S 20 C 468,764 *** A ....... POS ..... TAKIN Cleve ww Pr * MANING CITY PLAN OF BIRMINGHAM 50 4 AS B NA 9127 Ke 792: NOT MB VERSITY UNIVERSITY THE ARTES F MICHIGAN.. (30) MICHUAN LIBRARIES WARREN H MANNING'S Д CITY PLAN OF BIRMINGHAM ロ ​• = дд EXUES · PUBLISHED BY SUBSCRIPTION · Birmingham, Alabama. 1919 NA 9127 .B62 M2 LOCATION Map-Highways of the United States. Map Birmingham City Silhouette.. POPULATION Map-Boston City Silhouette... Map-Minneapolis & St. Paul Silhouette. Map-Los Angeles City Silhouette..... GOVERNMENT Chart-Showing City Growth....... Chart-Showing Population Area and Persons per Acre-Cities Over 100,000. Map-Business and Industrial Areas... INDUSTRIES Map-Gas, Electric and Steam Service.. Warrior River Terminals. Map-Port of Birmingham Some Articles Manufactured in Birmingham... Map-Mineral Resources Chart--World's Iron Ores.. COAL Chart-Coal, Iron Ore and Coke Production Compared With Total U. S..... Industrial Beauty Aeroplane Views MINERAL RESOURCES…….. ... FORESTS • • Chart-Graphite production.. ... TRANSPORTATION ... • .. Map Birmingham's Location in the U. S... Map-Water Areas. Map-Main and Trunk Railroads. Map-Railroads of Birmingham.. INDEX · Warren H Manning's City Plan of Birmingham WATER POWER………. Photograph-Lock 12, Coosa River.. Map-Water and Sewer Service.. ► • Page • ·· ·· .. 8 9 ...(Facing) 10 10 10 • 1 1 • 3 •• 4 5 6 7 8 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 17 17 18 18 (Facing) 20 20 16 17 21 2 2 2 22 22 23 028 ap 20 4 5. Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham Map-Water Sheds of Alabama's Rivers.. Chart-Relation of Mortality Rate to Public Utilities, etc.. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY. Chart-Miles of Water Pipe per 1,000 Population. INDUSTRIAL WATER.. SEWERS Chart-Miles of Sewer Pipe per 1,000 Population.. FLOOD CONTROL.. LAND HOLDINGS AND VALUES.. PARKS AGRICULTURE Birdseye View-Greater Birmingham District.. Chart-Parks Pay..... Chart-Money-Bank Clearings, Deposits, etc..... STREETS Chart-Percentage of Park Area to City Area. Chart-Acres of Park per 1,000 Population………….. CLIMATE AND SCENERY…. CEMETERIES CIRCUIT ROADS... ... Map-Railroads of the District.. Chart-Mortality Rate.... • Chart-Percentage Street Area to City Area……. Chart-Miles of Street per 1,000 Population.... Chart-Miles of Street Car Track per 1,000 Population... ... Map-Circuit Roads.. Birdseye View-Grade Separation.. Map-Grade Crossings.... Chart-Public Rural Roads.. CIVIC CENTERS…….. Perspective-Twenty-first Street Viaduct.. ……… Birdseye View-Proposed Civic Center. EDUCATION FINANCES LEGISLATION CONCLUSION ... ... ·· Chart-Financial Statement of Cities in Birmingham's Population Class…... 341 81 8 • .(Facing) 24 ... ••• ... .. ·· * * ☹ 2 ☺ ☺ ☺ ≈ ≈ ∞ ∞ & & ♡ ♡ ♡ ♡♡♡ ♡♡♡♡♡♡♡ ♡♡♡♡♡♡♡♡ 24 ... ·· 25 ... 25 ..(Facing) 28 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 33 33 33 . (Facing) 36 36 37 34 35 (Facing) 38 ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ 38 39 39 40 42 41 44 46 46 47 47 • Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham Introduction "The art of city planning is most directly concerned with an ability to so analyze the problem as to determine, and then to make the most of, those peculiar and distinctive qualities, either of geography, occupation or commerce, which,- when developed, will tend to make each separate, individual city the most dis- tinctive example of its kind,-and at the same time as different as possible from others of its general size, topography and type." The city of Birmingham has had a man fulfilling these qualifications study the question of Birmingham's future. Acknowledged, by all men fitted to know, to be one of the foremost city planners of the present century, his study of and for Birmingham, is admitted to be one of his best efforts. However, a plan is not enough. - Mag "If we are to regenerate our cities, to preserve their beauties and to make them better, more is required than the good intentions of a group of technical ex- perts or public servants; for this end a veritable civic conscience must be de- veloped in all citizens. When people begin to feel the ties which bind them to- gether as citizens and which attach them to the place which they inhabit, when they shall understand that their prosperity, that their dignity, that their happi- ness are bound up with the welfare of the city; when they have learned to cherish their home town, their love for which unites with and intensifies their love for the nation, this expansion of civic consciousness is not the least of the benefactions that we can expect from the adoption of comprehensive programs for future civic development." This last paragraph is probably the best possible thought to be left with the reader as he peruses this preliminary study for the Greater Birmingham of the future. Bartled Cundusson Birmingham, Alabama, August, 1919. Committee on Publication: Frank Hartley Anderson Hill Ferguson Frank Butler. Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham ALABAMA MAIN & TRUNK HIGHWAYS 50 150 WARREN H-MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA MASSACHUSETTS BASED ON MAP OF NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ASSOCIATION TRUNK HIGHWAYS MISSISSIPPI MOBILE 1 BIRMINGHAM BESSEMER SA 100 TENNESSEE 731 TUSCALOO · GULF OF MEXICO 200 MAIN HIGHWAYS MONTGOMERY PENSACOLA FLORIDA 1057-55 B GEORGIA Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham PRESENT: The Birmingham District comprising Birmingham; Bessemer, Ensley, Fairfield, Inglenook and several smaller towns, lies where. the higher Appalachian mountains begin to drop to hills, ridges and wide valleys and at a point where gaps through the ridges permit radial transportation lines on good grades in nearly all directions. This plateau is 600 feet above sea level. > } The District is centrally and accessibly located on the line of the most important direct scenic road from the northeastern States to the Gulf: the Appalachian highway. At the northeasterly end of the district this highway will join with the Atlantic highway from cities at the navigation heads of the Eastern rivers and the Great Lakes-Gulf Highway. Over all such roads auto travel will constantly increase. • 1076 70 DEC 1916 100 200 2 Sco 400 C i MAIN HIGHWAYS of the UNITED STATES BASED ON MAD OF NATIONAL 'HIGHWAYS ASSOCIATION 1 ATLANTIC · 2 - APPALACHIAN · 3 GREAT LAKES GULF BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA MASSACHUSETTS WARREN H MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER FUTURE: A Birmingham Metropolitan District, of about five hundred square miles as indicated tentatively on drawing 'D, all within the one thousand LOCATION 2 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham square miles of Jefferson County, substantially equals the United States Census Bureau's Suburban Districts of ten miles from a city. I have made for com- parison city silhouettes of Boston and its metropolitan district, Minneapolis, St. Paul and Los Angeles. The latter shows the long narrow connection to the San Pedro harbor which is very like Houston harbor connections, the Rochester, New York, connections with its great park on Lake Ontario and the proposed connection from Birmingham to Nichols Fish Trap and from Bessemer to Tay- lor's Ferry (Drawing E-F-G). In the district outlined Opossum and Jones Valleys, both nearly level and with good railroad facilities, should be reserved for the industrial district. It is not too late to reserve therein adequate pub- lic open spaces for streets, waterways and various types of reservation. Within the valley's industrial areas the erection of substantial residences and public buildings should be restricted in the interest of the city and of the prop- erty owners as New York City is now restricted by districts. On account of the fundamental importance of the industrial and transpor- tation establishments and residential districts, a next step should be the plan- ning for the future growth of such establishments for successive thirty-year periods. Such a period represents the best and most profitable service of al- most any building. S - During the first thirty-year period such valley sections should be fully occupied with very low-cost residences, little business centers and small indus- tries, to fully utilize the city and corporate investments in roadways, sewer and water systems, lighting, transportation and power facilities. Such tem- porary low-cost occupancy of the land should be so managed as to yield an investment return that would permit the wrecking and replacement of the structures at about the end of the first thirty-year period. After this time the area would be likely to be needed for the extension of great industries. The more permanent residential, school, church and purely scenic and recreation park districts should go to nearby Enon Ridge and Red Mountain where small building units can be readily placed on the irregular land surfaces as great industrial plants cannot be. On such elevated localities, there is a "D" BIRMINGHAM CITY SILHOUETTE LEGEND WARREN HMANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER NORTH-BILLERICA-MASS DECEMBER, 1916 TABLE NOTE 1 PARIC Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham No 1057-36 OCCUPIED AREAS SHOWN THUS PUBLIC & SEMI-PUBLIC LANDS SHOWN THUS BLACK POPULATION 189134(1913) AREA OF CITY 32.000 Acres Proposed CITY 343040ACRES MAPS FROM SHEETS of USGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OTHER DATA FROM CITY ENGINEER@TCI MARS VIS хела CREEK ستفهام WARRIOR U AM whe # RIVER THE CUST SHORT Da CREEK ROCK GREAT BLACK JEFFERSON ; CREEK Jul STEER CITY ür COUNT • A to vendors is calls to desde THE Cy Seek SHADES یر FUTURE عه JEFFERSON •--•'s Ex CREEK- BRANKER PUCHIA Jefe 200 حقيق مرية you DEANER 3 SHOA [BbʊBCE" "Hombu BEMA COUNTY van de tenkte CRIEB -,- DEAR MUDDY PRONG PRONG MUDDY •Lock Cre T POPULA- TION 4 ig! Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham : better circulation of air, better drainage and a finer outlook than in the valleys. The District is fortunate in having these elevations so closely associated with the industrial valleys that they can be used by people who must or who pre- fer to live in the city. The District as outlined is extended to the northeast to include the most important Red Mountain gaps and water-sheds of the Pinson and Trussville Valleys which lead into the district. To the east the line in- cludes Shades Valley and the summit of Shades Mountain, to the south it goes where the broad valley is pinched out by the hills and on to the watershed of Valley Creek. It then passes to the Black Warrior River, thence northward to include a commercial landing place at Taylor's Ferry and the residential and recreational landing places at Short Creek and Salters Bluff, also the proposed road to Nichols Fish Trap. To the east and northeast the line would be ex- tended to include the numerous mining villages as far as the Pinson Valley. It is quite essential that the local watersheds be included as far as possible, for it is down these slopes to the district that the spring water and sewage, people and products will most easily go. In the remainder of this locality and in the district shown on the Loop Road Plan (Page 38) would naturally come the estates of the country-loving and well-to-do citizens. This accessible region has great variety and beauty, for it includes mountains, hills, valleys, streams, remarkable springs, high bluffs along the Warrior River, a great variety of attractive plant growth, and many villages. Some are typical mining towns of yesterday while others are the most attractive mining towns of today. PRESENT: The population of Birmingham, now about 198,000, showed an increase of 245% from 1900 to 1910, which was the best record of any city over 100,000 population. Part of this increase was due to annexations. Other United States cities increased by percentages ranging from 0 to 690% with an average of 47.7%. The increase of most cities was below 60%. The density of Birmingham's population is approximately 6.2 people per acre on 32,000 acres or 50 square miles. The average well-balanced city has 8 persons per acre. The density of population in Boston, Massachusetts, is A S Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham MERRIMA RIVER SE BOSTON HARBOR E "E" METROPOLITAN BOSTON CITY SILHOUETTE IN IN → 17 4M LEGEND N the WARREN M. MANNING LANDSCAPE BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA MASS. 1% 206-2 5 A Go – m OCCUPIED AREAS SHOWN THUS PUBLIC & SEMI-PUBLIC LANDS SHOWN THUS EZI CITY LINE SHOWN THUS METROPOLITAN PARK DISTRICT LINE SHOWN THUS COUNTRY CLUBS SHOWN THUS ( TABLE DESIGNER DEC. 1916. AREA OF CITY -20,160 ACRES POPULATION OF CITY -734,747 AREA OF TOWNS IN METROPOLITAN PARK DISTRICT-267,500ACRES POPULATION OF TOWNS IN METROPOLITAN PARK DISTRICT-1,529,162 • NOTES MAP FROM SHEETS OF U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OTHER DATA FROM REPORT OF THE METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION -1915 5 3. Cook Ž 姐 ​سرما LAKE MINNETODIKA MINNESOTA |: จ rh O A C 五 ​M Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham MINNEAPOLIS & ST. PAUL CITY SILHOUETTE 30 MISSISSIPPI RIVER ... RIVER WARREN M. MANNING LANDSCAPE BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA, MASS 10-1106-10 LEGEND DESIGNER DEC 1916 OCCUPIED AREAS SHOWN THUS PUBLIC & SEMI-PUBLIC LANDS SHOWN THUS Ech TABLE POPULATION -580,232 AREA OF CITIES 69 587 ACRES NOTES MAP FROM SHEETS OF US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OTHER DATA FROM REPORTS OF THE MINNEAPOLIS & ST PAUL PARK COMMISSIONS "F" Ķ ♡ • ୪ ୯ M 1 Yıår Q Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham SANTA BARBARA NATIONAL FOREST EXCEPTION SANTA MONICA BAY LOS ANGELES CITY SILHOUETTE << P 10-1106-9 (14 LEGEND The WARREN H. MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA, MASS. DEC. 1916 OCCUPIED AREAS SHOWN THUS PUBLIC & SEMI-PUBLIC LANDS SHOWN THUS IZAU TABLE POPULATION 452,140 AREA OF CITY 236,268 ACRES NOTE EXCEPTION MAP FROM SHEETS OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OTHER DATA FROM CITY ENGINEER "G" GEPT alc жа Mias ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST - 7 wth GOVERN. MENT S Warren H Manning's City Plan of Birmingham 24 persons per acre. The Boston Metropol- itan District, however, of 400 sq. miles in addition to the 47 sq. miles area of Boston, has a density of 5.7 persons per acre. Angeles has about 1.9 people per acre. "twin cities"-Minneapolis and St. Paul- have 8.3 persons per acre. nue. 24 Birmingham has a Commission form of government. The board of five are all elec- ted for the same four-year period. Jefferson County is governed by a Board of Revenue that maintains about 1,300 miles of roads. and bridges on which convict labor is used. It superintends and maintains the county hospital and farm, schools, sewers and the court house with 70% of the county reve- • Los The If these bodies, the governing bodies of Bessemer and the other.communities of the district, will all effectively. co-operate with each other and with citizens representing merchant and civic organizations and large corporations; a comprehensive, economical and efficient Birmingham District plan will be brought about and gradually but surely executed with such wise changes in detail as new and unforeseen conditions make need- ful during the years. Under such conditions better and less expensive results are likely to be secured with the assistance of expert advisers, than if such work is done by special commission, as in many northern cities. (Note the growth from 38,000 to 215,000 population in 17 years) GROWTH 1900 '05 'lo '15 '17 225 200 190 180_Population in 1000's 170 160 150 140 130 120 ΠΙΟ 100 95 90 ôfuuga LL8&; 65. 45 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 O 1 7 Property Valuation in millions of dollars EH.A Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham ! POPULATION AREA & PERSONS PER ACRE OF CITIES OVER 100,000 POPULATION WARREN. H.MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA MASS. DEC. 5, 1916. LEGEND:- NOTE:- THIS SPACE ✪ THIS SPACE E * THIS SPACE ■ NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA Sr. Lovis BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURGH DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND ORE DENVER ROCHESTERF PROVIDENCE ST. PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEWHAVEN = 100,000 POPULATION 25,000 ACRES да jq j j l m n n j 7/22 ________ 1 PERSON PER ACRE JJ POPULATION FIGURES FROM 1915 US GOV'T ESTIMATE AREAS AS GIVEN BY CITY ENGINEERS. IN ABSENCE OF REPORT FROM CITY AREA IS TAKEN FROM 1916 WORLD ALMANAC G IS INDICATED THUS + MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANERS •PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA 77722 77777 [[:][ www. 12 777 FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS 19:41 DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL [#: NEWBEDFORD CAMBRIDGE 22. SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON •HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD MASS LYNN 20% www. 7ZZ 2002 222 ZZA 222 VA MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG 22 BEBEK *A 2 20 VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC 772. 1165.1 EN 9 撞 ​INDUSTRIES ( 10 R 1057.29 1/2 1 3 : N -Z 2 IN MILES 2 BESSEMER 55' 3 AK 3 35 GREATER 3 3 J • INTERST Warren II. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham FEB.8.1893 3 [C.9.1871 11 BIRMINGHAM 1910 A AREA OF STEAM SERVICE (2 GAS SERVICE 3 ADDITIONAL AREA of ELECTRIC SERVICE 'CITY AREA · 1871 · " 11 1 ท 2 · 1893. • • 1910. BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA DIAGRAM SHOWING GAS ELECTRIC & STEAM SERVICE · ALSO CITY GROWTH´ WARREN H. MANNING BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA · LANDSCAPE DESIGNER MASSACHUSETTS AUG 1915 འ 4 • PRESENT: In the district are about two hundred and fifty industries that have increased 78.8% during the last census period as against about 60% for most other American cities. FUTURE: Apparently the future increase of varied industries is de- pendent largely upon favorable freight rates and terminal facilities, for rail transportation facilities are liberally supplied and the water transportation is only thirty miles away. The XVID -DIDID11 FR 7 101 100 md. D BIRMINGHAM MINERAL R.R 7 I 8 MALE 2 READERS GAP BIRMINGHAM PERBBISOBARR ୭ 5 CITY LINES BIRMINGHAM 9 7 remoŒILTRAZ MINERAL PAILROAD - nnnrí CITY LINES ='1'11: SMANJI: #B H 3 MINERAL RAILROAD LATIDIS Umumtaz Moradi_TOSTÍMTITOJINOTUpi BIRMINGHAM MINERAL RAILROAD 2 6 6 SMALL MFG V 8 7 GRACES GAP (10 BUSINESS 2 5 PLANT -WALKER GAP 4 BUSINESS TITITIT BIRMINGHAM 7 LONE PINE GAP 8 2 (6 CITY LINE bagalang • INER 5 RAILROAL XM IM BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA PLAN SHOWING BUSINESS & RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS PROBABLE FUTURE EXTENSIONS WITH THEIR 4M ށ ކ ވ B SCALE:~2”- 1 MILE RED GAD Ꭴ WARREN H.MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA, MASS. DEC. 13, 1916 NO 1057-62 LEGEND (1) MANUFACTURING & WAREHOUSE DISTRICTS SHOWN THUS 2 EXISTING RETAIL DISTRICTS SHOWN THUSZA.. EXISTING WHOLESALE DISTRICTS SHOWN THUSE MAIN QUICK BUSINESS DISTRICT SHOWN THUS (4 5) HIGH CLASS RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS SHOWN THUS 6 WORKERS HOMES DISTRICTS SHOWN THUS VERHA 7 PROBABLE FUTURE BUSINESS&INDUSTRIALDISTRICTS SHOWN˜TA). © PROBABLE FUTURE RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS SHOWN THUS Pen 9 PROPOSED PARK AREAS& THROUGH ROADS SHOWN THUSÍ TRANSPORTATION TERMINAL EXCHANGES (10) I Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham THE WARRIOR RIVER TERMINALS Improvements on the Warrior and Tombigbee Rivers, made by the government at a cost of $12,000,- 000.00, have given a minimum of eight feet of water the year round as far north as Cordova, a distance of 444 miles from Mobile, and a water level of 244 feet above mean tide level at this port. Coal and iron are our chief assets, and it is these heavy, bulky articles which can be shipped to best advantage, and at lowest cost, on this waterway. England, France and Germany have spent billions of dollars on the development of river ports from 100 to 350 miles inland. They have found it pays, and so will we. The Warrior River Committee is hard at work on plans for the "Port of Birmingham," and the accompanying map is a tentative study for the first Warrior River terminal, Ores, etc. Inbound LOCUST FORK THE PORT OF BIRMINGHAM A PLAN For TempoRARY LOCATION AND 1. W. Com #WINK Jec 187/SR3H JRMEWANE Chankan HK MILNED CHAUB CONI Posts & Teomans CHARLES FRANCIS WOOD Cher EndinESO JE Dekjan Dal August 119/5 BLACK Warrior RIVER ÅD, INTERIM OperatiON THE WARRIOR RIVER DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE Chrondhatory News Warehouses Offices en אב! or Sei o Sec 13 T183R6W EL PA **ZION ---- 4/9 M282 **LJ 12 -- -- ----- To be removed TRAKIVERSE SECTION Gravity kaing Car to Barde Üha steg őre V Brgeste A Fo TAT FRONT ELEVATION Scatchm Lye Dalla C-C Batteri öl Heppar Lan Pol Level Rm 200 Jeske, ha+2017 SHORT Landed to unkadref Cantainers and plan. Package Clamumaattika To Ensky TRANSVERSE SECTION ---- CREEK FRONT LLEVATION 11 -Eye bolts in Buff IT in Centers Palating hangar any grys Par Arang tuany had Trunk Elav 290 8 Low Pool Lae 20 200 12 Aprons-Vehicle Storm Arms-Telephone and Telegraph Awnings Asbestos Goods Bags-Hand Bakery Goods— Baskets Belts-Fabric Bills of Lading Blocks-Paving Blocks-Radial Stack Blocks-Silo Boilers-Ideal Heating SOME ARTICLES MANUFACTURED IN THE BIRMINGHAM DISTRICT Sulphuric Oil of Vitroil Oleum Aqua Ammonia Muriate of Ammonia Chloride of Barium Dyes- Powdered Sulphur Black Bonds-Lithographed Books-Binding Books-Blank Books-Coupon Books-Loose Leaf Boxes-Cast Iron Meter Boxes-Cast Iron Service Boxes-Coffin Boxes-Paper Boxes-Wooden Braces-Artificial Limb, Breeching-Textile Brick-Building Brick-Cement Brick-Fire Brick-Paving Broaches-Dental Brooms Buckets-Fabric Automobile Buckets-Metal Buckets-Well-Galvanized Building Material-Wooden- Burrs-Dental Butter Buiter-Peanut Butter Milk (Bulgarian) Buttons Cabinets-Medicine Calendars Candy Canopies-Camp Canopies-Mosquito Cans-Metal Caps-Chimney, Metal Cars-Steel Mining Cars-Wooden Mining Cases-Egg Cases-Soda Water Casing-Galvanized Iron Well Cases-Suit Caps-Chimney Caskets-Burial Castings Catalogues Cement Cements-Asphalt Certificates-Stock Certificate-Warehouse Cesspools Checks-Bank Chemicals— Commercial Acids- Acetic Acid Muriatic Acid Nitric Acid Aqua Fortis Hydrochloric Nitric Dinitrochlorbenzol Dinitrobenzol Iron Ore Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham Persulphate of Iron (Ferric Sulphate) White Broken White Crystals White Granulated White Powdered Comfortables-Cotton Compounds-Sweeping Coping-Vitrified Cornices-Iron Cotton Seed Products— Bran Lead- Cake Acetate of Lead (Sugar of Lead) Hulls Brown Broken Linters Liquors Ammoniacal Lithophone- Grasselli White Oxygen Phosphate Acid Sodium Acetate of Soda Bi-sulphate of Soda Bi-sulphite of Soda Calcined Salt Cake Glauber's Salt Hypo-sulphite of Soda, Crystals Hypo-sulphite of Soda Phosphate of Soda Prussiate of Soda Silicate of Soda Tri-Sodium Phosphate Spray Products- Arsenate of Lead Paste Arsenate of Lead Powder Bordeaux Mixture Paste Lime Sulphur Solution Tin- Tin Crystals Spelter- "High Grade" "Brass Special" "Prime Western" Granulated Spelter Anodes-Zinc Zinc for Sherardizing Zinc Dust Miscellaneous Acid Phosphate Cadmium-Metallic Cadmium-Sulphate Cadmium-Sulphide Cadmium-Anodes Depilatory Metal Pickle Jellicate (Silicate of Soda) Silex-Pulverized Jackets Overalls Nogas Chops-Corn Cigars Clay-Fire Clay-Mixed Fire Closets-Sanitary Water Clothing Convict Clothing Overalls-Automobile Pants-Khaki Pants-Wash Coal- Coke- Meal Motes Oil Screenings Shavings Covers-Canvass Crates-Wooden Culverts-Cast Iron Curtains-Porch Drop Dental Supplies Disinfectants Dog Irons Doors-Metal Fire Drinks Soft Dryers-Fruit Dryers-Vegetable Dynamite Dry Goods- Rag Cloths Chambrays Converters-Cloth Pleating-Dress Print Cloth Embroideries Envelopes Evaporators Excelsior Feed-Dry Felt-Tar Fencing-Iron Fertilizer Finials Flags Foundry Facings- Car Wheel Core Compound Core Washes Foundry Facings Graphite Foundry Facing Graphite-for lubricating Mineral Plumbago Soapstone Fronts-Vehicle Storm Furnaces-Blast Furnaces-Heating Furniture- Cots Chairs Rocking Mattresses Pillows Porch Swings Settees Springs Tables COAL PRODUCTION Gloves-Hand Grates-Fire Place 1900 1905 1910 1915 17 SHORT TONS 700,000,000 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 ** 100 onono 20 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 no 5 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham 30 25 20 onon8 45 40 35 30 25 " LONG TONS 75,000,000 20 " nono " 15 11 IRON ORE PRODUCTION 1900 1905 1910 1915 17 10 " 5 " 14 +4 43 #1 " :::: 4 "1 ** = (1 LONG TONS 35,000,000 ་་ ( +1 " 11 " C #1 ** PIG IRON PRODUCTION 1900 1905 1910 1915 17 " A " SHORT TONS 50,000,000 ་་ 1 # • M M W M COKE PRODUCTION 1900 1905 1910 1915 17 -Total United States #1 Total United States AA Alabama Total United States -Alabama Total United States F.HA ·Alabame. FH.A Alabama 5 FH.D FH.A Grease Groceries Guttering-Tin Guttering-Galvanized Iron Harness Hosiery Ice Ice Cream Iron-Manufactured— Bars-Grate Bolts Castings Dies Fittings-Cast Iron Pipe Flanges-Cast Iron Pipe Forgings Horse Shoes Hoop-Steel Nails Nuts Posts-Fence Shafting Spikes Staples Tacks Ties-Cotton Turnbuckles Iron-Pig Lumber ས་ཡ Bars Billets Blooms Ingots Sheared Plates M Glucose Machinery Glycerine Stills Knives-Planer Ship Bars Ship Plates Ship Shapes Work Special Tennessee Tool Kettles-Sugar Laboratory-Dental Lasts-Shoe Limestone Agricultural Lime-all kinds Lines-Waterproof Driving Linings-Fire Clay Flue Locomotives Machinery- Boilers Boll Weevil Catching Castings Coal and Ore Mine Equipment Compressors-Air Condensers-Cotton Cotton Seed Linters Machinery Cotton Seed Presses Electrical Machinery Elevators-Cotton Engines-Corliss Engines-Gasoline Engines-Hoisting Engines-Kerosene Engines-Marine Engines-Steam Feeders-Cotton Gins-Cotton Mining Machinery Parts Pumps-Gasoline Saws Saw Mill Machinery Parts Special Machinery Sugar Mill Machinery Traveling Cranes Machinery-Coal Washing- Mausoleums Marble Models-Wooden all kinds Monuments Mops Naptholine Ore-Iron Ore-Lead Ore-Zinc Packing-Ammonia Packing-Fibrous Packing-Metal Packing Steam Packing-Water-Air Packing House Products— Grease Lard Tankage Limbs-Artificial Paints-all kinds Paper-Plastering Steel-Architectural and StructuralPaper-Printing Steel Products— Paper-Writing Patterns-Wooden Pharmaceutical Specialties- Meats-Dressed Meats-Smoked Sausage Tallow 's me Chill Tonic Coca Caffeins Douches Liniments Liver Regulator Medicines-Proprietary Mystic Oil of Joy Oil-Hair Ointments Pills Salves Phosphate-Duplex Basic Piling-Wooden Pitch-Tar Polish-Furniture Polish-Metal Polish-Piano Polish-Stove Poles-Telegraph and Telephone Posts-English Powder-Blasting Power-Electric Printing Printing Plates Preservative-Belt, Cable and Rope Preservatives-Wood Pulleys-Machine Moulded Radiators-Heating Rails-Iron and Steel Railroad Track Material- Crossings Easer Joints for Scales Frogs Rails-Steel Rail Braces Switches Switch Stands 13 14 INDUSTRIAL BEAUTY. Beauty is comparative. The beauty of women, or pictures, is one kind. There is a beauty in strength, and in usefulness. To one unused to an iron and steel center there is a vast amount of beauty he has never seen. The vast galleries in the bowels of the earth where the coal is mined, have, under the miner's lamps, with other lights flashing in the distance, a weird beau- ty of their own. The opening of the tipple, with its accompanying pillar of gas and flame, when the red ore is put in the melt. for pig, is, in the daytime, a fine sight. At night, when the clouds are hanging low, the lighting effects on these clouds is a sight at first terri- fying as well as wonderful. A run of pig, at night, is a strange sight to one unused to it. The east end of the First Avenue viaduct about nine-thirty should be much more pop- ular than it is at present, as here, practically in the heart of the city, can be seen this sight which millions of people have never seen, a sight which, on a stage, people would pay millions of dollars to see The blue flame under the pot, the sparkling beauty as the slag is run out, and later the glowing hotness as the molten iron is run into pigs, light- ing up the gigantic furnaces and the steel frame buildings, is a beauty such as no artist can put on canvas. Mere paint can not convey the brightness of the light, nor the fearful beauty of the scene. Every plant in the district, steel mills, by-product plants, struc- tural iron works, coal, and ore mines, and the machine shops, all are well worth seeing, both from the view- point of picturesqueness, and because of knowledge to be gained regarding the activities of this, the coming in- dustrial center of America. F. H. A. Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham WS Paring&NE Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham PRESENT: The Birmingham District's coal, limestone and iron ore are so closely and advantageously located and its water and rail transportation is so developed that it can supply pig iron at the lowest cost to a third of the United States. The testimony in the Courts of New Jersey shows the District to have a red ore reserve of 1,388,000,000 tons while the manufacturing District is bor- dered by the Warrior coal basin of hundreds of square miles of coal, much of it of high coking quality, as well as the Cahaba, Coosa and Blount mountain fields, which are good steam coals. The District has unlimited supplies of Auxing dolomite and limestone. Mr. E. E. Ellis states that the greatest body of rich ore is southeast and south of Birmingham with the best limestone and dolomite in the valleys to the north. He also states that mining on Red Mountain, except at the imme- diate outcrop, will not cause dangerous caving, only minor cracks in walls and buildings. THE BIRMINGHAM DISTRICT showing MINERAL RESOURCES and their proximity to the CITY WARRIOR k TUSCALOOSA CO BIGB Co TIMER CO Based on map of United States Geological Survey RED BROWN ORE LIMESTONE & DOLOMITE A van COAL FIELD M Barrier Jove BESSEMER • SHELBY CHILTON 0 - BITUMINOUS COALS INOUS BIRMINGHAM OS ETO IT MTN COA COOSA FIELD RIVER TALLADEGS_C2C. 14 B 自 ​12 24- 12 "1 • · 1916· 10 9 9 Arranged and Graphed by FRANK HARTLEY ANDERSON FHA ACRES OF PARK PER 1000 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 WATER PIPE W MILES SEWER PIPE PER 1000 2 5 4 3 2 13 11 10 B 7 Washington's death rate undoubtedly would fall to a point nearer the average as shown by the above chart. With sufficient data, including figures on the status of education, housing conditions, race, employments, climate, traffic law enforcement, fire prevention methods, hospital equipments, efficiency of health departments, road paving and number of grade crossings, it would be inter- esting to work out on such a chart, not an average or a mean of existing improvements and utilities, but an ideal for each item, from which could be closely approximated the total cost of an ideal city, by units, having given the required size, where the birth rate and the death rate, and the general livability could be determined pretty definitely before the city was ever built. FRANK HARTLEY ANDERSON. ST CAR TRACK DENSITY CANADA 3 STREETS 4 5 5 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST. LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE. PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND, ORE. DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST. PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD, MASS. LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA, HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX } 1 AVERAGE į. Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham Miles of WATER Pipe per 1000 Population THIS SPACE EQUALS ONE MILE PER 1000 POPULATION LANDSCAPE DESIGNER Warren H MANNING BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA DATA FROM CITY ENGINEERS & CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS TY 1165-8 DEC 1916 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE Lersey CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND. ORE DENVER ROCHESTER IPROVIDENCE İST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER 'SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS |SCRANTON 'SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMOEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELU MASS LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX AVERAGE Compiled by W Harold Manning Imile 2 a MASSACHUSETTS HH 25 PRESENT: The Birming- ham District has three prin- cipal water supplies; Besse- mer's domestic supply is from a spring north of the city, of limited capacity. The indus- trial water supply must be cheap, abundant and not necessarily pure and it is likely to come from the Black Warrior River or its tribu- taries. The Tennessee Coal and Iron Company has im- pounded an industrial supply lake on Village Creek with a flow line of 482 from which Ensley takes 25,000,000 gal- lons daily and will require double this. The domestic supply is from driven wells and the city supply. Birmingham is supplied by the Birmingham Water Works Company, whose rights are being negotiated for by the abandoned when polluted, then city. The first supply from Village Creek was a Five Mile Creek supply was attempted and given up. Springs were then acquired from which water is now taken through a conduit. The main supply is from Lake Purdy on the Cahaba River where the Company owns 5,773 acres, or about 9 square miles, including 440 acres of coal lands, 3,000 acres of watershed, and 50-foot right-of-way to the city. This supply passes through Red Mountain in two 24-inch pipes and one 30-inch pipe, located DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY SEWERS 26 in a 9-foot by 10-foot tunnel. Miles of SEWER Pipe per 1000 Population THIS SPACE EQUALS ONE MILE PER 1000. POPULATION LANDSCAPE DESIGNER This supply Mr. John F. Fanning reported in would supply good water to 500,000 people. The next source of supply is likely to be the Coosa River which will not be contaminated by coal waste as the Warrior and its branches must be, and, furthermore, the waters of the Warrior are needed for navigation. FUTURE: The fact that one industrial plant consum- es daily nearly as much water as many small Ameri- can cities indicates the mag- nitude of the water supply problems of the future. To this subject, City Engineer Julian Kendrick has given and is giving much study with the aid of experts. BOSTON & NORTH 1891 S WARREN H MANNING : 1165-5 DATA FROM CITY ENGINEERS & CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY DEC 1916 INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND. ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD, MASS, LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX AVERAGE BILLERICA Compiled by W Harold Manning Imile Y₂ 12 2 MASSACHUSETTS 2 22 II PRESENT: For the Birmingham Valley Creek and Village Creek Dis- tricts, Jefferson County has constructed, at the cost of $500,000, and now main- tains trunk line sewers that will provide for about 475,000 people. The Valley Creek disposal field is south of Bessemer and contains about 100 acres. FUTURE: The Birmingham Village Creek sewer is carried to a point west of Ensley and should be extended to more favorable soil for purification fields, where about 250 acres should be secured. " Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham 27 CONTROL Flood control is also a difficult problem to solve on Village Creek. About FLOOD 1907 the Thomas Furnace Quarries were flooded. It took two to three months to pump them out. As stated by Mr. Monroe Purcer, this is only one minor incident of that flood damage. The July 1916 flood compelled the removal of many people from their homes in boats. Mr. Kendrick states that Valley Creek has a fall of about two feet in a thousand and that it will be necessary to provide for a maximum rainfall of four inches per hour in its channel. He is now securing data to determine the practicability of controlling this water in Village Creek. Several thousand feet of Valley Creek have been brought into a canal. The reservations which are tentatively indicated along Valley and Village Creeks for roads and for possible flood controls include about one-eighth of the city's area. Whether such reservations would have irregular outlines or be long gradually flaring wide canals with marginal roads located high enough to pro- tect outlying land and to give the emergency capacity required for great floods is a problem to be studied. The fill for such roads may be secured from a channel wide and deep enough for ordinary storm water or from factory cinders and city waste. The large areas that would be occasionally flooded may be made available to near-by factory operatives for recreation. Similar flood con- trol has been established on Stony Brook in Boston's park system, on Paxtang Creek at Harrisburg, Pa., and at Dayton, Ohio, from which to secure data. These open basins may also become the aeroplane landings for the city. At the West End of Valley Creek Canal, two culverts, one 14½ x 7 and one 10 x 12, have carried the biggest floods, and Mr. Kendrick states that an open- ing 8 x 50 would be ample here. Below this, however, a much wider channe] will be needed. He is now planning for two 6 x 15 foot storm water sewers at Elyton to enter this valley. It should be recognized that whatever form these channels take they may be made exceedingly attractive incidents of the city plan by developing parkways along the banks. PRESENT: About two-thirds of the land between the city and the Black Warrior River is held by the coal and iron companies, a large part in fee sim- ple. To the west of the river as far as Jasper, one-half of the land is Company VALUES LAND HOLDINGS AND AGRICUL- TURE 28 TOMAT Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham land, as well as a large territory of land north of Jasper. Such ownership should make it quite practicable to establish a comprehensive plan of roads and reservations to meet the needs of these companies as well as the public. As to city values, Mr. Hill Ferguson states that 4,000 acres were bought east of Elyton in the present site of Birmingham in 1870 for $25.00 per acre. The first lot 50 feet by 100 feet was sold October 26, 1871, at the corner of 19th Street, Second Avenue, for $75.00. One-half of this lot was sold a few years ago for $175,000, and this year it was sold for $200,000. In 1884, the Tutwiler Hotel site, 50 feet by 140 feet, was bought for $1,100, and sold recent- ly to the Hotel Company for $300,000. In 1871, the Jefferson County Bank lot was sold for $1,200 and again in 1905, for $150,000. FUTURE: This rapid increase in value indicates the necessity of acquir- ing at the present time the land that is necessary for the future development of the city. As much land over the mineral and coal deposits to the west, south and east of the District must ultimately be reserved for the growth of mining tim- bers with agriculture as a secondary interest, the permanent farms which supply the District with garden truck are likely to be in the sections to the north or northeast where there are no important mineral deposits. The FUTURE GREATER BIRMINGHAM DISTRICT WARREN H.MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA MASSACHUSETTS O GREAT CENTRAL VALLEY RESERVATION for RECREATION WATERSTORAGE EMERGENCY FLOOD BASINS MARGINAL TRAFFIC & PLEASURE ROADS 2 CROSS TOWN ROADS 3 UPLAND RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS LOCK 17 Lock 4 A PROPOSED CANAL EXTENSION 5 RIVER BANK RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS 6 POSSIBLE RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT (IF CANAL IS BUILT PROPOSED ROADS TO NAVIGATION TAYLORS 7 TELE WARRIOR N 1057-59 RIVER DAM 5 C MAR? 2222227 HIGHWA DAM 6 ی هوانیری 2 SHORT CREEK ΤΟ 7 BESSE 6. R DAM FERRY • 4 ROAD ROLLING 7 6 Jana DAM ALABAMA Low GREAT LEN (BIRMINGHAM Miner b. ROLLING RN R.R SOUTHERN 2 HILLS DAM 5 JONESBORO 1 نات 12. MILES TO 4 EMINGHAM MIN RAL ENSLE When OPOSSUM M WESTFIELD མིི་ VALLEY 1 BESSEMER *** LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE BESSEMER BIRMINGHAM on ****»**L.& NR.R. ~:>2,7 SOUTHER! SHERMAN HEIGHTS LANES $$ 4 c. WHEELING FAIRFIELD → (BIRMINGHAM M .ނ D. SHVILLE ........... FRISC hr ! GORDON HEIGHTS. *.*.. SYSTEM SOUTHWES 7. RESCENT HEIGHTS 3 MOON HILLMAN TLANT Sg.18 ENSLEY HOPE PRATT CITY ΤΑ AL WHER VALLEY ........ 44d81285«•ÜSIMO) OWENTON CREEK POWDERLY راع THOMAS S BIRMINGHAM & 2pq SMITHFIELD 1 LABAMA GREAT SOUTHERN R.R_____ WALKER CITY THAN ****35**»**Q*54569 $ AXIOSA 1 by AVOTA WEST END THOMAS & SAYRETON 3 SHADES 2 FR1 R.R ELYTON CLEVELAND OU FA GROUNI ہے (3 NORTH V BIRMINGHAM HÀI Yar AAA DÖŞY mi una cat BLUFF TOPE BLUFT RESERVATION 14 It yr" *** BIRMINGHAM MOUNTAINS Vir Fin ވނ CLRPOINT है m BIRMINGHAM MINERAL ~L 家 ​MASTEROIDS ALL HOME WHEN * * * * Inshorems *** **Á* PR THEN AND WHITE AND WATER Cowie my infond Wil nedale Aanandauongang¤2 1 R.R. ریہ۔۔۔ FA?!? Et ^^ -~3m. 132~ 厨 ​SOUTHERN LONDON CONTAINE kam. *son $3:7F+8? 14; THO 3 FEANNA CON YON "} R.R 93 Burzu dag ROSE DALE 0!! za NLARGED FOR TRAFIC n ☆ H Novar war · warmt 연락 ​AGE72 Janaf: gavuă a rev 1 SUPPLY MAIN TO TUNNEL + BIRMINGHAM PA .. 424 ی این این نیست و RPO Yerkg you Fact * M*«*** QUÝZADZORÃ ¤ Apgº 2 TERMINAL WAREHOUSES كومين 200 مى شود + ខ្ញុំ (នៅutco 4. DAL r&WGT MINERAL ལ་ཅིས AVONDALE BOYLES GAP R.R OPPOSSUM EAST BIRMINGHAM ENER Cami by CRESTLINE. HEIGHT 2 RED MT RESERVATION -- G G.. BRYN HE WAS 338 VALLEY ال # 2 GATE CITY jaigjeta MCELWAINE 18yo mge Ani 렜 ​Innma K + 980 2 2 4****** Allro ^ EAST LAKE.O F Q 11 D Lata TRYES A HT LEA JONES 1947 IRONDALE DATE THE FATHE VALLEY D** BJCC&DCING BIRMINGHAM *7 ALABAMA GREAT CENTRAL OF GEORGIA SOUTHERN SEABOARD SOUTHERN mate with the TTHE 3 ... RR. RAILWAY AIR R.R LINE RR - HEY THERE A "T MATION AND INTENT da Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham PARKS PAY Comparing Mortality Rate with Acres of Park per 1000 Mortality below the average. above average Mortality Parks 14.1 1.4 NEW YORK 14.6 1.8 16.2 3.6 14.8 3-4 16.9 5.0 14.8 3.3 18.1 4.9 17.4 2.2 19.0 2.2 16.1 2.8 15.6 4.0 16.4 6.0 15.0 .7 18.4 3.6 17.8 12.7 14.6 .3 14.5 9.1 15.8 6.4 14.3 14.7 14.5 6.6 15.8 2.7 15.0 6.6 15.5 2.7 18.1 .7 15.0 3.5 14.2 2.9 17.8 7.0 15.2 2.8 17.0 7.0 19.8 6.0 14:4 .9 14.5 1.2 19.7 4.6 14:4 12,3 17.0 .7 15.2 1.2 16.0 2.9 13.9 2.3 17.2 4.1 17.0 1.2 15.4 2.0 20.3 11.3 17.6 1.6 16.0 6.9 795.6 CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES 214.5 MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WAS NGTON CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA 14.9 3.4 READING 19.3 3.0 ALBANY 16.5 1.2 CAMDEN 17.6 7.0 YOUNGSTOWN 16.5 6.1 MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND, ORE. DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIQ BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD LYNN 19 12.0 9.1 12.6 2.2 Parks FHK 12.4 11.0 7.6 5.7 Total Mortality n " 11.4 4.4 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 8.3 3.7 10.5 .9 7.0 14.3 12.3 3.2 12.6 2.8 13.5 3.4 11.4 1.3 8.0 7.5 12.3 9.3 151.9 78.8.. 10.8 5.63 16.2 4.37 Average Showing a gain of 26 per cent in parks for the fourth column over the second, this lowering the mortality rate in the third column 33 per cent over that in Parks do pay. the first column. 3. A C CATA MONEY In millions 1900'05 '10 '15 '18 of dollars 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 છુ ને 25 Bank clearings Deposits per capita in dollars DATA Bank deposits FROM 29 FHA BIRMINGHAM CLEARING HOUSE ASSN PARKS 30 MA PRESENT: Birmingham Percentage of PARK AREA to CITY AREA THIS SPACE EQUALS ONE PER CENT OF TOTAL CITY AREA WARREN H MANNING LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA DATA FROM CITY ENGINEERS & Parks contain 640 acres val- ued at $1,222,000; that is an acre to every 358 people, whereas the average of nine similar American cities is an acre to 290 people. The cit- ies that are best designed have about one-eighth of their area in parks and about one acre to 75 people. FUTURE: Birmingham District should have reserved for economic and common use such areas in Valley and Village Creeks as have been referred to. Throughout the district there should be set aside for common use lands that are tco rugged for econ- omic uses and that have low 1165 4 DEC 1916 Compiled by F. Hartley Anderson 2 3 4 5 6 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEYELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO BAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND. ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY 'CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD. MASS. Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER KOTTAWA MAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX AYERAGE 10 ARTIST INTER 2 3 CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS 8 taxable values and great nat- ural beauty. This would include some of the Red Mountain ridge, the very rough and irregular shores of Valley of Valley and Village and Village Creeks above the proposed canal water lines and the existing T. C. I. Company's lake, the steep wooded bluffs of the Warrior River and its tributaries, the very steep westerly bluffs of Shades Mountain with enough of the valley at the mountain base for a chain of public recreation lakes.. They should include the summits of the Sand Mountain chain and the summits south and south-east of the District. In the detail plans of the district the outline of such reservations shoula MASSACHUSETTS 4 5 6 7 8 CC 10 11 12 13 14 9 10 1 12 13 14 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham ACRES of PARK AREA per 1000 Population be so clearly indicated from SPACE ONE ACRE PER 1000 POPULATION LANDSCAPE Designer a study made on the grounds that surveys can be made to definitely establish them. EQUALS Warren H MANNING BOSTON & NORTH CITY ENGINEERS DATA FROM THIS 1165-2 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO. LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND, ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA · BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDE DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING DEC 1916 ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD, MASS. LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG *VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX AVERAGE BILLERICA & Compiled by F.Hartley Anderson 3 4 5 MassachUSETTS CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS EE 31 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 PRESENT: The Bir- mingham District has an attractive all-the-year cli- mate. FUTURE: If If organized attractive publicity is given to the climatic conditions and the scenic beauty of the region there is no reason why many desirable people should not be drawn to it for their winter homes. City Park Systems-"With but few exceptions American cities have not been built according to any general or comprehensive plan. Their growth as a rule has been along the lines of easiest communication and without much relation to what has already been laid out. Consequently the ques- tion of parks and recreation places has received but scant attention. City planning has been defined as the art of laying out cities to serve the business requirements, convenience, health and comfort of the public or guiding the growth of a city in con- formity with a scientific design and adapting the physical form of the city to the peculiar needs of its parts. The very rapid growth of this move- ment has had much to do with the recent efforts to provide needed re- creational facilities. !! "It is fortunate that in many cities there are areas which are not adapted to platting, but which are eminently desirable as park lands. Areas abounding in hills and ravines, because of the difficulties that would have been encountered in constructing streets and ather improvements, have in many cases continued under private ownership and unimproved until the surrounding areas have been built up. such areas offer peculiar advantages to the landscape designer, affording possibilities for variety of treatment, a feature so desirable, that, when not provided by nature, is often introduced even at con- siderable cost. Many cities have taken advantage of favorable natural conditions in acquiring lands for parks purposes and have improved them at moderate cost. They are thus in possession of beauti- ful parks, easily accessible to a large number of inhabitants of the city. Cities must have parks and recreation centers. This is the judgment of the urban communities the world over. If they are not provided in proper proximity to residential sections either by the chance of natural conditions of sur- face or by timely planning and acquisition of lands properly located. there remains but one alternative, and that is the purchase of improved lands so situated as to furnish recreation features to the citizens. This alternative results in excessive cost in acquiring land. A number of cities are doing this, but be- cause of the difficulties encountered in making adjustments with affected interests, such conversion from private to public ownership usually covers a number of years, during which time most of the 4. CLIMATE AND SCENERY 32 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham affected area suffers first from lack of repair and proper upkeep, and later from absolute neglect of the structures upon it." Statistics of Cities-Bureau of the Census. "Greater natural beauties do not exist than in the Birmingham District and the immediate sur- rounding country. The Circuit roads, as shown on page 43, lead to such spots as can be found in no other part of the country. Each changing season brings its own wealth of beauty. Spring finds thousands of people in the pine woods, only three or four miles from home, gathering armsful of big blue violets and wild iris. The red-bud, or judas tree, is the first tree to bloom, and its beautiful purple covered branches are a sight to behold. The white fringe, or oldman's beard, makes you think of fairyland. Later the woods and roadsides are pink and white with wild phlox. By the middle of April the air is sweet with the odor of the honeysuckle and the roadsides white with the dogwood, thorns and wild crabapples. Be- fore these are gone the mountain laurels along the creeks are glorifying the rock banks with their pink and white blossoms. The dogwoods grow everywhere. The honeysuckles have their own habitats, but these are many, and there are few children in the district who cannot lead you to them. The laurels are more wary, but Rock Creek, Village Creek and Shades Creek valleys abound with them in season. The middle of May, however, brings the most beautiful flowers of all, and at that time a trip to the Little Cahaba, two miles beyond the pump-house, will open your eyes and lead you to exclaim, with wonder, "What hath God wrought". As far as you can see, the spider lilies, "Hymenocallis coronarium" glisten in their white purity on islands in the river. These are found in only two or three places in the United States, and the sight of them is worth a trip from the farthermost ends of the earth. The red buckeye brightens the woods all spring. The yellow cosmos and the red honeysuckle shows you how nature likes her garments to be colored. Summer brings all the colors of the rainbow into the fields and woods. The early summer has the magnolias and the rhododend- rons, and the Magnolia machrophylla, or large-leaved cucumber tree, with its leaves three' feet long and two feet wide, and its large yellow blossoms, is worth traveling far to see. The rhododendrons on Sand Mountain, in and near Mentone, cannot be surpassed in any part of the country. The fall has the red berries of the dogwoods and thorns, the blue berries of the Kinnikinic, the papaws, and the luscious persimmons, around which the possums and the darkies, as well as most of the whites, love to gather. The burning redness of the mountain sumac makes it seem as though the woods. were on fire, until winter comes. Mile after mile of road can be traveled, with new flowers, or new and different views of the far hills and rivers showing up at each turn. Every bend in the creek is a new "swimmin hole". Every road, north, east, south or west, leads to a new picnic ground or another camping place. The green of the wooded hills extends into the city, and these same hills call every Saturday afternoon and Sunday, taking you away from people, and buildings, and things, and beckon you out to nature, to pure air, to love, and to life. FRANK HARTLEY ANDERSON. Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham Percentage of STREET AREA to CITY AREA THIS SPACE CITY AREA EQUALS ONE PER CENT OF TOTAL LANDSCAPE DESIGNER MASSACHUSETTS WARREN H MANNING BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA DATA FROM CITY ENGINEERS & CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS 1165-3 DEC 1916 Compiled by W-Harold Menning NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO¡ LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA Birmingham has 16.6% of its in area while streets most American cities have from 20 to 50% used for this purpose. (Large tracts of acreage property have not been subdivided). With the exception of limited areas of curving roads on Red Moun- tain at Fairfield, Roebuck Springs, Norwood, Milner Heights, and Mountain Ter- race, the Birmingham and Bessemer road system is laid out on the rectangular, checker board plan. In the checker board parts of the city approximately 30% of the area is in streets. This is too large a portion of non-taxable street area to set aside. Blocks should be made longer in the newly laid out portions for the reason just indicated and also because long blocks make far less street congestion by making fewer crossings for vehicles. A very few continuous long roads, mostly along old highways, pass from northeast to southwest through the valleys. Many short roads cross the valleys. As is usual where there is no definite city plan with an authority to compel adherence to it there are many land subdivisions. BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD, MASS. LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX 10 AVERAGE 20 25 DD 33 In the study it would be CEMETERIES well to consider the best location location for a future ceme- tery district in well drained soil where mining operations will cause no disturbance. STREETS 34 that do not fit the main lines MILES of STREET per 1000 Population SPACE EQUALS ONE MILE PER 1000 POPULATION' LANDSCAPE DESIGNER are of travel at street intersect- ions either in direction or in width; and there are places where the rectangular system with many zig-zag road lines and right angle corners. substituted for the direct old country roads and many of these roads that are destined to be main thoroughfares are narrowed instead of broaden- ed as they ought to be. In many places very steep roads have been laid down where a different arrangement would have given easy grades and better lots. It is only recent- ly that the city engineer has been given any authority. over road lay-outs. THIS WARREN H MANNING BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA DATA FROM CITY ENGINEERS & CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS 1165-6 DEC 1916 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILAC PHIA ST LOUI BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIC BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD. MASS., LYNN Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX AVERAGE Compiled by W Harold Manning 2 π 3 2 3 MassachUSETTS 4 5 So many people are now using the automobiles for business and for touring that we may be sure of a great volume of traffic from the northeastern United States to the Gulf over the Appalachian Highway and the other National high- ways referred to on the first page and in Drawing A-B-C. For this reason and because of the needs of the cities, the number of continuous highways running the length of the valleys should be increased and they should be made as broad as practicable. If this is not done then the serious congestion of New York streets is likely to occur, as conditions are similar here. 5 FF 7 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham #2. Miles of Street Car Track per 1000 Population THIS SPACE EQUALS ONE MILE PER 1000 POPULATION LANDSCAPE DESIGNER WARREN H MANNING MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA DATA FROM CITY ENGINEERS & CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS GG 1165-7 DEC 1916 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA 'ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON MINNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND. ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD. MASSĮ LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX I AVERAGE Compiled by W Harold Manning 2 I mile 1/2 2 Red Mountain tunnel, by radial lines. 2 35 The plan indicates some roads that can be thus ex- tended with very few changes in existing roads. The main throroughfares would, how- ever, be down the proposed Valley and Village Creek reservations with a connect- ion along the railroads along the north end of Enon Ridge through Pratt City and Thomas and by Smith's Park. Also over the Ridge at Duck Pond Gap from Ensley to the Valley Creek canal head. These import- ant connections should be secured at an early date as there are no important build- ings in the way now. The east and west valley roads are generally wide enough but some need to be carried through and connected up at the gaps, and the proposed It is most essential that lands be acquired on either side of Red Mountain Gap through which pass to Jones Valley five main railroad lines. Here condi- tions make a complete separation of railway and highway grades entirely prac- ticable. Already the highway at the north of the railways passes under the Birmingham Mineral Railway as this latter line passes over all the other roads, as could also a highway viaduct along side of it. It is along the line of this 36 THIS SPACE WARREN H MANNING BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA DATA FROM CITY MORTALITY RATE per 1000 Population Birmingham Mineral Road, EQUALS ONE DEATH PER 1000 POPULATION Designer LANDSCAPE the outer belt line of the city, that I would have a road on either side of the right-of- way with highway bridges on the railroad level several gaps to obviate grade crossings. at 1165 9 DEC 1916 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON CLEVELAND BALTIMORE PITTSBURG DETROIT BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI NEWARK NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON INNEAPOLIS SEATTLE JERSEY CITY KANSAS CITY INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND, ORE DENVER ROCHESTER PROVIDENCE ST PAUL LOUISVILLE COLUMBUS OAKLAND TOLEDO ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN MEMPHIS SCRANTON SPOKANE PATERSON RICHMOND OMAHA FALL RIVER GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON SAN ANTONIO BRIDGEPORT NASHVILLE DALLAS LOWELL NEW BEDFORD CAMBRIDGE SALT LAKE CITY HARTFORD TRENTON HOUSTON TACOMA READING ALBANY CAMDEN YOUNGSTOWN SPRINGFIELD MASS. LYNN MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER OTTAWA HAMILTON QUEBEC HALIFAX AVERAGE Compiled by F Hartley Anderson 2 6 8 2 ENGINEERS & CITY PLANNING COMMISSIONS 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 MASSACHUSETTS 16 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham 16 BB 18 20 22 18 20 22 At the southerly side of Red Gap are gravel pits; at the northerly side are quar- ries. The city or the county should make an arrangement to acquire this land for connecting roads and reser- vations when the pits and quarries are exhausted. S What I have stated with reference to the Red Moun- tain Gap applies in a lesser degree to Boyles, Walker, Grace, Readers and other gaps. Another low grade thor- oughfare tunnel through Red Mountain from Jones Valley to Shades Valley is indicated to take advantage of the existing water supply tunnel and the 50-foot right-of-way to Lake Purdy. This would be similar to the tunnel through Missionary Ridge at Chattanooga. This tunnel ought to be made wide enough for an electric car line with a business and pleasure vehicle throroughfare on either side of it. Streets should radiate from either end in such a way as to permit the traffic to divide and JEFFERSON COUNTY 2 WARREN H MANNING BOSTON & NO-BILLERICA MASS ELECTRIC RAILWAYS ℗ ALABAMA GREAT SOUTHERN RR LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RR BIRMINGHAM MINERAL RR. SOUTHERN BRANCH L..AND M @TRUSVILLE BRANCH DBLOCKTON BRANCH SAYRE BRANCH 3 ATLANTA, BIRMINGHAM&ATLANTIC RR. BIRMINGHAM BELT RR 6 CENTRAL OF GEORGIA RR RR 1 (2B) 10) (2E ENJ SOU 1 I agree to will w Κ BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA MAP SHOWING RAILROADS OF THE BIRMINGHAM DISTRICT IM 2M 3M 4M 3 3 LANDSCAPE DESIGNER DEC 1916 NO.1057-61 STEAM RAILROADS →→→→→ Beth MAD FROM SHEETS OF THE ÚS. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 10 3 SAN FRANCI OA KANSAS CITY, (3 9A ENSLEY SOUTHERN R.R 1 SEABOARD AIR LINE ® LUMBER RR 2E OST LOUIS & FRISCO RR ILLINOIS CENTRAL RR 8 BIRMINGHAM SOUTHERN R.R 9 SOUTHERN RAILWAY @BIRMINGHAM & SELMA LINE BROME & SELMA LINE MEMPHIS 10 (2B) BIRMINGHAM .B.AND LAND NEE (9A) B&A. So R.R KAMA GELAT. .2. AND NI (2A) 2D 9A NASH 9 (2A) THE OB RR 4 GREAT 7 LAND N 2 ROME CITY 2 2 70 2B 5 BIRMINGHAM MINERAL LOUISVIL 2 (2A) AND 2 OF THE 2 AND SELMA LINE (2A) 9B) BIRMINGHAM MINERAL (12) VILLE FUTURE SOUTHERN NASHVILLE JEFFERSON COUNTY (20) AND TO THE SOUTHERN 2 (ROME (12 SVILLE BRANCH 111 ÁIRLIN AND LANEN. ER (5) 2 ŠELMA LINES). Um Bir LOMBER LA CHIES 5 } THAL GEOR 12 OB 12 5 2 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham mag ka 37 not be congested on one main thoroughfare. By thus bringing several streets to one wide tunnel, bridge, or connecting road, the problem of street congestion, already much in evidence on some streets, will be ameliorated. At the point of intersection the traffic officer could conveniently direct pleasure vehicles to use certain streets while heavy business vehicles would be confined to others. A special study needs to be made to lo- cate such radial points and the portion of streets to be vacated or exchanged. It is quite possible that a considerable number of railroad crossings could thus be eliminated and longer blocks on the railroad sidings be made. Such junc- tions of radiating streets if large enough may provide a convenient place for public garages and automobile parking spaces. The question of providing for automobile parking is one of the difficult problems. At such points effective street terminals could be made if the intersection spaces are made large enough. The beauty and distinction of a city today depends more upon street ends that can be seen for some time from rapidly moving vehicles than it does upon buildings that are passed quickly at the sides of the streets. It should be recognized that a ride through the wide thoroughfares or reservations designed would only take a short time with the automobile today. While such a ride would give visitors an impressive view of the manufacturing and residential districts of the city, it would give but little idea of the beauty, variety and interest of the region about the city. Therefore, a plan showing a series of 30 to 100 mile circuit roads is included upon each of which would be distinctive phases of landscape beauty and of industrial development. The variety, beauty and interest of such circuits are unknown to a great majority of Birmingham people. Upon such roads beauty spots for rest and picnicing should be reserved. There should not only be a special traffic thoroughfare up Mt. Pinson Val- ley along either side of the Birmingham Mineral Railroad but the main Mt. Pinson Road should also be broadened to not less than 120 feet to provide for a possible future electric road. The thoroughfare up Trussville Valley and on the easterly side of Red Mountain Ridge should also be broadened. CIRCUIT ROADS 38 W. G. Kirkpatrick, formerly City Engineer of Birmingham, prepared a summarized statement of the general "grade separation" plan, in which he put as succinctly as possible just what is pro- posed. Contrary to the belief held by some that the street level will be lowered at the points where "subways" will be built, Mr. Kirkpatrick points out clearly that there will be only a slight depres- sion, that the tracks will be raised at such points and the street level stay practically the same as it is now. All the streets from Thirteenth to Twentieth will pass under the tracks and from that point to Twenty-Eighth Street will pass over the tracks. His summary is as follows: "The railroad tracks at the L. & N. passenger station are about 24 feet lower than the L. & N. track near First Avenue. On this account the tracks are to be raised over Twentieth Street and streets west of it high enough for all the streets between Thirteenth and Twentieth, inclusive, to pass under the railroads, the streets remaining at nearly their present level. "At the same time, the tracks are to descend from Twentieth Street to Twenty-Third and there reach the level of the present tracks and switch yards, and from this point run nearly level until First Avenue is passed. Since there is high ground on First Avenue and Avenue A, between Twenty-First and Twenty-Eighth Streets, this arrangement will allow all of these streets to pass over the tracks on viaducts and at the same time leave the present freight yards between Twentieth and Twenty-Eighth Streets, not only almost undisturbed, but accessible from the main line and free from all interference by street crossings for a distance of about two-thirds of a mile. "This plan will make underpasses for the streets on Thirteenth to Twentieth, inclusive, and viaducts from Twenty-First to Twenty-Eighth Street, inclusive, also a viaduct on First Avenue. The streets having underpasses are to be slightly depressed to below their present level, Twentieth Street being depressed about 1 1-2 feet, Eighteenth Street about four feet, and Fourteenth Street about six feet; but since at present at Fourteenth and Eighteenth Streets the tracks are higher than the ground on either side, the depression of the streets will appear to be much less than the amount named. For streets having viaducts, the approaches will begin at First Avenue and Avenue A, and will be about as deep as the present approaches on Twenty-First Street viaduct. The underpasses are to be made the full width of the street, and the railroad tracks will be carried fourteen feet overhead on a substantial water-tight bridge, a substantial water-tight bridge, or bridges, with light and air spaces between them. The viaducts will be of a type similar to the present Twenty-First Street viaduct. From one underpass to the next, each railroad track will be carried on an earth embankment, unless the railroads should see fit to use some other method of raising the tracks. For the present, it is proposed to build underpasses at Fourteenth, Eighteenth and Twentieth Streets, and viaducts at Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third, Twenty-Sixth Streets and First Avenue, those at Twenty-second and Twenty-third Streets being built by street railways. An underpass at Nine- teenth Street is also being considered. The other crossings can be built at any time made neces- sary by the traffic. GRADE SEPARATION First District 17 WAREHOUSE TRACJ 16 ST. C 71 ST. Marais 18 ST Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham 占 ​L*1 77 Eatkinan ZZUUNTELIDI Dan) athesize a 19TH ST. 2014 ST. 211 ST. JO 22K ST. 34 ST. FILINDEBE, 54 37. "Plate L and L*1"-show the plans of the grade crossings at the business section, and a bird's- eye view of the grade separations as adopted for the section along First, Morris, Railroad and “A” Avenues. 21st and 22nd Streets now have viaducts; 23rd, 24th, 25th and 28th will have viaducts event- ually. Subways will be constructed at 20th, 19th, 18th, 14th and 13th Streets under the railroad tracks, and at no place will the existing street grades be lowered more than six feet below the present street grades. The balance of the clearance will be obtained from raising the railroad tracks. - PATTONS FERRY BROOKWOOD COHORT 6 4 WAY FERRY> BLACK -PROVIDENCE CH TAYLORS FERRY, -To TUSCALOOSA ε MOBILE WARRIOR Ly THE (5 EZRA EFFERSON dubade to tema 5) RAZBURG RIVER CONNELSVILLE● ●YOLANDE TOADVINE •COAL CREEK MILL **AUBREY (4) GREAT QUINTON (7 ε THE NORTH WOODSTOCK 7 DRYAN. JOHNS BELLE SUMTER •FLAT CREEK SHORT CREEK 6 TO JASPER ADGER 7 PALOS COUNTY BLOCTON SONY SURING EN 6 ●PORTER 6 4 ●VIRGINIA WEAVER MILLS LITTLETON MABEN •PARKVILLE EARNEST BUCKSVILLE BAYLOR MEADORY TUXEDO CITY CAHABA 4 5 SAYRE 10 MULGA 10 • GRAYSVILLE PINKAEK BLOSSBURG ●BAYVIEW DOLOMITE ⚫NEBO 7 ONESBORO RAIMU RIVER ADAMSVILLE 8 BRIGHTON (5 WALNUT GROVE FOREST M'DONALD WOODWARD MADISON 8 (10) 7 CARDIFE • EDGEWATIT •RICE T • McCALLA 10 "PLE SANT HILL MURRAY DOCENA (4) TO MONTGOMERY MONTG WYLAM FAIRFIELD WEST END WESTFIELD INTERURBAN OË KEIGHTS BROOKSIDE BESSEMER. 10 GLEN ENSLEY VINEVILLE (7 CARBON (4 WENON SLOSS (7) MUSCODA REPUBLIC WINETKA ОР SANDUSKY 10) 8 WATSON MORGAN •COALBURG ●PRATT CITY THOMAS POWDERLY COVINGTON (10) WARE FALLING ROCK REDDING OXMOOR NORTH BHAN (10 €20 I (8) MORRIS 8 (7 (4) GRACES ISH KOODA SMYTHE SAYRE TOR SOUTH HIGHLAN 6 ELITON 8) CLEVELAND ROSEDALE SRI LAN SPAULDING MAYLENE •OAKGROVE HELENA BIRMINGHAM LEWISBURG 3 DOGWOOD J MONTEVALLO KETONA INF LI (10: PELHAM SILURIA NEWCASTLE KEYSTONE MILAKE (2 •AVONDALE SAGINAW THE NAR ROWS GREEN OCAMPO 10 2 LONGVIEW GATE CITY WOODLAWN JRONDALE VARNONS PINSON "NERKEL TO MONTGOMERY, E MOBILE CALERA HUFFMAN TO LOCK IZ SILVER LAKE (10) WYMONA T CHALKVILLE 3 ALTON OLIVER LAKE ~ FOTORE CLAY GARY AYRIS •LOVICK TRUSSVILLE ARGO THE CIRCUIT ROADS BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA WARREN.H.MANNING~LANDSCAPE DESIGNER SM HENRYELLEN 3 •LEEDS BOSTON & NORTH-BILLERICA-MASS~DEC:15,1916 NO.1057-58 (1) CAMABA VALLEY (2) TRUSVILLE 53 3 MT.PINSON 4) TOADVINE SHORT CREEK 5 LOCK 17 TO CHATTANOOGA € THE NORTH YOLANDE & BUCKSVILLE WOODSTOCK & BLOCKTON FALLING ROCK O PARTRIDGE CROSS ROADS ℗ OUTER CITY H MILES 63 48 51 Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham THUN THOMAS THREES OWENTON WEST END CLEVELAND NORTH נותו. 200 MYWOO กระแ Bucanaliaan miklu dading Relay Buddha mullitatis aANYA MKUNGUJE SMITHFIELD זור זה הורורוה ר זה [LYTON BIRMINGHAM PINEST 12TH AVE "F". [ Jelut #710! m [[: 11/13 T FM, 3T- CLOTH C13TH Coffee SALVATABASE: 9TH AVENUE AVENUE AVENUE- 5TH BIRMIN 5TH AVE- M DAST RAD DI 8010 Fou "Rainbow" Viaduct (21st Street) Dedicated and Opened May 10, 1919 -20TH ST GXB Har 1116 ઉમા Ann! ឱទន ក Aung AVENUE TheAnn INCLARE JAME S LOKË PWE GAD Natya Sand 1000000 ROSEDALE פינחניה 193027 [*] POIN EAST BIRMINGHAM *** - CAD. 500 AVONDALE " JOEUR!! ܐ ܐܐ ܐܐ 1 ܨ LEGEND 04 หากการกวา UD PAS 13217. 140121 WOODLAWN 17 10 RED MOUNTAIN L NAZORNEUD BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA PLAN SHOWING GRADE CROSSINGS & SEPARATIONS IM IM. 2 M WARREN H MANNING —LANDSCAPE DESIGNER BOSTON & NORTH BILLERICA, MASS DE CN,/9/6 No/057-63J GATE CITY Grade Crossings Streets over R. R.'s R. R.'s over Streets 39 00 40 MEERICISM, R Warren H. Manning's City Plan of Birmingham Jefferson County Roads The statement has been made that Jefferson County was too poor to build good roads. The following facts prove that we are too poor not to build good roads. We have 1300 miles of road. Of this 1000 miles are earth and 300 miles chert. Eighty per cent of our traffic is carried on 20 per cent of our roads. Seventy-four per cent of the traffic is motor driven; 17 per cent is truck traffic and 57 per cent is pas- senger traffic. Any road with a traffic of from 1 to 100 vehicles a day should have a properly drained and dragged road, costing approximately $2,500.00 per mile. Any road with a traffic of from 100 to 200 vehicles a day should have a hard surface road of chert, slag or limestone, costing approximately $5,000,000 a mile. Any road with over 200 vehicles per day should have a concrete, brick or bituminous paving, costing $30,000.00 per mile. The county citizens are now paying over $2,000,000.00 per year in indirect taxes on their 12,000 automobiles, 9,000 of which are private passenger cars, 1,500 trucks and 1,500 com- mercial cars. The saving in gasoline, tires, and depreciation of cars, time and tonnage, will, in the course of two years, pay for good roads in the county. Actual experience shows that one-third of the gasoline and one-third of the time in passenger traffic is saved by good roads. One-half the gasoline and one-half the time, in truck traffic, will carry four times as much tonnage over a hard surfaced pavement as will a rough chert or dirt road. A census, taken on various roads in Jefferson County, shows that we can accommodate 80 per cent of the popula- tion of the county with 260 miles of permanent roads. JERRY GWINN, President Jefferson County Board of Revenue. PUBLIC RURAL ROADS - SAAAAACTULUIDICI OQduuo 698765432-0GOZONTA 46 45 40 39 38 37 29 28 27 26 25 24 432 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 2-odoran Tit-O ALABAMA FLORIDA GEORGIA KENTUCKY LOUISIANA MARYLAND MISSISSIPPI ➜ MISSOURI N-CAROLINA 卅 ​We will, therefore, let contracts in August for 36 miles of permanent roads, 25 miles of macadam roads, and 20 miles of graded road, total contract amounting to about $1,500,000.00, of which the government will spend $600,000.00. The average auto owner can see what his indirect tax is by multiplying his mileage by .01008 per mile. Only approximately 10 per cent of the money derived on auto licenses is actually ap- plied to the roads. We collect approximately $75,000,000.00 per year auto license. We have a taxable valuation of $17,000,- which has been The average cost for maintaining our chert roads is $900.00 per mile per year and $80 per mile per year for earth roads, or for 300 miles chert we are spending $270,000.00 and $80,000.00 for earth, making a total of $350,000.00 for road main- tenance. The average cost of maintaining a permanent road or a road built of concrete, brick or bituminous top is about $50.00 per mile per year. This would leave $850.00 per mile per year saved on maintenance on 300 miles of macadam road which would be $255,000.00 saved, or more than enough to pay the interest on $5,000,000.00 worth of bonds. 000.00. AA S. TENNESSEE VIRGINIA Total Miles (in thousands Per cent improved W. Miles improved (in thousands) FHA "Public Rural Roads"-shows how Alabama compares with other Southern States in total miles of roads, percentage of the total been improved, and total mileage of improved roads. Alabama has 2.4 per cent. less im- proved roads than the average of these states, which is 13.3 per cent., but her total mileage of improved roads, 6,500 miles, is slightly better than the average of these states, which is 6,300 miles. 5 JUST DEMOME 4 datan 4 4 5 TOMMY SHARIF SOUTH Towersna la Jeun DOLOMITE (4) BESSEMER JOHE SBORO 4 4 Baný bo 5 A ·To Samt Creat By Product Avoor 4 D 22 ** 19 + 2014 (4 WYLAM WREELID 4 (4) 4 ANILES 3/4/Mast ROAD 610 2 시 ​vës, Haspital Her QLD HAS NO Wh* • thar qan math and 14 - Range 4 nes> LEZHGTONKY Mesto te RANGE STY37" PANGE 3 HEST Gros? Range are?! LO TALK ( 25LEN 2 4 vara-amo sấy car cand apate fuo evid 4 ants metre altres cinto dete KA furr PRATT POWDERLY. JAMTR JAP LIMITER FAIRVIE Part BUIN Teatriseup 17. Bausnicið TIKO #T Scena FAIR GROUNDS 5 4 Bangrep 10 Soura Township 19 Soum OMAS WITH AYE 6 To Conflue& V50 Louths an OWENTON LND bum sing 4. 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