upon it. It has two small holes just beneath the rim on one side 0·1 inch in diameter, with a fracture between them. The pieces being found separate, showed that the holes had probably been made for riveting which had not been carried out. Examples of riveting are seen on Plate CXI., Figs. 7 and 8. Thickness of sides 0-2 inch. Found in the filling of Pit 16, South-east Quarter. Fig. 5.-Bowl of dark brown earthenware 3.9 inches high, diameter at mouth 6.5 inches, bulging in the centre; striated in the same manner as the preceding specimens, but smoother. It has an irregularly formed hole about half an inch in diameter in the bottom, a little to the side of the centre; thickness of sides, 0.3 inch; somewhat similar in shape to one from Woodcuts represented in Plate XXXII., Fig. 2, Vol. I. Found in the filling of the Southern Ditch. Fig. 6.--Dish of black-brown pottery, 24 inches high and 4.7 inches interior diameter, with flat basin-shaped rim 0.7 inch wide, having a groove on its upper surface. It is ornamented with crossed incised lines on the sides, and has no striations. A nearly similar dish from Woodcuts is represented in Plate XXXIII., Fig. 3, Vol. I. The statistics of distribution of this class of pot are given in connection with the rims in Plate CXIII., Fig. 7. The sides are 0.32 inch thick. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 7.-A large vase of dark brown ware with a broad rim, 10.9 inches high, 7½ inches interior diameter at top, striated at the sides, with an irregularly shaped hole 31 inches in diameter in the bottom near the centre. The sides are 0.4 inch thick near the top. Similar vases, but not so large and not perforated, are represented in Plate XXXIII., Figs. 4 and 5, Vol. I. Found in the filling of Drain 1, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 8.—A large vase of brown ware similar in form to the last, 107 inches high, 7·2 inches interior diameter at top. It is striated obliquely at the sides, as represented in the drawing. In three places on the sides near the top, 144 Excavations at Rotherley. equidistant from each other, are wing-shaped ornaments, which appear to be a survival of the eyebrows covering the bosses represented in Fig. 3, Plate CVII. The bosses in this specimen are omitted, and the eyebrows only are given, for the reason which I have discussed in the description of Fig. 3, Plate CVII. It affords an example of one of those transformations of ornament of which such numerous examples occur in savage and early art, and of which many specimens are shown in my museum at Oxford. In Fig. 12, Plate CXIV., this ornament is seen to be applied continuously in a line of bosses covered above with a wave pattern or a line of continuous eyebrows; in Fig. 3, Plate CVII., the bosses and eyebrows are detached and represented only in three equidistant places on the side of the vessel. In the present specimen the bosses are omitted, and the eyebrows only are given in the three equidistant places, so that the continuity of the ornament is represented by the following series a,b,c. References to Figs. 4, 5, 10, and 12, Vol. I., Plate LXXII., show other varieties of the same class of ornament found in Romano-British pits in Rushmore Park, and much of the remarks made on those specimens must be considered LINE OF SECTION 14 α B LINE OF SECTION $4 B LINE OF SECTION Q to be superseded by the observations which have since been made and are now recorded. In many similar instances I have found that it is only after careful study of a number of specimens, and after observations made at a number of different times, that the true history of primitive ornamentation can be discovered. It has a hole in the bottom in the centre inch in diameter. All the fragments of the pot were found with the exception of four small pieces. Found in the filling of Pit 49, Main Circle. 1 Note. It will be observed that nearly the whole of the pots represented in this Plate are perforated, and that they are of the smooth quality without grains of sand which is usually described in this work as of inferior quality as distinct from the hard better baked quality. Note on the distribution of vessels with bead rim in Woodcuts and Rotherley.- Reference to the tables of fragments of pottery given at page 111, will show that at Woodcuts the proportion of bead rim to total fragments found in the pits far exceeded those found in surface trenching, the proportion being 5.81 per cent. in the pits, and 0.52 per cent. in surface trenching, which, on the assumption that the pits were made and filled up again from time to time during a long course of years, led to the inference that bead rims being a simpler form of pottery and, as a rule, of rude Excavations at Rotherley. 145 quality, may have been in earlier use than other kinds of vessels. It was also found to be less prevalent in the N.W., or rich quarter, than in all other quarters, the proportion being 0-82 per cent. in the rich quarter, and 3.80 per cent. in all other quarters, from which it was inferred that this kind of vessel may have been in commoner use among the poorer than the rich inhabitants of the village. At Rotherley this proportion is borne out as regards the comparison between the pits and the surface, the proportions being 4.10 per cent. in the pits and 0.71 per cent. in surface trenching. The proportion in the several quarters at Rotherley is nearly equal, there being no markedly rich quarter. The proportion of bead rims to total fragments throughout the excavations is larger in Woodcuts than in Rotherley, being 2.16 per cent. in Woodcuts and 1.50 per cent. in Rotherley. U 146 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CIX. FRAGMENTS OF EARTHENWARE VESSELS PARTLY RESTORED, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Fragment of tazza of reddish-brown earthenware of superior quality, lathe- turned and without marks of tooling, similar to one from Woodcuts represented in Fig. 5, Plate XXXV., Vol. I., and also somewhat resembling Fig. 4, Plate XXXII., Vol. I. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.-Fragment of tazza of brown earthenware of inferior quality with marks of tooling. At the bottom on one side is a hole which has evidently received a foot for a tripod support similar to Fig. 11, Plate XXXIX., Vol. I., from Woodcuts, and Fig. 6, Plate CXIII., from Rotherley. The foot has probably been fastened to the pot during fabrication by means of a tang of the clay of the foot inserted into the hole in the same manner as the handles are fitted, a specimen of which is represented in Fig. 2, Plate CXIII. The supposed arrangement is shown in the section where the foot is represented by a dotted line. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 3.-Fragment of bowl or tazza of superior or hard quality. It has an upright ridge rim resembling that of Fig. 1, Plate XXXII., Vol. I., from Woodcuts, but the shape of the bowl is different. It is 0.4 inch thick. For other varieties of this kind of rim see Figs. A to X, Plate CXVI. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 4.—Fragment of double-handled vase or amphora of superior hard quality; inside diameter at mouth, 3.25 inches; height of neck, 4 inches; width of rim, 0.7 inch; thickness of sides, 0.2 inch; resembling in form Fig. 4, Plate XXXIV., Vol. I., from Woodcuts, and of about the same size. The only specimen of this kind found in the village. Found in the filling of Drain 1, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 5.-Fragment of pot or bowl of black ware of inferior quality tooled on the outside. Remarkable for being the only specimen found with ornamentation on the inside. It is 0.24 inch in thickness. Found in the filling of Pit 48, Main Circle. PLATE CIX. 1 2 3 124 ? 2 -IN ཁ་མཁན་ བོགས་པ་བཅས་ས་ དང་མ་ཁམརད་འཁས་ མ་ 6 4 4 44-4 -~ 5 7 2 -Jou -14 Wyman & Sons, Litho Queen St Londen, W.C. FRAGMENTS OF EARTHENWARE VESSELS, PARTLY RESTORED, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, Excavations at Rotherley. 147 Fig. 6.—Fragment of large globular vase of inferior quality; exterior diameter at mouth, 8.75 inches; the largest found in either village the diameter of which could be measured. It is 0.3 inch thick at the sides. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 7.—Rim and upper portion of large globular vase of black ware of inferior quality, rough and irregularly tooled on the outside; exterior diameter at mouth, 8.25 inches; thickness of sides, 0.2 inch. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. U 2 148 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CX. POTTERY. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Earthenware tazza, partly restored, of smooth red pottery somewhat re- sembling Fig. 6, Plate XXXV., Vol. I., from Woodcuts. Height 4'1 inches, exterior diameter at mouth, 4.25 inches. Found in the filling of Pit 73, North Quarter. Fig. 2.--The lower part of a Lagena of smooth black pottery, the sides 0·30 inch thick. The top has been added by dotted lines to show the probable form of the vessel. The marks of the two handles are present on the upper part of the sides. It has, as usual, a hole smoothly cut, and quite round in the bottom 0.84 inch in diameter. Found in the filling of Pit 84, North Quarter. A somewhat similar vessel from Woodcuts is represented in Fig. 4, Plate XXXIV., Vol. I. Fig. 3.-A large tazza, or bowl, of hard black ware ornamented round the bottom with a double incised chevron pattern. The foot has been restored; probable height 5 inches, interior diameter at top 7.8 inches. It is perforated at the bottom with a smoothly cut circular hole 0.5 inch in diameter. It appears greatly to resemble Fig. 1, Plate CVII., but the rim is a little more ornamental. Found in the filling of Pit 84, North Quarter. Fig. 4. Fragment of rim of a large vessel of the twisted rope pattern, ornamented with impressions formed at intervals by the tip of a small finger, and perforated right through in two places as shown by the dotted lines. The use of these perforations, several examples of which were found, is not known, unless it is for the purpose of enabling the vapour to escape during cooling, as in the following examples. The holes in this case are 0.16 inch in diameter, somewhat larger than in the succeeding specimens. The section shows two layers of earthenware of slightly different colour, and it is possible the stabbing in this case may have been intended to fasten them together more firmly. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 5.-Fragment of rim of large vessel with twisted rope pattern, stabbed at regular intervals in three lines with holes 0.12 inch in diameter, rather smaller than in the preceding example. Found in the filling of Pit 68, South-East Quarter. The holes in this and in some of the two following examples PLATE CX. -1+ T 4 6 -~ -~ 2 3 A 4 -/+ ÷ 8 1/24 10 5 -|- -1+ 4 1/24 7 POTTERY. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. -IN 2 ** ÷ Wyman & Sons, Litho.G!Queen St London, WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 149 only penetrate about two-thirds the thickness of the vessel. My sub- assistant, Mr. Reader, who was for some time employed in the firm of Messrs. Doulton and Co., informs me that this practice of stabbing terra- cotta panels before firing is often practised at the present time, and is to enable the air bubbles during the burning, to escape without bursting the material. It is all the more likely that this is the use of the holes from the fact that the pottery at the rims where these punctures occur, is thicker than in other parts. Mr. Reader, however, says that he has never seen this practice resorted to in the case of vessels, but only in thicker kinds of pottery. The considerable thickness of the rims, however, being over an inch and a half, would probably be such as to necessitate stabbing in the manner here shown. Fig. 6.-Fragment of rim with perforations similar to the last, found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 7.--Fragment of rim with perforations similar to the last, found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 8.--Loop of vessel for suspension, found in the filling of Pit 45, Main Circle, with vertical grooves along the most prominent part of the ridge. These grooves, not always present in the loops, serve to connect them with the survivals of loops ornamentally represented on the sides of pots, as in Figs. 2 and 3, Plate XXXIX., and Fig. 7, Plate LIII, from Woodcuts, Vol. I., and Fig. 3, Plate CXI., from Rotherley, in which the vertical grooves are usually represented. Fig. 9.-Fragment of pottery of the Bronze Age found in the filling of the Southern 11-IN -7IN- Ditch, coarsely made, containing grains of flint in its composition, and ornamented with a chevron pattern, the angles of which point to the right. It is 0.4 inch thick, and the bent part below shows that it formed part of the overhanging rim of a cinerary urn similar to one from Bincombe, of which the annexed figure is a representation. Similar vessels with precisely similar ornamentation occur elsewhere in Dorset, two of which from Sturminster Marshall are in the Dorchester Museum. The occurrence of this fragment seems in com- bination with the discovery of a Bronze Age interment described at page 50, to show that the site of this village must have been occupied by interments of the Bronze Age before the construction of the Romano-British village.* * Nevertheless the occurrence of this fragment in a Romano-British Village, deserves notice side by side with the fact that Romano-British pottery is found in some of the Barrows. Cinerary urns were made of coarse materials for the purpose, and we cannot tell how long this custom may have survived. 150 Excavations at Rotherley. Fig. 10. Fragment of brown pottery with figures in relief, having on it an inscription which appears to read LEATI, but it is much defaced. The figure of a woman Found in surface in relief appears to have been well proportioned. trenching, South-East Quarter. Fig. 11.-Fragment of the bottom of a vessel of dull red ware, apparently in imitation of Samian, found whilst filling in the South-East Quarter. 152 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXI. POTTERY. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Eyelet or loop of brown pottery of inferior quality, which has been termed FIG. A ㅎ ​FIG. B ㅎ ​FIG. C 1/e the Purbeck handle from its prevalence in the district. The loop is 0.56 inch in diameter in the inside, not large enough to admit of an ordinary little finger, and there- fore a loop for a cord and not a handle. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. It resembles specimens found in Woodcuts and represented in Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XXXIX., and in Figs. 8 and 10, Plate XXXII., Vol. 1, where they are described, and the restored vessels having this loop from Rotherley, are shown in Fig. 6, Plate CVII. of this volume. Pottery having these loops in Woodcuts was almost invariably of a smooth, pasty and inferior quality, but in this village fragments of it were occasionally though rarely found, which were of a Fig. A, from Maiden Castle hard superior quality. Other examples of this kind of Fig. B, from Dorchester. loop, found in this neighbourhood, are shown in the accompanying illustrations, viz., A, from Maiden Castle Camp, near Dorchester; B, from the town of Dorchester; and c, in the Warne Collection; all in the Dorchester Museum. Similar loops are also figured in the Purbeck Society Papers, No. 5, 1860, from Purbeck, Plate XIX., Fig. 3, and Plate XXI., Fig. 4. Mr. Austen, in describing this latter specimen, states that similar loops have been found at Sturminster Marshall, Dorset, at Southampton, and in the New Forest, Hants. See remarks on distribution of loops at the end of this plate, and tables, page 111. Camp, near Dorchester. Fig. C, in the Warne Coll. Fig. 2.-The same as the last. Interior diameter of loop 0.62 by 0.63. It is of smoother texture and has more marks of tooling than the last example, and will barely admit the passage of a small little finger. Found in the filling of Pit 50, Main Circle. PLATE CXI. ALL, EXCEPT FIG.7. 8 7 --- 2 5 10 6 9 10 POTTERY, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. બ 12 3 Wyman & Sons, Litho G Queen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 153 Fig. 3.—Fragment of pottery, having on it part of a debased representation of an eyelet hole, similar to Fig. 3, Plate XXXIX., and Fig. 7, Plate LIII., Vol. 1, from Woodcuts, where they are described. It is 0.3 inch thick and of inferior quality. A drawing of a loop with grooves on the projecting part is shown in Fig. 8, Plate CX. Found at Rotherley. Fig. 4.—Fragment of pottery having on it a debased representation of an eyelet hole, similar to Fig. 3, Plate XXXIX., from Woodcuts, where it is described, and to the last specimen. It is formed by the impression of the tips of three fingers on the outside, the impression of the nail being shown. On the inside there is a concavity, corresponding to the swell on the outside between the three finger marks, evidently formed by another finger pressing against the vessel from the inside, and, from the position of the nails on the outside it is evident that two hands must have been used in forming this ornament. 0·3 It is of hard quality, 0.3 inch thick. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 5.-Fragment of top and handle of small vessel similar to Figs. 3 and 6, a b Plate XXXIV., and Fig. 13, Plate XXXIX., Vol. 1, from Woodcuts. The interior diameter of the handle is 0.66 inch by 0.5 inch, and will admit the tip of an ordinary forefinger far enough to unite with the thumb on the other side. It is of hard quality, 0.18 inch thick, and contains grains of quartz and flint. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Vessels with similar handles to these are represented in the accompanying figures, -1+ 44 both in the Dorchester Museum. Fig. 6. Fragment of saucer of dark brown material with a handle. Interior diameter 0.62 inch by 0.38 inch. It will not admit the tip of an ordinary forefinger far enough to meet the thumb, but can be held between the thumb and finger. It is ornamented on the outside by cross lines. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. A similar saucer with handle is represented in Fig. 13, Plate XXXIX., Vol. 1, from Woodcuts, and in the Papers of the Purbeck Society, No. 5, 1860, Plate XXI., Fig. 1, from Purbeck. Fig. 7.-Fragment of rim of pottery, showing a fracture which has been riveted with lead. The leaden rivets are 0.20 inch and 0.16 inch in diameter respectively, and 0.56 inch apart from centre to centre, and the lead forming the rivets on each side of the fracture is 0.04 inch thick. The pottery is 0.32 inch in thickness, and is of the smooth quality which has been termed inferior, showing that pots of this quality were nevertheless sufficiently X 154 Excavations at Rotherley. valuable to be worth riveting. Found in the filling of Drain 5, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 8.--Another fragment showing a fracture which has been riveted with lead near the rim. The rivet is 0·18 inch in diameter, and the thickness of the lead joining the rivets is 0.089 inch thick in the centre of the band tapering to 0·24 inch at the edge. The pottery is of the same brown inferior quality as the last, much tooled on the outside. Thickness 0.20 inch. The handle is 0.92 inch by 0.76 inch, and will just admit the entire forefinger of an ordinary hand. Found in surface trenching over Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. A similar handle from Woodcuts is represented in Fig. 6, Plate XXXIX., Vol. 1. Fig. 9.—Fragment of flat saucer, half restored, 4·5 inches interior diameter at top, and 1.26 inch high, of superior hard quality with fine grains of sand in its composition. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. A saucer of similar form from Woodcuts is represented in Fig. 1, Plate XXXIV., Vol. 1, and there is one from Purbeck in the Purbeck Society's Papers, No. 5, 1860, Fig. 2, Plate XIX. Fig. 10.-Fragment of bottom of a pot, which has been of circular form, but has a flat b α bottom enlarged into the form of a half-moon as shown in the figure. It is of very hard superior quality, and I am unable to conjecture to what use it has been put unless it is the bottom of a crucible constructed to tip over in one direction. The thickness of the sides is 0.22 inch. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. The annexed woodcut a represents a somewhat similar fragment, and is taken from Lindenschmit's Alterthumer, Band III. It is there described as a small cup of which a number are attached by means of the projections at the bottom to a vessel of larger size as shown in the figure b. It is of the Roman period. Fig. 11.-Fragment of bottom of a large thick pot of smooth quality, without grains, irregularly tooled on the outside. On the bottom are the concave impressions of 32 broad flat knobs of squarish oval form, 0.32 inch by 0·26 in. and 0.025 inch in depth. I thought at first that these impressions might have been formed by placing the vessel down when moist on the hobnailed sole of a Roman caliga, but the impressions are very clearly Excavations at Rotherley. 155 defined, and it is seen that several of them cut into each other, which could not have been the case with a hobnailed sole, and I am, therefore, unable to conjecture how, or for what purpose, these impressions have been formed. The fragment is 0.52 inch thick and was found in the filling of Pit 60. Fig. 12.-Mouth and portion of neck of jug of light red ware, very fine and hard. Found in the filling of Pit 68. It has probably been part of a jug with a handle and a long neck, such as has been found in the Upchurch marshes, and is figured in Wright's Uriconium, page 248, and elsewhere. Nearly similar mouths and necks from Woodcuts are shown in Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6, Plate XL., Vol. 1. Note on the distribution of the Loop or Eyelet in Woodcuts and Rotherley.—The tables, page 111, show the proportion of loops to the total number of fragments of pottery found in the separate quarters and parts at Woodcuts and Rotherley, by which it will be seen that as compared with vessels with basin-shaped rims they are more prevalent in the pits at Woodcuts than in the surface trenching, but that is not the case at Rotherley where they are more evenly distributed. In Woodcuts they were also found to be less frequent in the N.W. or rich quarter than in all other parts, the proportion being as 0.13 in the N.W. quarter to 0.48 in all other quarters, which led to the inference that it was a kind of pot more commonly used by the poor than the rich inhabitants of the village. In Rotherley this distinction in the use of this class of vessel is not apparent, there being no markedly rich quarter in the latter village. This class of vessel seems, however, to have been more commonly used in Rotherley than in Woodcuts, the proportion of loops to total fragments being 0.29 per cent. in Woodcuts and 0.79 per cent. in Rotherley. It must be borne in view that these percentages being calculated only by the fragments of rims found, must be far below the number of pots actually in use. They are valuable only for comparison of the relative numbers in the several localities. 1 X 2 156 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXII. HANDLES AND FRAGMENTS OF RIMS OF POTTERY. ROMANO- BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Rim of pot, of hard grey superior quality, with 2 grooves on the top. It must have formed part of a very large vessel. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.--Handle of very large amphora of yellow light ware, with 3 grooves. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Reference to the tables of pottery, page 111, shows that, in Woodcuts, handles were more common in surface trenching than in the pits, the percentage being, on the surface, 0·67 per cent., in pits 0.08 per cent. It was also more common in the N.W. or rich quarter than in other quarters, the proportion being, in the N.W. Quarter, 0.52 per cent., and in all other quarters 0:30. The handles being attached to pottery of harder quality and improved form were probably more frequently used in the rich quarter, and may also have been more recently introduced than the pottery with loops or the bead rim pottery. In Rotherley also, handles were slightly more abundant on the surface than in pits, the proportion being, in surface trenching 0.46 per cent., in pits 0.03 per cent. but it was more evenly distributed in the different quarters. Fig. 3.—Rim of large vessel of hard grey quality. Found in the filling of Drain 2, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.—Fragment of shallow saucer of hard quality with grains of sand and large grains of flint in its composition. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 5.—Fragment of cup of hard grey quality, apparently of cylindrical form with rim & inch broad. Found in the filling of the S.E. Drain. 4 Fig. 6.—Fragment of handle with 3 grooves, of hard yellow quality. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 7.—Fragment of rim of reddish-brown quality ornamented with two raised bands beneath the rim, and of hard quality; thickness of side 0·16 inch. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. PLATE CXII. 4/7/3 8 5 2 6 7 10 9 4 3 12 13 HANDLES AND FRAGMENTS OF RIMS OF POTTERY, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Wyman & Sons, Litho.GtQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 157 Fig. 8.-Fragment of rim of large vessel of light yellow ware with a leaden rivet; thickness of side 0.38 inch. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 9.--Fragment of rim of bowl or tazza ornamented with a band and two grooves, of hard ware but tooled on the outside. Found in the filling of Pit 59. Fig. 10.-Fragment of rim of large vessel of light grey colour. Found in the filling of Pit 46. Fig. 11.-Fragment of neck probably of amphora, ornamented with 2 grooves of reddish-brown sandy quality. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 12.- Fragment of bowl or tazza ornamented with bands and cross lines, of superior quality. Found in the filling of Pit 59. Fig. 13.-Fragment of neck, probably of an amphora of hard sandy quality, similar in form to Figs. 5 and 11. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. 158 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXIII. FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY AND HANDLES. VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. ROMANO-BRITISH Fig. 1.-Apparently a muller for grinding paint: it is of red earthenware, mixed with fine grains of quartz, and has traces of dark coloured paint on it. The convex face is especially darkened in this way, as if by mixing colour. It is 2.04 inches in diameter and 1.4 inches high, and was found not far from the Kimmeridge Shale tablet, Plate CXVIII. Found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.—Fragment of handle of black ware, showing the clay tang by which the handle is fastened to the vessel in fabrication. The flatness of the part above the tang, which is contiguous to the side of the vessel, shows that it has been attached to a jug and has become detached, and cannot be regarded as evidence that the vessels were made in this place. The annexed woodcut, showing the use of the tang and the method of attachment, is taken from the Purbeck Society's Papers, No. V., 1860, Fig. 1, Plate XXI. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Another, with a similar tang, was found in the surface trenching of the upper hut cluster. Fig. 3.—Rim, neck and handle of a small jug of superior light red hard ware, which is not uncommon amongst Roman remains, and has been termed by Mr. Way lagunculæ (see Isca Silurum by J. E. Lee, F.R.S., page 32). Vessels of this shape have also been termed Lagena. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.—Fragment of small cup of light red ware which appears to have been coloured. It is 1 inches high, and has been 24 inches in diameter at the top. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 5.—Fragment of bottom of a vessel pierced in the bottom. It has had 79 holes, 0.08 inch in diameter, and may have been used as a colander. The bottom, where pierced with holes, is 0.24 inch thick and 3 inches in diameter PLATE CXIII. 2/m 4 7 10 2 3 D 5 8 O || FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY AND HANDLES, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 6 Wyman & Sons, Litho.GQueen St London, WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 159 1 Examples of colanders from Woodcuts are given in Figs. 6 and 7, Plate XLVII., Vol. 1, from Purbeck, in the Purbeck Society's Papers, No. 5, 1860, Plate XXI., Fig. 6, and from Gallo-Roman "puits-funéraires" of Du Bernard (Vendée) and elsewhere.* Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.-Fragment of black pottery which may have been the foot of a tripod vase as suggested by Fig. 2, Plate CIX., where its use is considered. It is 2.7 inches long and is broken off at the top. A similar fragment from Woodcuts is represented in Fig. 11, Plate XXXIX., where it is described as a handle of pot or lamp, but I am now inclined to think that both are the feet of tripods. Found in the filling of the Eastern Road Ditch. Fig. 7.-Section of a fragment of flat basin-shaped rim, without any groove on the upper surface. Found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. For statistics of distribution of this class of rim in Woodcuts and Rotherley, see page 111. • Fig. 8.-Fragment of rim of hard grey pottery, with scallops formed by the impressions of the fingers, which appears to connect it with the rope- patterned rim, represented in Figs. 9, 10, and 11, Plate XXXVIII., Vol. 1, from Woodcuts. If so, the rope pattern in this specimen has not yet developed itself, the scallops being too far apart (2·55 inches from centre to centre) to give the rim the appearance of a twisted rope. The quality of the pottery is the same in all cases. Six pieces of this rim were found together in the filling of the South-eastern Drain. For further observations on the twisted rope pattern, see page 148. Fig. 9.-Section of fragment of rim of black ware, 0-2 inch thick. Found in the filling of Pit 46. Fig. 10.-Fragment of rim of black hard ware, tooled on the outside 0·2 inch thick, nearly similar to Fig. 1, Plate LXXII., Vol. 1, from a Romano-British pit in Rushmore Park. Found in the filling of Pit 69. Fig. 11.-Fragment of rim of vessel, ornamented and strengthened with raised bands, and ornamented with zigzag lines between, similar in form to Fig. 7, Plate XXXV., from Woodcuts, and Fig. 7, Plate LXXII., Vol. 1, from a Romano- British trench or drain in Rushmore Park. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. * "Puits Funéraires,” Gallo-Romains. Du Bernard (Vendée), par MM. Baudry et L. Ballereau. 160 Excavations at Rotherley. ! DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXIV. FRAGMENTS OF GLAZED ROMAN POTTERY AND OTHER ORNA- MENTAL POTTERY, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Fragment of rim of glazed pottery, ornamented with three raised bands, including that forming the rim and intermediate grooves, beneath which is a band of Vandyke pattern; the latter does not appear to be incised, but is painted in lines of dark green beneath the glaze. The pottery is of hard red texture, but is covered inside and out with green glaze, similar in colour to that used during the whole of the medieval period. The fact of finding a mediæval iron arrow-head, Fig. 17, Plate CV., and a silver penny of Edward II., Fig. 10, Plate CXXIV., in this village at first gave rise to a question whether this fragment of pottery might not be medieval also. I therefore submitted it to Mr. A. W. Franks, C.B., F.R.S., of the British Museum, who pronounces it to be Roman, but of rare occurrence. It is 0·20 inch in thickness, and is the only fragment of Roman green-glazed pottery found in either village. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig 2.-Fragment of reddish-yellow glazed pottery, ornamented on the interior with incised parallel grooves and on the outside with incised pointed strokes about 0.36 inch in length and 0.06 inch greatest width. The strokes are broadest in the middle, and taper out to nothing at both ends; they are not quite parallel to each other, and may perhaps have been formed with a comb. The whole is covered inside and out with reddish-yellow glaze. This fragment also on being submitted to Mr. A. W. Franks, C.B., F.R.S., has been pronounced by him to be Roman and of comparatively rare occurrence. The glaze on this and the preceding specimen is crackled. It is 0.18 inch in thickness. Found at a depth of 15 inches in the filling of Pit 26. Fig. 3.—Fragment of black pottery ornamented with rows of punch marks. It is 0.22 inch thick. Found in the filling of the Eastern Road Ditch. Fig. 4. Fragment of rim of superior quality, ornamented with a band of vertical incised lines beneath the rim, below which are 2 horizontal grooves, and PLATE CXIV. 4 1-2/4 2 3 5 -|- -You 6 7 8 9 -4 -~ -~ 12 ÷ --- 12/24 -~ 1/24 LINE OF SECTION ·LINE OF SECTION 10 2 -~ 13 -~ Wyman & Sons, Litho.G!Queen St London, WC. FRAGMENTS OF GLAZED ROMAN POTTERY AND OTHER ORNAMENTAL POTTERY, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, Excavations at Rotherley. 161 beneath this oblique incised lines. It is 0.22 inch thick. Found in the filling of Pit 48, Main Circle. Fig. 5.-Fragment of black ware of inferior quality, ornamented with a wave pattern, incised. It is 0.26 inch thick. Found in the filling of Pit 78. Fig. 6.-Fragment of light red pottery of very superior quality, ornamented on the outside with rows of zigzag hatched with a fine tool. On the inside are horizontal marks of lathe-turning. It is 0.10 inch thick. Found in the filling of the Ditch, Main Circle. Fig. 7.-Fragment of rim of black pottery, ornamented on the side with vertical FIG. A 1/4 FIG: B FIG. C Fig. A.-From Weymouth. (British Museum.) B and C.-From Jordan Hill, Weymouth. (Dorchester Museum.) raised bands or ridges, 0.13 inch in elevation above the surface of the pot. It has marks of the lathe on the inside, and was found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. These raised ridges are remarkable, and serve to connect the pottery of this village with specimens found elsewhere. Three examples of entire pots with this ornamentation are shown in the accompanying figures, all from the neighbour- hood of Weymouth, Dorset, Fig. A, in the British Museum, from Weymouth, and Figs. B and C, in the Dorchester Museum, from Jordan Hill, Weymouth, B, from the Warne Collection, and C, in the Cunnington Collection. In these specimens the raised bands are surrounded by lines of incised dots. The rim of the Rotherley specimen is slightly more overlapping, and the sides are 0.12 inch thick. This is one of several objects which serve in an especial manner to connect the antiquities in this village with those found at Jordan Hill. 82 4 Fig. 8.-Fragment of rim of large globular vessel which has been 8 inches in diameter at the rim. It is of coarser quality than most of the pottery found in the villages, being mixed with small grains of quartz, and therefore not made in this locality. It is ornamented with bands of incised lines with rows of circular punch marks about 0.16 inch between, radiating from the rim of the vessel with a row of incised zigzag between each band. It is of coarse texture, 0.24 inch thick at the sides, and was found in the filling of Pit 85, and is the only specimen of this kind of pottery found in either village. Ornamentation of this character might be of several periods. The Y 162 Excavations at Rotherley. annexed woodcuts represent two fragments from Hunsbury Camp, near ου Northampton, for the drawing of which I am indebted to Mr. Read, of the British Museum, and which is of the late Celtic period. It contains amongst other ornamental figures rows of punch marks between incised lines similar to the specimen under consideration. It is also figured in Sir Henry Dryden's paper on Hunsbury Camp, quoted elsewhere. Fig. 9.--Fragment of rim of black pottery of inferior quality, ornamented with a band of incised wave pattern. It is 0.22 inch thick, and slightly tooled on the outside. Found in the filling of Pit 50. See my remarks on this pattern in reference to Fig 3, Plate CVII., and Fig. 5 of this plate. Fig. 10.-Fragment of rim of similar ware to the last and somewhat similarly ornamented. It is 0.26 inch thick, and much tooled on the outside. Found in the filling of Pit 50. Fig. 11.-Fragment of rim of black pottery, of smooth texture, ornamented with a band of incised cross pattern. It is 0.26 inch thick, and was found in the filling of Pit 45. Fig. 12.-Fragment of rim of large globular vessel, 8 inches in diameter at rim, of inferior quality, 0.22 inch thick at the side, and much tooled on the outside. It is ornamented with a band of wave pattern, incised and roughly executed. The knobs shown within the waves of the pattern on the outside have corresponding concavities on the inside, showing that they had been pressed out from the inside of the vessel. In one part the wave pattern is broken and recommenced, but without continuity, showing evidence of haste in the execution. Found in the filling of Pit 48. See my remarks on this pattern in reference to Fig. 3, Plate CVII. . Fig. 13. Fragment of rim of superior red quality, ornamented with a raised band and vertical bands of 4 incised lines each. It is 0.16 inch thick, and was found in surface trenching, East Quarter. 164 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXV. FRAGMENTS OF ORNAMENTAL SAMIAN POTTERY. BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. ROMANO- Fig. 1.-Fragment of dull red Samian, ornamented with a band of festoon and tassel pattern in relief, beneath which are ornaments in relief, representing columns with festoon depending from the capitals; a hare crouching beneath and the figure of some animal above; and a disc containing a triton with a wing lowered. The figures are rudely formed and probably of a late period of manufacture, perhaps the IV. century. The sides of the vessel are 0·24 inch thick, and it was found in the Main Circle Ditch. Fragments of the same vessel with the triton on it were found in three separate places in the village, viz., in the ditch of the Main Circle, in the surface trenching of the Main Circle, and in the surface trenching of the Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 2.-Fragment of dull red Samian with band of festoon and tassel pattern. Beneath, a figure of a man in relief to right, and to left a mask or human head on a larger scale. The figures are rudely formed, and belong probably to a period of decadence. Thickness 0.24 inch. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 3.-Fragment of red Samian with festoon and tassel pattern, the tassels having a star at the bottom, of better quality than the last, being of brighter red colour, superior glaze and modelling. Thickness 0.24 inch. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 4.—Fragment of dull red Samian ornamented with a band formed of a wreath. Thickness 0.20 inch. Found close to the skull of Skeleton No. 2, in the Southern Ditch. Fig. 5.-Fragment of dull red Samian, columns with capitals and an arch above; within, a figure carrying apparently a bunch of grapes; of very rude quality, scarcely, if at all, glazed; part of a hole for rivet in the edge. Thickness 0.19 inch. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. PLATE CXV. -|- 8 3 4 9 6 FRAGMENTS OF ORNAMENTAL SAMIAN POTTERY, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 2 5 Wyman & Sons, Litho.G'Queen St London, WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 165 Fig. 6.-Fragment of Samian with potter's signature, which appears to read CARATEDOFE. The letters from T onward are less distinct than the first four letters; the A is without a bar or dot. It is on the upper side of the bottom of a pot, the circular stand of which was 3'4 inches in diameter, and was found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. I have not been able to find this signature recorded elsewhere. M. Mortillet records CARANIIN and CARANTIN." Mr. Roach Smith records CARANI, CARANT and CARANTINI.M as being found in London. * Fig. 7.-Fragment of Samian, with potter's signature "TITTIV-," the remainder of the word is broken off. Found in surface trenching, North Quarter, over Pit 58. Mr. Roach Smith records TITTIVS as being found in London, and also stamps of the same name from Arezzo, Collectanea Antiq., Vol. I., p. 114. M. Schuerman ("Sigles Figulins," Bruxelles, 1867) gives "Titius " from Nimègue in Holland, from Litlington in England, and " Tittius" from Poitou and Allier. Fig. 8.-Fragment of Samian, with potter's name, MANIO, probably MANI.OF. The last part of the inscription is broken off, but the letters are clear. The A is formed by inserting a bar in the right division of the M. Found in surface trenching. S.E. Quarter. It is on the upper side of the bottom of a pot, the circular stand at the bottom of which is 3.4 inch in diameter. M. Schuer- man's ("Sigles Figulins," Bruxelles, 1867) gives "MANI," from Bavay, in France, "OF MANI," from Augst, in Switzerland, and "MANI OF," from Windisch and Augst, in Switzerland, and Xanten, in Germany. Fig. 9.-Fragment of a bowl of red Samian, which has been 3.1 inches in height, and 64 inches interior diameter at the rim; it is 0.26 inch thick at the side. It has a band of festoon and tassel pattern with figures in relief representing columns with a festoon and a stag running above, the naked figure of a woman standing on a branch to left, and a figure kneeling in the centre. It is of a dull red glaze, rudely modelled, perhaps of the IV. century (see MORTILLET, Potiers Allobroges, 1879) and was found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Note on the Distribution of Fragments of Samian in Woodcuts and Rotherley.- Reference to the tables of pottery, page 111, shows that 585 fragments were found in Woodcuts, or 2:11 per cent. of the whole number of fragments found in the village. Of these, the proportion of Samian to fragments of other qualities found in surface trenching was 2.87 per cent., in the pits 0.56 per cent. Supposing the pits to have been filled up successively as they were disused, this may be taken to imply that Samian pottery was of late introduction. The proportion of fragments of * Les Potiers Allobroges par Gabriel de Mortillet, Annecy, 1879, p. 14. 166 Excavations at Rotherley. L Samian to fragments of other qualities in the North-west or rich quarter was 3.00 per cent., in other quarters 1.05 per cent. This being undoubtedly the best quality of pottery used in the village, appears therefore to have been more prevalent in the rich quarter. In Rotherley 437 fragments were found throughout the excavations. The proportion of surface trenching was 3.67 per cent., in the pits 0.32 per cent., which tallies with the results at Woodcuts, in so far as surface and pits are concerned. The distribution in the several quarters is more even. In the S.E. Quarter the proportion of Samian is 2.35 per cent., in the Main Circle 2.65 per cent., which confirms the impressions, derived from other sources, that in Rotherley there was no markedly rich quarter. 168 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXVI. SUPPLEMENTARY PLATE OF POTTERY FROM THE ROMANO- BRITISH VILLAGES, WOODCUTS AND ROTHERLEY. Figs. A to X.-Represent sections to scale of rims of basin-shaped vessels found in Woodcuts and Rotherley, such as are represented by Fig. 6, Plate CVIII., from Rotherley, and by Fig. 1, Plate XXXII., Vol. I., from Woodcuts. They are arranged in order from left to right so as to show the gradual development of the upright ridge. On the left the inner edge of the rims are sunk below the level of the central part of the rim in such a way as possibly to receive a flat, disc-shaped wooden cover fitting into the hollow formed by the depressions of the rims. In the Figure C, from Woodcuts, and R, from Rotherley, the rims are nearly flat throughout, and are unsuited to receive a cover of any kind, whilst in those to the right of these two figures the rim is seen gradually to rise above the horizontal dotted line, and finally in L and X to assume the form of a high ridge, such as might perhaps have fitted an overlapping cover of the form represented in the annexed woodcut a. It seems not improbable that these gradual changes in the form of the rim may have been brought about undesignedly in fabrication, and may have been subsequently adapted to the uses here assigned to them, but no trace of any wooden covers were α 7 found in either place. The sections are those of rims selected from the entire series and arranged to show the gradations here indicated. In speaking of basin-shaped rims with high ridge in the Table, page 111, only those in which the ridge rises above the dotted line to the right of the diagram are included. Reference to the Tables of Pottery, page 111, shows that in Woodcuts basin-shaped rims with high ridges were found more abundantly on the surface than in the pits, the percentage being-" surface" 3·4; "pits" 0·32. It was also more common in the N.W. Quarter than elsewhere in the village, the percentage being "N.W. Quarter" 3.74; "other PLATE CXVI. ROTHERLEY. WOODCUTS. A B C D E F G H K r r r r r r r r r r tr M N P FIGS. A TOX, 2/2 R S T コ ​ப W C C C C C C r r r t f t 6 4 1-2/24 -- B B 2 B -10u 호 ​8 7 호 ​-10 -10 -12 B 9 호 ​-10 5 ÷ 3 SUPPLEMENTARY PLATE OF POTTERY, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGES, WOODCUTS, AND ROTHERLEY. 1/4 10 201- Wyman & Sons, Litho.GQueen St London, WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 169 b ㅎ ​to Quarters" 0·89. In Rotherley no such difference was found in the several quarters, nor is there any remarkable difference in the percentage on the surface and in the pits, which tallies with the observations made in reference to other forms of pot in showing that the various classes of pottery were more evenly distributed in this village, The woodcut b represents a similar basin-shaped vessel found in Bell Street, Dorchester; c is a section of Fig. b, from Bell Street, Dorchester; another from Purbeck; d is the section of a с d c, from Purbeck; d, from a Rom. Brit, Barrow near Silbury Hill. fragment found associated with a Roman coin in a barrow of the Romano-British period in the neighbourhood of Silbury Hill. See Merewether's Diary of a Dean, 1851, Plate K. Fig. 1.—Fragment of a vessel of light red ware without glaze, the sides 0.06 inch thick. There are slight indications of its having been glazed both inside and out, but if so, the glaze has disappeared. Found in the filling of the Interior Ditch, N.W. Quarter, Woodcuts. Fig. 2.-Fragment of side of a coarse buff-coloured vessel about 0.36 inch in thickness, obliquely pierced with hole 0.24 inch in diameter. This specimen was found in the filling of the Outer Ditch at Woodcuts, but 13 fragments similarly pierced, and nearly all obliquely, were found at Rotherley. The holes vary in size from 0.24 inch to 0·12 inch diameter. I am not aware to what use such pierced vessels could have been put. Many uses may be assigned to them. Similar pierced vessels are used in Brittany at the present time for roasting chestnuts; in other places they are used for making cream cheese, for bird cages, for braziers and charcoal-warmers (chauffe-pieds), or for incense- -100 burners, whilst the annexed woodcut is a representation of a pierced earthenware vessel from Cyprus in my collection, which has been used as a lamp-stand, the light appearing through the holes at the sides. It is remarkable, however, that no lamps of any kind were found in either village. This fragment appears to have formed part of a large vessel, and all the holes are pierced obliquely in nearly the same direction. Fig. 3.-Loop or eyelet of the usual form, which has become detached from the pot, and is impressed with the convex side of the vessel. It is here represented in order to show that in this case the loop, like the handles, was applied to the pot after being turned, and was not punched out of the side of the vessel. Found in the filling of Pit 73, East Quarter, Woodcuts. Fig. 4.-Fragment of fine ware, the sides 0.07 inch thick. It has a yellow glaze inside and out, and the sides are ornamented with lines of small raised knobs. Ꮓ 170 Excavations at Rotherley. I have found similarly ornamented and glazed vessels with Roman remains in London. Found in the filling of the Main Ditch, Woodcuts. Fig. 5.-Rim of a mortarium, the inside studded with grains of quartz and coated with brown paint, the outside ornamented with vertical hatching. The form of the rim is peculiar. Found at Woodcuts. Figs. 6, 7, and 8.-Bottoms of pots, the sides carefully chipped off for use in games. Fig. 6 was found in the filling of Pit 13, Fig. 7 in Pit 57, and Fig. 8 in the Interior Ditch, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Figs. 9 and 10.-Fragments of the sides of vessels chipped round for the same purpose. From Woodcuts. Similar pieces were found in Rotherley. 172 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXVII. BONE AND GLASS OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Bone object with an oval hole throughout its length and cut at both ends. Found in the filling of the Ditch of the North-east Enclosure. Fig. 2.-Small bat-shaped object of bone 2.32 inches in length and 0.10 inch average thickness, found in the filling of Pit 73. It is polished and striated by use, the striations running down the length of the implement, which thins out at the broad end. It has the appearance of having been a bone implement used in forming the pottery, and the grooves on the outsides of the pots referred to at page 142, may have been formed with such an implement. If so it is the only object found in either village which suggests the possible construction of some of the pottery on the spot. None of the bone spoon- shaped objects represented in Plate XLV. (Vol. 1) from Woodcuts were found in Rotherley. Fig. 3.-Tine of red deer apparently cut off to form the handle of a knife, but having no hole to show that it has ever been used as such. Found in the filling of Pit 23, South-east Quarter. Fig. 4. Implement composed of the metatarsus of a small horse rubbed and flattened at one end, possibly used for rubbing skins. Found in surface trenching, North-east Enclosure. Fig. 5.-Gouge or other implement formed of a tibia, perhaps of a dog, flattened and smoothed by use at the small end. Found in the filling of Pit 55, and immediately above Skeleton 7. Fig. 6.—Left metacarpal bone of a small sheep perforated with a small hole, 0·06 inch in diameter at the end, and a transverse hole 0.18 inch in diameter in the in the shaft of the bone, similar to others from Woodcuts, and figured at page 175, Vol. 1, where their use is considered. Found in surface trenching, near Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 7.-Metatarsus of a small sheep bored throughout its length by a hole 0.26 inch in diameter. Found in the filling of the Eastern Ditch. PLATE CXVII. 10 -|- ~/M 2 9 --- 6 5 2 ~!~ N/M -- 16 -|- 1 4 14 N/M -|- 3 ~/M 12 13 1÷1 7 // -|- 8 O 15 ~/M ~/M Wvman&Sens. Photo-Litho. GtQueen St London, WC BONE AND GLASS OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Excavations at Rotherley. 173 Fig. 8.-Part of the metatarsus of a small sheep 2.7 inches long bored throughout its length by a hole from 0.14 inch to 0.28 inch in diameter. It is obliquely scratched on the outside as if by fine threads. Found in surface trenching, near Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. The possible use of such an implement as a bobbin in a shuttle is suggested by the accompanying figure of a shuttle with a sheep's bone so used, which I found in actual use in a crofter's hut close to the Callernish Stones, in the Island of Lewis, Hebrides. 1/4 འབ. 4+ ㅎ ​Fig. 9.-Dark blue spherical glass bead slightly flattened and bored with a hole 0.14 inch in diameter. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 10.-Fragment of rim of pale green glass vessel. Found in surface trenching near Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 11.--Fragment of foot of a pale green glass vessel It is hollow and resembles one figured in Fig. 5, Plate XLIV., from Woodcuts, Vol. 1, where it is described. Found in the Western Ditch at the East-end. Fig. 12.-Cylindro-conoidal fragment of cut glass 0.44 inch in diameter, of a bright green colour with triangular facets, which has evidently been set in some metal substance. The exposed surface is worn and the edges slightly rounded. Found whilst filling in the Southern Ditch. Fig. 13.—Pale green spherical glass bead bored with a hole 0.20 inch in diameter. Found in the Ditch of the Main Circle. Fig. 14.—Fragment of handle of pale green glass with a fibrous surface, the striations running along the length of the handle. Found in surface trenching, South-east Quarter. Fig. 15.-Fragment of blue glass. Fig. 16.-Small earthenware pellet, of intensely red colour, with two lobes and a central groove for a string. Found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. 174 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXVIII. TABLET OF KIMMERIDGE SHALE, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fragment of an ornamental tablet or panel of Kimmeridge snale, fractured across the centre. It has been 123 inches long, and 14 inches broad, and from 0.54 inch to 0.24 inch in thickness. The ornamental front is quite smooth, but the back is irregularly scored all over. The ornamentation is incised on the smooth face. The weight of the fragment is 2 lbs. 44 ozs., which is probably about half the weight of the tablet when perfect. The design has been used to ornament the cover of this and the Woodcuts volume. The tablet was found in the square cutting assumed to be the foundation of a square hut in the South-east Quarter, the only indication of a square building found in Rotherley, and therefore presumably the dwelling of a superior class of resident. With it, in the same excavation, were found several fragments of querns, one of which is shown in Fig. 3, Plate CXX., the small top stone of a quern, Fig. 7, Plate CXIX., several oyster-shells, these being very rare in Rotherley, a piece of Samian with potter's mark, Fig. 6, Plate CXV., the object of earthenware repre- sented in Fig. 1, Plate CXIII., a bronze fibula, Fig. 4, Plate XCVII., a spindlewhorl of pottery, a small earthenware pellet of intensely red colour, with 2 lobes and a central groove for a string, Fig. 16, Plate CXVII., a fragment of stone mortar, Fig. 6, Plate CXX., 2 other fragments of Samian, and a few grains of wheat. Above it in the surface trenching was found the bronze ear-pick, Fig. 5, Plate CIII. The position of these finds is shown in the accompanying woodcut. Coins of Hadrian and Trajan, a fish-shaped enamelled fibula, Fig. 8, Plate XCVII., iron chisel, Fig. 1, Plate CV., bronze tweezers, Fig. 15, Plate CIII., and an iron ox- goad, Fig. 10, Plate CV., were found near the surface not far from this spot. PLATE CXVIII. 21/M TABLET OF KIMMERIDGE SHALE, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Wyman & Sons,Litho.G!Queen St London,W.C. Excavations at Rotherley. 175 The use of this tablet is uncertain, but I would suggest the possibility of its having been used as a writing tablet, and the scored back may perhaps have been covered with wax, although no trace of it remains. An iron stylus was found in Rotherley, Fig. 3, Plate CXV., and several were found in Woodcuts, all of which -- FIG. A O t FIG. B FIG. C must have been used with wax tablets of some kind. Against this supposition, may however be mentioned its size and weight, the absence of any hole or notch to fasten it to other tablets, and also the absence of any rim which is usually found in tablets to guard the wax. Writing tablets found elsewhere are described as being of the size of a small octavo, and two figured in Mr. Roach Smith's Roman London as 5 inches by 4½ inches and 5 inches by 3 inches respectively. In the accompanying illustrations, A is a Kimmeridge Shale tablet or panel in the British Museum, similarly ornamented, from Jordan Hill, Weymouth; it is 12.8 inches by 9.5 inches and 0.44 inch thick. Another, B, also from Jordan Hill, in the British Museum, is 12 inches by 10 inches and 0.44 inch thick. A third, C, in the British Museum, also from Jordan Hill, is 12.2 inches by 9 inches and 0.44 inch thick. All these tablets in the British Museum are scored at the back, but not so much as the one from Rotherley. A fourth, D, is copied from the Papers of the Purbeck Society, No. V., 1860, Plate XXIII., and is also illustrated in Warne's Ancient Dorset, page 277. It was found in the Preston Cemetery, near Jordan Hill, Weymouth, and is thus described by the Rev. J. Austen in the Purbeck papers:-"A most curious and unique panel or tablet of shale, found in a grave with a skeleton; the skeleton lay on its right side, and near the shoulders was placed this tablet; standing on its surface was found a small cup of black ware with handle, a bowl of black ware, and a small dish of Samian ware with the potter's name; round its outside were placed five other small bowls of black ware and an earthen bottle stood near the knees of the skeleton. The tablet or panel is 20 inches by 16 inches, ornamented with small circular figures at the angles, connected by two sets of triple rectangular lines, and a third set, which after proceeding some way, terminates in a circular end; the 176 Excavations at Rotherley. } FIG. D centre is occupied by a rectangular figure containing a circle connected with the angles by four sets of lines with a herring-bone ornament. It is not easy, we may presume, to conjecture with any accuracy the use for which this curious object was designed." In excavations in a Roman villa near the cemetery at Preston, were also found in 1845 several slabs of shale, 8 inches square and 2 inches thick with blocks of hard chalk of similar dimensions which Mr. Austen thinks had probably been used in the flooring of some apartment. He seems inclined to think that these slabs may have been used in some articles of household furniture, but if so it seems an unlikely object to have been placed with a skeleton in a grave. Mr. Warne quotes the Abbé Cochet for the finding of a tablet of schist, 5 inches long and 7 inches broad, in the Roman cemetery at Fécamp and another smaller one at Lillebonne, by the side of which latter was a bone stylus. Other tablets of slate or marble have been found in the Roman cemeteries of La Seine-Inferieure and are in the museum at Rouen. (Warne's Ancient Dorset, p. 307.) Whatever the purpose for which the Kimmeridge Shale tablets may have been used, they appear to have been peculiar to this Dorset region. " 1-6 2 A 178 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXIX. QUERNSTONES, SPINDLEWHORLS AND HOLED STONE. ROMANO- BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Spindlewhorl of hard pottery about 2 inches in diameter; hole 0·24 inch in diameter, and 0.18 inch thick. On the concave side is an incised circle 1.38 inch in diameter. Found at a depth of 4 feet beneath the surface in the filling of Pit 71, S.E. Quarter. Another was obtained from a depth of 2 feet 2 inches in the same pit. Fig. 2.-Spindlewhorl of chalk, about 3.08 inches in diameter; hole bored from both sides, least diameter 0.42 inch, thickness 0.78 inch. There are 8 radiating scratches. Found whilst filling in the Cross Ditch, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 3.-Spindlewhorl of hard pottery about 1.9 inch in diameter, hole 0·26 inch diameter, thickness 0.36. On the concave side is an incised circle one inch in diameter. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.-Fragment of fine well-baked red clay, quite smooth on one face, and rough on the other, with half a hole through it 0.9 inch in diameter. The lower edge is also concave and quite smooth as if formed by the impression of a post which must have been 5 inches in diameter. I cannot imagine what purpose this fragment can have served, unless it has formed part of the daubing of some structure composed of clay and sticks. It resembles in every way the fragment from Woodcuts represented in Fig. 2, Plate LII., Vol. 1, and was found at the bottom of Pit 45, at a depth of 9 feet 2 inches beneath the surface. Only 16 fragments of burnt clay with the impression of sticks were found in Rotherley, and most of them were of larger sticks than those found in Woodcuts. There was no certain evidence at Rotherley of dab and wattle huts having been used, although stake holes were found in many places. An immense number of flints were discovered throughout the diggings in this village, and these being all of the tabular form may possibly have lent themselves to the formation of the walls of huts better than the nodular flints found in Woodcuts, where no tabular flints were PLATE CXIX. ~/M 를 ​2 5 4 7 QUERN STONES, SPINDLE WHORLS, AND HOLED STONE, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY: 6 3 Wyman & Sons, Litho.G!Queen St London,W.C. Excavations at Rotherley. 179 , found, that village being in a higher geological stratum of the chalk than Rotherley, and consequently in the region of nodular flints. Fig. 5.--Fragment of pottery about 3 inches in diameter with a hole 0.92 inch in diameter, formed of the flat bottom of a pot. Thickness 0.22 inch, use unknown, as the hole is too large for that of a spindlewhorl. It is perhaps the bottom of a pot in which a hole has been made for draining honey or other purposes, similarly to those already described in Fig. 2, Plate CVIII. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.—An irregular weather-worn fragment of chalk about 0.7 inch thick, with a cylindrical hole in the middle 0.9 inch in diameter. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. It has other holes naturally formed, one of which at the top may have served to suspend it by a string. It is perhaps a charm. I have frequently seen holed stones of this nature hung up over the doors of houses or upon trees, and sometimes in company with a horseshoe, to keep off “fairies” or for "luck," by the peasantry of this neighbourhood at the present time. Fig. 7.-The upper stone of a small quern of sandstone of the upper green sand, probably from the beds exposed along the escarpment near Shaftesbury, 3.9 inches in diameter and 1.7 inch thick, the hole cylindrical, and 0.82 inch in diameter. The under side has radiating furrows, and the upper side is carved with a raised bead round the hole and a channel leading from it, 0'4 inch wide and 0.3 inch deep. The channel widens towards the outside. Found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter, associated with the Kimmeridge Shale tablet, Plate CXVIII., red Samian pottery and oyster-shells. Note.-Thirty-three spindlewhorls were found in Rotherley, of which 6 were of chalk and 26 of pottery and one of sandstone. Three had holes commenced on one side only and not bored through. One had a hole commenced on both sides and not completed. The periphery in most cases was irregular, but in four cases quite rounded and smooth. Of the 33 spindlewhorls, 23 were found in superficial diggings and were evenly distributed throughout the village, and 10 were found in pits, 8 of which were in the North Quarter. This differs from the result of the Woodcuts diggings, where 12 out of 16 were found in pits. See page 133, Vol. 1. 2 A 2 180 Excavations at Rotherley. L 1 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXX. PORTIONS OF QUERNSTONES. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.-Half of the upper stone of a quern of green sandstone, 15 inches in diameter. It has a raised rim round the aperture and the under side is concave. Found in the filling of Pit 21, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.—Fragment of bottom stone of a quern of green sandstone, about 15 inches in diameter. It shows great signs of wear, and the upper stone has probably been smaller than the under stone owing to which the former has worn down the lower stone, leaving a turned-up edge along the periphery, as shown in the section. Found in the filling of Pit 21, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 3.-Bottom stone of quern of green sandstone, about 16 inches in diameter. Found in the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.-Upper stone of quern, composed of a coarse grit, containing large pieces of quartz, almost unrolled. Similar rocks occur in the Lower Carboniferous Series. It has a channel for the grain on the upper side and a hole for the insertion of a wooden handle at the side. Found in surface trenching, North Quarter. Fig. 5.-Fragment of rim of mortar of sandstone. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.-Fragment of small mortar or bowl of shelly limestone, from the Upper Purbecks, resembling the stone known at Swanage as "Burrstone." Found in the filling of the Square Hut Foundation. A mortar of similar material was found in Woodcuts (Vol. 1, Plate L., Figs. 1 and 2). Three fragments, with projecting ledges similar to those represented in the same Plate, Figs. 1 and 2, Plate L., Vol. 1, were also found at Rotherley. Note on the Distribution of fragments of quernstones.-Out of 351 portions of quernstones found in Rotherley, 264, or 76 per cent., were found in the South-east Quarter. At Woodcuts the fragments of quern were especially associated with the N.W. or rich quarter. Rotherley produced altogether a far larger number of fragments than Woodcuts, and their presence is a distinct indication of the spot having been inhabited. PLATE CXX. A A -1+ 3 B B 5 2 A B -+ A - B A 후 ​-+ -1+ A 1 A 4 B 6 B PORTIONS OF QUERN STONES, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. A B 후 ​Wyman & Sons latho CtQueen St London, WC. 182 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXI. WHETSTONES, SADDLE-QUERNS, AND FLINT POUNDERS, ROMANO- BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY; AND ONE, FIG. 9, FROM RUSHMORE PARK. Fig. 1.-Whetstone of micaceous sandstone with marks of burnishing. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.-Whetstone of sandstone with a central groove, in which some pointed instrument has been sharpened. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 3. Whetstone of hornstone, with marks of burnishing on all sides but one. Found in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 4. Whetstone of sandstone with a central groove, in which some pointed instrument has been sharpened. Found in surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure. Fig. 5.-Apparently a fragment of a celt of micaceous sandstone which has been subsequently used as a burnisher. Found in the filling of Pit 38, East Quarter. Fig. 6.--Portion of saddle-quern of Greywether or Sarsen stone; probably from the Chalk Downs of Wilts or Dorset. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 7.—Portion of saddle-quern of "pudding" stone. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 8.- Flint hammerstone. Found in the filling of Pit 55, North Quarter, at a depth of 6 feet 11 inches. Fig. 9.-Flint hammerstone. Found in the filling of the trench or drain discovered at the south corner of the sunk fence, Rushmore. PLATE CXXI. 3 A A B -0 ~/M 2 6 ~/M A A B B B 4. A B 2 A 8 CV/NO 를 ​9 B WH/N 7 A A -~ B culm 를 ​B WHETSTONES, SADDLE QUERNS, AND FLINT POUNDERS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. AND ONE, FIG. 9, FROM WOODCUTS. Wyman & Sons, Litho GtQueen St London,W.C 184 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXII. STONE AND FLINT OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Polished flint celt broken at the edge and apparently used for hammering after the fracture. Surface quite white. Found in surface trenching at a depth of 5 inches beneath the surface, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 2.—Hammerstone of fine-grained sandstone, with a groove for a withy formed round the centre. The flat end shows marks of hammering. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle, Rotherley. Fig. 3.—Part of a ground celt of basalt, the edge perfect but worn, as if by rubbing. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 4.—Fragment of worn fine-grained sandstone, probably a burnisher. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 5.-Small end of a ground stone celt. Found in surface trenching near Pit 9, S.E. Quarter. Note.—There is no certain evidence of the use of stone celts during the occupa- tion of the village, but they may perhaps have been employed for second-hand purposes other than those for which they were constructed. PLATE CXXII. -|- 3 I STONE AND FLINT OBJECTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 4 5 2 Wyman & Sons, Litho.GQueen St London,W.C. 2 B 186 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXIII. FLINT IMPLEMENTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY Fig. 1.-Roughly-formed flint arrowhead. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle. Fig. 2.-Finely-chipped flint arrowhead, with tang. Found in surface trenching, Main Circle, at a depth of 11 inches. Fig. 3.-Leaf-shaped flint arrowhead, worked on both faces. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4.—Large circular flint scraper. Found in surface trenching, East Quarter. Fig. 5.--Well-formed flint knife, worked on one face only. Found at a depth of 2 feet 8 inches in the filling of the Main Circle Ditch. Fig. 6.-Well-formed flint scraper. Found in surface trenching, South Quarter. Fig. 7.—Flint hammerstone, with marks of hammering on both ends. Found at a depth of 14 inches in the filling of Southern Ditch, near Skeleton No. 2. Fig. 8.-Flint hammerstone, with marks of hammering at both ends. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 9.—Flint hammerstone, with marks of hammering at one end. Found in surface trenching, S.E. Quarter. Note on the Distribution of Flint Flakes and Scrapers. Flint Flakes.-Only 67 flint flakes were found in Rotherley throughout the whole of the diggings, viz. :—In surface trenching, 32; in the drains, 21; and in the pits, 9; uncertain, 5; and of these 67 flakes, 16 showed marks of secondary chipping. Scrapers.-Counting as scrapers all flakes rounded at the end, opposite the bulb of percussion, by secondary chipping, 57 scrapers were found during the whole of the diggings in Rotherley, 72 per cent. of which may be considered well formed, and the remainder rough scrapers. Of these 57 scrapers, 48 were found in surface trenching, 4 in the drains, 1 in the upper hut cluster, and 4 in pits, and a large proportion of these were found to the east of the oblong enclosure. These statistics may be fairly PLATE CXXIII. 2 01300013 4 5 6 -- 7 י . ין 9 8 FLINT IMPLEMENTS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Wyman & Sons, Litho.GQueen St London WC Excavations at Rotherley. 187 well relied upon, as most of the workmen had acquired some experience in distinguishing flakes and scrapers during the diggings in the village at Woodcuts, and observations on the accumulation of flint implements were made from time to time by myself and the superintendents as the work went on. The point which strikes one as most remarkable is the large proportion of scrapers and worked flints in comparison with plain flakes having no secondary chipping. But adding the 16 worked flakes to the 57 scrapers, it will be seen that a little more than half of the total number found had secondary chipping on them. This is a far larger proportion of worked flints than is found on the surface in fields under ordinary circumstances, and it seems to imply that the flints were imported to this spot in a worked state, and were not worked on the ground. All over the hills, both in this county, in the Yorkshire Wolds, and elsewhere, it is a common experience to find spots in which flints of quality foreign to the locality have been imported and worked on the spot, and in such spots the proportion of plain flakes chipped off from the cores without subsequent working exceeds the number of worked flints by an enormous propor- tion, showing that, out of the number of flakes and chips made by the first strokes from the cores, only a small proportion received further attention with a view to chipping them into tools. The flint found on the hill at Rotherley is of a brittle, tabular kind, such as is common in the middle chalk formation, and all the flakes and scrapers must have been imported from elsewhere, and the statistics appear to prove that they must have been imported in chipped condition ready for use as tools. This is different from the results of the Woodcuts diggings, where the flakes exceeded the scrapers in the proportion of nearly 12 to 1. Whether or not this may be taken to imply that flint flakes and scrapers were still used by the inhabitants of this village for some purpose, such as scraping skins, during Roman times, may be a matter of opinion. The constant occurrence of flint implements on the sites of Romano-British villages has often struck me as remarkable. Many considerations, detailed elsewhere, lead to the inference that Rotherley was occupied by people in an inferior condition of life to those of Woodcuts, and the finding of a single interment of the Bronze Age in the centre of the village points to the probable occupation of the site in pre-Roman times. The evidence derived from the statistics of flint flakes and scrapers cannot be said to be other than suggestive, but it is calculated to direct future observation on similar sites, and appears worthy of being weighed in the balance with records of like character. 2 B2 188 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXIV. BRITISH AND ROMAN COINS. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig 1.-British uninscribed copper coin. Obv.: Portion of a laureate bust to right showing the wreath with the bandlet across it. Rev.: Disjointed horse with pellets. Weight, 43 grains. Found whilst filling in the earth again after excavating the South-Eastern Drain. • Fig. 2.-British uninscribed silver coin. Obv. Portions of a laureated head to right showing the wreath with the bandlet across it, and two open crescents representing the front hair. Rev.: Disjointed horse to left showing the head and neck and a number of pellets. (See Evans' "British Coins," Plate F, Figs. 1, 2, and 3.) Weight, 70 grains. Both these British coins resemble those found at Woodcuts and other places in this neighbourhood. Found in surface trenching over the Main Circle Ditch on the East side. See Section III., Plate XCV. Fig. 3.—Trajan (A.D. 98-117). Bronze. Obv.: [TRAI]ANO AUG. GER. D[AC] Very indistinct. Laureated head of Trajan to right. Rev.: Indistinct. Weight, 140 grains. Found in surface trenching near the Square Hut Foundation, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 4. Trajan (A.D. 98-117). Bronze. Obv.: [IMP]. CAES. NE[RVAE TRAŢIANO AUG. GER. DAC.[P. M. TR. P. COS. V. P.P]. Laureated head of Trajan to right. Rev.: S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. A bridge (the Danube), ornamented at each end by a tower surmounted by statues; under the bridge a boat. (See Cohen, Vol. 2, p. 73, No. 542.) Weight, 360 grains. Weight, 360 grains. Much patinated, and the obverse indistinct. Found in surface trenching North of the Cross Ditch, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 5.-Hadrian (A.D. 117-138). Bronze. Obv.: IMP. [CAESAR TRA]IANUS HADRIANUS [AUG] Laureated bust of Hadrian to right. Rev.: Jupiter seated to the left holding a victory and a sceptre; inscription obliterated. Weight, 315 grains. Found in surface trenching near Pit 11, S.E. Quarter. Fig. 6.-Hadrian (A.D. 117-138). Bronze. Obv.: HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS. Laureated head of Hadrian to right. Rev.: CLEMENTIA AUG. s.c. in the field. Figure of Clementia to left, holding a patera in the right hand and a sceptre in the left. Weight, 360 grains. Found whilst filling in the earth again after excavating the South-Eastern Drain. PLATE CXXIV. -|- h N.VS HAD 8 RITASSFIT 4 از شد ۱۱۱۱ 6 TIAAM C RIN NCIPI AR 2 PLATANO GER 3 DRULANY PIV 5 7 туд L พ 10 EXI C ཚེ་ Wyman&Sons, Photo-Lith› GtQueen StLondon.WC BRITISH AND ROMAN COINS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Excavations at Rotherley. 189 Fig. 7.—ANTONINUS PIUS (A.D. 138-161). Bronze. Obv.: ANTO[NINUS] AUG. PIUS. P.P.TR. [P. COS. III]. Laureated head of Antoninus to right. Rev.: [CON- CORDIA] EXERCITUUM]. Concord standing to left, holding a victory and a standard. s.c. in the field. Weight, 320 grains. Found in surface trenching, at a depth of 8 inches, in the Oblong Enclosure, close to 3 fragments of ornamental Samian pottery. Fig. 8.—MARCUS AURELIUS (A.D. 161-180). Silver. Obv.: M.AUR. ANTONINUS CAES. Head of Marcus Aurelius to right. Rev.: SECURITAS PE—. Helmeted and draped figure standing to left holding a shield in the right hand, and a spear, point downwards, in the left. Weight, 28 grains. Found whilst filling in the earth again after excavating the South-Eastern Drain. Fig. 9.—GALLIENUS (A.D. 253-268). Bronze. Obv.: GALL[IENU]S AU[G]. Head of Gallienus, radiated to right. Rev.: Inscription obliterated. Remains of a figure standing to left with a sceptre in the left hand. Weight, 10 grains. Found in surface trenching over the Southern Ditch. A bronze fibula, Fig. 10, Plate XCVII., portion of an iron horseshoe, Fig. 11, Plate CVI., fragment of ornamental Samian, and a flint pounder, Fig. 7, Plate CXXIII., were found close to it. Fig. 10.-EDWARD II or III (A.D. 1307-1377). Silver penny. Weight, 3 grains. Found in surface trenching over the Eastern Ditch. Fifteen coins in all were found in Rotherley, viz., 2 British, 1 of silver; 12 Roman, including 1 of silver, and 1 medieval, of silver. Of the 12 Roman coins, 8 were found in surface trenching in the South-East Quarter, 1 in the South-East Drain, 2 in the Southern Ditch, and 1 in the Oblong Enclosure. All were therefore found in the South-East part of the village, which on other grounds may be considered to have contained, if anything, the better class of relics, but not in sufficient number to mark it as a rich quarter. Of the 12 Roman coins 8 are identified, viz., 2 of Trajan (A.D. 98-117), 2 of Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), 1 of Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161), 1 of Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180), 1 of Gallienus (A.D. 253–268), and one of Tetricus (A.D. 267–272); and of the 4 unidentified coins 2 are 2nd brass, and the other two are small coins, on one of which the crown of a Tetricus appears to be discernible. The evidence of occupation derived from the coins, notwithstanding the paucity of them in Rotherley, is therefore identical with that of Woodcuts, and shows continuity more or less up to the end of the 2nd century, after which the same gap of half-a- century occurs from the end of the 2nd century to Gallienus, A.D. 253, and it is then again continuous to A.D. 272. The remaining portion of the Woodcuts series is wanting in Rotherley. Reference to the chronological table of the Woodcuts coins, given at page 162, Vol. 1, shows that the coins found in Rotherley tally precisely with those most abundantly found in Woodcuts, and are absent in those reigns in which they were either scarce or wanting in the latter village. The penny of Edward may probably be an accidental dropping. 190 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXV. PLANS SHOWING THE POSITIONS OF THE SKELETONS DISCOVERED IN A GRAVE IN THE S. QUARTER; IN SURFACE TRENCHING IN THE E. QUARTER; OVER THE EASTERN EDGE OF PIT 38, E. QUARTER; AND IN A TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE IN THE N.E. QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. THE POSITIONS ARE SHOWN RELATIVELY TO THE TRUE MERIDIAN LINE. FIG. C པ་ན ད ÷ FIG A -- FIG. B + کر البات FIG. D Figs. A, B, C, and D, from Romano- British Village, Rotherley. Fig. 1.-Skeleton No. 1, male, estimated stature 5 feet 6.4 inches, found in a rec- tangular grave 7 feet 6 inches long, 1 foot 4 inches wide, and 2 feet 9 inches deep, in the South Quarter, to the East of Pit 36, and distant about 8 feet 6 inches from the centre of the South- Eastern Drain. (See plan, Plate XCIV.) The skeleton was lying in an extended position on its back, face upwards, the head being on the North- East, the right arm straight down the side, and the left forearm across the waist. The bearing of the vertebral column was N. 15° E. (true). The top of the skull was at a depth of 2 feet 3 inches beneath the surface. Thirty-six iron hob-nails (C and D in the accompanying illustrations), similar to those found on the feet of skeletons 8, 9, and 10 of the Romano-British Village, Woodcuts, Vol. 1, were found about the feet, together with 7 iron objects, two of which, A and B, are shown in the accompanying illustrations. Similar objects were found in Woodcuts, but not at the feet of skeletons (see Fig. 16, Plate XXVIII., Vol. 1), where they are described. They are here given as woodcuts, having been accidentally omitted whilst drawing the plate. Six iron flat-headed nails about 2 inches long, perhaps coffin nails, were also found close to the remains, to one of PLATE CXXV. SKELETON I FIG. 1 KAANAVAMAINKAATAVASZYNIANSNININIAIN FINNINA ช่วง HOB NAILS ON FEET. NAVAVAJINNVANNANANA MAGNETIC N. 지 ​N FIG. III FIG. II PIT 82 SKELETON 12. FIG. IV SKELETON 14. TRENCH OF SKELETON 13 UNKNOWN USE 油 ​1 -18ET 6IN. PIT 38 SKELETON 5. SKELETON 15. BRONZE RING ON FINGER 137722 FIG. V SKELETON 4. SCALE OF FEET 2 6 3IN.0 2 3 4. 5 N Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho GtQueen St London WC. PLANS SHOWING THE POSITIONS OF THE SKELETONS DISCOVERED IN A GRAVE IN THE SOUTH-EAST QUARTER; IN SURFACE TRENCHING IN THE EAST QUARTER; OVER THE EASTERN EDGE OF PIT 38, EAST QUARTER, AND IN A TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE IN THE NORTH-EAST QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. THE POSITIONS ARE SHOWN RELATIVELY TO THE TRUE MERIDIAN LINE. Excavations at Rotherley. 191 which wood was found adhering. The grave was filled with chalk rubble mixed with mould. The skull is figured on Plate CXXX., and the measure- ments of the skeleton are given on the page accompanying that Plate. It was noticed at Woodcuts that four out of five extended skeletons had the right arm extended, and the left forearm across the waist; whilst in the fifth the position of the arms was reversed. Fig. 2.--Skeleton No. 12, female, estimated stature 4 feet 11.3 inches, found at a depth of 3 feet 7 inches beneath the surface in the filling of Pit 82, North Quarter. The skeleton lay in a crouched position on the left side, the bear- ing along the vertebral column being E. 33° S. (true), with the head on the south-east, facing south. The arms were extended backwards towards the pelvis, and the legs were drawn up close to the body. Just above the skeleton was a layer of large flints which covered the area of the pit, one of which rested against the skull completely smashing it. The pit was 6 feet in diameter at top, narrowing to 2 feet 10 inches at the bottom, and 6 feet 5 inches deep, and was filled with chalk rubble and mould, except in the part occupied by the layer of flints mentioned above. A portion of the skull, with horns attached, of a small ox, together with numerous bones of the skeletons of two or more sheep were found at a depth of 5 feet 3 inches. Remains of dog were also discovered, together with numerous fragments of pottery classed as "inferior." The measurements of the skull and skeleton are given on the general table of Rotherley measurements. Fig. 3.-Skeleton No. 5, female, estimated stature 4 feet 8.8 inches, found at a depth of 12 inches beneath the surface in the S.E. Quarter, and about 38 feet north-west of Pit 37. The skeleton was extended on its back in the direction of N. 23° E. (true), the skull being on the north-east. Both arms were straight down the sides, the right hand slightly over the pelvis. One finger bone was found beneath the jaw, and one between the knees. There was no appearance of a grave, and the remains were in a bad condition. The right leg also was extended; the left knee bent slightly outward. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXIV., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying that plate. Fig. 4.—-Portion of trench of unknown use found in the North Quarter (see Plan, Plate XCIV.), showing the position of three skeletons, Nos. 13, 14, and 15. The trench in this figure is broken and shortened so as to include the three skeletons which otherwise could not be brought into the plate. grave Skeleton No. 13, female, estimated stature 4 feet 9.9 inches, found in an oblong cut in the bottom of the trench at the south angle. The top of the skull was 2 feet beneath the surface. The skeleton was lying on its right side in a contracted position, the bearing of the vertebral column being E. 10° S. (true). The skull was 192 Excavations at Rotherley. on the east facing north. The right forearm was bent upwards whilst the left crossed the body above the pelvis. The femora were drawn up almost at right angles with the trunk, and the feet had apparently been placed across each other. The grave or depression in which the skeleton had been interred was 4 feet 6 inches long, 3 feet wide at the west end, 2 feet wide at the east end, and 2 feet 10 inches deep beneath the surface, the bottom being 1 foot 5 inches below the bottom of the trench. The grave was evidently cut no larger than was necessary for placing the body in a contracted position. Traces of wood were noticed in the filling all round the skeleton. The skull is figured on Plate CXLI., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying that plate. Skeleton 14 was found about 15 feet to the N.E. of the last skeleton, as shown in Fig. 4, and consisted of the remains of a child, which were too rotten for removal. The skull was at a depth of 12 inches beneath the surface, the bearing of the vertebral column being N. 8° E. (true), the skull being on the north facing west. The skeleton lay on its right side in the bottom of the trench, no grave having been dug in the bottom of the trench to receive it, as in the other two cases. The right forearm was bent upwards, the left extending towards the knees, which were drawn up at right angles to the body. The skull is not figured, and no measurements were taken on account of the rotten condition of the bones. Skeleton 15, male, estimated stature 4 feet 8.5 inches, was found in the same trench, and 18 feet 6 inches to the N.E. of Skeleton 13. It was lying in a crouched position on its left side, the direction of the vertebral column being N. 55° E., with the skull on the N.E. facing south. The legs were drawn up in a crouched position, and the right forearm had apparently been placed in the lap, whilst the left was doubled upwards, with the hand doubled as if supporting the chin. A bronze finger ring, Fig. 13, Plate CIII., was found on one of the fingers of the left hand. The grave was oblong, rounded at the angles, 3 feet 8 inches in length, and 2 feet wide; the bottom was 2 feet 6 inches beneath the surface, and 1 foot 1 inch beneath the bottom of the drain. The trench may perhaps have been dug originally round some square hut, and the skeletons subsequently interred in it, after it had been partly filled up. The square block to the left of the trench was dug into to ascertain if any marks of stake-holes could be found, but without results. The skull is figured on Plate CXLII., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. Fig. 5.—Skeleton No. 4, male (?) estimated stature 5 feet 4.8 inches, found at a depth of 11 inches beneath the surface, over the eastern edge of Pit 38 in the East Quarter. The body was lying on its right side, the vertebral column bearing N. 22° E. (true), the skull being on the N.E., the head thrown back, and facing nearly north. The elbows were in the lap, with the forearms bent up in front of the body, the fingers of the right hand Excavations at Rotherley. 193 extended in the direction of the chin. The fingers of the left hand were found beneath the scapula. The knees were drawn up in a crouched position. The bones of the feet could not be found, having probably decayed on account of their proximity to the surface. Several large flints were found over and about the body, and between the back-bone and the femurs. The skeleton was found just over the east edge of the pit. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXIII., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. 2 C 194 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXVI. PLANS SHOWING THE POSITION OF SKELETONS DISCOVERED IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH AND IN PITS 54 AND 59, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO - BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. THE POSITIONS ARE SHOWN RELATIVELY TO THE TRUE MERIDIAN LINE. Fig. 6.-Plan of portions of the Southern Ditch showing the position of Skeletons Nos. 2 and 3 buried in it. The ditch is broken in the plan so as to include both skeletons within the plate whilst preserving their proper bearings. Skeleton No. 2, male, estimated stature 5 feet 1.2 inches, buried in a contracted position on its right side in a grave the west side of which had been cut out of the side of the ditch. It was lying on the level of the bottom of the ditch at a depth of 2 feet 9 inches beneath the surface (measured to the pelvis) from the top of the filling of the ditch. The ditch had been filled up to nearly the level of the ground. The bearing of the vertebral column was N. 30° W. (true), the skull being on the north, face to the west and turned slightly over on its face. The arms were down by the side, the left hand in front of the pelvis and the right hand under and in rear of the pelvis. The legs slightly contracted. This skeleton showed evidence of having been affected with "rheumatoid arthritis" during life, and from the manner in which the bones are eburnated, it appears probable that the legs must have been in a contracted position some time before death. Drawings of the pelvis and femur of the skeleton are represented in Plate CXXVIII. where they are described. The remains were in excellent preservation. Close to the skull was found a fragment of ornamental Samian represented in Fig. 4, Plate CXV. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXI. and the measurements are given on the page accompanying that plate. Skeleton No. 3, male, estimated stature 5 feet 1.5 inches, found 23 feet to the north of the last skeleton in the same ditch, in a grave the west side of which had been cut out of the side of the ditch. It was on the level of the bottom of the ditch, the skull being 2 feet 8 inches beneath the surface of the filling of the ditch which PLATE CXXVI. AYAKAWAII FIG. VI SKELETON 3. SOUTHERN FOSSEWAY SKELETON 2. (RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.) DITCH OF 27- SCALE OF FEET 9 6 3IN. O 2 3 5 MAGNETIC N. N FIG. VII DITCH OF FIG. VIII PIT 59 SKELETON II. NORTHERN ENCLOSURE BRONZE FIBULA ON SHOULDER. PIT 54. SKELETON 6. IRON FIBULA ON HIP. PLANS SHOWING THE POSITIONS OF THE SKELETONS DISCOVERED IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH, AND IN PITS 54 & 59, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, THE POSITIONS ARE SHOWN RELATIVELY TO THE TRUE MERIDIAN LINE. M OF Wyman & Sons. Photo-Litho GtQueen St London WC. Excavations at Rotherley. 195 was nearly on the level of the surrounding ground, only a slight depression being seen marking the line of the ditch. The skeleton was on its left side in a crouched position, the vertebral column bearing N. 33° W., the head on the N.W. facing East; the left arm bent up in front of the body, the fingers being found in front of the face ; the right forearm bent at right angles to the humerus, the fingers above the left femur. The left leg was drawn up higher than the right; the right femur at right angles to the vertebral column. A bronze coin of Gallienus, Fig. 9, Plate CXXIV., a bronze fibula, Fig. 10, Plate XCVII., a portion of an iron horseshoe, Fig. 11, Plate CVI., a fragment of ornamental Samian with a hole in it, and a flint pounder, Fig. 7, Plate CXXIII., were found in the filling of the ditch over the skeleton. The flint pounder was found at a depth of 14 inches from the surface and all the other objects near the top of the ditch. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXII., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying that plate. Fig. 7.-Showing the position of Skeleton No. 11, probably male, estimated height 5 feet, found at a depth of 1 foot 6 inches beneath the surface in the filling of Pit 59, North Quarter. It was in a crouched position on its left side, the head on the North-east, the bearing of the vertebral column N. 26° E. (true). The right arm was across the lap; the left arm extended below the knees, the fingers being found beneath the left tibia. The legs were drawn up in front of the body. Large flints were found above the skeleton and under it at a depth of 2 feet 11 inches beneath the surface. A quantity of wood ashes which were examined by Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S., were found to be oak and hazel. The ashes continued, mixed with chalk rubble, to the bottom of the pit which was 4 feet 10 inches deep and on the bottom was found a fragment of iron (? nail). The skull is figured on Plate CXL., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying that Plate. in Fig. 8.-Showing the position of Skeleton No. 6, male, estimated stature, 5 feet 3·7 inches, found at a depth of 3 feet in the filling of Pit 54, in the ditch on the west side of the North-east Enclosure. It was in a contracted position on its left side, the head on the North-east and facing South-east, the vertebral column bearing N. 64° E. (true). The left arm was bent up front of the body, the fingers resting against the chin, the right arm extended with the hand under the left femur; the left leg slightly higher than the right, and the feet drawn up to near the pelvis. On the right shoulder of the skeleton was found a bronze fibula, represented in Fig. 10, Plate C., resting on the skull with the point of the pin upwards. On the right hip resting on the head of the right femur was the bow of an iron fibula, Fig. 4, Plate CI. 2 C 2 196 Excavations at Rotherley. ; The Fibula was worn by the Romans on the right shoulder to fasten the Abolla, or loose woollen cloak, and the Amictus.* After the time of Agricola the Britons adopted the costume of the Romans, which alone shows this interment to be subsequent to the year A.D. 78, but the cloak continued to be fastened over the right shoulder until a much later period. It was so worn by the Normans, and is figured in the Bayeux tapestry, and in the great seals of Edward the Confessor and Stephen. The accompanying illustra- tion represents the upper part of the skeleton taken immediately after the earth had been carefully scraped away from it and before the fibula had been removed. A green spot marking the position of the fibula (caused by corrosion) is retained upon the skull. Grains of wheat and traces of wood of ash were found mixed with the soil around the skeleton. The pit, which was 5 feet 8 inches deep and square at the bottom, was filled to a depth of 4 feet 6 inches with chalk rubble, beneath which was brown mould mixed with chalk rubble to a depth of 5 feet 6 inches, and at the bottom 2 inches of sand mixed with wood and ears of wheat. Professor Rolleston, in a note to his paper on Excavations at Frilford, quotes Professor Pearson, who says, "The Anglo-Saxon Laws, Vol. II., contain several lists of superstitious practices which the Church condemns, such as burning corn upon graves. It is true that the compilations in which the ordinances occur are, in one sense, not authentic—that is, have been ascribed to wrong authors, but they probably represent the customary law of the Church here and on the continent with tolerable fidelity." It appears not impossible that the few grains of wheat found about this skeleton at Rotherley may represent an instance of the custom prescribed by the Saxon laws. Sir Henry Dryden, in his account of Excavations in Hunsbury or Danes Camp, near Northampton (Proceedings, Northampton Architectural Society), in which, though probably of the Roman age, numerous pits similar to these occurred, mentions that "in several places charred wheat was found." Charred wheat and barley was found in several pits in Worlebury which contained skeletons. Roman relics were there found on the surface but not in the pits. See "Worlebury," by J. C. Dymond and Rev. H. Tomkins, 1886. * See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 2nd ed., 1863, article "Fibula.” 198 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXVII. PLAN AND SECTION OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO- BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, SHOWING. THE POSITIONS OF SKELETONS 7, 8, 9, AND 10, AND OF THE VARIOUS RELICS FOUND BENEATH THEM. THE POSITIONS ARE SHOWN RELATIVELY TO THE TRUE MERIDIAN LINE. Plan and section of Pit 55, North Quarter (see Plan, Plate XCIV.), showing the position of Skeletons 7, 8, 9, and 10. This pit was slightly oval, 10 feet 9 inches by 9 feet 3 inches at top, and funnel-shaped, the diameter at the depth of 3 feet being 6 feet 9 inches, and at the bottom 5 feet 3 inches. Depth of pit, 9 feet 3 inches. The filling consisted of 1 foot of surface mould at the top, then to a depth of 3 feet it was composed of dark mould in the centre, and mould mixed with chalk rubble at the side; below this, to within 2 inches of the bottom, it consisted of coarse chalk rubble with the exception of a layer of large flints at a depth of 7 feet 2 inches. The bottom, which was quite smooth, was covered with 2 inches of black mould, containing some grains of wheat and oak wood. (See my remarks on grains of wheat in reference to Fig. 8, Plate CXXVI., Pit 54.) The skeletons were all interred in the upper part of the filling above the shoulder of the pit. A bone gouge, Fig. 5, Plate CXVII., was found at a depth of 1 foot 7 inches above Skeleton 7, a spindlewhorl beneath the same skeleton just below the pelvis; the remains of a bronze stud was found close to Skeleton 10, at a depth of 3 feet; a spherical flint ball, Fig. 8, Plate CXXI., with marks of hammering all over, was found at a depth of 6 feet 9 inches, just above the layer of flints, and at the same level, two whetstones. Beneath the layer of flints was found an iron Roman nail (see section of pit), with a broad flat head, resembling Figs. 18 and 19, Plate XXX. from Woodcuts (Vol. 1), and portion of a skull of a Bos longifrons; 3 fragments of pottery with bead rim, resembling Fig. 3, Plate CVIII., were found on the level of the skeleton. Other fragments of pottery were found above the chalk rubble. Skeleton 7, male, estimated stature 5 feet 1.9 inches, was found in a crouched MAGNETIC N. A REFERENCES TO SOILS. UNDISTURBED CHALK. SURFACE MOULD. BROWN MOULD. BROWN MOULD AND CHALK MIXED. N A- .... • ... • .... .... .... • • • ..... · ........... ... ...... • .. ....... ...... · .. ....... SKELETON PLAN SKELETON 10 FIG. IX PIT 55 SKELETON 9 SKELETON 8 SKELETON 7 SECTION ON LINE A-B. SKELETON 8 SKELETON BONE GOUGE + HUMAN FŒTUS POTTERY SPINDLE-WHORL Ո SKELETON IO ..... + BRONZE stud TWO WHETSTONES FLINT HAMMERSTONE ROMAN IRON NAIL 000000:00:06 SKULL OF BOS LONGIFRONS SCALE OF FEET 9 6 3IN. O 2 3 4 ........... .... .... ... ..... .. B PLATE CXXVII. B FIG. IXA CHALK RUBBLE. COARSE. FLINTS. BLACK MOULD, WITH GRAIN AND WOOD. UN OF 器 ​Sons, Photo-Litho. G:Queen London, W.C PLAN AND SECTION OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, SHOWING THE POSITIONS OF SKELETONS 7, 8, 9, & 10, AND OF THE VARIOUS RELICS FOUND BENEATH THEM. THE POSITIONS ARE SHOWN ARE SHOWN RELATIVELY RELATIVELY TO THE TRUE MERIDIAN line. Excavations at Rotherley. 199 position lying on its left side at a depth of 18 inches beneath the surface. The bearing of the vertebral column was N. 32° E. (true), the head on the north-east facing east; both arms were doubled up in front of the body, the legs drawn close up to the body, the feet touching the pelvis. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXVI., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. Skeleton 8, male, estimated stature 4 feet 11.6 inches, was found in a crouched position lying on its right side, the vertebral column bearing N. 53° E. (true); the head on the north-east facing west, the arms bent up in front of the body, the right hand over the face, the legs drawn up nearly at right angles to the body, the feet touching the pelvis. A human foetus was found close to the pelvis at a depth of 2 feet 3 inches from the surface. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXVII., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. Skeleton 9, male, estimated stature 4 feet 8.7 inches, was found in a crouched position, the body lying on its back; bearing of vertebral column, N. 19° E. (true); the left arm bent across the body, the right arm bent and extended to the right, the legs drawn up to the right. The head was detached from the body, and the centre of it lay at a distance of 11 inches from the top of the vertebral column, on its base, and facing eastwards. The neck was 2 feet 4 inches beneath the surface. The detachment of the head from the vertebral column may perhaps be accounted for by supposing that the skeleton was buried first entire, and that the head was afterwards removed in making room for Skeleton 10, which was buried at the same level. This was the only brachycephalic skull found at Rotherley, having an index of 826. This skull is figured on Plate CXXXVIII., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. Skeleton 10, male, estimated stature 5 feet 1.9 inches, was found lying in a crouched position, partly on its back and partly on its right side, the vertebral column bearing N. 40° E. (true), the head on the north-east facing west, at a depth of 2 feet 10 inches beneath the surface, the pelvis occupying the part which would naturally have been occupied by the head of Skeleton 9 had it not been removed, thus affording evidence of a secondary interment in the filling of the pit. The arms were bent up in front of the body, both hands in front of the mouth. The legs were drawn up in the same direction, the feet touching the detached skull of Skeleton 9. The skull is figured on Plate CXXXIX., and the measurements are given on the page accompanying the plate. All the skeletons, it will be seen, had the heads on the north-east. 200 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXVIII. BONES OF SKELETON No. 2, SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Several views of the heads of both femora and the left portion of the pelvis of Skeleton No. 2, found interred in the Southern Ditch, as described under Plate CXXVI., Fig. 6, showing the eburnation or osteophytic growth produced by rheumatoid arthritis. I am indebted to Professor Moseley, F.R.S., for bringing to my notice a paper in the Transactions of the Pathological Society of London (1886) by Mr. Arbuthnot Lane describing the effects and causes of these bony growths. It is not, in the opinion of the author, properly speaking, a disease, but more frequently the result of continuous pressure, and it is present more or less in the bones of nearly all labourers who have been subject to hard work. The upper surface of the head of the femur is worn down by continued trituration and friction against the articular surface of the acetabulum, as shown at C, Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7, and at the same time bone is deposited on the margin of the acetabulum, as shown at D D, Figs. 1 and 3, and on the sides of the head of the femur, as shown at E E and B, Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7, thereby increasing the area of the articular surface of the opposing bones. By an examination of these so-called rheumatoid changes the author states that he is able to determine the previous labour, history, and occupation of the individual. In the present example the osteophytic growth on the acetabulum has overlapped that on the head of the femur, so that the bones have become locked, as shown at A B, Figs. 1 and 2. The femur is there represented at right angles to the line of the vertebral column, and it is seen that the individual during life could have brought up his legs to this position, but not higher. As the body was placed in the grave in the position represented in Fig. 8, the legs were not drawn up to the full extent to which, by the appearance of the bony growth, they might have been contracted. The bony surfaces were never united together, and there would probably have been no difficulty in straightening the legs. This bony change, in the opinion of Mr. Lane, though sometimes produced in bedridden people by the weight of the hip PLATE CXXVIII. -~ 4 E I D 5 B C ༦༧༦ ་ {་ ་ 2 1 8 N. MAC. N. tmilly SCALE OF FEET TO FIG. 8. BIN. 2 B 6 E 3 Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho. GtQueen St London.WC VIEWS OF LEFT SIDE OF PELVIS, AND OF THE RIGHT AND LEFT FEMORA OF SKELETON No. 2, SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, WITH A SKETCH (FIG 8) OF THE POSITION OF THE SKELETON AS FOUND IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH, ROMANO-- BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Excavations at Rotherley. 201 A constantly bearing in the same direction, is more often caused by carrying heavy loads, and it is aggravated when the vitality of the osseous system is lowered by want or exposure, or when, as in the present instance, the individual is old. The teeth were very much worn down. Viewed as a disease, it is frequently, but improperly, termed "poor poor man's gout." In speculating upon the causes which, in this case, may have produced these peculiarities in the bony structure one is at once reminded of the necessity which must have existed for carrying water to the village up the steep declivities by which it is approached on all sides. No trace of a well was discovered in the village, and water for the use of the inhabitants must certainly have been fetched from the bottoms of the deep coombs, and probably at some considerable distance to the southward. Bony deposits were found on several of the bones of this skeleton, and also on the femur of Skeleton No. 15, an aged male, found in the trench of unknown use in the North Quarter; also on the acetabulum of a human skeleton, a few fragments of which were found in Cell Z of the flint wall foundation described at page 114, and figured on Plate CXXIX., Fig. 1. Considering that the number of skeletons found in Rotherley, including the acetabulum in Cell Z, only amounted to 16, the fact of 3 of them showing marks of this disease proves that it must have been prevalent amongst the inhabitants. Fig. 1.—Front view of the left side of the pelvis, showing the locking of the head of the femur and the acetabulum at A B, produced by eburnation. Fig. 2.--Inner side view of the left side of the pelvis, showing the same formation. Fig. 3.—Outside view of the left side of the pelvis, showing the osteophytic growth on the margin of the acetabulum at D D D. Fig. 4.-Front view of the head of the right femur, showing the wearing down of the articular surface at C, and the eburnation or osteophytic growth at E E. Fig. 5.—Interior side view of head of right femur, showing ditto. Fig. 6.-Front view of head of left femur, showing ditto. Fig. 7.—Inner side view of head of left femur, showing ditto. Fig. 8.-Figure showing the position of the skeleton (No. 2) in the grave. 2 D 202 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXIX. ACETABULUM OF HUMAN SKELETON SHOWING RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; HEADS OF FEMUR OF OX USED AS SPINDLE- WHORLS; FEMUR FROM WHICH THEY WERE CUT; HORN OF ROEDEER. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Fig. 1.—Human acetabulum and portion of pelvis, found with some fragments of vertebræ in the filling of a small pit marked Z in the flint wall foundation discovered in the S.E. Quarter, Plate XCVI. By a comparison with Fig. 2, which shows the same view of the ordinary acetabulum, it is seen that the margin in this specimen is enlarged and raised about half an inch by Rheumatoid arthritis. The notch in the margin of the acetabulum is also entirely filled up from the same cause. Other examples of Rheumatoid arthritis are shown in Piate CXXVIII., page 200. Fig. 2.—The same view of an ordinary human acetabulum for comparison with Fig. 1. Fig. 3.-Upper portion of the femur of an ox. The head has been cut off with a saw, to be used as a spindlewhorl, as in Figs. 4 and 5. This leaves no doubt as to these heads of femora being in this case ox and not human, as is represented to have been the case elsewhere. (See Worlebury, by C. W. Dymond and Rev. H. G. Tomkins, Plate X., Fig. 10.) Found in the filling of the ditch of the N.E. Enclosure, North Quarter. Fig. 4. Spindlewhorl formed of the head of a femur, probably of an ox, and similar to others from Woodcuts, Figs. 1, 2, 3, Plate LIII., Vol. 1. Found in the filling of Pit 22, S.E. Quarter, at a depth of 5 feet 6 inches beneath the surface. Similar objects were found by Sir Henry Dryden, at Hunsbury or Danes Camp, near Northampton. He does not think they were whorls, but supposes them to have been used in some game. It may perhaps be thought confirmatory of this view that two were found at Woodcuts without holes. Fig. 5.-Spindlewhorl similar to Fig. 4. of 2 feet beneath the surface. also found at Rotherley. Found at the bottom of Pit 87, at a depth Portions of two more similar whorls were Fig. 6.-Horn of roedeer. It is of about the same size as that of the roedeer now wild in these parts. Found in the filling of Pit 53, N.E. Enclosure, at a depth of 5 feet 9 inches. PLATE CXXIX. 1 -10 흐 ​M curo 4 Culm 5 6/20 2 -~ 6 Wyman & Sons, Litho. G'Queen St London,W.C ACETABULUM OF HUMAN SKELETON SHOWING RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ; HEADS OF FEMUR OF OX USED AS SPINDLE-WHORLS; FEMUR FROM WHICH THEY WERE CUT: HORN OF ROEDEER. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Excavations at Rotherley. 203 REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE HUMAN BONES. The following remarks on the measurements of the human bones are reproduced from Vol. I., and apply equally to the human remains found at Woodcuts, Rotherley, and the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Winkelbury: THE SKULL.-Professor Flower's craniometer has been employed for the measure- ments (see his "Osteological Catalogue," Part I., p. xvi.), and the measurements are taken in millimetres. I have also employed Professor Busk's craniometer for the radii which are given in addition to those recommended by Professor Flower. The arcs have been taken with a steel tape from centre to centre of the meatus auditorius. It is more usual to measure from the bony ridge on the upper edge of the meatus, but this point does not correspond with the points of the radii as obtained by Professor Busk's instrument. In comparing the arcs given in the following tables with those taken from the bony ridge on the upper margin of the meatus in the more ordinary manner, it will be necessary to deduct from the vertical arc 22 mm., from the frontal arc 13 mm., and from the parietal are 16 mm. The vertical arc is measured across the bregma, the frontal across the ophryon, and the parietal across the most prominent part of the back of the head. The radii to the nasal and alveolar points are measured by Busk's craniometer from the centre of the meatus auditorius as well as by Flower's callipers from the anterior margin of the foramen magnum (basion). The measurement from the anterior margin of the foramen magnum has been adopted for all the other radii. The indices from these measurements are taken from Professor Flower's tables in the work above referred to, and his instructions have been followed in all cases in which they do not clash with Dr. Topinard's instructions in his "Anthropologie Générale." The glabello-occipital as well as the ophryo-occipital lengths have been given, and the indices of breadth and height taken 2D 2 204 Excavations at Rotherley. from both these measurements, the former being the measurement more generally in fashion amongst physical anthropologists on the Continent. The cubical capacity has been taken with picked rape-seed, according to the system of Professor Flower, the seed being equally patted in the skull and in the measure. The mean of two measurements has been adopted, and a cylindrical glass measure 35 mm. interior diameter, graduated in cubic centimetres, has been used for the measure of capacity. It is hoped that by giving all these different measurements they may be rendered available for comparison with those of other anthropologists, whichever of the various systems they may have adopted. In deciding to give Professor Busk's radii as well as the more ordinary measure- ments from the basion, I have been guided by the following considerations:-1st. The measurement from the meatus auditorius affords the only possible means of comparing the skull with the living head. It has been discarded generally on account of the inconvenience suffered by the person submitting to it, but in proportion as the value of such measurements become generally recognised, there can be little doubt that means will be found for overcoming this difficulty. Secondly, the foramen mag- num is generally one of the first parts of the skull to decay in the earth, and it is frequently wanting in ancient skulls when the meatus auditorius remains present. In setting up the skulls for drawing, the condylo-alveolar horizontal plane of Broca and Topinard has been adopted where possible. The norma verticalis has been drawn from a point at right angles to the plane of greatest length, so as to show the measured proportions of the skull as far as possible. The camera lucida has been used for all the drawings, giving it the greatest possible range, and placing it so as to reduce the skull to half size. The outlines thus obtained have been afterwards checked by measurement, but the drawings cannot, on account of perspective, be in all cases relied upon for measurement, though perfectly accurate as regards shape and proportions. CEPHALIC INDICES.-The classification of Dr. Topinard has been adopted. The glabello-occipital length has been made the chief basis of calculation, although it and the ophryo-occipital length has been given. The result for the Woodcuts skulls, taking the ophryo-occipital length of No. 9, and the glabello-occipital length of all the rest, and omitting No. 2, that of a child, the index of which could not be relied upon, shows 1 brachycephalic skull, that of the possible Roman (hereafter referred to), whose index is 822; 7 mesaticephalic, ranging from 750 to 799, and 5 dolichocephalic, ranging from 714 to 746. The prevalence of long skulls in this village is, therefore, very apparent, and this tallies with the subsequent excavation of Rotherley Village, where, out of 13 skulls measured, 1 only was brachycephalic with an index of 826, 3 were mesaticephalie, ranging from 756 to 799, including 1 which, if the ophryo-occipital length had been taken, would have been included amongst the brachycephalic, 6 were Excavations at Rotherley. 205 dolichocephalic, ranging from 702 to 743, and 3 were hyper-dolichocephalic, ranging from 689 to 696. Including together the skeletons in the Woodcuts and Rotherley Villages, all of which are Romano-Britons, the following is the result :-Brachycephalic 2, mesati- cephalic 10, dolichocephalic 11, hyper-dolichocephalic 3. THE BONES.-For these measurements parallel sliding planes have been adopted as shown in the accompanying woodcut. The total length of the bones has been taken in accordance with Dr. Topinard's instructions in his "Anthropologie Générale," page 1032, and "Bulletins de la Société D'Anthropologie, seance du 5 Février, 1885." The length of the tibia includes the malleolus, and is taken to the edge of the femoral articular surface, a hole being made in the end of the parallel planes so as to exclude the spines. ESTIMATE OF STATURE. —Dr. Topinard's instructions have been strictly followed, which for both males and females are as follows:- Relation of the Stature to Humerus + Radius = 100, and Femur + Tibia = 100. H+R Europeans-35-0 Men. F+T 49.4 Women. H+R 34.1 F+T 49.5 Relation of the Stature to the Humerus 100 and Radius = 100. Hum Europeans-20-7 Men. Rad. 14.3 Women. Hum. 19.8 Relation of the Stature to the Femur = 100 and Tibia = 100. Men. Femur. European-27 1 Tibia. 23.3 Women. Femur. 27.4 Rad. 14.3 Tibia. 21.8 After carefully considering the subject, I found that the difference of stature caused by the different methods of estimating the same skeleton by English physical 206 Excavations at Rotherley. anthropologists, including Beddoe, Flower, Humphry, and Rolleston, amounted to no less in some cases than 4 inches, a difference exceeding the average difference of stature of many European races, and therefore sufficient to invalidate any comparisons that might be made from them. Dr. Beddoe is of opinion that short races have proportionally longer bodies than tall races; and this, for modern Europeans, is no doubt correct, but, viewing the immense importance of uniformity of system, it appears to be desirable to adhere to Dr. Topinard's rules, and if any modification of the results appear necessary in consequence of the peculiarities of the race, to make it after estimating the stature in the generally-accepted way. No doubt, in the case of the very small race to which the present work refers, some slight addition to the estimated stature may be reasonably proposed. That, however, will be for subsequent consideration. Another reason for pursuing this course is the trouble that would be caused by a different system of calculation for tall and short races, as well as for males and females; for it cannot with certainty be conjectured from a single bone what the height of any individual may be, and if it should turn out to be above or below the height to which the rule applied, a fresh calculation would have to be made, which for a number of skeletons would add much to the at all times tedious process of calculating the stature. It will be seen that I have used the femur and tibia as well as the humerus and radius for these calculations, so as to ensure the greatest possible accuracy, and the mean of the calculations from all the long bones has been taken. The mean of the lengths of the right and left bones has also been taken. The femur being the most reliable bone, has been used in all cases, whether the tibia has been present or not, but the humerus, being a very variable bone, has not been employed, except in conjunction with the radius, or except when no other long bone was found, which latter case, however, does not apply to either Woodcuts or Rotherley. The result shows that of the 15 skeletons found in the Woodcuts Village 13 could be estimated by the long bones, viz., 7 males, average stature, 5 feet 4.0 inches, and 6 females, average stature, 4 feet 11.8 inches. The average stature of the males is increased by one skeleton (No. 8, probably male), which, in the opinion of both Dr. Beddoe and Dr. Garson, has marked characteristics of Roman origin, and which is 3 inches taller than the tallest of the rest. He was also found in an extended attitude, and had a remarkably brachycephalic skull, the only one found in this village. If this skeleton were omitted it would reduce the average stature of the males by 0.7 inch, making their average stature 5 feet 3.3 inches instead of 5 feet 4.0 inches, and the height of the tallest man 5 feet 4.8 inches instead of 5 feet 7.8 inches. It is rendered all the more probable that this skeleton was exceptional in height by the fact that in the neighbouring Romano-British village at Rotherley, which has since been excavated, the average height of 11 males has been found to be only 5 feet 1.3 inch, and that of 3 females 4 feet 10.0 inches, proving the existence of a very short race inhabiting these villages at that time. Excavations at Rotherley. 207 Including together the skeletons in the Woodcuts and Rotherley Villages, and the small skeleton found in the pit near Park House, all of which are Romano-Britons, the following is the result :-Males, 18, average stature, 5 feet 2·6 inches; Females, 10, average stature, 4 feet 10·9 inches. ESTIMATE OF SEX.-Although my own estimate of sex has been confirmed in the majority of cases by more experienced physical anthropologists, I have not relied on my own judgment in the matter, but have availed myself of the assistance kindly rendered by Dr. Beddoe, Professor Flower, and Dr. Garson, all of whom have examined the skulls. PERIMETRAL INDEX.-In measuring the least circumferance of the bones, a narrow tape, 6 millimetres wide, graduated in millimetres, has been used. The perimetral index has been obtained by multiplying the least circumference by 100 and dividing by the total length of the bone. The results show that in harmony with short stature they were a small-boned race, and the same remark applies to the people of Rotherley. PLATYCNEMISM.—The measurement of the tibia for platycnemism has been taken at a point 14 inch below the nutritive foramen near the centre of the bone. Professor Flower takes the actual centre of the bone; but I have adopted the point suggested by Professor Busk in his paper on Platycnemic Men in Denbighshire (Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, vol. ii., p. 455), as platycnemism appears to me to be slightly more developed at this point, than at the actual centre. The measures of the antero-posterior and transverse diameters have been taken with Flower's callipers, and the latitudinal index has been obtained by multiplying the transverse diameter by 100 and dividing by the antero-posterior diameter. Professor Busk, in his paper, considers the normal latitudinal index for ordinary English tibiæ to be 730 and the lowest 642, from which it will be seen that in the Woodcuts Village two out of the thirteen skeletons measured have tibiæ more platycnemic than the lowest of the ordinary European types. This may, perhaps, be taken to imply a survival of the characteristics of a primitive race, and it also tallies with the measurements at Rotherley, where, out of fourteen skeletons of which the tibiæ could be measured, four were below 642, two ranging as low as 571 and 588. All the relics found show that the men of Rotherley were poorer and probably more typical representatives of the small race of people who inhabited the district in Roman times than those of Woodcuts, the skulls of several of which, in the opinion of Dr. Beddoe and Dr. Garson, afforded some trace of a possible admixture of Roman blood. 208 Excavations at Rotherley. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER, LOCALITY AND AGE OF BONES OF INFANTS FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. No. DATE. LOCALITY. AGE. No. DATE. LOCALITY. AGE. 1 16 Dec., 1886 .. South-East Quarter, South-East Quarter, Newborn. 17 Surface trenching. 25 Jan., 1887 Hole f, near Pit 50 Newbor. 2 17 Dec. 3 25 Feb., 1887 East Quarter.. 4 8 Oct., 1886 South East Drain LO 5 9 "" • "" "" 6 9 "" "" "" • 7 9 35 "" وو པ co 8 3 Nov. دو دو 9 10 Dec. دو در 10 15 Jan., 1887 Main Circle Ditch 2 3 11 وو وو "" "" 12 18 وو 13 19 "" وو པ 14 99 99 "" "" "" "" 15 25 Jan., 1886 "" "" "" 39 16 11 Dec. Hole F at N.W. end of S.E. Ditch, near Pit 42. 33 PITS. 18 8 Dec., 1886 .. Pit 26, South-East Newborn. Quarter. 19 15 Jan., 1887 .. 20 "" 21 "" "" 22 >> "" 23 25 24 26 25 25 Pit 46 "" "" "" "" 26 29 Pit 48 "" 27 31 28 29 "" 29 22 "" Pit 43, Main Circle "" "" "" "" "" "" • 35 Pit 45 "" "" • Premature Newborn. "" "" • "" Pit 49 "" "" "" Pit 55, North Quarter, close to Skeleton 8. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXX. Right Left : Length. 1 No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Length. 1 2 Ophryo-occipital. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Breadth. 509 180 179 136 756 Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. 760 Antero-posterior Diameter. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. 1 2 Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. 133 Tibia. From Basion to Bregma. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. 1 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 1, FOUND IN AN EXTENDED POSITION IN A RECTANGULAR GRAVE IN THE SOUTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. 1, PLATE CXXV., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 2 Fibula. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Radius from Nagal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 739 743 102 96 941 53 24 453 37 42 881 1425 117 310 104 283 120 320 95 101 96 130 30 Male. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. LIMBS. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. W W W 382 76 199 30 24 800 363 30 82 W W W W W W W W W W W W Perforated olecranon (B). 5' 6'4" 452 89 196 W W W W W W W W W 316 57 180 W W W W W W W W W Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on Physical Peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Head and face, ovoid; occiput, prominent; slight prognathism; injury over right eyebrow (B). Teeth ground down; middle aged (G). PLATE CXXX. Wittees 2 -~ 3 2 4 E いい ​M عيد OZ Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho GtQueen St London,W.C SKULL OF SKELETON No. 1. FOUND IN GRAVE IN SOUTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXI. 20 Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. 2 No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. Breadth. 1 2 Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 532 185 184 144 778 783 143 773 777 97 Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Tibia. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Point. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Alveolar Index. Height. Width. 99 1021 56 25 446 32 Fibula. Humerus. Index. Nasal. Orbital. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 2, FOUND IN A SLIGHTLY CONTRACTED POSITION IN A GRAVE IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. VI., PLATE CXXVI., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Height. Width. 40 800 1690 LIMBS. Index. Cubical Capacity. Right 421 90 213 351 80 227 34 25 Left 418 93 222 348 80 229 34 24 735 705 342 35 102 311 72 231 237 4.4 185 257 44 171 145 47 324 5′ 12″ 345 34 98 307 68 221 237 45 189 259 42 162 148 42 283 Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. Arc. MEASUREMENT S. SKULL. Vertical. Frontal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Ophryon. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. Arc. To Nasion. 131 354 105 287 133 354 94 100 102 130 39 Male. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. The femora and several of the bones showed evidence of having been affected with "rheumatoid arthritis " during life. See Plate CXXVIII., and description. To Alveolar Point. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Least Frontal Width. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. Ovoid; chin prominent; square orbits; nasal root broad; approaches bronze type (B). A smooth, well-filled skull; nose aquiline; teeth much worn down; old (G). OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. PLATE CXXXI. I 2 .... 2 -~ ށހ ހ 3 4 M U Wyman&Sons, Photo-Litho Gt Queen St London, WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 2, FOUND IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXII. ن Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Skull. 1 2 No. of Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Tibia. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 3, FOUND IN A CONTRACTED POSITION IN A GRAVE IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. VI., PLATE CXXVI., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 3 518 186 184 135 726 734 131 704 712 101 99 980 50 24 480 35 37 946 1420 121 319 105 287 125 325 95 98 97 131 32 Male Antero-posterior Diameter. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. LIMBS. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Right 428 85 198 352 78 221 30 23 766 W W W 320 61 190 W 38 W 249 38 152 139 31 244 5′ 15″ Left 431 86 199 W 76 W 29 22 758 W 30 W 312 62 198 226 38 168 253 39 154 147 33 224 Right humerus nearly an inch longer than the left; left clavicle nearly an inch longer than the right. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Ulna. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Clavicle. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Coffin-shaped; nose aquiline; phonozygous ; face oval; brows prominent (B). Aged (G). PLATE CXXXII. NI- 3 1 2 三 ​ ་་ ་་ 4 けい ​A Vyman&Sons. Photo-Litho Gt Queen St London, WC SKULL OF SKELETON No. 3, FOUND IN THE SOUTHERN DITCH, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXIII. Right Left • : :: 4 Length. No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Length. 1 2 Ophryo-occipital. Breadth. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. 512 184 183 134 728 732 Least Circumference. Femur. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. 1 2 Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. Antero-posterior ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 4, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION OVER THE EASTERN EDGE OF PIT XXXVIII., EAST QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. V., PLATE CXXV., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. 1 2 Index. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 138 750 754 W W W W W W W❘ W W W 122 316 105 281 127 331 91 W 98 133 30 LIMBS. Tibia. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. 446 90 201 W 73 W 35 20 571 W 35 W 336 63 187 243 39 160 268 35 130 W 36 W 5' 4.8" 449 91 202 W 73 W 34 20 588 W W W 328 60 182 247 37 149 271 II** W I 35 W w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. * Decayed. Tibiæ extremely platycnemic; olecranon of one humerus perforated (B). All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIvers. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Elliptic, narrow and lofty; approaches neolithic (?) Male{type (B). Middle-aged (G). PLATE CXXXIII. 2 -Jou いい ​2 3 M Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho. GtQueen St London WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 4, FOUND IN THE EAST QUARTER, OVER THE EASTERN EDGE OF PIT 38, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXIV. Right Left OF Hd, * : No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. 10 5 W 186 187 w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Ophryo-occipital. W W Lengthi. 1 2 Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Breadth. W 1 2 Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Nasion to Bregma. 1 1 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Point. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar SKULL OF SKELETON No. 5, FOUND IN AN EXTENDED POSITION AT A DEPTH OF 12 INCHES BENEATH THE SURFACE IN THE S.E. QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. III., PLATE CXXV., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Alveolar Index. Height. Width. Index. Height. Width. Index. Nasal. Orbital. Cubical Capacity. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. Femur. Tibia. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Arc. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Vertical. Ophry on. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus W W W W W W W W W W W W W 114 W* 97 W* 119 W* 90 W W W 30 Female *The arcs could not be taken on account of fractures. Length. LIMBS. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. Arc. To Nasion. 389 77 197 325 66 203 25 22 880 318 29 91 285 59 207 215 38 176 W 33 W 136 34 250 Femora slender, bent (B). 389 80 205 322 66 205 26 21 807 320 30 94 276 57 206 W W W 240 30 125 136 32 235 4' 8.8" Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. l'erimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Clavicle. Estimated Stature. To Alveolar Point. Least Frontal Width. Auditorius. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Pear-shaped; parieto-occipital flattening and prominent occiput (B). Nose very aquiline. Teeth not much worn. Aged (G). PLATE CXXXIV. ING- 2 3 SKULL OF SKELETON No. 5, FOUND IN SURFACE TRENCHING IN THE EAST QUARTER, NORTH-WEST OF PIT 37, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. i OF Wyman&Sons, Photo-Litho. Gt Queen St London, WC DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXV. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. VIII., PLATE CXXVI., SKULL OF SKELETON No. 6, FOUND IN A CONTRACTED POSITION IN THE FILLING OF PIT 54, NORTH QUARTER. WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Length. 1 2 No. of Skull. 1 2 Index. 1 2 MEASUREMENT S. SKULL. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Kadius from Meatus Auditorius. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. 6 535 194 194 141 727 727 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 127 338 112 291 131 353 102 W W W 35 Male Length. LIMBS. Femur. Tibia. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on Physical Peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Coffin-shaped; central ridge (B); Marked absatzung; adult (G). Right 437 88 201 363 84 231 34 24 706 351 35 99 329 59 179 243 35 144 W W W W W W Left W W W W W W W W W W W W 321 55 171 242 34 140 W W W 144 29 201 w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Femur rickety and much bent inwards and for- wards. Marked difference between right and left humerus; clavicle thin and flat. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. 5′ 37″ $ PLATE CXXXV. -12 2 Il נא 3 Wyman & Sons, Photo-Litho Gt Queen St London.WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 6, FOUND IN PIT 54, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY, A BRONZE FIBULA WAS FOUND ON THE RIGHT SHOULDER OF THE SKELETON, THE CATCH OF WHICH RESTED AGAINST THE SKULL AT THE POINT MARKED X IN FIGURE 3. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXVI. Length. 7 Least Circumference. No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. Length. 1 2 Greatest. Cephalic Index. Height. Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Breadth. 537 194 193 135 696 Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Antero-posterior Diameter. 1 2 Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. Tibia. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 7, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION IN PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, AT A DEPTH OF 18 INCHES BENEATH THE SURFACE. SHOWN ON PLATE CXXVII., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. THE POSITION IS MEASUREMENT S. SKULL. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 699 133 686 689 106 100 943 50 21 4.20 W W W W 120 325 107 290 129 345 99 101 99 W 35 Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. LIMBS. Right 431 84 194 341 72 211 34 20 588 W W W 318 61 191 235 36 153 252 35 138 139 30 215 Femora bent forwards. 5' 1.9" Left 432 85 196 346 73 210 33 20 606 336 31 922 W W W W W W W W W W W W Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Estimated Stature. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Male Elliptic; phonozygous; nose aquiline (B). Middle-aged (G). PLATE CXXXVI. 3. 三 ​2 4 Wyman& Sons. Photo-Litho. Gt Queen St London.WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 7, FOUND ON THE SOUTH-EAST SIDE OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY: ( DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXVII. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. 8 No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. Breadth. 519 193 192 133 689 693 Femur. Least Circumference. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Tibia. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. 1 2 Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Point. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Alveolar Index. W W W W W W 50 24 480 35 Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Fibula. Height. Width. Index. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 8, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION IN THE FILLING OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN ON PLATE CXXVII., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Height. 875 40 LIMBS. Width. Index. Right 409 83 203 W 76 W 31 21 677 W W W 315 60 190 227 37 163 247 36 145 140 30 214 4' 11.6" Left 414 85 205 332 75 225 32 22 687 W W W 303 58 191 223 36 161 W W W W W W Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Cubical Capacity. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Ophryon. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. W 128 335 113 298 129 345 100 Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Estimated Stature. A marked difference between right and left humerus. Arc. 06 To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Least Frontal Width. Auditorius. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. 94 125 27 Male Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. Narrow and lofty; coffin-shaped; phonozy- gous; some absatzung (B). Wound on back of skull inflicted some time before death. Aged (G). OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. PLATE CXXXVII. -15 3 .ހހހ !!!!!! 4 2 ΤΗ 0. CH Wyman&Sons Photo-Litho. GtQueen St London, WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 8, FOUND ON THE EAST SIDE OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXVIII, Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Left * Not used in estimating the stature. Length. Femur. Skull. Least Circumference. 1 2 No. of Perimetral Index. Tibia. Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 9, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION IN THE FILLING OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN ON PLATE CXXVII., ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. WHERE MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. 9 505 179 177 143 799 808 130 726 734 97 93 959 48 25 521 31 36 861 1365 116 318 101 274 122 344 89 92 97 128 W Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. LIMBS. Right 397 76 191 325* 69 212 30 20 666 317 36 113 283 61 215 219 36 164 240 35 145 W W W 4' 8.7" Bones rather slender. 402 76 189 319 68 213 29 20 689 319 34 106 281 56 199 218 38 174 W W W W W W Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Estimated Stature. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Sex. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Male. Heart-shaped; greatest breadth high and far back; phonozygous; sudden parieto-occipital sinking; deep nasal notch (B). Teeth much ground. Fully adult (G). PLATE CXXXVIII. -10! 2 I 4 3 ་་་ 2 Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho Gt Queen St London.W.C SKULL OF SKELETON No. 9, FOUND ON THE EAST SIDE OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANC-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXXXIX. Right Left INIS OK Yow : : Length. 10 No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. Breadth. Length. 1 2 Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 520 188 188 136 723 723 Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Tibia. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 10, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION IN PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN ON PLATE CXXVII., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 132 702 702 101 100 990 54 21 389 34 37 919 W 119 322 103 285 125 332 96 101 97 124 36 Male Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. LIMBS. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. 434 81 186 358 69 192 29 22 758 349 36 103 314 57 181 232 36 155 250 34 136 W W W 5' 1.9" Olecranon of right humerus, perforated (B). 439 81 184 355 70 197 29 21 724 345 34 98 304 56 184 231 34 146 W W W W W W Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. - Coffin - shaped; parieto occipital flattening marked; frontal suture (B). Nose aquiline; teeth perfect and not much ground; progna- thous; fully adult (G). PLATE CXXXIX. 2 3 は ​N "1 屋 ​街 ​4 2 meta full life empres UN Wyman & Sons, Photo-Litho. GtQueen St London, WC SKULL OF SKELETON No. 10, FOUND ON THE NORTH-EAST SIDE OF PIT 55, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXL. Right Left : Length. 11 Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. of Skull. Femur. Length. 1 2 No. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. t Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Tibia. 1 2 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. : SKULL OF SKELETON No. 11, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION IN THE FILLING OF PIT 59, NORTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. VII., PLATE CXXVI., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 510 187 186 139 743 747 131 701 704 105 93 886 52 23 4.42 W W W W 121 325 106 279 124 336 95 94 96 123 30 Probably Male Antero-posterior Diameter. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. LIMBS. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. 415 78 187 349 64 183 26 17 654 W W W 304 55 180 231 35 151 253 33 130 137 33 240 The left radius had been broken and shortened. 414 78 188 348 64 184 27 17 630 343 35 102 W W W 217 35 160 251 33 131 138 32 232 5' 0·0" Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Head ovoid; face oblong; nose aquiline (B). High frontal and slight occipital flattening; teeth very little ground, no decay; old (G). PLATE CXL. -KI ارا Jay 3 1111 4 2 Wyman&Sons, Photo-latho C'Queen St London WC SKULL OF SKELETON No. 11, FOUND IN PIT 59, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXLI. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Skull. Least Circumference. No. 1 2 of Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Tibia. Length. Greatest. Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 13, FOUND IN A CONTRACTED POSITION IN A TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE, IN THE NORTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. IV., PLATE CXXV., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 13 517 188 188 132 702 702 135 718 718 107 101 944 46 21❘ 457 33 37 892 W 115 305 103 280 121 323 91 96 103 126 34 Female w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. LIMBS. Right 390 83 213 W W W W W W W W W 286 W W W W W W W W 129 34 263 Left 394 82 208 325 77 237 29 23 793 W W W 281 60 213 227 38 167 W W W 134 34 254 4' 9.9" Length. Least Circumference. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Irregularly elliptic; narrow, lofty; face short; some absatzung; resembles No. 4. Aged (G). PLATE CXLI. Ni- ܂ ,H I 3 J.p 2 4 CH Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho Gt Queen St London, WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 13, FOUND IN A TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE IN THE NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXLII. Right Left OF Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Skull. Length. 1 2 No. of Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Greatest. Cephalic Index. Height. Tibia. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 15, FOUND IN A CROUCHED POSITION IN A TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE IN THE NORTH QUARTER. THE POSITION IS SHOWN IN FIG. IV., PLATE CXXV., WHERE ITS ATTITUDE IS DESCRIBED. 1 2 MEASUREMENT S. SKULL. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 15 510 172 172 142 826 826 W W W W W W 45 24 533 W W W W 119 318 96 273 125 341 85 85 97 125 33 Antero-posterior diameter. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least circumference. LIMBS. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Perimetral Index. Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. 392 76 194 318 63 198 W W W W W W W 57 W 214 38 177 W W W W W W 4' 8.5″ Marks of rheumatoid arthritis on head of femur. 394 77 195 320 64 200 26 20 20 769 W W W 287 57 198 W W W 231 33 143 W W W Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Male Resembles No. 9 generally in contour (B). Aged. PLATE CXLII. 1-24 A. 3 } الا اردال SKULL OF SKELETON No. 15, FOUND IN TRENCH OF UNKNOWN USE, NORTH QUARTER, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. الراكرز 4 لاية OF ICH 2 GENERAL TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF HUMAN SKULLS FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Locality and References to Plates. No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. 1 2 Greatest Length. 1 2 Cephalic Index. Breadth. Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 1 2 Index. Height. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Point. Alveolar Index. Height. Width. Index. Height. Width. Nasal. Orbital. Index. Cubical Capacity. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Radius from Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. Arc. Ophryon. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. Arc. To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. Least Frontal Width. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Rectangular grave in South Quarter; Fig. 1, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXX. 1 509 180 179 136 756 760 133 739 743 102 96 941 53 24 453 37 42 881 1425 117 310 104 283 120 320 95 101 96 130 30 Male Southern Ditch; Fig. 6, Plate CXXVI., Plate CXXVIII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXI. 2 532 185 184 144 778 783 143 773 777 97 99 1021 56 25 446 32 40 800 1.690 131 354 105 287 133 354 94 100 102 130 39 Male Southern Ditch; Fig. 6, Plate CXXIV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXII. 3 518 186 184 135 726 734 131 704 712 101 99 980 50 24 480 35 37 1420 946 121 319 105 287 125 325 95 98 131 97 32 Male East Quarter; Fig. 5, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-3, Plate CXXXIII. 4 512 184 183 134 728 732 138 750 754 W W W W W W W W W W 122 316 105 281 127 331 91 W 98 133 30 ? Male About 38 ft. N.W. of Pit 37 in S.E. Quarter; Fig. 3, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-3, Plate CXXXIV. 5 W 186 187 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 114 W* 97 W* 119 W* 90 W* W W 30 Female Pit 54, North Quarter: Fig. 8, Plate CXXVI., and Figs. 1-3, Plate CXXXV. 6 535 194 194 141 727 727 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 127 338 112 291 131 353 102 W W W 35 Male Pit 55. North Quarter, Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXVI. 7 537 194 193 135 696 699 133 686 689 106 100 943 50 21 4.20 W W W W 120 325 107 290 129 345 99 101 99 W 35 Male Pit 55, North Quarter; Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXVII. 8 519 193 192 133 689 693 W W W W W W 50 24 480 35 40 875 W 128 335 113 298 129 345 100 90 94 125 27 Male Pit 55. North Quarter; Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXVIII. 9 505 179 177 143 799 808 130 726 734 97 93 959 48 25 521 31 36 861 1365 116 318 101 122 274 344 89 92 97 128 W Male Pit 55, North Quarter, Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXIX. 10 520 188 188 136 723 723 132 702 702 101 100 990 54 21 389 34 37 919 W 119 322 103 285 125 332 96 101 97 124 36 Male Pit 59, North Quarter; Fig. 7, Plate CXXVI., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXL. 11 510 187 186 139 743 747 131 701 704 105 93 886 52 23 442 W W W W 121 325 106 124 279 336 95 94 96 123 30 Probably Male Pit 82, North Quarter; Fig. 2, Plate CXXV. The skull is not figured. 12 500 183 182 126 689 692 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 128 334 106 279 128 337 W W W W 32 Female In Trench of unknown use, North Quarter; Fig. 4, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXLI. 13 517 188 188 132 702 702 135 718 718 107 101 944 46 21 457 33 37 892 W 115 305 103 280 121 323 91 96 103 126 34 Female Aged (G). Head and face ovoid; occiput prominent; slight prognathism; injury over right eyebrow (B). Teeth ground down; middle aged (G). Position of skeleton, extended. Ovoid; chin prominent; square orbits; nasal root broad; approaches bronze type (B). A smooth well-filled skull; teeth much worn down; nose aquiline; old (G). Position of skeleton, slightly contracted. Aged (G). Coffin-shaped; nose aquiline; phonozygous; face oval; brows prominent (B). Position of skeleton, contracted. Middle aged (G). Elliptic; narrow and lofty; approaches neolithic type. Position of skeleton, crouched. Aged (G). Nose very aquiline; teeth not much worn. Pear-shaped; parieto-occipital flattening and prominent occiput (B). Position of skeleton, extended. Marked absatzung; coffin-shaped; central ridge (B); adult (G). Position of skeleton, contracted. Middle aged (G). Elliptic; phonozygous; nose aquiline (B). Posi- tion of skeleton, crouched. Wound on back of skull inflicted some time before death; aged (G). Narrow and lofty; coffin-shaped; phonozygous; some absatzung (B). Position of skeleton, crouched. Fully adult (G). Teeth much ground; heart-shaped; greatest breadth high and far back; phonozygous; sudden parieto-occipital sinking; deep nasal notch (B). Position of skeleton, crouched. Nose aquiline; prognathous; teeth perfect and not much ground down; fully adult (G). Coffin-shaped; parieto-occipital flattening marked; frontal suture (B). Position of skeleton, crouched. High frontal; slight occipital flattening; teeth very little ground; no decay; old (G). Head ovoid; face oblong; nose aquiline (B). Position of skeleton, crouched. Aged (G). Elliptic, long, narrow, lofty; upright forehead; occiput not prominent; resembles No. 4 in norma verticalis and occipitalis (B). Position of skeleton, crouched. Irregularly elliptic; narrow, lofty; face short; some absatzung; resembles No. 4 (B). Position of skeleton, contracted. Same locality as last; Fig. 4, Plate CXXV. The skull is not figured. 14 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Same locality as No. 13; Fig. 4, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXLII. 15 510 172 172 142 826 826 W W W W W W 45 24 533 W W W W 119 318 96 273 125 341 85 85 97 125 33 Male Aged (G). Resembles No. 9 generally in contour (B). Position of skeleton, crouched. Totals 6724 2599 2589 1776 9582 9626 1206 6499 6533 816 781 7664 504 232 4621 269 237 6174 5900 1698 4219 1463 3687 1758 4386 1222 958 1076 1275 423 Average 517 186 185 139 737 740 134 722 726 102 98 958 50 23 462 34 38 882 1475 121 324 284 104 126 337 94 96 98 127 33 *The arcs could not be taken on account of fractures. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OF Sex. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters B and G refer to Beddoe and Garson. GENERAL TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF HUMAN LIMB BONES FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Locality and References to Plates. Number of Skeleton. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Tibia. Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Fibula. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Humerus. Least Circumference. Radius. Rectangular grave in South Quarter; [Right W W W 382 76 199 30 24 800 363 30 82 W W W W W W W W W W W W 5' 6'4" Male Perforated olecranon (B). Position of Fig. 1, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXX. 1 skeleton-extended. Left 452 89 196 W W W W W W W W W 316 57 180 W W W W W W W W W • Southern Ditch; Fig. 6, Plate CXXVI.;) Plate CXXVIII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXI. Right.. 421 90 213 351 80 227 34 25 735 342 35 102 311 72 231 237 44 185 257 44 171 145 47 324 5' 1.2″ Male 2 Left 418 93 222 348 80 229 34 24 705 345 34 98 307 68 221 237 45 189 259 42 162 148 4.2 283 Right 428 85 198 352 78 221 30 23 766 W W W 320 61 190 W 38 W 249 38 152 139 34 244 Southern Ditch; Fig. 6, Plate CXXVI., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXII. } 5' 1.5″ Male 3 Left 431 86 199 W 76 W 29 22 758 W 30 W 312 62 198 226 38 168 253 39 154 147 33 224 Right.. 446 90 201 W 73 W 35 20 571 W 35 W 336 63 187 243 39 160 268 35 130 W 36 W East Quarter; Fig. 5, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-3, Plate CXXXIII. 5' 4.8" ? Male 4 The femora and several of the bones are afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis. See Plate CXXVIII., page 200. Position of skeleton-extended. Right humerus nearly half an inch longer than the left; the left clavicle nearly half an inch longer than the right; position of skeleton-contracted. Tibia extremely platycnemic; olecranon of one humerus perforated (B). Position of skeleton-crouched. Left 449 91 202 W 73 W 34 20 588 W W W 328 60 183 247 37 149 271 W* W W 35 W About 38 feet N.W. of Pit 37 in S.E. Quarter; Fig. 3, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-3, Plate CXXXIV. Right 389 77 197 325 66 203 25 22 880 318 29 91 285 59 207 215 38 176 W 33 W 136 34 250 4' 8.8" LO 5 Left 389 80 205 322 66 205 26 21 807 320 30 94 276 57 206 W W W 240 30 125 136 32 235 Right 437 88 201 363 84 231 34 24 706 351 35 99 329 59 179 243 35 144 W W W W W W Pit 54, North Quarter; Fig. 8, Plate CXXVI.,andFigs. 1-3, PlateCXXXV. 5' 3.7" Male 6 Left W W W W W W W W W W W W 321 55 171 242 34 140 W W W 144 29 201 Right 431 84 194 341 72 211 34 20 588 W W W 318 61 191 235 36 153 252 35 138 139 30 215 • Pit 55, North Quarter; Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXVI. 5' 1.9" Male Female Femora slender, bent (B). Position of skeleton-extended. Marked difference between right and left humerus; olecranon of left humerus per- forated (B); clavicle very thin and flat; femur rickety, and much bent inwards and forwards; tibia and humerus to be preferred in estimating stature. Position of skeleton-contracted. Femur bent forwards. Position of skeleton -crouched. 7 Left 432 85 196 346 73 210 33 20 606 336 31 92 W W W W W W W W W W W W Right 409 83 203 W 76 W 31 21 677 W W W 315 60 190 227 37 163 247 36 145 140 30 214 Pit 55, North Quarter; Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXVII. 4' 11.6" Male Marked difference between right and left humerus. Position of skeleton-crouched. Left 414 85 205 332 75 225 32 22 687 W W W 303 58 191 223 36 161 W W W W W W Pit 55, North Quarter; Plate CXXVII., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXVIII. Right 397 76 191 325 69 212 30 20 666 317 36 113 283 61 215 219 36 164 240 35 145 W W W } 9 48.7" Male Bones rather slender. Position of skeleton —crouched. Left 402 76 189 319 68 213 29 20 689 319 34 106 281 56 199 218 38 174 W W W W W W Right.. 434 81 186 358 69 192 29 22 758 349 36 103 314 57 181 232 36 155 250 34 136 W W W 5' 1·9″ Male Olecranon of right humerus perforated. Position of skeleton-crouched. and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXXXIX. 10 Left 439 81 184 355 70 197 29 21 724 345 34 98 304 56 184 231 34 147 W W W W W W Pit 59. North Quarter; Fig. 7, Plate 11 CXXVI., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXL. Right 415 78 187 349 64 183 26 17 654 W W W 304 55 180 231 35 151 253 33 130 137 33 240 .. 5' 0·0" { Probably The left radius had been broken and shor- Male tened. Position of skeleton- crouched. Left 414 78 188 348 64 184 27 17 630 343 35 102 W W W 217 35 160 251 33 131 138 32 232 Right.. 413 76 184 W W W W W W W W W W W W 214 34 158 234 31 132 120 33 275 Pit 82. North Quarter; Fig. 2, Plate CXXV. The skull is not figured. 4' 11.3" Female Platycnemic tibia. Position of skeleton- crouched. 12 Left 408 77 188 334 65 194 30 18 600 326 33 101 300 57 190 218 36 165 241 33 137 W W W In Trench of unknown use, North Quarter; Fig. 4, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXLI. Right 390 .. 13 Left 394 888 83 213 W W W W W W W W W 286 W W W W W W W W 129 34 263 4' 9.9" Female Position of skeleton-contracted. 82 208 325 77 237 29 23 793 W W W 281 60 213 227 38 167 W W W 134 34 254 Same locality as last; Fig. 4, Plate CXXV. The skull is not figured. Right W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 14 W W Left W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Same locality as No. 13; Fig. 4, Plate CXXV., and Figs. 1-4, Plate CXLII. Right.. 392 76 194 318 63 198 W W W W W W W 57 W 214 38 177 W W W W W W 4' 8.5" Male 15 Marks of rheumatoid arthritis on head of femur. Position of skeleton-crouched. Left 394 77 195 320 64 200 26 20 769 W W W 287 57 198 W W W 231 33 143 W W W Totals 10838 2147 5139 6813 1721 4171 696 486 16157 4374 497 1281 7017 1368 4285 4796 817 3406 3996 564 2131 1932 548 3454 70′ 8.2″ Estimated stature of 11 males=5′ 13″. Estimated stature of 3 females-4′ 10′0″. Average 417 83 197 341 72 208 30 21 702 336 33 98 305 59 195 228 37 162 250 35 142 138 34 247 5' 06" * Decayed. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Ulna. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Clavicle. Estimated Stature. Sex. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. (The letters B and G refer to BEDDOE and GARSON.) Excavations at Rotherley. 209 ފ 10 MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS AND BONES OF PRE-HISTORIC AND ANCIENT DOMESTICATED ANIMALS FOR COMPARISON WITH MODERN BREEDS. THE MEASUREMENTS ARE TAKEN WITH A VIEW TO THE COMPARISON OF THE PARTS AND FRAGMENTS OF BONES MOST FREQUENTLY MET WITH IN ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS. MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS. SKULL OF HORSE. 1-2 Length from occipital protuberance or pole to tip of anterior point of præ- maxillary bone—the alveolar point. 1-3 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina. 1-4 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper margins of the orbits. 10 2-5 Length from basion to alveolar point. 7 6-6 Least width at union of frontal and 7-7 parietal bones behind the orbits. Maximum width between zygomata. 8-8 8 Maximum bi-orbital width. 9-9 Minimum inter-orbital width. 10-10 Least width on upper side of præ- maxillary bone behind the incisors. 1-5 Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to the summit of the occipital protuberance. 11-11 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 2 E 210 Excavations at Rotherley. 13 13 14 15 15 12 LOWER JAW, HORSE. 12-12 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary bone. 13-13 Least width of inferior maxillary bone (mandible) behind incisors. 14-14 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars. 15-15 Height from summit of coronoid pro- cess to lowest part of angle. 16-16 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. Excavations at Rotherley. 211 22 25 26 { 17 28 1 19- 120 29 22 24 24 25 21 18 52 3: SKULL OF Ox. 18 17-18 Length from the pole to the tip of the anterior point of the præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point. 17-19 Length from the pole to the centre of a line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina. 17-20 Length from the pole to the centre of a line joining the upper margins of 18-21 22-22 the orbits. Length from basion to alveolar point. Least frontal width between the horns and the orbits. 23-23 Least parietal width beneath the horns at back of skull. 24-24 Maximum width between zygomata. 25-25 Maximum bi-orbital width. 26-26 Minimum inter-orbital width. 17-21 Greatest height between lower margin of occipital foramen and summit of pole. 27-27 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 28'1 LOWER JAW. 28-28 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary. 29-29 Greatest length from summit of coro- noid process to lowest part of angle beneath it. 30-30 Least depth of inferior maxillary 31-31 behind molars. Least depth of inferior maxillary behind incisors. 32-32 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 2 E 2 212 Excavations at Rotherley. 33 39 40 38 136 SKULL OF PIG. 34 33-34 Length from centre of summit of occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point. 33-35 Length from centre of summit of occipital protuberance to centre of 34-36 37-37 42 38-38 a line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina. Length from basion to alveolar point. Least width of parietal bone between occipital protuberance and orbits. Maximum width between zygomata. 39-39 Maximum bi-orbital width. 40-40 41-41 Minimum inter-orbital width. Width on lower side of præmaxillary bone behind incisors. 33--36 Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to centre of occipital pro- tuberance. 42-42 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 41 41 4 41 LOWER JAW OF PIG. 43-43 Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary bone. 44-44 Height from summit of coronoid pro- cess to lowest part of ramus beneath it. 45-45 Depth of inferior maxillary, behind canine teeth. 46-46 Depth of inferior maxillary, behind molars. 47-47 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. • Excavations at Rotherley. 213 50 49 SKULL OF SHEEP. 48-49 Length from upper margin of occipital foramen to tip of præmaxillary bone -the alveolar point. 48-50 Length from upper margin of occipital foramen to centre of line joining the 49-51 52-52 upper margins of the superciliary foramina. Length from basion to alveolar point. Maximum bi-orbital width. 53-53 Minimum inter-orbital width. 54-54 Maximum width between zygomata. 55-55 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 52 52 54 SZ 58 58 56 LOWER JAW. 56-56 Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary bone. 57-57 Least height of inferior maxillary, be- hind incisors. 58-58 Least height of inferior maxillary, be- hind molars. 59-59 Length occupied by molars. 214 Excavations at Rotherley. 607 70 68 60 الم 65 65 64 62 66 $66 67 67 71 73 72 6: SKULL OF DOG. 60-61 Length from occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary-the alveolar point. 60-62 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the post-orbital processes of the frontal bone. 61-63 64-64 Length from basion to alveolar point. Least width of frontal bone behind post-orbital processes. 65-65 Maximum width between zygomata. 66-66 Maximum bi-orbital width. 67-67 Minimum inter-orbital width. 63-68 Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to the highest point of the sagittal crest. (The occipital protuberance being rounded, is not available for this measure- ment.) 69-69 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 1 70 LOWER JAW OF DOG. 70-70 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary. 71-71 Height from summit of coronoid pro- cess to lowest point of inferior maxillary immediately beneath it. 72-72 Least depth of inferior maxillary, be- hind molars. 73-73 Least depth of inferior maxillary, in front of præmolars. 74-74 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. Fox and Wolf same measurements as Dog. Excavations at Rotherley. 215 81 15 76 77 82 82 င်း 75 ' SKULL OF DEER. 80 80 75-76 Length from occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point. 75-77 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper 76-78 79-79 margins of the orbits. Length from basion to alveolar point. Least frontal width between horns and orbits. Maximum width between zygomata. 80-80 81-81 Maximum bi-orbital width. 4 £3 83 82-82 83-83 76 Minimum inter-orbital width. Least width of præmaxillary just in front of præmolars. 75-78 Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to occipital protuberance. 84-84 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. 78 85 86 87 60 87 85 86 LOWER JAW. 85-85 Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary. 86-86 Least height of inferior maxillary be- hind incisors. 87-87 Depth of inferior maxillary behind molars. 88-88 Length occupied by molars and præ- molars. NOTE.-In measuring the length of the limb-bones, the total length of the bone has been taken, except in the case of the tibia, in which, conformably to the system adopted for human bones, the spine has been omitted. In measuring the least circumference, splint-bones are omitted, as they are nearly always detached in ancient bones. In comparing the least circumference with modern bones, splints from the latter will have to be knocked off. Instrument for measuring skulls. Instrument for measuring long bones. 10 2 FT. 6 IM 60 70 MILL TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. LIFE MEASUREMENTS. Height at shoulder .. Height over hind quarters Height to belly close behind fore-legs Length from pole to root of tail Length from tip of fore to tip of hind foot No. of measurement, see page 209. HORSE SHOES. Greatest length "" Greatest width • • SKULL MEASUREMENTS. : : : : : :: • :: • HORSE. No. 1. HORSE, three parts bred. II. III. IV. 16 years old. BROWN CART HORSE, with Roman nose, about 10 years old. NEW FOREST PONY, Chestnut, about 20 years old. EXMOOR PONY, dark brown, REMARKS. 16 years old. 15 hands 13" 11 hands 21" 15 hands 2" 15 hands 21" W 6' 6" 4' 2" 15 hands 2" W 74″ 5′ 1″ 12 hands 3" 12 hands 3″ 2' 4" 6' 3" 3' 3" 11 hands 21" 2' 0" 5' 2" 3′ 11″ a b W W OBB W W OBB с d а b с d a b с d а b с W W 167 163 163 W 120 116 117 112 108 99 W W W 158 157 159 W 108 98 104 103 95 97 W OBB d W W 1-2 Length from occipital protuberance or pole to tip of anterior point of præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point 565 625 515 445 1-3 1-4 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper margins of Length from occipital protuberance to centre of line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina 175 199 167 151 175 205 168 148 the orbits 2-5 Length from basion to alveolar point 516 558 478 404 6--6 Least width at union of frontal and parietal bones behind the orbits 92 91 70 73 201 225 198 179 7-7 Maximum width between zygomata 223 242 196 185 8-8 Maximum bi-orbital width 9-9 Minimum inter-orbital width 154 175 132 126 1 -10 Least width on upper side of præmaxillary bone behind the incisors 59 68 56 50 1-5 11-11 Height from lover margin of occipital foramen to summit of occipital protuberance Length occupied by molars and præmolars 103 115 95 87 178 182 160 137 LOWER JAW. 12-12 13-13 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary Least width of inferior maxillary behind incisors • 14-14 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 15-15 16-16 Height from summit of coronoid process to lowest part of angle Length occupied by molars and præmolars 463 31 93 286 176 498 47 112 313 176 424 36 91 257 162 364 32 66 217 141 Femur.. Tibia Humerus Radius.. Metacarpus Metatarsus Phalanx MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB BONES. : D • LENGTH. LEAST CIR- CUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIR- CUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIR- CUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIR- CUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. Ꭱ L • L : Ꭱ L RIRIRIRIRIRA 437 161 369 465 196 421 381 138 362 349 116 332 435 162 372 464 197 424 381 138 362 351 117 333 *Diseased. 367 129 351 379 149 393 321 105 327 291 04 323 L 370 126 341 380 149 392 320 105 328 292 98 335 a. Too large owing to disease. Ꭱ 326 135 414 345 161 467 285 118 414 264 99 375 331 135 408 348 161 463 287 118 411 264 100 379 b. Not taken in consequence of 367 121 330 367 145 395 327 99 302 298 86 288 disease. For test take length L 366 121 331 366 146 399 327 99 302 298 87 292 of right with circumference Ꭱ 254 102 402 250 119 476 215 89 414 189 79 418 254 104 409 251 120 478 216 90 416 188 79 420 W* 105 W 296 122 412 254 95a W 231 298 107 359 296 122 412 b 89 W с 88888 80 346 80 W of left metatarsus. c. Not taken in consequence of disease. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. 95 93 104 103 99 94 126 122 83 80 87 84 72 70 82 83 w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements, except the life measurements, are given in millimetres. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. LIFE MEASUREMENTS. Height at shoulder ور over hind-quarters Length from shoulder to root of tail to belly close behind fore-legs >> "" from pole (between horns) to root of tail between tip of fore and tip of hind foot No. of Measurement, see page 211. • • SKULL MEASUREMENTS. • • + • OX. II. I. BLACK KERRY Cow, REMARKS. ALDERNEY Cow. 12 YEARS OLD. White horns, tipped with black, 5 years old, full grown. Bought at Kilorglin Fair, Ireland. It came from the Island of Valentia. 3' 10" 4' 1" 1′ 10″ W. 6' 0" • 3' 5" 3' 5" 3′ 7″ 1' 9" 3′ 9″ 5′ 8″ 2′ 11″ 455 97 408 92 131 125 • 410 379 149 145 108 95 182 170 200 185 148 130 149 143 119 124 17-18 Length from the pole to the tip of the anterior point of the præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point 17-19 Length from the pole to the centre of a line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina 17-20 18-21 Length from the pole to the centre of a line joining the upper margins of the orbits Length from basion to alveolar point .. 22-22 Least frontal width between the horns and the orbits • 23-23 Least parietal width beneath the horns at back of skull • • • 24-24 Maximum width between zygomata 25-25 Maximum bi-orbital width · 26-26 Minimum inter-orbital width • • 17-21 27-27 Greatest height between lower margin of occipital foramen and summit of pole Length occupied by molars and præmolars · LOWER JAW. Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary Greatest length from summit of coronoid process to lowest part of angle beneath it Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 28-28 29-29 30-30 31-31 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind incisors 32-32 Length occupied by molars and præmolars Femur Tibia Humerus.. Radius Metacarpus Metatarsus Digit MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB BONES. : : : : : • • : • · • 382 205 70 28 133 340 203 69 25 129 LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL Index. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. L RIRIRARARARA Ꭱ 382 125 327 334 102 305 L 379 125 329 334 101 302 Ꭱ 339 107 316 299 91 304 L 336 107 318 299 91 304 Ꭱ 299 132 441 262 107 408 299 131 438 262 107 408 Ꭱ 288 106* 368 249 89 357 285 W W 251 91 362 196 89 454 183 80 437 196 88 449 182 80 439 228 92 225 92 403 419 212 82 212 82 387 387 Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. 59 64 79 75 w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Anterior. Posterior. Anterior. Posterior. 55 69 57 66 All the measurements, except the life measurements, are given in millimetres. • * Approximate only in consequence of portion of ulna being present. UNIV OF H CHI TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. Height at shoulder PIG. over hind quarters LIFE MEASUREMENTS. to belly close behind fore-legs Length from pole to root of tail No. of measurement, see page 212. "" • from tip of fore to tip of hind foot SKULL MEASUREMENTS. : • WILD BOAR FROM GERMANY. The skeleton of this animal having been obtained from Germany, its life measurements could not be ascertained. 33-34 Length from centre of summit of occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point 33-35 margins of the superciliary foramina 34-36 37-37 38-38 39-39 40-40 41-41 33-39 42-42 Length from centre of summit of occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper Length from basion to alveolar point Least width of parietal bone between occipital protuberance and orbits Maximum width between zygomata Maximum bi-orbital width Minimum inter-orbital width Width on lower side of præmaxillary bone behind incisors Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to centre of occipital protuberance Length occupied by molars and præmolars LOWER JAW. Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary bone Height from summit of coronoid process to lowest part of ramus beneath it Depth of inferior maxillary, behind canine teeth 43-43 44-44 45-45 46-46 Depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 47-47 Length occupied by molars and præmolars Femur Tibia Fibula Humerus Radius Ulna Metacarpus Metatarsus.. MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB BONES. : : :: • · : : : : • • · • • • • : : : BLACK CROSS-BRED PIG (Sow) aged. 2' 4" 2' 3" 1'1″ 3' 10" 2′ 5″ 400 335 138 114 357 315 26 37 158 176 112 119 84 94 40 48 132 126 132 103 334 123 57 52 118 273 133 50 59 107 LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. REMARKS. L L L L PARIRARIRIRIRARA 250 74 296 230 86 374 252 77 306 230 86 374 Ꭱ 228 62 272 201 73 358 227 63 277 204 73 358 217 23 106 193 24 124 216 24 111 195 24 123 244 78 319 205 89 434 246 78 317 201 90 447 Ꭱ 179 57 311 156 62 397 L 181 57 315 155 63 406 246 49 199 212 46 217 246 47 191 212 44 208 Ꭱ 88 47 534 80 L 108 L 一​45 一 ​417 181 95 ཀླུ|| 52 633 49 516 : : : : : w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements, except the life measurements, are given in millimetres. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. • LIFE MEASUREMENTS. Height at shoulder.. Height over hind quarters. Height to belly, close behind fore-legs Length from pole (between horns) to root of tail Length from tip of fore to tip of hind foot No. of measurement, SKULL MEASUREMENTS. ::: :: : I. DORSET HORNED RAM. Large curled horns, 2 years old. II. ' HAMPSHIRE Down EWE. 2 years old. SHEEP. III. ST. KILDA RAM, horned, white and brown face, slight brown mane extending from pole to rump. 4 toothed. 2 years old. 1′ 11″ IV. V. HIGHLAND HORNED EWE. Black face, black legs. Aged (7 or 8 years). ST. KILDA EWE. 4 toothed, brown colour. 2 years old. 2' 2" 2' 2" 1′ 11″ 1′ 9″ 2' 4" 2' 3" 1′ 10″ 12' 0" 1′ 11″ 1′ 4″ 1' 3" 1' 0" 1' 1" 1' 0" 3′ 5″ 3' 2" 2' 8" 3′ 0″ 2′ 5″ 2' 4" 2′ 11″ 2' 0" 1' 7" 1′ 4″ VI. WHITE FACED HEATHER EWE, from Verwood, on the borders of the New Forest, Hampshire. 3 years old. ייל 1 1′ 8″ 1′01″ 2' 5" 1′ 6″ -48-49 48-50 49-51 Length from upper margin of occipital foramen to centre of line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina Length from basion to alveolar point Length from upper margin of occipital foramen to tip of præmaxillary bone-alveolar point 258 243 185 211 171 195 130 114 92 102 80 94 240 229 173 195 159 182 52-52 Maximum bi-orbital width 129 123 103 114 96 106 • • · 53-53 Minimum inter-orbital width 84 76 67 77 57 70 54-54 Maximum width between zygomata 117 112 92 97 86 94 • 55--55 Length occupied by molars and præmolars 76 74 58 61 59 67 · LOWER JAW. 56-56 57-57 58-58 59-59 Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary bone Least height of inferior maxillary behind incisors Least height of inferior maxillary behind molars Length occupied by molars 202 195 153 174 145 159 16 15 12 13 10 11 42 41 31 34 32 35 77 SO 61 163 61 68 see page 213. MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB BONES. Femur Tibia Humerus Radius Ulna Metacarpus Metatarsus.. : : : : • } • • : .. : : REMARKS. LEAST PERI- LENGTH. CIRCUM- METRAL FERENCE. INDEX. LENGTH. FERENCE. LEAST PERI- LEAST PERI- LEAST CIRCUM- METRAL LENGTH. CIRCUM- METRAL LENGTH. CIRCUM- FERENCE. INDEX. INDEX. FERENCE. PERI- METRAL INDEX. LEAST PERI- LEAST LENGTH. CIRCUM- METRAL LENGTH. CIRCUM- FERENCE. INDEX. FERENCE. PERI- METRAL INDEX. : : : RARIRARAR-RIRL Ꭱ 197 72 365 191 66 345 166 46 277 163 56 344 146 40 274 157 47 299 199 72 362 191 65 340 167 46 275 163 56 344 147 40 272 157 4.7 299 221 58 262 220 52 236 190 37 195 185 43 232 171 34 199 180 37 206 220 58 263 222 52 234 190 38 200 186 43 231 172 34 197 178 37 208 160 72 450 159 65 409 136 4:5 330 135 51 378 115 38 330 127 43 338 158 70 443 1.60 65 406 137 45 328 133 51 383 115 38 330 126 43 341 Ꭱ 166 63 379 168 51 304 144 38 261 144 41 285 124 35 282 167 62 371 169 51 302 144 38 264 143 40 280 124 35 282 ** 36 36 Ꭱ W W W 204 W W W W W W W W 136 W W 148 W W W W W 205 W W W W W W W W 135 W W 148 W W Ꭱ 136 55 404 139 49 353 112 36 321 118 38 322 107 33 308 111 36 324 134 55 410 138 50 362 110 36 328 119 39 328 107 34 318 111 36 324 Ꭱ 147 53 361 150 49 327 122 34 278 127 38 299 116 33 284 115 34 295 147 52 354 150 48 320 124 34 274 128 38 297 115 32 278 116 34 293 ::: w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements, except life measurements, are given in millimetres. * Could not be measured, the epiphyses being absent. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. II. III. LARGE SIZE RETRIEVER. SMALL SIZED FOX-TERRIER. REMARKS. LIFE MEASUREMENTS. Height at shoulder Length from pole (between ears) to root of tail Length from root of tail to shoulders.. • : : : : I. BLACK RETRIEVER DOG. 2 or 3 years old. 2′ 2″ 3′ 2″ 2′ 2″ DOG. 2' 0" Life measurements not obtained. 221 202 108 97 153 81 197 178 136 39 38 37 • 123 110 96 67 54 45 44 34 30 65 63 49 71 69 53 60-61 60-62 No. of measurement, see page 214. SKULL MEASUREMENTS. Length from occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the post-orbital processes of the frontal bone 61-63 Length from basion to alveolar point 64-64 Least width of frontal bone behind post-orbital processes • 65-65 Maximum width between zygomata • • • 66-66 Maximum bi-orbital width 67-67 Minimum inter-orbital width 63-68 69-69 Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to the highest point of the sagittal crest Length occupied by molars and præmolars LOWER JAW. 148 57 27 22 79 118 41 20 15 62 LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUMFERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. 163 63 28 23 • 80 70-70 71-71 72-72 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary.. Height from summit of coronoid process to lowest point of inferior maxillary immediately beneath it Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 73-73 Least depth of inferior maxillary in front of præmolars · 74-74 Length occupied by molars and præmolars Femur Tibia Fibula • Humerus.. Radius Ulna MEASUREMENT OF LIMB BONES. • Metacarpus Metatarsus : : : : : : : : : : : : R 204 53 259 178. 53 297 135 34 252 L 204 53 259 178 53 297 135 34 252 R 204 48 235 178 48 269 138 31 224 L 202 49 243 177 48 271 138 31 224 190 10 53 167 10 59 129 8 61 L 189 10 53 167 10 59 Ꭱ 187 54 289 164 53 323 123 36 292 L 187 54 289 164 53 323 123 35 284 178 43 242 159 41a 264 125 26 208 a Too large, diseased. 177 42 237 159 38 239 124 26 209 209 21 100 189 21 111 145 14 96 b Broken. L 208 21 100 Wb 21 W 145 13 89 78 23 295 67 21 313 55 16 290 L R 85 24 282 75 21 280 57 15 262 w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements, except the life measurements, are given in millimetres. L 1 TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE BONES OF TEST ANIMALS USED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE BONES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. V. ROE DEER. REMARKS. Height at shoulder Number of measurement, DEER. 2' 6" Life measurements not obtained. Life measurements not obtained. Life measurements not obtained. I. LIFE MEASUREMENTS. RED DEER (Stag). From Germany. II. FALLOW DEER. (Doe). III. ROE DEER. IV. ROE DEER. Half Skeleton. MEASUREMENTS OF SKULL. Life measurements not obtained. 75-76 75-77 Length from occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary bone-alveolar point Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper margins of the orbits 415 241 138 93 86 1888 76-78 Length from basion to alveolar point 374 211 79-79 Least frontal width between horns and orbits 124 60 80-80 Maximum width between zygomata 156 99 89 81-81 Maximum bi-orbital width 175 109 95 82-82 Minimum inter-orbital width 122 75 58 83-83 Least width of præmaxillary, just in front of præmolars 65 41 34 75-78 84-84 Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to occipital protuberance Length occupied by molars and præmolars 81 54 50 111 71 59 LOWER JAW. see page 215. Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary Least height of inferior maxillary behind incisors 85-85 86-86 87-87 Depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 88-88 Length occupied by molars and præmolars • • MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB BONES. Femur Tibia Humerus : Ulna Radius Metacarpus • • Metatarsus • Digit (fore leg) Digit (hind leg) : : : : : : : 192 12 31 84 LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUM- FERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LEAST LENGTH. CIRCUM- PERIMETRAL INDEX. FERENCE. LEAST LENGTH. CIRCUM- FERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LENGTH. LEAST CIRCUM- FERENCE. PERIMETRAL INDEX. LEAST LENGTH. CIRCUM- PERIMETRAL INDEX. FERENCE. : : 337 20 45 131 L L L Ꭱ L RARIRIRIRIRARIFARA 327 88 269 203 57 280 188 47 250 189 47 248 327 89 272 204 57 279 187 47 251 Ꭱ 372 81 217 229 53 231 231 45 195 227 373 81 217 230 53 230 231 45 195 Ꭱ 282 92 326 163 54 331 161 44 273 280 93 332 163 55 337 161 44 273 160 Ꭱ 174 46 264 170 41 241 164 999 46 202 45 281 43 262 175 47 268 172 40 232 Ꭱ 296 81 273 210 11 L 296 81 273 211 Ꭱ 265 75 283 170 43 253 160 37 231 265 75 283 171 43 251 159 37 233 158 304 75 246 194 44 227 188 38 202 178 40 L 303 76 268 195 44 226 187 38 203 | | 80 || | 149 38 37 234 । । 255 225 185 40 216 |g|3 57 53 929 54 900 ::::: w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements, except the life measurements, are given in millimetres. Excavations at Rotherley. 217 REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF BONES OF DOMESTICATED AND OTHER ANIMALS FOUND IN ROTHERLEY AND WOODCUTS. For convenience of reference the figures illustrating the measurements of the skulls of different animals given in the first volume are repeated in this volume, and all the measurements and tables are drawn up as nearly as possible in the same form, so that the explanations given in the first volume may apply equally to this. It was mentioned at page 172 of Vol. I. that the measurements of the test animals had not been completed: this has now been done, several animals having been killed for the purpose, and the measurements of dogs have been obtained from time to time as opportunity offered, so that a sufficient table of them is now given to enable a comparison of the bones to be made with those found in the excavations. The height at the shoulder and some other measurements of each animal, as detailed in the tables, was taken before they were killed, and the length and least circumference of each bone was measured and recorded after the flesh had been removed, so that when the length and least circumference of the ancient bones found in the excavations is ascertained, the estimated height at the shoulder and relative thickness of the bones can be obtained by a simple proportion sum. I have added a plate of drawings of metacarpals and metatarsals of sheep ancient and modern, these being the commonest bone found, by which means their size and form can be quickly compared. This is I believe the first time that this has been done for domesticated animals, and so far as it has gone, it appears to me to afford a perfectly satisfactory method of obtaining the size of the ancient animals. HORSE. Test Animals. The largest test horse is three parts bred, 15 hands 2 inches high at the shoulder, and 16 years old. The next in size is a brown cart- horse, 15 hands 12 inches high at the shoulder, and 10 years old. 3 4 Next a New And lastly, an Forest pony, 12 hands 3 inches high, and about 20 years of age. Exmoor pony, 11 hands 2 inches high, and 16 years old. The hand of course is, as 24 usual, 4 inches. The Exmoor pony is probably the nearest approach that can be found at the present time to the horse of the Romanised Britons in this district. ROTHERLEY.—The number of separate bones found in the excavations at Rotherley shows that the horse stands third in the list of the number of animals, and it appears certainly to have been used here, as at Woodcuts, for food; many of the bones being split longitudinally as if to obtain the marrow, although one young animal, buried entire in the South-Eastern Drain, and a portion of the entire skeleton 2 F 218 Excavations at Rotherley. of another found at the bottom of Pit 24, shows that in some cases the horse was not so used. Skulls.-Judging by 28 measurements taken from 9 different fragments, it appears that one skull was of less size than the Exmoor pony, except in the width across the forehead (measurement No. 6) in which it was larger. Another skull from which 3 measurements were taken was a mean between the Exmoor and the New Forest ponies. Lower jaws.-Of 7 lower jaws, 5 were of a medium size between the Exmoor and New Forest ponies, 1 a little larger than the New Forest pony, and 1 slightly larger than the cart-horse, which latter must have been an animal of quite exceptional size. Limb-bones. Out of 63 of the long bones of the body, viz., Femur, Tibia, Humerus, Radius, Metacarpus and Metatarsus, 24 were of lower stature than the Exmoor pony, 36 showed a stature equal or higher than the Exmoor and lower than the New Forest pony, and 3 were higher than the New Forest pony and below the cart-horse. The Romano-British horses in this village may therefore be said roughly to have averaged from 11 to 12 hands; the three largest horses were 13 hands 3 inches, 12 hands 3.6 inches and 12 hands 3 inches high respectively; the three shortest horses were 10 hands 3.5 inches, 10 hands 30 inches, and 10 hands 1.7 inch. In point of bone, it is shown from the perimetral indices that very few were slighter than the Exmoor pony, the majority ranging between the Exmoor and the half-bred test animals, and none equalling the cart-horse in thickness of bone in pro- portion to the size. WOODCUTS. Of the two skulls of horse found at Woodcuts, nearly all the measurements were intermediate between those of the Exmoor and New Forest test animals, with the exception of the forehead (measurement No. 6) which like the skull from Rotherley was larger in this region, and which must therefore probably be regarded as a persistent characteristic. From the length of the bones of horse from Woodcuts, given in the first Volume, it appears that of 31 long bones 11 gave a stature lower than the Exmoor pony, 12 were equal or higher than the Exmoor pony and below the New Forest pony, and 8 were of the size of the New Forest pony and below the cart-horse, and they ranged from 11 hands 2 inches to 13 hands, with the exception of one animal which had a height at the shoulder of 14 hands 2 inches; as the tibia and metatarsus of this animal were found in Pit 29, which, from the number of Roman objects found in it, was called the Roman excavation, it is not unreasonable to suppose from this circumstance, coupled with its exceptional size, that have been the horse of a superior inhabitant of the village. In point of bone it was found from the perimetral indices of 31 bones, that 8 were slighter than the Exmoor pony, the remainder ranging between the Exmoor pony and the half-bred test animal. None equalled the cart-horse. it may Ox.-Test Animals. The largest test animal was an Alderney cow, 12 years old, and 3 feet 10 inches high at the shoulder; the other was a black Kerry cow, 5 years Excavations at Rotherley. 219 old, and 3 feet 5 inches high at the shoulder. It was not thought necessary for the present to obtain larger animals than this, as the Romano-British oxen were all of small size. Other oxen might no doubt be obtained which in point of form resembled more nearly the ancient Bos longifrons, but none so nearly approached the ancient animals in point of size. ROTHERLEY.-Judging by the number of separate bones found in the excavations at Rotherley, the ox stands second in the number of animals used for food. Skulls.-Four fragments of skull were found which showed that one was larger than either the Alderney or the Kerry in measurements 22 and 23, but smaller in measurement 17-21 in consequence of the forehead being flatter between the horns in the Romano-British specimen, not having the protuberance which is seen in both the test animals. The second skull was smaller than the Kerry, but it differed from the other in having the protuberance on the poll like the Kerry and Alderney, so that the flat forehead does not appear to be persistent in the oxen from Rotherley. The third fragment afforded no measurement, but was of small size: it had the flattened fore- head between the horns. The horns were short and curved forwards and downwards. Of six lower jaws which afforded good measurements three were of medium size, between the Kerry and Alderney, and three were smaller than the Kerry. Limb-bones. Out of 16 bones which could be measured, including Femur, Tibia, Humerus, Radius, Metacarpus and Metatarsus, 15 were smaller than the Kerry and only one larger, which was larger than the Alderney. From these measurements it appears that the oxen in this village varied from 3 feet 1 inch to 3 feet 5 inches high at the shoulder, and were, therefore, shorter than the Kerry, the stature of which at the shoulder was 3 feet 5 inches; the estimate from the largest bone gives a stature of 4 feet 2 inches, but this was as much as 9 inches taller than the next tallest animal. The height of the smallest animal was 3 feet 1 inch, and the next smallest 3 feet 1.9 inches. In point of bone it was found by comparing the perimetral indices with those of the Kerry and Alderney, the former being in all the bones the slighter of the two, that three were slighter than the Kerry, six between the Kerry and the Alderney, and seven equal and above the Alderney in thickness of bone. WOODCUTS.-Out of five specimens of skull one was of medium size, between the Kerry and Alderney, except in measurement 17-21, which was smaller on account of the flattening of the Woodcuts skull. The protuberance varied in the different specimens: it was not so prominent in any as in the two test skulls, but was distinctly present in some of them. The second skull was larger than both Kerry and Alderney, except in No. 17-21. The third was also larger, except in 17-21. The fourth afforded only one measurement, which was larger; and the fifth was of medium size between the two. Out of 13 lower jaws which afforded good measurements five were smaller than both Kerry and Alderney, seven were of medium size between them, and one equal in size to the Alderney. Limb-bones. — ¡ 2 F 2 220 Excavations at Rotherley. Of 46 limb-bones, as before, 22 were shorter than the Kerry, 18 equal to the Kerry and below the Alderney, and six equal and larger than the Alderney. The average stature at the shoulder appears to have been from 3 feet 3 inches to 3 feet 11 inches, the largest animal-measured from a Humerus-was estimated at 4 feet 1.4 inches, the next 3 feet 11.2 inches, and the third 3 feet 11.1 inches. The shortest measured 2 feet 10 inches, and the two next 3 feet 1.6 inches and 3 feet 2.7 inches respectively. In point of bone it was found by comparing the perimetral indices of 46 bones with those of the Kerry and Alderney, the former being in all the bones the slighter of the two, that 15 were slighter than the Kerry, 12 of the size of the Kerry and below the Alderney, and 19 of the size of the Alderney and above it. What has been said of the Bos longifrons resembling a deer more than an ox in the slightness of its bones (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. IV., No. 23, p. 352), cannot be said to apply to the cow in use in these villages. In order to appreciate these figures it appears desirable to give here the stature at the shoulder of two fairly large animals in my possession, viz., a black Pembroke, 4 feet 2 inches, and a wild Welsh cow, white, with black ears and hoofs, one of Lord Cawdor's breed, 4 feet 7 inches. PIG.-The test animals consisted of a wild boar from Germany which was not measured in life, and a black cross-bred sow 2 feet 4 inches high at the shoulder. ROTHERLEY.—No bones of pig were found at Rotherley that were capable of measurement, although the fragments show that it stood fourth on the list of animals used for food. WOODCUTS.-Only one measurement could be obtained from one skull of pig obtained from Woodcuts. The maximum width between the zygomata was 146 millimetres, which was intermediate between the 158 of the wild boar and the 176 of the cross-bred pig. This tallies with what is generally known of the breeding of the domesticated pig which, although smaller in stature, is broader in the head. The only other measurement of the head was that of two lengths occupied by molars and pre- molars in the lower jaw, which gave 101 and 117 respectively in the ancient animals, as against 118 in the wild boar and 107 in the cross-bred pig, which showed that one of the pigs must have approached very nearly to the wild boar in length, whilst the other was shorter than the cross-bred pig. Of seven boars' tusks found at Woodcuts five were about the size of our ordinary domesticated boar's tusks, and two were much larger and about equalled those of the wild boar in size. Limb-bones.-Here it is necessary to make a distinction between the longer bones and the metacarpals and metatarsals. Of six measurements of the longer limb-bones all were beween the cross-bred sow and the wild boar, which accords with the view that the ancient pig was taller than the former and shorter than the latter. But of eight metacarpals and metatarsals, six of them were shorter than the modern sow, and the other two, intermediate. Excavations at Rotherley. 221 As regards thickness of bone all the bones were intermediate between the wild boar and the cross-bred sow, except one metacarpal, which was thinner than that of the wild boar. These figures afford very fair evidence that the pig of the village retained many of the characteristics of its prototype, the wild boar. foot SHEEP. Test animals.-The largest sheep used as a test animal was a Dorset horned ram, two years old, 2 feet 2 inches high at the shoulder. Next a Hampshire Down ewe, two years old, 2 feet 2 inches high at the shoulder. Next a St. Kilda ram, two years old, 1 foot 11 inches high at the shoulder ; a Highland ewe, seven or eight years old, 1 11 inches high at the shoulder; a St. Kilda ewe, two years old, 1 foot 9 inches high at the shoulder; and lastly a white-faced Heather ewe, three years old, and 1 foot 7 inches high at the shoulder. The St. Kilda are found only on that island. I have a flock of them in the park. They are pretty animals (see sketch on following page), resembling deer almost more than sheep in their external appearance, and the apparent slender- ness of their limbs makes them valuable as a test for comparison with the Roman sheep. The heather ewe is of a breed from Verwood in Hampshire on the borders of the New Forest, living chiefly on heather ground. They are of small size, and I have included them amongst the test animals on this account. The heather sheep, though lower at the shoulder, was slightly longer in the bones than the St. Kilda, a fact which shows that the measurement of the bones cannot be relied upon with perfect accuracy in exceptional cases; as a test of height, though, no doubt, within certain limits, it is a fair criterion. As the heather sheep appears to be the abnormal one, being proportionately too small in the body, in consequence, perhaps, of low feeding, it is desirable to omit it, and the following observations will therefore relate to a comparison of the Roman sheep with the Hampshire ewe, 2 feet 2 inches high, the Highland ewe, 1 foot 11 inches high, and the St. Kilda ewe, 1 foot 9 inches high. It should be noticed that a sheep attains its average stature at two years old, but that it continues to grow slightly until it is five years old, so that age, no less than pasture and climate, must be taken into consideration in accounting for difference of height. The ROTHERLEY.-No sufficient fragments of skull or lower jaw were obtained that could be relied upon for measurement in the sheep. Limb-bones.-Out of 35 bones measured, 2 were below the St. Kilda, 27 between the St. Kilda and the Highland ewe, and 6 above the Highland ewe, and below the Hampshire Down ewe. three tallest measured 2 feet 16 inches, 2 feet 1 inch, and 2 01 inch respectively; the three shortest 1 foot 8.2 inches, 1 foot 8.9 inches, and 1 foot 9.1 inches respectively. But the point in which the ancient sheep differed from the modern is chiefly in the slenderness of the bones, and in having longitudinal ribs and furrows along the metacarpals and metatarsals, as shown in Plate CXLIII., which represents a series of these bones, ancient and modern, drawn for comparison. Out of 34 bones measured, the perimetral index showed that 22 were more slender than those of the St. Kilda 222 Excavations at Rotherley. ram and ewe, and of these, 14 were metatarsals, the bone in which this slenderness is chiefly seen. Of the remainder all were below the Hampshire ewe, except one metacarpus, represented in Fig. 6, Plate CLXIII., which is very short and proportionately as thick as that of the Dorset horned ram. The heights of the three highest were 2 feet 16 inches, 2 feet, and 1 foot 114 inches respectively; the height of the shortest was 1 foot 7.8 inches, but there was an abnormally short one represented in Fig. 7, Plate CXLIII., the next two were 1 foot 9.1 inches and 1 foot 9.2 inches respectively. In regard to bone, out of 52 measured 44 were below the St. Kilda ram and ewe, and of these 39 were metatarsals and metacarpals, the bones in which this slenderness is chiefly seen. Of the remainder none were equal to the Hampshire Down ewe, except one, which is the one above mentioned, represented in Fig. 7, Plate CXLIII., and which was quite exceptional, exceeding even the Dorset horned ram in its proportionate thickness. It appears from these results that the breeds of sheep found in the two Romano- British villages were as a rule about the size or smaller than the Highland ewe, but that their chief peculiarity consisted in the slenderness of their limb bones, in which respect they equalled or were smaller than the St. Kilda sheep. One or two of the most remarkable examples of ribbed and furrowed metatarsals are represented in Figs. 14, 15, 19, and 20, Plate CXLIII. None of the test animals have this longitudinal furrow. ނ ނ L ناعلان EX ST KILDA SHEEP IN RUSHMORE PARK. ULL Excavations at Rotherley. 223 DOG. Test Animals. -Three test animals were employed. First, a black retriever dog, two or three years old, 2 feet 2 inches high at the shoulder; second, a retriever dog, 2 feet high at the shoulder; and third, a white fox terrier, about 1 foot 6 inches high, but this animal was not measured in life. There is a difficulty in obtaining the measurement of dogs, as our feeling of companionship towards that animal does not admit of their being deliberately killed for measure- ment, and they must be taken as they happen to die. ROTHERLEY.-The dog stands fifth on the list of the number of fragments of its bones found at Rotherley. Skulls.-One of the skulls gave exactly the same measure- ments as the second retriever, but was slightly narrower at the back of the jaw and at the post-orbital processes. It must have stood about 2 feet high at the shoulder. A second skull was nearly the size of the second retriever, and resembled it in every respect. It must have stood about 1 foot 10.5 inches at the shoulder. The third skull was also of smaller size than the second retriever, and must have stood 1 foot 11 inches at the shoulder. This skull resembled that of the retriever except that the sagittal crest of the former was not so high. The fourth skull was still smaller than the second retriever, but larger than the fox terrier, and must have stood about 1 foot 9 inches at the shoulder. Limb-bones.-Of 16 bones measured 9 are above the fox terrier in size and below the second retriever, and 7 are between the second and first retriever. The three largest dogs stood 2 feet 1 inch and 2 feet respectively; the three smallest stood 1 foot 7.8 inches, 1 foot 9.4 inches, and I foot 9.7 inches. As regards thickness of bone, it was found that the perimetral index of the ancient bones was smaller than the corresponding bones in any of the three test animals, showing that the ancient bones, without exception, must have been more slender, notwithstanding that the skulls bore a great resemblance to the retriever type. WOODCUTS.-Of the skulls of dog, the first was slightly larger than the first retriever, and must have stood about 2 feet 4 inches at the shoulder. The second skull was a little smaller than the second retriever. Of 16 lower jaws 2 were of the same size as the second retriever; 1 was larger, and must have stood about 2 feet 4 inches; 11 were between the second retriever and the fox terrier; and 2 smaller than the fox terrier. Of 32 long bones of the dog 8 were below the fox terrier; 18 between the fox terrier and the second retriever; 6 between the second retriever and below the first retriever; 8 above the first retriever. The largest dog stood 2 feet 8.1 inches; the second 2 feet 5.8 inches; and the third 2 feet 4.6 inches. The three smallest were all 12 inches in height. Limb-bones.- As regards thickness of bone, the calculations, though not so uniform as at Rotherley, nevertheless showed the same results, for all the larger dogs. Out of 40 bones measured, 31 were more slender than any of the test animals, and were intermediate between the highest and lowest test animal, and three were thicker than any of the test animals, but these were the three smallest dogs above- mentioned whose stature was 12 inches, and one of them, from the curvature of its 224 Excavations at Rotherley. humerus, had all the appearance of being a dachshund. It has been already mentioned in the first volume that an ulna of a dachshund was found at Woodcuts. We may therefore assume from this that all the larger dogs were of slender make and approached the greyhound in the form of their limbs, and it is shown by the skulls, that two breeds at least must have existed amongst the larger dogs, besides the very small ones. None of these small dogs were found at Rotherley. If, as has been supposed, the Rotherley village contained a poorer class of inhabitants, they would be less likely to have pet dogs, and would have confined themselves more to useful animals, and the fact of the village being situated on the open down would perhaps promote the use of fleeter kinds of dogs. RED DEER.-A German stag, of which I have not the size in life, is the only test animal that I possess. No fragments of red deer capable of measurement were obtained from Rotherley, and only two fragments were found at Woodcuts. Of six specimens all were below the stag in stature, and may perhaps have been females. In point of thickness of bone, the perimetral index shows that all were stouter than the stag. ROE DEER.—22 fragments were found at Rotherley of which two metacarpals only could be measured, and it appears by a comparison with a modern bone in my possession, that both the ancient specimens were much larger, and they appear to be of about the same proportionate thickness. At Woodcuts out of seven specimens, two were larger, three were of the same size, and two below my specimen. MOLLUSCA. 16 oyster-shells only were found in this village distributed as follows: Surface trenching, S.E. Quarter, 5; surface trenching, Main Circle, 1; Main Circle ditch, 2; surface trenching, Oblong Enclosure, 1; surface trenching, North Quarter, 1; Square Hut Foundation, 2; surface trenching, South Quarter, 1; 1 in the Upper Hut Cluster, 1 in Pit 10, and 1 in Pit 30. A few specimens of Helix aspersa and Helix nemoralis, together with 1 limpet shell, are also recorded. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS OF BONES OF THE SEVERAL ANIMALS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS, ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. ANIMAL. Sheep Ox PITS. OTHER EXCAVATIONS. TOTAL. PERCENTAGE. 435 995 1,430 42.6 364 721 • 1,085 32.3 202 391 593 18.8 34 72 106 3.1 63 42 105 3.1 2 20 22 0.6 • 2 1 3 0.09 0 2 1 21 0.06 0.03 1 0 1 0.03 1 0 1 0.03 1,105 2,244 3,349 100.00 • : : • Horse Pig.. Dog.. Roedeer Goat Red Deer Badger Raven Frog • • : Total.. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Number of V. VI. Drain 4, South-east VII. REMARKS. From Pit 24. Quarter. HORSE. I. II. III. From Pit 48. From Pit 48. Surface Trenching, South-east Quarter. IV. From Pit 22. 149 144 • Measurement SKULL OF HORSE. see page 209. 1-2 Length from occipital protuberance or pole to tip of anterior point of præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point .. 1-3 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina 1-4 Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the upper margins of the orbits 2-5 Length from basion to alveolar point 6-6 Least width at union of frontal and parietal bones behind the orbits.. 7-7 Maximum width between zygomata • 8-8 Maximum bi-orbital width.. 9-9 Minimum inter-orbital width 10-10 1-5 11-11 Least width on upper side of præmaxillary bone behind the incisors.. Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to summit of occipital protuberance Length occupied by molars and præmolars • : : : : LOWER JAW. 12-12 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary 13-13 Least width of inferior maxillary behind incisors 14-14 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 15-15 16-16 Height from summit of coronoid process to lowest part of angle Length occupied by molars and præmolars Number of Measurement : SKULL OF Ox. : : 82 166 169 129 103 54 77 156 • 159 : · • : 38 : 88 150 : : On bottom of South-east Drain. (Young horse.) 90 113 93 : : : : :: : : : : : : 393 42 87 93 : 86 160 185 150 152 Ο Χ. I. Pit 48, at a depth II. Pit 82. of 5 feet 9 inches. see page 211. 17-18 17-19 17-20 Length from the pole to the tip of the anterior point of the præmaxillary bone-the alveolar point Length from the pole to the centre of a line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina Length from the pole to the centre of a line joining the upper margins of the orbits 18-21 Length from basion to alveolar point 22-22 Least frontal width between the horns and the orbits 23-23 Least parietal width beneath the horns at back of skull • 24-24 Maximum width between zygomata • : • 25-25 Maximum bi-orbital width.. 26-26 Minimum inter-orbital width 17-21 27-27 Greatest height between lower margins of occipital foramen and summit of pole Length occupied by molars and præmolars LOWER JAW. 28-28 29-29 30-30 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 31-31 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind incisors 32-32 Length occupied by molars and præmolars Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary Greatest length from summit of coronoid process to lower part of angle beneath it : : : : ~ • : : : : : • 96 153 138 119 99 140 137 : : : : : : • 165 145 : : : : : REMARKS. I. II. III. IV. Pit 48. Pit 48. Pit 48. Ditch 4. V. Hypocaust. VI. Pit 43. VII. Pit 56. α. b. 348 346 197 63 59 59 66 70* 72* 66 62 * Young. 30 28 28 24 26* 26* 24 24 132 127 120 130 127 125 All the measurements are given in millimetres. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY-continued. :: : : : : : SKULL OF SHEEP. SHEEP. I. III. Pit 62. Pit 52. Pit 52. II. IV. Pit 82. V. Pit 82. VI. Pit 82. VII. Pit 82. : : : :::: : : : REMARKS. 13 11 11 11 10 11 40 34 35 31 30 28 70 66 66 59 68 64 :: : : : : : 48-49 48-50 49-51 • Length from upper margin of occipital foramen to tip of præmaxillary bone—the alveolar point Length from upper margin of occipital foramen to centre of line joining the upper margins of the superciliary foramina Length from basion to alveolar point 52-52 Maximum bi-orbital width.. 53-53 Minimum inter-orbital width 54-54 Maximum width between zygomata 55-55 Length occupied by molars and præmolars : : : Number of Measurement see page 213. • : : LOWER JAW. 56-56 Length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary bone 57-57 Least height of inferior maxillary behind incisors 58-58 59-59 Least height of inferior maxillary behind molars Length occupied by molars : : : : 145 148 I. DOG. II. III. IV. V. Pit 45. Pit 52. Pit 75. Pit 48. : : : : : REMARKS. : : • 68 64 64 68 I. II. III. IV. v. Pit 15. Pit 45. East Quarter, Surface Trenching. Pit 46. East Quarter, VI. Pit 61. VII. S.E. Quarter, VIII. Pit 48. Surface Trenching. Surface Trenching. : 150 146* 150 * Approximate. 53 53 : : • 28 29 27 29 28 25 21 28 24 23 22 17 20 : : : 77 73 82 77 75 74 71 78 202 190 : 94 97 93 85 • 179 37 : : 35 39 106 • 104 103 : 47 48 50 40 42 38 35 64 60 Pit 15. Number of Measurement see page 214. SKULL OF DOG. Length from occipital protuberance to tip of præmaxillary—the alveolar point Length from occipital protuberance to centre of a line joining the post-orbital processes of the frontal bone Length from basion to alveolar point 60-61 60-62 61-63 64-64 Least width of frontal bone behind post-orbital processes 65-65 Maximum width between zygomata 66-66 Maximum bi-orbital width.. • 67-67 Minimum inter-orbital width 63-68 : : : : Height from lower margin of occipital foramen to the highest point of the sagittal crest. (The occipital protuberance being rounded is not available for this measurement.) LOWER JAW. : 70-70 71-71 Greatest length from back of condyle to tip of inferior maxillary Height from summit of coronoid process to lowest point of inferior maxillary immediately beneath it 72-72 Least depth of inferior maxillary behind molars 73-73 Least depth of inferior maxillary in front of præmolars 74-74 Length occupied by molars and præmolars : : : : 69-69 Length occupied by molars and præmolars : : All the measurements are given in millimetres. ANIMAL. BONE. I. II. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. III. IV. 1. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF LIMB-BONES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS FOUND IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE, VILLAGE, ROTHERLEY. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. VI. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. VII. VIII. IX. X. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Femur... Tibia R. 329 134 407 325 114 350 318 108 339 313a 109 348 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... L. ... ... ... R. 318 107 336 308 97 315 305 97 318 304 101 332 294 ... L. ... 100 340 292 ... ... ... ... 289 92 315 ... ... 92 318 ... ... ... Humerus R. 278 112 403 247 102 413 242 96 397 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... L. 248 102 ... HORSE. Radius... R. 322 ... L. 323 110 340 Metacarpus R. 210 ... L. 220 Metatarsus R. 274 95 346 Li. Phalanx ... 79 88:8 96 436 * : : 75 ... ***: 2:35: 411 ... 99 307 ... ... ... * * ... 183 5:0 96 308 ... ... ... 75 8.4 ... 74 82 312 307 :3: 92 303 ... 366 206 403 206 84 408 ... 204 84 411 ... 257 87 338 255 86 18:888 ... 93 303 303 ... ... 337 253 80 316 ... 74 80 ... ... ... ... 294 86 290 292 302 202 ... ... ... ... 81 401 201 84 417 200 93 318 82 410 ... : 250 86 344 247 86 318 239 ... ... ... ... ... 79 330 73 84 ... 70 77 ... 70 77 ... ... ... OX. PIG. Femur... Tibia ... Humerus Radius... Metacarpus Metatarsus ... R. R. Ø på 22 2ĤĤĤ · ... 320* 103 322 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... R. 297 91 306 ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... 244* 100 409 ... L. 259* 116 447 ... R. 240 87 362 ... ... R. 178 80 235* 449 174 ... 102 ... 434 83 477 170 ... ... ... L. 205 100 488 ... ... R. 209 79 378 206 79 383 ... L. 204 ... ... 88 ::19 ... ... ... 75 367 200 88 ∞:: 0 ::: ... ... ... 518 ... ... 198 86 430 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ::88: ... ... 86 434 ... ... ... ... 196 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ::: ... : ::: ... ... 80 408 NO REMAINS CAPABLE OF MEASUREMENT. ... ... Femur.. Tibia R. 150* 38 253 149* 39 262 L. ... ... R. 203 45 221 ... L. ... ... 188 44 231 123* 40 123* 39 138* 141 182* 325 122 317 33 239 ... 137* 138* 33 239 137 SHEEP. Humerus Radius... Metacarpus Metatarsus R. L. 123* 41 333 ... ... R. ... ... ... L. 162 46 284 R. 137 I. ... R. 126* L. 126 32 19:52 42 306 119 27 214 259 ... 125* 27 216 123 ... ... ... 35 46 ... 326 170 ... 31 45 369 ... 33 241 ... ... 248 130 34 ... 118 37 314 ... ... ... 115 29 29 236 121 DOG. ... ... ... 100 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 39 300 123 ~ : ~ : : : : 31 27 ... 269 115 ... 223 119 ... 36 293 ... ... :: 8:2 ... ... 33 287 114 29 244 ... ... ... • ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Length. Least Circumference. ... ... ... Perimetral Index. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. Length. Least Circumference. ... ... ... ... Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. ... ... ... ... ... 288 94 326 287 97 338 284 89 313 284 91 320 283 92 325 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31 272 ... ... ... ... Femur.. ... .. R. 187a 45 240 1876 46 246 181c 40 221 170 42 247 ... ... ... ... Tibia ... ... Humerus Radius... Ulna ... Metacarpal Metatarsal L. 186a 45 242 1866 45 242 180c 40 222 170 R. 181a 42 † 1846 39 212 186c 37 199 L. 195a 41 210 1846 40 217 185c 37 R. 173a 45 260 1696 44 260 164c 41 250 L. 173a 45 260 1696 44 260 163c 41 251 148 42 247 161 35 217 ... ... ... • ... ... 200 ... ... ... ... ... 146 36 246 ... 36 243 ... ... ... R. 173u 37 213 1716 32 187 163c 31 190 131 25 190 ... L. ... ... 1696 32 189 166c 30 180 155 30 193 146 27 185 ... ... ... R. ... 176 22 125 151 12 79 ... ... ... ... L. 1996 18 904 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72a ... 20 646 19 ... 70a 17 73b ... 20 ... 69c 19 77c 19 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 014 ... ... ... ... • : ... Metacarpus ROE-DEER. Metatarsus ... R. 180 L. ... R. 45 ... L. 45 齿​齿​品 ​46 ... 255 177 43 243 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 113* 29 257 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Length. Least Circumference. ... ... 276 279 89 319 ... ... ... Perimetral Index. 91 329 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 289 ... 199 237 68 84 290 ... 286 85 297 284 91 320 281a 85 302 278 87 313 276 88 319 190 75 394 ... 180a 75 417 81 407 190 75 394 188 ... 73 388 185 77 416 ... 75 316 235 ... ... 77 327 ... 76 ... 235 82 348 233 76 326 235 ... 77 327 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 112* ... : ... ... 32 236 ::: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... :: ... ... ... ... ::: ... : ::: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... *** ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 111 30 270 111 30 270 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 110 35 318 109 44 403 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... All the measurements are given in millimetres. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... :. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 ... ... ::: ... ... ... ... ... :: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... :::: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. ... ... ... ... Length. ... ... ... 276 90 326 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 232 ... ... ... Least Circumference. ... Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. ... ... ... ... ... 268a 90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 336 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 883 221 ... 82 353 232 78 336 ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... • ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Perimetral Index. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... REMARKS. a. Portion of skeleton found in Pit 24, South- east Quarter. 78 353 * Diseased. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... :.. ... ... ... ... ::: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 440 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... :: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... * Approximate. ... * From Pit 82, North Quarter. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... : ... ... ... ... ... ... a. Skeleton of dog, found in Pit 21. b. Skeleton of dog, found in Pit 15, S.E. Quarter. c. Skeleton of dog, found at a depth of 7' 8" in the filling of Pit 45, Main Circle. ... † Broken during life. ... ... 2 G 226 Excavations at Rotherley. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXLIII. Plate of drawings of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of sheep, actual size, showing the relative size and form of those found in Woodcuts and Rotherley, as compared with those of the test animals. The longitudinal furrows of the metatarsals of the ancient sheep are shown in Figs. 14 to 20, whilst they are absent in all those of the test animals, Figs. 21 to 26. These furrows are to afford space for the stronger muscles and tendons of the ancient animals accustomed to stronger exercise. metatarsal of roedeer is also given for comparison with those of sheep. A All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the height of the test animals, which is in feet and inches. METACARPALS, ANCIENT. Fig. 1.—Right metacarpus; length 137; least circumference 39; perimetral index 284; Fig. 4, Plate LXVIII., Vol. I., Woodcuts; found in the filling of Pit. 15, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 2.-Right metacarpus ; length 130; least circumference 39; perimetral index 300; found in the filling of the Main Ditch, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 3.-Right metacarpus ; length 124; least circumference 37; perimetral index 298; found in the filling of the Main Ditch, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 4.—-Right metacarpus ; length 120; least circumference 34; perimetral index 283; found in the filling of the Main Ditch, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 5.—Right metacarpus; length 112; least circumference 32; perimetral index 286; found in the filling of Pit 82, Romano-British Village, Rotherley. Fig. 6.—Left metacarpus, exceptionally stout; length 109; least circumference 44 ; perimetral index 403; found in surface trenching, South-east Quarter, Romano-British Village, Rotherley. Fig. 7.-Right metacarpus ; length 99; least circumference 43; perimetral index 434; found in the filling of Pit 23, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. IDATE VALILL. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 METATARSAL BONES OF ANCIENT SHEEP, FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS 14 15 UNIC OF -- 16 METACARPAL BONES OF ANCIENT SHEEP, FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS. 17 19 18 27 METACARPAL BONES OF MODERN SHEEP, TEST ANIMALS. METATARSUS OF ROE-DEER. + 20 21 22 METATARSAL BONES OF MODERN SHEEP, TEST ANIMALS, 24 23 25 26 UNIV OF MICH Wyman & Sons, Litho.G:Queen St London, W.C. Excavations at Rotherley. 227 METACARPALS, MODERN. Fig. 8.-Left metacarpus of St. Kilda ewe; length 107; least circumference 34; perimetral index 318; height of ewe at shoulder 1 foot 9 inches. Fig. 9.-Left metacarpus of St. Kilda ram; length 110; least circumference 36; perimetral index 328; height of ram at shoulder 1 foot 11 inches. Fig. 10.-Left metacarpus of Heather sheep (ewe); length 111; least circumference 36; perimetral index 324; height of ewe at shoulder 1 foot 7 inches. Fig. 11.—Left metacarpus of Highland horned ewe; length 119; least circumference 39; perimetral index 328; height of ewe at shoulder 1 foot 11 inches. Fig. 12.—Left metacarpus of Dorset horned ram; length 134; least circumference 55 ; perimetral index 410; height of ram at shoulder 2 feet 2 inches. Fig. 13.-Left metacarpus of Hampshire Down ewe; length 138; least circumference 50; perimetral index 362; height of ewe at shoulder 2 feet 2 inches. METATARSALS, ANCIENT. Fig. 14.-Right metatarsus; length 137; least circumference 35; perimetral index 255; found in the filling of Pit 43, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 15.-Right metatarsus; length 129; least circumference 35; perimetral index 271; found in the filling of the Main Ditch, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 16.-Left metatarsus; length 125; least circumference 27; perimetral index 216; found in the filling of Pit 82, Romano-British Village, Rotherley. Fig. 17.—Left metatarsus; length 122; least circumference 30; perimetral index 246; found in the filling of Pit 31, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 18.-Left metatarsus; length 121; least circumference 27; perimetral index 223; found in the filling of the South-east Drain, Romano-British Village, Rotherley. Fig. 19.—Left metatarsus; length 120; least circumference 38; perimetral index 316; found in the filling of Pit 11, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. Fig. 20.-Left metatarsus; length 119; least circumference 31; perimetral index 260; found in the filling of the Main Ditch, Romano-British Village, Woodcuts. METATARSALS, MODERN. Fig. 21.—Left metatarsus of St. Kilda ewe; length 115; least circumference 32; perimetral index 278; height of ewe at shoulder 1 foot 9 inches. Fig. 22.-Left metatarsus of Heather sheep (ewe); length 116; least circumference 34; perimetral index 293; height of ewe at shoulder 1 foot 7 inches. 2 G 2 228 Excavations at Rotherley. Fig. 23.-Left metatarsus of St. Kilda ram; length 124; least circumference 34; perimetral index 274; height of ram at shoulder 1 foot 11 inches. Fig. 24.-Left metatarsus of Highland horned ewe; length 128; least circumference 38; perimetral index 297; height of ewe at shoulder 1 foot 11 inches. Fig. 25.-Left metatarsus of Dorset horned ram; length 147; least circumference 52; perimetral index 354; height of ram at shoulder 2 feet 2 inches. Fig. 26.-Left metatarsus of Hampshire Down ewe; length 150; least circumference 48; perimetral index 320; height of ewe at shoulder 2 feet 2 inches. Fig. 27.-Right metatarsus of roedeer; length 188; 188; least circumference 38; perimetral index 202. Excavations at Rotherley. 229 • TABLE OF ANCIENT BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH WHEAT FROM THE LOCALITIES NAMED. (Reproduced from Volume I.) WOODCUTS, ROMANO- BRITISH. Height above mean sea-level ROTHERLEY, ROMANO-BRITISH. WINKELBURY. BRITISH, PRE-ROMAN. Height above mean sea-level 659 ft. Height above mean sea-level = 851 ft. = 487 ft. 1 WOODCUTS. Pit 43. 2 ROTHERLEY. Hole "n," Group 3. 3 ROTHERLEY. 4 ROTHERLEY. 5 WINKELBURY 6 WINKELBURY "" Pit 43. Main Circle. Pit 54. HILL. Pit 3. HILL. Pit 7. Number of grains of Wheat contained in a cubic inch. 323 386 418 480 655 681 TABLE OF MODERN WHEAT GROWN IN NEARLY THE SAME LOCALITIES AS THE ANCIENT BRITISH AND ROMANO-BRITISH. (Reproduced from Volume I.) 1 BENNETT'S FARM, WOODCUTS. 2 STREET'S FARM, WOODCUTS. mile from the Romano-British Village. 3 4 WINKELBURY HILL. WINKELBURY HILL. “Tailing Wheat," "Seconds." Best Wheat. "Firsts." Number of grains of Wheat 276 323 369 377 contained in a cubic inch. TABLE OF FRAGMENTS OF WOOD FOUND IN ROTHERLEY AS IDENTIFIED BY MR. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S. The Oak appears by the fragments identified to be the commonest wood in use in Rotherley, the following being the order of their occurrence in point of number, viz. :-Oak (Quercus robur, L.); Ash (Fraxinus excelsior, L.); Willow (Salix, sp.); Edible Chestnut (Castanea vulgaris, Lam.); Elm (Ulmur campestris, L.); Hazel (Corylus avellana, L.); Beech (Fagus sylvatica, L.); Walnut (Juglans regia). The Edible Chestnut (Castanea vulgaris), was found in three pits in Rotherley. In Woodcuts this wood was also identified, but it was found only in the rich quarter, which led to the supposition that it might possibly have been introduced there in the 230 Excavations at Rotherley. form of furniture by the Romans; but the fact of its being pretty evenly distributed in Rotherley, shows that it was in all probability indigenous at that time, thereby throwing light on a disputed question. LOCALITY. IDENTIFICATION. Main Circle Ditch. Main Circle Ditch. Oak. of A mixture wheat, hay, &c. probably fodder for cattle. Ditch of North-East- ern Enclosure. South-east Drain. Oak. Oak, Elm and Ash. Drain 4, South-east Oak. Quarter. REMARKS. LOCALITY. IDENTIFICATION. REMARKS. Pit 48, Main Circle. Oak. "" 49, Main Circle. Edible Chestnut. Found with bones of new born infant on step. - 50, Main Circle. "" Oak and Willow. Depth 2′ 2″. - 54, North east Ash. Enclosure. No. 6. "" 55, North Quarter. Oak. Found under and about Skeleton Found with Skele- ton 7. "" 55, NorthQuarter. Ash. Found on the Surface Trenching Willow. over Ditch. Southern Cross Ditch, South- Ash. east Quarter. Surface Trenching, Ash. South-east Quarter. Southern Ditch, Oak. South-east Quarter. Square Hut Founda- tion, South - east Quarter. "" Oak. Found with grain Hypocaust, South- Willow. east Quarter. Pit 1, South east Edible Chestnut. - under a fragment of quernstone. On the bottom. 59, NorthQuarter. Oak and Hazel. bottom. Found at depth of 2' 11". Found under and around an entire pot. Depth 7′ 4″ under a large pot. "" 66, West Quarter. Oak. · "" 69, South East Oak. Quarter. 19 72, NorthQuarter. Oak and Willow. 75, South East Quarter. 76, South East - Quarter. 81, West Quarter. 87, North Quarter. Hole o, Group 3, North-east Enclo- sure. Found bottom. on the Found bottom. on the Oak, Ash and Hazel. Oak. Beech. On the bottom. Oak and Wainut. Ash. Hole c, West Quarter. Oak. Hole v, East Quarter. Hazel. Hole m, Group 3, Oak. North-east Enclo- sure. Found on the top. Found with frag- ment of burnt bone in a pot. Quarter. "" 7, South east Quarter. Oak, Ash and Elm. "" 23, South Quarter. 39, East Quarter. - east Oak. Depth 2 feet. 43, Main Circle. Edible Chestnut. Oak. 45, Main Circle. Oak, Ash, Elm and Willow. PETROLOGY. Specimens of the various stones found in the Romano-British Village, Rotherley, having been submitted to Mr. Rudler, of the Geological Museum in Jermyn Street, London, S.W., he has kindly had them identified and returned them with the accompanying letter and report :- Dear General Pitt-Rivers, MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY, 18th May, 1888. Since you favoured me with a call, a few days ago, respecting the rock-specimens from your recent excavations, the collection has been carefully examined by several officers of the Geological Survey, including Mr. H. B. Woodward, Mr. W. Topley, Excavations at Rotherley. 231 Mr. A. Strahan and Mr. C. E. De Rance. From their opinions the accompanying notes have been prepared. You will realize the great difficulty of assigning some of the specimens to specific geological horizons, and to definite localities, and will, therefore, understand why it is desirable to regard some of the references as possibilities rather than as certainties. Very faithfully yours, F. W. RUDLER. Most of the specimens are fine-grained, micaceous sandstones, grits and quartzites, generally of reddish or brownish colour, and distinctly of an Upper Silurian aspect. A few, however, might be referable to the Pennant Grit (Coal Measures) or to the Old Red Sandstone, of the Somersetshire coal district, or the Mendip Hills. All the specimens are rolled, and their aspect suggests that they might have been derived from drift-gravels, or from the beds of streams. Unfor- tunately, however, we possess no definite knowledge of the occurrence of such gravels in the neighbourhood. Those stones which have been utilized in the formation of tools, millstones, &c., have been brought from various directions, but not necessarily from a great distance. The following specimens deserve special mention :- No. 2.-Hornstone, No. 11.—Sandstone from the Upper Greensand, probably from the beds exposed along the Escarpment, near Shaftesbury, &c. No. 12.-Calcareous sandstone. This might be from the Portland beds in the Vale of Wardour. No. 20.-This most resembles Old Red Sandstone. It consists of pebbles of vein quartz in a hard reddish sandy matrix. No. 44.-Purbeck Marble, with Paludina, &c. This rock has not been found in the Vale of Wardour, and is not known nearer than the Isle of Purbeck, in the neighbourhood of Swanage. No. 45.-A coarse grit, containing large pieces of quartz, almost unrolled. Similar rocks occur in the Lower Carboniferous series. No. 47.-Grey-wether, or Sarsen stone; probably from the Chalk Downs of Wilts or Dorset. EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP. 2 H PLATE CXLIV. TRUE SPRING WATE PLAN OF WINKELBURY HILL. TREET, مود 400 1 ANCIENT ROAD المسيرة BERWICK ST JOHN IME TO RUSMMON IL POND 500 300 300 100 MÜLL TUMULUS MIÐ STREIT DWELLING WINKELBURY CAMP ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY REMAINS OF OUTER INTS SCALE OF FEET, 1000 1500 2000 www - - w • TO ALVEDESTON 2500 Wyman&Sons.Photo-Litho. G!Queen S'London, WC. Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 233 EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP, SOUTH WILTSHIRE. Winkelbury (Wincel-Burh, Ang.-Sax., the corner fort), as its name implies, is thirteen miles west south-west of Salisbury, and five miles due south of Tisbury Station. It is 1 mile 694 yards N. of the Romano-British Village, at Rotherley, described in this Volume and mentioned in the first Volume of Excavations in Cran- borne Chase. It occupies the end of a northern spur of the Wiltshire downs at an altitude of 851 feet above mean sea-level, and commands an extensive view of the surrounding country in all directions, but especially towards the north-west and north- east, in which latter direction the spire of Salisbury Cathedral can be distinctly seen from the ramparts on a clear day. To the actual north the view is somewhat restricted by White Sheet Hill on the opposite side of the Broad Chalke Valley. Towards the S.W. also it has an extensive view, reaching nearly to the sea, but being on the northern side of the Wiltshire downs, the view of the country to the south is confined to a distant panorama, the near view being intercepted by a slight intervening rise. Win Green, surmounted by its conspicuous clump of trees, the highest point in the neighbourhood, rises to an altitude of 914 feet above mean sea-level, and is in the direction nearly opposite to Salisbury. The general central line of the watershed of the Wiltshire downs running east and west passes from half to three-quarters of a mile to the south of the camp. The area of the camp-about 12 acres-embraces the whole end of the spur or promontory of the hill, the rampart and ditch being drawn along the natural line of defence on the north, east, and west sides commanding the valley in all directions on those sides, and overlooking the village of Berwick St. John in the bottom to the N.W., but the slopes of the hill on these three sides are too steep to be seen into everywhere from the rampart, and many spots of dead ground exist upon the sides of the hill in which an enemy might lie concealed from the defenders. On the south side of the camp the hill instead of falling, rises at a very slight angle, and as it affords no natural protection on that side, the defenders had to rely on their rampart only. Accordingly we find that it is of greater strength on that side having a deeper and wider ditch, and the earth excavated from it is thrown up to form a higher rampart than on the other sides. 2 H 2 234 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. The original depth of the ditch beneath the surface of the ground on this side as shown in Section I., Plate CXLV., was 11 feet 8 inches, its width at the bottom, 5 feet, and the rampart is 7 feet high above the old surface line, whereas on the north side, the original depth shown in Section III., Plate CXLV., was only 9 feet, its width at the bottom 2 feet 2 inches, and the rampart only 34 feet above the old surface line; yet, notwithstanding this greater expenditure of labour on the south side, the com- mand of the crest of the rampart over the crest of the counterscarp, that is to say, over the outer edge of the ditch, is less on this side than on the north, being only 6 feet on the south against 13 feet on the north. This shows the importance which the defenders attached to having a good command over the immediate outside of the work, and although it is a principle of defence common to all camps in which hand weapons and missiles of short range were employed, the greater size of the rampart on the weak side is an especial characteristic of the defences of the Britons. The southern face of the camp also presents some features worthy of attention. It runs across the hill from the valley on one side to the valley on the other, but between the two flanks of this face and the side ramparts of the camp on the east and west a space of open ground intervenes which, being on the two salient angles, of course weakens the defences considerably at these points. Thinking it possible that the rampart might have originally existed over these gaps and been levelled and the ditch filled in at some time subsequent to the construction of the camp, I cut trenches in the ground at several spots in these intervals where the ditch might perhaps have extended, but found that the ground was everywhere undisturbed. These openings were therefore part of the original scheme of defence, and ought to be accounted for. That on the south-west is 115 feet wide, and that on the south-east is 55 feet. The rampart on this southern face is also divided into two wings, using the term in the sense of the two wings of a battalion, the left or eastern wing is advanced about 120 feet beyond the western in what in military phraseology would be called direct echelon, so as to leave an opening 90 feet wide in the centre of the face between the two inner ends of the wings. The inner ends of these wings overlap, but so slightly that an oblique view from the south-west sees completely into the inner portion of the camp. The opening, although it is thus defended from a direct attack from the front, is so wide on the side view of it that together with the two gaps at the angles above mentioned, it reduces considerably the strength of what was naturally the weakest side of the camp, and this points obviously to a necessity which must have existed for large openings for the ingress or exit of a considerable body of men or animals in a short time under pressure from without. The camp is further divided into two nearly equal halves by a low rampart and ditch running across the middle of it in a direction nearly parallel to the south face. The ditch of this small rampart, not more than 3 feet deep originally, and 4 feet wide at the bottom, is on the south side of the rampart, showing that it was the northern, Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 235 or in point of altitude, the lower half of the camp which it was intended to divide off and defend from the higher or southern portion, after the latter had been gained. The opening through this small cross rampart was in the centre, and running from it down the centre of the camp for a distance of 66 yards in a northerly direction might be seen a depression described as the "Mid Street" in the Plan, Plate CXLIV. It was about 10 inches deep and 10 feet wide on the surface of the turf, marking probably the site of the principal street of the camp. The central dividing rampart was not straight but curved out in the centre towards the south, thereby embracing to some extent the crown of the hill, and showing that in all probability this inner rampart no less than the outer one was thrown up with a view to defence, and intended to hold the northern or lower end of the camp after the upper and southern end had been taken. A similar division, by means of a small inner rampart, is seen in Maiden Castle, near Dorchester, and some other camps in the neighbourhood, but in this case the dividing off of the lower and consequently less commanding portion of the camp as a citadel from the upper and stronger half, seems to imply that other considerations in addition to those of defence, influenced the particular arrangement of this camp. We may observe that the upper half of this camp, which we must call the outer portion, was contiguous to the flat downland plateau on the outside of the camp which was suitable for the grazing of cattle, whereas the lower and southern portion being bounded by steep slopes, terminating probably at that time in wooded bottoms, was difficult of access for sheep and oxen. It seems likely therefore that the garrison inhabited this northern half of the camp and that the dividing rampart separated the inhabited portion of the camp from that which, being contiguous to the flat plain outside, was devoted to the cattle when driven in, and this may also explain the use of the three large openings in the outer rampart on this side which may have been so constructed for the purpose of driving quickly in, when attacked by a neigh- bouring tribe, the animals which in ordinary times were kept grazing on the downland to the south of the camp. This downland was probably always suitable for grazing purposes. The forest district of Cranborne Chase, which spreads over the country for some miles to the south, east, and west, does not rise higher than about 650 feet above the sea- level, that is, to a distance of about 1 mile 730 yards from the camp leaving an open downland space of about a mile in width and 10 miles in length along the tops of the Wiltshire hills contiguous to the camp, which could never, owing the slight depth of soil, have been covered with trees. Much of it was cultivated in prehistoric times, and traces of terrace cultivation and square enclosures may still be seen on the south side of the hills, but much must have remained in pasture, and herein consisted the wealth, if wealth it can be called, of the prehistoric inhabitants of Winkelbury. Here also was the point of attraction for neighbouring marauders. coming from the north, though no doubt he would be partly concealed at that time by the wooded valley of Broad Chalke and the low district about Donhead and Ferne, An enemy 236 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. would be exposed to view from the hill, and would have to ascend a steep open slope before he reached the camp, affording time for the defenders to retreat behind their ramparts. But from the recesses of Cranborne Chase on the south, an attacking party might come upon the flocks unawares. The first sign of their approach would be the signal for the shepherds to drive their cattle into the camp. From the south, east and west the cattle would converge towards the camp, and in their retreat would congregate in large numbers upon the plateau immediately outside the camp, the marauders carrying off from the outskirts of the retreating columns, such animals as remained behind. To get their cattle quickly within the entrenchment would therefore be a matter of forethought and arrangement with the inhabitants of Winkel · bury. To this end, the large openings which I have described appear to have been left in the ramparts so as to enable the flocks and herds to be driven in with a broad front and this was provided for even at the expense of weakening the defences on this side. Once within the ramparts the object of the assailants would be defeated; the outer rampart would be manned and the inner dividing rampart would be held by a reserve body and would afford security against a coup de main, and it is hardly probable, judging from the usual habits of people in a pastoral stage of civilization, that they would proceed to besiege the camp. : The spot is one that nothing but dire necessity and the unavoidable conditions of subsistence and defence would have induced any people to occupy as a place of residence; coming up from the South the temperature lowers sensibly at all seasons of the year as you rise above the level of the woods, and on the north the position of the camp, exposed to the long reach of the north-east wind along the valley of Broad Chalke makes this probably one of the coldest, bleakest spots in the south of England. We shall see how far the excavations justify the idea of a poor pastoral people, such as I have supposed the inhabitants of Winkelbury to have been at that time. Outside the camp, about 566 yards to the south, there appears also to have been another rampart parallel to the southern face of it. It ran from valley to valley, and originally cut off the whole of the promontory of the hill at its base, allowing space between it and the main rampart for the grazing of a considerable number of cattle, but it has been a good deal obliterated by cultivation and can now be only indistinctly traced. In its eastern portion it appears to have had an opening similar to that which I have described in the centre of the south face of the camp itself, formed by the arrangement of the rampart in direct echelon, the ends slightly overlapping. Between this outer rampart and the camp the ground is occupied by several tumuli, viz., three with small ditches round them and two plain ones. There is also a tumulus near and outside the south-eastern corner of the camp on the side of the hill. A small bank, whether ancient or modern I am unable to say, runs from the centre of the advanced rampart towards the west of the camp and ends on the brow of the hill. Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 237 In front of the centre of the east face of the camp and just outside the edge of the ditch, there was a pit surrounded by a bank, and from the pit two small tracks led, one to the east terminating on the brow of the hill, and one to the north also terminating on the brow of the hill on that side. Besides the three larger openings on the south side of the camp and the opening through the centre of the inner dividing rampart which I have spoken of, there is another entrance to the camp on the north side above the village of Berwick St. John, and from it an ancient roadway is seen running obliquely down the side of the hill to the south-west, viz., the direc- tion of the nearest spring. There are also to be seen other trackways running terrace- like down the steep hill which bounds the west side of the camp in the direction of the spring and which seem to me to imply that constant traffic was at one time going on outside and past the camp. On the east and west sides of the hill are two very deep gulleys occupied by roads running north and south, one on the east running to the lower Bridmore valley and the other occupied by the present road from Rushmore to the village of Berwick St. John. These gullies appear to have been formed in the course of years by rain-water running along the channels formed, in the first instance by mule or horse-tracks and gradually washing it down, they afford good examples of the great amount of denudation that is produced by running water in this way. That on the east is now as much as 23 feet deep and 63 feet wide on the top. That on the west side also shows evidence of continuous deepening and change of track. The old line of track after having worked down to a depth of 8 feet has been abandoned for a parallel side track which has now worked down to a still lower level of 10 feet, leaving between the two tracks an apparently high bank which local people sometimes suppose to be a rampart and to have formed part of the defences of the hill, but its summit is only on the natural level of the surface of the ground and the parallel ditches on each side of it have been excavated by water and traffic and the materials have been washed away by running water and lost in the streams below. The nearest supply of water is now reached only at the foot of the hill to the west, at a distance of 850 yards from the camp. Whether or not this was the source of supply for the camp at the time of its occupation it is difficult to say. It is a difficulty always or frequently met with in these camps, and one which has even led some persons to assume in the face of distinct evidence to the contrary, that they could not have been camps but places of temporary resort for religious or other purposes. In this camp, however, as in many others, we shall see that there is evidence of continuous occupation. Three explanations only can be given to account for this absence of water in camps, one, that the inhabitants fetched their water from the outside, a matter of difficulty if the camp was continuously and systematically besieged, but of such a custom in early times we have no evidence, nor, I may say, viewing the habits of uncivilized people generally, is it probable that such was the case. It is 238 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. probable that warfare in those days consisted of raids between neighbouring tribes and that the defenders carried in with them such a supply of water as they might require during a short attack never exceeding a day or two. The second explanation is that wells may have existed which have been filled up and have never since been discovered. The third explanation is that the springs were higher in prehistoric times and nearer the camps. We know that in many chalk districts and in this neighbour- hood in particular, there are high springs which run only in the winter when the hills have sopped up the winter rains and retained it like sponges at higher levels, and in ancient times, when the valleys and hill-slopes were covered with forests, even if no other physical causes tended to produce moisture, the hills at all seasons must have been full of water shooting out in higher places than is the case at present, but of which evidence may still be seen in many districts and in many spots where no water has run within the memory of man. In the case of Winkelbury, however, it does not appear probable from the form of the hill that any spring could have run out from the hill itself. That the present spring in the valley close by was a point of resort for travellers in ancient times, is shown by the deep tracks which are seen on the hills converging to it from the south side, and the absence of water in all the region to the southward included within Cranborne Chase where roofs and dew-ponds now afford the only supply for man and beast for some miles except where deep wells have been sunk, afford good reason why so many ways should be seen trending towards the nearest spring that is to be found on the northern slope of the Wiltshire Downs. Never- theless this was a region thickly inhabited in prehistoric times, as I have shown in my account of the Romano-British Villages of Woodcuts and Rotherley, and the fact that the water-level stood higher in the hill in Roman times is proved by the relative depth of the Roman and modern wells which I have spoken of in my first volume. a Opinions have been hazarded by several writers as to the date and object of this camp, but I am not aware that any exploration of it has been attempted. Sir Richard Colt Hoare, after describing the three entrances which I have mentioned, observes that it differs materially from any camp that he has seen. He says that it contains 121 acres, and that its circumference is 1,056 yards, which is about correct, 1,040 yards being the measurement taken by me along the crest of the rampart. He says the ramparts are 39 feet deep, but this is an exaggeration, as they nowhere approach that depth. His description is accompanied by a very rough plan. The Rev. F. Warne also mentions, and gives a rough plan of, this camp, including it amongst those which he believes to be constructed for permanent occupation rather than for military purposes. He suggests that the interior division which I have described denotes a a The Ancient History of South Wiltshire, folio, 1812, page 247. b ↳ Somersetshire Archæological and Natural History Society, Proceedings, Vol. VIII., part 2, p. 63. b E 270 Ar $9.9 30′0″ SECTION ACROSS MID-STREET. 3°0′ 3′0″ 44″ 44″ 30″ 9′0″ 33 A Fraginent of Red Samian Pottery. 300 WINKELBURY CAMP. SECTIONS OF RAMPARTS, DITCHES, PITS, ETC. DITCHES, PITS, ETC. SECTION I ON LINE A B OF PLAN. 7.82 14-55 ·10% J´11½ 2'4' 2'7" 10' 10.6 12′0 RAM PART 2'10§ 2'10 ₤ 9'2 13'13 71.35 19:39 ELA:CL ZE: 57 30'0 T 9.13 9.50 30′0″ A Cluster of 445 Flint Flakes and 1 Flint Flaker. B Kimmeridge Shale Ring. SECTION IT ON LINE C D OF PLAN. 08.5 ·10' 10" DITCH! RAMPART. 15'0" 944 A. Fragment of Pottery. SECTION III ACROSS NORTH RAMPART ON LINE E F OF PLAN. 7'4-" 4'3' 50" 30" 15'0" 14.2: RAM 10:32 ። 1175 1 PITS IN INTERIOR OF CAMP. H ON PLAN. PIT 1. い ​PIT 2. 3.2 A. Three Fragments of Red Pottery. B. Two Small Studs of Bronze o'18 inch Diam, C. Fragment of Ornamental Pottery. D. Three Fragments of Bronze. E. Fragments of Iron Slag. F. Stake-hole No. 1. G. Stake-hole No. 2. H. Stake-hole No. 3. J. Fragment of Red Samian Pottery. K. Fragments of Iron Slag. DITCH PLAN OF CUTTING. PIT 3 PIT 4. 4:0 53" PIT 5 PIT 6. 78.81. 28°2′8″ 1933 19 10'4 -18:36 =18·65 f } 1 1 1 1796 20-92 10'3 " 66.07 Mo9.06 SECTION Across ditCH AT JUNction of INNER AND' OUTER RAMPARTS. G ON PLAN. '04'0 ·"0" 4' 0" 6'0" 6'0' 4'0" 4'0" 2:50 A Roman Knife. B Bottom of Pot. 10'0" TURF MOULD. SURFACE MOULD. BLACK EARTH AND CHALK RUBBLE. CHALK RUBBLE UNDISTURBED GROUND. UN 12:38. SCALE OF FEET. 10 20 30 40 60 70 80 OLD SURFACE LINE. LIGHT CHALKY GRAVEL. BLACK EARTH. 100 Wyman&Sons, Photo-Litho CQueen StLondan.W.C 30'0 2997 13.60 1 D 11.10 PLATE CXLV. Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 239 separation for cattle, and that wherever this is wanting (and the defences simply surround the hill without any second line of defence), such camps are thrown up for temporary and warlike purposes. I hardly think that we have sufficient evidence as yet to warrant this nevertheless very reasonable supposition. Permanent occupation can be determined only by excavations, but in this instance I think it will be seen that the conjecture is very probably correct. Murray's Handbook for Wiltshire speaks of Winkelbury as Vespasian's camp, and the Rev. John Austen, in the Archaeological Journal, says that it is supposed to have been occupied by Vespasian, but I am not aware that there has been any reliable foundation for this assumption. It is certainly not of Roman construction. d With the kind permission of Sir Thomas Grove, the owner of the property, I commenced excavations on the 10th October, 1881; and, favoured by the unusual mildness of the weather, was able to continue almost without cessation until the 17th February, 1882. It will be convenient if I divide the account of the excavations on the hill as far as practicable into the three parts, commencing first with WINKELBURY CAMP. SECTION I.—A section 10 feet wide was cut through the rampart at A B on the plan, Plate CXLIV. (see also Section I., Plate CXLV.), close to the west of the central entrance to the camp on the south face. The crest of the rampart was 6.82 feet above the old surface line, which latter was very clearly marked by a bluish seam 6 inches in thickness running under it. Nothing was found until we came to the part beneath the crest where 445 flint flakes were found lying on the old surface line, being contained within an oblong space of 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet, as shown in the section, Plate CXLV. With these were five fragments of pottery of two qualities, one containing small grains of flint, of the first quality named in the Relic Table, page 253; and the other five, of the second quality-smooth, without grains, all apparently of British manufacture. In the middle of these flints was found a flint flaker, Fig. 23, Plate CXLVII., of the usual well-known form as described in Mr. Evans' work on Flint Implements (see Fig. 349, page 370). The flakes had for the most part bulbs of percussion and facets, and were undoubtedly prehistoric flakes, there being no possibility of mistaking them for flints fractured for road making. But they were not well-formed flakes such as might have been intended for use as knives; they were wasters or else flakes of the kind that might have been used in a tribulume for threshing corn. Indeed the oblong space in which they were found C © Handbook for Wiltshire. ª Journal of the Archæological Institute, Vol. XXIV., page 168. e Two of these still in use in Cyprus and in Assyria, the survivals of similar ones used formerly by the Romans, are in my Museum in the village of Farnham, Dorset. 2 I 240 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. almost suggests the possibility of their having formed part of a tribulum which lay on the surface when the rampart was thrown over it. There was, however, no trace of wood, and the flakes in many cases were found touching one another. A little further on towards the ditch, also on the old surface line, beneath the rampart and close to the flakes, was found a portion of a ring of Kimmeridge shale, Fig. 14., Plate CXLVII. The presence of this characteristic Dorsetshire specimen of antiquity affords some grounds for estimating the date of the entrenchment. There can be no doubt that both it and the flakes lay on the surface of the ground when the rampart was formed. There is no possibility of so small and light an object as this shale ring having worked its way down from the present surface a depth of 4.5 feet, nor could the flakes have accumulated on the old surface line from the top. If it could be shown that Kimmeridge shale was not used in the turning lathe before Roman times it would prove the rampart to be post-Roman; but this is not the case. Undoubtedly the so-called Kimmeridge coal-money has been found more frequently than otherwise in association with Roman remains. It recurs in association with Samian pottery near Kimmeridge, and it was so found both by Mr. Austen and myself in the Romano- British Village on Woodcuts Common, which is a short distance from Winkelbury. But, on the other hand, the discovery of a lathe-turned vase of this material in a tumulus on Broaddown, Farway, near Honiton, and the excellent paper by the Rev. Richard Kirwan, in the Norwich volume of the International Prehistoric Congress, affords good grounds for believing that it was used in the lathe at a much earlier period. In regard to the flakes found on the old surface line, it is just possible that they may have laid on the surface in this spot since the neolithic age. Flakes chipped off and buried in long grass or boggy ground, might remain undisturbed for a considerable period, but that is not the condition of things that can ever have existed on this spot. The soil of the down is covered by a carpet-like expanse of fine turf, and the smoothness of the old surface line when it was laid bare beneath the rampart, showed that the same verdure probably existed at the time of the construction of the rampart. Unbroken by trees or shrubs, it is most improbable that so large a deposit of flakes as 455, within a space of 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet, should not have been dispersed if they had been there for any length of time. It was noticed that they all lay on the top of the dark seam denoting the old turf and must f f For the association of Kimmeridge shale with Roman remains, see Rev. H. Austen, Journ. Arch. Inst., X., p. 362; Hon. H. C. Neville, Journ. Arch. Inst., XIV., p. 85; ditto, XV., p. 84; Mr. John Sydenham, Journ. Arch. Inst., I., p. 347; Rev. John Austen, Journ. Arch. Inst., XXIV., p. 169; Sir W. Tite, Proc. Soc. Antiq., Lond., V. (2nd Series), p. 30; Rev. Preb. Scarth, Proc. Somerset. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., XXIII., p. 8; Mr. Roach Smith, Coll. Antiqua, III., p. 33; Rev. J. Austen, Papers of the Purbeck Society, 1857, p. 93. For its connection with flint and British remains see Warne's Ancient Dorset, p. 19; Journ. Arch. Assoc., II., p. 234; Rev. John Austen, Journ. Arch. Assoc., XVI., p. 300; Mr. W. Long, Wiltshire Arch. Mag., XVI., p. 182; Rev. R. Kirwan, Trans. Inter. Prehistoric Congress, Norwich, 1868, p. 363; Mr. P. O. Hutchinson, Proc. Soc. Antiq., Lond., IV., p. 161. Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 241 have been covered over by the mould not long after they were deposited, at the time the rampart was thrown over them. They were in all probability flaked off at the time the camp was laid out and covered over, together with the flaking tool found amongst them almost immediately afterwards. The section of the ditch showed that it had originally been 117 feet deep in the centre and 28 feet wide; the escarp was at an angle of 40 degrees and the counter- scarp 41 degrees. The ditch had silted up 4.86 feet in the middle, and the present centre coincided as nearly as possible with the original centre, which is unusual in ancient entrenchments, the modern centre being usually in advance of the old centre, on account of the greater amount of silting which fell from the rampart side. All the evidence derived from this cutting is consistent with the supposition that this part of the rampart may have been constructed in pre-Roman times, though it is by no means conclusive. SECTION II.-A section 10 feet wide, C. D., Plate CXLV., and Section 11, Plate CXLV., was then cut through the inner dividing entrenchment, close to the west side of the entrance. Only one fragment of pottery, one inch across, was found on the old surface line beneath the crest at A, Section II. It had small grains of flint or shell in its composition and appeared to be of British origin, first quality. Also 8 rude flint chips were found on the old surface line beneath the rampart. The original width of the ditch was 10.2 feet at top, 4·4 feet at bottom and 5.2 feet deep in the centre. It had silted up 1.5 feet. The evidence here was also inconclusive, but consistent with its being of pre-Roman origin. My attention was next called to the trace of a street marked MID STREET on the plan, Plate CXLIV., running for a space of 199 feet from the southern entrance. The whole length of it was excavated. An average section of this is shown in "Section across Mid Street," Plate CXLV. It was found that an undisturbed chalk bottom was reached at an average depth of 18 inches. Of this the upper 8 inches was turf mould without stone, and the remaining 10 inches consisted of a mixture of chalk rubble and mould. The street was originally 9 feet wide, increasing to 10 feet in places. It had no paving or stones, and the sides appear to have sloped up at a steep angle. At 199 feet from the entrance northwards, it died out gradually. On entering the gateway, the main part of the traffic appears to have gone down this street, which may possibly have been lined with huts, though no trace of them could be found; but part of the traffic turned sharply to the eastward immediately after passing the gate. Nothing was found in the turf mould, but beneath it the chalk rubble was strewn with fragments of pottery and other débris. These consisted of 17 fragments of burnt clay, perhaps part of the daubing of wattling work, but no impressions of the sticks could be found on them; an irregular fragment of bronze 0.7 inch across, Fig. 10, Plate CXLVII. One rudely-formed bone pin 3.2 inches in length, Fig. 34, Plate CXLVII., one fragment of iron, perhaps part of a knife or hoop 1 212 242 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. iron, one fragment of iron apparently part of a knife, Fig. 18, Plate CXLVII., one piece of square rod iron 2·42 inch in length, Fig. 21, Plate CXLVII., one ring of iron 0.8 inch exterior diameter and 0.14 inch thick, Fig. 15, Plate CXLVII., two other small nondescript fragments of iron and several iron clinkers, several fragments of sandstone ground smooth on one side, either burnishers or used for grinding corn. Only 17 irregularly-formed flint flakes, with bulbs of percussion, were found throughout the whole length of the street, and large quantities of animal bones, a description of which is given in the Animal Remains column of the relic table. The pottery consisted chiefly of small fragments, mostly hand-made, some smooth and some mixed with grains of flint, and pieces of it were ornamented with the impress of a human nail and fingers, of which Figs. 12 and 13, Plate CXLVIII., are specimens. A few fragments, however, were lathe turned, and apparently of Romano-British construction, of which Fig. 1, Plate CXLVIII., is a piece of a rim. One fragment was ornamented with raised bands. One fragment of Roman red glazed Samian was found at the lower end of the street. Here also we came for the first time upon a kind of pottery, which, so far as I know, is peculiar to this camp, only one specimen of it having been found at Woodcuts. Its peculiarity consists in being mixed with oolite grains. It is recorded in the 3rd column of pottery in the relic table, and is so remarkable as to afford evidence of identity of age in the various places in which it is found. It was thought at one time that the thinner and finer kinds of pottery were distributed nearer the surface than the thicker, but on further observation this idea had to be abandoned. The fine and the coarse were mixed together indiscriminately and appear to have belonged to the same period. The evidence afforded by this cutting showed very slight trace of Roman occupation; the majority of the relics were pre-Roman in character but of the Iron Age. Immediately below the eastern rampart outside the ditch a basin-shaped pit, about 24 feet in diameter and 18 deep, was seen surrounded by a bank on the lower side, see the spot marked Pit Dwelling, Plate CXLIV., and also Plate CXLVI. This we excavated and found it had been a pit dwelling 12′ 6″ × 11′ 3″ feet square at the bottom, with an entrance to it on the lower or eastern side; this entrance was 1 foot wide at the bottom, and had a wooden step consisting of a plank 1½ inches thick, the blackened remains of which were found in the silting near the narrowest part of the opening at the bottom, with the remains of uprights forming probably a door to the dwelling. The floor of the pit was quite flat and was covered for about one inch thick with the blackened remains of the roof which had fallen. Marks of fire were seen on the chalk sides of the north and east walls, which were smoothly cut. The opening to the dwelling ran two degrees north of east, and the passage sloped slightly towards the pit. The floor of the pit had originally been 7 feet beneath the surface in the centre: it had silted up, or been filled up, to a height of 5.88 feet in the centre. The deposits of the lowest part of the silting PLATE CXLVI. 3 3' 5' A グ ​6:37 PLAN OF PIT DWELLING, WINKELBURY HILL; Showing its Position with Reference to the Rampart. RAMPART 17.8 SECTION THROUGH RAMPARTS AND PIT DWELLING ON LINE A B OF PLAN. 300" 11.0° 4′2″ 8' 8" A 11'6 10'3" 12′ 10″ 14 G 30' ד B REFERENCE TO SOILS. Turf Mould. Surface Mould. Chalk Rubble. Undisturbed Ground. 11 15 -17' 19' 21 23 10 10 20 30 SCALE OF FEET, 50 A. Remains of Wooden Step. $7.00 L J J J J PIT 12'6 CE TO PIT. 271 29' 31' 23' 35´ ´ 37' 39' 41' 13' 60 70 80 90 ··100 34.90 UNI M Wvinan & Sons. Photo-Litho. GtQueen SLondon.W.C 35·20 £ 20.07 8.30 32.90 "27:46 B 30 is 47° 00.65 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 243 consisted in the centre of 07 feet turf mould thinning out towards the sides, then 1.9 feet of black earth, below which was 30 feet of chalk rubble. The relics in the silting consisted of a piece of iron band 2 inches in length, 0·3 inch in width, and 0.14 inch thick, at a depth of two feet beneath the surface at the bottom of the black earth, two flint flakes with bulbs of percussion in the black earth, and sixteen fragments of red burnt clay, perhaps the daubing of wattle work. In the chalk rubble beneath we found a fragment of sandstone hollowed by rubbing, a fragment of a bronze pin, and several Helix aspersa. This snail does not live on the hill now. The pottery in the black earth did not differ from that in the chalk rubble, and consisted of fragments with small grains of flint, and pieces without grains and smooth, all apparently of British manufacture. As this was the only Pit Dwelling found on the hill, the habitations within the Camp, and to the south of it, having been probably constructed above ground, it seems questionable whether it is of the age of the Camp or earlier. It is possible it may have been upon the ground earlier, and perhaps was partly filled up from the materials excavated from the ditch, or it may have been inhabited by people who for some reason or other, were excluded from the Camp. Marks of two trenches run from the pit, one to the north-west terminating on the brow of the hill, and the other to the south-east. I had the soil from the pit formed into a mound close by, and the pit itself has been thatched over to preserve it. It must be noted that this pit differs in its form from anything I have discovered in this or other localities. That it is a dwelling I have reason to think probable both from the shape of the entrance passage, the size of the pit, the door step, the marks of fire, and the black materials with which the floor was covered. But pits, as I have remarked elsewhere, were used by the British for so many purposes, that even when trimmed and evenly constructed as this was, one must hesitate to pronounce upon their use in the absence of very clear proof of the purpose for which they were constructed. The eastern aspect of the entrance to this pit will also strike those who have observed a similar occurrence elsewhere, and have supposed it to be an arrangement adapted for the worship of the rising sun, by the people from the interior of the houses, but on the other hand, it must not escape notice that the eastern side in this case is the down-hill side, and therefore, the only side available for an entrance, unless it were constructed on a great slope. Nothing Roman was found in this pit. Six shallow depressions were noticed on the surface of the turf in the interior of the northern portion of the camp. These were examined and found to be circular pits cut in the chalk from 4 to 8 feet in diameter at top, and from 3 to 4 feet in depth. They were filled with mould, and contained a small fragment of a bone comb, Fig. 32 Plate CXLVII., a bone gouge, an implement of stag's horn, flint scrapers, flint hammer- stones, a few flakes, and several small fragments of iron, but the most interesting 244 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. objects found in these pits, as enabling a comparison to be made with relics found elsewhere, were some chalk weights, Fig. 25, Plate CXLVII. These were precisely identical with others that I have found in pits of the same form and size in Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes, and which are figured in Plate XXIV., Fig. 28, of my description of Mount Caburn Camp, published in the XLVI. Vol. of the Archæologia. The Camp at Caburn has been shown to be late Celtic and pre-Roman and the identity of all the relics, including the quality of the pottery with those under consideration, is very striking. The usual remains of animals used for food were found, viz. :-horse, ox, sheep, pig, one bone of deer, one of cat, and a tooth of dog.* The fragments of the pottery in the pits was of the same qualities as those found in the Mid-Street, including the quality with oolitic grains which was found sparingly in all the pits, but no fragment of Samian. The greater part of the pottery was of the second quality, and probably British. The pits no doubt had been dug to contain refuse, and may probably have been situated in the vicinity of the huts. SECTION III.—I now decided to cut a section 10 feet wide through the ditch and rampart on the north side near the north entrance, in order to ascertain, if possible, whether the fragments of pottery and other relics that might be found in it, were of a nature to prove it to be of the same or a different date from those found in the pits and other places in the interior, having in view, of course, the probability that the camp was occupied in times subsequent to the date of its construction. The previous sections cut in the south face and in the cross rampart had been unsatisfactory, and the relics found in them had been too scanty to rely upon. The columns in the relic table of this section refer to the different parts of the ditch and rampart. The necessity for considering the various parts separately is a point that I have dwelt upon repeatedly in my accounts of previous excavations, and need not be again insisted upon in this place. The denudation of the rampart and silting of the ditch and interior slope in the course of ages is always so considerable that the relics found in these different parts often represent different periods, and ought carefully to be distinguished. The results of the cutting may briefly be sum- * Mr. Charles Robertson, of the University Museum, Oxford, examined some of the fragments of animal bones from the excavations at Winkelbury, and found that the bones of sheep were of the small- sized animal, and a large proportion of them between two and three years old. Two metatarsals were equal and slightly less than the Highland ewe (test animal), one being about the size of the St. Kilda ewe. In point of bone, they were both slighter than the St. Kilda ewe, so that so far as we can judge from two specimens, the same class of sheep were in use at this earlier period, as are recorded in connection with the sheep bones found at Woodcuts and Rotherley described elsewhere in this volume. The bones of the horse were small, and some of the molars were much worn down, showing that they had to live on hard, coarse food. The bones of the ox were also small. Of the pig bones many were young. He also found a lower jaw of cat about the size of the wild cat from Scotland. Some bones of red deer were those of young animals. Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. 245 marised as follows:-The pottery is of the same qualities as that found in the pits and in the Mid Street, and fell under precisely the same classification including the fragments with oolitic grains, which are such a remarkable feature in the pottery of this camp, 25 fragments of which were found quite down on the old surface line under the rampart. Of the hard black quality only two fragments were found in the body of the rampart, but 19 fragments of it were found in the silting of the ditch. It is of a superior quality to the others, but not Romano-British. The predominating quality throughout the section consisted of the second quality as was the case in the interior. Some small fragments of bronze were found on the old surface line beneath the rampart, and also some fragments of iron slag, but nothing that could be identified as a work of art of any period. Only one small fragment of Samian pottery was found, and that not more than 10 inches beneath the surface of the silting of the ditch, so that it may probably have got there in times subsequent to the construction of the rampart. One fragment of the frontal bone of a human skull was found in the silting of the interior slope, and a few flint flakes were dispersed throughout the cutting. The same animal remains were found as in the interior of the camp. The evidence, though not conclusive, is decidedly in favour of this part of the rampart being pre-Roman. There is certainly nothing to identify it with a later date. A small section was afterwards dug across the east end of the small cross rampart in the interior, which resulted in finding an iron knife, probably Roman from its form, 1 foot 10 inches beneath the surface in the silting of the ditch, Fig. 2, Plate CXLVII. This finishes the excavations in the camp, the only traces of Roman occupation consisted of 2 small fragments of Samian, an iron knife, and one or two fragments of Romano-British pottery, none of which were in places that made it probable that they had been put there during the construction of the camp. The absence of Samian and of Roman coins is in itself almost sufficient to prove that it is not Roman; but the quality of the remainder of the pottery, now that my eye is thoroughly familiar with that of the Romano-British period found in Woodcuts and Rotherley, is amply sufficient to prove that it is of a different date; at any rate of a totally different character. I have often obtained more satisfactory evidence from the examination of ramparts, but the evidence obtained from this investigation leads me to think that it was probably pre-Roman, and was very little, if at all, occupied by that people. I now turned to the remains that were observed on the outside and to the south of the camp, to which I was attracted by several tumuli shown on the Plan of Winkelbury, Plate CXLIV., and some of which are shown on a larger scale on Plate CXLIX. But before describing the tumuli it may be well to speak of several small pits similar in form to those of the interior which were interspersed between and about the barrows, and are marked I. to VIII. on the Plan, Plate CXLIV. They were circular and about the same size as those in the interior, and, like them, 246 Excavations in Winkelbury Camp. were only noticed after some hesitation, in consequence of very slight depressions on the surface. Some were filled entirely with black mould, and others with mould half way down and chalk rubble beneath it. Amongst the contents were included one fragment of clay, evidently the daubing of wattle work, a rude chalk spindlewhorl, rubbed sandstones similar to those found in the camp, and an iron knife. One of the pits contained a small British urn and a patera of coarse material hand- made, Figs. 8 and 9, Plate CXLVIII. Three of them contained a number of the perforated chalk weights similar to those found in the pits in the interior, and which I identified with those I found in pits in Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes. Numerous flint flakes, and a portion of a bronze ring brooch. No. 5 contained a fragment of Romano-British pottery quite different from the rest, the only piece found. Its depth beneath the surface is not recorded. Two contained deposits of carbonized wheat, and one of them several sandstones, which had evidently been used for pounding wheat. The grains were very small, containing 668 grains to the cubic inch, much smaller than those found in pits at Rotherley and Woodcuts, a circum- stance to which I have alluded in the first volume, page 177, where a table of the size of the grains of the different periods is given and reproduced in this volume; from which it is conjectured that the agricultural status of these British people was inferior to that of the Romanised Britons, as might be expected. The pottery was of the same quality as found in the camp, the second quality predominating, but it is noteworthy that no specimen of the third quality containing the oolitic grains was found in these pits outside the camp. No fragment of Samian was found. Only two fragments of hard pottery of the fourth quality were noted, one of which was the piece identified as Romano-British, but as it is not recorded at what depth it was found, it may no doubt have been found near the surface. Bones of the pig and sheep were found in Pit VI. Altogether the relics seem to indicate that they were refuse pits, and no doubt more would be discovered if the ground were thoroughly trenched over, but not being on my own property and being unwilling to create any possible difficulty between the owner and the tenant, my examination of this hill was not as thorough as it would otherwise have been. The date, like that of the pits in the interior of the camp, is open to question, but the resemblance of the relics to those of Mount Caburn leads me to think that they are pre-Roman. The knife found in Pit 7 might certainly be Roman, but the inhabitants of the southern part of Britain traded habitually with the Continent before the arrival of the Romans, and the majority of the fragments of pottery are certainly British. 2 K 248 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXLVII. RELICS FROM WINKELBURY CAMP AND WINKELBURY HILL. Fig. 1.—Iron knife, greatest length including tang 4.00 inches, greatest width 0·76 inch, thickness of back 0.14 inch. Found at a depth of 2 feet 9 inches in the filling of Pit 7, Winkelbury Hill, associated with a quantity of carbonized grains of wheat. Fig. 2.-Iron knife, greatest length including tang 3.75 inches, greatest width 0.95 inch, thickness at back of blade 0.12 inch. Found at a depth of 1 foot 10 inches in the ditch, at the junction of the Inner and Outer Ramparts on the East side, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 3.—Bronze awl, length 2.0 inches, greatest thickness 0.12 inch, flattened at one end. Found at a depth of 1 foot 4 inches in the Ditch of Barrow I., Winkelbury Hill, on the East side. See Section IV., Plate CXLIX. Figs. 4 and 5.-Two thin fragments of bronze, one piece having a hole 0·06 inch in diameter. Found on the old surface line beneath the Rampart, East Extension, Section III., Winkelbury Camp. See Plate CXLV. Fig. 6.-Fragment of bronze found whilst filling in the Pit Dwelling, Winkelbury Camp. Figs. 7 and 8.-Two small studs of bronze, about 0.18 inch in diameter, found at a depth of 2.05 feet beneath the surface on the old surface line, below the Rampart, Section III., Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 9.-Small semicircular fragment of bronze, 0.32 inch in diameter. Found on the old surface line beneath the Rampart, Section III., Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 10.-Irregular fragment of bronze, 0.70 inch across, obtained from a depth of 12 inches in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 11.-Portion of bronze ring brooch, ornamented with incised "hatching"; found at a depth of 2 feet 2 inches in the filling of Pit 6, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 12.-Flint scraper, found at a depth of 14 inches beneath the surface in the ditch of Barrow I., Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 13.-Flint scraper, found at a depth of 370 feet beneath the surface in Barrow I., Winkelbury Hill. See b, Section I., Plate CXLIX. H (4-010 2 20 3 21 15 5 PLATE CXLVII. 13 12 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 -12 -la 27 30 31 28 Ź 32 호 ​-~ کو در است 秘 ​い​た ​25 34 33 Ni- -12 26 -12 29 35 36 37 -12 38 O -12 Wyman&Sons.Photo-Litho GtQueen St London WC. RELICS FROM WINKELBURY CAMP AND WINKELBURY HILL. Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 249 Fig. 14.-Half a ring of Kimmeridge shale, 1.20 inch exterior diameter, 0·22 inch in width, 0.22 inch thick. Found 4.5 feet beneath crest of rampart on the old surface line, Section I., Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 15.-Portion of iron ring, 0.80 inch exterior diameter, 0·14 inch thick. Found in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. } Fig. 16.-Disc of baked clay, 1.66 inch diameter, 0.68 inch thick, with two dents, one on each side 0.26 inch in diameter. Found in the filling of Pit 6, Winkel- bury Hill. Fig. 17.—Fragment of iron, perhaps the point of a knife, 1.16 inch long, 0·10 inch thick. Found at a depth of 8 inches in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 18.-Fragment of iron, perhaps part of a knife or hoop-iron, 1.56 inch in length, 0.10 inch thick, 0.52 inch in width. Found in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 19.-Fragment of iron 0.06 inch thick, 1.62 inch long and 0.50 inch wide, con- sisting of two pieces apparently intended to enclose a piece of leather. Found in the filling of Pit 5, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 20.-Fragment of band iron 2:00 inches in length, 0.30 inch in width, 0.14 inch thick. Found 2 feet beneath the surface in the centre of the Pit Dwelling. Fig. 21.-Piece of square rod iron, 2:42 inch in length, 0.22 inch square. Found in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 22.-Rude chalk spindlewhorl 1.50 inch in diameter, 1 inch thick, perforated with hole 0.40 inch diameter. Found in the filling of Pit 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 23.-Flint flaker, chipped all round and worn at the end, 2:50 inches long, 0.50 inch thick. Found with a cluster of 455 flint flakes, on the old surface line at a depth of 6.86 feet beneath the crest of the Rampart in Section I., Winkelbury Camp. See Section I., A, Plate CXLV. Fig. 24.-Flint knife, chipped all round. Found in Barrow I., Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 25.-Chalk weight, 6 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 2 inches thick, similar to those found in pits at Mount Caburn and Cissbury, near Worthing. Found, with 18 more, in the filling of Pit 7, Winkelbury Hill. Figs. 26 and 27.-Two flint scrapers, found on the bottom of Pit 5, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 28.-Flint scraper, found in Hollow Depression No. 4, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 29.—Flint scraper, found in a circular cutting south of Pit 5, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 30.-Implement of stag's-horn, 5 inches long, found in the filling of Pit 6, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 31.-Piece of stag's-horn, 24 inches in length, not perforated. Found in the filling of Pit 6, Winkelbury Hill. 2 K 2 250 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 32.-Fragment of bone comb, ornamented with wave-bands, filled with dots and apparently burnt. Found in the filling of Pit 1, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 33.-Piece of sandstone with one flat surface, and showing marks of attrition. Found in the filling of Pit 8, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 34.-Rudely-formed bone pin, 3.20 inches long. Fig. 35.-Fragment of the daubing of wattle work. Winkelbury Hill. Found in the Mid-Street. Found in the filling of Pit 1, Fig. 36.-Tip of cow's-horn, 1.94 inch in length, perforated as a handle. Found at a depth of 2 feet 1 inch in Pit 5, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 37.--Bone gouge, 5 inches long. Found on the bottom of Pit 5, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 38.-Piece of sandstone with one flat surface and showing marks of attrition. Found in the body of the Rampart, Section III., Winkelbury Camp. 252 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CXLVIII. URNS AND POTTERY FROM WINKELBURY CAMP AND WINKELBURY HILL. Fig. 1.- Fragment of hard pottery of sandy texture ornamented with two raised bands 0.50 inches apart. Found in the Mid-Street of the camp. Fig. 2.—Urn of brown, hand-made pottery, ornamented with chevrons filled with lines. Height, 44 inches, diameter of mouth, 3 inches. Found at a depth of 13 inches beneath the surface in the centre of Barrow No. IV. Winkelbury Hill. The urn was filled and surrounded by minute chips of flint. No burnt bones were found with it. 011 Figs. 3 and 5.-Two fragments of thin, smooth, brown pottery without grains, 0·18 inch in thickness, and ornamented with an incised zigzag pattern. Found in Pit 4, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 4.—Fragment of brown, sandy pottery, 0.32 inches thick, ornamented with a raised band 0.12 inches wide. Found at a depth of 2.35 feet beneath the surface in the ditch of the Rampart, Section III., Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 6.-Fragment of rim of smooth red pottery, 0.24 inches thick, ornamented with two and three rows of punch marks. Found in the filling of Pit 8, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 7.-Fragment of red Samian pottery, 0·12 inch thick, with remains of raised ornamentation. Found at a depth of 7 inches beneath the surface in Hollow Depression, No. 3, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 8.-Hand-made cup of greyish pottery without grains, 2.2 inches high. Found at a depth of 2 feet 8 inches beneath the surface on the bottom of Pit 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 9.—Hand-made vessel of reddish-brown pottery, 3.4 inches high, 3'4 inches greatest diameter, and 3·14 inches diameter at rim. Found on its side 2 feet 8 inches beneath the surface at the bottom of Pit 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 10.—Fragment of rim of sandy pottery, 0-60 inch wide, 0.28 inch thick. Found in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. This class of rim has been found associated with Samian in the Romano-British villages at Woodcuts and Rotherley. PLATE CXLVIII. SIZE 4 6 8 2 3 7 9 10 13 12 5 14 OF Wyman & Sons, Litho.G:Queen St London WC. URNS AND POTTERY FROM WINKELBURY CAMP AND WINKELBURY HILL Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 253 Fig. 11.-Fragment of smooth brown pottery, 0-36 inch, ornamented with 3 punch marks. Found in the filling of Pit 1. Fig. 12.-Fragment of coarse, hand-made, brown pottery, 0.32 inch thick, ornamented with a row of punch marks. Found in the Mid-Street, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 13.-Fragment of rim of smooth hand-made brown pottery, 0.30 inch thick, ornamented with impress of the finger nail. Found in the filling of Pit 6, Winkelbury Camp. Fig. 14.-Fragment of smooth brown pottery, 0.34 inch thick, ornamented with 5 punch marks. Found in the body of the rampart, East Extension, Section III., Winkelbury Camp. The quality of the pottery found in the pits on Winkelbury Hill differs from that of more recent date, in being smooth and uneven on its surface, whilst that of the Roman Age, viz., Figs. 1 and 7, is of sandy texture and better baked. EXCAVATIONS IN BRITISH BARROWS AND ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY. WINKELBURY HILL. 2 L OF PLATE CXLIX. PLANS & SECTIONS OF BRITISH BARROWS & PITS, NOTE.-THE DOTTED LINE THUS PITS, AND AND ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY. SHOWS THE MARGIN OF THE EXCAVATIONS. THE EXCAVATIONS. N 20'0" 3 SECTION I ON LINE A B OF 55′ 141′3″′ 3′4″ 32″ 2 76 PLAN 811" 45 3'1" 14" 1′7″ 2'6″2′6″ 2′8″ 2'8 20'0" 7.7 £2 4.8 SECTION 10'0" 2 2 55 HUMAN SKELET [SECONDAI TRUE NORTH 蛋 ​دا ON OF PLAN. LINE C D OF 2 IN 38 4. 36 56 N°IV PIT 2. RITISI CHALK SPINDLE HAND MADE VASE. REFERENCE TO SOILS: Brown Mould. Chalk Rubble. Undisturbed Ground. Old Surface Line. CHEL E BRITISH UR BARROW 56 PIT 1. I WHORL BRONIE PIN/ XVIL XIX. 195. 55 10'0' N BRIT No T BARROW WITH COPFIN CAUBEWAY! W SAXON GRAVES སྐྱེ AVE SCALE FOR PLAN. SCALE FOR SECTIONS, 10 30 10.0° STAKE HOLES. FLINT SCRAPER AGMENTS OF BRITISH. POTTERY SECTION !!! ON LINE E F OF PLAN 2' 2' 22' 2' 2' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 50° B 65. 7·85 21. 50 BRITISH URN, DEPTH 11″ C BARROW II PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INTERMENTA KNIFE. IX 3:3 5'0" 1 18.5 ! w SECTION IV ON LINE GH OF PLAN. 2'. 2' 10:5 H XXII. SAXON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INTERMENTS. XII O BRONZE FIBULE SAXON VIT GRAVES XIII. Yin KNIFE 70 90 100 FEET 60 FEET XXIV. KNIFE. XYHL IN KNIFE ·BRONZE AWL. LINT SERAP GRAVES C KNIFE Wyman Sons. Photo lath Queen St London WC. Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 257 BARROWS, WINKELBURY HILL. Barrow I., Winkelbury Hill.-The opening of the barrows commenced with No. 1, the northernmost of the lot, Plate CXLIV. and Plate CXLIX. It was a barrow with a ditch round it and a small bank outside that. Over the ditch there was a causeway of undisturbed chalk, as shown in the plan and section taken across the causeway, Section IV., Plate CXLIX. The bearing of the causeway from the centre of the Barrow was E. 9° N. (true). It corresponds to the causeway over Barrow III. in Barrow Pleck, Rushmore Park, except, that in this case the causeway is more on the east. An oblong grave, 8 feet 6 inches long and 6 feet 10 inches wide, was found in the centre, and within the grave at each of the four corners were found stake holes, 2 inches square and 10 inches deep, cleanly cut in the chalk for what purpose is not apparent, nor have I ever met with similar holes in graves before. In the grave were several iron bands, represented in Plate CL., Figs. 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25, presumably intended to secure the wood of a coffin. A similar iron object was found in a barrow to the west of Bokerly Dyke, near Woodyates Inn, by Sir Richard Hoare, and is figured in his work, Plate XXXI., Fig. 3, Vol. I. The knife and spear associated with this object in the Bokerly grave have all the appearance of being Saxon, and I attribute these irons in the Winkelbury grave, though doubtfully, to the same people. That it was a British barrow originally, is shown by the quality of the pottery found in it, by its form, and by a bronze awl, Fig. 3, Plate CXLVII., which was found in the side of the barrow in the silting, as shown in the Section, across the causeway, Section IV., Plate CXLIX. A depression on the top of the barrow showed that it had been disturbed. The coffin irons, if such they were, were at the east end of the grave, in a part of the filling which appeared not to have been dug out by the explorers, and I assume that they were, therefore, in the position in which they originally lay. The bones of the skeleton had been heaped together by the explorers, and were replaced in the grave in a heap on the south side. It is doubtful to what period this interment ought to be attributed. The sides of the grave were true east and west, and the bottom was 3 feet 6 inches beneath the surface of the depression at the top. 2 L 2 258 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. : Professor Rolleston, in his account of the graves at Frilford (Archæologia, Vol. XLII., p. 417) says that he has never found coffin-hooping in an Anglo- Saxon grave, and the orientation would bear out the idea of a Romano-British interment as well as a Saxon one. But I base my opinion of the Saxon age of this interment on the character of the iron knife found with the coffin-hooping at Bokerly, and also upon the fact that the tumulus was afterwards found to be surrounded by 31 Anglo-Saxon graves. It seems, therefore, probable that the same people who buried in oriented graves all round the tumulus, also used this barrow as a place of interment, taking out the old body and replacing it by one of their own race in a grave, perhaps, originally dug for a Briton. I shall pass over for the present Barrow II., and return to it when I am describing the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery which surrounded it. It was Barrow III.-Winkelbury Hill.-This was to the north of the last. surrounded by a ditch, and the contents had probably been destroyed during the insertion of a dead yew tree, locally called a "scrag." I removed the tree during the excavations, and I afterwards learnt that the people of the neighbourhood attached some interest to it, and it has since been replaced by Sir Thomas Grove. Barrow IV.-This is a plain bowl barrow without a ditch, about 50 feet south- east of Barrow I., and about 30 feet apparent diameter. In the centre was found a British urn on its side, represented in Fig. 2, Plate CXLVIII. It was ornamented with chevrons filled with lines. No burnt or other bones were found in or near it, but it was filled and surrounded by a deposit of innumerable minute chips of flint, similar to, though smaller than, those found in the urn in Barrow XIV., of Scrubbity Coppice, which latter, however, contained a cremated interment, besides the flints. The flint chips in this case, Barrow IV., were quite irregular without bulbs of percussion, and look as if nodular flints had been pounded up to produce them. This affords another instance of a tumulus without bones, to which I have adverted in my account of the Barrows close to Rushmore. The deposit was searched so carefully that one or two fragments of burnt bones must have been found if they had ever existed. Round the urn and the chips an irregular surrounding of larger tabular flints was observed. Barrow V. was also a plain bowl barrow, about 16 feet in diameter, and flat. It contained nothing but a few fragments of British pottery of the first and second qualities. Barrow VI. was a very flat barrow. It contained a few bones of a cremated interment in a deposit of wood ashes, 1 foot 4 inches beneath the surface, covered by a large flint, and close to it a deposit of sixty-four small fragments of British pottery with grains of flint, covering an area of about 18 inches square. These minute fragments of pottery, none of which exceeded an inch across, or thereabouts, appeared to have been broken up and deposited to mark the spot in a similar manner to those found with the primary and secondary interments in Barrow III., Barrow Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 259 Pleck, Rushmore Park (see page 2). It appears certain from the fact of finding no pieces of rim that it could not have been put in entire. In this barrow were also thirty-one irregular flint flakes with bulbs of percussion. Barrow II.—I now return to Barrow II.-Scarcely any rise was observed in the centre, but it was surrounded by a very slight ditch with a narrow causeway scarcely perceptible on the turf bearing E. 17° N. true from the centre of the barrow. In the centre, an oblong grave (No. XXXI.) 5 feet 6 inches long by 2 feet 3 inches wide, and 2 feet 8 inches deep, was found with upright sides, paved with tabular flints on the bottom, which sloped slightly from east to west. In it were found two human inter- ments, one a primary one, the fragments of which were scattered throughout the soil, and the other a secondary interment, lying on its back with the head on the west, facing south. The latter was a male skeleton 5 feet 7 inches in height, and above it was found a Saxon knife, Fig. 6, Plate CL., point wanting. It was not on the bottom of the grave, but had mould beneath it. This gives additional support to the view that the secondary interment in Barrow No. 1 may also have been Saxon, as the finding of the well-known Saxon knife in the last grave proves the secondary interment to be Saxon, and this barrow like the first must also probably have been British originally. The few fragments of pottery found in this barrow were British, of both the coarse and the smooth qualities. The compass bearing of this grave was W. 13° S. (true). ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. The discovery of an Anglo-Saxon skeleton as a secondary interment in a British barrow as above narrated, led to a more thorough examination of the surrounding ground, and it was discovered that there were a number of long narrow depressions in the turf all lying, more or less, east and west in the vicinity of the Barrows. Of these, 31 were opened and found to be Anglo-Saxon graves containing human skeletons. As a detailed account of each is given in the relic table, page 284, it will not be necessary to do more than to summarize the principal points which led me to consider them Anglo-Saxon, and to describe the principal features of interest connected with them. The 31 Saxon graves, in which number is included No. 31, which has been already mentioned as being found in Barrow II., varied in depth from 1 foot 8 inches the shallowest, to 2 feet 11 inches the deepest, but 22 of them were under 2 feet 3 inches in depth. They averaged from 6 feet 10 inches the longest, to 3 feet 10 inches the shortest, and in width from 2 feet 3 inches the widest, to 1 foot 3 inches the narrowest. 15 were 6 feet in length and over, and 16 were under 6 feet in length. All were upright at the sides and ends, and cut in the solid chalk. None had any 260 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. kind of lining of stones, except No. 31, found in Barrow II., which had a paving of tabular flints at the bottom, which may perhaps have been made with the original British interment, although the grave, 5 feet 6 inches in length by 2 feet 3 inches broad and 2 feet 8 inches deep, was of the same average size as the rest. 26 of the skeletons lay with the head to the west, and 2 with the head to the east. Three of the graves had no trace of skeletons, which most probably had decayed. The two which had their heads to the east were both children, which seems perhaps to mark a distinction in the mode of burial for young people. Of the three which had no trace of skeletons in them, 2 were short graves, 4 feet and 3 feet 10 inches long respectively, and 1 foot 10 inches and 2 feet deep, so that the decay may perhaps be attributed to their having been children. As regards the positions of the skeletons in the graves, 8 were found extended on the back with both arms down the side, 4 were extended on the back with both forearms turned inwards, the hands meeting over the pelvis, 7 were extended on the back with the right arm down by the side and the left bent in over the pelvis. (This was the position in which 5 out of the 7 extended skeletons in the Romano-British villages of Woodcuts and Rotherley ; GRAVE XXVIII. SKELETONS 28'AND 28. SCALE OF FEET. 1. PRIMARY. 2. SECONDARY. MAG. N., TRUE N were found.) Two were extended on the back with the left arm down by the side and the right arm bent in over the pelvis, 2 were extended on the right side with the knees slightly bent, and 1 on the left side with the knees slightly bent. No. 19 Skeleton in No. 19 Grave, was contracted, lying on the right side in the position in which the Romanised Britons in Woodcuts and Rotherley were usually found, and this was the only one found in this position in this cemetery. This grave was the one that was directed more to the south than the others, bearing E. 19° S. (true), and which on account of these two peculiarities may perhaps be regarded as abnormal. As regards the direction of the face, 10 were facing north, that is to the left side, and 8 were facing south, that is to the right, and 4 were facing upwards. This does not refer to those found lying on their sides which faced in the directions in which they were lying. In No. 28 Grave two interments were found, as in Grave 31. The long bones and skull of the primary one, marked black in the accompanying woodcut, had been collected and placed together near the head of the secondary interment which was extended on the back as shown by the lineal figure. An iron knife, Fig. 6, Plate CL., was found above the skeletons. Both of these skeletons may probably have been Saxons. Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 261 Orientation. The bearing of each grave was carefully taken, there being some variety in the orientation of each. The results are given in the annexed table. COMPASS BEARINGS OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAVES AT WINKELBURY. NUMBER OF GRAVE. MAGNETIC BEARING. TRUE BEARING. VARIATION FROM EAST. 22 80° 62° E 28° N 29 83° 65° E 25° N 21 83° 65° E 25° N 20 85° 67° E 23° N 8 88° 70° E 20° N 27 88° 70° E 20° N 4 89° 71° E 19° N 9 89° 71° E 19° N 14 89° 71° E 19° N 7 90° 72° E 18° N 15 91° 73° E 17° N 17 91° 73° E 17° N 16 92° 74° E 16° N 18 92° 74° E 16° N 11 93° 75° E 15° N 12 94° 76° E 14° N 1 95° 77° E 13° N 3 95° 77° E 13° N 30 95° 77° E 13° N 31 95° 77° E 13° N 5 96° 78° E 12° N 24 98° 80° E 10° N 28 98° 80° E 10° N 10 99° 81° E 9° N 13 99° 81° E 9° N 6 100° 82° E 8° N 23 100° 82° E 8° N 26 105° 87° E 3° N 25 108° 90° EAST 2 110° 92° E 2° S 19 127° 109° E 19° S REMARKS. The Sun's greatest north declination is actually only 23° 28', and that on 21st June. The Sun rises in these bearings be- tween end of March and end of September. Sun rises due East at the equinoxes only. Sun rises 15th March and 28th Sep- tember in this bearing nearly. Sun rises 1st February and 17th November in this bearing nearly. From the above table it will be seen that the direction of the central line of the graves varied from E. 19° S. to E. 28° N., true bearing, but the two end ones in the table are exceptional in their divergence from the true east. If we except the three top ones, which did not range more than 3 to 5 degrees northward of the others, we may say that the whole were laid in directions that might have been given to them by alligning them with the rising sun at different seasons of the year. But if we are to assume that the direction was given to them by this means, it is evident that all 262 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. but two must have died in the summer months which is not the season of the year most conducive to mortality in this climate. RELICS.-A bronze pin, Fig. 30, Plate CL., was found in the second grave on the breast of the skeleton, which evidently had pinned a cloak or other garment around it. Besides the iron knife already mentioned, 5 others were found as follows:-One in Grave 8, Fig 3, Plate CL., on left side of the skeleton near the elbow, one in Grave 14, Fig. 4, Plate CL., on the radius of the right arm, the point towards the skull, one in Grave 24, Fig. 2, Plate CL., found on the right side of the skeleton and apparently in the left hand which crossed the skeleton, and one in Grave 26, found with point towards the skull on the right side of the skeleton over the ulna and radius. Although these knives do not quite resemble the knife with the curved back, commonly found in Saxon graves, the position in all cases was that in which such knives were usually placed by those people, and this appears sufficient to identify them. A buckle, Fig. 8, Plate CL., resembling one from the Saxon Cemetery at Frilford, figured in Plate XXXIII., Fig. 8, Archæologia, Vol. XLII., was found over the pelvis of the secondary interment in Grave 28; three glass beads, two of which are identical with those figured in Neville's Saxon Obsequies, Plates XXI. and XXII. ; and two bronze discs, coated on one side with a plate of silver, having a cruciform ornament, with perforated interspaces, which has all the appearance of Saxon work, though I have not been able to find a precise parallel to them. They were found on the waist of Skeleton No. 9, in Grave No. 9, and were attached to some circular and apparently wooden substance. To it was affixed the portions of iron links represented in the woodcut attached to the description of it, page 267. No pottery of any kind was found in the graves except 16 minute fragments of British quality, which had no doubt been scattered in the soil in earlier times. No marks of fire were found in the graves, and no trace of coffins. Nor were any flint flakes worth speaking of discovered throughout the excavation of them. 2 M 264 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CL. RELICS FROM WINKELBURY CEMETERY. Fig. 1.—Iron knife (point wanting), single edged; length including tang 7.66 inches, width of blade 0.7 inch, length of tang 2.26 inches, thickness of back 0·12 inches. Found on the right side of the skeleton discovered in Grave No. 26, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Similar knives are represented in Plate XXXVI. of Neville's Saxon Obsequies. Fig. 2.—Iron knife, single edged, 3.80 inches long including tang, width of blade 0·56 inch. Found on the right side of Skeleton No. 24, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill, apparently in the left hand which crossed the waist. Fig. 3.—Iron knife (point wanting), single edged, 5.1 inch long including tang, width of blade 7.4 inches, thickness of back 0.10. Found on the left side, 7·4 near the elbow of the skeleton discovered in Grave No. 8 of the Anglo- Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 4. Iron knife, 6.3 inches long, including tang, single edged, length of tang 19 inch, width of blade 0·61 inch, thickness of blade 0·14 inch. Found lying on the radius of the right arm of the skeleton discovered in Grave No. 14, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 5.—Iron knife (point wanting), length including tang 4.8 inches, length of tang 1·42 inch, width of blade 0·51 inch. Found at a depth of 1 foot 7 inches beneath the surface in Grave No. 31 of the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkel- bury Hill. Fig. 6.-Iron knife, single edged, 5.0 inches long including tang, length of tang 16 inch, width of blade 0.7 inch, thickness of back 0.09 inch. Found at a depth of 1 foot 74 inches beneath the surface in Grave 28 of the Anglo- Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 7.-Portion of iron band, with a hook at one end, length 2.9 inches, 0.80 inch greatest width, hook 11 inch long and 0.16 inch diameter at centre. Found in the Saxon Grave in Barrow No. 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 8.-Iron buckle, 0·86 inch wide, diameter of metal 0·12 inch. Found just above the pelvis of Skeleton 28, at a depth of 1 foot 10 inches beneath the surface in Grave 28, in which, as shown elsewhere, was a secondary interment. PLATE CL. SIZE. 12 2 5 15 16 18 8 7 20 31 10 12 32 و 14 13 4 17 19 23 22 X4 30 26 24 27 28 29 25 Wyman&Sons. Photo-Litho. Gt Queen St London.W.C. RELICS FROM WINKELBURY CEMETERY. Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 265 Fig. 9.-Fragment of iron found at the bottom of Grave XI., Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 10.-Portion of iron link, 2:52 inches long. Found attached to the discs or fibulæ, Fig. 31. Fig. 11. Two iron links, each about 2:48 inches long. Found attached to the discs, Fig. 31. Fig. 12.-Fragments of iron links, also attached to the discs, Fig. 31. Fig. 13.-Iron staple with eyelet, 2:16 inch long, exterior diameter of eyelet 0·64, inch. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Hill. 6 staples in all were found in the grave. Figs. 14 and 15.-Portions of iron staples with eyelets: Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 16.-Portion of iron pin (?), 1·70 inches long. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 17.—Fragment of iron 17 inch long, 0.28 inch wide. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 18.-Iron pin or nail, 2:52 inches long, 0·19 inch diameter. Found on the breast of Skeleton No. 22, discovered in Grave 22 of the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 19.--Fragment of iron pin, 21 inches long. Found at a depth of 12 inches beneath the surface, in Grave 19, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 20.-Iron object 7.8 inches long, 0.26 inch average diameter, with the centre spirally twisted, and the ends flattened out. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Cemetery. Fig. 21.-Fragments of band-iron, length 10.0 inches, width 0.74 inch, thickness 0.10 inch. One end is perforated by a nail, and remains of wood are attached to the inner surface. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Cemetery. Fig. 22.-Portion of band-iron, length 8.00 inches, width 0.80 inch, thickness 0·10 inch. Remains of wood are attached to the inner surface. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Cemetery. Fig. 23.-Portion of band-iron united by a rivet, length 4.7 inches, average width of band 1.20 inch, thickness of metal 0·1 inch, width between the bands at the rivet end 0·44 inch, at the other end 0·74 inch, diameter of rivet 0·22 inch. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Cemetery. 1 2 M 2 266 Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 24. Fragment of angle-iron with nail; length of iron 4.00 inches, width 0.76 inch, thickness 0·1 inch, length of nail 2 inches. Fig. 25. Similar to the last, length 51 inches. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 26.—Portion of band-iron, enclosing wood. Width of iron 0.74 inch, thickness 0.8 inch, greatest width between the bands 0.96 inch. Found in the Saxon Grave, Barrow 1, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 27.-Green glass bead, exterior diameter 0.72 inch, greatest width 0.44 inch, diameter of hole 0:32 inch. Found, together with Figs. 28 and 29, on the neck of Skeleton 25, in Grave 25, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Fig. 28.—Oval amethystine glass bead, 0·82 inch long and 0·62 inch wide, width of hole 0.06 inch. Found on the neck of Skeleton 25, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. A similar bead is represented in Plate XXII. of Neville's Saxon Obsequies. Fig. 29.-Glass bead with drab or pale blue and white spiral stripes, diameter 0.68 inch, and 0.22 inch thick, diameter of hole 0.16 inch. Found, with Figs. 27 and 28, on the neck of Skeleton No. 25, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. These three beads were strung together with a root of couch grass. A nearly similar bead to this last is figured in Sir R. Hoare's Ancient History of South Wilts, Vol. 1, 1812, Plate XIV., Tumulus 10, where it is described as having been found in a cist in a tumulus with burnt bones in the Amesbury district, Wiltshire. He speaks of the bead as a Glain Neidyr of the Britons, but it does not appear certain from its associated relics whether this also may not have been found in a Saxon grave. At any rate the two beads appear perfectly identical, and Sir Richard's remarks may very well be referred to in reference to this object. A similar Saxon bead with grey and blue spiral lines is figured in Plate XXI. of Neville's Saxon Obsequies. Fig. 30.—Bronze pin with coiled head, 2:19 inches long, 0.06 inch diameter at centre of shaft. Found on the breast of Skeleton No. 2, discovered in Grave 2, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. Figs. 31 and 32.--Two bronze circular discs or fibulæ 1.63 inch in diameter and 0·06 inch thick, having a cruciform ornament in the centre and pierced inter- spaces; there are also 8 bosses on the circumference. The back has the remains of some textile fabric attached to it, which is shown magnified four times, beneath the figures on the plate. Both discs are coated on one side with a very thin plate of silver, 0.001 inch in thickness laid on to the Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 267 bronze. Found on the waist of Skeleton No. 9, in Grave 9, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill, as shown in the annexed woodcut, No. 1, with an enlarged view of its position given in No. 2. It was attached to some FIG. I FIG. 2 MAC TRUE N BRONZE FIBULE SCALE OF FEET 3 BONE LEFT HUMERUS BRONZE FIBULÆ IRON IN 3 PIECES IRON LINKS LEFT FEMUR SCALE OF INCHES 2 3 4 5 6 BONE 4 circular and apparently wooden substance, inch thick and 4 inches in diameter, apparently placed on the waist of the corpse, and was connected with the iron links Nos. 10, 11 and 12. The wood was too much corroded to be removed. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 269 WINKELBURY RELIC TABLES. EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP. Classification of Pottery in Winkelbury.—The pottery here was very difficult to classify and had to be gone over several times before ultimately deciding on the classification to be adopted. As it is totally different from that of the Romano-British villages at Woodcuts and Rotherley, different headings had to be given to the columns. The fragments were generally smaller than in the Romano-British villages, and this added to the difficulty of classifying. First Quality. The first quality consisted of fragments with large grains in its composition, chiefly of flint but some- times of chalk, rarely or never of quartz. The colour varies from black to red, and is often black on one side and red on the other or red on both surfaces and black in the middle. This quality was seldom or never found in the Romano-British villages and it was all hand-made. Second Quality.-The second quality was of smooth texture, sometimes sandy and only occasionally it had grains of flint in it. It was all apparently hand-made and varied like the first quality from dark brown to red, but as a rule it was redder than the first quality. This quality was not found in the Romano-British villages. Third Quality. The third quality was usually of a pale reddish-brown colour, smooth in texture with the exception of small white oolitic grains, with which it was thickly charged. This ware was so peculiar and afforded such excellent means of being identified that I submitted fragments of it to several experienced geologists whose opinions are given below:- 1.--"Fragments of coarse Pottery, composed of dark grey paste burnt to a pale reddish-brown on the surface, and highly charged throughout with small white oolitic grains, which give a peculiar character to the ware. Viewed under the microscope, the grains show no trace of organic structure. They appear to have been derived from the decomposition of an oolitic limestone, and although they may possibly have been artificially mixed with the clay for the purpose of binding the body of the ware, it is more likely that the clay naturally contained the grains, which might readily remain embedded therein on the weathering of an impure oolitic rock." (Mr. F. W. Rudler.) 2.—“The white particles in the piece of old pottery are not shells but concretions (of carbonate of lime ?) with sand grains for centres. They seem to occur throughout the mass, but are whitened and worn on the outside." (Prof. Rymer Jones.) 3.—“I should think that the pottery has been made from a natural oolitic marl of Corallian or Corallo-Kimmeridgian age, but at present I can't call to mind having seen the exact place where it has been derived. Sturminster the most likely.' (Mr. J. H. Hudleston.) Only one piece of this ware was found in the Romano-British villages, viz., the vase shown in Plate XXXIV., Fig. 2, found in Pit 20, Central Quarter, Woodcuts. No fragment of it was found in Rotherley. Fourth Quality. The fourth quality was smoother than the other three and of harder texture, chiefly black or dark brown in colour, and is the only quality which approaches that described as "inferior" in the Romano-British villages. It will be seen also that it was exceedingly scarce and it appears to have been mostly wheel-turned. Red Samian.-The red Samian was of the usual quality of this characteristic Roman ware, and it will be seen that only 3 fragments were found in Winkelbury, and always in superficial deposits. Ornamental.—The ornamental pottery is of the various qualities described in connection with each fragment. It should be mentioned that the quality described as superior" in the Romano-British villages was almost entirely absent. All the fragments as classified are preserved in glass cases for future reference. 270 Winkelbury Relic Tables. RELIC TABLE OF EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. 10 Oct., 1881. 1 POTTERY. 2 3 Mixed 4 LO 5 6 Black, brown, or red, with grains of quartz or flint, hand- made, usually recognised as British. Smooth or sandy texture, mostly with- out grains. British. with small white oolitic lathe-turned, Apparently OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. grains; hard, chiefly red-chiefly black dish brown Red Samian. Ornamental. in colour. in colour. No. Per- No. centage. Per- centage. No. Per- No. Per- No. centage. centage. Per- No. centage. Per- centage. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 rude flint flakes None. Body of Ram- part. Composed of chalk rub- ble, covered by about 12″ of surface mould; great- est height above old sur- face line 6·86'. A cut- ting 73′ 6″ long and 10' wide was made across the rampart and ditch on the line AB of Plan, Plate CXLIV. Section I., Main Rampart, South Face. (Plate CXLV.) Old Surface Greatest Line. averaging 7″ in thickness length, 38', 2 40.0 3 60'0 0 0 0 0 0 0 throughout. Ditch Depth 4-86', width of bottom 5' 6", original width at top about 28'; irregular chalk sides. The filling from the sur- face to the bottom con- sisted of about 2' of brown mould mixed with small chalky gravel, fol- lowed by 2' of black earth and chalk rubble, beneath which, to the bottom, was a layer of light chalky gravel. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Half a ring of Kimme- ridge shale, Fig. 14, Plate CXLVII., 1·20″ exterior diameter ; 0.22″ in width; 0·22″ in thickness; 455 flint flakes and splinters, found together within a superficial area of 4' by 2', on the old sur- face line 6.86' beneath the crest of the Ram- part; flint flaker, Fig. 23, Plate CXLVII., chipped all round and worn at the end, 21″ in length, an inch in thickness. Two flint chips.. Lamb.-Radius. Horse.-Tooth. Dog. Right ramus of lower jaw, not large enough for wolf. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 271 18 Oct., 1881. [Body of Ram- Composed of chalk rubble part. covered by about 6″ of surface mould; greatest height above old surface line 2'. A cutting 34′6″ long and 10' wide was made across the rampart and ditch on the line CD of Plan, Plate CXLIV. Section II., Inner Cross Rampart. 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 rudely-formed flint None. flakes. 8 rudely-formed flint flakes or chips. Old Surface Line. Greatest length 20′ 6″, about 4" thick. 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ditch of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. 10 15.0 47 69.1 9 13.2 2 3.0 0 0 0 0 None. The fragment of pottery was found at a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the crest of the rampart. See A, Section II., Plate CXLV. 5 flint flakes; 1 broken shore pebble, ground and apparently used as & burnisher; 1 piece of sandstone, rubbed smooth on one side, Fig. 38, Plate CXLVII., similar to those found in the Mid Street. 2 small studs of bronze 0.18" in diameter, Figs. 7 & 8, Plate CXLVII., found at a depth of 2.05' beneath the sur- face; small semicir- cular fragment of bronze 0.32" in dia- meter; 2 flat pieces of sandstone with smooth surface on one side ; fragment of baked clay; 21 flint flakes or chips with bulb of percussion. Ox.-Milk molar. Pig.-Humerus. Sheep.- sus. Metatar- Horse.-Scapula. Ox.-Radius. Pig.-Teeth, 2; part of lower jaw; ulna of small pig. Sheep.-Teeth, 2; humerus. 1 Helix nemoralis. Numerous bones. Horse. radius. split Tooth; Ox.-Teeth. Pig.-Teeth. molar ; Deer.-3rd lower milk digit. Numerous split lengthwise. None. bones 33'; 42 15.3 162 59.1 70 25.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Nov., 1881. 26 Nov., 1881. Section III., Main Rampart, North Face. (Plate CXLV.) Depth 1.5', width bottom 4' 4" filled ; with mould and light chalky gravel. (Body of Ram- Composed of chalk rubble part. covered by about 12" of surface mould; greatest height above old surface line 3'60'. A cutting 75' long and 10' wide was made across the rampart and ditch on the line EF of Plan, Plate CXLIV. Old Surface Greatest length Line. average thickness 4' composed of black earth with a little chalk. Old Surface Line, Oval, 1′ 5″ by 1' 0", Hole 1. bottom, 1′ 6″, beneath top of old surface line. Filled with mould. F, Section III., Plate CXLV. Hole 2 Oval, 1' 6" by 1' 1", bottom, 1′ 8″ beneath top of old surface line. Filled with mould. G, Section III., Plate CXLV. J 7 88.0 1 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. 0 0 4 44 4 5 55.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. Pig.-Navicula. Sheep.-Os calcis. 2 N 272 Winkelbury Relic Tables. RELIC TABLE OF EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP-continued. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Black, brown, or red, with grains of quartz or Ditch Section III., Main Rampart, North Face. Interior Slope About 16' feet wide at top, 2′ 2″ at bottom; POTTERY. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mixed Smooth or sandy flint, hand-mostly with- made, usually out grains. recognised British. as British. texture, with small Apparently white oolitic | lathe-turned, grains, chiefly red- chiefly black OTHER RELICS. hard, Red Samian. Ornamental. dish brown in colour. in colour. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. depth, 5′ 13″; sides, smooth. Filling Upper stratum. This 1 5.3 8 42.1 1 5.3 8 42.1 1 5.3 0 0 consisted of 2' 7" of black mould covered by about 7" of turf. Lower stratum, extend- ing from 2' 7" to 5' 1" beneath the surface and consisting of chalk rubble. The part occupied by the silting from the rampart and from the interior. 30 Jan., 1882. East Extension Body of Ram- part. A cutting about 10' square made in the body of the rampart on the east of the section. The soils were of the same description as those in the section. 0 0 12 52.1 0 0 11 47.8 0 0 0 0 646.1 5 39.0 0 2 16.0 0 0 0 0 ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. 2 fragments of iron scoriæ; 1 piece of sand- stone; 1 flint chip with bulb of percussion. 1 fragment of coarse sandstone with one surface ground flat, "composed of sili- ceous grains and small pebbles of vitreous quartz, associated with greenish-black gran- ules probably glau- conite. The stone appears to have come from the upper green- sand." (F.W.Rudler.) Fragment of frontal bone of human skull ; 4 fragments of iron scoriæ; 4 flint chips with bulb of percus- sion. 5 flint chips with bulb of percussion; 1 piece of sandstone with flat surface. Fragment of bronze, with hole, Fig. 5, Ox.-Digit; teeth. Sheep. - Teeth; tibia. 1 Helix nemoralis. None. None. Pig.-Astragalus ; fragment of sca- pula. Sheep.-Tooth. Ox.-Fragment of jaw; teeth. The fragment of Samian pottery was found at & depth of 10" be- neath the surface. J, Section III., Plate CXLV. One fragment of pottery was orna- mented with a raised band, Fig. 4, Plate CXLVIII. One fragment of pottery was orna- mented with 5 punch marks 0.34" in length, Fig. 14, Plate CXLVIII. 0 0 32 91.4 2 5-7 000 0 1 3.0 Old Surface Of the same character as 1 1.2 76 95.0 3 3.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 Line. in the adjoining section. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 273 Plate CXLVII.; small | twisted fragment of bronze, perhaps the clasp of a fibula; 7 fragments of burnt clay, "streaked red and yellow and mixed with small quartzose peb- bles. The variegated character of these frag- ments suggests that different kinds of clay must have been arti- ficially kneaded to- gether." (F. W. Rud- ler.) 9 fragments of iron slag "highly vesi- cular and in places vit- reous. They are pro- bably composed in the main of silicate of iron altered by weathering to hydrated brown oxide, which produces the rusty appearance presented by the exposed surface " (F. W. Rudler); 1 flint flake and 1 flint chip. An iron knife 3.75" long, 1" wide and 0.12″ at back of blade, was found at a depth of 1′10″ beneath the surface; 1 frag- ment of sandstone with one side flattened, perhaps used as a bur- nisher; 6 flint flakes with bulb of percus- sion; 1 flint core and 1 rounded pebble. 0.53 Fragment of iron, ap- parently the point of a knife, 14″ long and 0.1″ thick, Fig. 17, Plate CXLVII. ; piece of square rod iron, 2.4" long, Fig. 21, Plate CXLVII.; iron ring, 0·8″ exterior dia- meter, Fig. 15, Plate CXLVII.; fragment of iron, perhaps part of a knife or hoop iron, 1.56″ long, 0·1″ thick, and 0.52″ wide; 2 other small fragments of iron; irregular Pig. Os calcis. Sheep. Teeth. Numerous split bones. Horse.-Teeth of old horse, much worn, 3; lower end of tibia. Ox. Tibia and astragalus of small ox. › Horse.-Tooth. Ox.-Teeth, 22; tibia, 2, small radius, 2; ulna ; metatarsus, 2, one small. Pig.-Teeth, 47; scapula, 3; os cal- cis; portion of pelvis; digit. Sheep.-Teeth,10; tibia; os calcis, 2; astragalus of small sheep, 4. Deer.-3rd lower milk molar ; 1st digit; ? Deer. The fragments of ornamental pot- tery included 1 piece, 3″ by 2.6", ornamented by a row of punch marks, Fig. 12, Plate CXLVIII., one fragment with two impressions of the finger showing the mark of the nail; 1 fragment, 1름​' 1½" across, orna- mented by 4 elon- "/ gated punch marks; 1 fragment, 1 3.3 2 6.6 0 0 27 90.0 000 0 230 23 0 829 73-8 31 2.7 0 0 1 0·09 6 14 Nov., 1881. Ditch at Junction of Inner Cross Ram- part and Main Ram- part on East side of Camp. A cutting about 12' square was made. Width of ditch at top 10'; at bottom 4'4″; depth of bottom beneath surface 7.5'. Filling of chalk rubble mixed with mould. 1 Oct. to 7 Nov., Interior of Camp. Mid Street. (Sur- face.) 1881. About 199' long, average 257 width 10', forming a slight depression beneath the natural surface. It commenced at the cen- tral opening in the In- terior Rampart, see Plan, Plate CXLIV., and ex- tended in a northerly direction, dying out gradually at a distance of about 199′ from the central opening. The whole of this area was dug to the natural chalk rock, and a section across the street showed the 2 N 2 274 Winkelbury Relic Tables. RELIC TABLE OF EXCAVATIONS IN WINKELBURY CAMP-continued. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. 1 2 3 POTTERY. 4 5 6 Black, brown, or red, with grains of quartz or flint, hand- made, usually Smooth or sandy texture, mostly with- out grains. recognised British. as British. Mixed with small white oolitic grains, chiefly red- dish brown in colour. Apparently lathe-turned, hard, chiefly black in colour. OTHER RELICS. Red Samian. Ornamental. Per- No. No. Per- centage. [centage. centage. Per- No. Per- No. centage. No. Per- No. centage. Per- centage. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. 1 Oct. to 7 Nov., 1881. Interior of Camp. Mid Street. (Sur- face.)-continued. following depths of soils; at the top 8" of surface mould without stone, then 10″ of chalk rubble and mould mixed, at which depth, 18″ from the surface, the undis- turbed chalk occurred. 7 to 14 Nov., 1881. Pit Dwelling outside the Camp on the east side of Winkel- bury Hill, at the N. end. Plate CXLVI. A basin-shaped depres- sion, about 24' in dia- meter and 1′ 8″ deep, surrounded by a bank on the eastern side, in the bottom of which was a pit about 19′ diameter at top and 12′ 6″ by 11′ 3″ at bottom, which was at a depth of 5.88' beneath the surface and quite flat. The sides of the pit were irregularly hewn, and in places showed marks of fire. On the north-east side an entrance 12″ wide at bottom and 5′ wide at top was found opening out of of the pit and running for a distance of 18' in the direction 2 3.2 48 76.2 0 0 13 20.6 0 0 0 0 fragment of bronze, 0.70" across; rudely formed bone pin, 3.2″ long; Fig. 34, Plate CXLVII., 17 frag- ments of burnt clay, perhaps parts of the daubing of wattle work; several frag- ments of iron "clin- kers,' or scoriæ; several fragments of sandstone, flattened on one side, probably burnishers, numerous fragments of iron py- rites; some of these being spherical may have been used as sling stones. Fragment of thin iron band, 2.0″ long, Fig. 20, Plate CXLVII., found at a depth of 2' beneath the surface in the centre of the pit; fragment of bronze found whilst filling in ; 16 pieces of red burnt clay, perhaps the daub- ing of wattle work; fragment of sandstone, 2.1″ long, rubbed hollow on one side, apparently a bur- nisher, found on the bottom of the pit; numerous irregular fragments of sand- stone; 2 flint flakes with bulb of percus- sion. Great quantities of bones, broken and split, both across and lengthwise. 2 Helix nemoralis. Ox.-Fragment of scapula of small ox; metacarpus ; fragment of rib. Sheep.-Teeth, 4; lowerend of meta- tarsus; 16 Helix aspersa. A quantity of car- bonized wood was found in a layer, 1 to 2 inches thick, on the bottom of the pit dwelling. 1½" across, with two impressions of the finger, and one fragment orna- mented with two raised bands, Fig. 1, Plate CXLVIII. Winkelbury Relic Tables, 275 of N.E. (See Plan and Section, Plate CXLVI.) At a depth of 4′ 6″ beneath the surface, A in Plan and Section, Plate CXLVI., the remains of a wooden step, about 12″ wide and 11″ thick, were found. The deposits of the lowest part of the silting con- sisted, in the centre, of 7″ of turf mould, thinning out towards the sides, followed by 1′ 9″ of black earth, below which was 3' of chalk rubble, extending to within an inch or so of the floor, which was covered by a layer of decayed wood about 2" thick, the remains of a wooden roof which had fallen in. 276 Winkelbury Relic Tables. WINKELBURY RELIC TABLE. PITS IN INTERIOR OF CAMP. POTTERY. 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Black, brown, or red, with grains of quartz or Smooth or sandy flint, hand-mostly with- made, usually out grains. recognised British. as British. Mixed texture, with small Apparently white oolitic | lathe-turned, grains, hard, chiefly red-chiefly black dish brown in in colour. colour. OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. Red Samian. Ornamental. No. Per- No. Per- centage. centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- No. Per- No. Per. centage. centage. centage. 1 29 Nov., Interior of Camp 1881. Round, diameter 8' at top, 3′ 3″ at bottom, depth 4' 11". Filled with black earth. 3 1.4 210 95 4 95.4 1 0.5 5 2.0 0 0 1 0.5 Fragment of bone comb, ornamented with wave bands, and apparently burnt, Fig. 32, Plate CXLVII. 2 flint flakes. Ox. Humerus; fragment of ver- tebra; rib. Pig.-Digit. Sheep. Teeth; dorsal vertebra. Dog. tooth. Canine 1 fragment of pot- tery was orna- mented with 3 punch marks, Fig. 11, Plate CXLVIII. 2 29 Nov., Interior of Camp 1881. N.E. of Pit 1, round, diameter 8' at top, 5' at bottom, depth 3' 2". Filled with black earth. 3 17.7 13 76.5 1 6.0 Ο 0 0 0 0 0 2 flint flakes Sheep. rus; digit. Hume- 3 29 Nov., Interior of Camp 1881. South of Pit 2, round, diameter 4′ 6″ at top, 3′0″ at bottom, depth 3′ 11″. Filled with black earth. 0 0 119 88.8 1 0.8 14 11.7 0 0 0 0 4 1 Dec., Interior of Camp 1881. South of Pit 3, round, diameter at top 5′ 3″, at bottom 4′ 6″, depth 3′ 6″. Filled with black earth. 0 0 5 83.3 1 16.6 0 0 0 0 0 4 chalk weights and portion of a fifth, similar to Fig. 25, Plate CXLVII., per- forated with a hole bored from both sides. Canine Horse. tooth. Pig.-Teeth, 2; end of metacarpal, humerus of suck- ing pig. Sheep.- Metacar- pus; metatarsus. Deer.-Metatarsus. 1 Helix nemoralis. 0 3 flint hammerstones.. Horse. Portion of upper end of tibia. Ox. Tooth, por- tion of lower jaw, young; astraga- lus; carpal bone. Sheep. — Metatar- sus, 2, small; me- tacurpus of lamb. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 277 10 3 3.7 76 94.0 2 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 Dec., Interior of Camp 1881. East of Pit 4, round, dia- meter at top 5′ 4″, dia- meter at bottom 3' 3", depth 4′ 4″. Filled with black earth. 3 3.7 69 85.2 0 0 4 5.0 0 6 1 Dec., Interior of Camp 1881. East of Pit 2, circular, 5′ 9″ diameter at top, 2′ 0″ at bottom, depth 4' 9". Filled with black earth to depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the surface, then chalk rubble to bottom. 29 Nov., Hollow Depression 1881. north of Pit 1, In- terior of Camp. Circular cutting, south of Pit 5, In- terior of Camp. : : Bone gouge, 5" long, Fig.37,Plate CXLVII. fragment of iron, 0′06″ thick, Fig. 19, Plate CXLVII., apparently intended to enclose a piece of leather ; 2 flint scrapers, Figs 26 and 27, Plate CXLVII. Flint flake; implement of stag's horn, 5″ long, Fig. 30, Plate CXLVII. Horse.-Molars, 2. Ox. C Teeth and part of jaw of large ox. Pig.-Digit. Sheep.-Teeth and portion of horn core. Cat.-Portion of lower jaw,left side, larger than the domestic cat. 2 Helix nemoralis. Horse.-Tooth. Ox.-Middle cu- neiform bone. Pig.-Tooth; ver- tebra. Sheep.-lower jaw. A few small bones. Two fragments of pottery the 2nd quality were mixed with large grains of chalk. orna- One fragment of ornamental pot- tery was mented as shown in Fig. 13, Plate CXLVIII. 056-1 6.1 2 3.3 52 86.6 6 | 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : : 1 flint flake; 3 pieces of iron pyrites; 2 fragments of scoriæ. Horse.—Tibia, في both broken at the same end. Pig.-Pelvis. Sheep.-Teeth, jaw, tibia. Several broken bones. nemoralis. 1 Helix 1 16.6 5 833 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 flint flakes; piece of None. stone flattened on one side; 1 half formed scraper; 1 flint ham- merstone. 278 Winkelbury Relic Tables. WINKELBURY RELIC TABLE. PITS ON WINKELBURY HILL OUTSIDE THE CAMP. 1 POTTERY. 2 3 4 5 6 Mixed quartz or flint, hand-mostly with- made, usually out grains. recognised British. as British. white oolitic | lathe-turned, grains; with small Apparently OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. hard, Red Ornamental. chiefly red-chiefly black Samian. dish brown in colour. in colour. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage. No. Per- centage No. Per- centage. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. Black, brown, or red, with grains of Smooth or sandy texture, 13 Dec., S.E. of Barrow I., 1881. Winkelbury Hill. Circular, 6′ 10″ diameter at top, 3′ 4″ at bottom, depth 2′ 8″. Filled 62 56 4 48 77.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 with black mould. 2 West of Pit 1, Win- kelbury Hill. Circular at top, diameter 6′9″, oblong at bottom, 5′ 3″ x 4′ 0″, 0", depth 2' 6". Filled with black mould. 3 11 Dec., 1881. West of Pit 11, Winkelbury Hill. Circular, diameter at top 7' 3", ditto at bottom 6'6", depth 3' 1". Filled with black mould. 0 0 2 100 0 Fragment of daubing of None. wattle work, Fig. 35, Plate CXLVII.; rude chalk spindlewhorl, 1.5″ diameter, perfor- ated with hole 0'50" diameter, Fig. 22, Plate CXLVII.; 7 flint flakes. - Pottery which has been restored.-One nearly entire hand made vase, Fig. 9, Plate CXLVIII., 34" in height, 34″ greatest diameter, and 3·14″ diameter at rim ; found on the bottom of the pit. Hand- made patera, nearly perfect, 2.2″ in height, Fig.8, PlateCXLVIII., both of the 1st quality. The fragments of pottery included a large fragment of a vase of the 1st quality. 0000 0 0 0 0 0 8 flint chips; 1 stone with one flat surface. None. 1 3.3 29 96.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 stones with one flat surface. Some char- coal was noticed at a depth of 2′ 2″ beneath the surface. of car- A quantity grains of bonized wheat were found on the bottom of the pit. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 279 190 84 76.6 0 0 1 0.9 0 0 5 LO 4 31 Dec., About 220' S.W. of 1881. Pit 3, Winkelbury Hill. Oblong, 5′ 8″ × 4′ 5″" at 21 top, 4′ 3″ × 2′ 8″ at bottom, depth 4' 0". Filled with black mould and chalk rubble to depth of 2' 3" beneath the surface, then chalk rubble only to bottom. 5 LO 3 Jan., 1882. S.E. of Pit 5, Winkel- bury Hill. Circular at top, diameter 5′ 2″, oblong at bottom, 4′ 10″ by 2′ 10″, depth 3′ 6″. Filled with black mould to a depth of 1' 8" beneath the surface, then chalk rubble to bottom of pit. 3 9.0 6 4 Jan., 1882. 29 87.9 0 0 1 3.0 0 0 0 0 64 N.E. of Pit 4, Winkel- bury Hill. Circular at top, diameter 9′ 8″, oblong at bottom, 5' 1" by 3' 7". Filled with mould and chalk rubble to a depth of 2′ 7″ beneath the surface, then chalk rubble to bottom. 9 12:3 7 4 Jan., 1882. East of Pit 6, Winkel- bury Hill. Circular, diameter at top 6' 6", diameter at bottom 2' 7", depth 2′ 9″. Filled with black mould. 87.6 0 4.5 1 chalk weight and two fragments of another, perforated with hole bored from both sides; 1 stone flattened on two sides. Tip of cow's horn, per- forated as a handle Fig. 36, Plate CXLVII.; 30 pieces of chalk weights (similar to Fig. 25, Plate CXLVII. ; 5 of which were per- forated; 3 stones with flat surfaces 3 flint ; flakes. ; Piece of stag's horn 2.4" in length, Fig. 31, Plate CXLVII., not perforated disc of baked clay, with two dents on each side, Fig. 16, Plate CXLVII., portion of bronze ring brooch, Fig. 11, Plate CXLVII.; 3 rough clay pellets of un- known use; 5 stones flat on one side; 10 flint chips. Iron knife 4″ long in- cluding tang, Fig. 1, Plate CXLVII.; 18 rude chalk weights 7″ to 10" across, each perforated with a hole, one of which is shown in Fig. 25, Plate CXLVII.; 2 flint flakes; 7 large stones 7" to 19″ greatest length, each having one flat surface and 4 having marks of attri- tion on the flat surface no doubt used 28 saddle querns for pounding wheat. None. None. Pig.-Tooth. — Sheep. Tibia, small. Fragment of rib bone cut and smoothed. Several burnt bones which were too much injured to be identified. Two or three small fragments of bones which could not be identified. A quantity of grains of carbon- ized wheat were found beneath the stones at the bottom of the pit, forming Я layer about 3" thick. The fragments of ornamental pot- tery were orna- mented with a zig- zag pattern, Figs. 3 and 5, Plate CXLVIII., and consisted of frag- ments of thin brown, smooth quality, without grains or sand, and quite different from the other qualities. of The fragment lathe-turned pot- tery consisted of a piece of grey rim, certainly Romano British and quite differ- ent from the rest. - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 280 Winkelbury Relic Tables. WINKELBURY RELIC TABLES. PITS ON WINKELBURY HILL OUTSIDE THE CAMP-continued. POTTERY. 1 Black, brown, No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. or red, with grains of Smooth or sandy texture, 2 3 4 LO 5 6 quartz or flint, hand-mostly with- made, usually out grains. recognised British. as British. Mixed with small Apparently white oolitic |lathe-turned, OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. grains, chiefly red-chiefly black dish brown in hard, Red Samian. Ornamental. in colour. colour. No. Per- No. Per- centage centage. No. Per- No. Per- No. centage. centage. Per- No. centage. Per- centage. 81 Feb., 1882. East of Barrow III., Winkelbury Hill. Circular, diameter, 5′ 9″ at top; 4′ 6″ at bottom depth, 4' 6". Filled with black mould. 0 0 10 77.0 77.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 23.0 ; 1 smooth shore pebble; None. 52 flint flakes, one showing marks of use; 5 large and 6 small stones, each having one flat surface, and showing marks of at- trition; 1 piece of sandstone with one flat surface, Fig. 33, Plate CXLVII. Three fragments of pottery were orna- mented, as in Fig. 6, Plate CXLVIII., with two and three rows of punch marks. 1 broken fragment of None. shore pebble, which had been used as a burnisher; 3 flint flakes. Flint scraper. Fig. 28, Plate CXLVII. The fragment of Red Samian was found at a depth of 7 inches beneath the surface, and had traces of orna- mentation on it, as shown in Fig. 7, Plate CXLVIII.; 31 Jan., 1882. Hollow Depression | No. 1, east of Pit 8, Winkelbury Hill. A cutting, 6' long and 2' wide, was made through the depression. The chalk rock was reached at a depth of 1' 9", the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 flint flakes. None. soil above consisting of the ordinary mould. surface 31 Jan., 1882. 31 Jan., 1882. Hollow Depression No. 2, east of Pit 8, Winkelbury Hill. Hollow Depression No. 3, east of Pit 8. Of the same description as No. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 flint flakes. None. Of the same description as No. 1. 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 500 0 0 Hollow Depression No. 4, east of Pit 8. Of the same description as No. 1. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 281 WINKELBURY RELIC TABLES. BARROWS. I. 2 Dec., 1881. About 367 yards S.W. About 367 yards S.W. of the Camp, on Winkelbury Hill. See Plan, CXLIV. Plate Circular, about 16' dia- 14 17.5 66 82.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 meter at top, with a basin-shaped depression about 18" deep in the centre, 36′ diameter at base, surrounded by a ditch 3′ wide, except on the east side, where it was broken by a cause- way, consisting of undis- turbed chalk rock, the bearing of which was E. 9° Ñ. true. Beyond the ditch a slight outer bank ran all round the barrow, except in the part occupied by the causeway. Greatest height of barrow above old surface line, 2'. A cutting, 10' wide, was made on the line AB of Plan, Plate CXLIV. commencing at the foot of the outer bank on the south side, and extend- ing to 7′ 6″ north of the centre. A rectangular grave, 8′ 6″ long and 6′ 10″ wide (long axis East and West, true) was found cut in the solid chalk, about 1' be- neath the surface at the centre of the depression (see Plan and Section, Plate CXLIX.). The sides were upright, and the bottom, which was somewhat basin-shaped in the centre, was 3′ 6″ beneath the surface. each corner of the grave a stake hole was found about 2" square at top, tapering to 1" at bottom; 10" deep. The grave was filled with chalk In rubble, the barrow being composed of brown mould. See Section 1, Plate CXLIX. ; 16 flint flakes; 1 flint scraper, Fig. 13, Plate CXLVII.; 1 chipped flint knife, Fig. 24, Plate CXLVII. ; iron coffin bands were found in two corners of the grave on the east side. The iron bands were about 1" broad and 0.20″ thick, some of them enclosing wood, 0.50′ thick also, 1 clasp of iron, several iron staples and hooks, nails bent at right angles, &c., of which illustrations are given on Plate CL.; the fragments of the bones of an interment were found piled to- gether in the western corner of the grave. showing that it had probably been opened. In the cutting on the south side of the bar- row, 2 flint flakes and 1 flint scraper, Fig. 12, Plate CXLVII., were found, and in the fill- ing of the ditch on the east side, close to the causeway, a bronze awl, Fig. 3, Plate CXLVII., and a flint scraper were dis- covered. Ox.-Tooth; as- tragalus of small Ox. Pig.-Portion of lower jaw; ulna. Portion Cat. (?) of upper end of radius. The fragments of pottery found in the centre of the barrow and in the section of it were all of the same qualities. 20 2 282. Winkelbury Relic Tables. WINKELBURY RELIC TABLES. BARROWS-continued. No. DATE. LOCALITY. DESCRIPTION. POTTERY. 2 3 4 сл 5 6 Black, brown, or red, with grains of quartz or Smooth or sandy texture, flint, hand-mostly with- made, usually out grains. recognised British. as British. Mixed with small white oolitic lathe-turned, Apparently OTHER RELICS. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. REMARKS. grains, hard, chiefly red-chiefly black dish brown Red Samian. Ornamental. in colour. in colour. No. Per- No. Per- centage. centage. No. Per- No. centage. Per- No. Per- No. Per- centage. centage. centage. 1 I. 29 Dec., 1881. 87' 6" North of of Barrow I., Winkel- bury Hill. See Plan, Plate CXLIV. Circular, about 18' dia- meter at base, with a slight depression in the centre, surrounded by a shallow ditch and outer- bank, except on the East side where there was a narrow causeway across the ditch, bearing E. 19 N. of the centre, of undisturbed chalk, 1' 2" wide. The barrow was very little elevated above the natural surface of the ground. A cutting 12' in diameter was made in the centre, and an oblong grave, 5′ 6″ long, by 2′ 3″ wide, depth beneath surface 2′ 8″, was found, with upright sides, bottom composed of tabular flints sloping from East to West. The filling consisted of brown mould to depth of 2′ 3″, followed by chalk rubble only to the bottom. 10 1 16.6 5 83.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The grave found in this barrow contained two human interments. Portions of the re- mains of a Primary interment were found scattered throughout the soil, at depths varying from 1′ 2″ to 2' beneath the surface, consisting of small fragments of the skull and limb-bones. A fragment of a humerus was found underneath the right tibia of the Secondary burial. This latter consisted of a skeleton, probably male, estimated stature 5′ 7.0", lying on its back, bearing W. 13° N. (true), with the head on the W. facing S., and it was dis- covered at a depth of 2' 3" beneath the sur- face. An iron knife, Fig. 5, Plate CL.,4-12″ long (point wanting), 0.60" greatest breadth, and 0-14" thick, was found above it at a depth of 1' 7" be- neath the surface. The measurements of the skull and limbs composing the Se- condary interment (Skeleton 312) are given in the General Table of Measure- ments. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 283 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None. None. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 III. : About 400' South of the Camp, Winkel- bury Hill. IV. 30 Dec., About 50' S.E. of 1881. Tumulus No. I., Winkelbury Hill. Circular, about 36' dia- meter, surrounded by a ditch. The contents of the tumulus had ap- parently been removed, owing to the insertion of a yew tree in the centre. Circular, apparent dia- meter about 30'; greatest height above natural surface of ground 1' 1"; composed of brown mould, a number of large tabular flints oc- curring in and about the centre. A cutting 10 wide was made through the tumulus on the line EF of Plan, Plate CXLIX. 55 flint flakes or chips None. with bulb of percus- sion. An urn of hand- made pottery, Fig. 2, Plate CXLVIII., or- namented with chev- rons filled with lines was found in the centre of the tumulus on its side, at a depth of 1'1″ beneath the surface. (See Section III., Plate CXLIX.) The urn was filled and the adjacent soil strewed with minute chips of flint. Nu- merous large tabular flints 8" to 12" across were arranged as if to surround the vessel. No bones of any kind were noticed. 1 flint flake; 1 small stone with flat side. None. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V. 31 Dec., 1881. VI. 16 Jan., 1882. About 320' S.W. of Barrow IV., Win- kelbury Hill. See Plan, Plate CXLIV. About 240' S.W. of Barrow V., Winkel- bury Hill. See Plan, Plate CXLIV. Circular, about 16' dia- meter; greatest height above natural surface of ground 6"; composed of black earth with small chalk rubble mixed. A cutting 11' wide was made in the direction of mag. N. & S. This tumulus formed a very slight elevation above the natural sur- face, and appeared to be about 25' diameter. 20 51.1 19 48.7 64 100 The fragments of pottery were found in the turf mould of the barrow, and to the East of the centre. Several fragments of burnt human bones were found in a deposit of ashes at a depth of 1' 4" beneath the surface. Covering the ashes was a large flint, 101″ by 61″. 31 flint flakes with bulb of percussion were found in the barrow. None. The fragments of pottery were all found together over an area about 18″ square, at an average depth of 1′ 4″ beneath the surface, and a little South of the deposit of ashes. From the uniform size of the small fragments in which this urn was di- vided, it would appear as if they had been inten- tionally broken for the purpose of marking the spot. 284 Winkelbury Relic Tables. ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL.--TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER, SIZE AND CONTENTS OF THE GRAVES, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE HUMAN REMAINS AND OTHER RELICS FOUND IN THEM. No. OF GRAVE. DESCRIPTION OF GRAVE. No. OF SKELETON. LENGTH. BREADTH. DEPTH. DESCRIPTION OF SKELETON. HUMAN REMAINS. COMPASS BEARING (TRUE). SEX. ESTIMATED STATURE. SKULL FIGURED ON OTHER RELICS. I. ft. ins. ft. ins. 5 11 1 7 ft. ins. ft. ins. 2 11 1 Lying extended on back with the head on the W., W. 13° S. Female facing N.; arms turned inwards with the hands over the pelvis ; legs at full length. 4 11.3 Plate CLVIII., Two flint flakes. Fig. 1 11. 6 1 1 6 2 3 2 Lying extended on back with the head on the W., facing S., arms straight down sides; legs at full length, the right foot resting on the left. W. 2° N. | Male 5 7.4 Plate CLI. III. 6 9 1 10 1 8 3 Lying extended on back, with the head on the W. facing N.; arms turned inwards over pelvis ; in bad preservation. W. 13° S. Female 4 4.4 Bronze pin, 2" long, with coiled head, Fig. 30, Plate CL. Fragment of coarse quality pottery mixed with grains of flint, pro- bably belonged to the soil. IV. 6 4 1 9 2 2 4 Lying extended on back with the head on the W., W. 19° S. facing upwards; arms turned inwards over pelvis ; legs at full length; feet turned to S. ? Female 5 6.7 Plate CLVIII., Fig. 2. V. 6 5 2 0 2 0 LO Lying extended ou back, head on W., facing N.; arms straight down sides, hands resting on hips; legs at full length. W. 12° S. Male 5 7.9 Plate CLII. VI. 60 19 2 0 6 W. 8° S. Female VII. 6 6 1 9 2 0 7 VIII. 5 11 1 9 2 1 8 IX. 4 10 1 10 2 6 9 X. 4 6 1 7 2 3 10 XI. 4 1 1 4 2 2 11 Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing S.; right arm straight down side, left forearm turned in across pelvis; legs at full length. Lying extended on back, head on W., facing upwards; right arm straight down side of body the hand resting on the hip; left forearm turned in across the pelvis ; legs at full length. W. 18° S. Probably Female Lying extended apparently on left side, head on W., W. 10° S. Male facing N.; right arm bent at the elbow, the fore- arm crossing the pelvis; left arm straight down side; legs at full length. Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing N.; W. 19° S. Uncertain right arm straight down, left forearm across pelvis, legs at full length. The remains were in a bad state of preservation, and had become much displaced. Some fragments of the bones of the forearms and E. 9° N. skull of a child were all that remained of the skeletou. Lying on right side, head on the East; forearms E. 15° N. Uncertain across waist; knees slightly bent. LO 5 10 5 2.4 Plate CLIII. coarse Fragment of pottery of quality, mixed with grains of flint, probably belonging to the soil. Flint flake found near the head of the skeleton. 5.9 Plate CLVIII., Fig. 3 Iron knife, 51 inches long, Fig. 3, Plate CL., found on the left side of the skeleton near the elbow. : Fragment of iron pyrites, and three fragments of pottery of smooth sandy texture. Winkelbury Relic Tables. 285 XII. 6 6 2 0 1 10 12 No remains. XIII. 4 8 1 9 2 1 13 Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing N.; arms straight down sides of body, legs at full length; in good preservation. W. 9° S. Male XIV. 5 5 1 11 2 1 14 Lying on left side, head on the W., facing N.; right forearm bent inwards across the waist ; left arm straight dowu side, knees slightly bent. W. 19° S. Male 5 10 XV. 4 5 1 7 1 10 15 XVI. 6 4 1 9 2 7 16 XVII. 6 6 2 3 2 1 17 XVIII. 5 1 1 8 2 1 18 XIX. 4 5 1 8 2 2 19 W. 17° S. 6.5 Plate CLVIII., Fig. 4 6.7 Plate CLIV. 10 fragments of pottery of smooth quality. 1 flint flake. Iron knife 6.3" long, Fig. 4, Plate CL., found point towards the skull on the waist of the skeleton. W. 16° S. Male 5 10 8.9 Plate CLIX., Fig. 1 W. 17° S. W. 17° S. | Probably Feinale 5 2.4 Plate CLIX., Fig. 2 W. 16° S. Probably Female 5 1.6 Plate CLIX., Fig. 3 Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing S.; both arms straight down sides; legs at full length. Lying extended on back, head on the W. arms straight down sides; legs at full length. The face had decayed away, and the jaws were standing on their proper base detached from the skull. ; Lying on left side, head on the W., facing N.; right arm turned inwards over the pelvis ; left arm straight down side; knees slightly bent. Lying on back, head to W., facing N.; right arm straight down side, the hand resting on the femur; left arm turned in across the pelvis; knees slightly bent. Lying in a contracted position on right side, head on the W., facing S.; both arms bent at the elbows and extended in front of the body; legs drawn up at right angles to the trunk, but drawn up within 6" of the pelvis. W. 19° N. Male 5 6.6 XX. 6 9 2 2 2 5 20 Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing up- wards ; both arms straight down sides of body; legs at full length. W. 23° S. Female 5 6.3 Plate CLV. XXI. 6 10 1 6 2 1 21 Some fragments of the tibia and fibula with a few W. 25° S. bones of the skull were all that remained of the skeleton. XXII. 6 2 1 8 1 8 22 Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing S.; W. 28° S. Female right arm straight down the side; left forearm turned in over pelvis ; legs at full length. XXIII. 6 0 2 0 2 4 23 XXIV. 5 10 1 9 2 6 24 XXV. 4 5 1 5 2 0 25 XXVI. 6 3 1 9 2 3 26 Lying extended on back, head on the W., facing N.; W. 18° S. | Female right arm straight down side ; left forearm turned in over pelvis ; legs at full length. Probably buried on right side, head on the W.; left forearm across waist; knees slightly bent. Lying extended on back, with head on the W.; arms slightly turned inwards towards the pelvis ; legs straight out. In bad preservation. Lying extended on back, head on the W.; skull much fractured; left arm straight down side; the hand resting on the hip; right forearm turned in across the pelvis. In bad preservation. 5 2.3 Plate CLVI. W. 10° S. W. 10° S. Female 4 11.0 West W. 3° S. Male 5 9.4 : : Iron pin, 2.52″ long, found on the breast of the skeleton. Iron knife, Fig. 2, Plate CL., found in the left hand of the skeleton, poin upwards. Three beads, Figs. 27, 28, and 29, Plate CL., were found on the neck of the skeleton. Iron knife, Fig. 1, Plate CL., found lying point upwards on the right side of the skeleton, over the ulna and radius. 286 Winkelbury Relic Tables. ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL.-TABLE OF RELICS, &c.-continued. DESCRIPTION of Grave, No. of GRAVE. LENGTH. BREADTH. DEPTH. NO. OF SKELETON. DESCRIPTION OF SKELETON. HUMAN REMAINS. COMPASS BEARING (TRUE). SEX. ESTIMATED STATURE. SKULL FIGURED ON XXVII. ft. ins. 6 10 ft. ins. 1 10 ft. ins. 2 6 ft. ins. 27 Lying extended on back, head on the W.; skull much W. 20° S. fractured; arms straight down sides; legs at full length. In bad preservation. Male 5 10.1 XXVIII. 5 9 1 9 193 2 3 28¹ This grave contained two interments :- Male 5 4.1 Plate CLVII. Portions of the remains of a Primary interment (28¹) were found scattered throughout the soil at a depth varying from 12″ to 18″ beneath the surface. 282 XXIX. 3 10 1 3 1 10 29 XXX. 4 0 1 3 2 0 30 XXXI. 5 6 2 3 2 7 311 312 OTHER RELICS. A Secondary burial (282) was found at a depth of W. 10° S. Male? 2′ 3″ beneath the surface consisting of a skeleton lying extended on its back, head to W., facing S. right arm straight down the side, left forearm across the waist; legs at full length. Over the left humerus and touching it were found the tibiæ and humerii of the Primary interment; the femora of the same interment having been placed over the upper part of the right humerus, whilst the skull was found standing on its base over the skull of the secondary interment, at the head of the grave. Remains in very bad state of preservation. 5 6.8 Plate CLIX., Fig. 4 Iron knife, Fig. 6, Plate CL., found at a depth of 1′ 7″ beneath the surface. Iron buckle found over the pelvis of the secondary interment, at a depth of 1′ 10″ beneath the surface. Flint flake with bulb of percussion and fragment of pottery of smooth sandy texture. Remains apparently those of a child in very bad preservation. This grave contained two interments :— Portions of the remains of a Primary interment, (31¹) were found scattered throughout the soil at a depth varying from 1' 2" to 2' beneath the surface, and consisted of small fragments of the skull and limbs. ! A fragment of a humerus was found underneath the W. 13° S. Probably Male right tibia of the Secondary interment (312). This interment consisted of a skeleton lying extended on its back, head on the W., facing S.; arms straight down the sides, the left being slightly bent; legs at full length; the toes pointing upwards. 5 7.0 : Iron knife, Fig. 5, Plate CL., found on the left side above the Secondary interment at a depth of 1′ 7″ be- neath the surface. Excavations on Winkelbury Hill. 287 REMARKS ON THE ANGLO-SAXON SKELETONS FROM THF CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. The measurements were taken according to the method already detailed in the case of the Rotherley and other skeletons, Dr. Topinard's rules being adhered to throughout. The measurements of skulls and limb-bones are given in the two adjoining tables, the results of which, as compared with the Romano-Britons, are as follows: the stature of 12 Saxon males is 5 feet 7.3 inches, and of 9 females 5 feet 1.4 inches, as compared with 5 feet 2.6 inches for 18 Romano-British males, and 4 feet 10.9 inches for 10 Romano-British women. The average cephalic index, taking the glabello-occipital index, is for 14 Saxons, male and female, 745 against 746, for 26 Romano-Britons of both sexes. This is nearly the same, but in dividing the skulls under the several denominations of breadth proportion it is seen that the Saxons are rather more closely distributed than the Romano-Britons, the classification being, for 14 Saxons as follows:-Hyperdolichocephalic 1, Dolichocephalic 7, Mesaticephalic 6, Brachycephalic 0; whereas in 26 Romano-Britons the following were the propor- tions:-Hyperdolichocephalic 3, Dolichocephalic 11, Mesaticephalic 10, Brachy- cephalic 2. The difference is marked by the presence of two Brachycephalic skulls among the Romano-Britons, which were not found amongst the Saxons, the cephalic index of 745 for Saxons is normal. Dr. Beddoe remarked that the Saxons were slightly more prognathous, and had less prominent superciliary ridges, and that the frontal arc was larger than amongst the Romano-Britons, which is characteristic of the race. As regards platycnemism none of the Saxons were platycnemic, although 2 approached towards it, whereas out of 27 Romano-Britons measured for platy- cnemism 6 were platycnemic, that is they had an index of breadth to thickness under 642. 2 P LONDON : HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLI. ! 2 Skull. Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 No. of Least Circumference. Femur. 1 2 ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Skull of Skeleton (No. 2), found lying in an extended position on back in grave No. 2 of the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. (See plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX.) The head was on the W., facing South, the bearing taken along the vertebral column being W. 2° N (true). The arms were down the sides of the body and the legs were out at full length. The body had been interred in a grave 6′ 1″ long by 1′ 6″ wide and 2′ 3″ deep. A bronze pin (Fig. 30, Plate CL) was found on the breast. 1 1 Tibia. Index. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. W 189 W 136 720 W W W W W W W 50 23 460 33 39 846 W W W W W W W W W 94 W 26 Male Length. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse diameter of Shaft. Right 473 78 164 375 63 168 28 19 678 W W W W Left 471 79 167 373 62 166 28 20 714 W W W W w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. LIMBS. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Length. Least Circumference. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Long, high, carinate skull, greatest breadth low. Conformation of forehead and slightly arched nose, very Teutonic (B). Teeth much worn. Aged (G). B B W W W W W 265 30 113 W W W Tall and very slender man (B). W W W W W 264 30 113 W W W 5' 7.4" All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. PLATE CLI. ~|- 1/24 SKULL OF SKELETON No. 2, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL સ Wyman & Sons, Litho.Gt Queen St London,W.C. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLII. Right Left : Length. Least Circumference. Skull. Length. No. 1 2 of Femur. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. ! Skull of Skeleton (No. 5), found extended on back in grave No. 5, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. See plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX. The head was on the W. facing N. The bearing taken along the vertebral column being W. 12° S. (true). The arms were extended down the sides, hands resting on hips, legs straight out. The body had been placed in a grave 6' 5" long by 2' wide and 2' deep. No relics were found with the remains. Tibia 1 2 MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. " Vertical. Frontal. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 5 517 186 185 140 753 757 138 742 746 106 101 953 50 24 480 33 40 825 1380 120 325 104 290 123 330 97 101 99 136 33 Male w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Fibula. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. LIMBS. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Length. Least Circumference. 00 Radius from Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. 485 90 185 374 80 214 33 25 757 W W W 350 68 190 251 47 187 W W W W W W 5′ 7.9″ Fine, robust, athletic man (B). 487 94 193 375 79 210 31 24 774 W W W 346 65 187 W W W W W W 150 38 253 Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. >> Elliptic in skull and facial aspect, might be the well-filled skull of a modern "Saxon English- man; nose moderately arched or straight, zygo- matic breadth rather notable, however (B). Middle-aged, teeth unworn (G). PLATE CLII. * TWILON 2 1/4 You 호 ​ SKULL OF SKELETON No. 5, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. 1/24 Wyman & Sons, Litho.Gt Queen St London.W.C. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLIII. Right Left : : Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Skull. 1 2 No. of Tibia. Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Skull of Skeleton No. 7, found extended on back in Grave No. 7, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. See Plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX. The head was on the W., facing upwards, the bearing taken along the vertebral column being W. 18° S. (true). The right arm was straight down the side of the body, with the hand resting on the hip; the left forearm was turned in across the pelvis. Legs at full length. The grave in which the remains were found was 6 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet 6 inches wide, and 3 feet 2 inches deep. No relics were discovered. Height. Width. Nasal. Orbital. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. 7 522 183 182 143 781 786 137 749 753 104 99 952 50 26 520 33 39 846 W 119 325 102 285 119 335 92 98 96 W 422 80 189 362 70 193 30 23 766 W W W W W W W N W W W w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Fibula. Humerus. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. LIMBS. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Index. Cubical Capacity. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. Arc. Radius. Ulna. B B W W 313 56 178 W W W 249 34 136 W W W 5' 2.4" W W W W 230 39 169 W W W W W W Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Radius from Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Ophryon. Least Circumference. Arc. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. Clavicle. Estimated Stature. Arc. To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. Least Frontal Width. Auditorius. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. aged; teeth worn (G). OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. 33 { Probably female Ovoid; flatter temporal region, narrower chin, and something in the formation of the brows moy indicate admixture of British blood (B); middle PLATE CLIII. -~ 호 ​SKULL OF SKELETON No. 7, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. 마 ​ 호 ​-Ja جماع Wyman & Sons, Litho.GQueen St London WC. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLIV. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. 14 No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. Breadth. 513 186 184 136 731 739 Femur. Least Circumference. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Tibia. Latitudinal Index. Length. 1 2 Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. 1 2 Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Point. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Alveolar Index. Height. Width. Nasal. Orbital. Skull of Skeleton No. 14, found lying on the left side in Grave No. 14, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. See Plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX. The head was on the W. facing N., the bearing taken along the vertebral column being W. 19° S. (true). The left arm was lying straight down the side of the body, right forearm bent inwards across the waist; knees slightly bent. The grave in which the remains were found was 5 feet 5 inches long, 1 foot 11 inches wide, and 2 feet 1 inch deep. An iron knife, Fig. 4, Plate CL., was found on the waist of the skeleton. No other relics were discovered. Index. Height. W W W W W W 51 23 451 30 38 789 W 113 313 103 Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. LIMBS. Width. Index. Right • 474 92 194 366 Left 472 92 194 370 8.88 80 218 30 23 766 W W W 347 66 190 246 44 178 272 36 132 W W W 5' 6.7" 80 216 30 23 766 368 35 95 W W W 244 43 176 W W W W W W Length. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Cubical Capacity. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. Arc. 280 MEASUREMENT S. SKULL. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Radius from Meatus Ophryon. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. Arc. To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. Least Frontal Width. Auditorius. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. 113 317 96 111 96 W 33 Male cross (B). Ulna. Clavicle. Least circumference. Perimetral Index. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Estimated Stature. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. Ovoid with prominent superciliary ridges and nasal bones; chin angular; perhaps a British OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. PLATE CLIV. 1/24 ~1~ 흐 ​ 1/2/24 Wyman & Sons, Lithe.GQueen St London WC. SKULL OF SKELETON No. 14, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL, DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLV. No. of Skull. relics were discovered. Skull of Skeleton No. 20, found lying extended on back in Grave No. 20, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. See plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX. The head was on the W. facing upwards, the bearing taken along the vertebral column being W. 23° S. (true). Both arms were straight down sides of body; legs at full length. The remains were in a grave 6 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet 2 inches wide, 2 feet 5 inches deep. No Horizontal Circumference. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Length. 1 2 1 2 Index. 1 2 MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. 20 520 189 187 140 741 749 134 709 717 98 95 969 50 21 420 35 38 921 1420 115 315 101 275 121 335 91 99 94 128 30 Female. Length. LIMBS. Femur. Tibia. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Estimated Stature. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on Physical Peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Ovo-elliptic, low, parieto-occipital flattening, no carina, straight nose, small round chin (B.); fully adult (G). Right 453 77 170 W W W W W W W 32 W 341 56 164 244 38 155 W 36 W W W W 5' 6'3" Leg-bones slender, delicately formed (B). Left W W W 368 62 168 27 19 703 W W W W W W 245 39 159 W W W W W W All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. PLATE CLV. 1-2/24 ~|~ SKULL OF SKELETON No. 20, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL 호 ​-10 Wyman & Sons, Litho.G!Queen St London.W.C. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLVI. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Skull. 1 2 No. of Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Antero-posterior Diameter. Tibia. Length. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. 1 2 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Skull of Skeleton No. 23, found extended on back in Grave No. 23, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. See plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX. The head was on the W. facing N.; the bearing taken along the vertebral column being W. 8° S. (true). Right arm straight down side, left forearm turned in over pelvis ; legs at full length. The remains were in a grave 6 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet 4 inches deep. No relics were discovered. MEASUREMENTS SKULL. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. 23 519 183 183 142 776 776 120 656 656 95 94 989 48 22 458 33 36 917 1440 114 315 101 275 120 336 93 94 94 123 29 Female w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. LIMBS. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Right 430 74 172 347 69 198 28 21 750 345 29 84 318 55 172 233 35 150 257 32 124 134 30 223 5' 2.3" Bones slender, delicate (B). Left 427 82 1.92 349 69 197 30 21 700 W W W 310 56 180 W W W W W W 136 32 235 Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Oblong; resembles a Disentis-Belair Swiss form, tendency to flatness and squareness with tapering chin and straight profile (B); adult; teeth not worn (G). PLATE CLVI. 2 호 ​You SKULL OF SKELETON No. 23, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. Wyman & Sons, Litho.G! Queen St London,W.C. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLVII. Skull of Skeleton No. 28¹ found at the west end in Grave No. 28, Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Winkelbury Hill. See Plan of Cemetery, Plate CXLIX. It belonged to a Primary Interment, some of the remains of which were found scattered throughout the soil in the grave at various depths. The skull, however, with some of the limb-bones, had been collected together and placed over and about the skull of a Secondary Interment (No. 28º), which was discovered at the bottom of the Grave, as shown in the woodcut, page 260. An Iron Knife, Fig. 6, Plate CL., was found at a depth of 1 foot 7 inches beneath the surface in the Grave, which was 5 feet 9 inches long, 1 foot 9 inches wide, and 2 feet 3 inches deep. No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. Length. 1 2 1 2 Index. 1 2 MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. Radius from Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. 28¹ 563 199 200 147 739 735 139 698 695 107 101 944 53 27 509 36 41 878 1,730 123 341 111 350 126 352 99 104 112 140 39 Male LIMBS. Femur. Tibia. Fibula. Humerus. Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Right W W W W 83 W 32 25 781 W Left 448 83 185 357 77 215 31 26 836 W w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. B B W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 5' 4.1″ W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Fine Saxon-English skull, ovo-elliptic, some- what low and flat, parieto-occipital flattening, nose not arched, jaw strong, chin prominent and rather narrow, frontal suture (B); fully adult ((G). All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. 20 * Slars F な ​ * 18.A angles. గి Maya R Crown of Marg or Maya to Loch Center, oftarray bokisy alla abury plan grestial org serpent mound, Lock will a Glen Geochan tuple cone of Ben Kruachan Cestirand HODCHIA PLATE CLVII. -~ 흐 ​1/24 2 Wyman & Sons, Lithe GQueen St London WC SKULL OF SKELETON 28¹. ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. DESCRIPTION OF OF PLATE CLVIII. OF f Right Left.. f Right { s{ Left.. Right 8 { Left.. 13 Right {Left.. : :: Length. Least Circumference. Femur. Perimetral Index. Length. Least No. of Skull. Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Greatest Cephalic Index. Length. 1 2 1 2 Ophryo-occipital. 1 535 186 187 148 796 791 Circumference. Perimetral Index. Tibia. Breadth. Glabello - occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo Length and Greatest occipital Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 1 2 ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Height. Index. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Point. Alveolar Index. TOP VIEWS OF SKULLS OF SKELETONS, Nos. 1, 4, 8, AND 13, FOUND IN GRAVES, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. SEE PLAN OF CEMETERY, PLATE CXLIX. THE POSITIONS IN WHICH THE SKELETONS WERE FOUND ARE DESCRIBED IN THE RELIC TABLE OF THE CEMETERY, PAGE 284. Height. Width. Index. Height. Width. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Frontal. Index. Cubical Capacity. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. 4 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 98 W 31 Female. Antero-posterior Diameter. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. 8 521 196 192 129 658 672 151 770 786 W W W W W W W W W W 123 325 110 300 122 326 W W 98 W 33 Male. Transverse Dia- meter of Shaft. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Ophryon. W W W W W W W W W W W W W 114 W 106 W 119 W W W 103 W 32 Female. 13 537 193 192 141 731 734 134 694 698 W W W W W W W W W W 117 315 109 305 116 324 W W 106 W 33 Male. 464 87 462 87 OFF 187 372 189 W 225 75 201 30 22 733 76 W 30 22 733 Latitudinal Index. 404 82 203 351 396 84 178 341 88888 66 188 68 199 23 27 28 220 740 W W W W W W W W 21 750 W W W W W W W W w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. Length. Least Circumference. Fibula. Humerus. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. LIMBS. BB W W W W W W W W W W W W BB W W BB W W W W Вв W W W 323 64 198 255 40 156 W W W W W W W W W W W BB W W W W W 5' 6.7" W W 154 35 227 BE W W W TV BB W 366 W 330 68890 Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Parietal. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most pro- minent part of Parietal. Arc. W W W 368 76 206 34 460 90 195 364 74 203 33 223 23 676 W W W 326 70 214 W W W 278 40 143 W W W 5' 5'9" Tibiæ narrow, almost Platycnemic (B). 22 666 W W W W W W 261 43 164 W W W 144 35 243 164 181 B B W W W W ww W W B B W B B W Radius. Ulna. Clavicle. Length. Least Circumference. BB W B B Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. W W BB W W W 4′ 11.3" W W W All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. B B W W W W W W W ww W W 5' 6.5" W W Estimated Stature. To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. Radius from Meatus Auditorius. Least Frontal Width. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Belongs to Gildemeister's Batavian or Frisian type; long, broad, and low; elliptic in norma verticalis, with dilated temporal region, and parieto-occipital flattening; forehead broad, low, upright; no carina (B). Aged (G). ; Remarkable for length, height, and narrowness some parieto-occipital flattening; norma verticalis a very long ellipse; norma occipitalis wallsided, somewhat carinate; angle of chin open and rounded; glabella moderate, altogether the aspect approaches that of a long barrow skull (B). Strongly marked skull, ovo-elliptic with parieto-occipital flattening; strong superciliary ridges, square angular jaw, and probably very wide zygomata (B). Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S. PLATE CLVIII. SKULL 1. SKULL 8. -1~ 호 ​SKULL 4. SKULL 13. SKULLS OF SKELETONS 1, 4, 8, & 13, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY WINKELBURY HILL. Wynan & Sons, Litho.G!Queen St London WC DESCRIPTION OF PLATE CLIX. Right 16 Left Right 17 { Left 18 Right Left 282 J Right Left R :: : : :: :: : : Number of Skeleton. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. No. of Skull. Circumference. Horizontal 16 W W 185 Femur. Least Circumference. 481 98 203 397 83 487 99 203 396 84 209 212 36 37 W W W W W W W W W W W W W << W Greatest Cephalic Index. Height. occipital. Glabello- occipital. Ophryo- Breadth. Length. 1 2 Glabello-occipital Greatest Breadth. Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo-occipital Length and Bregma. From Basion to 1 2 Perimetral Index. 147 Antero-posterior Diameter. W 790 Tibia. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. 429 84 195 336 77 229 31 24 774 W 434 88 202 337 77 228 32 22 687 W BB W W 26 2888 Latitudinal Index. 1 2 Index. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Point. Alveolar Index. TOP VIEWS OF SKULLS OF SKELETONS (Nos. 16, 17, 18 AND 282) FOUND IN GRAVES, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. SEE PLAN OF CEMETERY, PLATE CXLIX. THE POSITIONS IN WHICH THE SKELETONS WERE FOUND ARE DESCRIBED IN THE RELIC TABLE OF THE CEMETERY, PAGE 284. Height. Width. Index. Height. Nasal. Orbital. Vertical. Width. Index. Cubical Capacity. Auditorius to Bregma. Radius from Meatus Arc. MEASUREMENTS. SKULL. W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 32 Male. Auditorius to Ophryon. Radius from Meatus 17 512 183 183 135 738 738 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 1.20 325 104 284 120 333 W W 97 W 34 Female. Ovoid (B). Aged (G). ? 18 W 186 182 141 758 775 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 121 325 104 W 121 322 W W W W 32 Probably Elliptic, well-filled, rounded in all aspects, chin female. included. ? 282 542 W 197 142 W 721 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 121 330 103 284 130 350 W W W W W Male. Secondary interment, ovoid or ovo-elliptic, rounded. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. 722 757 Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Fibula. Humerus. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. LIMBS. Least Circumference. Radius. W W W W 460 92 200 W BB W W W W BB W W W W W W W W W << W W 316 67 212 W W W W TV W BB W W W 39 W W W W 5' 6·8" W W 259 39 150 145 39 268 B B W W W W W 315 65 206 W W W W W W W W W W W W 313 60 191 W W W W W W W Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Arc. Auditorius to most pro- Radius from Meatus minent part of Parietal. Ulna. Clavicle. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Radius from Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. W W 395 35 88 888* 347 73 210 258 46 178 282 36 127 W W 344 70 203 156 45 175 278 35 125 W W ww W 5' 8.9" Tall, strong man. W Perimetral Index. B B W W W W 236 41 173 259 33 127 W 305 60 196 236 40 169 W W W BB W W W 32 BB W 5′ 16″ W Length. Least Circumference. B B W W 5′ 24″ W All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Perimetral Index. Estimated Stature. Arc. To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. Least Frontal width. Greatest width at Zygomatic Arches. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. Ovoid; parieto-occipital flattening (B). PLATE CLIX. -| SKULL 16. Cal SKULL 18. " -You 호 ​글 ​You 2 SKULL 17. 4 SKULL 282. SKULLS OF SKELETONS 16, 17, 18, & 282, ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL UNIW OF Wyman &Sons, Litho.GQueen St London W.C. GENERAL TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF HUMAN SKULLS FOUND IN THE ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. Locality and Reference to Plates. No. of Skull.* Cephalic Greatest Index. Length. 1 2 Horizontal Circumference. Glabello-occipital. Ophryo-occipital. Breadth. 1 2 Glabello-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. Ophryo-occipital Length and Greatest Breadth. From Basion to Bregma. 1 2 Index. Height. ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR FLOWER'S METHOD. Basi-nasal Length from Basion to Nasion. Point. Basi-alveolar Length from Basion to Alveolar Nasal. Orbital. Alveolar Index. Height. Width. Index. Height. Width. Index. Cubical Capacity. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to Bregma. Arc. Ophryon. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR BUSK'S METHOD. OTHER MEASUREMENTS. Radius from Vertical. Frontal. Parietal. Meatus Auditorius. Arc. Radius from Meatus Auditorius to most prominent part of Parietal. Arc. To Nasion. To Alveolar Point. Least Frontal Width. Grave 1, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLVIII., Fig. 1. 1 535 186 187 148 796 791 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 114 W 106 W 119 W W W 103 W 32 Female Grave 2, Plate CXLIX. The skull is 2 W 189 W 136 720 W W W W W W W 50 23 460 33 39 846 W W W W W W W W W 94 W 26 Male figured on Plate CLI. Grave 4, Plate CXLIX. The skull is 4 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 98 W 31 Female ? figured on Plate CLVIII., Fig. 2. Grave 5, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLII. 5 517 186 185 140 753 757 138 742 746 106 101 953 50 24 480 33 40 825 1380 120 325 104 290 123 330 97 101 99 136 33 Male Grave 6, Plate CXLIX. 6 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 97 W 28 ... Grave 7, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLIII. 7 522 183 182 143 781 786 137 749 753 104 99 952 50 26 520 33 39 846 W 119 325 102 285 119 335 92 98 96 W 33 Female Probably Female Grave 8, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLVIII., Fig. 3. 8 521 196 192 129 658 672 151 770 786 W W W W W W W W W W 123 325 110 300 122 326 W W 98 W 33 Male Grave 9, Plate CXLIX. 9 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 94 W W Uncertain ... ... Grave 11, Plate CXLIX. 11 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 25 ... Uncertain Grave 13, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLVIII., Fig. 4. 13 537 193 192 141 731 734 134 694 698 W W W W W W W W W W 117 315 109 305 116 324 W W 106 W 33 Male Grave 14, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLIV. 14 513 186 184 136 731 739 W W W W W W 51 23 451 30 38 789 W 113 313 103 280 113 317 96 111 96 W 33 Belongs to Gildemeister's Batavian or Frisian type; long, broad and low; elliptic in norma occipitalis, with dilated temporal region, and parieto-occipital flattening; forehead broad, low, upright; no carina (B). Aged; teeth worn (G). Long, high, narrow, carinate skull; greatest breadth low; conformation of forehead and slightly arched nose very Teutonic (B). Aged; teeth much worn (G). Elliptic in skull and facial aspect; might be the well-filled skull of a modern 'Saxon" Englishman; zygomatic breadth rather notable, however (B); nose moderately arched or straight. Middle aged; teeth unworn (G). About 15 years of age (B); teeth unworn (G). Ovoid, flatter temporal region, narrower chin, and something in the formation of the brows may indicate admixture of British blood (B). Middle aged; teeth worn (G). Remarkable for length, height, and narrowness; some parieto-occipital flatten- ing; norma verticalis a very long ellipse; norma occipitalis wall-sided, somewhat carinate; angle of chin open and rounded; glabella moderate. Altogether the aspect approaches that of a long barrow skull (B). Adult; teeth a little worn (G). About 13 years of age (B). About 10 years of age (B). Strongly marked skull, ovo-elliptic with parieto-occipital flattening; strong superciliary ridges, square angular jaw, and probably very wide zygomata (B). Teeth worn; old (G). Ovoid, with prominent superciliary ridges and nasal bones; chin angular. Male Perhaps a British cross (B). Grave 15, Plate CXLIX. 15 ... Grave 16, Plate CXLIX. The skull is 16 W W 185 147 W figured on Plate CLIX., Fig. 1. 790 W : Þ : 22 Uncertain About 7 years of age (B). W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 32 Male Ovoid; parieto-occipital flattening (B). Aged; teeth worn (G). Grave 17, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLIX., Fig. 2. 17 512 183 183 135 738 738 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 120 325 104 284 120 333 W W 97 W 34 Probably Female Ovoid (B). Aged; teeth much worn (G). Grave 18, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLIX., Fig. 3. 18 W 186 182 141 758 775 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 121 325 104 W 121 322 W W W W 32 Grave 19, Plate CXLIX. 19 528 190 186 146 768 785 W W W W W W W W W W W W W 118 322 107 292 118 330 W W 94 W 36 Probably Female Male Grave 20, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLV. 20 520 189 187 140 741 749 134 709 717 98 95 969 50 21 420 35 38 921 1420 115 315 101 275 121 335 91 99 94 128 30 Grave 22, Plate CXLIX. 22 W ... Grave 23, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLVI. 23 Grave 28, Plate CXLIX. The skull is 28¹ figured on Plate CLVII. Grave 28, Plate CXLIX. The skull is figured on Plate CLIX., Fig. 4. 282 542 W 182 181 W 519 183 183 142 776 776 120 563 199 147 200 739 735 139 698 197 142 W W W 129 709 713 656 656 98 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 94 W 28 Female 95 94 989 48 22 458 33 36 917 1440 695 107 101 944 53 27 509 36 41 878 1730 123 341 111 350 114 315 101 275 120 336 126 352 93 94 99 104 94 123 29 112 140 39 Grave 31, Plate CXLIX. 312 527 189 187 140 741 749 721 W 134 W W W W W W W W W W W W 121 330 103 284 130 350 W W W W W 709 717 110 W W W W W 28 38 737 W 115 315 107 294 116 322 100 W 93 W W ... Male Male ? Probably Male Elliptic, well filled, rounded in all aspects, chin included. Ovoid, rather low, parieto-occipital flattening; long face, narrow angular chin (B). Middle aged (G). Ovo-elliptic, low, parieto-occipital flattening; no carina; straight nose, small Female round chin (B). Fully adult (G). Nearly elliptic, rounded in all points, but with rather angular chin (B). Adult (G). Oblong; resembles a Disentis-Belair Swiss form. Tendency to flatness and Primary interment. Fine Saxon-English skull; ovo-elliptic, somewhat low and flat, parieto-occipital flattening; nose not arched; jaw strong; frontal suture; chin prominent and rather narrow (B). Fully adult (G). Female squareness, with tapering chin and straight profile (B). Adult; teeth not worn (G). Secondary interment. Ovoid or ovo-elliptic, rounded (B). Adult (G). Secondary interment. Elliptic, temples full, parieto-occipital flattening; slight absatzung of occiput (B.) Fully adult (G). Totals.. 6856 6856 2820 2993 2253 10431 11297 1216 6436 6481 718 490 4807 352 166 3298 261 309 6759 5970 1653 4191 1472 3514 1684 4312 668 607 1659 527 589 Average 527 188 187 141 745 753 135 715 720 102 98 961 50 24 471 32 38 845 1492 118 322 105 293 120 331 95 101 97 131 31 MICH UN OF * The numbers which are missing in this column are those of skulls which could not be measured. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. Greatest Width at Zygomatic Arches. Depth of Chin from Root of Teeth. Sex. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S., and Dr. GARSON, on physical peculiarities, and other remarks by General PITT-RIVERS. The letters "B" and "G" refer to Beddoe and Garson. GENERAL TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF HUMAN LIMB-BONES FOUND IN THE ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY, WINKELBURY HILL. Locality and References to Plates. Number of Skeleton.* Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Femur. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Tibia. Antero-posterior Diameter. Transverse Diameter of Shaft. Latitudinal Index. Length. Least Circumference. Fibula. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Humerus. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Radius. Ulna. Grave 1, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLVIII., Fig. 1. 1 1 { Right.. 404 82 203 351 Left 396 84 178 341 Grave 2. Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLI. 2 f Right.. 473 78 164 375 Left 471 79 167 373 88 88 66 188 27 68 199 28 63 168 28 62 166 23 22 22 ** 22 20 740 W W W W 21 750 W W W W ww W W W BB ww W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W BE W 4' 11.3″ Female W 19 678 W W W W W W 20 714 W W W W W W BB W W W 265 30 113 W W W 5' 7.4" Male W W W 26-1 30 113 Tall and very slender man. W W W Grave 3, Pl. CXLIX. Grave 4, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLVIII., Fig. 2. ... 3 { Left 3f Right.. W W W W W W BB W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W BB W 268 52 194 W W W W W 260 51 196 W W W W W BB W W W W W W বন্ধ W ww W W } 4′ 44″ Female 4 Right.. W W W W W W W Left W W W W W W W Grave 5, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLII. 5 Grave 7, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLIII. 5{ 7{ Right.. Right.. 485 90 Left 487 422 W 858 185 374 80 214 33 25 BE 20 W W W W W W W W বন্ধ W 323 64 198 255 40 156 W W W W W W 5' 6.7" Female? W W W W W W W W W W 154 35 227 757 W W 94 193 375 79 210 31 24 774 W W вв W 350 68 190 251 47 187 W W W W W W W 346 65 187 W W W W W W 150 38 253 } 5′ 7.9″ Male Fine robust athletic man. 80 189 362 70 193 30 23 766 W W W 313 56 178 W W W 249 34 136 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 230 39 169 W W W W W W Grave 8. Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLVIII., Fig. 3. 8 {Left Right.. W W W 368 76 206 34 460 on CLVIII., 4. Grave 13, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is 18Eight.. 464 13 Left 462 Grave 14, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLIV. 14 Right.. 474 Left 472 .. Grave 16, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLIX., Fig. 1. 16 Right.. 481 Left 487 •• 2 ** ** 388888 90 195 364 74 203 33 87 187 372 75 87 189 W 76 92 194 366 80 92 194 370 80 200 88 201 30 W 30 22 22 23 676 W W W 326 70 214 W W W 278 40 143 W W W 5' 5'9″ 666 W W W W 733 W W W 366 733 W W W 330 88 € W 261 43 164 W W W 144 35 243 W } } 5′ 24″ Probably Female Male Tibiæ narrow, almost platycnemic. 60 164 W W W W W W W W W 60 181 W W W W W W W W W } 5' 6'5" Male 218 216 888888 30 30 2 2 23 766 W W W 347 66 190 246 44 178 272 36 132 23 766 368 35 95 W W W 244 43 176 W W W Вв W W 90 203 397 83 209 36 99 203 396 84 212 37 288 26 722 W W W 347 757 395 35 88 344 Grave 17, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLIX., Fig. 2. 17 { Right.. W W W W W W W W W W W W 315 W W W W W W W W W W W W 313 Grave 19, Pl. CXLIX. Grave 24, Pl. CXLIX. ... Grave 26, Pl. CXLIX. : ... ... Grave 18, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLIX., Fig. 3. Grave 20, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLV. Grave 23, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLVI. Grave 27, Pl. CXLIX. Grave 28, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLVII. Grave 28, Pl. CXLIX. The skull is figured on Pl. CLIX., Fig. 4. Grave 31, Pl. CXLIX. 18 19 Right.. S 19 Left 20Right.. Left 23 { Right.. 24 Left 26 { Right.. 27 { Right.. .. 27{1 281 { Right.. 281 1 | 28° { Left Right.. Left 429 434 888 84 195 336 88 202 337 454 95 209 W 82 463 95 205 379 80 FN 88 77 229 31 77 228 32 2223 24 774 687 BB W W W W W W W 305 W 30 26 866 356 36 101 341 211 .. 30 26 866 W W W 336 28 84 8R JJ 73 210 258 46 178 282 36 127 W 70 203 256 45 175 278 35 125 W BE BE W W 5' 6.7" Male W W W W W W } 5′ 8.9″ Male Tall strong man. 65 206 W W W W W W W W W 60 191 W W W W W W W W W } 5′ 24″ 5' 2.4" Probably 1 Female W W 236 41 173 259 33 127 W W 60 196 236 40 169 W W W W 32 ধর্ষ W 5' 1.6″ W 70 205 W W W 272 71 211 W W W 271 忠志 ​42 155 W W W 5' 6'6" Male Probably Female Femur much bowed anteriorly. 42 154 W W W 453 77 170 W W W W W W W 368 62 168 27 19 430 74 172 347 69 198 28 Left 427 82 192 349 69 197 30 J Right.. W 411 W W W W W 75 182 W W W вв W W W W W W W W W ... W W W 411 76 184 34 486 93 191 405 81 200 33 491 93 189 405 81 200 33 W 448 W W W 83 W 32 83 185 357 77 215 31 NN NN NA AA ND 58 W W 32 W 341 56 164 244 703 W W W W W W 245 8888 38 155 W 36 W W W W 5' 6·3″ Female Legbones slender, delicately formed 39 159 W W W W W W 21 750 345 29 84 318 55 172 233 35 150 257 32 124 134 30 223 5' 2.3" Female Bones slender, delicate. 21 700 W W W 310 56 180 W W W W W W 136 32 235 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 314 58 184 W W W W W W W W W } 4'11.0" Female W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 23 676 400 39 97 W W W W W W 293 41 139 W W BB W 5' 9.4"+ Male W Very long and flat tibiæ, almost platy- cuemic. 24 727 W 25 757 W বন্ধ W W W W W 267 W W 288 38 131 W W 347 68 195 269 42 156 293 37 126 BB W W W 5'10.1″ Male Femur bowed anteriorly. W W W 25 781 W W W W W W W 26 838 W W W W W W W BB W W W W W W W W W W W W বন্ধ W W 5′ 41″ Male W W Right.. W W W W W W W W W W 460 92 200 W W W W W W W BB W W 316 67 212 W W W W 39 W W W W W W W W W W W W 259 39 150 145 39 268 } 5' 6.8" ? Male 312 { Right.. 466 Left 465 888888 85 182 382 76 198 32 23 718 W W W W 89 191 371 83 223 34 20 588 W W W W BB W W W BB 253 44 173 W W W W W BB 41 W 143 36 251 W W W 141 33 234 |} 5′ 7.0" Probably(Ulna, left tibia and fibula broken during life, the two latter cemented together by new bone. Male Totals 12755 2357 5309 9631 2189 5254 902 666 21429 1864 206 465 7476 1441 4421 3984 626 2518 4080 661 1995 1147 310 1934 113' 3.7" Average.. 455 84 189 370 75 202 31 23 739 373 34 93 325 63 192 249 41 168 272 36 133 143 34 242 5' 4.3" Average stature of 12 males 5' 7.3". 9 females=5′ 1·4″. 99 99 * The numbers which are wanting in this column are those of skeletons of which measurements could not be taken. All the measurements are given in millimetres, except the estimated stature, which is in feet and inches. w signifies that the measurements were unable to be taken. + Calculated from tibia only. M N OF Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Length. Least Circumference. Perimetral Index. Clavicle. Estimated Stature. Sex. Remarks by Dr. BEDDOE, F.R.S. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 1 1 3 9015 03065 7814 =།་་་་་ཁག་ —————- བམ་ག་ལ་