. : IX 1295 45 C 463,788 NË 1 ... UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GENERAL LIBRARY ( Gxalay t its VARAAJ Ogdengan ? *י ሞ 1817 *** University of Michigan Libraries RTES SCIENTIA VERITAS $ 1: Michigan, Universi 2. Inter. Departmental Committee an Preparing Students for Foreign Service and Internationa Affairs. THE FUNCTION AND SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Dr. Henry L. Bretton, Preliminary Research and Questionnaire Emma Sandilands Greet Ehrmann, Editing and Writing of the Report JX 1295 .M5 A45 Sen habe 2-552 INTRODUCTION In the spring of 1948, at the suggestion of the Provost, Dr. James P. Adams, the Divisional Committee of the Social Sciences set up the Inter-Departmental Committee on Preparing Students for Foreign Service and International Affairs. The primary functions of the Committee are to advise students on foreign service careers, to consider matters of University curriculum as they pertain to international relations, to select the University's nominees for United Nations and State Department internships, and to gather ma- terial on research activities being done at the University on in- ternational affairs. A The immediate occasion for this report was a request by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the American Council on Education that a study of the role of the American university in international affairs be made by the University of Michigan and seven other institutions. dat The Committee desires to express its appreciation to the mem- bers of the faculty and administration of the University who co- operated in furnishing information, to Dr. Henry L. Bretton of the Political Science Department, who conducted the preliminary re- search and prepared the questionnaire which was used in gathering the information, and to Emma Sandilands Greet Ehrmann, Research Assistant at the Michigan Historical Collections, who edited the replies and wrote the report. - The study of the functions and scope of international affairs at the University of Michigan which follows has two parts, the re- port proper and the appendices consisting of the texts of the ques- tionnaire and of a number of replies. Russell H. Fifield, Associate Professor of Political Science, Chairman Howard M. Ehrmann, Professor of History, Vice Chairman Maynard Phelps, Professor of Marketing Lawrence Preuss, Professor of Political Science Charles F. Remer, Frofessor of Economics George Kish, Associate Professor of Geography S INTRODUCTION A. ACADEMIC 1. Literary College a. History b. Political Science Economics c. 2. Law School 3. School of Public Health 4. School of Business Administration 5. School of Medicine 6. School of Education 7. English Language Institute 8. Area Programs: Special Projects Japanese Center Institute of Near Eastern Studies Institute of Russian Studies Summer Session Program Michigan Symposia a. b. TABLE OF CONTENTS c. d. e. f. Lamont-Hussey Observatory 9. Doctoral Dissertations a. History b. Political Science Economics C. Page 1 1 H ~ m m 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 606 160 7 7 8 a a o 9 10 10 10 10 Apof i ii C. 1. d. Journalism e. Psychology f. Education g. 10. Visiting Foreign Professors B. FACULTY RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Literary College a. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont) Law School History b. Political Science c. Economics d. Journalism 2. Law School 3. School of Public Health 4. School of Business Administration 5. English Language Institute 6. Area Studies b. a. Japanese Center FOREIGN STUDENTS 1. Numbers Near Eastern Studies Admissions ė 1. Graduate School b. Law School c. School of Public Health d. e. Women Students English Language Institute Page 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 ? ; 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 D. 3. 4. 5. 2. The Campus Community a. b. c. Housing d. Community Life Exchange and Scholarship Programs The American Student Abroad OFF-CAMPUS ACTIVITIES 1. Literary College a. TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) International Center o Counseling History b. Political Science Journalism C. Law School 3. International Center 4. Radio and Television 5. Audio-Visual Center 6. Alumni Association E. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION F. CONCLUSION Questionnaire Appendices Selected Replies iii Page 20 20 21 21 22 23 25 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 32 33 1 This report is concerned with five aspects of the University's role in world affairs: academic, research, foreign students, off- campus activities, and administrative organization within the insti- tution. A. ACADEMIC 1. Literary College The Literary College has three departments in particular that give courses bearing on international affairs. a. History The History Department offers two categories of such courses. In the first group are found the histories of certain na- tions or groups of nations. In examining the historical process by which other peoples have reached their present degree of economic, social, political, and intellectual development, the student is pro- vided with an understanding of foreign cultures and environments. Courses in recent European intellectual history would be a desirable addition to the present offerings. SING In the second category the courses are concerned principally with the growth of power relationships in the modern world. The close examination of the shaping of national interests, their em- bodiment in national policies, the mobilization of power in support of these courses of action, and the resulting international effects emphasize the procedure and substance of this growth. Although dip- lomatic history has a large part in most of these offerings, some of the courses are concerned mainly with the development and use of military and naval power. Some attention is given to international law and public opinion. For courses representative of these types, see the appendix for the report of the History Department. K ་་ The courses mentioned are for upper classmen, graduates, or both. With the exception of the seminars, these offerings are in- troductory in that they lack specific prerequisites. Most of the students enrolled in these classes have had preparatory work at freshman or sophomore level. The department believes that introduc- tory offerings in history should be given in large areas of culture and civilization. It is stated that It is stated that "the ultimate value of such courses lies in their ability to reveal patterns and principles, to beget an understanding of how such patterns and principles apply to international events, to hasten the development of critical thinking and the making of informed judgments. In The History Department's graduate programs are primarily con- cerned with the training of teachers and research specialists. some cases this preparation has taken men into government work. One graduate student won a State Department internship for the sum- mer of 1950. Another is completing his doctoral dissertation after 2 interrupting his academic work for service in the United States Embassy in Moscow during World War II, and later as adviser to the Department of State on Russian affairs. After World War II, the University in cooperation with the United States Army offered a special program designed to train of- ficers awaiting assignment as military attache's in Latin-American countries. This program was under the direction of a member of the History Department. b. Political Science } The Political Science Department offers two introductory courses in the field of world affairs, political science 52 (comparative European Governments) and political science 67 (Introduction to In- ternational Politics). The first is an introductory survey of the governments and politics of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, Germany, France, Italy, and Switzerland. and Switzerland. Introduction to International Poli- tics deals with the major factors, geographic, economic, demographic, political, and military, in the contemporary international scene. The development of skill in critical thinking on current world prob- lems is given greatest emphasis as a "learning outcome. A pro-sem- inar in International Administration has been offered this spring to prepare students who are interested in international civil serv- ice as a career. 11 Excluding those majoring in a social science, 48% of the last graduating class had completed one of the above-mentioned basic courses, 5% two of the above or of more advanced courses, and 1% three or more of them. In the last graduating class 5% were social studies majors; 97 of the 1,783 graduates specialized in social stud- ies, social work, and sociology. Twelve per cent or 211 of the last graduating class majored in social sciences, but it is unknown how many of the 114 graduating students who concentrated in political science specialized in international affairs. A needed improvement would be a reduction in the size of the political science classes. In the present overcrowded rooms, even in many advanced undergraduate courses, there are too few occasions for students to participate in discussions which would promote crit- ical thinking on the living domestic and international problems of today. Graduate programs of concentration are now provided for careers in research and university teaching. This year 10 students will com- plete training for the Ph.D. and 26 for the M.A. The Political Sci- ence Department does not think that vocational training should enter into its undergraduate program. A broad background in undergraduate work rather than premature specialization is preferred. Nevertheless a member of the staff who is a former Foreign Service Officer advises students interested in the Foreign Service as a career. Although men and women specializing in political science are allowed to carry several courses in the international field, they must at the same time take work in different aspects of government. Graduate degrees in international relations as such are not conferred at the Univer- sity of Michigan. S 3 2. Ten students from Germany, who later plan to enter govern- ment work, are studying at the University for six months. The Political Science Department participates in the program by pro- viding a coordinator and faculty members for lectures and other activities. During 1949-50 twelve German students were enrolled in a year's program for the purpose of enlarging their knowledge of American social and political institutions. c. Economics Economics 141 (International Trade or International Eco- nomic Relations) is the introductory course in this department. The prerequisite to it is the basic course in economics (Eco- nomics 51-52). In economics 141, the emphasis is placed on the theory of international trade, as the economist understands it. This course serves as an introduction to international economic theory. An understanding of relationships between basic facts and principles, the necessary applications to international events in the past, and the development of skill in critical thinking on current world problems represent the types of learn- ing. Economics 142 (International Economic Policies) follows. An exposition of policies involving fact and theory is the sub- stance of this course. Emphasis is placed both on the develop- ment of skill in critical thinking on contemporary world prob- lems and the building of attitudes and value judgments. The class also makes a critical examination of United States poli- cies. The courses in economics which follow are of two kinds: those dealing with some general aspect of international econom- ics such as international finance or international capital in- vestment, and those based on area or region, such as Europe or the Far East. 11 - Law School The The Law School offers two introductory courses which are in the general field of "world affairs. International Law is given for three hours a week for one semester and is taken by second or third-year law students. Basically this course is conducted according to the Law School case method, using a col- lection of cases and material, which has been developed for that purpose and which has been used in other law schools. purpose of this course is to acquaint those who will graduate from the Law School with the essential aspects of international law which will be useful to them in their legal practice and for their professional responsibilities as community leaders. Also this course is designed so as to give an introduction to inter- national law for the smaller group of persons who will use it frequently in connection with specialized practice in this field or in government employment. A second course, Comparative Law, tries to familiarize American lawyers and prospective law teach- ers with the legal systems (largely based upon Roman Law) which are used in continental Europe and Latin America. G < G 4 A program has been worked out for foreign students who come to to the University as graduate students specializing in comparative law. Although these students are not concentrat- ing in the study of "world affairs," considerable considerable contribu- tions are being made to international understanding through courses and informal discussion groups, dealing with the funda- mentals of our legal and governmental systems and comparing them with those of their own countries. A seminar is given for foreign law students in the general field of the Anglo- American approach to legal problems and the use of judicial decisions in the common law system. In addition there has been conducted at various times a program of special discus- sions, lectures, and trips to familiarize foreign students with the general outlines of the American legal system and its operations. This program worked out successfully during the second semester of 1949-50, when a group of German referendars spent the semester at the University of Michigan Law School. During the past academic year, there were ten "regular" for- eign graduate students in the Law School, in addition to the ten German referendars, who were here for one semester. G S 11 In commenting on the percentage of the last graduating class which took one or both of the two courses mentioned above, it would be meaningless if the figures did not include "social science majors" since all law students might be con- sidered as "majors in one of the social sciences. A fair estimation would probably be found in the statement that be- tween 20% and 25% of the last graduating class of the Law School had completed at least one of the courses mentioned above, and that at least 5% had completed either two of the above courses or one of those and one of the advanced seminars in the field, such as the International Law seminar with its usual 14 to 16 students. Each year about four to ten students are graduating as specialists in international law. 3. Public Health - The School of Public Health has an introductory course in public health administration and law. It is conducted by di- viding the whole class into six sections, each of which works with and spends a whole week in an actual health department in southern Michigan. This experience usually comes six weeks after the fall semester begins. The preparation for this field experience is made in weekly seminars. This type of teaching gives the foreign student an opportunity to meet and have close contacts with physicians, dentists, engineers, and others, who are serving in communities in the United States. The small size of the classes and the intimate teaching methods are ideal for the absorption of foreign students. ad 5 4. Business Administration The School of Business Administration offers two courses in the field of international economic relations. Although course 157 (Foreign Trade and Investment) is given at the sen- ior level, it is introductory and is designed for those stu- dents who have had no work in international economic relations. In this course are presented introductory materials on foreign trade theory and its historical development followed by a dis- cussion of current problems in foreign trade and finance, as they affect both the individual and business enterprises. Questions relating to foreign investment and foreign economic development receive special attention. The principal objec- tives in course 157 are an understanding of international eco- nomic relationships and a development of skill in the interpre- tation of current world events of an economic character. Course 258 (Export Sales Management) pertains to the practice of foreign trade. An increased factual knowledge and an appre- ciation of the problems encountered in export and import, as well as their solution are the particular objectives of this course. In general, these objectives are more immediate and practical than for course 157. Medicine 5. KUN Ca Alamat The School of Education offers an introductory course en- titled, Comparative Education. The need for more courses in this field is evident from the American student's ignorance of educational objectives, organization, and methods used in for- eign countries. This ignorance is apparent when international seminars bog down while elementary facts are explained. An- other concrete example is the need of the Department of State to explain such terms as Gymnasium and the Realschule to "edu- cational specialists" going to Germany. The three divisions of the School of Medicine, undergradu- ate, graduate, and post graduate, show a notable deficiency in numerical terms in their training of foreign students. The over-all percentage of foreign students and doctors is about 10% of the total students and intern body. Considerable pressure is being exerted from abroad towards a liberalization of train- ing programs for foreigners. Nevertheless, it appears that the limited training facilities would make a more generous policy of admission most unlikely. As conditions are at present, ac- ceptance of a foreign student would deprive an American of the opportunities offered by the School of Medicine. The contribu- tions abroad of the faculty of the school, however, have been notable. Members have travelled overseas for research and have participated in international congresses as well as in medical research projects conducted under the auspices of the armed forces of the United States. 6. Education P G A S 6 8. According to the School of Education, the establishment of endowed chairs for the development of the field of compara- tive education would be desirable. Attractive fellowships, awarded for study here and abroad, would provide trained men for these positions. C The traditional course in comparative education is usually devoted to a survey of the educational structures in England, France, and Germany. There is doubt whether the post-war period is adequately covered at most institutions in these classes. Other areas such as the Soviet Union, East Asia, India, South- west Asia, the Mediterranean region, and Latin America should be vigorously studied. Courses should be offered which would attract outside students as well as those majoring in education. 7. English Language Institute During the past academic year there were approximately 350 students in the English Language Institute. Most of them stayed for the length of the Intensive Course in English which lasts two months. Among the students at the Institute last spring was a group of 11 outstanding Korean teachers of English in the Teacher Training program. For their part they were successful in introducing many of the staff to an understanding of Korean culture. At the same time there were at the Institute Latin American teachers of English and American students who plan to teach English as a foreign language. These students take among their courses Modern English Grammar, Special Problems in Teach- ing English as a Foreign Language, and Descriptive Analysis of the Sound System of English in addition to participating in the activities of the English Language Institute. This year there are 25 Japanese teachers of English who are on scholarships from the National Leaders Program of the Federal Government, three Chinese teachers of English, one teacher from Siam, one from Greece, two from Latin America, and a group of instructors from the United States. Area Programs; Special Projects The The area programs are inter-departmental in character. areas covered are Japan, the Near East, Russia, and Latin Amer- ica. At the present time the emphasis is placed on Japan and the Near East. a. Japanese Center About six of the Japanese Center's earlier students are now employed as government specialists, but most of the participants wish to enter university teaching in one of the social sciences or humanities. The Center sponsors an undergraduate program in Far Eastern Studies, which requires some broad specialization on either Japan or China, as well as concentration in a particular field. At its best the learning outcome of such a program is a 7 "broad integrated picture of the total society." Its major problem or weakness is the "lack of adequate integration." The Departments of Anthropology, Economics, Fine Arts, Geography, History, Far East- ern Languages and Literatures, Political Science, and Sociology par- ticipate in both the graduate and undergraduate programs of the Center. There is a need for the greater involvement of social psy- chology, philosophy, and the natural sciences. Formal training in a particular field and demonstrated competence in the Japanese area are required of all students who pass through the Center for Japan- ese Studies. These conditions satisfy the usual requirements for staff members in universities as well as the needs for area work in the Far East. It is stated that "two skills in one skull give stu- dents large opportunities in government employment." In addition to this instructional program, the Center for Japanese Studies has built up a major library in Japanese language materials along with large map and general file collections on Japan. b. Institute of Near Eastern Studies S Sa The Near Eastern Studies Program offers an introductory course in the field of world affairs (Moslem History and Civilizations), one-third of which is devoted to the political and cultural history of the Near East, 1900-50, and the remainder of which deals with the preceding ages. The emphasis in the course is on understanding relationships between basic facts and principles and the resulting applications to the international events of the past and the present. A needed improvement would be another course dealing solely with the contemporary Near East, 1900-50. The Near Eastern Studies Institute plans to develop complete coverage at Michigan of the modern lan- guages and literatures of the area, especially Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Graduate programs of concentration are provided in anthro- pology, geography, political science, and history. Although the program is only beginning, there is an undergraduate vocational ma- jor provided in international affairs. J G - At present the important omissions in the Near East program are in economics, anthropology, and fine arts. The limited instruction in Near Eastern languages and literatures should also be noted. c. Institute of Russian Studies The general scope of the Russian Studies Program is an intro- duction to the language, literature, social and political structure, history, geography, anthropology, and fine arts of the Soviet Union. At the same time the program provides an opportunity for the stu- dent to broaden his knowledge of that particular aspect or aspects of the subject he wishes to develop as his special field of interest. Enlarging the number of courses offered in Russian, including at least introductory courses in other Slavonic languages (Polish being the most probable because of the large Polish population in Detroit) as well as offering more courses in the economics of the U.S.S.R. would be desirable improvements. Funds are also needed for 8 the purchase of Russian books and periodicals. Four or five stu- dents in the Russian Studies Program will receive degrees in June, 1951. One former student received a year's internship in 1950 at the Department of State. It has been possible to place graduates in government positions, mostly as area specialists. B S In the Latin-American Studies Program basic courses in geog- raphy, history, political science, languages and literature, eco- nomics, fine arts, and anthropology are required. A joint seminar concludes the course, and is participated in by all of the depart- ments concerned. The program is designed to train people for posi- tions in government, business, and teaching, and as such tries to give the students as complete a picture of the area as is possible. d. Summer Session Programs The general program of the Summer Session embraces the activi- ties of most of the units of the University. Its specific contribu- tion to the preparation of students for foreign service and inter- national affairs consists of special courses, conferences, symposia, and other activities. The extent of the contribution becomes appar- ent in the light of the enrollment statistics of foreign students in summer sessions. Between 1946 and 1950, the number of students from abroad increased from 344 to 563. In 1950, the 563 foreign students were drawn from 51 different countries. Since the summer of 1948 an Institute on International and Com- parative Law has been a regular part of summer session activities. Designed not only for practicing lawyers but also for interested students and citizens, it has presented lectures and forums on per- tinent matters. The successive institutes have considered current problems in international law, both public and private, legal prob- lems of world trade, and law and labor-management relations. C The Summer Session's lecture series on matters of public inter- est constitute a second outstanding contribution. In these series the usual policy is to center the program on a broad topic and to invite men of distinction from outside the University to give lec- tures and conduct informal seminars. The subject of the series in 1947 was the United States in world affairs; in 1948, the economic reconstruction of Europe; and in 1949, natural resources in world affairs. The lecture series in 1951 will examine the United States in the present world crisis. A The Linguistic Institute, conducted under the auspices of the Linguistic Society of America and the University of Michigan, has done outstanding work during the five summer sessions preceding this report. The Institute provided intensive language instruction and also trained American linguists to deal with certain languages that have not been scientifically described. As an illustration of the general scope of the work the 1950 program stressed the Okinawan, Korean, French, Japanese, Chinese, and American Indian languages as well as Hittite, Sanscrit, Vedic, and Old Persian. 9 In addition to the above continuing programs, the Summer Ses- sion has developed each year special activities which have contrib- uted to the type of training with which this report deals. During 1945 and 1946, a Field Station at the National University of Mexico was maintained as a part of the Summer School for Foreign Students at the National University of that Latin American state. For two successive years, the Summer Session has sponsored an American- Canadian program designed to encourage on each side of the border an understanding of the culture, institutions, history, and re- sources of the neighboring country. During the summer of 1949 an Indian professor conducted classes and discussions on subjects re- lated to the culture of India. On one occasion the Physical Educa- tion Department organized an Olympic Games Tour to Europe. In the summer of 1947 a Festival of Nations was arranged by the Department of Speech. f. The Lamont-Hussey Observatory at Bloemfontein, Union of South Africa e. The University of Michigan Symposia on Theoretical Physics A professor of the Department of Physics instituted in 1924, a series of conferences which were continued annually thereafter and which became known as the University of Michigan Symposia on Theo- retical Physics. The sequence was unbroken up to 1942; after the war, the conferences were resumed in 1946. J Each year two or three lecturers from among the highest ranking scholars have been invited to participate while the audiences have consisted of professional physicists of Ph.D. standing who were in- vited as guests of the University. In the beginning the University of Michigan was the only center of such a symposia on the continent. It provided a tremendous stimulus to the progress of science in this country, and greatly contributed to the international community of interest among physicists. In addition to the lecturers, many other foreign guests participated, some remaining for the whole session and others for only a day or two. In fact, Ann Arbor has come to be a place which many visiting foreign physicists feel they must include on their itinerary if possible. Here many of the very latest dis- coveries have been reported, and some of the major theoretical devel- opments have crystalized. - Ma J The observatory, established in 1926, is financed by the Uni- versity of Michigan. Although the function of the observatory is largely research it occasionally affords study and laboratory facil- ities to students wanting to continue their work in the United States. Astronomers of the University of Michigan guide the work at the observatory and exchange scientific information with col- leagues in similar institutions elsewhere in the world. Members of the Department of Astronomy belong to and often attend meetings of the International Astronomical Union. 10 9. Doctoral Dissertations Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations written in departments of the Literary College, Public Health or Education are on de- posit and available in the office of the Graduate School. Masters' theses are usually retained in the departments con- cerned. K a. History In the History Department the topics of graduate degree candidates since 1945 that have related to world affairs are: The Union of Germany and Austria in 1938, Disposition of Italian Colonies after World War II, Russo-German Relations between the Wars, The Preparation for Total War in Russia (World War II), Foreign Policy of Finland before and during World War II, Aspects of Papal Policy, Foreign Policy of the United States, 1937-1941. b. Political Science In the Department of Political Science the dissertation topics of graduate degree candidates since 1948 which relate to world affairs are: The Politics and Administration of Soviet Central Asia, Legal Status, Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, Its Related Organizations and Their Personnel, Post-War Developments in Korean Government, The Role of the Latin American States in the Establishment and Practice of the United Nations, Voting Procedure in the Prac- tice of the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations, Australian-United States Relations, 1941-1949. c. Economics In the Department of Economics, doctoral dissertations between 1937 and the present relating to world affairs have dealt with the following subjects: International Economic Theory, Theories of the Business Cycle in International Trade, Economic Developments in Underdeveloped Areas, Indian Boycotts, the Mexican Agrarian Revolution, American Direct Investments in Canada, Money and Banking in Mexico, Values of Russian Wheat Exports, Foreign Markets for the Automotive Industry, and the Chinese Reorganization Loan of 1913. d. Journalism Dissertation topics of graduate degrees since 1945 in the Journalism Department include: Press Treatment of the Anglo- American Loan: A Study of International News, The German Press: A Reflection of the People, The Rise of Modern Journalism in China, Part I: the Missionary Press in China, 1815-1895, Part II: Beginnings of the Modern Press to 1895, Press Suppression in Argentina, International Information Activities of the United States Department of State. 11 10. e. Psychology In the Department of Psychology, one graduate in social psychology has worked on problems of group conflict and agree- ment concerning international questions. The topic for his doctoral dissertation will probably be similar to this early research. A Navy-sponsored Conference Research Project has given him some financial assistance. f. Education - In the School of Education the topics of doctoral disser- tations since 1945 which relate to world affairs are: Pro- posals for the Development of Education in India Derived from a Synthesis of Occidental and Oriental Sources, A Plan for the Development of Vocational Education in the State of Mysore, India, Treatment of Japan and Peoples of Japanese origin in American School History Textbooks. G g. Law School In the Law School the dissertation topics of graduate de- gree candidates since 1945 which have specifically been related to world affairs, other than a number of subjects in the field of comparative law, include Treaty Problems in Federal States, Jurisdiction of the Coastal State over Contiguous Areas of the High Seas, and the International Law Protection of Human Rights. It has been suggested at this University that a list of titles of doctoral dissertations, inter-departmental as well as departmental, relating to international affairs be prepared an- nually so that the faculty and the public might be made aware of the character and scope of this research at the University of Michigan. An official of the Department of State has already expressed a keen interest in the implementation of this sugges- tion. Visiting Foreign Professors Foreign professors serve on the University faculty mostly in the summer session. The History Department tries to have a foreign professor on its staff at this time. Since 1947 two Canadians and one Englishman from the University of London have been members of the summer faculty. Whenever it is possible such arrangements are also made for the regular academic year. At present a member of the faculty of the University of Leyden is a visiting professor of history, sponsored by the Nether- lands Government. In the summer of 1948 the Department of Po- litical Science had the services of a visiting professor from Oxford. During the last year the Law School had a foreign profes- sor on its Legal Research staff, while another visitor taught in the field of foreign and comparative labor law. In the 12 School of Public Health short-time foreign visitors are occasionally used as speakers at the assemblies. As a general principal, visit- ing foreign professors occasionally give special lectures sponsored by the respective departments. The International Center arranges living accommodations and Uni- versity contacts for foreign professors and visitors paying a brief visit in Ann Arbor. Government agencies and private foundations, who usually sponsor these visitors, communicate directly with the Center to fulfill these needs. This procedure has been very success- ful and has been noted in other places. If there is community in- terest in the visitor, the International Center cooperates with Uni- versity departments to sponsor public lectures. <<>>> A suggestion has been made that it might be well to house short term visitors to the University in the residence halls, so as to give the students a chance to know them better and to see them as in- dividuals. Student interest in these visitors with intelligent and artistic attributes would warrant encouraging more foreign profes- sors and students to come to the campus. G Visiting professors and students with families from abroad find an easier introduction into the University community at large. In day-to-day living where the wives associate with American women and the children form friendships with American classmates, more lasting and worthwhile results in mutual understanding are obtained than through formal entertainment. The University of Michigan Broadcasting Service (WUOM) has been quick to utilize short term visitors from foreign lands in both for- mal and informal radio discussion programs. "Campus News" and "Espe- cially for Women" are two such programs where foreign visitors of consequence are interviewed. For some of the participants in these programs, see the appendix for the report of the University's Broad- casting Service. A 13 B. FACULTY RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 1. Literary College a. History In the Literary College faculty research is quite varied. Before World War II, one of the history faculty was an exchange professor in England on two different occasions. In 1939 another member delivered the Commonwealth Lectures at the University of London. Although European travel has been somewhat curtailed since World War II, one man has carried on research in the Netherlands, another has lectured in Colombia for one semester under the spon- sorship of the United States Department of State, and a third is now studying in Austria. In addition, membership in foreign professional societies provides contacts with colleagues of other states. A professor in the History Department has recently been elected corresponding mem- ber of the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenchaftler, Philologisch- Historische Klasse. Another of the history faculty contributed articles to the Berliner Monatshefte. Professor R. B. Mowat had a University of Michigan historian as his collaborator in writing A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. At present one man is at work on the revision of a book dealing with Canadian-American relations. A study of the immediate origins and diplomacy of World War II is being prepared by another of the history faculty. third is engaged in writing a study of recent American foreign pol- icy. A b. Political Science Besides membership in national and international associations and meeting foreign political scientists visiting Ann Arbor, sev- eral members of the political science faculty have served either abroad or at home in expert capacity to various agencies of the United States government and the United Nations. Within the last three years political scientists from the University of Michigan have done research in England, France, Germany, Chile, Iraq, Japan, and the Philippines. One professor lectured in 1949 at the Acad- emy of International Law at The Hague. In 1950 three members of the faculty observed the elections in Great Britain and two at- tended the first conference of the International Political Science Association at Zurich. One political scientist from Ann Arbor served on the Hoover Commission that devoted considerable time to the machinery of American foreign policy. A present visiting mem- ber of the department is well-known for his contributions as former deputy director-general of UNESCO. - Significant research topics in the department include: The Rise and Eclipse of Germany, Local Government in Japan, Benelux, an Experiment in Regionalism, French Canada and Canadian Foreign Policy, International Law in Some Post-War Constitutions, Regional Arrangements for Collective Self-Defense, Materials on the Law of 14 the International Community, Political Aspects of the United States Foreign Trade Policy, Woodrow Wilson and the Shantung Question at the Paris Peace Conference, Inquiry into the Fortification Question of the Japanese Mandated Islands, The Foreign Policy of Gustav and The Stresemann, The Foreign Policy of Democratic Liberalism Government and Politics of Chile. Assistance from outside the Uni- versity has come mainly from the Social Science Research Council. Research projects involving outside aid in which members of the Government political science faculty are participating include: and Politics of Syria (sponsored by the Social Science Research Council), Government of Chile (sponsored by the Social Science Re- search Council and Doherty Foundation), Minority Groups and Inter- national Relations (French Canada) (sponsored by the Department of Social Sciences, UNESCO), and Japanese Local Government (partly financed by the Social Science Research Council and the Carnegie Corporation). a. !! According to the report of the Political Science Department, the establishment at this University of an Institute of Public Af- fairs is under consideration. "Prior to the submission of foreign policy legislation to Congress," this Institute would be equipped "to conduct brief but penetrating investigations into various phases of the proposed measures and to submit concrete recommendations as to the course deemed to be most in line with the public interest. Financial assistance would be needed to release some of the fac- ulty from their teaching duties thus enabling them to direct and carry out research, to allow faculty members travelling expenses to testify before Congressional Committees, to pay qualified grad- uate students as part-time research assistants, and to cover sec- retarial and office expenses. For details see the report of the Department of Political Science given in the appendix. C. Economics Among the problems under research in the Economics Department.. are: The Exchange Policy of Japan in the 'Thirties, Central Bank- ing and Development in Brazil, and the Petroleum of the Near East. In recent years there has been assistance from the Carnegie Corpo- ration and the Rockefeller Foundation. S Journalism NOV Ca C A number of the members of the department have served in the last three years in expert capacity in Colombia, Germany, and India. One faculty member has recently done research in Switzerland. = J The Journalism Department is conducting research on Citizens' Attitudes in Communities where it is known that editors have se- lected more foreign news than is average. A research center mem- ber has been added to the staff to assist in directing graduate students in making such studies, in consulting with foreign corre- spondents and foreign news editors about future research, in main- taining contact with Canadian research counterparts, and in com- piling reports on the experiences of the department's foreign - 15 fellows for use in expanding this program. Four thousand dollars have been furnished annually by the University for foreign fellows in journalism. Outside assistance has been given by the United States-Canadian Commission for the use of personnel. 2. Law School During the past five years four of the regular faculty members of the Law School have travelled abroad. For two members this travel consisted of service in the employment of the United States or of a foreign government. The Law School had a large part in the arrangements for the sixth meeting of the Inter-American Bar Asso- ciation which was held in Detroit in May 1949. During this past summer the attendance of a member of the faculty at international legal meetings in Europe was facilitated. An extensive program of research in comparative law has been carried on with special refer ence to comparative conflict of laws and to questions of commercial law in different American republics. A program of research in in- ternational law is also being developed. Members of the Law faculty have participated in the research in international law, sponsored by the Harvard Law School, and a faculty member of Michigan's Law School serves on the executive committee in charge of the research. At various times one or more members of the faculty have partici- pated in research specifically requested by the Department of State and other government agencies. Through the informal but helpful contacts of faculty members with the Department of State and through various professional organizations concerned with international legal problems, the Law School has maintained liaison in the pro- grams of outside agencies concerned with world affairs. 3. Public Health In the School of Public Health significant problems under study at the present time include influenza prevention, mode and methods of transmission of infantile paralysis, malaria control, general sanitation, medical care and prepayment insurance plans, and public health administration. Many of these studies "funnel" through from national agencies, such as the War and Navy Depart- ments, the United States Public Health Service, the American Public Health Association, and the National Foundation for Infantile Pa- ralysis. The National Sanitation Foundation, which is housed at the School of Public Health and supported by industry, is a source of assistance. Moreover, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation also help the School. Although the faculty of the School of Public Health is small, two of its members have travelled in foreign countries during the past five years. At present an associate professor of Public Health Administration is on a two-year leave of absence with the Institute of Inter-American Affairs at La Paz, Bolivia, working under the general direction of the United States Department of State. During the past year an- other faculty member spent a month in England, but he has since resigned from the faculty. W 16 4. Business Administration In the School of Business Administration one member of its faculty spent some time in Western Europe studying the economic activities and accomplishments of post-war governments. Economic trends under the socialistic regime of Britain were of particular interest. Another member was in China for some months working for the Economic Cooperation Administration. Still another man spent much time in Europe and Latin America for the State Depart- ment. A significant problem under study, Joint Participation in Foreign Investments by Americans and Nationals of other countries, was outlined two years ago. A research grant was secured from the Rackham funds and the study is going forward. study is going forward. United States cor- porations which have participated in joint investments in Latin American countries are being contacted to determine if such rela- tionships are mutually satisfactory. The Department of State, the Department of Commerce, the Export-Import Bank and, perhaps, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development will provide assistance for the study of this problem. 5. English Language Institute Recently the English Language Institute prepared a survey on tests in English as a foreign language for the National Association of Foreign Students Advisors (NAFSA). At present the Institute is preparing an effective yet valid test to determine the student's control" of English even before he leaves his country. The NAFSA has requested the preparation of this examination. 6. Area Studies a. C * Japanese Center At present the field station of the Center for Japanese Studies is working in combination with and "parallel to an interdisciplinary research team from Okayama University." Four of the Center's per- sonnel have cooperated with research groups from Tokyo and Kyoto Universities during the past six months. A plan has been worked out for the integration of the Center's research on Japan with the ten prefectural universities of the Inland Sea region. Twice the prefectunal government has taken care of the field expenses of the Japanese cooperating with the members of the Center and such aid is expected to continue. Negotiations are in progress whereby Tokyo and Kyoto Universities will select members of the faculties who will live and work with the University of Michigan men at the field station. Experience abroad influences a faculty member's teaching by developing a more realistic attitude and "a higher sense of the probability of things Japanese." The faculty member in the words of the director selected for foreign experience "must have a broad and integrated picture of the total structure of Jap- anese society and of the milieu in which it functions in addition to the command of a particular discipline and language competence 17 to meet his research needs." The Center expects each member of the staff in turn to work at the field station. Assistance is given in obtaining fellowships and grants-in-aid as well as other kinds of financial support. A program of long range inter-departmental research on the total structure of Japanese society as well as the setting in which that society functions is in operation. The major problem under study is a consideration of the results of the impact of western civilization upon the folk culture of Japan. This re- search gives rise to secondary problems such as the effect in the relations of individual to government, of individual to individual, of the individual to the family, of man to land, of man to moral and ethical values, etc. Sources of assistance to the Center from outside the University include two generous grants from the Car- negie Corporation, a substantial grant from the Board of Governors of the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, Social Sci- ence Research Council Fellowships and Grants-in-Aid, Rockefeller Foundation grants to individuals, research equipment donated by the Viking Fund, and small donations from different people. This year the Center has published the first three numbers of its long range bibliography of research materials in the Japanese lan- guage. The first three deal with the fields of Political Science, Archaeology and Ethnology, and Dialects. b. Near Eastern Studies In the Near Eastern Area Program it is believed that experience abroad adds immensely to the American teacher's understanding of the region. "The simple realization that the problems in the Near East not only involve geographical breadth and cultural diversity but--and literally--historical depth has been brought home... Sources of assistance from outside the University include a number of foundations which have given financial support. Teaching per- sonnel has been contributed by government agencies, in particular the Department of State and the Department of Agriculture. Inter- est in the program has been shown by business concerns, such as the Arabian-American Oil Company, which has given substantial fi- nancial backing. 18 1. Numbers 2. C. FOREIGN STUDENTS During the academic year 1949-50, 770 foreign students were enrolled for the Fall Semester, 743 for the Spring Semes- ter, and 428 for the 1949 Summer Session. Between 60 and 70 political areas were represented. Many foreign educators also spent a few days or several weeks visiting the campus. Admissions In 1949 the Office of the Dean of Students provided the initiative in bringing displaced students to the University. A special student committee, which works from Lane Hall, the Student Religious Association, is at present largely responsi- ble for this program. Fourteen displaced students are now en- rolled in the University. a. Graduate School S S In the Graduate School foreign students generally are ad- mitted "as far as it is possible on the same basis intellectu- ally as American students, since they must meet the same aca- demic standards" at the University. It is not the institution's practice to give tuition or other financial aid to new foreign students, who are supposed to have enough financial resources to cover the expenses of their first year. A reasonable lan- guage facility is expected of these new students, or else they are asked to attend classes given by the English Language In- stitute before registering in University courses. All students coming to the United States from Iran must first pass a rigid examination in English given in that country or else enroll in the English Language Institute. There still appears to be an inadequate examination of foreign students before they leave their homes especially in matters pertaining to language, health, and financial resources. P The selection of Chinese and South American students is very difficult. In the former it is due to inadequate informa- tion on the present quality of Chinese schools and the limited language facility of many Chinese students in English. This inadequacy is very often apparent even after the students have been endorsed by United States consular officials. The students from South America have difficulty with English and often their earlier education is quite different from the American system both as to content and method. These students appear to better advantage in scientific studies, where facility in English is not so necessary as in the social sciences and humanities. It is recommended that a better testing be made of the stu- dent's facility in English by the consular officials before he comes to the United States. At the same time more adequate data 19 !! are necessary on the standards of foreign colleges and the "United States equivalence of foreign universities and curricula. There is difficulty many times in evaluating the intellectual ability of foreign students from their university records. As criteria, First or Second Class Honors are required from English or English-type uni- versities (Indian, Canadian, etc.) In judging records of other institutions, the applicant must be in the upper third of his group in a class with the minimum equivalent of an American Bachelor's de- gree. The useful assistance rendered by the Institute of International Education in the selection of foreign students and advising them in the choice of suitable schools covers only a small number of the for- eign students at Michigan. The University has not worked with the United States Office of Education, but the Graduate School indicates that it neither facilitates nor is efficient in evaluating creden- tials. b. Law School In admitting foreign students to the Law School, the probable influence they are likely to exert in future years through the posi- tions they may be expected to hold in the professional and public life of their own countries is a factor that is considered along with academic standing, facility in English, and potentialities for assistance in the program of legal research while at the University. These elements are also used as criteria in the awarding of foreign student fellowships. c. Public Health In the School of Public Health between 20% and 25% of the grad- uate students accepted are from foreign countries. They include dentists, physicians, sanitary engineers, and at times specialists in laboratory practice and in health education. Foreign students are accepted for admission to the School of Public Health only if they are sponsored by their own government or by one of the recog- nized agencies that are interested in the training of such students. The agencies include the World Health Organization, the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, the United States Public Health Service, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. One rea- son for this policy is to be sure that the students are being trained for some particular position in their home country and that the School of Public Health is thus contributing to a local need. As the School is limited in capacity, it wishes to give priority to those for whom there is an assured position, both in the United States and in foreign countries. The sponsoring agency provides them with fellowships, which pay their current expenses, tuition, and books among other things. dan With one exception the requirements for degree candidates es- tablished for American students are not altered in any way for for- eign students. The School of Public Health's policy of admitting most of its foreign students in September as special students is the exception. Candidacy for the degree is then determined at the 20 3. end of the first semester. If by February it has been decided that there is no chance that the student can complete his work, the sponsoring agency is asked by the School to withdraw the student from the University. The agency does this and provides a travelling fellowship or period of observation with public health agencies for the student during the second semester. d. English Language Institute The English Language Institute handles the applications of students wishing to attend only the two-months Intensive Course in English. Those who wish to enter the Intensive Course mus be advanced students or technicians planning to continue their work at educational institutions in this country. A number of undergraduates who have promising academic records or have al- ready been accepted by an accredited college or university in the United States and who need the training are accepted for the two months of English and orientation preparation. e. Women Students The Board of Regents has appointed the Dean of Women coun- selor to foreign women students. Personal interviews are ar- ranged by the Dean of Women with these students after their arrival at the University. As soon as a foreign woman student has been accepted by the institution, the Dean's office offers her advance housing accommodations. The staff in the women's residence halls provides additional guidance. The mental hy- giene department of the Health Service aids any foreign students who may be upset by homesickness, travel fatigue, lack of let- ters from home, and outbreaks of international hostility. The Campus Community a. International Center The International Center serves as a focus for both foreign students and professors, and its Orientation Program acts as an introduction to the University. In addition its staff is always available to the foreign visitors for help and guidance. The Counselor to Foreign Students and his assistants try to see that the foreign student takes part as much as possible in all phases of American life. The student is encouraged to improve his English through the assistance of the English Language Service, which is sponsored by the International Center. As participa- tion in sports is important, athletic contests are encouraged by the Center. Sports for foreign students are included in the In- tramural Sports program of the University. The foreign students themselves have organized teams for some activities and entered leagues and tournaments. At the Annual Open House Intramural Demonstration a Chinese team which is outstanding in volley ball participates regularly in an exhibition game. Public concerts and lectures are important in giving the student an idea of American life and ideals. Mixing with Americans and practicing English with them are necessary if the foreign student is to ac- quire a broad experience. J 21 The International Center, moreover, arranges trips to farms and factories and other near-by places of interest. The Center also encourages travel, as much as the student's time and finances allow, and plans summer trips, which may take him to different parts of the country. Many foreign students are interested and anxious to obtain on-the-job experience in the large industrial companies and in the professions. To obtain opportunities for such experience is one of the chief activities of the Counselor's office, which cooperates with the Immigration Service to secure the necessary permission. b. Counseling Members of the staff of the English Language Institue provide individual guidance and counseling for the foreign students. The office of the Institute is open for this all day. At meal time there is a teacher for every five students, and much of the counsel- ing and orientation work is done then. Students have an opportunity to ask questions on matters which are troubling them while at the same time they have a chance to speak English at whatever level of the language they happen to be. - The Director of Lane Hall or the Counselor for Protestant For- eign Students consults with foreign students on any religious ques- tions and problems they may have. The Counselor also visits students in the University Health Service and Hospital, as well as those at the Howell Sanitarium. The Secretary of the Barbour Scholarship Com- mittee tries to keep in close touch with the ten or twelve Barbour Scholars, both in educational and personal problems. In addition to these specific forms of counseling, the various schools and depart- ments of the University provide guidance through designated faculty members, who, while their primary function is to give academic as- sistance, may find themselves counseling on many subjects. c. Housing Foreign students are housed for the most part in University dormitories and rooming houses. In the past year German students sent to the University by the Federal Security Agency have been housed in the Men's Residences. Also a number of German students of graduate rank lived at the Men's Residences while they were study- ing international law at the Law School. A program to increase so- cial contacts between foreign and American students is part of the work of the Human Relations Committee of the Student Legislature. G The J. Raleigh Nelson House for International Living was or- ganized in February 1950. This step was made possible largely through the efforts of a group of students and a private donor who gave the necessary funds. Half of the students living at Nelson House are from foreign lands; the other half are from this country. A number of American women students at the University are enthuias- tically planning and working for the establishment of a similar house for international living open to women students both from for- eign countries and from the United States. University officers have approved of such a plan, but funds are needed to implement the or- ganization of the house. - 22 The Inter-Cooperative Council Houses emphasize inter-racial and low cost living for both men and women students. Chinese and Japanese, Arabs and Jews living together amicably are examples of the success of such projects. During recent summers the University has sponsored French, German, and Spanish language houses if there has been a demand for them. Folk music and dancing, celebration of national holidays, and movies have been sponsored by the linguistic directors to vary the usual social program. It is reported that "the current empha- sis in language houses is on the cultural and political life of a country as well as on the language. 11 d. Community Life The English Language Institute, the Student Religious Associa- tion, and the International Center provide opportunities for Amer- ican and foreign students to meet each other. A weekly program is presented every Friday night by the English Language Institute and the participants are foreign and American students. Music, art, national dances, and speeches on history, geography, and national institutions are incorporated into the programs by the students. Music, national dances, and accounts of folklore have been found to be the items which generate the best harmony at such programs. "Activity hours' are held three times a week. At such times the activities may include interviews with American students who are in the particular field in which the foreign student is interested, movies dealing with professional training, and open discussions on education and other topics. 11 C The Intercultural Department, one of the five divisions of the Student Religious Association, is concerned with the promotion of international understanding. Among its activities are week end re- treats which take place about once every six weeks and student-fac- ulty discussions which are conducted at various times. Both Amer- ican and foreign students plan these events in which 20 to 35 may participate. K At the beginning of each new semester the International Commit- tee of Inter-Guild sponsors special Foreign Student Teas and Coffee Hours to which all new foreign students on the campus are invited. This activity is directed by the Counselor to Protestant Foreign Students. As a share of its participation in International Week, each religious organization on campus honors different foreign stu- dent groups at this time. Many foreign students are active at the Friday Coffee Hours given at Lane Hall and the weekly Square Dance Group is open to every one. Seminars on Comparative Religions are conducted by the Study and Discussion Department of the Student Religious Association. The seminars draw their participants from people of different faiths and countries. The Saturday Luncheon Discussion Group, also spon- sored by this department, meets at Lane Hall every week, and is open to the campus public. About one-fourth of the participants are for- eign students. Development of world understanding, international politics, and religious problems form the basis of much of the dis- cussion. 23 Each February the annual Inter-Faith Banquet--Brotherhood Banquet--is given. In 1950 the speaker at this function was a member of the Indonesian Embassy who discussed problems of the Indonesian Revolution. An Inter-Faith award of $100 for doing the most towards promoting Inter-Faith Cooperation was given to a student from India. The Counselor for Foreign Protestant Students works closely with Lane Hall and is sponsored locally by the Christian Student Directors and the State Council of Church Women throughout Michi- gan. The Counselor furnishes a listing of foreign students ac- cording to their denominational preference. Foreign students are invited to Sunday evening Guild meetings and to social functions by student religious groups in cooperation with the Counselor. The "Friendly Relations Committee" or one similarly named in each of the local churches helps the Counselor with a program of enter- tainment for foreign visitors in the homes of church members. A "Get-acquainted Tea" or church supper may precede such entertain- ment. - One of the Counselor's responsibilities is to interest peo- ple in entertaining foreign students in their homes at the time of vacations. During the spring vacation of last year three churches in Grand Rapids took care of seventeen students in the homes of their respective members and trips to industries and farms were arranged for the visitors. This plan has been in oper- ation for three years, and has been marked by a growing interest on the part of foreign students and townspeople. :1 The program of the Student Religious Association has given many foreign students the opportunity to assume "responsibility and to initiate ideas of their own. Changes in attitudes toward Americans have been noted, and at the same time toward other for- eign students at the University. It is asserted that "because much of the program centers around real human relations, the carry- over has been great among the students." Second generation Americans take an interest in the Interna- tional Center and seek to help visitors. Groups of "second gen- eration" Americans from near-by cities such as Detroit are active in arrangements for national suppers given at the International Center, lectures, discussion panels, and other functions. These activities help to promote international understanding in the stu- dent body. "Second generation" organizations as the Polonia Club hold their meetings at the Center. Membership in the International Student Association serves as the means of integrating these clubs into intercultural programs. C C The discussion panels on international affairs in which the foreign students take part have acted as a basis for radio broad- casts. As a result of the interest shown and through the coopera- tion of the University's Broadcasting Service, these programs are transcribed and transmitted to foreign countries by the Voice of America. - 24 4. Although it is difficult to determine the extent to which foreign students change their attitudes during a period of study at the University, it would seem evident that most of them are undoubtedly impressed by the social, industrial, com- merical, and political aspects of life in the United States. For some there is disillusionment, and in others there is a tendency to become more nationalistic. 11 S Negative influences can develop when foreign students tend to congregate exclusively with their own national groups. Na- tionality clubs become too much concerned with grievances, and therefore cause "misunderstandings and antagonisms, 11 which can arise from "hurt feelings, protocol, prestige, or status. A negative influence also can grow from personal relations between men and women. It is true that "not all dating of this kind is unfortunate by any means but misconceptions as to the relations between the sexes (in the mind of an occasional man or woman student ignorant of the other's point of view in regard to sex and marriage) are harmful." Another experience which can have a negative influence upon a foreign student is being denied a room in a boarding house because he is foreign. Even a polite refusal may hurt if the student knows there is a vacancy. Such an event coming at the beginning of a student's stay in the United States may ruin future chances for a good adjustment dur- ing the rest of his time in this country. Crowded conditions in the University dormitories and the provincial attitude of some American students cause them to regard the foreign visitors as a source of discomfort. Many Americans studying a foreign language appear to be particularly friendly to those students from abroad who speak that language. There may, however, be some selfishness in this attitude. A Very often foreign students wish to move from one American university to another within a year. This means that their stay at an institution is too short to have any real value. A rec- ommendation made by one faculty member was that foreign students should be obliged to remain in the college or university where they first enroll, except in unusual circumstances, for at least two years. AN 14. No selection is made by the Department in most cases. Normally it is a question of individual qualifications and initiative in seeking out such opportunities. The prerequisite is finan- cial means, coupled with temporary release from academic re- sponsibilities. Fellowships or grants for research abroad are 15. None. 16. 17. the most common forms of assistance. Several members of this Department have accepted government assignments (usually dur- ing summers) in overseas areas. The cost of attending confer- ences of international professional associations may be met in part for individuals who present papers to these meetings. A three-man team was sent in February, 1950, to cover the elec- tion in Great Britain. Selection was made by the Chairman on the basis of specialization in British government and electoral procedures. 2. No formal arrangements are made, but attention is directed to these associations and their meetings. Members who may be in the area in which such conferences are held are urged to at- tend. On occasion leave may be granted for the purpose of par- ticipating in such conferences. It is customary to grant formal academic leave. 1. a. b. c. III. This University provides speakers for lecture series on public affairs, including international relations, in all parts of Michigan. Members of this Department are partic- ularly in demand for these programs. At least one exten- sion course in this field is offered each semester outside Ann Arbor by a staff member. Members of the University staff make up a fairly large pro- portion of the participants in a series of radio programs on foreign affairs produced during the winter by Station WWJ, Detroit. Department personnel speak frequently at club meetings and public forums in many parts of the state; requests for talks on foreign policy and international relations are heavy. d. One senior member of the Department is assigned part-time to coordinate the above programs, in so far as this Depart- ment is involved. The same man has worked closely with the directors of adult education in Michigan (through the Conference on Adult Educa- tion and other channels) to coordinate these activities. 3. The greatest demand for speakers has come from local clubs and forums; lecture series are apparently appreciated when pre- sented but cannot be given too frequently in one area without danger of saturation. The variety of lectures and programs has been too wide to permit any detailed description here. Some 1,500 persons have paid nominal fees to attend the sev- eral lecture series in the past two years. 4. 6. Public apathy in the communities is the principal barrier to wider influence along these lines. Perhaps the most effective service which could be rendered by faculty members specializing in international relations in in- fluencing the political process would be at the Congressional committee stage. In many cases they would be qualified to present informed and intelligent views on questions on which hearings of Congressional committees were being held. Their statements and opinions, even when presented as those of indi- viduals, might be expected to carry some weight, though in competition with those of economic interests and other better organized groups. But still more effective might be a non-partisan political ac- tion committee of academic specialists in this field, estab- lished to compete with the spokesmen for particular interests in this field. If such an organization could build up a repu- tation for objective testimony and the presentation of accurate findings and practicable proposals for legislative measures, it might secure a respectful hearing from legislators whose committee assignments give them a considerable voice on deci- sions on foreign policy. The newly established Washington Of- fice of the American Political Science Association might well serve as a facilitating center for an action committee of this sort. The following types of outside assistance would encourage the development of such an organization at this University: a. b. c. 7. a. National endorsement of a non-partisan political action com- mittee of this sort by a recognized agency like the Carnegie Foundation, also financial support for its organization and operating costs. (See also V5) b. C c. Financial arrangements to reimburse individual faculty mem- bers who testify before congressional hearings, Subsidization of leave for faculty members in demand as consultants to Congressional committees, Film strips and motion pictures on foreign countries are provided on loan by the University Library and Audio-Visual Center. Lecture series in international politics and comparative government are offered in various cities for high school teachers. Extension courses for credit are given for similar groups. Cap IV. In cooperation with the State Department, this Department has run several training programs for German visitors. During 1949- 1950 twelve students participated in a twelve-month program aimed at expanding their knowledge of American social and political insti- tutions. At present ten German visitors who intend to enter govern- ment service are at the University for six months. This Department provides a coordinator for the program as well as personnel for lec- tures and other activities. In connection with these programs the Research Center for Group Dynamics has sub-contracted to conduct a continuing series of tests to measure the effectiveness of the train ing and the changes in political thinking by participants. 1. 2. 3. 4. Among the major research projects now being carried out by mem- bers of this Department, the following subjects may be listed: a. b. V. c. d. Rise and Eclipse of Germany Local Government in Japan Benelux, an Experiment in Regionalism French Canada and Canadian Foreign Policy International Law in Some Post-War Constitutions Regional Arrangements for Collective Self-Defense Materials on the Law of the International Community Political Aspects of U. S. Foreign Trade Policy Woodrow Wilson and the Shantung Question at the Paris Peach Conference Inquiry into the Fortification Question of the Japan- ese Mandated Islands Assistance has come primarily from the Social Science Research Council and similar grants for research. The Foreign Policy of Gustav Stresemann The Foreign Policy of Democratic Liberalism The Government and Politics of Chile The University provides grants for research of this type in lieu of salaries for teaching in summer sessions. It also provides grants-in-aid for use during the school year. C Government and Politics of Syria (sponsored by SSRC) Government of Chile (Social Science Research Council and Doherty Foundation) K Minority Groups and International Relations (French Canada) (sponsored by Department of Social Sciences, UNESCO). KRAJA. Japanese Local Government (partly financed by Social Science Research Council and Carnegie Foundation.) 5. 8. In line with an earlier suggestion (IV-6) for increasing the influence of qualified academic personnel on legislative as- pects of foreign policy, this Department has given considera- tion to the creation on this campus of an Institute of Public Affairs (as now foreseen, this Institute would also be equipped to provide analogous services to local and state authorities regarding public administration, tax procedures, etc.). 9. A small permanent staff (including a director and stenographic personnel) would be supplemented by members of this Department and by competent graduate students engaged part-time in re- search activities. Prior to the submission of foreign policy legislation to Congress, these resources would be mobilized to conduct brief but penetrating investigations into various phases of the proposed measures and to submit concrete recom- mendations as to the course deemed to be most in line with the public interest. The primary task of such an Institute would not be the carrying out of long-range research projects but rather preparation of disinterested studies to be made avail- able to the appropriate members of Congress in time to be uti- lized in deliberations on the bill concerned. 7. Considerable outside subsidization would be essential to the establishment of such an Institute. Specific needs for finan- cial assistance would be: a. b. c. S * funds to release a certain number of faculty members from some of their teaching load to direct and carry out research, funds to pay qualified graduate students as part-time re- search assistants, d. funds to pay for secretarial and other office expenses. as suggested previously, funds to meet the travel expenses of staff members testifying before Congressional Committees, United Nations affairs The Philippines and Southeast Asia Japanese-American relations S (Since 1948) The Politics and Administration of Soviet Central Asia Legal Status, Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, Its Related Organizations and Their Personne. Post-War Developments in Korean Government The Role of the Latin American States in the Establishment and Practice of the United Nations Voting Procedure in the Practice of the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations Australian-United States Relations, 1941-1949 Minorities and Foreign Policy U. S.-German relations Public opinion, pressure groups and foreign policy VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. in Research (M.A. degree), university teacher (Ph.D. degree) 10 Ph.D., 26 M.A. This Department does not believe that vocational training is the function of its undergraduate program. The State Depart- ment itself prefers a broad undergraduate background, rather than premature specialization on the part of candidates. Stu- dents majoring in political science therefore are required to take courses in various phases of this subject, although they are permitted to carry several in the international field. 5. and 6. No basis for judgment. 7. 9. Various other courses could undoubtedly be offered, if person- nel and facilities were available. A course in International Administration might, for example, be desirable, but a univer- sity such as Columbia, located close to the United Nations, seems better equipped to present such a course. No additions are contemplated by this Department at the present time. S Political Science, Economics, Geography, History, Japanese Studies. An inter-departmental committee has been set up to advise stu- dents on preparation for the foreign service and other careers in international affairs. Catego UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Ann Arbor, Michigan August 24, 1950 Dear Mr. Bretton: I have reviewed the material sent me under date of June 22 de- signed by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and will endeavor to cover those areas which seem appropriate. I. Generally speaking, somewhere between twenty and twenty-five per cent of the students accepted at the School of Public Health at graduate level come from foreign countries. At- tached here to you will find a list of the students who were with us during the fall and spring semesters of 1949-1950. S The foreign students include physicians, dentists, sanitary engineers, and occasionally specialists in the field of labora- tory practice and in health education. It has been our policy not to accept students from foreign countries unless they are sponsored by their government or by one of the well recognized agencies dealing with problems of training such students, as for example, the World Health Or- ganization, the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, the United States Public Health Service, the Rockefeller Foundation, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, etc. One reason for this limitation is that we wish to be assured that the students are being trained for some particular position in their home country and that we are thus contributing to a local need. Secondly, as we are limited in our capacity, we wish to give priority to those for whom there is an assured position, both within the United States and in foreign countries. S Social contacts are created through the close associations established through our informal and seminar type of classes, by our general assemblies which are held every Monday at 4:00 o'clock, with a distinguished speaker present, and which as- sembly is usually preceded by a reception in our lounge. This is an ideal atmosphere in which to develop social contacts. S Also in our introductory course in public health administration, known as PHP 201, we divide the entire class into six sections. Each section becomes associated with an actual health depart- ment in southern Michigan and spends a full week in the local health department. This usually comes about six weeks after the fall semester gets under way. Preparation for this field experience is through weekly seminars, and this type of teach- ing is conducive to social contact and assures the student from a foreign country an opportunity to get in close contact with C W II. the American way of life and to brush elbows with physicians, dentists, engineers and others who are actually serving with communities in the United States. The smallness of our classes and the intimacy of our teaching methods lend themselves ideally to the absorption of the students from foreign countries and immediately puts them at ease. Incidentally there are special parties held at the School, sponsored by the faculty and attended by all students and mem- bers of their families. All of this is in addition to the so- cial contacts made through the International center. Our faculty is small and we have had only two who have trav- elled in foreign countries during the past five years. Doctor John J. Hanlon, Associate Professor of Public Health Adminis- tration, is on a two-year leave with the Institute of Inter- American Affairs at La Paz, Bolivia, working under the gen- eral direction of the United States Department of State. Doctor Herbert R. Morgan spent a month in England during the past year, but has since resigned from our faculty and his position has not been filled. We have a great many visiting students and lecturers from foreign countries, most of whom come under the auspices of the World Health Organization, the Rockefeller Foundation, the United States Public Health Service and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. Such visitors have an opportunity of con- tact with our student body in the assemblies, lounge gather- ings, etc. Ja Students have further contact with other students and faculty through the International Center, and especially through so- cial and religious groups here in Ann Arbor. G The short-time visitors from foreign lands are occasionally used as speakers at our assemblies. Also some of the more mature students and degree candidates participate as speakers at our assemblies. This gives them an opportunity of telling us something of their health and social problems in the home - land and tends to familiarize the American student with the problems abroad. The exchange flows in two directions. C Generally speaking we have not had an opportunity of encourag- ing our faculty members to gain experience abroad. The ex- ceptions have already been mentioned. Our staff is relatively small, our problems are highly specialized and there is great competition in finding good teachers in schools of public health. Consequently we don't have spare tires among our fac- ulty members who can be encouraged to secure foreign experi- ence. The one possible exception is Doctor Hanlon. - J W III. IV. Probably the best example of our method of presenting an in- sight into American life and off-campus activities is our week of field work, which for the past several years has been con- ducted largely in counties in southwestern Michigan where public health programs have been supported in part by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Our students actually live in the community for a week, meet the local politicians, the judge, the superintendent of schools, the members of the health com- mittee, the board of supervisors, other members of the board, hospital nurses, members of parent-teachers association, at- tend a medical society meeting, etc. In a very realistic way they are accepted by the community and gain a good insight into how life continues in a rural Michigan community. Of course, this field experience is prepared in advance, but there are no artificial stimulations; they are merely exposed to the current daily life of the community. V The question of selection of students has already been men- tioned. Where the prospective student is deficient in English, advanced preparation is had during the summer at either Michi- gan or elsewhere. The students are mature and are provided with fellowships by the sponsoring agency, which pays their current expenses, tuition, books, etc. GRA So far as guidance is concerned, the Dean spends considerable time with each new student as he arrives in Ann Arbor, and much of the two weeks prior to formal registration is devoted to this purpose. Not infrequently we have to find housing among our friends, make adjustment to life in Ann Arbor, and even take care of some of the more intimate details as to where a good haircut can be obtained, etc. P G There are no adjustments made in the curriculum for foreign students. The adjustments are made on the basis of the pro- fessional background of the student, irrespective of whether he comes from the United States or from a foreign country For example, the physician pursues his studies in public health statistics and epidemiology at a higher level than does the engineer, health educator, or even the dentist. S Detailed requirements for degree candidates established for American students are not altered in any way for foreign stu- dents, with this exception: It is our policy to admit most of our foreign students in September as special students; de- gree candidacy is then determined at the end of the first se- mester. If by February it has been determined that there is no chance that the student can complete his work, we ask the sponsoring agency to withdraw the student from the University. This it does and provides a traveling fellowship or period of observation with public health agencies for the student during the second semester. K Opportunity for the foreign student to make contacts in the American homes is provided by the one week of field work and also by our encouragement to have our foreign students live in American homes in Ann Arbor. Most, but not all of them, do so. Also faculty members welcome the students in their homes and special effort is made to show some attention to those who remain in Ann Arbor over the Christmas Holiday. VI. There is good evidence that our foreign students go home with a more international-mindedness. This is evidenced by their letters and by their work and action. The Dean writes a per- sonal letter at Christmas to most of the foreign students who have been here during the past ten years. ten years. The number runs to several hundred. V. Problems which are under study at the present time and which have a bearing upon world affairs include influenza preven- tion, mode and modes of transmission of infantile paralysis, malaria control, general sanitation, medical care and pre-pay- ment insurance plans, public health administration. Many of these studies funnel through national agencies, such as the War and Navy Departments, the United States Public Health Ser- vice, the American Public Health Association, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, etc. Sources of assis- tance from outside of our institution include aid from the above mentioned agencies and also the National Sanitation Foundation which is housed at the School of Public Health and supported by industry. It represents both the official public health field and industry and business. The problem of research is covered by our reference to the sponsoring foundations and agencies. Specifically, however, we have research funds from the following: National Founda- tion for Infantile Paralysis, United States Public Health Service, War Department, National Sanitation Foundation, W. K. Kellogg Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation. S The vocations in the field of international affairs for which our facilities may be used are those included under the gen- eral category of public health. Our courses are designed so as to meet the needs of physicians, dentists, sanitary en- gineers, health education specialists, public health labora- torians, public health statisticians, industrial hygienists, public health veterinarians, public health nurses, nutritionists and related groups. HFV: MCK . Sincerely yours, Henry F. Vaughan, Dr. P.H. J I believe that this in a general way covers the areas to which we are related. Our liaison with world affairs is largely through the United States Public Health and the World Health Organization, as well as the sponsoring foundations. Of course, there are other relations through the professional bodies, such as the Association of Schools of Public Health, the American Public Health Association, the American Medical Association, etc. G UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN Student Religious Association ANSWERS TO QUESTIONNAIRE I. Question 6: One of the five departments within the organization of the Student Religious Association is the Intercultural Depart- ment. This Department was established in an attempt to promote Intercultural Understanding. The activities of this department include week end retreats which are held about once every six weeks and Student Faculty discussions which are held at various intervals. The planning for these functions is participated in by both Americans and Foreign Students. Groups range in size from twenty to thirty-five. S Special Foreign Student Teas and Coffee Hours are given at the beginning of each semester to which all new foreign stu- dents on campus are invited. This is done under the auspices of the International Committee of Inter-Guild and under the direction of Miss Doris Reed, Counselor to Protestant Foreign Students. During International Week, each Religious Organi- zation on campus participates in the week and honors foreign student groups of various backgrounds during the week. Reg- ular Coffee Hours are held each Friday afternoon at Lane Hall at which many foreign students are regular and active parti- cipants. S G The Study and Discussion Department of SRA has as one of its functions the conducting of various seminars. From time to time seminars on Comparative Religions are held with people from various faiths and backgrounds participating. Another function under this department is the Saturday Lunch- eon Discussion Group. This is a weekly cooperative eating and discussion group which meets at Lane Hall and is open to the campus in general. About one-fourth of the students par- ticipating are foreign students. Discussion topics are varied but center largely around the development of World Understand- ing, International Politics and problems of a religious nature, etc. K The Square Dance Group is a weekly affair, open to all. In- struction is given each time to those who want it. Foreign students come and participate freely and eagerly. In a group of 100 people, it is not unusual to have 25% foreign students present. Brotherhood Banquet - is the annual Inter-Faith banquet which is held in February of each year. The speaker in 1950 was a member of the Indonesian Embassy. A reception and discussion followed in which problems of the Indonesian Revolution were discussed. A student from India was presented an Inter-Faith award of $100 for doing the most toward promotion of Inter- Faith Cooperation. II. Questions 4 - 5 During the year, Lane Hall has a number of visitors from other countries as guests on the campus. Two of these people have been on the University Lecture Series and all of them have con- ducted Seminars at Lane Hall. Guests this past year have in- cluded people from Indonesia, England, India, and South Africa, etc. Because of the close relation which Lane Hall has with Miss Doris Reed, Counselor to Protestant Students (Foreign), I feel that the work of her office should be mentioned in this area: S N The Counselor for Protestant Foreign Students, who is spon- sored by the Christian Student Directors locally and the State Council of Church Women throughout Michigan provides listings of foreign students according to their denominational preference. The student religious groups on campus in cooper- ation with the Counselor use a regular system of inviting foreign students to their Sunday evening Guild meetings and to social functions. Each of the local churches has a "Friendly Relations" (or similarly termed) Committee which works with the Counselor in developing a program of entertaining foreign stu- dents in homes of church members. This program usually follows a "Get-acquainted Tea" or church supper. In evaluation, the "tea" method is only a starting point from which many fine friendships grow. Question 8: Under the Social Action Department of S.R.A., a summer ser- vice office is operated for the purpose of collecting and distributing information about opportunities of travel and work projects in other countries. A special summer service night is planned in which students, who have traveled in other countries, tell of their experiences, encourage others to make plans to travel and assist those interested in get- ting detailed information about trips and work projects abroad. Displays are set up by various work and travel groups, with people manning the booths who are well informed about prob- lems involved, etc. Many student religious groups have these students to tell about their experiences at a Sunday evening meeting or a Fireside chat. Cat S - III. IV. Question 11: Within the organization of S.R.A., we have many people who have returned from a year or so of study or perhaps a sum- mer abroad with a new outlook toward International Rela- tions. Most of these students went with a somewhat casual interest in Foreign students and have returned from their experiences determined to do something about the situation on this campus and in the community. - An example of how this interest has manifested itself is in the establishing of the J. Raleigh Nelson House for Inter- national Living. Although this is not a project of S. R. A., many of the students who have been most active in the de- velopment of the house have been active participants within S.R.A. The committee which has been organized for the pur- pose of establishing a girls' International House has, like- wise, come out of the same S.R.A. environment. Some of the most ineffective people in groups have returned and have at- tained a real place of respect and leadership for themselves within their own groups, due to their change in attitude and the development of a real concern for others. Question 15 (Answered in question 8) None of these questions are related to our Department. Question IV - Questions and problems of a religious nature are referred to the Director of Lane Hall. Often these ques- tions are referred to Miss Doris Reed, if they pertain to a Protestant Church. Question 4: The Counselor for Protestant Foreign Students is consulted by foreign students on questions like this: "I want to go back to China, but China has become Communistic, and I'm a Christian--what do I do?" or "My mission school teacher in Nigeria told me America was a Christian nation, but I can't see it. How can I find any Christians here?" The Counselor visits foreign students in the Health Service and Hospital and keeps in contact with those confined at the Howell San- atarium. Question 8: t Since one of the aims of the Council of Church Women nation- ally is welcoming the newcomer from other lands, the State Council is publicizing this program as a State project and using the Counselor at Ann Arbor in promoting the program throughout the State and as direct liaison between students here and Christian groups off-campus. Question 9: One of the Counselor's efforts is to secure homes in which students may be entertained during the vacation periods. For example, three churches in Grand Rapids entertained a total of 17 foreign students in church homes during spring vacation last year and provided opportunities for students to visit industries and nearby farms. This project has con- tinued for three years with increasing interest by both stu- dents and townspeople. Question 10: By working in various parts of the program of S.R.A., many Foreign Students have found places where they could assume responsibility and inititate ideas of their own. Many have experienced a change in attitude toward Americans and in a great many cases, towards others who are also foreign stu- dents on this campus. Because much of our program centers around real human relations, the carry over has been great among the students. C V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX. and IX. None of these questions are related to our department. G 6. TO: FROM: RE: June 30, 1950 Inter-departmental Committee on Preparing Students for Foreign Service and International Affairs. (Mrs.) Mary C. Bromage, Associate Dean of Women Questionnaire I. What types of out-of-class activities of students seem to be most effective in the promotion of international understanding (clubs, publications, public lectures, religious activities, etc.)? Nelson House for International Living on Oakland Avenue was set up in February 1950 in close association with Lane Hall for the express purpose of bringing together students from other coun- tries and American students. A definite ratio of Americans living in this house with the foreign students is maintained. Since low cost living is not one of the specified obligations of Nelson House, facilities and opportunities for congenial living have been at the service of the residents. The Inter-cooperative Council Houses for both men and women students stress interracial living as well as the matter of reducing board and room costs. Because students are accepted for residence without regard to nationality or race, there is no consciousness of distinction among peoples at the outset. Chinese and Japanese proved able to live together in the ICC houses while their countries were at war, and Arabs and Jews have found it possible to discuss their affairs while living under the same roof. Q Women students from foreign countries who wish to live in reg- ular University residences always are provided with this type accommodation so long as they are admitted to the University in time. This policy, resulting in a large ratio of foreign women in a graduate residence like Palmer House, produces abiding friendships and affection among the girls with whom they live. In such a dormitory, where professional guidance is available from a trained educator at the staff level, for- eign women receive a maximum degree of help in accepting Ameri- can ways, in adjusting to our food habits, social customs, etc. French, Spanish and German language houses have been sponsored by the University in recent summers whenever the demand has been sufficient. Linguistic directors have supplemented the social life of the house with programs of folk music and danc- ing, observance of national holidays, films, etc. The current emphasis in language houses is on the cultural and political life as well as on the language. S W 8. Fetes, festivals, and incidental programs of entertainment and recreation put on by foreign students attract the admira- tion and amazement of American spectators, whether or not the latter acquire any fundamental comprehension of what the en- tertainers may be thinking. 5. I S What types of in-class and out-of-class experiences have nega- tive influence on student attitudes? - Negative influence grows up when foreign students form mutually exclusive coteries. Nationality clubs can acquire symptoms of grievance attitudes and can become the focal point for misun- derstandings and antagonisms, often based on hurt feelings, protocol, prestige, or status. S II - One other cause for criticism is the unfortunate personal re- Not lationship sometimes springing up between men and women. all dating of this kind is unfortunate by any means but mis- conceptions as to the relations between the sexes (in the mind of an occasional man or woman student ignorant of the others point of view in regard to sex and marriage) are harmful. II M S 4. To what extent are visiting professors and students introduced into the University community at large? What methods of in- troducing them have proved most worthwhile? Visiting scholars who bring their families find it easier to be accepted into the University community, due to the associa- tion of the wives with American women who can help them on housekeeping problems. The children by going to school can Such con- form quick ties with the families of schoolmates. tact in regard to the mutual problems of everyday life pro- duce more lasting results than formal banquets and receptions for celebrities from other countries. How are short-term visitors from other lands utilized in the University's program of general and professional education? Short-term visitors from other lands, coming here, might be housed in University residence halls to permit the students to see them as individuals. More visitors with contributions to make of an intelligent and artistic nature are needed as student interests in such people are to be gratified. Short, intensive visits can be as beneficial as a semester's study if planned in advance. HOME II 8. By what methods has it been possible for the total student body to benefit from the foreign experiences of American stu- dents who return after periods of study and travel abroad? 9. 10. There has been little attention to this point. Articles have been written for the Daily by Philip Dawson who went to Greece, and by Mr. and Mrs. Laschever who were in Europe. This field is right for development due to the large number of University students now traveling abroad. II What plan is there for foreign study by selected American stu- dents as part of their regular academic program? The plan for foreign study by American students under the Uni- versity of Michigan was developed by a committee under Pro- fessor Lionel Laing, but was abandoned for financial reasons, I believe. Accreditation by the University of foreign study and travel would be eagerly welcomed by our students. II How are student travel and study abroad integrated with the traveler's regular program of work, either at the graduate or undergraduate level? What unmet problems are recognized in this regard? The Japanese student center of the University, under the direction of Professor Robert Hall, strikes me as the only program of this kind at the present time. There should be a long period of preparation, either by the graduates or undergraduates before study abroad is undertaken. Such a program offers definite motivation to the modern American student. II 11. What evidence is there as to the extent to which American students change in international attitudes during periods of foreign study and travel? Is there any evidence that stu- dents come back having become more international-minded? What techniques are recommended for the evaluation of changes in attitudes? C The answer to this question will be better obtained in six to twelve months when we have more returnees to observe. The post war spurt of "pen pals" seems to me significant, and correspondence is a valuable continuation of travel con- tacts. Exchange of gifts, periodicals, and photographs should be noted. Real evidence of sympathetic attitudes will come from more student exchange programs. II 15. 4. 7. 1. 2. What systematic plan is there to encourage and to assist stu- dents and faculty to go abroad? The National Student Association has taken the lead in plan- ning low-cost travel programs. This summer, the American government lent quick encouragement to the N. S. A. in pro- viding transportation in an emergency situation. The N.S.A. has set up travel bureaus. Widespread interest existed in their posters and travel bulletins. III What are the chief obstacles to community cooperation and in- fluence? Prejudices in regard to housing foreign students still exist in Ann Arbor. Local Local residents sometimes lack the information which would enable them to understand the different culture patterns and social mores of students from other countries. III In what specific ways has the University assisted elementary and secondary schools to improve their programs of interna- tional education? IV College students from Europe and the Orient have created ex- citement and lasting impressions in the minds of school chil- dren by speaking at their assemblies. Their appearance in costume with objects of special interest to youngsters will never be forgotten. C Insufficient screening is apparently given to applicants before they leave their home residences particularly in re- gard to (1) language, (2) health, and (3) financial re- sources. IV How are foreign students selected for admission? What are the criteria for selection? What factors are considered (un- der such general headings as "field of specialty, " "language facilty," "age and maturity," "health, " "personal resources, and "financial resources")? K V CAN A Are changes recommended in selection or admission policy? In the guidance provided foreign students, in the selection of a university? Be Be specific. 11 4. 9. Foreign students can receive additional guidance in selection from the alumnae and alumni from specific institutions. For instance, Lela Desai who studied at the University of Michigan for some years, devoted herself to the development of domestic economy and home science upon her return to India and encouraged young Indian women to come to the United States to study at particular institutions here stressing fields in which India needed help. IV What type and how much counsel and guidance is provided to foreign students after entering the University? Who is re- sponsible for such guidance? The International Center is the focal point for foreign stu- dents at the University of Michigan. The Dean of Women, desig- nated as counselor to foreign students by the Regents, attempts to have personal interviews with as many as possible after theii arrival. Correspondence is conducted by air mail from the Dean of Women's Office as soon as any foreign woman is admitted to offer advance housing accommodations. The staff of the women's residence halls supplies continuing guidance. Foreign students who become acutely disturbed after their arrival due to such factors as homesickness, travel fatigue, lack of communication from home, outbreaks of international hostility, have been greatly helped by the mental hygiene department of the Health Service. IV What opportunity is provided foreign students for contacts with American homes, factories, farms, and other centers of community life? What opportunity for on the job experience as part of vocational preparation? So far as the American regulations permit, foreign students wish ing to work are referred to jobs in faculty homes, in the hos- pital, in the library, in the Union, League, etc. Work expe- rience appeals to foreigners as a direct experience in the American way of life. Since a part-time job is an integral part of the lives of many American students, those from other countries often feel they are missing part of typical college life without it. IV 11. To what extent can and should the University insist that foreign students participate in courses and out-of-class programs which will introduce them to American life and ideals? Make specific recommendations. I do not think that the University should insist that foreign students participate in any out-of-class programs which they do not seek themselves and desire. V 5. What unmet research needs are recognized by your faculty? What agency, agencies, or groupings of specialists could best under- take each of these researches? More counseling services are needed under the auspices of the offices referred to in IV-4. VIII 3. What forms of cooperation or coordination of effort among uni- versities have been found helpful? The International Relations Club is a source of interest to students not only within the University but at the regional and national level. 6. What form of cooperation with governmental and inter-governmen- tal agencies has been most helpful? MCB/1mh S VIII An illustration of the cooperation of the State Department with educational institutions exists in the aid program put into ef- fect for the Chinese students by joint endeavor. : ! Į 1 شه MESNESSERE ARE MANY SOME" " ; UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ………………… 3 9015 03080 8359 ti ì 1 A 3 : I : A **: ----