M I } ť ! EDUCATION HV 99 .D6 C74 1 $20 buka } RAW 47 B 478824 T * 1 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY ** •192 1950 IET Published by THE COMMUNITY CHEST AND COUNCIL OF SOCIAL AGENCIES OF METROPOLITAN DETROIT 75 ܸܐ 10 } # *}* Lad F "I : 1 ! 7 2 : #B A 1 J : : } | } Communita Greil Detrock School fat lade and Monopoltan Services For a Better Community The Story of Metropolitan Detroit's Social Services Published by THE COMMUNITY CHEST AND COUNCIL OF SOCIAL AGENCIES OF METROPOLITAN DETROIT 50 Cents Special price on quantity orders Commundy I Education HY 99 D6 C74 Prepared by School Program on Community Services ALICE SHERMAN ADLER, Director All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publishers. School of Education Direct 37 MR B 07 1-4-51 73270 PREFACE The Detroit Community Chest was first organized in 1919 under the name of the Detroit Community Fund. Since 1937 the Women's Committee of the Detroit Community Chest has been interested in making the social services of Metropolitan Detroit known to the youth of this area. It is important for people living in this community to know about the services they provide for each other through taxation and voluntary contributions to social, health and welfare programs. Many services are available to make Metropolitan Detroit an ever increasingly better place in which to live. Why, for example, do we need community centers in densely popu- lated areas? A simple and incomplete answer might be because children need to have a place to share play experiences with others, not provided where crowded housing conditions exist. These things, of course, are not unique in Detroit and do not set our city apart from others. No, all cities, large and small, have the same or similar problems in varying degrees. The dollars we spend in support of our social agencies, public and private, financed by taxation or voluntary contributions, go a long way toward helping us provide the kinds of services needed. Because the money for agency support comes from the people regardless of the type of agency, it is essential that more people understand how that money is spent, what it buys in terms of services provided, and how it con- forms with the pattern of our democratic way of life. The School Program on Community Services of the Detroit Com- munity Chest was devised not primarily to increase further the contri- butions to the Community Chest or United Foundation campaigns, but rather to tell the story of what is done with the money raised. Money and professionally trained social workers cannot do the job alone. It requires many good-spirited citizens who give unselfishly of their time as volunteers in agencies to serve on committees, to serve on boards, and who generously contribute their thinking and experience in making our community a good place to live. 3 As one method in educating our youth for social responsibility, this book has been prepared. Special thanks are given to the committee of social studies teachers whose help was invaluable during the prep- aration of the manuscript. The following teachers represented various school systems in Metropolitan Detroit: Mary Burns, Donald Chandler, Stanley Dimond, Edward Ernatt, Freeman Flynn, Edith Forster, Clar- ence Goldberg, Helen Gotts, Beatrice Graf, Iredelle Hammond, Adam Holp, Walter Matthes, Donald McElroy, Carl Renton and Ermine Robin. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the personnel in the social agencies of Metropolitan Detroit, the staff of the Community Chest and Council of Social Agencies for their willingness to supply data and to offer consultation. Finally, the constant encouragement and assistance of Mrs. Wilkins Livingstone, Director of Public Relations for the Detroit Community Chest and Council of Social Agencies, and Miss Laurentine B. Collins, Chairman, and the members of the Advisory Committee of the School Program on Community Services has made this project a reality. Alice Sherman Adler, Director School Program on Community Services Detroit Community Chest August, 1950 4 Preface Foreword Chapter I-Public Health in Metropolitan Detroit. Class Projects II-Recreation Class Projects • CONTENTS • III-Public Assistance.. Class Projects IV-Other Ways of Helping Families.. Class Projects V-Children's Services.. Class Projects Volunteer Opportunities for Students.. List of Agencies in Text.. Glossary Page 3 7 =2 28 2 11 20 21 29 43 45 རྔ 56 57 68 . 69 . 70 22 ……. 72 5 ! * FOREWORD Planning and Financing Community Services The Council of Social Agencies is the organization in Metropolitan Detroit for community planning in health, social welfare and recreation. Included in membership in the Council of Social Agencies are those agencies which are supported by taxes and those which are supported by voluntary contributions. The Council of Social Agencies helps all the social agencies to work together. It helps them prevent duplication of their services. When new problems come up, it helps the agency expand community services to meet these problems. We should not think of social welfare services as only for those who are sick or out of work. During 1949, 315,466 Red Feather services were provided and many thousands of other services were provided through the public agencies. When we talk about the number of people who use these services, we are talking about you and me. How many of you in this class belong to the Scouts or the "Y"? Because health and welfare services benefit so many, the Community Chest slogan is "Everybody Benefits, Every- body Gives." The agencies which have leisure time services such as the “Y's,” the Scouts, the settlement houses and the public playgrounds work to- gether in the Recreation Division of the Council of Social Agencies to plan their programs so that as many persons in Metropolitan Detroit as possible can participate in at least one of the recreation programs. The needs of the aged may be taken as another example. It is com- mon knowledge that the percentage of older persons in our population is increasing. If only one or several persons were involved, the needs of the aged would be the concern of certain individuals but not of the entire community. But when hundreds and thousands of aged persons and couples are involved, this calls for community action. This is the place where the Council of Social Agencies comes in. This organization begins by getting the facts, determining the needs based on the facts, discovering resources if they exist, and if they do not exist, suggesting 7 LOUUD COMMUNITY COUNCILS • BUDGET CHILD WELFARE CENTRAL VOLUNTEER BUREAU C. S.A. COUNCIL OF SOCIAL AGENCIES FAMILY WELFARE CROLE HEALTH ENGINEERING 4 whipp GROUP WORK AND RECREATION BRE A COMMUNITY INFORMATION SERVICE পছ PERSONNEL W PUBLIC RELATIONS -COUNCIL- ORGANIZATION RESEARCH SERVICES TO LABOR that certain agencies provide a new service. This might be boarding care for aged couples, recreational programs for the aged or friendly visiting by volunteers. It is the Council of Social Agencies that has brought people together to work on common problems. This has re- duced duplication of services and has helped to develop resources that did not exist. Another example of community planning is the Central Volunteer Bureau. This is also a part of the Council of Social Agencies, supported by the Community Chest. This office provides a way for people to find the best means of helping others. The Central Volunteer Bureau knows about the programs of all the community services and which ones need volunteer assistants to help them. For example, many recreation agencies need volunteer group leaders, playground assistants, hobby class teachers and nursery school aides to carry out the recreation pro- grams. Health services such as hospitals and clinics use volunteer ward aides, messengers, receptionists and out-patient clinic assistants. Men and women volunteer to drive sick people to clinics for treatment. Other men and women visit old people or shut-ins and bring them a little bit of the outside world. School boys and girls can do volunteer service, too. They can do things together in a group or they may do individual volunteer service in a day nursery, settlement house or a playground. (See list on page 69.) Another interesting part of community planning is telling people about good and bad conditions that exist and getting them interested in improving things in their city. After all, people can't be expected to make things better in their community unless poor conditions are pointed out to them and good programs brought to their attention so that they can support them. The Community and Neighborhood Councils, of the Council of Social Agencies, are concerned with such problems as housing, street lighting, health facilities, after-school recreation and child labor law enforcement. For example, the health committee of a Neighborhood Council is made up of people who live in the neighborhood. Professional people representing the Department of Health, the Tuberculosis and Health Society and the Visiting Nurse Association act as consultants to the health committee in determining the health needs of that particu- lar locality. Professional workers interested in the problems of the community need the opinion of people whose lives are affected by com- munity conditions and who know the attitudes and interests and prob- lems of the neighborhood. As a result of this cooperation, a mobile 9 chest x-ray unit is traveling through certain districts in Detroit to find the people who need care. The Council of Social Agencies works all through the year telling the people about the health and welfare and recreation services in Metropolitan Detroit. A Directory of Social Resources is published by the Council of Social Agencies which is of general use to voluntary agencies, tax supported agencies and interested citizens. The Council of Social Agencies tries to show the public that community planning is an important and necessary part of our modern American life. This brings us to the subject of giving. Of course all these community serv- ices cost money to run. One way is through taxes and the other is through gifts to the Community Chest or other voluntary welfare oganizations. The United Foundation which raises the money for the Community Chest agencies raises money once a year. The money given to the Com- munity Chest is allotted very carefully to the Red Feather services. Budgets are examined closely to make sure that each member agency is making the best possible use of the money. The United Foundation campaign is our modern way of paying for voluntary social services. A single campaign costs the least and is the most efficient way to raise money. There is just one campaign a year for all these services instead of dozens of individual money raising campaigns all through the year. 4 10 PUBLIC HEALTH IN METROPOLITAN DETROIT In modern times we have become used to public health protection so that we forget the number of years it has taken to provide the services that are now available. CHAPTER I In the early days in the United States, the village authorities took no responsibility for the health of the individual or for the community as a whole. This was not due to disinterest in protecting the public health but because almost nothing was known about the science of protecting the public health. There were no federal, state, county or village health boards. There were no hospitals, no clinics, no visiting nurses and very few doctors. The early settlers got along well enough for they lived in widely scattered areas and for the most part lived an out-door existence. They were not exposed to the health hazards that are a part of life in the crowded cities in which so many of us find ourselves today. Without the benefit of any community health services, each family had to do what he could to keep his family in health and safety. The HH M N Early settlers store food Ky 11 12 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY F pioneers learned how to protect the water supply and how to preserve the winter food supply. They did the best they could with the slight medical knowledge of that day. Today the community gives us the benefit of many health protec- tion services. What are some of the protective services that are usually carried on by the community? The water supply for the thousands of people living in a great city like Detroit is made safe by an expert group of officials. The water is made safe for drinking and in sufficient quantity for all community needs. The city must provide for milk to flow daily from farms to the many homes in the city. The community provides an army of health workers to assure the purity of this necessary food. The Department of Health in safeguarding the quality of the milk and water supply is just one example of the necessary health protection which the individual city dweller cannot do for himself. In addition, the Detroit Department of Health supervises restaurants and other places where food is prepared or stored. Food handlers are licensed by the Detroit Department of Health. This is an advantage to the public at large and also to the individual food handler. During the examination for his license, he may learn about a "silent" disease such as tuberculosis and can be given the necessary treatment. Only by prompt community action can the public be protected from contagious diseases. We, the public, have built hospitals for the care and isolation of those who are sick. The Herman Kiefer Hospital at 1151 Taylor Avenue is the city hospital that is maintained by the Detroit Department of Health for the care of "catching" diseases. Many thousands of Metropolitan Detroit's industrial workers are exposed to the dangers of industrial dusts, gases, vapors, odors, smokes and other harmful agents connected with their jobs. The health pro- tection of our industrial workers is a concern of the Detroit Department of Health, Bureau of Industrial Hygiene located in the Herman Kiefer Hospital. This bureau was established in 1937 to improve working conditions in the Detroit area and to supply information throughout the entire United States. Industrial managers, labor unions, insurance companies, legislators and public health workers are all interested in conserving the health of our workers. The work is done by investigation of work places, discussions on health hazards and through education. The Detroit Chapter American Red Cross, the Detroit Safety Council and the Michigan Department of Labor have cooperated in setting up courses in industrial first aid. PUBLIC HEALTH IN METROPOLITAN DETROIT 13 Two major problems were reported by the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene in their yearly report for 1949. First, there is incomplete re- porting of occupational diseases and second, there is not sufficient staff to extend industrial hygiene service into all of the 39,900 Detroit work places in which 760,000 manufacturing and retail workers are employed. Detroit's greatest asset-its industrial workers-require public interest in the protection of the workers' health. This is as important as the protection of the milk and water supply, the licensing of food handlers and isolation of smallpox. The Detroit Department of Health cooperates with private physicians, whose patients live in Detroit, by providing materials for protection against diphtheria, small pox, whooping cough and tetanus. Protection is provided by the doctor in his office regardless of the parents' ability to pay. This plan was worked out to save children's lives and to control epidemics. Some contagious diseases, not so serious in nature, may be treated at home. The public health nurse of the Detroit Department of Health, during home visits, instructs the mother on methods of controlling con- tagion. When bedside nursing is needed and there are insufficient funds for a private nurse, the Visiting Nurse Association provides the nursing service. This is a Red Feather agency, a member of the Community Chest which is privately supported. Fees for this service are adjusted in accordance with the family's ability to pay. The public health nurse of the Department of Health, a tax supported agency, and the visiting nurse of the Visiting Nurse Association, a privately supported agency, work together in the prevention and cure of communicable diseases to safeguard the public health. Doctors (and nurses) and hospitals provide two important kinds of health services all people need. Some people need treatment occasionally but do not require enter- ing the hospital as a bed patient. Bill Wales' mother has anemia which means there is a lack in the blood which can be treated. She receives treatment through Dr. Lange whom she can pay on a private basis. Bill's neighbors, the Wilsons, however are without income due to long illness and unemployment and are unable to pay a private doctor. Mrs. Wilson has a heart condition and is being treated at Harper Clinic, which is the out-patient department of the hospital. Mrs. Wilson attends the clinic once a week and at the same time receives digitalis, the medi- cine used for certain heart cases. The following are some of the general clinics in the Detroit area: Evangelical Deaconess, Grace, Woman's Hospital Clinic and North End Clinic. Medication, unless unusually 14 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY scarce and expensive, is provided by the clinic at a rate the patient is able to pay. These clinics are all Red Feather agencies which provide services in general medicine, eye, ear, nose, throat and dental care. Each person pays as much as he is able. The Andersons also live in Bill's neighborhood. One day several months ago, the Anderson's daughter, Laura, fourteen years old, was shopping for a dress for the freshman dance. The store clerk noticed that one of Laura's shoulders was higher than the other and it was difficult to fit a dress properly. Mrs. Anderson naturally was concerned and she immediately called Dr. Ellis, the family doctor, for an appoint- ment. Dr. Ellis, after a thorough examination, said the postural diffi- culty had not been due to Mrs. Anderson's poor care. He explained that some young trees needed to be braced until they are strong and others grow straight and tall without support. No one knows why there are these differences. Laura accepts her handicap Dr. Ellis said that he would continue to treat Laura and consult with her mother on an improved diet. He suggested referring Laura to the Detroit Orthopaedic Clinic, 5447 Woodward Avenue, for braces and exercises. The orthopaedic surgeon at the Detroit Orthopaedic Clinic recom- mended iron braces for either side of Laura's spine and weekly visits to the clinic for supervised exercises. The Andersons were pleased that PUBLIC HEALTH IN METROPOLITAN DETROIT 15 a program had been started that would improve Laura's posture and make her a strong, straight adult. It was unfortunate that the other students in Laura's classroom made her self-conscious of her braces. She was, of course, restricted in school activities and found it hard to make friends. The fact that the braces "showed" and the classmates "talked" made Laura very uncomfortable. One day at the Orthopaedic Clinic the medical social worker, who talked with Laura when she came in for her exercises, realized that Laura was unhappy. The social worker helped Laura to understand and accept the fact that she is misshapen. The social worker also mentioned Laura's schoolmates, pointing out to her that they did not intend to be unkind but they were curious about her braces and why she had to wear them. The Detroit Orthopaedic Clinic as a Red Feather agency of the Community Chest provides care for physically handicapped patients from infancy to twenty-one years of age through a staff especially trained in surgery and after care. In addition, what is known as case work service is offered by people known as social workers so that young people can talk about what their physi- cal handicap means to them personally and to be helped to have more satisfying lives. This clinic service is the third important kind of health service. The fourth has nothing to do with being ill at the moment. It has to do with preventing illness. That is why students' eyes, ears and teeth are examined regularly. That is why vaccinations are done routinely. That is why the local government is responsible for garbage disposal and for quarantining people with contagious diseases. The Michigan State Department of Health protects the health of its citizens through education and enforcement of public health laws. It provides consultation service to the local departments of health which is particularly helpful to the small community. With the public's increasing use of trailers, the department has responsibility for approv- ing trailer coach parks, public water supply and sewage systems. The State Department also registers births, deaths, marriages and divorces. The federal government supports the United States Public Health Service established in 1798 to help prevent disease. One of the ways to keep the people in the United States from getting sick is to prevent dis- eases from being brought in from other countries. This is one of the jobs of the United States Public Health Service. The United States government has consular officials or health officers stationed all over the world. These men send in weekly reports telling the number of cases of such diseases as cholera, diphtheria, measles, plague, polio, 16 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY scarlet fever or smallpox in all other countries. If there is an outbreak of diseases in his area, the consul cables the United States Public Health Service at once. Then the health officers watch for ships or planes com- ing from that country, to see that the disease is not brought to America. One time the United States health officers didn't catch the germs. of a disease that came from another country. They discovered their mis- take when six cases of plague were found in San Francisco. That was in 1901. At that time the experts didn't know how plague was carried, but they knew something had to be done about the disease or there would be an epidemic in San Francisco. The United States Public Health Service began a campaign to scrub and spray, air and whitewash all over San Francisco. The epidemic ended with 113 deaths. PUP HEI HAUTY Arc San Francisco controls its epidemic Then in 1907 the plague came back to San Francisco. By that time it was known that the germs of plague were carried by the fleas that live on rats. The rats came to San Francisco Harbor on ships arriving from the Far East, where plague is a common disease. The United States Public Health Service immediately went to work spending one- half million dollars to kill the rats in San Francisco. That epidemic ended with 77 deaths. Nowadays, the United States Public Health Service searches all ships coming into United States ports, so that diseases will not be brought to this country. This kind of protective work goes on in the PUBLIC HEALTH IN METROPOLITAN DETROIT 17 United States all the time. There would be newspaper and radio public- ity if health officers were not on the alert and epidemics spread from our seaports across the country. 2 The United States Public Health Service has harmonious relations with State and local authorities. This has made possible Federal-State cooperation. They work together as a team and they learn from each other to contribute to the Nation's public health knowledge. N Sve Lining up for vaccinations шин 1. SE ☛ 18 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY In April, 1947 the city of New York had a frightening experience. One case of smallpox was discovered-then another-then another. Suddenly the doctors were seriously alarmed that the number of cases might reach epidemic proportions. Most children in the United States are vaccinated early in their lives, but the New York doctors were still concerned. It was possible that the protection from an early vaccination had worn off, and that among the thousands of visitors to New York each week there would be some who had never been vaccinated. The doctors immediately went to work. They called in the news- papers, the radio stations, the heads of hospitals and clinics and they said, "We have to stop this before it gets started. We must vaccinate everyone in New York City." The story was given front page space in every newspaper. The radio carried warning announcements. People were told: "Go to the nearest hospital or clinic immediately! Hurry! Your life is in danger! New York has a population in excess of eight million people. Within forty-eight hours practically all of them had been vaccinated. People stood in lines which extended for blocks and blocks. No ques- tions were asked and no fees were charged. The city had an emergency and it was handled swiftly and well. The epidemic did not take place and the people were saved. This kind of cooperation would be possible in Detroit as well as in New York if an emergency struck here. The organized community cooperates in providing good public health through paying taxes for federal, state and local public health agencies and through voluntary giving to support the private health agencies. The keystone of healthful living is the intelligent attitude of a few simple principles in your everyday life. No community agency, no hospital, no health officer can apply these principles for you. The Health Department will protect you from epidemic diseases, safeguard water and food supplies for you but only you can save yourself from ill health resulting from unwise eating, over work and insufficient sleep. Today there are still health services to be provided. Many associ- ations supported by the United Foundation carry on health activities for the prevention of tuberculosis, the treatment of cancer, the care of children crippled by infantile paralysis and the discovery of beginning mental illness. Tax supported and Red Feather agencies in Metro- politan Detroit work side by side in these fields, a Red Feather agency frequently doing the pioneer job of educating the public. PUBLIC HEALTH IN METROPOLITAN DETROIT 19 CHILDREN'S FUND OF MICH. Dental Clinic Fourth Street and Stephenson Hwy. Royal Oak, Michigan VISITING NURSE ASSOCIATION 307 West 6th St. Royal Oak VISITING NURSE ASSOCIATION ADDITIONAL AGENCIES 21149 Gratiot Roseville, Michigan VISITING NURSE ASSOCIATION 1031 Mason Street Dearborn, Michigan VISITING NURSE ASSOCIATION 2824 First Street Wyandotte, Michigan VISITING NURSE ASSOCIATION 13804 Woodward Highland Park, Michigan DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 13615 Michigan Dearborn, Michigan DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Fourth and Stephenson Hwy. Royal Oak, Michigan DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 2824 First Street Wyandotte, Michigan BOARD OF HEALTH 10036 Joseph Campau Hamtramck, Michigan BOARD OF HEALTH 12541 Second Avenue Highland Park, Michigan DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH County Building Mt. Clemens, Michigan ECORSE WELL-BABY CLINIC 4373 High Street Ecorse, Michigan 20 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY CLASS PROJECTS 1. Refer to Directory of Social Resources. Make a list of other clinics in Metropolitan Detroit where Mrs. Wilson could have received treatment. 2. Make a list of local research centers for the study of prevention and cure of diseases. 3. Locate other resources in Metropolitan Detroit where Laura Anderson could have received treatment for her difficulty. 4. Gather health pamphlets from all the agencies in this com- munity. Reports can be assigned to members of the class. Pam- phlets can be used later for a display. 5. Look up the arguments for and against compulsory health in- surance. Have a panel discussion on this subject. Write to the American Medical Association, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois and to the Federal Security Agency, Wash- ington, D. C. for arguments on both sides. 6. Find out what health laws have recently been in the news either in the State Legislature or in Congress. 7. Write an article or an essay pointing out how health is related to other social problems such as delinquency, housing, unem- ployment, low income and family welfare. 8. An original skit by class members could be developed on one of the social problems mentioned in number seven. 9. Present arguments for and against private hospital insurance. 10. Build a display or make posters about disease prevention, better nutrition, sanitation or other health subjects. 11. Conduct an animal experiment to show the results of a nutri- tious diet. 12. Arrange field trips to a public health office or a Red Feather health agency through the School Program on Community Services TE. 1-1600. CHAPTER II RECREATION Years ago people often worked sixty hours a week or ten hours a day. That meant that there was not much time left for recreation. People were so tired at night that they did not feel like playing. People have more leisure today which should be used to re/create or develop themselves. What does recreation mean? Create means to make. Re means again. Recreation means making again. People who enjoy recreation are made again. Of course, that doesn't mean that they are made over completely. People look the same after a week-end spent in amusing themselves. Then what does it mean: make again? Something in people has been remade by recreation. What is that something? The answer is their spirits, their attitudes, their point of view. In other words, the purpose of recreation is to refresh people, give them more energy and interest in going on with the business of everyday living. Is that important? Would you be a better student if you went to school seven days a week for twelve hours or more a day? If you did, you would have more hours to learn. You might finish school several years sooner if you were not interested in football and baseball and parties and music. That is the important point. Recreation is not a waste of time. Recreation makes you over again, freshens you, makes you a better student, makes your father a better worker, gives your mother more energy for her household tasks. Grownups need recreation as well as youngsters, and old people should not be forgotten, either. Recreation as we know it in the modern world means leisure-time activity which freshens the spirit and renews the energy. Now that people generally work forty hours a week and have much more leisure time they have had to learn how to use this time well or they could get themselves into trouble. Schools are teaching courses in photography, art, dramatics and music to help young people make good use of their free time. Certain other kinds of recreation require space and opportunity. Most com- 21 22 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY munities provide three kinds of recreation, commercial, public and private. Commercial recreation is the kind that people pay for, like movies, radio, bowling, night clubs and travel. Public recreation is provided by the Federal, State and local gov- ernments. A park such as Yellowstone National Park is a Federal park supported by national funds. The Wayne County Park System, with county funds, has nineteen park areas with a total of 3,102 acres. Picnic facilities, baseball and softball fields, tennis courts, golf, horseback riding, canoeing and skating are made possible. In Detroit, city taxes pay for the Public Library, the Art Institute, the Historical Museum and the Children's Museum. The Detroit Department of Parks and Recreation, in addition to providing recreation centers, also supervises the zoo at Royal Oak. Belle Isle also has a zoo and an aquarium. At these parks commercial companies provide ferry and speed boat rides, bicycle and pony rides and riding stables. The Department of Parks and Recreation manages, in the Detroit area, six golf courses, seven toboggan slides, ten hockey fields, seventy-five horseshoe courts, two hundred skating rinks and twenty-five shuffleboard courts. In addition to the public parks and playgrounds, private recreation is provided through Red Feather Services of the Community Chest. For instance, in the Y.W.C.A. and the Y.M.C.A. there are programs such as swimming, hikes, craft shop, bowling and social clubs. The settlement houses serve the neighborhood groups and the settlement workers are interested in all the members of the family. People of all ages and with different kinds of interests go to centers like the Sophie Wright Settlement House, 4141 Mitchell Ave.; Jewish Community Center, 8904 Woodward Ave.; Catholic Youth Organization Commun- ity Center, 8200 Mack Ave.; Dodge Christian Community Center, 6201 Farr; Detroit Urban League, 208 Mack Ave. ; and Franklin Settle- ment, 3360 Charlevoix. The most natural reason for recreation programs is the desire for fun. People of all ages join clubs and teams because of an interest in the sport or the art and for a chance to make friends and be with them. Along with having fun, the group leaders help people learn to get along with other people. Being a member of such a club helps a person to recognize each individual's own rights and abilities and to help him recognize where he doesn't have ability. While he is learning to do this for himself, he also is learning to accept the same rights and abilities and differences in others. These associations with other people help to make good citizens with better understanding of differences in religion, in race and in the RECREATION 23 amount of family income. These group experiences do much in improv- ing our society toward real democracy. At the settlement houses there are mothers' clubs, nursery schools for the little children and many other activities that the people them- selves decide they want to do. Mrs. Wilson, who attends Harper Clinic, didn't have enough money to buy pretty clothes for her daughter, Joyce, aged 13. She heard in the neighborhood that she could learn to sew at the Father Weinman Settlement House, 4820 Avery, but she also found out that she could have a good time there. She joined a mothers' club which met weekly to learn millinery. The settlements also give classes for people who have just come to this country so that they can learn our language, our kind of cookery, our way of dressing so that they, too, can feel a part of the community. New Americans learn our customs The group workers, who are trained in social work, help those who for some reason or another have never learned how to enjoy themselves at play. They are there to help the "wallflowers" who are miserable at dances and to interest the "bullies" in other activities when they ruin the fun on the playground. In the community centers people develop their talents in art work, in music and in craft work. They develop an appetite for improving their abilities at the same time that they are making friends. In order to have the means of recreation, we must cooperate to make them possible. Bill Wales likes the movies and he goes once a 24 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY week which costs him twenty-five cents. Bill couldn't possibly produce a movie, show a movie or see a movie unless the whole community supported the movies and paid the cost with him. We can all afford these things by cooperating to share their costs. The movie which costs Bill twenty-five cents to see may cost five million dollars to produce. The cost is divided up among the country's eighty million movie-goers. Bob Doyle likes baseball but he would be playing on a vacant lot using a rock for a ball and a stick for a bat if he had to arrange every detail by himself. Even if Bob could manufacture a bat and a ball and clear a baseball diamond, he still couldn't play baseball by himself. Baseball needs other people. Almost everything human beings do needs other people. So people cooperate not only in obtaining the means of recreation but they also cooperate to enjoy them. Recreation is made possible for all people by paying taxes and by supporting the Red Feather agencies. In a well organized community like Metropolitan Detroit, social workers tell the people they are working with about other social agencies. One day when Laura Anderson came to the Orthopaedic Clinic for her exercises, the medical social worker, Miss Larson, asked her whether she ever went to her neighborhood Y.W.C.A. Laura said she really did not know very much about what young people did there but she was interested. Miss Larson telephoned the Branch Y.W.C.A. and talked with Mrs. Bond, the group worker. Mrs. Bond suggested that Laura attend the next meeting of the teen-agers. At that meeting plans would be made for the Hallowe'en party at the end of the month. Miss Larson gave the information to Laura who seemed pleased at the prospect of joining this group of boys and girls. When Laura arrived at the "Y" several nights later she was greeted by Mrs. Bond, the club leader, who gave her a hearty welcome. The meeting was held in the Teen-Age Club Room where Laura immedi- ately saw Bob Doyle who was in her class at school. The president called the meeting to order and described the work of the various committees. The Hallowe'en party plans were finally all set. Andy Ferris, Bob Doyle, Louise Jenks and Joyce Wilson were on the committee to buy refreshments. Another committee arranged the entertainment. Laura was asked to work with these young people. Another committee planned to have judges for the two best costumes. RECREATION 25 The party was a great success and the following week there was a meeting to talk about the money spent. The Entertainment Committee had listed the costs of the orchestra and the decorations. When the Refreshment Committee was called on to report, there was considerable giggling in the group and finally the chairman said that that commit- tee had no bills. At last it came out that the pumpkins used for deco- ration and the apples and pears were stolen from a deserted farm "because they looked so lonesome." Mrs. Bond said cheerfully, "Well, it certainly sounds as though you had a wonderful time. Now what do you plan to do about it?" Johnny Harrison said, "Nobody knows anything about it except us. Let's forget about it." Some of the other members looked rather puzzled wondering what would happen next. Laura Anderson said, "I think we ought to pay for the fruit.' Louise suggested, "Let's send an unsigned letter enclosing some cash. We can figure out about how much the fruit would have cost." "" Andy said, "If we are going to pay for it, I think we ought to go out to see the farmer and tell him what we did and pay for it; but let's not tell him that we come from the 'Y'." Bob objected, "If we are going out there to see him, I think we should say that we come from the 'Y'." Johnny spoke again, "I don't think he will ever find out so let's forget about it." Andy replied, "No, it was my idea so why don't I call him on the phone and tell him we will pay?" Joyce objected to this and said, "We all picked up the fruit and I think we should go out there and tell him all about it, pay for it and also let him know that we are a club that was formed in the 'Y'." The club president finally spoke up, “One of the things our club stands for is good citizenship. I think our club will stand or fall accord- ing to what we do about this. I like what Joyce has said. What do the rest of you think about it?" The group decided to follow Joyce's suggestion to see the farmer, explain the prank, pay for the pumpkins, apples and pears and tell him about the "Y" Club. Mrs. Bond was asked to go along but she decided that they would get along better without a grownup. The committee was asked to report at the next meeting. The meeting closed with the club leader saying that she felt the gang really measured up in being responsible for their actions. Many of them had probably read in the papers of teen-agers who had destroyed property and stolen things and the trouble that they had gotten into. 26 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY caf FAL 1:27 | Hj Club members tell their story At the next meeting Bob Doyle, the chairman of the Refreshment Committee, reported that they had gone out to the farm house and that the farmer was very good to them. After they had told their story he thanked them for coming and said he knew it had taken courage. At first he said that he didn't want to accept the money but the group insisted. They paid the regular price for the fruit and all left with a great feeling of satisfaction. They said that the farmer was "a swell guy." The secretary of the club was asked to write a letter to the farmer thanking him for his treatment of the committee. After the group broke up that afternoon, the president of the club told Mrs. Bond that he had known at the Hallowe'en party that the RECREATION 27 Refreshment Committee had stolen the fruit and he had felt "funny" about it. He couldn't "squeal" on the others so he was glad that it had come up in the meeting about the bills to be paid. Bob said, "You know, Mrs. Bond, it's a wonderful feeling belong- ing to a group like this. Since Mom died nobody seemed to care very much about whether I stole a little or lied or anything like that." This story happened in a "Y" not so long ago although the names and places have been changed. Some of these boys and girls wanted to run away from responsibility rather than to face it. Others with a different kind of training at home and at school and in clubs had learned that to be a good citizen is not easy, but it pays dividends. Well-planned recreational programs direct the energies of young and old toward becoming and remaining good citizens. Recreation supported by taxes operate large parks and play- grounds. Red Feather recreational agencies, supported by private funds through the Community Chest, provide programs of activity and lead- ership to smaller groups. Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A., Catholic Youth Organization, Boys' Clubs, com- munity centers and settlement houses are good illustrations of "Red Feather fun" in Metropolitan Detroit. Y.W.C.A.-HIGHLAND PK. BRANCH 13130 Woodward Detroit 3, Michigan CAMP FIRE GIRLS 606½ S. Washington Royal Oak ADDITIONAL AGENCIES FERNDALE-PLEASANT RIDGE COMMUNITY CENTER 400 East 9 Mile Ferndale, Michigan SOUTHERN OAKLAND GIRL SCOUTS Y.M.C.A. 1016-11 Mile Road Royal Oak Private Mrs. Barbara Spangenberg 210 W. Sixth Street Royal Oak CLUB PARKER 22208 John R Hazel Park, Mich. Y.M.C.A. 144 W. Maple Birmingham, Mich. GIRL SCOUTS 25307 Van Dyke Centerline, Mich. BOY SCOUTS 25307 Van Dyke Centerline, Mich. DEARBORN BOYS' CLUB Roulo School Dearborn, Michigan CAMP FIRE GIRLS 2824 First Street Wyandotte, Michigan GIRL SCOUTS 2824 First Street Wyandotte, Michigan ROUGE-ECORSE UNITED CENTERS 21 Stoner Street River Rouge, Michigan 28 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY CLASS PROJECTS 1. Make a study of a one-mile square area with your school in the center. Find the answers to the following questions: Does this area have enough recreational space? Are these located where people can get to them easily? Are there more play spaces in the crowded sections? Are there well trained people to supervise the playgrounds and pools? Is there a year-round program? Are there opportunities for recreation for people of all ages? What improvements in recreation do you suggest? 2. Make a large map of the mile square area, draw in the parks and playgrounds, athletic fields, swimming pools, tennis courts, golf courses, settlement houses, Y.W.C.A., Y.M.C.A., com- munity centers, neighborhood clubs and any other such places. 3. Arrange a field trip to a recreation center, a settlement house or a "Y" through the School Program on Community Services, Council of Social Agencies, 51 W. Warren, Detroit, TEmple 1-1600. 4. Make posters to interest boys and girls in joining recreation groups. 5. Make a list of things grownups could do about improving rec- reation in your school area. 6. Make a list of things you could do about recreation now. 7. Refer to the Directory of Social Resources for recreational re- sources which will be additions to those mentioned in the text. CHAPTER III PUBLIC ASSISTANCE In any community there are some people who are in need of finan- cial help. In a large industrial city like Detroit, there are many reasons why people are unable to manage without assistance. There are older people who are not well enough to work. There are people who cannot find employment due to business depression. There are children who have lost one or both parents. The members of the family help each other whenever it is possible. In a period of widespread unemployment, however, one member of the family may not be any better off than his brother. In a democracy, the agencies supported by taxes provide assist- ance to people in need when relatives are not able to assist. In Wayne County there are three tax supported agencies. The Wayne County Department of Social Welfare, Main Office at 1025 E. Forest, provides financial assistance to people in need who live in Wayne County, outside of the City of Detroit. For people living in Detroit, there is the Department of Public Welfare, Main Office at 176 E. Jefferson, which helps people in need. The Wayne County Bureau of Social Aid, 4707 Rivard, provides assistance to people throughout Wayne County who are eligible for Old Age Assistance, Aid to Depend- ent Children and Aid to the Blind. "Detroit has always had some organization responsible for public relief, even before Michigan became a state. Since the earliest time there has been an unbroken line of public agencies responsible for this important function of government. The first relief grant came from the King of France early in the 1800's to aid the early French settlers in Detroit who were suffering from the after-effects of a fire and of a cholera epidemic. Since this was a royal grant, provisions were set up to safeguard the spending of this first relief money. Ever since that time safeguards of careful investigation and individual care have con- tinued to protect the public money which has been spent for relief. After Michigan became a state in 1837, public relief was continued by the state and by the city. When the Detroit City Charter was mod- ernized in 1918, the Poor Commission became the Department of Public Welfare."1 1. Detroit Public Schools-Citizenship in Detroit-4th Edition 1949, pp. 249-250. 29 30 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY It has taken a long time to learn the best ways of helping people. There is still much to learn about caring for people in need. The long depression in the 1930's caught the entire United States unprepared to take care of the great numbers of people who suddenly came to the relief offices asking for help. The number of relief cases became greater than they ever were before. Many people criticized the government for spending so much money while others said the government was not spending nearly enough. It was a bad time for those who were out of work, but the citizens of the United States learned more about caring for needy people. While many improvements still need to be made, newer ways than were known in the depression have been found to help people in need. This newer way came about by the passage in Congress of the Social Security Act on August 14, 1935. This Act has eleven sections, known as titles, one of which is Title III, Unemployment Compen- sation. Mrs. Bond, the club leader at the "Y", has a brother, Russell Greeley, who is employed at one of Detroit's automobile plants. Re- cently, Mr. Greeley was laid off his job for an indefinite period. He had been earning a fair salary, but his savings were used up two months ago when the first baby was born. The first step he takes is to the Michigan State Employment Serv- ice branch office which is the nearest to his home. (All the offices in Metropolitan Detroit are listed in the Detroit Telephone Directory.) He tells the interviewer that he is looking for work and also describes. the kinds of work he can do. The State Employment Service will tell him if any employers are hiring men with his qualifications. This service does not cost him anything. If the employment service does not have any jobs listed that fit Mr. Greeley's abilities, he can then apply for Unemployment Com- pensation, which is a kind of insurance. Now when a man is unem- ployed, the cost of unemployment is shared by the employer, the employee and the people who buy the goods. One of the causes of unemployment is due to seasonal industries— that is, where there is work only part of the year. For example, during the nineteen-thirties, more automobiles were made in the fall and winter. Houses and roads are built in the summer. More soap is used in the summer and more coal in the winter. That means that workers in these industries are unemployed part of the year. With Unemploy- PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 31 ment Compensation, all the people help to pay for unemployment. This is how it is done. All employers pay a tax to the State government. The tax money that is collected is used to pay insurance to workers when they are unemployed. The employer, when it is possible, adds a part of the tax to the cost of the product he sells. By that method all the people cooperate in paying for Unemployment Compensation when the worker is laid off. The worker does not have to be "broke" to get the benefits. He simply has to prove that he was laid off because there wasn't any more work and that he has registered at the Michigan State Employment Service and is available to work. He has to agree to take any job that is offered him that is suitable to his abilities and if it pays a wage that is approximately the amount that he earned before. The insurance benefits are usually about half the wage the worker earned on his job; but the benefits in Michigan cannot be more than $32.00 per week. In Michigan, Unemployment Compensation is paid for twenty weeks. At the end of that period compensation ends whether the man has a job or not. One problem is that all workers in the United States do not have Unemployment Compensation. People who work on farms, or as domestic servants, or in commerce on the water, or who run their own businesses, or who work in non-profit organizations are not included in the system. Changes in the law are suggested in Congress from time to time. Perhaps by the time you read this, more people will be "covered" by Unemployment Compensation. Mr. Greeley received $26 per week for eleven weeks at which time he was re-hired on his old job. Unemployment Compensation of $26 was paid him because he had one minor child. Payments are set in Michigan at $24 per week for a man and his wife and $2 in addition for each child, up to the highest amount paid which is $32. Russell Greeley returned to work and one day during the lunch period, several of the men were talking about Harry Selden who used to be a truck. driver at the company. Joe McKay said, "It certainly is too bad about Harry. I wonder how they are going to get along?" Mr. Greeley inquired, "What's wrong with Harry?" "Didn't you know? He had to quit work over a year ago. Some- thing wrong with his heart and Jim said yesterday that his wife has been working to support them, but now she has to stay at home to take care of him." 32 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Workers discuss social security benefits "I'll bet they've used all their savings by now too. Golly, I wish I had enough to help them out," somebody else said. Russ Greeley spoke up, "You get Unemployment Compensation when you're laid off, don't you? Well..." He was interrupted by Larry Rogers, "Harry can't get compensa- tion, you know that. The law says you have 'to be available for work'." Russ Greeley continued, "Don't you know that Unemployment Compensation is only one part of the Social Security Act? My sister's a social worker at the Y.W.C.A. and she told me that there is another section of the Act called Aid to Dependent Children. If the father is sick and the mother can't work, money is given to them so that kids. don't have to be taken out of their own homes. I wonder if Harry knows about it?" Joe McKay knew the Selden family very well and the men thought it would be a good idea if he stopped by the house that night to talk to Mrs. Selden. On his way home to dinner, Joe McKay called at the Selden home. Mrs. Selden answered the door looking very tired and unhappy. As she dried her hands on her apron, she greeted Mr. McKay warmly, "Joe, how nice of you to stop by! Harry will be so glad to see you. It's pretty tiresome looking at four walls all day. Come on in." Joe McKay followed Mrs. Selden into the dining room where a bed had been set up to save steps for Mrs. Selden in caring for her PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 33 husband. While the two men talked, Mrs. Selden returned to the kitchen, and in a little while Mr. McKay followed her. He was a little embarrassed but finally spoke up, "Some of the boys at the shop were talking today and they were sort of wondering how you and the kids were getting along..." He hesitated, and Mrs. Selden said, "Well, when Harry first got sick, I took a job at the Jones Leather Company, but I had to quit two weeks ago. Harry is in bed all the time now and needs me to wait on him. Besides that, Ralph is thirteen now and I should be here. He was running the streets, and that worried Harry too. Julia is only seven. She really isn't much more than a baby. I really am needed at home. I just don't know what to do. We're about at the end of our rope.' "" Joe McKay cleared his throat, "You remember Russell Greeley at the shop? His sister, Emma Bond, works at the 'Y' and she told him about a Social Security program called Aid to Dependent Children. It's for families where the father's ill and the mother is needed at home. Why don't you call Mrs. Bond on the phone and she can tell you more about it?" 9 Mrs. Selden finally agreed to call that evening. It was fortunate that Mrs. Bond was home for it had taken a lot of courage for Mrs. Selden to pick up the telephone. Maybe she couldn't have done it a second time. It is not easy to ask for help outside the family. Mrs. Bond explained some of the reasons for this program of Aid to Dependent Children and said that she didn't know all the answers, Mrs. Selden hesitates to ask for help WHAT CONTENT ON THE INTEREST 34 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY but there were a few things that she thought Mrs. Selden would want to know before she made an application for assistance. One thing is that the assistance is given directly to the family in a check that can be cashed. In general, this is true of all financial assistance provided in Wayne County through the public agencies. That means that there is the same freedom in using this money as friends and neighbors have in using theirs. Mrs. Selden would not have to take a grocery order to the store and have “everybody know about it." All the information that Mrs. Selden tells the Bureau of Social Aid, the agency which provides Aid to Dependent Children, is confi- dential, and other people are not interviewed without permission by the family. Mrs. Selden asked where the office was located. She was told that the Bureau of Social Aid which provides assistance in all of Wayne County has its office at 4707 Rivard, Detroit. Aid to Dependent Children is Title IV of the Social Security Act. | O . 分 ​Mr. Greeley suggests aid for the family KARAKTER LATERA D FAIRBAN 4 1912 MPETITORA MARTINENTE SORTA, ATARRA Mrs. Selden went to the Bureau of Social Aid the following day to apply for Aid to Dependent Children because her husband was ill and unable to work. Mr. Selden had worked as a truck driver for the International Company for several years and was considered a steady, reliable worker until he became ill. Mrs. Selden worked at the Jones Leather Company for several months but had to quit to take care of her husband. The family has no property or bank accounts and none of their relatives can help. PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 35 The social worker, Miss Long, asked Mrs. Selden for permission to call Dr. Holt as it was necessary to know about Mr. Selden's health to determine whether the family could receive Aid to Dependent Chil- dren. Mrs. Selden also gave permission for the worker to call the Jones Leather Company: An appointment for a home visit was made for the following day. Miss Long telephoned Dr. Holt and he said that Mr. Selden has heart trouble and a disease of the blood vessels which cannot be cured. Then Miss Long telephoned the pay clerk at the Jones Leather Com- pany and learned that Mrs. Selden was hired in October at 80 cents per hour. The pay clerk reported that Mrs. Selden had left her job last month because of her husband's illness. The following day Miss Long called at the Selden home. They occupy a five-room house which rents for $45 per month. After Mrs. Selden explained to Miss Long that they used coal for heating the house and that the rent was $45 a month, the following budget was worked out to cover a month: Rent Food for father. Food for mother... Food for Ralph-age 13... Food for Julia-age 7.. Clothing for father... Clothing for mother. Clothing for Ralph.. Clothing for Julia. Gas. Coal Electricity Personal necessities such as soap, haircuts, etc.: Father Mother Ralph. Julia • $45.00 19.80 17.60 23.10 15.70 5.50 5.50 5.70 4.60 1.85 12.00 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 Total .. $165.55 The program of Aid to Dependent Children is not able to include any money for recreation for parents or children. Miss Long explained that the Brightmoor Community Center at 22027 Fenkell Avenue was 36 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY not too far from Mrs. Selden's home. This is a Red Feather service of the Community Chest, and the programs are for both grown-ups and young people. Mrs. Selden became interested in the activities that Miss Long described there. Julia wanted to learn to tap dance and her mother found out at the Center that she could enter a class which meets once a week. Ralph "discovered" the Teen-Age Canteen one day when he took Julia to her tap dance class. The ping-pong table caught his eye and as he watched the game he wondered how he could "get in on it, too." Miss Libbey, the group leader, spied him at the doorway and the next thing he knew he was a part of the gang. The Teen-Age Canteen became the most important part of Ralph's social life outside of school. His mother, after a pottery- making class one evening, talked with Miss Libbey. FOX Ralph awaits his turn "Ralph is home with his father tonight. He has such a wonderful time here that he begged me to come over too. I told him I couldn't leave his father, but he offered to stay home with him while I had a little change. It is good for me to get away from the house now and then. Best of all, though, is what you're doing for Ralph. He was on his way to getting into real trouble when he joined the Teen-Age Canteen and to think he offered to stay home while I went out—I could hardly believe my ears!" The following month Miss Long called at the Selden home. Mrs. Selden said she tried to help the children understand that the family PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 37 troubles were not the fault of Mr. Selden and that they must all work together to have a decent, comfortable home. Mr. Selden said there was no known cure for his disease but he has hope that some drug will be found to help him. He said the children were doing better in school since his wife stopped working and that Ralph will finish the eighth grade in June. Mrs. Selden said that she does not have an easy time following the budget, but they have their rent and utility bills paid and she is learning how to buy food that is not too expensive but at the same time is nutritious. The following month a neighbor of Mrs. Selden's telephoned Miss Long to say that Mr. Selden had died during the night. Miss Long went out to the home and suggested that when Mrs. Selden felt well enough to come to the office that she could telephone for an appoint- ment. Three weeks later Mrs. Selden came in, and during the conversa- tion, the worker learned that Mr. Selden had been in service overseas during World War I. The worker asked if she knew where his honor- able discharge papers were and Mrs. Selden said that she had them in a tin box at home. The worker said that there was a possibility that Mrs. Selden and the children might be eligible for a pension through the Veteran's Administration even though Mr. Selden's death was not connected with his military service. Mrs. Selden said she would like to find out about this. The worker made an appointment for Mrs. Selden at the Detroit Chapter of the American Red Cross, 153 E. Elizabeth, to talk with one of their workers who could give her infor- mation about filing for a pension. The worker also talked with Mrs. Selden about her husband's employment at the International Company. It appeared that Mrs. Selden and the children would be eligible for Federal Survivors Insur- ance, which is Title II of the Social Security Act, and that it would be advisable for Mrs. Selden to make application for such benefits. Fortunately Mrs. Selden had her husband's social security number which would make it easier to locate his record. Several days later Mrs. Selden stopped at the Bureau of Social Aid and told the worker that when she had called at the Red Cross office she found that she was allowed to file for a pension as the widow of a World War I veteran, as long as her yearly income was less than $2,500. It will probably take several months for the Veteran's Admin- istration in Washington to settle the account but she was told by the • 388 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Red Cross worker that according to Federal law, if approved, she would receive $42 per month. Ralph would be eligible for $12 and Julia for $6. She was sorry that Mr. Selden had not known about it when he was ill because he had worried so much about what was going to happen to her and the children. Mrs. Selden also found out at the local office of the Social Security Administration that she and the children were eligible for $49.40 per month. Payment under the Veteran's Administration and the Survivors Insurance would continue until the children were 18 years of age or until they were 21 years and still in school. The worker told Mrs. Selden that there would be some changes in the amount of assistance from Aid to Dependent Children when she received the checks from the two Federal offices. Mrs. Selden thanked the worker for having told her about these two funds made available by her husband's war service and his former employment. The Aid to Dependent Children Program is supported by State and Federal funds. The Program is based on the principle that the best place for children is in their own homes. In order to be accepted on the Program, families must be in need of money. There must be at least one child under 18 years of age who "has been deprived of parental support or care by reason of death, continued absence from home, or physical or mental incapacity of a parent; is living with its father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, brother, sister or other acceptable relatives."¹ Andy Ferris came home from the "Y" one evening and overheard his mother talking to his father about the Graham "girls" who lived next door. Mrs. Ferris said, "You know, Dan, I have been taking over a few things to them but that is not the answer. They need a regular income even if it is small. Tomorrow I'm going to find out something about help for old people. I wish I knew where to start.” Mr. Ferris replied, "I know what to do. At the plant, I saw a sign about an office where they have information about all the social agencies. I'll get the phone number for you tomorrow." At dinner the next night, Mr. Ferris said, "Oh, by the way, I found out about that office you wanted to call. It's the Community Informa- tion Service in the Community Chest Building, 51 W. Warren. The 1. Michigan Social Welfare Review-Volume Six-Number 1-Characteristics of Aid to Dependent Children Families and Children in Michigan, June 1948—p. 4. PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 39 phone number is TEmple 1-1600. I asked Sid Grover in the Personnel Office about it and he says that office gives information about all the community services." Right after breakfast the following day, Mrs. Ferris telephoned Community Information Service. After Mrs. Ferris had described the elderly women who lived next door to her, the worker suggested that she call the Bureau of Social Aid, 4707 Rivard, TEmple 1-1360 which provides Old Age Assistance and Aid to the Blind to people in need if they meet certain requirements. Mrs. Ferris telephoned the Bureau of Social Aid to inquire about the Aid to the Blind Program which is Title X of the Social Security Act. The worker explained that there is a Bureau of Social Aid in every county in Michigan and that this office covers all of Wayne County. Mrs. Ferris said that she was interested in learning about the assist- ance programs as her next door neighbor was blind and was in great need. She was not sure that this person would make application or would even consider discussing her problem. After some hesitation, Mrs. Ferris explained that it was Miss. Lydia Graham. According to her, this woman lived with her two sisters and they were all unmarried. The only income they have is $7.50 a week that Miss Mary earns by working part time as a clerical worker for Rev. Mr. Elliott of the Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Ferris was sure that all three were well past 65 although she doesn't know exactly as the Grahams never discuss their personal affairs with any- one. She does know that quite often when she has been in the home that they did not have enough to eat. They did not tell her this but she observed it. All three of the sisters are in poor health and because of this, Mrs. Ferris has been able to send them delicacies but never dared to ask them any questions. The worker explained that it would be rather difficult to go into the home and explain why a call was being made. Mrs. Ferris then agreed to discuss the matter with Miss Mary who was the most modern of the three and call the worker after doing so. Later that day, Mrs. Ferris called on the phone and said that she had talked with Miss Mary and had made an appointment for the worker to call at the home the following day. The worker thanked Mrs. Ferris for her interest in the three sisters and assured her that every consideration would be given to the family. • Several days later, the worker, Miss Delaney, called at the Graham home. Both Miss Lydia and Miss Mary were seen. Miss Lydia stated 40 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY she had been ill most of the winter. She coughed constantly during the interview. It was hard to tell how old she was as she wore very thick, peculiar glasses. Almost immediately she spoke of some "anxious" friends wanting her to apply for Aid to the Blind, but she said she did not like to ask for public assistance. No comment was made for quite some time, and finally Miss Lydia asked just what the blind assistance program was. The worker care- fully explained it to her. A certain degree of blindness was determined by an eye doctor to establish the right to be included in the program. Miss Lydia finally said that if she could be seen by Dr. Lacy, she would have the medical examination. He has treated her for more than thirty years and has not charged her for a long time. The sisters talk about their financial need As Miss Delaney left, Miss Mary followed the worker to the porch and said that she was so glad that the worker had come because they were having a most difficult time. The three of them are living on her wages of $7.50 per week from the church. She puts in two hours a day for four days. Miss Mary said that Miss Lydia would never be able to accept the fact that she is blind unless Dr. Lacy says she is. Miss Delaney asked Miss Mary if it would be all right if she talked with Rev. Mr. Elliott about her earnings and Miss Mary said that would be satisfactory. Later Miss Delaney went to Rev. Mr. Elliott's study. He said that he was delighted to know that at last the family have come to realize PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 41 that they must accept some form of help. Rev. Mr. Elliott is very much interested in the family and has been responsible for giving them assist- ance indirectly for some time. They are not aware that he knows any- thing about their circumstances and he asked the worker not to mention it to them. Rev. Mr. Elliott said that the family had considerable money at one time. Their income was from bonds left them by a brother. During the depression in the 1930's, these bonds dwindled to nothing. The sisters have no other relatives except some distant cousins in Illinois whom he understands are not able to help. Rev. Mr. Elliott realized that not one of the three would be willing to accept a monthly gift from the church. Because of their advanced age and the fact that they have never worked and are really not trained for anything, it was impossible to help them secure outside employ- ment. He then worked out the plan of "making work" for Miss Mary at his office. He really does not need her and she is not qualified to do the little work she does, but he has "put up with her" so that she could receive the $7.50 per week. When the house that they were living in was up for sale three years ago, Rev. Mr. Elliott arranged to have one of the church members buy the house and a small group within the church now pay the owner $25 a month so that they will not be evicted. He was most anxious that this arrangement not be mentioned to the Grahams because they are "so proud" and would not wish to be in- debted to their church friends. Several weeks later after the eye examination had been made by Dr. Lacy, an application for assistance was signed by Miss Lydia. Some years ago, Miss Lydia owned six lots out in the country, but she lost them because she could not pay the taxes. A few months later, Miss Mary came to the office to see Miss Delaney and said that Miss Elizabeth had not been able to leave the house in three weeks. Dr. Lacy stopped in to see Miss Elizabeth and he said that she was quite ill and needed a better diet. Miss Mary was upset about this and asked Miss Delaney whether it would be possible for Miss Elizabeth to apply for Old Age Assistance. She is 73 years old and does not have any income of any sort. Miss Delaney said that she could stop at the house as it would be necessary to talk with Miss Elizabeth directly. The visit was made at the home as requested and to Miss Delaney's surprise Miss Elizabeth gave information freely. She said, "Go ahead and take my application. I really want to do this to help out Mary. She really needs the $7.50 a week she earns for food and clothes." 42 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY At the present time, Miss Elizabeth is receiving Old Age Assist- ance under Title I of the Social Security Act and Miss Lydia is receiv- ing Aid to the Blind and their two assistance checks are keeping the family together. The names and places have been changed, but these three elderly women really lived and had the problems that are presented here. The story is told to help in understanding that applicants have a right to apply for public assistance if they are in need and that they can be assured that what they say is confidential. The interviews with the sisters themselves show that most of the information came directly from them. The discussion with Rev. Mr. Elliott took place only when permission was given to the worker to see him. Many years ago in doing social work, social workers thought that they would get the "best" information from neighbors, but now they know that this is not true. After all, does your next door neighbor know how much your father earns, how many bonds your family has, how much property you own and the health of everyone in your family? What happens to people like Russell Greeley, the Seldens and the Grahams happens every day in your community. In this section you have seen the cooperation among members of the family; recreational services provided through the Community Chest of Metropolitan Detroit; the helpful interest of the minister and fellow-church mem- bers; the medical care provided by the private doctor; and the assist- ance provided through federal, state, county and city agencies. The tax supported agencies, the Red Feather agencies, other private agencies and individuals work together to help all the people get what they need for a decent standard of living, self respect and intelligent use of leisure time. ADDITIONAL AGENCIES MACOMB COUNTY BUREAU OF SOCIAL AID County Building Mt. Clemens, Michigan MACOMB COUNTY DEPART- MENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE County Building Mt. Clemens, Michigan OAKLAND COUNTY BUREAU OF SOCIAL AID 1260 W. Boulevard Pontiac, Michigan OAKLAND COUNTY SOCIAL WELFARE DEPT. 1260 W. Boulevard Pontiac, Michigan P. O. Box 114 Pontiac, Mich. PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 43 CLASS PROJECTS 1. Look up the section in the City Charter which established the Detroit Department of Public Welfare. What services are provided? 2. Look up Public Acts 280 State of Michigan - 1939 which set up the County Departments of Social Welfare. 3. The Federal Social Security Act passed on August 14, 1935 has eleven "titles." How many titles are discussed in this chapter? What are the other programs covered in the Social Security Act? 4. Have there been any recent changes in the law on "coverage" for Unemployment Compensation? 5. Have a class discussion on Old Age Assistance which provides money to aged men and women in their own homes. Is this a better plan than building more institutions for elderly people? 6. Discuss the cooperation between the Red Feather agencies and the tax supported agencies in meeting the needs of people. 1 CHAPTER IV OTHER WAYS OF HELPING FAMILIES The family has long been considered the unit of society for which there is no substitute. The home is important because it is where the family lives. Without a family and family affection, a home would be just a house, a building of wood, brick or stone. Families do not live by bread alone. Besides the need for enough money to feed and clothe the family members, besides decent housing and space for relaxation and quiet, families have other needs. Within the family there may be trouble between father and mother which may end in divorce, problems between parent and child or prob- lems caused by bad housing, living with relatives, problems caused by separation during war service or lack of money. The pattern of the family has gone on despite the many social and economic changes that have occurred. The family has survived by continually changing to meet new demands, new conditions and new opportunities. Not too many years ago, the typical American family lived on farms where men, women and children made their living in the home and directly produced and conserved food, made their own clothing and shoes, built their own homes, made their own soap and candles. 4. "Early colonial America with its abundance of free land, its simple needs, had little or no organized charities. Communities were so small as to allow men to be neighbors. To see that the destitute did not suffer for shelter, food, and fuel, to watch with the ill, was natural and neigh- borly. As each occasion arose, the resources of the neighborhood were organized to meet the need.”1 Today, the family is trying to learn to live in crowded cities. Men, and increasingly more women, must go out of the home to earn a living in order to buy food and services and pay rent. In this change, there are fewer children and fewer grandparents and other relatives in the home. The family in the city has little of the help from neighbors in times of need which was the social service of yesterday. 1. Frank Dekker Watson, The Charity Organization Movement in the United States. MacMillan Co., 1922—p. 64. 45 46 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Every family, whether rich or poor, has problems. Brothers and sisters, parents and children who love each other may quarrel at times. Some problems work out naturally and easily. Others seem to "hang on" and cause worry. These are the problems with which a person may want help. We have learned that seeking help with problems is a sign of personal strength. The sooner a problem is straightened out, the sooner the person's whole energy can be given to the real business of living. The strength of the community depends upon the physical and mental health of all its members. Family agencies in Metropolitan Detroit help families find their way through many of these difficulties. Some of these agencies are the Family Service Society of Metropolitan Detroit, Main Office, 51 W. Warren; the Catholic Family Center, 305 Michigan Avenue and the Jewish Social Service Bureau, 5737 Second Avenue, all Red Feather services of the Detroit Community Chest. Since every family has its own special problems, no two families will require the same kind of service. Social workers in the family service agencies must be as carefully prepared for their work as doctors and nurses are for theirs. No doctor treats a man who is sick without knowing a lot about him. A social worker who works with individual members of a family is known as a case worker. The case worker tries, as a doctor does, to find out what is causing the trouble. Case workers in social agencies have ways of helping families find the best answers to their problems. The case worker will gradually encourage the person in trouble to think things out for himself. She wants him to be able to steer his own course, but she has the additional knowledge of the community and its resources which he may not have. She understands human nature too, and can suggest ways for him to help himself and to understand himself better. The trouble may be due to ill health or bad housing or due to feelings within himself causing unhappiness or confusion. It is for the well-being of the total community as well as for the individuals themselves that social work helps families. As a matter of fact, it is wise economy for the community to give this service. Through case work service, fathers are helped to stay on their jobs, and mothers are better able to care for their homes. When the parents are more con- tented, it follows that their children are happier. The study of human nature has made rapid progress in recent years. Cure of social ills depends in large measure on the person him- self, but often he cannot accomplish a cure alone. When he has the OTHER WAYS OF HELPING FAMILIES 47 courage and good sense to take his troubles to a case worker, he has already taken the first step toward recovery. By talking over his difficulty with a case worker specially trained in understanding peoples' problems, he can get his troubles outside himself where he can see them more clearly. On the other hand, by turning them over in his mind, he is more likely to become bitter and bewildered and unable to get along with family and friends. Frequently something happens to a family which the members cannot control. Bob Doyle's uncle was in an automobile accident over a year ago. When Mr. Fitzgerald's arm was injured no one in the family, including himself, or his doctors, thought that it was particularly serious. How- ever, the treatments kept dragging on. As far as one could see, his in- jured arm looked as good as his well one. He became discouraged about continuing treatments. He tried to find work but could not hold a job. The attitude of his friends bothered him, but harder to bear were the doubts of his family about his arm still needing treatment. Was he just using it as an excuse for not supporting the family? Family feeling was not as good as it had been. His son left school but made no serious effort to find work. His daughter grumbled about paying more to the family than seemed a fair amount for board. His wife, who had never been a "nagger," began to talk about money, morning, noon and night. She said that her relatives were tired of helping them, she even made him wonder whether he should leave home. Things were about in this state of unhappiness when he was referred by his local union to the Catholic Family Center. Here he met for the first time a kind of understanding which helped him to think about his problem in a new way. The case worker, Mrs. Root, was interested in him and his whole family. He gave her permission to con- sult Receiving Hospital where she talked with the medical social worker. She learned that treatments on the arm were still needed. Mrs. Root later explained to Mrs. Fitzgerald that her husband actually required medical care, and was not just avoiding work. The doctor at Receiving Hospital telephoned the Curative Work Shop, 65 West Ferry, a Red Feather service, and referred Mr. Fitz- gerald for treatments. The doctor described the kind and number of treatments required. Mr. Fitzgerald began attending the Curative Work Shop.for one hour, three times a week. Because there was an injury to the nerve, treatments continued for four months. Charges for this service are in accordance with the family's ability to pay. If unable to pay any part, the Community Chest meets the cost. 48 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY [IT Mrs. Root suggested the possibilities of finding work where the employer understood about his condition, and could use a man with one good arm. Through the help of an interested employer and the union, a part-time job was found. When the son saw that his father was really sick and was trying to get back his health, he changed his attitude from "why should I work while he loafs" to one of willingness to work and to help the family through this period. The daughter's plan to get married did not need to be delayed indefinitely while she contributed to the support of the family. This put her in better spirits and she was more good-natured to her father and mother. This is one family's experience with an accident. If Mr. Fitzgerald's accident had made it impossible for him to do the kind of work he had done before, he would have been referred to the Michigan Vocational Rehabilitation Service, 1200 Cadillac Square Building. Federal and State funds, in equal amounts, pay for training courses which teach men (and women) new ways to earn a living. Books, tools and other training supplies are paid for by the person in training if he is able to pay. Years ago when the mother in the family had an operation or a serious illness, a relative or a neighbor took over the household tasks and cared for the children. With the increase in the number of women who are employed outside the home, it is seldom possible to get rela- tives or friends to do the mother's job when she is ill. In a large indus- trial city like Detroit, every day there are many mothers taken to the OMIN A C Making arrangements for Anna and David OTHER WAYS OF HELPING FAMILIES 49 hospital for emergency operations or for treatment of long-time ill- nesses such as tuberculosis. The father cannot leave his work indefi- nitely to stay home with the small children so he turns to the community's social services for help. Harry Cohen called the factory one morning to tell the foreman that he could not come to work that day. His wife was rushed to the hospital during the night and would be operated on that morning. He could not leave Anna, four years, and David, two years, by them- selves. The foreman suggested that he call the Community Informa- tion Service, TEmple 1-1600, a Red Feather service of the Community Chest, and see if the people there had any ideas that could help him. He had enough money to pay for his children's care-he just didn't know where to turn. The social worker at the Community Information Serv- ice suggested that Mr. Cohen telephone the Jewish Social Service Bureau, 5737 Second Avenue, TRinity 2-4080. This agency is another family welfare agency with funds from the Community Chest, that serves Jewish people who have problems such as Mr. Cohen's. The case worker at the Jewish Social Service Bureau described a program in her agency which was the first one of its kind in Detroit. It is called a Home-Maker Service. The case workers at the Jewish Social Service Bureau locate home-makers, train them and make them available to families who need their services. The case worker said she could arrange to have the home-maker start the following morning at 7:00 a.m. and she could remain until after the evening meal. Mr. Cohen said he could take care of the expense himself since his wife will be in the hospital only a week or ten days. The following morning at 7:00 o'clock, the home-maker arrived. Harry Cohen was able to return to his job and the children stayed in their own home. This Red Feather service could be provided to families when they are need of such service, even though they are not able to pay any or all of the cost. At the present time, there are a number of families kept together through Home-Maker Service during the time that the mothers are out of the home. Up to now, the Jewish Social Service Bureau has been able to locate and train enough home-makers to meet the need. You may wonder why this service is available only to Jewish families. It was recognized by the Council of Social Agencies, the planning group for social services, that this is a service needed by a cross section of people in Metropolitan Detroit. Plans were worked out in the spring of 1950 by the Council of Social Agencies to offer such # 50 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY a service to all people who need help in the care of children, the aged, the ill and the blind in their own homes. The Council of Social Agencies of Metropolitan Detroit, supported by the Community Chest, is an association of non-profit organizations which are supported by taxes and by voluntary contributions. The pur- pose of this Council is to join forces in the community to strengthen the social services already known and to help in providing new ones as it is seen they are needed. You may know about needs in your own neighborhood that have not been met. Since there is no substitute for the family, it is important that families are kept together. Sometimes young people have trouble ad- justing themselves in the early years of their marriage. What hap- pened to one young married woman may help you understand how a Red Feather agency can serve the young men and women in Metro- politan Detroit. Joyce Wilson, a member of the Y.W.C.A., has an older sister, Christine, who was married several years ago to Fred Mitchell. She had worked before her marriage and now she found it hard to stay at home and keep house. She had started to work after high school and really didn't know too much about home making. She missed the lunch hours in restaurants with close friends when they laughed and talked. She missed the praise of her "boss" when she typed fifty letters without an error. She even missed the excitement of riding the bus morning and night, seeing other passengers and wondering what they thought and did. Joyce's mother was concerned about whether Christine was happy in her marriage but she wasn't quite sure what to do. If she tried to help, there was the danger that Fred would "blame" his mother-in- law for interfering. Mrs. Wilson did volunteer work two days a week at the Children's Hospital. At lunch one day she said to Mrs. Dixon, the medical social worker, "My daughter and her husband aren't getting along very well. They have enough money to live comfortably, but they are always "snapping" at each other. They don't have any children yet, but I do wish they could straighten themselves out before they start raising a family." Mrs. Dixon replied, "Does your daughter want help with her marriage?" Mrs. Wilson responded eagerly, "Oh, I'm sure she does, but rela- tives and friends have given some advice and that hasn't done any good." OTHER WAYS OF HELPING FAMILIES 51 Mrs. Dixon said, "I wonder whether Christine would be interested in going to the Family Service Society at 51 W. Warren in the Com- munity Chest Building? They have interviewers there who are trained to help people with their personal problems. The telephone number is TEmple 1-1600.” That is how it came about that Christine Mitchell made an appoint- ment at Family Service Society and began her talks with Miss Curry, the case worker. She told Miss Curry that the whole business of keep- ing a home together was too much for her. Her husband couldn't understand why she got so excited over cooking a meal for two people; she couldn't understand why she felt so tired. Before she gave up, she wanted to know if the case worker could help her save her marriage. In order to help her, the case worker had to offer Mrs. Mitchell some- thing different than the advice of her well-meaning friends who had already told her what they would do if they were in her place. Because case work requires that the person seeking help would share in it, Mrs. Mitchell would first have to be willing to talk about her part in the marriage. She would have to realize that no one else had exactly the same problem she had even though from the outside, it might look that way. Mrs. Mitchell would have to see herself as one person with problems that affected her in an individual manner. JU Mrs. Mitchell's problems seemed to be the common complaints of a young woman who was not used to housework and a husband who could not or would not understand that she did not know how to keep 1.000 EKALI lwy E)) ·Vid 여 ​A with 2 The clergyman and the case worker cooperate in planning 52 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY house well. As Mrs. Mitchell continued to talk about herself she began to realize that there was more to this than the things that she had spoken of the first day she had talked to Miss Curry. When she realized this, she asked to come to the office for a period of months for regular weekly interviews with the case worker. After the first few interviews, the feeling between Miss Curry and Mrs. Mitchell was such that Mrs. Mitchell was able to talk with her differently than with her own friends. Maybe it would help if you could understand that this is the same kind of relationship that the doctor and his patient has. It is a private one in which personal matters can be discussed without fear of being misunderstood or criticized. As Mrs. Mitchell talked, she felt better as though she had "taken a load off her shoulders." She spoke of how things at home were better than they were. She said that when her husband came home at night, he said he could tell whether that was the day she had talked with Miss Curry. The important thing Mrs. Mitchell discovered as time went on was that her real problem was in being afraid that she was not a good wife. If she couldn't be a good wife then she couldn't be a good mother and she worried constantly about her ability to do this important job. She had thought that she had wanted to be back at work, but this was because she had been successful in an office and she was not at all sure of her success as a wife keeping a home for her husband. Gradually, Mrs. Mitchell was able to see herself as though she had a mirror in front of her. She stopped trying to blame her husband and accepted part of the responsibility herself. She said that although she had been feeling sorry for herself because she had to do household tasks, she had really made things more difficult for her husband than herself. At the same time that Miss Curry was helping Mrs. Mitchell see the responsibility she had in the marriage, Miss Curry also realized that Mrs. Mitchell needed to learn more about homemaking. Miss Curry suggested that Mrs. Mitchell request assistance from the Visit- ing Housekeeper Association, 51 W. Warren, a Red Feather service. This agency teaches women and girls better ways of managing a home, including buying food, meal planning and housework schedules. Mrs. Mitchell decided that she would ask a Visiting Housekeeper to help her plan her time better. She continued to feel better and finally found herself meeting her everyday problems in a new and different way. When the time came that Mrs. Mitchell felt she no longer needed help from the case worker, she said, "I feel that I have grown up during my visits with you." OTHER WAYS OF HELPING FAMILIES 53 Mrs. Mitchell's problem may seem small compared to what is happening in all parts of the world. To Mrs. Mitchell, though, it was the most important problem in the world because until she solved it, she did not feel right; her husband did not feel right, their parents were worried and none of them could have satisfying lives. Problems that faced the Fitzgeralds, the Cohens and the Mitchells are brought to all of these family agencies every day. The next story occurred at the Family Service Society, but it also could have reached a solution in any of the family agencies. Mrs. Linden went to the Family Service Society because she wanted to get a job. She thought maybe the Society had some employ- ment connections. Still a young woman in her early thirties, Mrs. Linden had been widowed a month before she applied at the agency. She had one child, a ten-year-old boy. She had never had a job because she had married almost immediately after she finished her high school education. Her husband had done moderately well and she had never had any financial trouble until her husband became ill one year ago. During that year, the Lindens spent practically all of their savings. As Mrs. Linden explained her problem to the case worker, she began to talk about her fears in looking for a job. Maybe no one would hire her. She had no experience or work record. What kind of job could she look for anyhow? The case worker suggested that they look at Mrs. Linden's interests, and the kinds of things she was most capable of doing well. After several discussions, Mrs. Linden discovered that she had thought previously of doing office work and she would like something to do in that line. She only knew typing and since she had some money left, she decided to spend it on a business course so that she would be able to do stenographic work. As these plans worked out, Mrs. Linden began to feel more confi- dence in herself. She began to see how she could build a new life for herself and her child. She wondered why she had not been able to make the same plans for herself. The case worker suggested that actually the plans were her own. Perhaps she had been so upset over the loss of her husband and the sudden responsibility as the head of the family that she was not able to consider what she might do to earn a living. Now you are beginning to see that people need help with other problems besides money. Sometimes money is just one part of the problem. The Kelloggs lived down the street from Mrs. Linden who noticed that Anne usually spent her afternoons sitting by the window watching 54 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY the people walk by. It was just the sight of people walking which fasci- nated her. She was 28 years old. She had never walked a step. The days were long for Anne. Her only sister had supported the two of them since their parents had died some years before. Anne did what she could about straightening up the house and getting things for dinner, but when her sister, Doris, came home she still had most of the work to do. But Anne couldn't help it. She could not move from her wheelchair. When she got tired of sitting at the window watching people go by she would sew. And sometimes there would be visitors. She wasn't expecting anyone this afternoon, but she wheeled her chair hurriedly to the door when she heard a knock. Someone stood there whom she had never seen before. "I'm Miss Larkin," said the stranger. "Come in," said Anne uncertainly. Miss Larkin came in and sat down. She explained her visit. Doris had been in to see Miss Larkin at the Detroit League for the Handi- capped the other day. Anne said, “You mean she's tired of looking after me and tired of supporting me. I don't blame her." Miss Larkin said, "No, it isn't that at all, Anne. It's just that Doris feels you must be bored and restless sitting in the house all day with so little to keep you busy." Anne said, “I have my sewing." Miss Larkin said, "Yes, and how would you like to make a living by it?" Anne was astonished. "But I can't go to work. You know that I have to stay in this chair." Miss Larkin said, "But suppose the work were brought to you on Monday and picked up on Friday. Do you think you could have it ready in time?” Anne became excited. "What-what am I supposed to have ready?" Miss Larkin said, "I see you like the idea. Well, we have some napkins that need embroidery. We have some table runners you might work on. We have doilies, and a good many other things you might sew. We sell them at the Junior League Shop, you know." Anne said, "You mean people really want these things, and need them, and use them?" OTHER WAYS OF HELPING FAMILIES 55 life. Miss Larkin said, "That's exactly right, Anne. Well, what do you say? Could you use a job?” Anne smiled happily. It would be the first job she ever had in her Several months have gone by and Anne has had three pay checks from the Detroit League for the Handicapped. This Red Feather service has kept Anne happy doing useful work, contributing to the income of the household, and-important to Anne-for the first time in her life. she has been able to buy her sister a birthday present. These stories are told to give you some idea of the variety of services that are offered by the family agencies in Metropolitan Detroit. Families do not live by bread alone. ADDITIONAL AGENCIES AMERICAN RED CROSS Macomb County Chapter, 44 S. Gratiot Ave. Mt. Clemens, Mich. AMERICAN RED CROSS Oakland County Chapter 53½ West Huron Street Pontiac, Michigan SERVICE 2824 First Street CATHOLIC FAMILY CENTER 300 National Building Pontiac, Michigan DOWN RIVER CONSULTATION Wyandotte, Michigan FAMILY SERVICE SOCIETY 2901 Holbrook Hamtramck 12, Michigan 25307 Van Dyke Centerline, Mich. FAMILY SERVICE ASSOCI- ATION OF SOUTHERN OAKLAND COUNTY 606½ S. Washington Royal Oak 220 National Bldg. 10 W. Huron Pontiac, Michigan SALVATION ARMY Capt. David M. Paton P. O. Box 1 Royal Oak SALVATION ARMY 2121 Third Street Wyandotte, Michigan SALVATION ARMY 39 Ridge Street Ecorse, Michigan 56 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY CLASS PROJECTS 1. Request a field trip to a Red Feather agency that helps handi- capped people. The School Program on Community Services, TEmple 1-1600, will make arrangements for the class. 2. Why is a "home-maker" service needed today and was not needed fifty years ago? 3. Have a class discussion on some of the problems families have that are not due to lack of money. 4. Why is the case worker at a family agency more helpful than a personal friend? 5. Ask the School Program on Community Services, TEmple 1-1600, to arrange for a speaker in your class room or assembly hall. Decide in your class what subject you would like discussed. CHAPTER V CHILDREN'S SERVICES "For every child a home, and that love and security which a home provides; and for that child who must receive foster care, the nearest substitute for his own home.”1 Child placing agencies are those which care for children in foster family homes. Foster parents are the nearest substitutes for a child's own parents. The selection of a foster home for a child and putting him there to be raised with as much care and affection as if he were with a blood relative is what social workers mean by "child placement." Great care is needed to "match" the child and the home. It is not enough to investigate the foster home, the health, religion, education and financial standing of the would-be foster parents. Neither is it enough to study the child's background, personality, habits, physical and mental condition. Both the home and the child must be studied and the way they fit together. One child will fit into one foster home while another will not. The wisdom required in child placement is a part of case work. Have you ever moved a growing plant or flower and seen its growth interrupted? It is even harder on a child to be moved from one home to another. He "grows roots" by becoming attached to his parents, his pets, playthings and surroundings. The aim of the child placing agency is to make the uprooting of the child as easy as possible. Families are selected of the same religion as the child's parents and as far as possible of the same racial background. Women who are foster mothers must have special experience with children. Foster fathers for boys are as interested in training them as they would be in their own sons. Only foster families genuinely interested in children are accepted because the amount paid for board is so small that it covers only the actual cost of care. It is not to be thought of as a money making scheme. Foster parents give an invaluable service which cannot be given by the social agency itself. 1. Children's Charter-White House Conference on Child Health and Protection-1930. 57 58 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY After the best possible home has been found for the child, the case worker continues his interest. Many problems arise from time to time which require help. The foster parents may not understand some of the child's habits. Perhaps the child refuses to eat butter and cream because he was never used to them at home. Other children may have "night fears" which puzzle the foster parents, but the case worker has been trained to look for natural causes. A small child may be afraid of sleep- ing alone in a dark room because in her own home, she always slept with some member of her family, or in the living room where the lights were on and the family was talking. In BEARD The secure and happy family In the family, the child should find satisfaction of his most basic needs. It should be a safe and secure place because he is wanted, loved and understood. The home is the place where he will have opportunities for growth and development, for stimulation and for achievement. Here also, the child can learn best the lessons of social living, helping others, self sacrifice, loyalty and responsibility for the family's present and future well-being. For children whose needs for shelter, food, clothing, protection, training or affection cannot be provided by their parents or other rela- tives, some form of foster care is needed. In attempting to meet the child's needs, the foster home or the institution has a more difficult task than the normal family home because foster care involves two sets of loyalties and affections-those related to the child's own parents and CHILDREN'S SERVICES 59 those related to the foster parents. The child in the foster home or insti- tution has the same needs and the same rights as any other child. They are as follows: 1. Security-A feeling of stability and of belonging and counting for something in the lives of others. 2. Human Relationships-A chance to live with others in a family or in a small group to develop attachments and a sense of re- sponsibility for others. 3. Proper Food-Simple, well prepared, nutritious food adapted to the age of the child, served at regular hours in attractive sur- roundings and eaten in a happy atmosphere. 4. Adequate Shelter-Clean, light, well ventilated living quarters properly heated. 5. Comfortable Clothing-Clean, whole, attractive garments that fit and are individually owned with sufficient changes for cleanliness. 7. Educational Essentials-Attendance at a school of good stand- ards in accordance with legal requirements and to attend as long as the child's capacity warrants. 8. Vocational Training-Development of each child's fullest ca- pacity through high school, commercial or trade school training. 9. Recreation-A clean, safe, roomy space for indoor and outdoor play. Suitable play materials and tools. 10. Community Life-An opportunity for boys and girls to take part in community activities and festivities through entertain- ing and being entertained. 11. Moral Training-Positive teaching of standards of right and wrong, aside from measures of discipline. Daily living with adults of sound character and inspiring personality. Opportun- ity for attendance at religious services.¹ 1 Down the street from the Wilsons' home, Mr. and Mrs. Griffith lived in an apartment with their two children, Agnes aged 11 and Joel aged 5. Mrs. Griffith complained frequently of feeling tired, even when she had plenty of sleep. Mr. Griffith finally persuaded his wife to see their family physician. 1. "The A B C of Foster Family Care for Children." U. S. Children's Bureau, Publica- tion No. 216, 1933. 60 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Have you ever noticed that people often "put off" getting medical attention? Unfortunately, Mrs. Griffith had waited too long for the doctor discovered, after taking x-rays, that Mrs. Griffith had tubercu- losis. Her condition was so serious that Dr. Lippincott immediately arranged for her admission to Herman Kiefer Hospital. This hospital, you will remember, is supported by City of Detroit funds and is located at 1151 Taylor Avenue, Detroit. Tuberculosis is a disease that can en- danger the public health so that a patient who is in a contagious condi- tion is required by law to have treatments. Mr. Griffith made every effort to keep his children with him for three months. His earnings were not large enough to pay for full time housekeeping service. Several young girls came in "by the day," but he soon found they were not able to give the kind of supervision to the children that they needed. Since the Griffiths did not have any close relatives in Detroit whom Mr. Griffith could talk with, he finally ap- pealed to his minister for advice. Reverend Mr. Lawrence suggested the possibility of placement at the Methodist Children's Home Society, a Red Feather service, where both boys and girls are accepted. This would avoid separating Agnes and Joel. Mr. Griffith arranged an appointment with the case worker at the Methodist Children's Home Society at 26645 West Six Mile Road. The case worker talked over possible plans for the children and it was de- cided to place Agnes and Joel after complete physical examinations had been made. It was important to find out whether the children had tuberculosis, not only to start treatment if needed, but also to protect the other children at the Home. Several weeks later, the children went to the Methodist Children's Home Society clearly understanding that their father would visit regu- larly and that he wanted to have them home again when such a plan could be worked out. They both entered the public school nearby so that they would meet other children and feel themselves a part of the neighborhood. In the four years of placement, Mr. Griffith visited his children every week. He planned for their holidays and always arranged to have them with him during short vacation periods. Mrs. Griffith gradually improved with good medical care and bed rest. By the time Agnes was 15 years old, her mother had been home from the hospital for nearly a year. It was with the approval of the doctor that the children returned home. Agnes was able to help with the household tasks and to assist in the care of her younger brother. It was a happy period for the Griffiths when they were all back home together. CHILDREN'S SERVICES 61 The hospital, a tax supported agency, and the Methodist Children's Home Society, a Red Feather service, supported by the Community Chest and the Methodist Church, provided joint means for re-establish- ing this family into one unit. W Long time care in institutions is avoided as much as possible because of the weakening of family ties which can result from long separation of parents and children. Foster home placement rather than institutional care is frequently desirable for certain children. Joel Griffith went to the public school near the Methodist Chil- dren's Home Society where Betty Lynch was also in the kindergarten group. Betty was frequently absent and the children knew she occa- sionally stayed at the Children's Hospital. During one of her absences, the teacher called at Betty's home one day. There she learned that the doctor at Children's Hospital had suggested foster home placement for Betty to be arranged through the Children's Aid Society. The Children's Aid Society is a Red Feather service of the Community Chest located at 71 West Warren, Detroit, which places Protestant children who have residence in Wayne County, when such care is needed. The doctor had pointed out that Betty has asthma which is made worse by eating certain foods. Betty was greatly improved at the time she was discharged from Children's Hospital a month ago. As soon as she returned home, the attacks began again. She ate all sorts of foods that were not good for her and she ate between meals. Someone in the family dressed and undressed her every day. Her parents and the grandmother who lived with them always "gave in" to her. They were afraid that if they did not give in to her that she would have another attack. At school, she had said to her teacher one day when she was scolded, "I'm never punished at home because I'll have asthma." Mrs. Lynch asked the medical social worker at Children's Hos- pital why Betty was so physically well in the Hospital and not at home. The social worker helped Mrs. Lynch to see that Betty demanded a great deal of attention, one reason being that she was jealous of her baby brother. It was finally decided, for the sake of Betty's physical condition, that she be placed with foster parents. At Mrs. Lynch's request, the case worker at the Children's Aid Society made arrangements for Betty to live with Mr. and Mrs. Jack- son. This was a foster home that had been approved by the Children's 62 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Aid Society at an earlier date and the agency had found Mr. and Mrs. Jackson a very helpful couple to children. Betty liked Mrs. Jackson and wanted to please her. She had a good appetite while she stayed with her. She was not allowed to eat between meals or to eat food that was not good for her and the asthma attacks disappeared. During this period, the Children's Aid Society worker helped the foster mother understand Betty and her physical condition. At the same time, the case worker helped Betty's mother recognize why Betty was getting along better in a foster home. Two years later, Betty had grown up in many ways and was able to return to her own home. The success that took place on her return to her own home was due not only to Betty's growth while she was in foster home care. The case worker had also helped in changing the attitudes of Betty's father, mother and grandmother during her absence. After Betty returned home, Mrs. Jackson and her husband, the foster parents, were very lonely. They had never had any children of their own, but everyone said they would be "ideal" parents. They had a comfortable home with two bedrooms, and a nice vegetable and flower garden. Mr. Jackson was not a wealthy man, but he had a good, steady job. You saw how well Betty got along while she lived with them. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson thought about it a good deal and finally decided that they wanted to adopt a baby. They talked with the case worker at the Children's Aid Society about their wish to have a child who really belonged to them. Both Mr. and Mrs. Jackson were surprised to learn that there are not many babies who are orphans. Most children who need foster home place- ment have one or both parents alive. The parent does not wish to give up his children to another family just because he cannot provide a home for them temporarily. It happens that there are many more would-be parents who wish to adopt a child than there are children to adopt. The case worker explained this carefully to Mr. and Mrs. Jackson, but said the Children's Aid Society would keep a record that they were interested in adoption. Several years later, a five-months-old baby was taken to the Chil- dren's Hospital after an automobile crash killed both his parents. The baby had few relatives in this country and they were distant cousins. Most of the parents' relatives lived in England. The Hospital Social Service Department notified the Children's Aid Society that the baby was not hurt, but needed care until a plan could be made for him. The Children's Aid Society was called since it CHILDREN'S SERVICES 63 was known in the neighborhood that the parents were Protestant. The baby was placed in foster home care by the Children's Aid Society, and immediately the wheels started moving to find the best permanent plan for the child. You will remember that we have talked about "matching" the child and the foster parents. A complete "social" study was started which meant talking with two distant cousins in Missouri, writing to the grandparents in England, and learning about the parents from many sources, (the minister, former employer and close friends). At the same time, a review was made of the Jacksons' background and their place in the community. When both reports were completed, it appeared that the Jacksons would be suitable adoptive parents for the baby. A report was now ready for the Wayne County Agent's office, a department of the Juvenile Division of the Probate Court. A review was made by that office and the Probate Judge satisfied himself that Bling Audi The lucky Jacksons adopt Donald "the adoptive parents were of good character, were able to support and educate the child and that the best interests of the child would be served by the adoption." In the court hearing, the Jacksons were temporarily approved for baby Donald. During the following year, the social worker kept in touch with the family. She watched the child's progress and the parents' interest in him. At the end of the year if everything seems satisfactory, the final adoption papers are signed. 64 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY It is good to know that in our community we have these safeguards for children who have lost their parents. The Juvenile Division of the Probate Court, tax supported, the Children's Hospital and the Children's Aid Society, Red Feather agen- cies, combine their services to protect the child and to keep the adoptive parents from taking a child who might not "fit" into their home. We have seen some of the services for the child in placement agen- cies. Perhaps you wonder about the boy or girl who isn't getting along too well in his own home. Every now and then you see a story in the newspapers about a "juvenile delinquent" who has stolen a car. Perhaps you would like to know the end of one of these stories. Leonard McCall was in the ninth grade with Joyce Wilson and Bob Doyle whom you met in the chapter on Recreation. He frequently missed school and when he did show up, his shirts were soiled and without buttons. No one in the class saw him much outside of school. For one thing, Leonard worked at a nearby gas station several hours every afternoon. One day, "the word got around" that Leonard was in the Juvenile Detention Home. There was a lot of talk in the lunch room that day. Joyce spoke up, "Leonard must have had some bad friends who got him into trouble. They would have laughed at him if he hadn't gone along." Henry Andrews said, "Everybody knows some 'bad' kids sooner or later. You have to learn to say 'nothing doing"." Someone else said, "I don't think he was bad in the first place. A fellow ought to be allowed to make a few mistakes. All he wanted was a little excitement, I guess." The talk went on until the next class began. What were some of the real reasons why Leonard became a juve- nile delinquent? Perhaps we ought to hear Leonard's side of the story before we make up our minds. When Leonard was brought into the Juvenile Detention Home, a case worker from the Family Service Society was asked to talk with him. The case worker had been called in by the probation officer because the Juvenile Court Judge wanted to know more about Leonard. This is the report that the social worker made to the Judge after talking with Leonard. The case worker said that it was hard to get acquainted with Leonard. At first he said he hadn't done anything wrong, that it was all the other boys' fault anyway. It took Leonard a long time to realize CHILDREN'S SERVICES 65 that the case worker was not interested in blaming anyone. He had been expecting a lecture. Instead, he found someone who actually wanted to help him. He saw that the case worker sympathized with him although she did not sympathize with his delinquent acts. That was something new to Leonard and he found he could talk to a person like Miss Huff. He hesitated a long while, looking out the window. Finally he burst out, "Nobody cares what I do anyway. My dad won't let me drive the car and he beats me up if I try to have a little fun. My mother nags me because I don't get along in school like my sister. She helps around the house a lot so my mother likes her and she gets along okay. My mother's really all right, only she worries a lot and lots of times she doesn't feel good. I have two brothers who are younger than I am and there is never enough money. They act like they just don't have room enough around the place for me. I wouldn't have minded school so much if I could have played football, but I'm short for my age and I'm too skinny. Who'd want me on their football team anyway? Then when I have a chance to have a little fun, and I drive a car, everybody jumps on me." After several interviews, Miss Huff went to call on Leonard's father and mother. Leonard had said it would be all right if she wanted to talk to them but had said, "I told you they don't care anything about me." Miss Huff found that Leonard's parents were very much wor- ried because they were in debt. His father said he was sorry he had not explained to Leonard that the family really needed the money that Leonard earned at the gas station and why he had taken it from him to make ends meet. His mother said she hadn't been feeling well for some time. She was ashamed to leave the house because her clothes were too shabby, but new clothes and doctors cost money so she had to do without. She was worried about Leonard but she just hadn't known what to do about him. She would have liked to have him join a club, like some of the other boys on the street, but they hadn't been able to manage even a small cost. Miss Huff found that both the parents loved their son and were concerned about him, but they had been so wrapped up in their own problems that they hadn't realized how serious Leonard's problems were, too. Following the talk with his parents, Miss Huff talked with Leonard again and helped him to understand how much his family really thought of him and that they wanted him home very much. 66 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Miss Huff then looked at the social and health agencies in Metro- politan Detroit to see what help the family could get with their prob- lems. First, the mother was referred to the Ford Hospital Out Patient Department where she was able to get the medical attention which she had needed for years. The clinic charged a fee that was small enough for her to pay. After a few months, she began to feel like herself again. Then the father was helped to find a small piece of ground where he and Leonard planted a garden to raise some of the family's food. That cut down expenses, but more important, it brought Leonard and his father closer together while they worked in the open air. In the meantime, Miss Huff made arrangements for Leonard to attend the Hay-O-Went-Ha Camp, a Red Feather service of the Com- munity Chest. There he learned to live with other boys of his own age. He learned to swim. He studied woodcraft and nature lore, went on hikes and had plenty of good food. He had a lot of fun and he made several good friends. By the time Leonard came home in the fall, he was tanned, much healthier and with a different attitude toward life. in general. Miss Huff has continued to see Leonard and his family from time to time. After two years, Leonard has developed into a healthy, hap- pier boy. Of course, he isn't perfect, but then most boys aren't. What is important is that he knows how his family feels about him. He feels. that his family understand him better. His mother's health has im- proved and she can keep his clothes in better condition. He doesn't have the same reasons for "skipping" school or stealing a car. This is one story about a boy who stole a car. This Chapter gives you an idea of the many services Metropolitan Detroit has provided for children. CHILDREN'S SERVICES 67 I FOR REVIEW: 1. When a child needs a temporary mother-homemaker service is provided. 2. When a child needs a temporary home-foster home care is provided. 3. When a child needs to live with other children-a place in an institution is provided. ADDITIONAL AGENCIES 4. When a child needs a permanent home-adoption is arranged. 5. When a child is delinquent-family, children's and recreational services are provided. MICHIGAN CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY 318 National Building Pontiac, Michigan MICHIGAN CRIPPLED CHILDREN'S COMMISSION Wayne County District 1025 East Forest Detroit, Michigan 68 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY CLASS PROJECTS 1. Look up the Children's Charter White House Conference on Child Health and Protection - 1930. Take a section for class discussion. 2. In 1950 another White House Conference on Child Health and Protection was called by the President. What important recom- mendations were made for child welfare services? 3. Refer to the Directory of Social Resources and find other agen- cies where Mr. Griffith could have placed his children. 4. Make a list of the community services that are concerned with delinquency-both prevention and cure. 5. Some of the great classics tell how people had social problems in the old days such as "Les Miserables," "Oliver Twist" and "David Copperfield." Tell what could be done today to help a Jean Valjean, an Oliver or a David. 6. Arrange a field trip to a Red Feather agency or a tax supported agency through the School Program on Community Services- TEmple 1-1600. 7. Ask for a speaker to come to your class room to talk on "How Our Community Helps People In Need." The School Program on Community Services will make arrangements for you. 8. What is the overall community planning organization in Metro- politan Detroit? 69 HOW STUDENTS CAN HELP METROPOLITAN DETROIT 1. Be a student volunteer and help with community services in different agencies. Register at the Central Volunteer Bureau, 51 West Warren, TEmple 1-1600. These are some of the things student volunteers can do in their out of school hours. a. In settlement houses, neighborhood centers, youth organiza- tions they can help a teacher or a librarian • making puppets, etc. help at playgrounds be a group leader help with office work help with child care use special talents such as playing the piano, singing, c. In family case work agencies they can . . . make toys help with office work make posters, signs and maps - b. In health centers and health planning bureaus they can... help in the office and act as messengers help in community health campaigns by making and dis- tributing posters help in stuffing and addressing envelopes help in packing supplies d. In social planning agencies they can . . . help with office work help in stuffing and addressing envelopes e. In the United Foundation campaign they can . 1.. help organize the campaign in their school by student posters, building window displays and painting posters. help in stuffing workers' kits for campaign purposes prepare five-minute talks for class room use 70 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY Legend: LIST OF AGENCIES DESCRIBED IN TEXT RF-Red Feather Agencies OV-Other Voluntary Cy-City Supported Co-County Supported S-State Supported F-Federal Supported F & S-Aid to the Blind F & S-Aid to Dependent Children OV-American Red Cross Cy-Art Institute Cy-Belle Isle Zoo RF-Boys' Clubs RF-Boy Scouts RF-Brightmoor Community Center Cy-Bureau of Industrial Hygiene See: Detroit Department of Health RF-Camp Fire Girls RF-Catholic Family Center RF-Catholic Youth Organization Community Center RF-Children's Aid Society RF-Children's Hospital Cy-Children's Museum RF-Community Chest of Metropolitan Detroit RF-Community Information Service RF-Council of Social Agencies of Metropolitan Detroit RF-Curative Work Shop Cy-Detroit Department of Health Cy-Detroit Department of Parks and Recreation RF-Detroit League of the Handicapped RF-Detroit Orthopaedic Clinic Cy-Detroit Safety Council RF-Dodge Christian Community Center RF-Evangelical Deaconess RF-Family Service Society of Metropolitan Detroit RF-Father Weinman Settlement House OV-Ford Hospital RF-Franklin Settlement 71 LIST OF AGENCIES DESCRIBED IN TEXT RF-Girl Scouts RF-Grace Hospital RF-Harper Clinic RF-Hay-O-Went-Ha Camp Cy-Herman Kiefer Hospital Cy-Historical Museum RF-Home-Maker Service RF-Jewish Community Center RF-Jewish Social Service Bureau Co-Juvenile Detention Home Co-Juvenile Division of the Probate Court S-Michigan Department of Labor RF-Methodist Children's Home Society S-Michigan State Department of Health S-Michigan State Employment Service F & S-Michigan Vocational Rehabilitation Service RF-North End Clinic F & S-Old Age Assistance F & S-Old Age and Survivors Insurance Cy-Poor Commission OV-Presbyterian Church RF-Providence Hospital Cy-Public Library Cy-Royal Oak Zoo F-Social Security Administration RF-Sophie Wright Settlement F & S-Unemployment Compensation F-United States Public Health Service F-Veteran's Administration RF-Visiting Housekeeper Association RF-Visiting Nurse Association Co-Wayne County Agent's Office Co-Wayne County Bureau of Social Aid Co-Wayne County Park System RF-Woman's Hospital F-Yellowstone National Park RF-Y.M.C.A. RF-Y.W.C.A. 72 FOR A BETTER COMMUNITY i GLOSSARY ADOPT; To take a child of other par- ents as one's own child on a perma- nent basis. ADVICE; Information regarding a INDEPENDENT; Self reliant or self course of action. supporting. ASSISTANCE; Providing help or aid. ATTITUDE; Feeling or mood, frame of mind. AVAILABLE; Ready, handy, obtain- able. BUDGET; A financial report showing income and expenses. CONFIDENTIAL; Concerning a se- cret or private matter. CONSERVING; Saving. CONTAGIOUS; Transmitting a dis- ease by contact. CONTRIBUTE; To give money or other aid not required by law. COOPERATION; The association of a number of persons for their com- mon benefit. DELINQUENT; A person who of- fends by neglect or violation of duty or law. DEPENDENT; Counting on some- thing or somebody else for support. DEPRESSION; Reduction in activity, especially a reduction in business activity. ELIGIBLE; Fitted or qualified to be chosen. INCOME; Money which comes in to a person from his work, business or property. EMERGENCY; Circumstances which call for immediate action. EPIDEMIC; Disease which affects a large number in the community. EVICTED; To be forced out. FOSTER PARENTS; Men and wo- men who perform the duties of a parent to a child other than their own. HANDICAPPED; At a disadvantage socially and in the business world because of physical defect. LEISURE; Time free from work; re- laxation, rest. NON-PROFIT; Not for gain from business transactions. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; A dis- ease brought on by the work of the individual. ORTHOPAEDICS; Correction or pre- vention of deformities. PENSION; An allowance made by a government or business organization in consideration of past service. POSTURAL; Relating to the position or carriage of the body as a whole. PREVENTIVE; Aimed to make im- possible a happening such as an epi- demic. PRIVATELY SUPPORTED; Not financed by tax money. PROTECTION; A guard from that which would injure or destroy. PUBLIC; Serving the general com- munity under some degree of civic or state control; having official authority as public health, public welfare or public safety. RESPONSIBLE; Able to answer for one's own conduct and obligations; trustworthy, financially or otherwise. SECURITY; Safety, protection, free- dom from worry. SUPERVISE; To inspect with author- ity. VOLUNTARY; Given freely without force. VOLUNTEER; A person who offers his services without financial pay. 1 I Į UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 03129 1423 DATE DUE T Į ! 1 d ال } pada paprašanās t 2 12 ! 1 擎 ​专 ​$ ,! (43 PEA Į 22 BEL... *A J και στην f * To m I rginą * K ** ? .. 12 . +4 .* ť I -41 ப] 카 ​