PRESIDENT Roosevelt
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AND INTERNATIONAL Cooper ATION
FOR WAR AND PEACE
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- *EXHIBIT on display
May 4 to September 1, 1945,at the National
Archives, Constitution Avenue between
Seventh and Ninth Streets, Washington,
D. C. Exhibition Hall open from 8:45 a.m.
to 5:15 p.m. on weekdays, 1:30 to 5 p.m.
on Sundays.
PUBLICATION NO. 45-9
MAY 1945

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PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
FOR WAR AND PEACE .
AN EXHIBIT OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT LIBRARY MATERIALS
AND FEDERAL RECORDS
ROUND the world flags fly at half-mast. Franklin Delano
Roosevelt is dead. But the things for which he gave his life
live on, and not the least of them is a belief in international
Cooperation.
To the late President international cooperation was more than an
ideal. Working with Churchill and Stalin and other leaders of the
United Nations he made it a reality. The differences that lie between
nations, and he did not deny them, were things to be resolved, not
impassible barriers to understanding. He felt strongly that the ties
created by war would not be broken at its end. “It is not only a
common danger which unites us but a common hope,” he declared.
The United Nations is “an association not of governments, but of
peoples—and the peoples’ hope is peace.” For that peace Franklin
Delano Roosevelt fought and died.
When, after his return from Yalta, it was suggested to him that an
exhibit of materials relating to the Crimean Conference would be of
great interest, he immediately proposed an exhibit broader in scope,
one that would deal with all his conferences and would show how
international cooperation among civilian as well as military leaders is
not only an effective but an essential instrument for waging the war
and building the peace. Thus this exhibit was born. It is now being
presented not because President Roosevelt needs to be commemorated,
for his memorial is in the hearts of the great and the humble of the
world, but because he wanted the people to know the road to peace as
he had traveled it. But he also wanted to emphasize, as he did at his
last public appearance, that the “structure of world peace cannot be
the work of one man, one party, or one nation. It must be a peace
which rests upon the cooperative effort of the whole world.” For, he
3
warned, “peace can endure only so long as humanity really insists upon
it, and is willing to work for it—and sacrifice for it.”
[1] Aid to the Democracies. With the daring that characterized his actions
in crises, President Roosevelt moved to aid Britain when she alone stood be-
tween us and the floodtide of Nazi might. In this “fireside chat” of December
29, 1940, of which the first and fourth drafts and the final reading copy are
shown, the President appealed to the country to support his policy of sending
all possible aid to the democracies as the most effective way of protecting the
freedom and welfare of the United States. Note the familiar “My friends,”
which he penciled in.
[2] Lend-Lease. “This mighty instrument for victory is one of the growing
monuments to the boldness, imagination, and effective statesmanship of Franklin
Roosevelt. At a critical time in the history of this country he saw the vital
need for aiding those who were fighting against Axis aggression and oppression
all over the world. The wisdom and effectiveness of that vision are being
shown every day on the battlefields all over the world,” said President Truman
in signing the third Lend-Lease Act. The last page of the first act, signed by
President Roosevelt on March 11, 1941, is shown here.
[3] The Atlantic Charter. As the Declaration of Independence was to the
American Revolution so the Atlantic Charter is to World War II. The Dec-
laration of Independence did not achieve independence for the colonies nor can
the Atlantic Charter in itself achieve the prevention of aggression and the
establishment of world security. Both were declarations of principles, not plans
of action. The Charter is no less real because it was not a formal, signed docu-
ment but simply a joint declaration of the President of the United States and
the Prime Minister of Great Britain issued on August 14, 1941, after their first
historic meeting. Shown here is an illuminated document stating the Charter
principles. It was done by Sol Nodel of Brooklyn and was presented to the late
President by Nat Chayes of New York City.
[4] Declaration of War. The forces of ruthless aggression struck directly
at the United States on December 7, 1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
The President asked for an immediate declaration of war. It came in the form
of a Joint Resolution of Congress of December 8, 1941, shown here. It was
signed by Speaker of the House Rayburn and Vice President Wallace and was
approved by the President the same day at “4:10 p.m. E. S. T.,” as he noted.
Declarations of war against Germany and Italy followed on December II.
[5] Declaration by the United Nations. On January 1, 1942, 26 nations,
which President Roosevelt named the United Nations, adopted the principles of
the Atlantic Charter, agreed to employ their full resources in the war, and
pledged themselves not to conclude a separate peace with the enemy. The
Declaration, signed in Washington, is displayed. Thus, although there is no
signed Atlantic Charter, there exists a document specifically affirming the
principles it set forth.
[6] Adherents to the Declaration by the United Nations. In addition
to the original 26 signers, there have been 21 adherents to the Declaration by
the United Nations. The first of these adherents signed on a piece of White
House stationery that was later affixed to a larger sheet of paper. Note that the
last three adherents were Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Lebanon, whose represent-
atives signed on April 12, the day President Roosevelt died.
[7] Assurance of Friendship From the Sultan of Morocco. After the
North African invasion, President Roosevelt wrote to the Sultan of Morocco,
Mohammed Ben Youssef, expressing his pleasure at the spirit of cooperation
being manifested by Morocco. The Sultan replied by cable stating that at the
time of the invasion honor had forced upon Morocco the duty of defending
herself in order that she might live up to her agreements with the French but
that she had nothing but friendship for the United States. Later the Sultan
had the message inscribed in Arabic. This letter, which he turned over to
General Patton for the President, is shown.
[8] Casablanca Conference. Unconditional surrender was decided upon at
this historic conference as the only acceptable basis for the capitulation of the
enemy. Beginning on January 14, 1943, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister
Churchill and their Chiefs of Staff conferred for Io days on all phases of the war
effort. A picture of the Anfa Hotel, where the conference took place, and the
villas occupied by the President and the Prime Minister, is shown. General
Wilson gave it to Robert Sherwood, the playwright, who gave it to the President.
“The Cottonpicker,” daily news sheet of the U. S. S. Memphis, on which the
President made the return trip, reports a speech he made to the officers and men
on January 26.
[9] Guest Book of the Casablanca Conference. The first signature, in
Arabic, is that of Mohammed Ben Youssef, Prince of the Faithful, the Sultan of
Morocco, who was host to the conference. The signatures of Roosevelt, Church-
ill, Hopkins, General Patton, and of many others also appear.
[10] First Quebec Conference. In August 1943, President Roosevelt met
with the Prime Minister of Great Britain for the sixth time. Canadian Prime
Minister MacKenzie King and the Chiefs of Staff joined in the Quebec sessions,
which were concerned chiefly with military affairs. While in Canada, President
Roosevelt addressed the Canadian Parliament at Ottawa. One page of the text
of his speech and a picture of the House of Parliament are shown.
[11] The Moscow Conference. The foreign secretaries of the United States,
the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union met for the first time on October 19,
1943, in Moscow. There 12 meetings were held. The general report on the
agreements reached was in the form of a communique, telegraphed by W. Averell
Harriman, American Ambassador to the USSR, on October 31 and received the
5
next day by our State Department. It announced a declaration on security, a
decision to restore Austrian independence, and the determination to destroy
Fascism in Italy, after which the Italian people would be given an opportunity
to establish a democratic government.
[12] Declaration of Four Nations on General Security. Signed by Molo.
tov, Eden, and Hull, foreign secretaries of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and
the United States, and Foo Ping-Sheung, Chinese Ambassador at Moscow, this
declaration of October 30, 1943, the original of which is displayed, was issued
during the Moscow Conference. It recognized the necessity of continuing co-
operation after the enemy had been crushed and of establishing an international
organization for peace and security.
[13] Declaration of German Atrocities. There is a story about a little
European girl, who, when taken to visit the grave of her grandmother, asked:
“Who shot grandmother?” The child had never known anything but violent
death. For that, as well as for their more spectacular brutalities, the Nazis will
have to answer. The “three Allied Powers will pursue them to the uttermost
ends of the earth and will deliver them to their accusers in order that justice may
be done,” Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin promised in this declaration released
in Moscow on November 1, 1943. A photostat of the State Department's copy
is shown, for the original was apparently retained in Moscow. The Nazi flag
on which this document rests was captured by American forces.
[14] First American Flag To Fly Over an Enemy Capital. On Sunday,
June 5, 1944, the last of the Alban Hills below Rome were seized by troops of
the Fifth Army, and the Germans were forced to withdraw after a bitter tank
battle on the plains at the very gates of the city. Hanging above the center case
is the American flag that was raised in Rome on the night of the city's capture.
Gen. Mark Clark sent it to President Roosevelt with an accompanying letter, also
displayed.
[15] Four Terms. Four times the people of the United States chose Franklin
D. Roosevelt as their leader, chose him not with heils but through the demo-
cratic machinery of free elections. They chose him for his courage, his vision,
and his faith in the Nation and in humanity. On the Dutch Bible displayed,
which had been in his family for generations, Franklin Delano Roosevelt four
times took the oath of office as President of the United States. The Bible is
open at the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians, from which he selected the
text for his fourth inauguration. The gold medallions that were struck to com-
memorate each inaugural are shown. Paul Manship executed the one for 1933,
Joseph A. Atchison the one for 1937, and Jo Davidson those for 1941 and 1945.
The first and second drafts of the 1937 inaugural address and a copy of President
Roosevelt's D-Day prayer are also shown.
[16] The Cairo Conference. Late in November 1943 in Cairo, Egypt,
President Roosevelt met the Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek for the
first and last time. With Churchill, they and their military missions conferred
6
on the war in the Pacific. Once again there was no signed document to seal an
agreement that was nonetheless binding. The White House press release, shown
here, announced the determination of the three Allies that Korea should again
be free, that the aggression of Japan should be punished, and that she should be
brought to unconditional surrender. The photographs are of the villa of Alex-
ander Kirk, American Minister to Egypt and Saudi Arabia, where President
Roosevelt stayed.
[17 and 18] The Teheran Conference. The first historic meeting of Joseph
Stalin, Premier of the Soviet Union, with President Roosevelt and Prime Minis-
ter Churchill took place at Teheran, Iran, in the latter part of November 1943.
More important, perhaps, than what was decided was the fact of their coming
together. “We came here with hope and determination. We leave here, friends
in fact, in spirit and in purpose,” the Declaration of the Three Powers, signed
December 1, 1943, concludes. Displayed are three drafts and a copy of the final
declaration. Note the changes, most of which are in Mr. Roosevelt's hand-
writing, and the two adjectives, “cordial” in English and “friendly” in Russian,
used to describe the meetings.
[19] Invasion Agreement. On this slip of paper is recorded the agreement
to launch the greatest amphibious military operation in the history of the world.
It is the agreement by the Combined Staffs in Teheran to inform Stalin that
the Normandy invasion, for which the code word was “Overlord,” would be
launched “by June 1st,” which President Roosevelt changed in red pencil to
“during the month of May.” “Anvil,” a supporting operation in Southern
France “of the largest scale that is permitted by the landing craft available at
that time,” was also agreed upon. Admiral Leahy made the changes in pencil
and on the back the President noted: “Tues. a. m. Nov. 30th 1943. This is the
original.”
[20] A Legend by Ferdosi. This series of color prints depicts an adaptation
of an old legend by Ferdosi, the great Iranian poet. It celebrates the visit of
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to Teheran. Winston Churchill found it and
gave it to the President. There was once a cruel king by the name of Zohak
| Hitler in this version], the legend ran, who had a poisonous snake on each
shoulder [Mussolini and Hirohito]. He used to feed the snakes on human
brains, and for that purpose every day two young men were killed. Thus a
blacksmith by the name of Kave lost six of his seven sons. When the last son
was taken away he could stand it no longer. He put his leather apron on a
stake and made a standard of it and the people gathered around him and over-
threw the cruel Zohak. Roosevelt with his characteristic cigarette, Stalin with
his underslung pipe, and Churchill with his ever-present cigar are shown as
three Arabian knights. The inscriptions on the pictures are lines of poetry from
the legend.
[21] Sidelights on Teheran. On December 1, 1943, President Roosevelt
entertained at dinner. His placecard, shown here, contains his signature and
7
those of Stalin, in Russian script, and of Churchill. A letter of the same date
expresses Churchill's gratitude for a bowl President Roosevelt had given the
Prime Minister for his birthday. A copy of a letter from the President to
Marshal Stalin thanking him for making his stay at the Russian Embassy in
Teheran so comfortable and pleasant is also shown. “I view those momentous
days of our meeting,” he says, “with the greatest satisfaction as being an impor-
tant milestone in the progress of human affairs.” •
[22] The Return Trip From Teheran. Several stops were made on the
way back from Teheran. President Roosevelt's placecard at a dinner held in
Cairo on December 4, 1943, which bears the signature of President Inonu of
Turkey, and the menu of the dinner given on December 5, 1943, by Churchill
for President Roosevelt and the President of Turkey are displayed. The copy
of a letter from President Roosevelt to King Farouk of Egypt expresses the
President's regret at not seeing him and thanks him for his hospitality. The
President's enthusiasm for going places and seeing people often had to be curbed,
as this copy of a letter to Gen. Mark Clark shows. The President congratulates
him and the Fifth Army and says that he was sorry to miss seeing him, that he
wanted to visit Italy but “I was told I just could not go!”
[23] Invasion Port. At the Second Quebec Conference, held in September
1944, Prime Minister Churchill gave President Roosevelt this large model of
the floating docks that were used in the Normandy invasion. Because it was
extremely unlikely that the Allies could take and hold a major French port for
use in the invasion, an artificial port, for which the code word was “Mulberry
B,” was built in England and towed across the Channel. Undoubtedly one of
the greatest engineering feats of the war, it consisted of a breakwater of concrete
obstructions and some old Liberty ships, docks so constructed that they rose
and fell with the 20-foot tide, and long causeways necessitated by the broad
beach.
[24] The Crimean Conference. Yalta in the Crimea—7,000 miles from the
White House—was the scene of the second meeting of the “Big Three,” 14
months after Teheran. Livadia Palace, once the summer residence of Tsar
Nicholas II, was American headquarters. Here President Roosevelt lived and
the sessions were held. Arrangements for such a conference are a tremendous
undertaking. Nothing can be left to chance. A “General Information Bul-
letin” issued to the 275 members of the American party and a copy of a letter
from President Roosevelt to General Kruglov complimenting him and his staff
on their excellent management at Yalta and thanking them for their hospitality
are shown.
[25] Social Events at Yalta. Each of the “Big Three” entertained at a state
dinner. The menu for Churchill's dinner (February 10) at Villa Vorontsov
looks very impressive, but Stalin's dinner (February 8) at Villa Koreiz was
reported to be the largest of the three. To it the three women at the confer-
ence—Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Boettiger, Mrs. Sarah Churchill Oliver, and Kath-
8
leen Harriman, daughter of the American Ambassador to the USSR, were
invited. During the conference, the Prime Minister presented President Roose-
velt with a copy of his book on Marlborough, Churchill's ancestor, and the
President gave the Prime Minister and Premier Stalin and their foreign min-
isters at Yalta gold fourth-term medallions like the one in the center case.
[26] The Yalta Agreement. The original Yalta agreement of February 11,
1945, signed by Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, is displayed. It is the result
of eight meetings of the “Big Three” and of numerous staff conferences. Both
military and political questions were considered but naturally only the political
decisions were announced. Among them were plans for the occupation and
control of Germany, for territorial and governmental changes in Poland, and
for the international security conference at San Francisco. It is said that it took
15 hours—from noon one day to 3 a.m. the next—to draft this report on the
conference. - -
[27] The Yalta Agreement in Russian. The Russian text of the agreement
reached at the Crimean Conference, signed by the three heads of state, is also
shown.
|28] Homeward Bound From Yalta. President Roosevelt left Yalta on
February II and proceeded to Great Bitter Lake, a section of the Suez Canal.
There on a cruiser he was visited by King Farouk of Egypt and Emperor
Haile Selassie on February 13 and by King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia on
February 14. A list of the gifts selected for presentation to these rulers is
shown. At no time during any of the journeys to and from the various confer.
ences was President Roosevelt out of touch with Washington and other sources
of news even though he was under a communications blackout. Not only were
reports and maps of the several fronts supplied the Chief Executive but wireless
reports and press digests like those shown were made daily. Note that ad-
dresses such as that of Secretary of State Stettinius at the Inter-American Con-
ference on Problems of War and Peace, held in Mexico City from February 21
to March 8, were transmitted in full.
[29]. Address of the President to Congress, March 1, 1945. Immediately
after his return from Yalta, President Roosevelt reported to the Congress on
the Crimean Conference and appealed for support. “For,” he said, “unless you
here in the halls of the American Congress—with the support of the American
People-concur in the decisions reached at Yalta, and give them your active
support, the meeting will not have produced lasting results.” The United States
will soon be faced with a great decision, he warned. “We shall have to take the
responsibility for world collaboration, or we shall have to bear the responsibility
for another world conflict.” He looked forward to the San Francisco Security
Conference, where, he said, “we all hope, and confrtiently expect, to execute a
definite charter of organization under which the peace of the world will be
preserved and the forces of aggression permanently outlawed.”
"It has been a long journey,” he said at this, his last public appearance. “I
hope you will agree that it was a fruitful one.”
[30] President Roosevelt was the recipient of many gifts from foreign rulers
as well as from private individuals both here and abroad. During the Casa-
blanca Conference, the Sultan of Morocco gave him the Mohammedan yataghan
and sheath shown here and sent to Mrs. Roosevelt the gold filigree bracelets
and the tiara. On the homeward trip from Yalta, President Roosevelt received
the golden globe of the world from Emperor Haile Selassie and the jeweled
dagger and sequin-embroidered belt from King Ibn Saud.
[31 and 32] Official Signal Corps photographs of the President and of inter-
national conferences, 1941–45.
[33] The jeweler, Pierre Cartier, commerorated the President's conference
journeys with this silver and gold globe of the world. A precious stone marks
the site of each of the historic meetings except Yalta. The gold filigree cigarette
case, presented in the cherrywood box, was received on the Yalta trip. The
handsome sword with its diamond-studded hilt and scabbard was a gift in 1943
from King Ibn Saud. It was especially designed for President Roosevelt, and
its blade is of Damascus steel.
[34] The Arabian costumes are just two of a trunkful given to President
Roosevelt and his family by King Ibn Saud at their Great Bitter Lake meeting
in February 1945. The white woolen sleeveless coat, an aba, is such as aristo-
cratic Arabs wear on gala occasions. The great amount of gold embroidery
indicates that the owner is of exalted position. An ogal, a ring-like roll that
is wound twice around the head to hold the cloth head covering, is also shown.
It is wrapped with gold thread and is the kind that is worn only by royalty.
The richly decorated green silk garment is an overdress worn by women in
harems. A letter from the Sultan of Morocco was received in the embroidered
dispatch case.
[35] In 1944, Henry A. Wallace brought this Russian “Halat” robe to Presi-
dent Roosevelt from the President of the Council of Peoples Commissars of the
Uzbek Republic in South Central Asia. Embroidered in gold thread, in patterns
traditional in the artists’ families, such robes take a year to finish. Premier Stalin
presented the Russian tommy gun to Joseph E. Davis on his trip to Moscow in
May 1943. The bell from Capri, which has served at a rest area for airmen in
the Mediterranean theater, was sent to President Roosevelt at Christmas, 1944,
with this message: “The people of Capri, who are proud to give hospitality to
the brave men of the American Air Force, offer to the President of the United
States, the bell of San Michele, which is the supreme symbol of Fortune, Faith
and Glory; may it ring on the Day of Victory for everlasting Peace and Freedom
in all the world.”
10
THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
HE archives of the United States hiſ been accumulating for over a century
and a half before a central agency responsible for their care and preservation
was established. These archives comprise the sum total of the documents of
record character—papers, maps, photographs, motion pictures, sound recordings,
and microfilms—made or received by any official or agency of the Federal Gov-
ernment. They are not, therefore, as is sometimes supposed, merely a collection
of old documents having sentimental or antiquarian interest. Many records can
be disposed of after the transactions to which they relate are completed, but many
others have enduring value as evidence and their preservation and availability
are essential to the effective administration of the public business, to the mainte-
nance of rights and privileges of citizens, and to an understanding of the history
of the Nation.
The United States was the last of the great nations of the world to make ade-
quate provision for the preservation and administration of its national archives.
From time to time, almost from the inception of the Republic, voices were raised
urging the preservation of Government records, but years passed and only make-
shift measures to remedy their deplorable condition were adopted. Finally,
however, in 1934, the National Archives was established.
The National Archives Building is one of the finest of its kind in the world.
Its 21 tiers of stacks give space for the preservation of 1,000,000 cubic feet of
records—the equivalent of more than 150,000 four-drawer file cabinets. The
temperature and humidity of the stacks are rigidly controlled, and elaborate
systems of alarms protect every stack area. All records coming into the building
are cleaned and fumigated, damaged records are repaired by various methods,
and every possible precaution is taken to safeguard for the future the permanently
valuable records of the Nation's past.
But the National Archives exists not just to keep records but to make them
useful. From the Revolutionary War to the present war, there is scarcely an
aspect of American political, economic, institutional, or social life that is not
reflected in the Nation's archives. To them both the Government and the
people are turning increasingly for guidance and assistance in planning and con-
ducting their activities. Subject to a few necessary restrictions, records in the
custody of the Archivist may be consulted by any responsible person who has a
legitimate reason for wishing to use them.
THE FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT LIBRARY
HE years in which Franklin D. Roosevelt served his country as its elected
leader were momentous ones. He had a keen sense of their historic signifi-
cance and of his own accountability to the Nation and to history for the discharge
of the responsibilities his fellow citizens had placed upon him. Impelled by this
sense, he took steps to preserve for the people and in time to make available to
them his personal papers and collections.
11


On June 30, 1941, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Building, constructed
with private funds on land at Hyde Park donated by the President and his
mother and designed to house the papers, books, ship models, naval prints, and
museum materials accumulated by President Roosevelt, was presented to the
Government. Congress in providing for the acceptance of the building and the
material to be deposited in it placed the institution under the jurisdiction of the
Archivist of the United States, and it is operated as a part of the National Archives
Establishment. The work of assembling and organizing materials presented by
the late President and related materials presented by others was begun imme-
diately, but it will be some time before the books and papers can be made avail-
able to the public. The exhibit rooms are open to visitors, however, and much
interesting material is on display in them.
Like the National Archives itself, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library was
dedicated, in the late President’s words, to the faith that a democratic people have
the capacity “so to learn from the past that they can gain judgment in shaping
their own future.” His far-sighted vision in preserving and giving to the people
the records of his own participation in our national life destines the Library to
become in time a major center for that learning from the past in which he believed.
This catalog was prepared by Mrs. Elizabeth E. Hamer, Assistant Administra-
tive Secretary of the National Archives. The portrait used on the cover was
made by Lt. Maurice Constant, U. S. N. R.
o
12 644664 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINT1 NG OFF CE : 1945