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LECTURE TO THE STUDENTS
OF THE
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL
OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
On the METHODS and AIJIS of a CHARITY for the Children of the Poor, *
' by CHARLES L. BRACE,
IlIay 121k, 1881.
GENTLEMEN:
It seems ﬁtting that those whose lives are to be given up
to making the World better, should know something deﬁnite
in regard to the modes of cure for certain great evils which
afflict society. From causes which can only be alluded to
here,-—the vast immigration of poor foreign peasants and
laborers, the condensation of population in some of the large
cities, the neglect of the marriage-tie and consequent break—
ing up of family life, with a certain independence allowed to
youth, peculiar to America,—-for these and other causes, there
has come to be in the United States, especially in the large
towns, a growth of a poor, vagrant and criminal class of chil- ‘
dren, scarcely ever known before in the civilized World. This
has been especially true of the great e'ntrepé'zf of immigra-
tion——New York. ,,/
I,’
*It should be remarked that the audience on this occasion. was somewhat miscellan-
eous, being composed of representatives from both Theological Schools of Cambridge,
of members of the University and ladies and gentlemen from the town.
2
The evils and dangers from the multitude of abandoned
and ignorant youth in that city have been beyond all esti-
mate. Not only have they furnished the criminal class, which
has preyed upon property and endangered life in our
metropolis during so many years, but they have supplied
the willing tools for American demagogues in their schemes
of plunder and their plans of petty ambition.
It is the vast ignorant class—~the twelve thousand people
in the lower wards who cannot read or write—the hundred
thousand ignorant and the great numbers of half-criminal
youth, together with the apathy of the intelligent classes,
which made such men as Tweed possible. It is to this union
of American demagoguism with foreign or native-born igno-
rance in New York, that we owe the incredible debasement
and corruption of our administration during the past twenty
or thirty years. The criminal and neglected youth have
formed too a most dangerous element in our society. They
are the explosive material hidden under our pleasant surface
of things.
I remember once passing down the Bowery, just as a mob
was apparently beginning, in regard, I believe, to the draft-
troubles. The street has usually a busy hum—drum look, with
many decent-looking working people in it. In a moment its
character seemed to change. From every one of the hun-
dred lanes and alleys there swarmed a strange w-ild crowd-—
long-haired, excited men begrimed with toil, ragged ﬁgures
who had been buried in cellars or dark dens, persons who
might have been leaders of émeutes in Paris or Warsaw, young
_ men and boys armed to the teeth, many women inﬂamed with
excitement, creeping and murderous looking creatures with
the light of plunder in their eyes, a vast, motley, ragged crowd,
but with a ﬁerhnpassion beginning to blaze in their faces, as
if the time had come when poverty was to get its fair share
of the vast luxuries of the rich. None but those familiar
3
with the city, ever knew how great was the peril escaped by
New York in 1863. The mob arose largely from the neglect-
ed and half-criminal youth.
REMEDIES.
Now for such evils as those of the 01 iminal and neglected
children and youth in New‘ York, there are deﬁnite modes of
cure and processes guided by certain principles. These
principles have been well tested. The medieeval system of
giving alms and leaving results to Providence, is more
and more abandoned by the experienced in this ﬁeld. I can
but allude in this address to the principles of modern charity
which We have attempted to illustrate and test in our work
among children in New York, but it is to our early estimate
of the importance of these principles that much of the success
of these labors has been owing.
First then, we aim at the outset to help by encouraging
self-help: that is, we seek to inﬂuence character, as well as
to supply wants. Secondly, we begin with childhood as the
ever-hopeful and rewarding ﬁeld. Again, we dread institu-
tional life, and desire every where to bring the child under
individual or family inﬂuence; if we must have an Asylum,
we try to approach the natural family in its organization. We
seek everywhere also to approach natural laws in dealing
with poverty and degradation; and ﬁnally, we lay especial
importance on an entire change in his home and surround-
ings for the child of poverty and crime, or in other words, we
believe in the “placing-out system” as the best possible treat—
ment for homeless or neglected children.
The whole method may be summarized in that principle
which lies at the basis of all modern prison-reform, and of all
improvements in charity, that is, the absolute necessity of
individual inﬂuence on the poor. This inﬂuence, in the case of
the street children, is to be supplied through mental, moral and
4
religious teaching and through an entire change of circum-
stances.
My sketch of the principles in the modern methods of Char-
ity may seem somewhat bald and very simple. And yet you
will discover, as you investigate or control charities hereafter,
how few follow even these simple and common-sense guiding
principles. The managers of Asylums and Institutions are
prone to keep their subjects to show as fruits of their
labors, forgetting that many of the virtues thus presented to
an admiring public are hot-house plants which will not stand
the sharp air of common life. All who deal with the poor
and semi-criminal are so much inclined to treat them in mass,
or to consider each child as a number or a name, not a person,
that personal inﬂuence comes to be forgotten. The reformer
and manager of an institution is apt to leave out of view that
his well—ordered caravansary is only the poorest imitation of
what exists in every good farmer’s house—a kindly and in-
dustrious home. Moreover it is always easier to give alms
than to set a poor person to work, or to contrive that he shall
learn some means of livelihood. To help to self-help is the
true service. The blessing in the Psalms is wisely given to
him that cons/ide'rcth the poor.
In dealing with the neglected and outcast classes, the most
powerful lever is unquestionably Religion. This principle is
not modern; but the proper application of Christianity to
the lowest may sometimes require modern methods. No aid
to right living has ever been known to man like the teach-
ings and life of Jesus. The poor feel it most of all. Often
in struggling to aid and raise up some victim of poverty and
crime, has that passage of Plato in the Laws* come up to
me, Where he speaks so discouragingly of the sway of un-
natural vices in Greece; and hopes for their overthrow in

*Nomoi lib. VIII.
5
the distant good time coming. Three moral forces, he says,
may overcome them in that far future: ﬁrst, piety or the love
for a Divine Person; second, the desire for the respect of the
good; thirdly, the love of moral beauty. “These be perhaps
romantic aspirations, but they are the noblest of aspirations,
if they could only be realized in any state.”
Christianity applies these very forces to the tempted and
unfortunate: the love of a Divine person, the sympathy of
the good, and attraction to moral beauty, to all things “pure
and noble and of good report.” I have seen its power ex-
erted in an almost incredible manner on numbers of the out-
cast classes. It has been felt in all ages; it does not cease
now. Those sad verses of the French poet:—
Une chose, en secret, O ! Jesus! m’e'pouvante
U’est ’e'ch0 de ta ooz'x gut 22a s’aﬂaiblissam‘e! ”
are not true to the moral laborers among the poor. The
same forces which once changed the gladiator of Rome, re-
form now the prize-ﬁghter of New York. The voice which
touched and renewed the outcast woman of Magdala has not
lost its wonderful power in eighteen hundred years, but now
touches and renews the desolate prostitute of the Five Points.
Still in all efforts at religious teaching new and ingenious
methods have to be adopted. Of these I shall speak later,
in describing more particularly our plan in New York.
OUR WORK AMONG THE CHILDREN.
More than twenty-ﬁve years since, I entered the City of
New York, having spent two years in Europe especially in
studying the condition of the working classes and insti-
tutions of reform and charity. I began with all the enthu-
siasm of youth, hoping to lessen some of the terrible evils
6
among the poor and criminal classes. Experience soon
showed me that little that was permanent could be effected
among the mature poor and criminals. Besides, it hardly
seemed worthy the effort, merely to bind up wounds but
rather to prevent their being inﬂicted. To avert rather than
cure the diseases of society, were the ‘better task. The
great city and the world seemed to my youthful eye full
of tears and pain and sin, and it appeared not unworthy of a
man’s whole powers to do something which should dry up
some of the sources of this misery, and bring back hope and
life and character to those who were suffering under the
.curses of the world. I was especially drawn toward the
children, as the innocent sufferers for the sins of others, and
as hearing with them the hopes of the future. The childish
crime and poverty of New York had reached an incredible
extent in 1853, when these labors began. Thousands of va-
grant children swarmed the streets; crime among them was
a profession; every species of street-trade was employed by
them for a support; many hundreds slept in boxes, barns,
cellars and under stair-ways, and so common was vagrancy
and its necessary result—-a criminal life—among the little
girls, that the arrests of females for this oﬁence in 1855
reached the immense number of nearly 6,000, or a proportion
of one to 138.12- of the whole population. I was touched deep-
ly by the little stories of,woe of these children. The answer
I so often heard, when I asked the little waifs of the street
where they lived, seemed very pathetic: “Don’t live nowhere!”
became almost a proverb among us.
NEWS BOYS.
My attention was ﬁrst drawn towards the homeless News-
boys. I found that these lads were sleeping about in boxes
and alley-ways, sometimes choosing the most remarkable
places for their abodes : in one case, two boys making a bed-
7
room all winter, of an old burnt-out safe and in another, alittle
company sleeping for months in the large iron tubes of a new
bridge,——all evidently growing up to be vagrants and petty
criminals. It occurred to me, that the best way of reaching
them morally and mentally was by providing a comfortable -
shelter for them. I accordingly procured subscriptions from‘
personal friends and through public meetings, and ﬁtted up
some rooms as a simple Lodging House.
was adopted by the Society—the GHILDREN’S AID Socmrr—
which we had just founded, and we began our work for these
homeless lads. The boys at ﬁrst regarded the place with
some suspicion; they examined the rooms thoroughly and
enquired the rates of payment, but came to the conclusion
that “there was no money in it!” Some suggested that it was
a “Sunday School dodge :” others concluded that it was a
“trap for the House of Refuge.” They came however the
ﬁrst night and tried the beds; but there was little sleeping
on account of the unusual comfort. The Lodging House
became very soon a success; the boys liked it, and from
that time on, it has grown in usefulness, has been
the model of ﬁve or six other Lodging Houses which we
have founded, and has been imitated in nearly all the cities
of the United States and in many cities of Europe. The
principle of its management was the same as that which
guided our other movements. The ﬁrst object was to encour—
age self—help among the lads; they were to pay, in a certain
degree, for what they got. The House was not to be made‘
a H ome, for we had a wholesome dread of Institutions, but
it was to be a mere passing house of call, which would im-
prove and shelter the children till they were passed on to
natural homes and to places of employment. A
There were attached gradually to the Lodging House a
gymnasium, as arival to the low theatres; a savings bank
to induce the boys to save, for they were great spend-thrifts;
The experiment
A
8
a drying-closet for their wet-clothes; lockers to be used as
trunks; a night school for instruction in common school-
branches; and as one of the most important inﬂuences, a
Sunday evening Religious Meeting was opened in the
school-room. The magnitude of this charity can be estima-
ted in part from the fact that the present building and
its land have cost about $200,000. The success of this
House in the sanitary ﬁeld has been something truly remark-
able. Out of 170,000 boys who have passed through it in
these 25 years, it is not known that a single case of conta—
gious disease has ever occurred, and but one death (of pneu-
monia) has happened in the Lodging House. A part of this
extraordinary result is no doubt due to “Natural Selection,”
as the Weak boys probably died before they entered; but in
the main, it is the fruit of the most particular cleanliness,
good ventilation, open-air life and nourishing food.
BELIGIO US EDUCATION.
One of the most important inﬂuences ,of this charity is in
the religious teaching it gives the boys; and there is no
'' one thing in which common sense is so much needed. I
have known a theological student speak to these children in
an address, carefully divided into seven heads, which would
have been rather strong theological food for an intelligent
audience. At the third head the boys were all fast asleep.
On the other hand, other speakers think it suitable to let off
coruscations of rhetoric, and ﬁre-Works of eloquence which
shall dazzle the youthful audience. After some of these dis-
plays, I have heard the whisper passing among the hard-
featured worshippers of “Gas,! gas!”—a word perhaps not
badly descriptive of much of the eloquence of the day. Others
again indulge in entertaining and instructive stories, which
are pleasant to the boys but do not lead to any practical
result.
9
We found early that it was not advisable to ask these chil-
dren many questions. It is not uncommon for a devout
speaker whose mind is full of the eternal verities, to ask
these lads, What of all things on the earth or in heaven
they would rather have? And the answer to our discomﬁ-
ture, is almost always, “Hard cash, 82'?!” or “ Greenbacks, Sir!”
One gentleman of uncommon eloquence, ﬁlled with the hal-
lowed associations of Easter, remembering all the truths which
it illustrated to the Christian world, asked; “What, my boys
do you always think of, when Easter Sunday is mentioned to
you? What are your associations with that sacred Day?”
“Eggs, Sir, eggs,” was the answer, made in all simplicity and
honesty. Another gentleman in a moment of deep compas-
sion, said “My dear boys, I know your sad condition as
homeless orphans, but when your father and your mother
forsake you, who will take you up?” “The Purlice! The Purlice!”
was the reply given in perfect sincerity.
The usual Sunday School addresses are not for these lads.
In fact, I remember, that in one of their frolics, one of the
boys got up a mock Sunday School speech, wherein the
newsboys were urged to go to Sunday School, because one of
them might possibly ﬁnd a purse of gold near the door, or
might be put on a farm where he would marry the em-
ployer’s daughter. In the same breath, they were warned
against “the sins of smoking, chewing tobacco, stealing and
lying.”
There is unquestionably too much of the “bread-and-but-
ter” morality preached to poor children. I like better
stories presented to them,—like your “Harvard Memorial
Biographies,”-—where men have given up everything for a
cause, and got back nothing material; or that they should
hear of the highest Sacriﬁce of all, where all was apparently
lost and yet where all was gained. I think our true course
with regard to these lads, is to put ourselves in their place.
0
.~..
_ i
10
They are ignorant, homeless, with few high ideals and they
go forth on the morrow to be exposed to every low, brutal
and seductive temptation. They will be tempted, on the day
after your meeting, to steal and ﬁght, to get drunk and rob,
to lie and swear, and to indulge in every kind of vice. What
they need is some Power to hold them up against this torrent
of temptation, something which will elevate and enoble their
nature, which will enable them to rise above the waves of vice
and evil about them. The three forces of Plato come in here;
they need ﬁrst and foremost the love for a Divine Person, one
who is inﬁnitely above them, the perfectly Pure and Holy,
but who feels for every child of the streets as if it were His
only one, who is ever ready to help them to do right, who is
pleased when they are honest and pure and kind and true,
and who will welcome them to Himself at last, if ‘they but try
to please Him. This is simply the Christian conception, the
belief in Christ, which has redeemed so many millions of
human beings from sin and vice. Then with that ought soon
to act those other principles, spoken of by Plato, the sym-
pathy with the good and the love for moral beauty. These
forces will come into action, as the children hear more of the
teachings of Jesus, and as they ﬁnd others who are trying to
live up to them. They will never be realized thoroughly in
all probability till the boys are transferred to good homes
far away.
Of course, in all religious instruction, the effort should be
continually to awaken the conscience. There is nothing
gained in talking to these lads on abstract subjects. We do
not speak of the “exceeding sinfulness of sin,” but we preach
on making false change, on selling old papers for new, on
i i lying to ‘employers, on stealing, ﬁghting and gambling. It is
‘ not difﬁcult to touch the moral sense on these matters.
11
LABORS FOR GIRLS.
Nothing is met with in labors for the poor, more touching
than the condition of the homeless girl. A boy has some-
thing of a man’s hardness; but when one sees a girl home-
less and unbefriended, one cannot but think of what it
would be for one’s own daughter or sister, were she thus
thrown out on the waves of life.
Our efforts for girls were perhaps even more important
than those for boys. I was early impressed with the terrible
results in the city of the one great crime among women. And
it seemed to me that it did not arise from the romantic
sources which were commonly supposed, but was simply an
eﬂ'ect of very common-place causes. It was the fruit of igno-
rance, want of care and proper education, of bad company and the love of idleness and ﬁnery. I had no doubt that it '
could be met and prevented by very simple instrumentali-
ties. Among these was the very natural experiment of the
“G am’ I USTRIAL ScHooL.” This was merely a school
where the lowest and poHrest children could be taught
branches of industry and common school lessons, could get
a little food and earn clothing by good conduct, and where
every day they would be trained in habits of cleanliness,
order, punctuality and industry. An especial feature of these
schools was to be the assistance of voluntary laborers from
the fortunate classes; of ladies of reﬁnement and education,
who could come down among the children of the poor and
endeavor to raise them up.
There are ladies well-known in Cambridge, who were
present at the ﬁrst formation of these schools—especially of
one in the lowest district of the city, the Fourth Ward.
They will recall what a pandemonium the school-room was,
how shocking the language of the little girls and how impos-
sible it seemed ever to bring the wild crowd into order and
discipline. Yet the gradual effects of kindness, the inﬂuence
\h
of patience and of tact in discipline have steadily changed
these schools into the most orderly and most industrious
places of education in the city. We found it necessary to
provide a single meal for the children, as many of them got
no regular meals at home. We made the distribution of
clothes and shoes a reward for good conduct, and our lady
volunteers aided us in teaching the children some branch of
domestic industry. The sympathy of these Women of the
fortunate classes, the effect of the cleanliness and order en-
joined, the inﬂuence of discipline and industry as well as the
moral teachings given, were to raise these little girls above
the reach of the usual feminine temptations of their class.
Nine out of ten of the mothers were drunkards, but the
children as they grew up did not care for liquor—they had
risen above the habit. The companions of the children were
girls of the lowest character, and many of them came from
the cellars and dens of the worst houses of the city. But it
was ascertained that as they grew into womanhood, they
scarcely ever fell into criminal habits of life.
The great curse of the class was removed by these gentle,
patient and humble inﬂuences. In one school after another
which had sent forth its thousands of children, there did not
seem to be ﬁve to the thousand who resorted to criminal
modes of life. It is a striking instance of what practical
Christianity can yet do in all our great cities, in diminish-
ing prostitution.
We have added to some of our schools Kindergarten
branches, and our experience is that the Kindergarten opens
the minds of the children, cultivates their senses, and pre-
pares them for better work in the higher classes, as well as
in practical life. I early began in these schools, the teaching
of science by simple methods, known as “Object Lessons.”
These little girls were taught the foundations of science, in
classifying the things which they saw, and in reasoning from
13
the things which they knew in one branch to corresponding
things in another. We have in these Industrial Schools very
remarkable teachers, and I have been enabled to give the
children lessons on plants, animals, insects and various
matters in natural history, such as I can never get
for my own children—for nothing is more neglected in the
best schools than the teaching of natural science. These
lessons awaken the minds of children who cannot read many
books, give them the habit of observing nature and have been,
I have no doubt, a great pleasure and resource to them in
practical life.
\ We have of these Industrial Schools under the Children’s ‘
Aid Society, 21 day schools and 14 night-schools, with an '
aggregate attendance of about 10,000 children.
GIRLS’ LODGING Hopsn.
/
As an adjunct in our labor for the girls, an establisment was
forme d for a somewhat older class—the Girls’ Lodging House
——a place‘designed for the ﬂoating girls of the street, between
the ages of 12 and 16. This class is the most difﬁcult
of all to inﬂuence and "serve. The ladies present will
fully understand me when I say that the one Lodging
House for girls, has given us more trouble than all
the ﬁve for boys. The feminine sins and offences seem
very different from the masculine. Boys and men sin
in very deﬁnite and perhaps brutal modes. They seek to
gratify their appetites, lusts and passions, and their objects
can be fully understood; but girls of this class go through
the most extraordinary deceptions, concoct the most elaborate
plots, and take upon themselves the utmost pains and trouble,
when the only earthly object seems to be to‘ make a little
sensation. I have in view now a young girl in one of the
down-town Missions who is creating a sensation and
exciting compassion by ﬁguring as a “repentant Magdalen.”
14
Young as she is, she has often sustained this part
before; and yet at the same time we know that she is carry-
ing on a diabolical conspiracy against her own sister, an
innocent girl.
The Girls’ Lodging House, in treating this class, has been
remarkably successful. Its great success, however, has been
due to one devoted woman at the head of it, Mrs. Hurley,
who in her most arduous labors has been sustained by her
humor and her faith. She has an unbounded faith in God
and an unshaken trust in the best tendencies of human
nature. Often after repeated disappointments, we have ask~
ed her how she could retain her faith in these girls, and her
usual reply is, that she only wonders that they do as well
as they do, considering what their circumstances have been.
The Girls’ Lodging House has branches for dress-mak-
ing, sewing-machine work, for laundry work and employment
in the kitchen. The “Kitchengarden” is in many parts
of the country training up a better class of domestic
laborers for our homes. The ladies of the whole country
have taken up the grievances of the household and are pre—
paring a sort of millenium for the masculine sex. In many
cities they are learning cooking themselves, and everywhere
they are training the little girls of the poor to feel that
housework is an honorable occupation, and should be learned
as an art. This House of which I speak sends forth about
1,000 young girls each year to labor in families. It has
saved great numbers who were on the turning point between
' virtue and vice, and no institution in the city has done so
much good at so little expense. I have said that the Matron
was sustained by her humor. No one can imagine the num-
ber' of droll histories and extraordinary characters that pre-
sent themselves at such an Institution. I think that the
curious experiences and comical histories of these waifs have
been an unfailing refreshment to this good lady, which has
15
enabled her to keep the spring of her mind, and to bear the
dreadful wear and tear of such a household.
PLACING OUT.
Our most important work, (as is well known) is transferring
the homeless children of New York to places and homes in
the country. I early saw that there was an endless demand
for these children’s labor, and that the best homes in our
rural districts, where there was every possible chance for life,
were open to them. Nothing of course can be better for the
child of poverty than sending him away from the misery and
temptations of a large city to a kindly farmer’s home. The
boy or girl so.)n becomes useful to the employer’s family
and they growr up under the very best circumstances which
can ever be found for a working population. The demand
for these children during these 25 years has been almost un-
ceasing, and immense numbers of them have grown up to be
useful men and women. Of course a prejudice is easily
aroused against the movement, if only one or two boys in a
large party turn out badly.
During the past winter, we made the effort to ascertain how
the children had turned out who had been sent away some
25 years since. When aboy has been away so long, and has
grown up to manhood, it is extremely diﬂicult to have any
communication with him. He is naturally not anxious to
have his connection with a charitable society known to the
world; he perhaps has a good position and respectable occu-
pation, and would prefer to have his origin concealed. Then
many have removed from the districts to which we sent them,
or have changed their Post Oﬁice address, or, as happened
in many instances, they went to the war and settled in other
portions of the country, or were killed. We selected at random
for our agent to investigate, 45 names of children sent out over
25 years ago. For convenience, they were taken along the
16
N
line of one railroad, the Michigan Oentral. We did not
expect that over half a dozen of the 45 could be found. The
employé, our responsible Western agent, Mr. Fry, report-
ed that out of the 45, eleven could not be found; 34 were
either seen or heard about from trustworthy sources. These
had all done well with one exception. They had earned
property; some received good salaries; some were in profess-
ions; most were married, and were respected in their commu-
nities. Only one, after he had grown up to manhood, had
cheated his employer, in this case out of $2,000, and had gone
to Texas. The results of this investigation we believe to
give a fair idea of the success of our emigration work in the
country districts. We do not think that 5 per cent. of the
smaller boys have turned out badly. Among the larger,
there has been much change of places, but we do not think
10 per cent. have committed criminal offences or become
chargeable on the public. The Ohildren’s Aid Society has
thus placed in twenty-ﬁve years over 50,000 of these poor
‘ children in good homes.
RESULTS.
The question naturally comes up “What are the results of
these twenty-ﬁve years of labor? What can you show for
your work?” In a city like New York, receiving each year
the dregs of the foreign immigration, it might reason ably be
expected that all we could do would be to hold our own, to
keep down crime and poverty to the ratio in which it was
supplied to us. New York has a very bad name in this
matter, and to the casual reader of our journals it must
seem as if we were continually growing worse. But it should
be remembered that the city and its suburbs are now very
large, with close upon two millions of inhabitants, and that
the enterprise of the press gives a fearful publicity to every
crime and scandal. As New York has grown in wealth and
17
population however, she has grown in‘ active benevolence
Sound measures of charity are wisely and liberally support-
ed. -' We can prove from the records of the police-court,
and the sad book of the prison, that our efforts have not
only diminished the relative growth of crime with popula-
tion, but even its absolute increase. These dry ﬁgures will
be found to prove a victory of good over evil, at least in one
direction, in our city. They show what persistent efforts,
b used on a right principle, can accomplish even against im-
mense obstacles. During a portion of the period through
which these ﬁgures run, the population of the city increased
from 814,224 in 1860, to 1,079,563 in 1879, while, as usual,
great numbers of poor people remained here, left by the
foreign immigration. '
COMMITMENTS OF FEMALE VAGRANTS.
1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,449 1872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,243
1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,778 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,044
1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5,880 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,106
1871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,172 1879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,045
COMMITMENTS OF YOUNG GIRLS FOR PETIT LARCENY.
1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 1869 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 1874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 572
1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,113 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 452
1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,131 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 977 1879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
COMMITMENTS OF MALE VAGRANTS.
1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,829 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,253
1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,708 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,672
‘1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,960 1879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,434
COMMITMENTS OF MALES FOR PETIT LARCENY.
1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,450 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,253
1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,626 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,346
1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,347 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,210
1879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,844
18
COMMITMENTS OF BOYS UNDER YEARS OF AGE.
1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,965 1877 (under 14) . . . . . . . . .. 1,930
1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,934 1878 “ . . . . . . . . .. 2,007
1876(under 14) . . . . . . . . .. 2,076 1879 “ . . . . . . . . .. 1,670
It will be seen from these ﬁgures that the commitments of
girls and women for vagrancy fell off from 5,880 in 1860, to
2,045 in 1879, or from 1 in every 138%; persons in 1860, (when
i the population was 864,224) to 1 in every 536% in 1879 (when
the population was 1,079,563). This certainly looks like some
eﬁect from reformatory efforts. Again the commitments of
petty girl-thieves fell off from 1 in every 739 in 1863, to _1 in
every 2,893% in 1879. Male vagrants also have diminished ab-
solutely in 20 years and largely in proportion to the popula-
tion: male petty thieves have fallen some 600 during 22 years,
and greatly in the average to the whole number, as have also
the commitments of boys under 15 years. A remarkable
effect of all these reform movements is also seen in the
general reduction of crime in this city, as is proved by the
following record from the Police report of 1879.

ABRAIGNED. HELD,
YEAR. Total Cases TOTAL .
Disposed of.
MALE. FEMALE MALE. FEMALE.
1875 84,399 60,331 24,068 36,841 17,814 54, 655
1876* 87,307 63,789 23,518 39,180 17,904 57,084
187 7 79,865 57,859 22,006 35.335 16, 63 1 51,696
1878 78,533 56,004 22,529 35,271 16,515 51,786
1879 65,344 46,631 18,713 28,643 14,236 42,879 1


*The increase this year (187 6) was due to the unusual number of Excise cases.
This remarkable decrease of 25 per cent. in all crimes
against person and property during the past ﬁve years, is one
:Of the most striking evidences ever oﬁ'erred of the effects of
19
such labors as those of this Society. It has gone on regu-
larly in years both of business depression and of prosperity.
It proves that we are diminishing the supply of thieves,
burglars, vagrants and rogues.
ORGANIZATION.
In inviting me to deliver this address to the Theological
students of Harvard University, President Eliot said he was
desirous to show to you, gentlemen, how a far-reaching and
efficient Charity was organized and. how it does its work.
Evidently churches are not to be luxurious clubs of
worshippers; but to justify their existence in this unbelieving
generationfthey must show that they are practical centres
of human benefaction. You, gentlemen, will be called upon
in your respective churches continually to frame and found
charities, and the question of organization becomes highly
important.
A good organizer has been deﬁned as “one who makes
other people work for him.” An organizer must understand
details, but he must not be bound up in them. He must be
able to put the right man in the right place, and then throw
responsibility on him. No doubt in doing this, a primary
qualiﬁcation is a certain instinct as to character. He will wisely
leave considerable independence to an able subordinate, hold-
ing him to strict and regular accountability, but only interfer-
ing where general principles are concerned. In a charity, you
must make each head of a school or branch feel that this is
his or her life-work, that honor and usefulness are concerned
with their doing it well, and that you will only interfere
where the main ideas of the plan or institution are violated.
A head of an institution who tries to do all, does nothing
well. It is of the utmost importance that your subordinates
should have their life and heart in their work, and should
act as if it were their own. Of course, the ﬁrst condition in 1 ‘
20
a charitable enterprise is, that all who labor in it should
have a deep moral interest in it, and not a mere professional
part.
From the great number of cases of corruption and of
peculation in public oﬂices, it might be supposed difﬁ-
cult to ﬁnd ordinary men who could take charge of
the money interests of a large charity with common
honesty. But this is not the case. It is evident that integ-
rity can be secured everywhere by careful selection and
good management. Persons should be chosen for a charity
who have a moral interest in the work. They should be made
to feel that their position is permanent and honorable. The
temptations to a great deal of dishonesty are thus taken
away. Though the pay be not large, the employé feels that
he is secure, and that his labors are appreciated. The integ-
rity of the general management reaches him, and money
does not stick to his ﬁngers in small transactions.
The experience in the Ohildren’s Aid Society has been
that during twenty-ﬁve years over three millions of dollars
have passed through the hands of the employés and so far
as is known, not a dollar was ever stolen or wasted. The
investments too have been singularly fortunate and nothing
has ever been lost in any investment made by the Treasurer.
TRUSTEES.
Another exceedingly important element in organization
is the formation of a suitable Board of Trustees. The
Trustees of a prominent charity ought to represent various
classes in the community. They should be men of the
highest character and responsibility, not from the richest
class alone, but from persons of middle fortune and moderate
means. As you, gentlemen, form these Boards in your respec-
tive circles, there is one man you should keep out of them,
Ethe “crotchety man,” the man with “the bee in his bonnet,”
'21
with a pet theory for reforming the world in ninety days,
which he forces in on all occasions. You need men of plia-
bility, good sense, who can work easily together, and who
will not let petty personal ends take the place of the great
objects they are promoting. There will be no diﬁiculty in
regard to the sectarian matter in these Boards, providing
,the members are heartily seeking objects of humanity. The
evils are so great and the means of diminishing them so
small, that persons honestly seeking to remedy them can
work together without difficulty. It is the experience of
our work in New York that people of all sorts of belief and
of no belief, engage in it. We have in our schools, Jews,
Quakers and Agnostics working with others to aid the
poor. In our Board of Trustees there have been for
twenty-ﬁve years men of all kinds of belief, and there has
never been the slightest friction or trouble from this source
among them.
It should be remembered for the credit of the American
people, that there are in all our cities and towns a certain
number of men and women of the “silent classes” who have
shown the highest ability in their private concerns, and who
are persons of the utmost public spirit and often of noble-
ness of character. Such men are not heard of very much in
the market place or the forum, but they take upon themselves
in all our cities the great burdens of charity. They found
churches, build children’s lodging houses, erect model
tenements, assist the poor and give their time, means and
the fruits of great experience to the humble and unfortunate
classes. These labors are not much known by the world.
They are not chronicled in reports or in newspapers, but
they form the foundation of the moral and humane progress
which is steadily ‘going on in our large cities. Nine out of
ten of these persons draw the inspiration of their humanity
from Christian sources. From this class of men we have
22~
drawn the rather remarkable body of Trustees, who have
been placed over this Society from its foundation.
Another esential element of organization is the choice of
a good presiding ofﬁcer. You yourselves, gentlemen, as
clergymen will often be the moderators or heads of your
charities. It should be remembered that the ﬁrst qualiﬁca-
tion of a presiding ofﬁcer is the power of dispatching busi-.
ness. The masculine mind, like the feminine, has a
disposition to run off on all kinds of side matters and not
stick to the points in discussion. A chairman must be able
to continually control this tendency, and bring the members
back to business. He should be a man whose disposition is
to select the via media, who can take the best from the oppos-
ing views, and strike the path which will harmonize both
parties; who has that rarest quality of 1ife--deep and mature
Wisdom—and who does not run off hastily on his own theory
of things, but can accept many truths from others.
And here let me say, gentlemen, how many things we learn
in college which are of no practical use in life, and how many
things we fail to learn which are of the utmost importance.
In the college where I was trained—Yale-~we were thorough-
ly disciplined in logic and reasoning, and were taught that
the greatest art was to overthrow your antagonist by heavy
blows of argument. But in the real battle of life this is of
comparatively little use. Of course there must be sound
reason and logic at the foundation of any position,
but the real victories in the committees, boards and small
assemblies which manage most of the business of society,
are won by convincing your opponents rather than over-
throwing them. It is possible that suam'ter in mode is less
cultivated in Yale than it is now in Harvard; but practical
experience shows thatthe art of winning over your opponents,
of convincing them, of admitting the force of their positions
and then inducing them to accept some of yours, is of far more
23
practical consequence than that of confuting them by logic.
A skillful presiding ofﬁcer will always seek to bring out
the best from each member of his Board, and he should
represent to the community something of its power and wis-
dom. We have been peculiarly fortunate in New York in
enjoying for so many years the wise counsels and excellent
judgment of our President, Mr. William A. Booth, a man
highly honored in our community.
RAISING MONEY.
A very important ‘question in the organization of a
charity is the raising of money. It might seem presump—
tuous in this distinguished presence, to give instruction in
regard to raising money for a great object, but the experi-
ences even on a humbler ﬁeld maybe useful to you. We
have set our faces from the beginning against raising money
for our charity in any sensational manner. We have shown
more than Puritanical severity against lotteries and raffles,
and have even looked coldly on innocent fairs and shows.
Yet no one can imagine the number of disinterested schemes
for aiding an important charity which are laid before its
head. Professional readers appear who are conﬁdent that
a single night’s‘ performance will produce a vast income;
amateur actors who offer wonderful abilities at very cheap
rates; persons with extraordinary shows who are sure that a
single evening will convince an incredulous public; people
with exhibitions, experiments and ventures, who are perfect-
ly willing to devote their talents to humanity, provided the
expenses are assured. Of course “you cannot look a gift
horse in the mouth,” and if a benevolent prize-ﬁghter should
offer the proceeds of his exhibition for the beneﬁt of poor
children, you would be obliged to accept them. My course
has always been to say to these benevolent persons that we are
“greatly obliged for their offer, but that our rule was to as
24
sume no expense or responsibility for these exhibitions.”
This has usually been suﬁicient to send them away. The true
and manly course for a charity is to show every one what
you are doing, to make people familiar with the classes
you labor for and the evils you seek to cure; togive the
utmost publicity to all these benevolent efforts, and to cause
the public to feel that the charity belongs to them and must
be supported by them. If such a charity is managed with
integrity and economy, and is relieving great and palpable
evils, men and women everywhere in this country will come
forward to its support.
Our own gifts and subscriptions come from every part of
the United States. There is now in this country a great
amount of wealth accumulating in the hands of persons who do
not care to found families, but are anxious to found charities,
endow colleges, build institutions of benevolence and other-
wise promote the public welfare by generous benefactions.
The number of such persons is destined to continually
increase, and during the next few years large sums will no
doubt be bestowed on institutions of charity and learning.
Among the endowments which we have already received
from various benevolent individuals, is that of about $235,000
from the estate of Ohauncey Bose, $30,000 from Mrs. J. O.
Greene, the endowment of ﬁve of our Lodging Houses and
the Italian School from various sources amounting to about
$250,000, and during the last two years the founding of the
East Side Lodging House by Miss Wolfe at 'an expense of
$46,000, the gift of a fund amounting to $10,000 for the Sani-
tarium by Mr. D. Willis James, and the establishment of the
Summer Home at Bath, L. I. by Mr. A. 13. Stone, at a cost
of $20,000, with a house worth $13,000 for the beneﬁt of the
Italian School, from Mr. E. P. Fabbri. From Mrs. J. J. Astor,
we have received in different years about $10,000, for send-
ing homeless children to the country.
25
The total amount of bequests during 27 years has been
$128,219; of money-gifts in large sums from seven persons,
$288,000, besides the real estate mentioned above. The
annual income of the Society is about $225,000, of which
about $100,000 come from public sources.
THE TRUE CALL.
No one ought to enter on such labors, any more than on
the ministerial profession, with out “a call of the Spirit.” In-
deed at this period of the world, it would be very foolish for
a man of any ability to do so. _But it often happens that
some men are not prepared mentally for the ministerial life-
their opinions are not sufficiently settled, or other obstacles
intervene—and yet they would gladly devote their lives to
promoting human welfare. For such, the charge of these large
interests of charity might be the natural calling. The head
and guide of a- charity does not indeed have that delicate
and beautiful relation to his charge which sometimes exists
between the pastor and his people. In his labors for others,
he is somewhat like the man in the parable who sent out into
the lanes and hedges and invited the lame and the blind
to his feast. Those whom he helps can never help him in
return; the great number for whom he thinks and toils and
suffers do not even know his name, and can make no repay-
ment of gratitude or affection. But in some respects the
position is more wholesome than that of a pastor. The man
is not surrounded by a little circle of worshippers who make
an idol of him; his opinions and feelings do not become of
exaggerated importance to a small set of admirers; he is
thrown into the friction and current of ordinary life, and
above all, his religious opinions are not forced into ﬁxed
moulds, but are allowed to form themselves in natural lines
of development. To him, perhaps, the Scripture is fulﬁlled,
that he who doeth God’s will, shall know of the doctrine.
r’
26
Working in harmony with the principle of the Universe, it
may be the truths of Christianity become clearer to him:
his opinions get the light of practical experience upon them,
and thus become naturally clariﬁed and settled.
I have sometimes asked myself, “How would such labors
as these be affected were religious belief shaken?” Suppose
so great a calamity should come upon us (which may God
avert!) as the loss of all religious faith—suppose that Reli-
gion should become to our minds, as to so many, only the pro-
lection of the human mind on the dark back-ground of the
Unknown, the Universe the result of chance and thelaws of evo-
lution, God the highest human imagination, and Immortality
the phantasm of a beautiful hope: suppose we should believe
that the sainted dead had. vanished into nothingness, and
that the millions of death-beds lighted up with Faith, had
been mocked by a will-o’-the-wisp of human fancy, and that all
the prayers and groans and tears of man for ages as to the
future, had been but as the crying of children in the night—-
suppose all this, would it make any material change in such
efforts? It would undoubtedly lessen the motive power, for
good; it would cover the world with darkness; it would espe
cially affect the poor and ignorant in their moral life and be an
untold evil to them; but I do not see that with a certain class
of minds, it would essentially change all the motives or the
character of labors for human welfare. Righteousness would
still be Blessedness. It would still be the happiest thing in
the world to help the unhappy. The Universe would indeed
seem afailure;but we should feel it all the more a duty to
do our little part in adjusting its jarring machinery. As we
closed our eyes on a scene where so much worked badly and
which was soon to end in nothingness, it would be a sweet
thought that we had aided human beings to a purer and hap—
pier life some centuries hence, that before all ended in ashes
and returned to the original protoplasm, we had made the
27
ﬂitting life better and happier and truer to creatures who
would never know or hear of us, and as we sink after “life’s
ﬁtful fever” into the dreamless sleep, it would be with a
certain satisfaction, that poor as our life had been, it had
been a life for others not for ourselves. I
But thank God! no such pale and meagre consolation is
offered to us. We work in the lines of the Inﬁnite
Providence above us; we believe that that great and myste-
rious Personality which has led the moral progress of
humanity for eighteen centuries, and seems destined to lead
it for countless centuries to come, is still with us : we have
faith that the lowest human life is related to the inﬁnite
existence beyond: we know the truth that “God is Love,”
and it is stamped on our souls, so that no time or change, or
death itself can wear it out.
I can assure you, gentlemen, that no labors bring such
moral reward as these for the children of the poor. I have
never counted of much worth the so called “prizes of life.”
The things really worth living for are to wipe away a few
tears, to bind up the wounds of humanity, to prevent some of
the worst ills which threaten it, and to serve HIM who hath
done all for us.
.JAN 3 iii}. >5
Humane and


‘ Anti-Cruelty Laws

' of the State of Michigan
elating to Children and
'0 New . ’ Compiled by p
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2 MANUAL
OF THE
Humane and Anti-Cruelty Laws
of the State of Michigan
Relating to Children and
Animals
Compiled by JEFFERSON BUTLER
Attorney-at-Law
By direction of the i
Michigan State Humane Association
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For the use of those engaged in Humane
and Anti-Cruelty work
‘ Compliments of the
Michigan State Humane Association
A SUGGESTION
Before organizing a society write the Secretary of
State, Lansing, explaning the work you wish to organ-
ize for and ask for incorporation blanks.
Act 171, 1903, p. 230. amended by Act 163, 1905, p.228
is a general law for all organizations not for pecuniary
proﬁt. It is not printed here because it is given in full
in the blanks obtained from the Secretary of State.
M A N U A L O F

HUMANE AND ANTl-CRUELTY LAWS
OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN RELAT-
[NO TO CHILDREN AND ANIMALS


An Act to authorize the formation of corporations for
Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
Act 161, 1893, or See. 8418 Compiled Laws 1897-—amend-
ed by Act No. 287, 1909, p. 665.
The people of the State of Michigan enact, That any
number of persons, not less than ten, may become a
body corporate for the purpose of the protection, and
prevention and punishment of cruelty to children. Such
corporation shall be formed by the persons associated for
that purpose, executing under their hands and acknowl-
edging before some person authorized to take acknowl-
edgments of deeds, articles of assocation, which shall
contain:
First, The proposed corporate name of the association;
tion;
Second, The place where the principal oﬂice of the
association will be located;
Third, The period for which the association shall con-
tinue;
Fourth, The object of the association;
Fifth, The names of the persons so associating and
their respective places of residence;
Sixth, The number of directors and regular officers;
8
Seventh, The terms and conditions of membership both
active and honorary;
A copy of such articles of association so executed and
acknowledged, and veriﬁed by the aﬂidavit of one of
the persons who executed the original, shall be ﬁled
and recorded in the office of the secretary of state, and
thereafter, the persons so executing such articles and
those who may afterwards become associated with them,
shall become and be a body politic and corporate for the
3
purposes in such articles mentioned. The affairs of
such corporation shall be managed by a board of dir-
ectors to be chosen in the ﬁrst instance by the persons
who have executed the articles of assocation, and
thenceforth annually by the members of the associaton.
The president, secretary and treasurer of the associa-
tion shall be chosen by the board of directors, and the
president shall be ex ofﬁcio a member of the board. The
board of directors shall have power to make by-laws
prescribing the terms and conditions of membership of
the association, and also with respect to all other matters
relating to the association and its business not incon-
sistent with the provisions of this act. A majority of
the members of the board shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of all business. Any corporation organized
under this act shall have power to take, hold and con-
vey real and personal property necessary for the gen-
eral purposes of the association, and not exceeding ﬁfty
thousand dollars in the aggregate. Such corporation
shall, whenever required by the auditor general, make
and ﬁle with that ofﬁcer, a report giving a full state-
ment of its affairs, showing the amount of money and
the property, its character and value received by it,
from whom such money and property have been re-
ceived, and also the dispositon made thereof, together
with an itemized statement of all money expended by
it and for what purposes. The object of any assoca—
tion organized under this act shall be the inculcation
of humane principles and to secure the enforcement of
legislative laws and those to be hereafter enacted for
the purpose hereinbefore stated with respect to children.
All property acquired‘ by gift, devise or bequest for
special purposes shall be vested in a board of trustees
consisting of three members elected by the association,
which board shall manage said property and apply the
same in accordance with the terms of the gift, devise
or bequest, with power to sell the same and re-invest
the proceeds for a like special purpose. The association
created under this act may act as guardian for any child
committed to its care. Such association may appoint one
or more agents in any county when and as long as there
is no like association, and‘ may appoint agents at large
to prosecute its work throughout the state, who are here-
by authorized to arrest any person found violating any
law for the protection of or prevention of cruelty to
children, and are hereby required to further prosecute
.such offender for any such offense in the manner pre—
scribed by law; but such agents are not authorized to
4
make arrests within any city under police jurisdiction
unless duly authorized by the police authorities thereof.
Such agent so appointed shall be vested with the author-
ity of deputy sheriff of said county so far as the dis~
charge of his duties is prescribed by this act. It is
hereby made the duty of all sheriffs, constables, policemen
and publc officers to assst nay agent in the lawful
execution of his office, and to arrest and prosecute all
persons guilty of offenses in relation to children of which
they have knowledge, and for neglect of such duty the
offender so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor; and any person knowingly and wilfully resisting
or obstructing any such officer or agent shall be prosecuted
as for resisting an officer in the performance of his duty.
.411 Art to authorize the formation of corporations for
the prevention of cruelty to children, animals, birds
and fowls.
Act 206, 1899.
Section 1. That any number of persons, not less than
ten, may become a body corporate for the purpose of
prevention and punishment of cruelty to children, ani—
mals, birds and fowls. Such corporation shall be formed
by the persons associated for these purposes executing
under their hands and acknowledging before some per-
son authorized to take acknowledgments of deeds, art‘
icles of association, which shall contain:
First, The proposed corporate name of the association;
Second, The place where the principal office of the
association shall be located;
Third9 The period for which the association shall con~
tinue;
Fourth, The object of the association;
Fifth, The names of the persons so associating and
their respective places of residence.
Sixth, The number of directors and regular officers;
Seventh, The general terms and conditions of mem-
bership, both active and honorary;
Section 2. A copy of said articles of association so
executed and acknowledged, and veriﬁed by the afﬁdavit
5
of one of the persons who executed the original, shall
be ﬁled and recorded in the ofﬁce of the Secretary. of
State, and in the oﬂice of the County Clerk of the
county in which said corporation shall be organized, and
thereafter the persons so executing such articles and
those who may afterwards become associated with them
shall become and be a.body politic and corporate for
the purposes in such articles mentioned. The affairs
of such corporation shall be managed by a board of
directors, not less than ﬁve in number, to be chosen
in the ﬁrst instance by the persons who have exe-
cuted the articles of association, and thenceforth an-
nually by the members of the association. The presi-
dent, vice-president, secretary and treasurer of the asso-
ciation and all superintendents, agents and other ofﬁcers
shall be chosen by the board of directors, and the
president or any presiding vice-president shall be ex-
ofﬁcio a member of the board. All directors and of-
ﬁcers of the association shall be continued in ofﬁce until
their successors shall be elected by members of the associa-
tion. The board of directors shall have power to make
by-laws, prescribing the terms and conditions of member-
ship of the association, and also with respect to all of the
matters relating to the association and its business not
inconsistent with the provisions of this act. A majority
of the- members of the board of directors shall constitute
a quorum for the transaction of, business. Any cor‘
poration organized under this act shall have power
to acquire, hold and convey real and personal property
necessary for the general purposes of the association, and
not exceeding ten thousand dollars in the aggregate. All
property acquired by gift, devise or bequest for special
purposes shall be vested in a board of trustees consist-
ing of three members elected by the association, which
board shall manage such property and apply the same
in accordance with the terms of the gift, devise or
bequest, with power to sell the same and reinvest the
proceeds for a like special purpose. Such corporation
shall, whenever required by the Secretary of State, make
and ﬁle with that officer a report giving a full statement
of its affairs, showing the amount of money and property,
its character and value received by it, from whom such
money and property has been received, and also the
disposition made thereof, together with an itemized state-
ment of all money expended by it and for what purposes.
Section 3. The object and authority of any association
organized under this act shall be the impressing and
6
diffusing the principles of humanity and mercy and to
secure the enforcement of legislative laws and those
to be hereafter enacted for the purpose of the preven-
tion and punishment of cruelty to children, and to
all animals, birds and fowls. Any association created
under this act may appoint a superintendent and one
or more agents in any county when and as long as
there is no like associaton, and may appoint agents at
large to prosecute its work throughout the State, who are
hereby auhorized to arrest any person found violating
any law for the prevention of any cruelty covered
by this act, under any circumstances under which the
sheriff or other peace officer would be authorized to
arrest without process and are hereby required to prose-
cute such offender for any such offense in the man-
ner prescribed by law, but such agents are not auth-
orized to make arrests in any cities under the police
jurisdiction unless duly authorized by the police auth-
orities thereof. It shall be the duty of the sheriff of
such county to appoint as deputy sheriff each person so
designated superintendent or agent if he be a person
of good moral character, but such sheriff shall not be
responsible for the acts of such deputy sheriff, and
his powers and duties shall be conﬁned to the purposes
of his appointment as superintendent or agent. It is here-
by made the duty of all sheriffs, constables, policemen and
public officers to assist any superintendent or agent in
the lawful execution of his office, and to arrest and
prosecute all persons guilty of offenses in relation to
any cruelty covered by this act of which they have
knowledge, and for neglect of such duty the' offender
so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor;
and any person knowingly and wilfully resisting or ob-
structing any such ofhcer, superintendent or agent shall
be prosecuted as for resisting an officer in the perform-
ance of his duty.
Section 4. Upon the written request of any asso-
ciation incorporated under this act, the governor of
the State may, if he thinks it for the public good, ap-
point one or more of the superintendents or agents of
the association with authority as State humane marshal
to arrest any person in any county in the State, if such
person is at the time committing an act of cruelty cov-
ered by this act, but such offender shall at once be
turned over to the proper local county, town or city of—
ﬁcers for prosecution.
"Q
Section 5. All acts or parts of acts that are in con-
ﬂict or inconsistent with the provisions of this act
are hereby repealed.
.Section 6. Added by Act 201, 1901). The art-
icles of association of corporations formed under thls
act may be altered- or amended by a vote of two-thirds
of the members present at any regular or special meet-
ing called therefor; said amended articles, with the
action of the meeting at which they were adopted, to
be ﬁled without delay in the ofﬁce of the Secretary
of State, and such ﬁling shall be necessary to the
validity and force of such amended articles: Provided,
however, that the vote of a majority of all the members
of such society shall be necessary to decide the questions
of purchase, sale or transfer of property.
See also Act 1'71, 1903, p. 230. And Amendment, Act
163, 1905, p. 228, referred to on back of title page.
Corporation for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Act 119, 1877, or See. 8419 to 8423 of Complied Laws
of 1897, and amendatory Act No. 132, 1907. Provides for
the incorporation of an organiation for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals and fowls (only).
Penalty for unlawful punishment, or cruelty, to children.
11507. Sec. 1. The People of the State of Michigan
enact, That any parent or guardian or person under
whose protection any child may be, who tortures, cruelly
or unlawfully pun.shes, or wilfully, unlawfully, or negli-
gently deprives of necessary food, clothing or shelter, or
who wilfully abandons a child under sixteen years of age,
or who habitually causes or permits the health of such
child to be injured, his or her life endangered by expos-
ure, want or other injury to his or her person, or causes
or permits him or her to engage in any occupation that
will be likely to endanger his or her health or deprave
his or her morals or who habitually permits him or her to
frequent public places for the purpose of begging or re-
ceiving alms, or to frequent the company of or consort
with reputed thieves or prostitutes, or by vicious training
depraves the morals of such child, shall upon conviction
be deemed guilty of a felony, and punished by imprison-
ment in the county jail or in the State prison or the State
house of correction at Ionia at hard labor for not more
than ﬁve years nor less than three months: Provided,
8
however, If, after such conviction and before sentence,
in case the child has not been deformed or maimed,
he or she shall appear before the clerk of the court
in which said conviction shall have taken place, and
with good and sufficient surety, to be approved
by said clerk, enter into bond to the people of the state
of Michgan in the penal sum of one thousand dollars
conditioned that he or she will furnish such child or
children with necessary and proper home, care, food,
shelter, protection and clothing, the said court may suspend
sentence therein. When complaint is made on oath or
affirmation to a magistrate or court having jursdiction in
such cases that the complainant believes that any of the
provisions of law relating to or affecting children are
being, or are about to be violated in any particular build-
ing orrplace, such magistrate or court being satisﬁed that
there is reasonable ground for such belief, shall issue a
warrant directed to the proper sheriff, constable, police
oﬂicer or agent of such association, authorizing him to
enter and search such building or place, and to arrest any
person there present, violating or attempting to violate
any such law, and to bring such person before some court
or magistrate of competent jurisdiction, together with the
child or children concerning ‘whom such offense has been
committed, to be dealt with according to the law; and
such attempt shall be held to be a violation of such law,
and shall subject the person charged therewith if found
guilty to the penalties provided for such violation.
Children ill-treated may be removed from parent or
guardian.
5563. Section 11. Every child under sixteen years of
age who is ill-treated within the meaning of this act,
by his father, mother or guardian, is hereby declared
to be under the protection of public authority and may
be removed from such parent or guardian as herein
provide .
What declared ill-treatment.
5564. Section 12. An ill-treated child is hereby de-
clared to he:
First, One whose father, mother or guardian shall
habitually violate or permit such child to violate the
provisions of sections one, two, ﬁve and six of this act.
9
_ Second, One, whose father, mother or guardian habitu-
ally causes or permits the health of such child to’ be in-
jured or his life to be endangered by exposure, want,
or other injury to his person, or causes or permits him to
engage in any occupation that will be likely to endanger
his health,‘ or life, or deprave his morals.
Third, One whose father, mother, or guardian is an
habitual drunkard or a person of notorious and scanda-
lous conduct, or a reputed thief, or a prostitute, or one
who habitually permits him to frequent public places
for the purpose of begging or receiving alms, or to
frequent the company of, or consort with reputed thieves
or prostitutes, with or without such father, mother or
guardian, or by any other act, example, or by vicious
training depraves the morals of such child.
Duty of Judge of Probate in case of Complaint.
5565. Section 13. Upon complaint made to the judge
of probate of the proper county that any child has been
ill-treated, in either manner stated in this act, he shall
examine the complainant on oath and shall reduce the
complaint to writing and cause the same to be subscribed
by the complainant and if it shall appear that such
offense has been committed, the judge of probate shall
issuea. writ reciting the substance of the complaint and
1equire the ofﬁcer to Whom it is directed to forthwith
bring'the child so alleged to have been ill-treated
and the parent or guardian charged with such ill-treatment
before such judge of probate, to be dealt with accord-
ing to law; and in the same writ he may require the
ofﬁcer to summon such witnesses as shall be named
therein to. appear‘ and give evidence on trial.
01: return of writ.
5566, That on the return of such writ with said child
' and the accused, the judge of probate shall proceed to
hear and determine the cause. If it shall appear by the
returns of the oﬁicer that the accused cannot be found
in the county, the hearing shall proceed without him. If
the child shall be without counsel, it shall be the duty of
the prosecuting attorney, on the request of the judge
of probate, to appear in his behalf. If the accused or
counsel for the child shall so request the judge of pro~
bate shall order a jury to be summoned to ﬁnd the facts
in the case, and the judge of probate may in his discretion
10
order a jury on his own motion. The jury so ordered shall-
be a jury of six persons and shall be summoned and em-
paneled in accordance with the ‘law relating to juries in
courts held by justices of the peace. If on the hearing‘
the judge of probate shall ﬁnd, or the verdict .of the jury
shall determine, that the allegations in the complaint’ are.
trueythe judge of probate shall make and enter an order
that the accused has forfeited his right to the custody of
the child during minority and that the child be disposed
of, -in the discretion of the judge of probate, by one of
the following methods: ,
Disposition of child.
First, By the appointment of a respectable and suitable
person of sufﬁcient means as guardian of the custody and
education of the child, who shall not be required to give
bonds as such guardian, unless it shall appear that such-
child has personal or real property, who shall execute a
Written agreement in form approved by said judge of pro-
bate, and ﬁled in said court, which shall provide for the
treatment of the child as a'member of the family, and for
his proper support and education in the public schools.
‘On complaint thereafter made to the judge of probate that
said guardan does not faithfully execute the terms of said
contract, the said judge of probate shall cite said guardian
to appear before him, and if it is then found that the
allegations in the complaint are true, the said judge of
probate may cancel the contract and make a new order
for the disposition of the childas herein provided.
Second, By sending such child, if over two and under
twelve years of age, and sound in mind and body, to the
state public school at Coldwater, to be there received and
to be subject to such dispositon as the laws regulating
that institution provide:
Third, By delivering such child to the superintendents
of_the poor, if he is under two or over twelve years of
age or is not sound in mind and body, to be by them in-
dentured to some suitable person, according to the pro-
visions of sections eight and nine of this act, or to pro-
vide for him by the county as for other poor persons.
Power of Circut Judge ewe/m custody of child is in con-
tro‘versy.
' 5567‘. See. 15. In all suits or proceedings in chancery
and in all habeas corpus proceedings where the custody of
1'1
any child under sixteen years of age is in controversy, if
the court or judge shall be satisﬁed from the evidence that
either party to such proceedings would ill-treat such child,
within the meaning of this act, if placed in his custody,
or otherwise, would be unsuitable to have such custody,
the said judge or court may order that the other party
to such proceedings shall have the custody of such child
during minority, if it shall appear to the satisfaction of
such judge or court that such other party would be a
suitable one to have such custody and would not ill-treat
such child within the meaning of this act. And if it shall
appear to the satisfaction of the judge or court that neith-
er party to such proceedings is a suiable one to have such
custody, the judge or court shall order that the parties to
such procedings have forfeited any rights that they may
have had to the custody of said child, during minority,
and the custody of such child during minority sha'llL in
the discretion of such judge or court, be disposed of by
such judge or court by either of the methods provided in
section fourteen of this act. The contract when made and
approved by said judge or court shall be ﬁled in the pro-
bate court, and the judge of probate of the probate court
where the contract is ﬁled, shall have the same authority
to cancel such contract and dispose of the child again as
provided in said section fourteen as in other cases:
Provided, That in all cases arising under the provisions
of this act appeal shall be allowed as in other cases
triable before said court.
Liceense required to receive and place out children.
Act 300, 1913, p. 3'73, forbids any person or corporation
from receiving or placing out children without a license
from the Board of Corrections and Charities.
Restrictions on placing of Children.
Section 5568 and 5569 C. L., 1897, makes it unlawful
to give any child, under the age of 14 years, to the pro—
prietor, keeper or manager of a house of prostitution,
saloon, or other place where intoxicating liquors are sold
or given away.
Employment of Childreen.
Act 285, 1909, p. 646, makes it unlawful to employ any
child under 21 years of age, in any theatre, concert hall,
or place of amusement, where intoxicating liquors are
12
sold. No child under 14 years shall be employed, per-
mitted or suffered to Work in or in connection with any
mercantile institution, store, oflice, hotel, laundry, manu-
facturing establishment, bowling alley, passenger or
freight elevator, factory or workship, telegraph or mes-
senger service, within this State.
Act 220, 1911, p. 384. Section 11. N0 female under
the age of 21 years and no male under the age of 18
years shall be allowed to clean machinery while in mo-
tion nor employed in or about any distillery, brewery, or
any other establishment where malt or alcoholic liquors
are manufactured, packed, wrapped or bottled, nor in
any hazardous employment, or where their health may be
injured or morals depraved, nor shall females be neces-
sarily required in any employment‘ to remain standing
constantly. No child under the age of 16 years shall be
employed in or about any theatre, variety show, moving
picture show, burlesque show or other kind of playhouse,
music or dance hall, pool room or billiard room.
Certiﬁcates may be obtained at the age of 16 from the
Department of Labor if it has an oﬂice in the city, otherwise
from the superintendent of schools.
Act 285, 1909, p. 646.
Section 9 provides that no male under the age of 18
years and no female shall be employed in any factory,
mill, warehouse, workshop, clothing, dressmaking or mil-
linery establishment, or in any place where the manufac-
ture of goods is carried on, or where any goods are pre-
pared for manufacture, or in any laundry, store, shop or
any other mercantile establishment, for a period longer
than an average of 9 hours in any one day or 54 hours
in any one week nor more than 10 hours in any one day.
Exception is made in saving perishable fruits and veg-
etables in any canning establishment.
No female under the age of 18 years shall be employed
in any manufacturing establishment between the hours of
6 p. m. and 6 a. m,
No child under 16 years shall be employed in any
manufacturing establishment or workshop or mine or mes-
senger service in this State between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m.
except messengers for telegraph or telephone companies
or in the postal service of the United States.
This Act was amended by Act 220, 1911, p. 384, which
provides that this law shall be posted in a proper place.
13
Adoption, and Change of Name.
‘ 8776. See. 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact,
That whenever any person or persons shall desire to
adopt any minor child, and to change the name of such
child, and to bestow upon him or her the family name of
the person or persons adopting such child, or to adopt any
minor child without a change of name, with intent to
make such child his, her or their heir, such proceedings
shall be had as are hereinafter provided.
8777, Sec. 2. Such adoption, and in case a change of
name is desired, such change of name shall be with the
[consent of the persons hereinafter described, viz.:
(a) In case the parents of said child, or either of
them, are living, then with the consent of such parent or
the survivor of them;
(b) In case such child is abandoned, by one of its
parents, then with the consent. of the other parent;
‘ '(c) In case such'child be \illegtimate, then with the
consent of its mother; '
(d) In case such child is an orphan, or is abandoned
by its parents or surviving parent, or by its mother, if
it be illegitimate, then with the consent of the nearest of
kin .or guardian of such child, or of the principal officer
of any incorporated asylum, hospital or home, of which
,such child may be an inmate, or of two superintendents of
the poor of the county, or the director of the poor of any
city or township of which such child is a resident, or of
the principal officer of any institution, public or private,
in this’state or elsewhere, in whose care such orphan or
abandoned child may be;
(e) In case the parents, or surviving parent of such
child, or the mother, if said child be illegitimate, or the
parent who has not abandoned it, if such child has been
abandoned by one of its parents, has or have surrendered
and released, in a writing duly executed and acknowl-
edged before an ofhcer authoried by ‘law to take acknowl-
edgments of deeds, all his, her or their parental rights in
and to such child and the custody and control thereof to
an incorporated asylum, hospital or home, of which such
child may be an inmate, for the purpose of enabling such
incorporated asylum, hospital or home to have said child
adopted by some suitable person, its name changed, when
a change is desired, and the child made an heir at law
14
under the provisions of this act, then with the consent'of
the- principal officer of any such incorporated asylum’,
hospital or home, and the aforementioned release executed
by ‘a parent or parents as aforesaid to said asylum, hospi-
tal or home, shall be ﬁled with the instrument of adoption
in the Probate Court;
(f) In case said child is legally an inmate of the
state public school, then with the consent of the superin-
tendent of such school, and the county agent of the state
board of corrections and charities for the county wherein
the person adopting such child resides; -
(g) In case such child shall have been committed by
an order of a court of competent jurisdction, to the care
of any incorporated association, embracing in its objects
the purpose of caring for, or obtaining homes‘ for depend-
ent or neglected children, approved by the State Board
of Corrections and Charitiesfthen with the consent of the
principal ofﬁcer of such association:
(h) In any case heretofore described, if such child be
above the age of ten years, then with ‘the additional con-
sent of such child; ' i‘
(i) In case ‘any person herein designated as a parent
with whose consent such adoption and change of name,
where such change is desired, shall be insane or mentally
incompetent, then such adoption and change of name,
Where change of name is desired, shall be with the con-
sent of the general guardian of such insane or mentally
incompetent parent, and such consent of the general guar-
dian shall have the same force and effect vas if made by
the insane or mentally incompetent parent while ‘in sound
mind. -
8778. Sec. 3. Said person or persons ﬁrst above des~
cribed, together with his or her wife or husband, if any
there be, and the person or persons, ofﬁcer or agent re-
quired by the preceding secton to consent thereto, shall
make under their hands and seals an instrument in writ-
.ing, whereby they shall declare that such child. naming
him or her by the name he or she has usually borne, is
adopted as the child of the person or persons ﬁrst above
referred to, and that he, she or they intend to make such
child his, her or their heir, and shall state the full name
they desire such child shall bear.
15
8779. See. 4. The execution of such instrument shall be
acknowledged by the person so signing the same, before an
officer authorized by law to take acknowledgments of
deeds, and thereupon the same shall be presented to, and
ﬁled with the judge of probate of the county where such
person or persons adopting such child reside.
See. 99 M. 170; 70 M. 297; 49 M. 540; 137 M. 147;
137 M. 354; 138 M. 180.
When neither parent or guardian consents to the adop-
tion in writing, the person or persons taking the child,
must be approved by the County Agent. See 5561 Sec. 5.
Treatment for deformed or diseased child.
Act 2'74, 1913, p. 529, provides that any child afflicted
with a malady or deformity that can be remedied, whose
parents are unable to provide care and treatment, may
be sent to Ann Arbor University Hospital for treatment
by order of the Probate Court.
Care of Blind Children.
Act 258, 1913, p. 486, gives power to the State Board
of Education to provide for care and instruction of blind
children under the age of six years where parents are
unable to do so.
Prevention of blindness in new-horn child.
Act 123, 1913, p. 221.
Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of any physician, nurse or
midwife who shall assist and be in charge at the birth
of any infant, or have charge of the same after birth, to
treat the eyes of the infant with a prophylaxis approved
bv the State Board of Health; and such treatment shall
be given as soon as practical after the birth of the infant
and always within one hour, and if any redness, swelling,
inﬂammation or gathering of pus shall appear in the eyes
of such infant or upon the lids or about the eyes, within
two weeks after birth, then any nurse, midwife or other
person having care of the infant shall report the same to
some competent practicing physician within six hours of
its discovery.
16
‘more.
Sec. 3 provides for ﬁne and imprisonment for non com-
pliance with the provisions of section 2.
Crippled- Children.
Act 152, 1913, p.’ 264 in Sec. 2, p. 265 makes provision
for crippled children between the ages of 5 and 14 years
to be cared for in cottages at Coldwater provided such
children are dependent upon the public. Education is also
provided.
O
County Hospitals.
Act 350, 1913, p. 659, permits each county 0 raise
money for a hospital. Sec. 19 authorizes the trustees to
provide a department for dependent children.
Lyi71g-in—Hospitals—C/zildren.
Act 263, 1913, p. 490.
Sec. 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person or.
persons to conduct, establish, maintain or carry on, any
maternity hospital, lying-in asylum, or other place where
females may be received, cared for or treated during
pregnancy, or during or after. delivery, without having
ﬁrst obtained a license in writing, as hereinafter provided,
from the board of Corrections and Charities.
Sec. 2. The board of Corrections and Charities is here-
by au'thorized to grant licenses to conduct, establish, main-
tain or carry on, any maternity or lying-in hospial, under
such rules andregulaions as the said board may pre-
scribe. Maternity or lying-in hospital is deﬁned as such
place where females are received during pregnancy or
after, delivery.
Sec. 4 provides for the keeping of a register of name,
sex, etc., of children including adoption or giving out of
child.
Sec. 5 permits inspection by Board of Corrections and
Charities, local board of health and agent of incorporated
society for prevention of cruelty to children.
Compulsory Education.
Act 200, 1905, amended by Act 63, 1909; Act 255, 1911,
and Act 45, 1913, p. 69, provides for compulsory education
between the ages of '7 and 16 years except that a permit
may be obtained from school authorities at the age of 14
releasing from attendance.
Education of Children of Indigent Parents.
Act 198, 1911, p. 331, provides for the education of the
children of indigent persons upon report to the School
Board of the district.
Wife Desertion—Compensation.
Act 175, 1913, p. 331, provides that where a wife is
deserted and the husband imprisoned for such desertion,
compensation shall be given to the Superintendent of the
Poor for such wife by the warden of the prison if funds
are available. Sec. 2 speciﬁes the various amounts al-
lowed the wife and children which must be secured
through the Superintendents of the Poor of the County or
Ciﬁv
Dependent Children—Mothers’ Pension.
Act 228, 1913, p. 444, amending Sec. 7 of Extra Session
of 1907 as follows: .
Sec. '7'. When any child under the age of 17 years shall
be found to be a dependent or neglected child within the
meaning of this act, the court may make an order com—
mitting the child to the care of some suitable State institu-
tion subject to the law and regulations governing such
institution, or the care of some reputable citizen of good
moral character, or to the care of some training school,
or industrial school, as such provided by law, to the care
of some association willing _to receive it, embracing in
its objects the purpose of caring for or obtaining homes
for dependent or neglected children, which association
shall have been approved by the State Board of Cor~
rections and Charities: Provided, that if the mother of
such dependent or neglected child is unmarried, or is a
widow or has been deserted by her husband, and is poor
and unable to properly care and provide for said child,
but is otherwise a proper guardian, and it is for the wel-
18
fare of such child to remain in the custody of its mother,
the court may enter an order ﬁnding such facts and ﬁx-
ing the amount of money necessary to enable the mother
to properly care for such child; such amount not to ex-
ceed three dollars a week for each child. Thereupon it
shall be the duty of the county treasurer of the county
which such child is a resident, to pay from the general
fund of such county, to such mother, at such times as such
order may designate, the amount so speciﬁed for the care
of such dependent or neglected child until the further
order of the court. Such order shall not require the ap—
proval of the board of supervisors or county auditor or
auditors. The court shall, when the health or condition
of the child shall require, cause the child to be placed
in a public hospital or in an institution for treatment or
special care, or in a private hospital or institution for
special care or treatment, the expense to be paid “from the
general fund of the county of which the child is a resi-
dent
Unlawful to be responsible for or contribute to the delin-
quency of children.
Act 314. 1907. Sec. 1. In all cases where any child
shall be a delinquent child, or a juvenile delinquent per-
son as deﬁned by the statutes of this State, the parent
or parents, legal guardian or person having the custody of
such child, or any other person, responsible for or by
any act encouraging, causing or contributing to the delin-
quency of such child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,
and upon trial and conviction thereof, shall be punished
by a ﬁne not exceeding the sum of one hundred dollars
or imprisonment in the county jail for a period not ex-
ceeding ninety days, or both such ﬁne and imprisonment:
Provided, That the court may, in its discretion, suspend
sentence upon any person found guilty under this act upon
conditions which may be imposed by the court at the time
of the suspension of such sentence.
ﬂct 260, 1881, Compiled Laws 1897, 5553 to 5567.
Exhibition of children prohibited in certain cases.
5553—Section 1. The people of the State of Mich-
igan, enact, That any person having the care, custody,
or control of any child under sixteen years of age, who
shall exhibit, use, or employ, or who shall apprentice,
give away, let out or otherwise dispose of any such
19
child to any person in or for the vocation, service or
occupation of rope or wire walking, gymnast, contortion-
ist, rider, or acrobat, dancing or begging, in any
place whatsoever, or for any obscene, indecent, or immoral
purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever, or for any
exhibition injurious to the health or dangerous to the
life or limb of such child, or who shall cause, procure,
or encourage such child to engage therein, and any per-
son who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit,
or have in custody any such child for any of the purposes
mentioned in this section, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor.
Minors or Students not allowed in saloons, poolrooms,
dance-houses, reads as follocoss
Section 2. (As amended by Act 203, 1909, p. 268.) No
minor child under seventeen years of age, nor any minor
who is a student in any public, private or parochial
schools in the State of Michigan, shall be permitted to re-
main in any saloon, barroom or other place where any
spirituous or intoxicating liquor, or any wine or beer, or
any beverage, liquor or liquors containing any spirituous
or intoxicating liquor, beer or malt liquor, is sold,
given away or furnished for a beverage; or in any
place of amusement known as dance houses, concert,
saloons, variety theatres or in any house of prostitution;
or in any room or hall occupied or used for hire, gain or
reward, for the purpose of playing billiards, pool, nine—
pins, bowling, cards, dice or any other unlawful game,
or in any room or hall used or occupied for gaming, pool-
selling or betting in any manner whatever, or in any
room or hall in which any cigars or tobacco are sold or
kept for sale, where any such games are played. Any
proprietor, keeper or manager of any such place, who
shall permit such child to remain in any such place,
and any person who shall encourage or induce in any
way such child to enter such place or to remain therein
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con-
viction thereof, shall be punished by a ﬁne of not less
than twenty-ﬁve dollars nor more than ﬁfty dollars, or
by imprisonment in the county jail not less than ten
days or more than thirty days or both such ﬁne and
and imprisonment in the discretion of the court.
20
Unlawful to furnish liquor to minors, &c. See 5391 C. L.,'
129 Mich. pg. 3, 138 Mic/2.; 32, 145 Mich; 391; sse
also 5392-3 C. L. _
Sale and use of cigarettes forbidden as to minors.
Act 226, 1909, p. 411.
Sec. 2. Any person within this State who sells, gives
to, or in any way furnishes any cigarettes in "any form
to any person under 21 years of age shall be punished by
a ﬁne not to exceed $50, or imprisonment in the county
jail not to exceed 30 days for each offense.
Sec. 3. Any person under 21 years of age who shall
smoke or use cigarettes in any form on any public High-
way, street, alley, park or other land used for public pur-
poses, in any public place of business, may be arrested
by any ofﬁcer of the law, who may be cognizant of such
offense; and further it shall be the duty of all such ofﬁ-
cers, upon complaint of any person‘ and upon warrant
properly issued to arrest such oEenders and take them
to the proper court.
Punishment is provided for but the court may suspend
sentence by accused giving information leading to the
arrest and punishment of the person selling.
Sale of liquors to minors.
Act 160, 1909, p. 325.
Sec. 1. It shall not be lawful for any person to sell
or give to any minor as a beverage any distilled liquor or
mixture containing any distilled liquor.
Sec. 2. It shall not be lawful for any person to sell,
furnish. or give to any minor as a beverage any brewed,
malt, fermented, spiriuous, vinous or intoxicaing liquor
or any mixture containing any of said liquors.
Sec. 4 provides for punishment.
Indecent or obscene language not to be used in the pres’
ence of any 'woman or child.
11737. Sec. 1. The people of the State of Michigan
enact, That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons
to use any indecent, immoral, obscene, vulgar or insulting
21
language in the presence or hearing of any woman or
child within the limits of any township, village or city in
the State of Michigan.
11738 Sec. 2. Any person who shall violate any of the
provisions of this act shall, upon conviction thereof, be
punished by a ﬁne of not more than one hundred dollars
or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding ninety
days, and in case of the non-payment of such ﬁne when
imposed, the court trying the same may make a further
sentence that the offender be imprisoned in the county
jail for a deﬁnite period not exceeding ninety days, unless
said ﬁne shall be sooner paid.
Obscene books €9°c., not to be furnished to children.
5557. Section 5. Any person who shall sell, give
away, or in any way furnish to any minor child any
book, pamphlet, or other printed paper or other thing,
containing obscene language, or obscene prints, pictures,
ﬁgures, or descriptions tending to the corruption of the
morals of youth, or any newspapers, pamphlets or other
printed matter devoted to the publication of criminal
news, police reports, or criminal deeds, and any person
who shall in any manner hire, use, or employ such child
to sell, give away, or in any manner distribute such books,
pamphlets, or printed papers, and any person having the
care, custody, or control of any such child, who shall per-
mit him or her to engage in any such employment, shall
on conviction thereof be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
Exhibition of certain books, Eta, prohibited.
5558. Sec. 6. Every person who shall exhibit upon any
public street or highway, or in any other place within the
view of children passing on any public street or highway,
any book, pamphlet, or other printed paper or thing con—
taining obscene language or obscene prints, ﬁgures or
descriptions, tending to the corruption of the morals of
youth, or any newspapers, pamphlets, or other printed
paper or thing devoted to the publication of criminal
news, police reports or criminal deeds, shall on convic-
tion thereof, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
11702. Section 1. The People of the State of Mich-
igan, enact, That any person who sells, lends, gives
away, or offers to sell, lend or give away, or shows, or
22
Ismael
has in (his) possession with intent to sell, lend, or give
away, or to show or advertise, or who offers to loan, give,
sell, or distribute any obscene, immoral, lewd, lascivious,
or indecent book, magazine, pamphlet, newspaper, writing,
paper, print pictures, drawing, publication or photograph,
or any article or instrument of indecent or immoral useJ or
who designs, copies, draws, photographs, prints, utters,
publishes, or otherwise prepares such a book, picture
drawing, paper, or other article or thing, or writes or
prints, or causes to be written or printed, a circular, ad-
vertisement, or notice of any kind, or gives information
orally, stating when, where, how, or of whom, or by what
process such obscene article or thing can be purchased or
obtained; or second, any person who sells, lends, gives
away, or shows, or has in his possession with intent to
sell, or give away, or to show, advertise, or otherwise
offers for loan, gift, or distribution, any book, pamphlet,
magazine, newspaper, or other printed paper, devoted fo
the publication or principally made up of criminal news,
police reports, or accounts of criminal deeds, or pictures
and stories of deeds of bloodshed, lust, or crime; or third,
any person who in any manner hires, uses, or employs
any minor child to sell, or give away, or in any manner
to distribute, or who having the care, custody, or control
of any minor child, permits such child to sell, give away,
or in any other manner to distribute any book, magazine,
pamphlet, newspaper, story paper, writing, paper, picture,
drawing, photograph, or other article or matter coming
within the description of articles and matter mentioned
in the ﬁrst and second subdivisions of this section or any
of them, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con-
viction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in the
county jail not more than three months, or by ﬁne not
exceeding one hundred dollars, or by both such ﬁne and
imprisonment in the discretion of the court.
11703. Section 2. All municipal courts and justices of
the peace, on complaint supported by oath or affirmation,
that any person has in his possession or control any in—
decent books, papers, articles, and things described in
this act, shall issue a warrant directed to the sheriff
of the county, within which such complaint shall be
made, or to any constable, marshal or police officer, with-
in said county, directing him, them, or any' of them
to search for, seize, and take possession of, such obscene
and indecent books, papers, articles and things, and said
court or justice of the peace shall, upon conviction
23
of the person or persons offending, under the law, any
of the provisions of this act, forthwith in the presence
of the person or persons upon whose complaint the said
seizure or arrest is made, if he or they shall, after notice
thereof, elect to be present, destroy, or cause to be des-
troyed, the aforesaid books, papers, articles and things, and
shall cause to be entered upon the records of his court
the fact of such destruction.
Display of certain pictures, etc., unlarwful.
11724. See. 1. The people of the State of Michigan
enact, That it shall be unlawful for any person to post,
place or display on any sign board, bill board, fence,
building, sidewalk, or other object, or in any street, road,
or other public place, any sign, picture, printing, or other
representation of murder, assassination, stabbing, ﬁghting,
or of any personal violence, or of the commission of any
crime, or any representation of the human form in an
attitude or dress which would be indecent in the case of a
living person, if such person so appeared in any public
street, square or highway. ,
Abusing female under 16 years.
See. 11489 C. L., 1897, punishes for carnal knowledge
or abuse of females under 16 years.
Enticing for immoral purposes.
Sec. 11493 C. L., 1897, forbids and punishes for enticing
away any female under 16 years for immoral purposes or
marriage without the consent of the parents or guardians.
Unlayful to dehauch children under 15 years of age.
11722. Sec. 1. The People of the State of Michigan
enact, That any female person over the age of ﬁfteen
years who shall knowingly and wilfully debauch the per-
son and deprave the morals of any boy under the age of
ﬁfteen years, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, upon
conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment in the
state prison for not more than ﬁve years, in the discretion
of the court.
24
Asault of Females under 14 years deemed felonious.
11719. Sec. 1. The People of the State of Michigan
enact, That if any male person or persons over the age
of fourteen years shall assault a female child under the
age of fourteen years, and shall take indecent and im-
proper liberties with the person of such child, without
committing or intending to commit the crime of rape upon
such child, he shall be deemed a felonious assaulter, and
on conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment
in the state prison not more than ten years, or by ﬁne not
exceeding one thousand dollars, or both such ﬁne and im-
prisonment, in the discretion of the court.
11720. Sec. 2. Any indictment or information charg-
ing any person or persons with rape, or an attempt to
commit a rape, upon any female, if such female shall be
at the time such offense is claimed to have taken place,
under the age of fourteen years, may also contain a count
charging such person or persons to be a felonious assault-
er under section one of this act; and the jury who shall
try such cause may convict of either offense, and may ﬁnd
all or any of the persons indicted or informed against
guilty of either of the offenses charged in such indictment
or information.
See 86 Mich. 243; 98 Mich. 86; 105 Mich. 117-119; 79
M. 366; 71 N. W. 641; 108 M. 48; 113 M. 367; 136 M.
309.
Unlawful to convey to, employ in, etc. house of ill-fame,
etc., female of seventeen or under.
11725. See. 2. That it shall be unlawful for any person
or persons for any purpose Whatever, to take or convey to,
or to employ, receive, detain or sufjer to remain in any
house of prostiution, house of ill-fame, bawdy-house,
house of assignation, or in any house or place for the
resort of prostiutes or other disorderly persons, any female
11726. Sec. 3. Any person who shall violate any of
he provisions of this act shall upon conviction thereof be
punished by a ﬁne of not more than one hundred dollars
or by imprisonment in he county jail not exceeding
ninety days, and in the case of the non-paymen of such ﬁne
when imposed, the court may make a further sentence
25
Juvenile Court Law of 1907.
Act 6. Extra Session.
Amended by Act 310, 1909, p. 761; Act 262, 1911, p.
447; and Act 363, 1913, p. 693.
Sec. 1. This act shall apply only to minors. For
the purpose of th1s act the words “dependent child”
and “neglected child” shall mean any child who for
any reason is destitute or homeless or abandoned or
dependent upon the public for support or who has not
proper parental care or guardianship or who habitually
begs or receives alms or who is found living in any
house of ill—fame or with any vicious or disreputable
person or whose home by reason of neglect, cruelty or
depravity, on the part of its parents, guardian, or other
person in whose care it may be, is an unﬁt place for such
cnild; any child under the age of twelve years who is
found begging, peddling, or singing or playing any musi-
cal instrument as a business or who accompanies or is
used in the aid of any person so doing. The words “delin-
quent child” shall include any boy or girl under seven—
teen yeafs of age, who violates any law of this State
or any city or village ordinance, or who is incorrigible or
who knowingly associates with thieves, vicious or im—
moral persons, or who is growing up in idleness or crime,
or who knowingly visits or enters a house of ill-repute,
or who knowingly patronizes or frequents any policy shop
or place where any gaming device is or shall be operat-
ed; or who patronizes or frequents any saloon or place
where intoxicating liquors are sold, or who frequents or
patronizes any public pool-room or bucket-shop, or who
wanders about the streets in the night time without being
on any lawful business or occupation, or who habitually
wanders about any railroad yard or tracks, or jumps or
hooks on to any moving train, or enters any car or engine
without lawful authority or who habitually uses vile, ob-
scene, vulgar, profane, or indecent language or is guilty
of immoral conduct in any public place or about any
school house; every child who is vicious, incorrigible or
immoral in conduct, or who is an habitual truant from
school or who habitually wanders about the streets and
public places during school hours without any lawful
occupation or employment. Any child committing any of
the acts herein mentioned shall be deemed a juvenile
delinquent person and shall be proceeded against as such
in the manner hereinafter provided. A disposition of any
26
‘7
child under this act, or any evidence given in such cause,
shall not, in any civil, criminal or other cause or pro—
‘ceding whatever in any court, be lawful or proper evi-
dence against such child for any purposes whatever ex-
cepting in subsequent cases against the same child under
this act.
Sec. 2. The probate court shall have original juris-
diction in all cases coming within the terms of this act
and while proceeding under this act shall be termed Juv-
enile Division of the Probate Court. In all trials under
this act any person interested herein may demand a jury
of six or the judge of his own motion may order a jury
of the same number to try the case, and the jury so order-
ed shall be summoned and empanelled in accordance with
the law relating to juries in courts held by justices of the
peace: Provided, That in case the judge of probate in
any county is so occupied with the duty devolving upon
him in the probate court as not to have time to attend to
the cases arising under this act and shall so certify to the
circuit court, the circuit judge or one of them in districts
where there is more than one circuit judge, to be desig-
nated by the judges of said court, shall hear the cases
under this act provided to be heard by the judges of pro-
bate, but said circuit judge shall not exercise the powers
of the probate court in such cases for a longer period than
two months, unless a new certiﬁcate and designation be
made, which shall, in like maner, be effective for a
like period. Proceedings under this act shall not be
deemed to be criminal proceedings and this act shalf not
prevent the trial by criminal procedure in the proper
courts of children over fourteen years of age, charged
with the commission of a felony.
Sec. 3. All examinations or trials of cases coming
under the provisions of this act shall be held in the
probate court room or chambers, or in a room in the
county court house or in a suitable apartment conveniently
near the said court house. The proceedings and ﬁndings
of the court in all examinations and trials of such cases
shall be entered in a book or books to be kept for that
purpose and shall be known as the Juvenile Record. The
judge may exclude from the court room in trials under
this act any person whose presence is deemed prejudicial
to the interests of the child or the public, when such per-
son does not have a recognized personal interest in the
case. It shall be the duty of the board of supervisors in
each county within ninety days after this act shall take
27
effect to provide and maintain at public expense, a deten-
tion room or house of detention or other suitable place,
separate from the jail, lockup, police station or other place
of conﬁnement used for the incarceration of adult crimi:
nals or adults charged with crimes or misdemeanors. Such
detention place shall be properly located both for the con-
venience of the court work, and with a view to the
healthful, physical and moral environment of all children
within the provisions of this act, who shall, when neces-
sary, be detained in such place of detenion so provided.
It shall be unlawful to conﬁne or detain any juven-
ile coming within the provisions of this act in any jail,
lock-up, police station or place of conﬁnement used for
the incarceration of criminals of persons accused of crimes
or in any place not conforming to the requirements of this
section, and any officers or persons so detaining or con-
ﬁning such juvenile shall be deemed guilty of a mis-
demeanor and punished accordingly.
Such place of detention shall be in charge of a
matron or other person, capable and of good moral char-
acter. Any child held in ‘said place of detention shall
have the right to give bond or other security for its ap-
pearance at the trial of such case, and the court may, in
any such case appoint counsel to appear and defend, on
behalf of any such child, who shall be paid out of the
general fund of the county or city for such services, such
sum as the court shall direct: Provided, That the prosecut-
ing attorney shall appear for the people when ordered
by the court.
Sec. 4. The governor shall appoint, in each county
of this State, an agent of the State Board of Cor-
rections and Charities, for the care and protection of
dependent, neglected and delinquent children, who shall
hold his office during the pleasure of the Governor, and
shall be known as the county agent for the county for
which he is appointed. Before entering upon the duties
of his office, and within ninety days after receiving notice
of his appointment, the said agent shall take and ﬁle
with the clerk of the county for which he was appointed,
the oath of office prescribed by the constitution of this
State, and upon such qualiﬁcation, it shall be the duty of
the county clerk to immediately transmit notice thereof
to the judge of the court, and to the superintendents of
all State and incorporated institutions authorized to re-
ceive, or place out on contract, indenture or adoption,
any child. The said agent shall receive as compensation
for his services under this act, his necessary official ex-
28
penses, together with the sum of three dollars in full for
each day ordered, by the court, the superintendent of any
State institution, or the State Board of Corrections and
Charities, but not exceeding three dollars for any one
day’s service which shall be audited by the Board of
State Auditors, and paid from the general fund; and
when such services and expenses relate to the indenture,
adoption or visiting of children placed in families by
State institutions, the amounts thereof shall be certiﬁed
by the superintendent of the instiution to which the child
may belong; and when such service- shall be ordered by
the court the amount thereof shall be certiﬁed by the
court ordering such service; such bill shall specify the
time spent, manner of travel, miles traveled and each
item of expense incurred. Said agent shall visit all chil-
dren resident in the county for which he is appointed
which shall have been indentured to any person therein
by any State institution whenever he shall be so requested
to do by the superintendent of the institution or the State
Board of Corrections and Charities, and shall inquire into
the management, condition and treatment of such chil-
dren and for that purpose may have private interviews
with such children at any time, and if it shall come to
the knowledge of such agent when making such visits,
or at any other time, that any child thus placed in charge
of any person as aforesaid is neglected, abused, or im-
properly treated by the persons having such child in
charge, or if such person is unﬁt to have the care thereof,
he shall report the fact to the superintendent of the State
institution by which the child was indentured, and the
board of such institution, or the superintendent thereof,
who may be so authorized to do by said board, on being
satisﬁed that the interests of the child require it shall cau-
cel the indenture by which the child was placed in the
family, and shall remove the child to some other family
home or directly to the State institution from which the
child was indentured. All indentures by which any child
shall be placed in a home from any State institution shall
reserve the light in the board making the indenture, to
cancel the same whenever in the opinion of the board
the interests of the child require it. Whenever any in~
denture is cancelled as herein provided, or whenever any
child indentured from any State institution has been
adopted, notice thereof shall be given to said agent of the
county where the child was indentured, by the superin-
tendent of the State institution from which the child was
indentured or adopted. Such agent shall make an annual
report of the work for the ﬁscal year ending June 30 to
the State Board of Corrections and Charities and such
other reports as the Board may require.
29
Sec. 5. Upon the ﬁling with the court of a sworn
petition, setting forth upon knowledge, or upon informa~
tion and belief, the facts showing that any child resident
in said county, is a delinquent, dependent or neglected
child within the meaning of section one of this act, the
court may, before any further proceeding is had in the
case, give notice thereof, to said county agent, or to a duly
appointed probation officer, who shall have opportunity
allowed him to investigate the facts and circumstances
surrounding the case, and upon receiving such notice, the
county agent or probation officer shall immediately pro-
ceed to inquire into and make a full examination of the
parentage and surroundings of the child and all the facts
and circumstances of the case, and report the same to the
said court, in writing; and if after full investigation
it shall appear to the court that the public interest and the
interest of the child will be best subserved thereby, a
summons shall issue, reciting the substance of the peti-
tion and requiring the person or persons having custody
or control of the child or with whom the child may be,
to appear with the child at a place and time which shall
be stated in the summons; and if such person is other
than the parent: or guardian if such child, then said parent
or guardian shall be notiﬁed of the pendency of the case.
When said parents or guardians are non-residents of the
county and cannot be found, such notice shall not be re-
quired. If any person so summoned as herein provided
shall fail without reasonable cause to appear with the
child and abide the order of the court, he may be pro-
ceeded against for contempt of court under and in accord-
ance with the provisions of chapters thirty-eight and three
hundred one of the Compiled Laws of eighteen hundred
ninety-seven. In case the summons cannot be served, or
parties fail to obey the summons and in any case when
it shall appear to the court that such summons will be
ineffectual, upon complaint on oath and writing, a writ
may isue reciting the substance of the complaint and re—
quiring the ofﬁcer to whom it is directed to bring such
child before the court to be dealt with according to law
and said child may be committed to the care of the county
agent or probation ofﬁcer. or such other person as the
court may designate, pending the ﬁnal disposition of the
case. On the return of the summons of writ or as soon
thereafter as may be, the court shall proceed to hear and
dispose of the case upon such testimony as may be pro—
duced, and if the allegations against the child are proved,
the court may adjudge said child a delinquent, dependent
or neglected child as the case may be, and if it shall
appear to he court that the public interests and the inter-
30
ests of such child will be best subserved thereby, he may
make an order for the return of such child to his or her
parents or guardians or friends; or if the offense be
malicious trespass the court may as a condition of pro-
bation, require the damage to be made good, or if the
offense be larceny and the stolen property be not restored,
the court as a condition of probation may require it to
be paid for by the child, if it be shown that he is capable
of earning the money, or has money of his own, or the
court may place the child under probation as hereinafter
provided, and in all cases the court may decree the child
found delinquent, dependent or neglected to be the ward
of the court as far as its person is concerned, and in such
cases where any child has been decreed to be a ward of the
court, the authority of the court over its person shall con-
tinue until the court shall otherwise decree.
Amended by Act 363, 1913, p. 695, which provides
for a register in counties of 150,000 to 350,000. He is
required to prepare the papers in the court proceedings.
The court may in its discretion, appoint one or more
discreet persons of good character, other than the county
agent, to act as probation officers, who, under the order
of the court shall excercise in all cases assigned them the
same authority, discretion and control of said child as is
exercised by the county agent in like circumstances. Said
probation officers shall report to the court upon all cases
under their care, and also to the State Board of Correc-
tions and Charities; Provided, That the probation officers
so appointed shall receive no compensation from the pub-
lic treasury for the duties performed under such appoint-
ment. The child found delinquent may be placed on
probation for such time and upon such condition as the
court may determine and such child so released on pro-
bation may be furnished with a written statement of
the terms and conditions of release. At any time during
the probationary term of a child released on probation
as aforesaid, the court may, in its discretion, revoke or
terminate such probation. If the child be found to be
wilfully wayward and unmanageable. and in any case
upon the adjudication of delinquency, if in the judgment
of the court the welfare of the child and the interests of
the public require, the court may cause him or her to
be sent to the Industrial School for Boys at Lansing, or
the Industrial Home for Girls at Adrian, or to any State
institution authorized by law to receive such boy or girl
subject to such condition of sex, age and character of
offense for which committed and duration of commitment
as is or may be provided by law for the reception of
31
children in said school, home or institution, or to any
duly incorporated asylum, hospital or home in the State.
In such case a duly exempliﬁed copy of the petition, order
or disposition in the case and report of the county agent
shall accompany said child to the said institution, and the
child shall be placed in charge of the county agent “or
some person designated by the court to be conveyed to
the institution, for which service the same compensation
shall be allowed as is paid sheriffs in like cases. Pro-
vided that the court may in its discretion transfer the
trial of any boy over the age of 16 years and under the
age of 17 years to the regular circuit, justice or municipal
court, and cause a new complaint to be made to conform
to the practice of said court. '
Section 6. Whenever any child under the age of seven—
teen years is arrested, with or without warrant, such
child shall be taken immediately before the juvenile
Division of the Probate Court, and the officer making the
arrest shall immediately make and ﬁle a petition against
such child as hereinbefore provided; and the said court
shall proceed to hear and determine the matter in like
manner as hereinbefore provided. If, during the pen-
dency of any criminal case against any child in any police
or justice court of this State, it shall be ascertained that
said child is under the age of seventeen years, it shall
be the duty of the police magistrate or justice of-the ‘peace
before whom such case is pending, to immediately trans
fer such case, together 'with all papers connected there-
with to the said court, except in cases Where the child
is over fourteen years of age and is charged with felony.
Upon such transfer the said court may proceed to hear
and. dispose of the case in the same manner as if said
child had been brought before the court upon petition, as
hereinbefore provided, and the court shall require an
investigation to be made as in other cases under this act.
Section '7'. When any child under the age of seven-
teen years shall be found to be a dependent or neglected
child within the meaning of this act, the court may ‘make
an order committing the child to the care of some suitable
State institution subject to the law and regulations govern-
ing such institution, or to the care of some reputable citizen
of good moral character, or to the care of some training
school, or industrial school as such provided by law, to
the care of some association Willing to receive it, em-
bracing its objects the purpose of caring for or obtain-
ing homes for dependent or neglected children, which
association shall have been approved by the State Board
32
of Corrections and Charities. The court shall, when the
health or condition of the child shall require, cause the
child to be placed in a public hospital or in an institution
for treatment or special care, or in a private hospital or
institution for special care or treatment, the expense to
be paid from the general fund of the county of which
the child is a resident.
Section 8. No child under the age of twelve years shall
be committed to any jail or police station, but may be
committed to the care or custody of the county agent or
other suitable person or duly appointed probation oﬁicer
who shall keep such ‘child in some suitable place pro-
vided by the city or county outside of the enclosure of
any jail or police station. No child under seventeen years
of age while under arrest, conﬁnement, or conviction for
any crime, shall be placed in any apartment or cell of
any prison or place of conﬁnement with any adult who
shall be under arrest, conﬁnement, or conviction of any
crime, or be permitted to remain in any court room during
the trial of adults, or be transported in any vehicle of
transportation in company with adults charged with or
convicted of crime: Provided, That this shall not be
construed as repealing act number one hundred ten of the
public acts of nineteen hundred one. .
Section 9. The judges of probate shall receive for
their services under this act in addition to their regular
salary the sum of one hundred dollars for each ﬁfteen
thousand inhabitants or fraction thereof in their respec-
tive counties which shall be paid from the same fund and
in the same manner as their regular salaries are now
paid: Provided, That in counties having cities in which
municipal juvenile courts are or may be established, the
population of said cities shall be deducted in computing
the amount of salary of the probate judge for said county.
Section 10. All children while under orders of the
court shall be in the care and custody of the county agent
or probation ofﬁcer or such other person as the court may
designate, and all necessary expenses incurred for the
proper care and maintenance of said children while in
such custody shall be paid by the county treasurer on
the order of the court.
‘Section 11. Children intended by this act shall not
be indentured, apprenticed or other disposed of, until
the person applying for any such child shall have been
33
approved in writing by the county agent of the county
in which such person resides.
Section 12. In case of the absence or disability of
the probate judge, the provisions of the general law as to
ﬁlling such temporary vacancies shall apply in all pro-
ceedings under this act. '
Section 13. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent here-
with are hereby repealed, except as to the counties of
Houghton and Marquette: Provided, That this act shall
not' affect any proceeding or proceedings pending at the
time this act takes effect: And Provided further, That
this act shall not affect the provisions of act number six
hundred eighty-four, local acts of nineteen hundred seven,
providing for a municipal juvenile court for the city of
Detroit in the County of Viayne: And Provided further,
That the provisions of this act shall not apply to the
counties of Houghton and Marquette. '
Court of Domestic Relations.‘
Act 186, 1913, p. 369, establishes a Court of Domestic
Relations in counties. having' a poplation of upwards of
250,000. Such court has charge of the children of
parents who are before the court on some~charge or suit.
Section 3 provides that The Court. of Domestic Rela-
tions shall have original jurisdiction to hear, try and
determine all criminal cases when the crime, misde~
meanor, offense or felony charged shall have been com—
mitted within the county in which said court of domestic
relations is located‘, which crime, misdemeanor, offense
or felony shall be because of violation of the law: Firs»,
compelling the support of wife and minor children by the
husband and father; second, forbidding the desertion and
abandonment of Wife or minor children by the husband
and father; third, prohibiting contributing to the delin-
quency of children; fourth, compelling the compulsory
education of children, and ﬁfth, forbidding cruelty to
children. Said court shall have original jurisdiction to
hear, try and determine all actions brought to compel] the
support of illegitimate and bastard children under the
laws of the State of Michigan.
Section 11 gives power to the Court to appoint pro—
bation oﬂicers.
34
Humane Education in Schools.
Act 227, 1912, p. 444. To provide a system of hu~
mane education, which shall include kind treatment to
domestic wild animals and birds.
The, people of the State of Michigan enact:
Section 1. For the purpose of lessening crime and
raising the standard of good citizenship, and inculcating
the spirit of humanity, such humane education shall be
given in the public schools as shall include the kifi’d and
just treatment of horses, dogs, cats, birds, and all other
animals.
Section 2. In every public school within this state a
portion of the time shall be devoted to teaching the
pupils thereof kindness and justice to, and humane
treatment and protection of animals and birds, and the
important part they fulﬁll in the economy of nature. It
shall be optional with each teacher whether such teach-
ing shall be through humane reading, stories, narratives
of daily incidents or illustrations taken from personal
experience. This instruction shall be a part of the cur-
riculum of study in all the public schools of the State
of Michigan.
Section 3. The principal or teacher of every school
shall certify in his or her reports that such instruction
has been glven in the school under his or her control.
\
“Cruelty to Animals.
Section 11741 C. L. ’97, amended by Act 321,
1913, P. 605.
11739. Section 1. The people of the State of Mich-
igan enact, That whoever, overdrives, overloads,
drives when overloaded, overworks, tortures, deprives of
necessary sustenance, cruelly beats, mutilates, or cruelly
kills, or causes or procures to be so overdriven, overload-
ed, driven when overloaded, overworked, tortured, tor-
mented, deprived of necessary sustenance, cruelly beaten,
mutilated, or cruelly killed, any animal, and whoever
having the charge or custody of any animal, either as
owner or otherwise, inﬂicts unnecessary cruelty upon the
same, or wilfully fails to provide the same with proper
food, drink, shelter, or protection from the weather, shall,
for every such offense, be punisheed by imprisonment in
35
jail not exceeding three months or by ﬁne not exceeding
one hundred dollars or by both such ﬁne and imprison-
ment.
Keeping or using animals for ﬁghting.
Section 2. (As amended by Act 234, 1889). Any
person who shall keep or use any bull, bear, dog, cock,
or other animal or fowl or bird, except English sparrows
and pigeons, for the purpose of ﬁghting, or baiting, or as
a target to be shot at, as a test of skill in markmanship;
and any person who shall be a party to or be present as
a spectator at any such ﬁghting, baiting or shooting of
any bear, dog, cock, or other animal, or fowl or bird, ex-
cept English sparrows and pigeons, and any person who
shall rent any building, shed, room, yard, ground or
premises, for the purpose of ﬁghting, baiting or shooting
any animal, fowl or bird, except English sparrows and
pigeons, as aforesaid, or shall knowingly suffer or permit
the use of any building, shed, room, yard, ground or
premises belonging to him or under his control, for either
or any of the purposes aforesaid, shall on conviction
thereof, be judged guilty of a misdemeanor: Provided,
That no bounty shall be paid for any English sparrow
that may be killed when used as a target or to be shot
at as a test of skill in markmanship: And Provided, That
it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to engage
in the propagation of English sparrows for the purpose
allowed in this act, or for any other purpose; and that
on conviction for each or any offense mentioned in this
act, the person or persons so convicted shall pay a ﬁne of
not less than ten nor more than ﬁfty dollars, or be im-
prisoned in the county jail for a period of not more than
three months, or by both such ﬁne and imprisonment, in
the discretion of the court.
Further acts deemed cruel.
11741. Section 3 as amended by Act 821, 1913, p.
605. Every owner, possessor, or person having the charge
or custody of any animal, who cruelly drives or works
the same when unﬁt for labor, or who shall carry, or
cause to be carried on or upon any vehicle, or otherwise,
any live animal having the feet or legs tied together, or
in any other cruel and inhuman manner, or who shall
abandon any diseased, maimed, hopelessly sick, inﬁrm or
disabled animal, to die in any place, or Who shall wil-
fully or negligently permit and allow any aged, diseased,
36
maimed, hopelessly sick or disabled animal to suffer any
unnecessary torture or pain, or who shall carry or cause
to be carried any live animal in or upon any vehicle, or
otherwise, without providing suitable racks, cars, crates
or cages, in which such animal may stand or lie down
during transportation, and whilst awaiting slaughter, such
person shall, upon conviction thereof, be adjudged guilty
of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished for every such
offense in the manner provided in section one of this act.
Animals to be unloaded, fed, etc.
11742. Section 4. No railroad company, in the
carrying or transportation of animals, shall permit the
same to be conﬁned in cars for a longer period than
twenty-eight consecutive hours without unloading the
same for rest, water and feeding for a period of at
least ﬁve consecutive hours, unless prevented from so un-
loading by storm or other accidental causes. In estimat-
ing such conﬁnement, the time during which the animals
have been conﬁned without rest on connecting roads from
which they were received shall be included, it being the
intention of this act to prevent their continuous con-
ﬁnement beyond the period of twenty-eight hours, ex-
cept on contingencies hereinbefore stated. Animals so
unloaded shall be properly fed, watered, and sheltered
during such rest, by the owner or person having the cus-
tody thereof, or, in case of his default in so doing, then
the railroad company transporting the same, at the ex—
pense of said owner or person in custody thereof; and
said company shall in such case have a lien upon such
animals for food, care and custody furnished, and shall
not be liable for any detention of such animals authorized
by this act. Any company, owner or custodian of such
animals, who shall fail to comply with the provisions of
this section, shall, for each and every eﬂiense, be liable
for and forfeit, and pay a penalty of not less than one
hundred nor more than ﬁve hundred dollars: Provided,
however, That when animals shall be carried in cars in
Which they can and do ‘have proper food, water, space,
and opportunity for rest, the foregoing provisions in re-
gard to their being unloaded shall not apply.
Arrest of persons and seizure of animals.
11743. See. 5. Persons found violating any of the
provisions of this act may be arrested and held without
warrant, in like manner as in the case of persons found
37
breaking the peace, and it shall be the duty of the persons
making the arest to seize all ainmals and fowls found -in
the keeping and custody of the person arrested, and ‘which
are then being used, or held for use in violation of any of
the provisions of this act, and the person making such
seizure shall cause such animals or fowls to be at once
delivered to a pound-master of the town, village, or city
in which the same may be, and it shall be the duty of
such pound-master to receive such animals or fowls, and
to hold the same and proceed in regard to them in all
respect as provided by law in other cases of animals im-
pounded.
Warrant, Complaint and duty of owcer.
11744. Sec. 6. When complaint is made, on oath or
aflirmation of any magistrate authorized to issue warrants
in criminal cases, that the complainant believes that any
of the provisions of this act are being, or are about to
be violated in any particular building or place, such magis-
trate, if satisﬁed that there is reasonable cause for such
belief, shall issue and deliver a search warrant to any
sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable, or public officer, author—
izing him to search such building or place and to arrest
any person or persons engaged in violating any of the
provisions of this act, as well as any person or persons
there present, and aiding and abetting therein, and to
bring such person or persons before some magistrate of
competent jurisdiction, to be dealt with according to law.
Such oflicer shall, at the same time, seize and bring to
said magisttrate every article or instrument found in said
building or place especially designed or adapted to tor-
ture or inﬂict wounds upon any animal or to aid in the
ﬁghting or baiting of any animal; and unless within ten
days after the trial of the person or persons so arrested,
the owner of said article or instrument shall show, to the
satisfaction of said magistrate, that the same is not de-
signed or adapted to the wounding or torture of animals,
or if so designed or adapted, is not intended to be used or
employed for such purpose, the magistrate shall destroy
such article or instrument.
Agent to be a deputy s/zeriﬂ.
11745. Sec. 7. Any society incorporated in this State
for the puroose of preventing cruelty to animals may
designate one or more persons in each county of the State
to discover and prosecute all cases of the violation of the
38
provisions of this act; and it ‘shall be the duty of the
sheriff of such county to appoint each person so designated
a deputy sheriff, provided such person shall be of good
moral character, and each person so appointed by the sher-
iff shall possess all the powers of a sheriff of the county in
the enforcement of the provisions of this ‘ct. The sheriff,
however, shall not be responsible for any of the acts of
such ‘persons or persons, but the society, if incorporated,
and if not, then the officers and members of the society,
on the request of which such person was appointed shall
be liable in the degree of a principal for the acts of an
agent.
Duty. of public officers, etc.
11746. Sec. 8 It shall also be the duty of all sheriffs,
deputy sheriffs, constables, policemen, and public officers,
to arrest and prosecute all persons of whose violation of
the provisions of this act they may have knowledge or
reasonable notice, and for ‘each neglect of such duty, the
officer so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor.
11747. Sec. 9 It shall be the duty of all prosecuting
attorneys to represent and prosecute in behalf of the peo-
ple within their respective counies all cases of offenses
arising under the provisions of this act.
Meaning of words “Animal,” “Orwner,” etc.
11748. Sec. 10. In this act the word “animal” or
“animals” shall’ be held to-include all brute creatures,
and the words “owner,” “person,” and “whoever,” shall
be held to include corporations as well as individuals,
and the knowledge and acts of agents of and persons
empleyed by corporations in regard to animals trans-
ported, owned or employed by, or in the custody of usch
corporations shall be held to be the acs and knowledge of
such corporations.
Sale of decrepit horses and mules forbidden.
Act 354, 1913, p. 668.
Section 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person
to offer for sale or' sell any horse or mule which by
reason of debility, disease,. lameness, injury, or for any
39
other cause is permanently unﬁt for work, except to a
person or corporation operating a horse hospital or animal
retreat farm or other institution or place designed or
maintained for the humane keeping, treatment or killing
of horses, mules or other live stock.
Section 2. It shall be unlawful for any person to
lead, drive or ride on any public way for any purpose,
except that of conveying the animal to a proper place
for its humane keeping, or killing or for medical or sur-
gical treatment, any horse or mule which, by reason of
debility, disease, lameness, injury, or for other cause is
permanently unﬁt for work.
Section 3. Any person violating any provision of this
act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on
being convicted thereof before any justice of the peace
or police justice shall be ﬁned in a sum not less than
ten dollars nor more than one hundred dolars or im-
prisoned for not more than three months in the county
jail or Detroit house of correction.
Feeding ﬂesh to animals.
Act 179, 1913, p. 348.
Section 1. No person shall feed to animals or fowl the
ﬂesh of an animal which has become old, decrepit, inﬁrm
or sick, or which has died from such cause, or offal or
ﬂesh that is putrid or unwholesome.
Section 2 declares such violation a misdemeanor and
punishes by ﬁne and imprisonment.
Sale of immature calves forbidden.
Act 340, 1913, p. 645.
Section 1. No person shall for the purpose of selling,
kill a calf less than four weeks old, and no person shall
sell the meat of any such calf or have the same in his
possession with intent to sell the same either by himself,
his agents or servants.
Section 2 makes an infraction a misdemeanor and pun-
ishes by ﬁne and imprisonment.
40
Railroads—Live Stock.
Act 389, 1913, p. 742, amending Act 300, 1909.
Section 7 provides that all railroads shall afford rea—
sonable conections with other railways wihout discrim-
ination, Provided that precedence may be given to live
stock and perishable property.
(This should facilitate the shipping of cattle and other
animals.)
Lisve Stock Sanitary Commission and Veterinarian.
Act 172, 1909, p. 336, provides for a state live stock
sanitary commission and a state veterinarian.
Section 7 obliges any member of the commission to
visit domestic animals when informed they are suffering
from an infectious or contagious disease and to bring
about its suppression. If the owners’ premises are in
sanitary condition and the animal is destroyed compen-
sation may be allowed.
Operations on animals.
Act 143, 1909, See. 6, makes it unlawful for any person
in this State to perform any surgical operation on any
animal without ﬁrst administering either local or general
anaesthesia. The Act does not apply to dehorning cattle
and ordinary castration.
Docking of horses.
Act 320, 1905, p. 499, forbids the docking of horses
unless a duly qualiﬁed veterinary surgeon certiﬁes that
such docking is necessary for the health or safety of
such horse.
Poisoning or malicious killing.
Section 11581, C. L., 1897, makes it a misdemeanor to
maliciously kill or poison horses, cattle or beasts of an-
other or to expose poison for such animals.
41
Diseased cattle.
Section 4469, C. L., 1897, forbids the entering or pass-
ing through this State of cattle having any contagious
disease.
Wild animals and birds.
Act 257, 1905, p. 370.
Section 1. All wild animals and wild birds, both
resident and migratory, in this State, shall be, and are
hereby declared to be the propery of .he State.
Section 17 forbids the killing of song a1._'l insectivorous
birds and the destruction of nests and the taking of eggs.
Act 108, 1913, p. 86, prohibits the hunting of wild
animals without a license.
Act 275, 1911, p. amended by Act 167, 1918, p.
289, regulates the taking of wild animals and birds in
Michigan.
F orbz'ds sale of feathers known as egret.
Act 22, 913, p. 35.
Section 1. The species of birds scientiﬁcally described
as the egretta cardissima, commonly known as the snowy
heron; and the Herodias egretta, commonly known as
the American egret, shall be absolutely protected in the
state of Michigan and the killing of said birds and the
purchase and sale of the plumes or feathers of said
birds is hereby forbidden in this state.
Section 2. Any person violating any of the provisions
of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
on conviction thereof shall be punished by a ﬁne of not
less than ten dollars and not more than ﬁfty dollars and
the cost of prosecution, and in default of payment thereof
shall be conﬁned in the county jail until such ﬁne and
costs have been paid: Provided, That LUCl‘l conﬁnement
shall not exceed thirty days.
42
Section 3. All prosecutions under the provisions of
this act shall be commenced within one year from the
time such. offense was committed. -» -—~ - - - - —
Act 170, 1913, p. 314, gives protection to frogs and
limits the time for taking.
Destruction of birds and mammals.
The Lacey law, (Federal) 1900, prohibits the shipping
of certain animals and birds.
Addenda July 1st., 1901.
Congress by a recent law known as the McLean—
Weeks Act, has given the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture control over all migratory birds and rules have been
promlugated by the department forbidding the killing of
insecti'vorous birds and limiting the taking of game
birds.
43


ORDINANCES 0F THE CITY OF DETROIT.
Chapter 193, 1909, prohibits females under the age
of 16 years from selling merchandise in any saloon
and also forbids such selling on the streets between
7 P. M. and 6 A. M.
Chapter 199, 1890, prohibits all persons under 16
from carrying pistols.
Chapter 192, 1910, forbids the attendance of chil-
dren at any theater under the age of 14 years unless
attended by parents or guardians.
Chapter 113, Sec II, forbids the molesting of ani-
mals in parks.
Chapter 205, 1879, provides that no railway or
other transportation company, person or persons
shall deliver or drive 'in the city limits or permit to
run at large any diseased animal.
Sec. 2 provides that no cow shall be sold or of-
fered for sale when the udder is full of milk.
Chapter 184, Sec. '7. No drayman shall cruelly
beat or torture any horse or other animal whether
belonging to himself or another.


INDEX
Page
Agent to be deputy sheriff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,8
Agents are ofﬁcers of the law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5, 7, 38
Amendment of articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Amusement places, prohibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Assault on females under 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
Adoption and change of name of minors . . . . . . . . .. 14.
Animal, meaning of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Animals to be unloaded, fed, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Not t6” be used for ﬁghting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Operation on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Poisoning, prohibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Articles of incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-8
Arrest of persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Birds, etc., destruction of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42, 43
Child, cruelty to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Ill-treated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Delinquent, what is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
Disposing of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ll
Guardian of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ll
Sent to hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
Children, Blind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l6
Crippled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l7
Cruelty to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Deformed or diseased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l6
Dependent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Education of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Employment of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 13
Enticing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
Exhibition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
Prevention of blindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l6
Complaint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Coldwater, sent to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Circuit Judge, power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..11, 12
Contract for ill-treated child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Calves, sale of immature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . .. 40
Cattle, diseased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Change of name and adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Cigarettes, forbidden to minors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Consent to adoption by County Agent . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Court of Domestic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34
Cruelty to children, penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
45
INDEX
Page
Cruelly-treated child, removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Cruelty to animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..35, 36
Fighting forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
To be unloaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Lien on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..37, 38
Public ofﬁcer, duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Meaning of animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Disposition of child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Appointment of guardian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ll
Sent to Coldwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Given to Superintendent of Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Divorce proceedings (ill-treated child) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Debauching of boys under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
Delinquency of children (penalty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Desertion of wife or child, law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Delinquent child, deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
Dependent child, deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Detention of child, separate from adult . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
Destruction of birds, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42, 43
Exhibition of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
Employment of children under 14 years . . . . . . . . ..12, 13
Feeding ﬂesh to animals forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
Game laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42-43
Guardian appointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ll
Habeas corpus (ill-treated child) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
Health Board and S. P. C. C. officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Hospital, county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Lying in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Horse, sale if decrepit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Docking of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
House of ill-fame, penalty to convey to . . . . . . . . . .. 25
Humane education in schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
Humane Marshal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
Intoxicating liquors, sale to children . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Ill-treated children, act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Complaint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
Return of writ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '10
Disposition of child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Appointment of guardian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Sent to Coldwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Given to Superintendent of Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Indecent or obscene language (penalty) . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Juvenile court, law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..26—32
Delinquent child, deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
Judge of Juvenile Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Record of Juvenile Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
46
INDEX
Page
Keepers of saloons, etc., not to be given children.. 12
Keeping or using'of animals, etc., for ﬁghting, etc. 36
Liquors, intoxicating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
License, for placing children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Livestock commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Legal heir by adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Lying-in hospital, law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Record of Lying-in hospital open to health
board and S. P. C. C. ofﬁcer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Lien on animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Lacey law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
Minors, liquor forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2]
Not allowed in saloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Object of S. P. C. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Obscene books, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9-10
Obscene or indecent language (penalty) . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Obscene pictures, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Owner of animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Pension, mother’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Petition in Juvenile Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
Police magistrate or justice to transfer case of child. 32
Police ofﬁcers, etc., duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..7-9-39
Protection of children, Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l9
Punishment of cruelty to children, penalty . . . . . . ..8-9
Railroads, livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Return of writ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..10,11
Release of child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14-15
Records of Lying-in hospital. open to health board
and S. P. C. C. officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Record of Juvenile Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Seizure of animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..37, 38
Society Prevention of Cruelty to Children act . . . . .. 3
Society for Children, Animals, Birds and Fowls.. 5
Society for Prevention Cruelty to Animals . . . . . . .. 8
Students, not allowed in saloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Superintendent of Poor, giving child to . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Summons ineffectual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Theater ordinance of Detroit . . . . . . . . . . ..= . . . . . . . .. 44
Writ under ill-treated law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..10, 11
Under Juvenile Court law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Warrant, complaint, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8, 9, 38
47
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“TANDARDS
CHILD CARING
L INSTITUTIONS


ISSUED BY
‘ . STATE CHILD WELFARE
coMMIssIoN gfOREGON
1920
' SALEM, OREeoN: .
STATE PRINTING DEPARTMENT
1920


STANDARDS
FOR
Child Caring Institutions


Issued by
State Child Welfare Commission
of Qregon
-_
1920
‘ FOREWORD
issclassx ~; 5~ I ' ~ 314 W“
It will be readily seen by those interested
in maintaining high ideals of child welfare,
that supervision and regulation by some impar-
tial body with authority are essential both
for the protection of the better class of insti-
tution from the frauds practiced by those less
conscientious, and for a uniform standardiza—
tion of all. i
The purpose of the State Child Welfare
Commission is to create a desire, on the part of
all child caring agencies, to serve the children
of the state to the utmost of their ability and
to secure practicaT standards which shall be
the goal of each and every one.
This manual is issued with a view to giving
fundamental suggestions for the conduct of
standard child caring institutions, offering a
statement of practical principles which are not
the ideas of theorists in child care, but simple
directions which may easily be carried out by
any institution having at heart the welfare of
children intrusted to its care.
It is not expected that even the best insti-
tution will be able immediately to report one
hundred per cent efficient under the headings
included here, but this is offered as a reasonable
standard not beyond the ultimate realization.
The services of the members of the com-
mission are available to any public or private
institution. to assist in the working out of its
problems.
It is the wish of the commission to carry
out the tasks imposed upon it by law, in a
spirit of service to the end that the initiative
and individual capacity of each institution
shall not be stifled through state supervision,
but shall be strengthened and developed more
fully and effectively than ever before.
It is to be hoped that the Child Caring
Institutions and the Child Welfare Commission
as trustees of the welfare of the children of
the state will live up to high ideals and that
our united efforts will result in materially
bettering the condition of dependent, delin-
quent and defective children.
ORGANIZATION
The most essential requirement for a
proper institution for children is a good
organization.
CONTROLLING BOARD
Authority shall be vested in a controlling
board of trustees, managers, directors or some
4 ’ STANDARDS FOR CHILD

responsible body to be composed of a number
of disinterested persons. These persons shall
be responsible for the work of the institution,
exercise control and supervision over it and
stand1 as its sponsors before the public.
CHIEF EXECUTIVE
The chief executive, such as a superinten-
dent or matron, shall be selected by the board
of directors to carry out the plans and orders
of the trustees and to be responsible for the
daily routine of the institution. The chief
executive shall be a trained or experienced
worker.
The organization and authority of the con-
trolling board should be such as not to inter-
fere too much with the power of the chief
executive of the institution. It is desirable,
for the sake of fixing responsibility, that the
appointment, employment and discharge of all
subordinates should be by the chief executive,
who should also have ultimate authority over
them in all matters pertaining to the details
of management.
EMPLOYES
A sufficient number of competent helpers
should be employed to supervise and direct
the children in their various activities.
If necessary to employ untrained helpers,
as is usually the case, they should receive care-
ful and systematic instructions in the care and
management of children, under direction of
the chief executive.
DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS AND CARE
OF BENEFICIARIES
Any charitable institution—and particu-
larly a children’s home—is a trustee in two
senses. Whether supported by public funds
through taxation or by private funds through
contributions or subscriptions, it dispenses
moneys for the care of a certain class of bene-
ficiaries, and is responsible to the public for
the proper disbursement of such funds and for
the proper care of the beneficiaries for whom
the funds are intended.
The public is, therefore, entitled to know
two things: Where does the money go? Are
the beneficiaries really benefited? Since no
single individual having exclusive control of
the affairs of an institution can answer these
questions to the satisfaction of the public,
there must be a group of responsible persons
in whom the public can place faith. Such a
CARING INSTITUTIONS ‘ 5
group is represented by the board of control,
but no member of the board of control shall be
chief executive.
The institution shall report annually and
in detail amounts and sources of funds received
and disbursed in accordance with See. 9, Sub.-
Secs. 1 and 2, Chap. 405, General Laws of
Oregon, 1919. The work accomplished should
be commensurate with the amounts received
and expended.
EQUIPMENT
The equipment of a standard children’s
institution will vary with the kind of work to
be done, although in the matter of equipment
there are certain fundamentals which are
necessary for the physical, mental and spiritual
well-being of any child.
STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
All matters pertaining to the buildings,
equipment, food, clothing and medical attention
shall conform to the laws of the State Board
of Health.
BUILDINGS
The buildings should be well located, ade-
quate in size to meet the requirements of the
institution, well lighted, thoroughly ventilated,
and equipped with proper fire extinguishers
and adequate fire escapes. Regular and fre-
quent fire drills are desirable.
All rooms should be clean and orderly.
HEATING
It is desirable to have a heating system
which is readily controlled so that the tem-
perature of the room may be easily raised or
lowered when necessary.
CLEANING
The floors should be bare or better covered
with Battleship A linoleum which can be kept
clean by Wiping with a damp cloth. There
should be little heavy draperies or upholstered
furniture to catch dust. Walls painted some
soft pleasing color are easily cleaned and
sanitary.
HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT
Sleeping Rooms
Particular attention should be given to the
ventilation of sleeping rooms and the children
should be protected! from drafts.
6 ' STANDARDS FOR CHILD

Single beds shall be used and not more than
one child in a bed.
White sheeting and pillow~casing should be
used and each bed provided with two sheets.
Bed linen shall be changed at least weekly.
Rubber sheeting or heavy canvas is recom-
mended for protection of mattresses in case
of bed-wetters.
Children should be provided with at least
a weekly change of under clothing and night
garments and, for reasons of health and clean-
liness, should sleep at night in other garments
than those worn during the day.
PLAY AND RECREATION
Children’s playrooms should be sunny and
sufficiently spacious that each child may have
a locker sacred to his individual possessions.
The place should be cheerfully furnished
and provided with toys and playthings. Mate-
rial for creative activity is indispensable.
Blocks are perhaps most educative but bits of
shingle, tacks and hammer, pasteboard boxes,
paper, scissors, “doll rags” and strings have a
definite value. Pencils, crayons and paints
with paper are needed. Anything developing
the child’s sense of ownership and stimulating
his imagination is of value.
Children should have free and untrammeled
opportunity for daily plays and recreation.
Each day they should be adequately dressed
and play out-of-doors. In case of inclement
weather the outing may be on porches or other
protected spaces. At least “a run” in the open
is a daily necessity.
Supervised play, group games, out-of-door
gymnasium apparatus and all forms and
opportunities for play should be encouraged.
Real recreation is the substitution of a new
kind of effort for that in which the child has
been engaged, and it should therefore be made
to fit his needs in accordance with the other
activities of his day.
DINING ROOMS
The rooms in which children are served
their meals should be made cheerful. Conver-
sation which is not boisterous is desirable. A
genial attitude on the part of the supervising
adult is important.
The use of tables, caring for not more than
eight children, is recommended, wherever possi-
ble. They should be covered with white table
cloths for the sake of training the children in
the use of suitable table service. The use of
CARING INSTITUTIONS 7
bibs or napkins is also necessary for their
training in table manners.
Seats with backs should be provided, pref-
erably chairs.
Children should use individual drinking
cups.
WASH ROOMS AND TOILETS
Children’s homes should be well equipped
with modern, sanitary wash rooms and toilets.
Each child shall be provided with individual
wash cloth, towel and comb and’ use only his
own.
The daily use of the toothbrush by all
children is necessary not only for the_preser-
vation of their teeth but for their general
health and each should have a sanitary place
in which to keep it when not in use.
DIETARIES
The preparation of children’s food in an
institution should be under the direction of a
special dietitian.
Careful attention to giving balanced meals
to the children will result in better nourish-
ment and will not necessarily increase the cost.
Variety and repetition if properly combined
in dietaries will yield good results. Eggs,
vegetables and fruit should be important
factors in children’s meals. '
Children’s drink should be largely of milk,
and all child caring institutions should give
their children fresh milk to drink at least
twice daily and oftener if possible. Cocoa and
chocolate may be used in moderate quantities.
Tea and coffee should not be used.
MEDICAL ATTENTION
All child caring institutions shall be pro-
vided with a receiving Ward for the temporary
care of children when admitted to the institu-
tion, to avoid the possibility of spreading
contagious diseases from the outside.
An isolation Ward, properly equipped, shall
‘be maintained for the care of children having
a contagious disease of any kind.
Careful attention shall be given to the
health of all children.
A negative bill of health for the children
of a children’s home is not sufficient. It is a
dangerous presumption for any institution
worker to assume that children are absolutely
well until he sees that they are ill. Accurate
knowledge of the physical condition of a child
is a prerequisite to his perfect health. A
8 STANDARDS FOR CHILD

physician's judgment is the only safe guard.
Prevention is the watchword of modern medi-
cal science.
INSPECTION ON. ADMISSION
Careful medical inspection of every child
immediately after admission is essential for
absolute safety. A detailed report on forms
provided by the State Board of Health, indicat-
ing the condition of the child, with recommen-
dations for treatments, shall be made out by
the examining physician and filed in the insti-
tution with the child’s record.
ANNUAL INSPECTION AND CARE
At least annual inspection of every child in
the institution is recommended, giving special
attention to the eyes, teeth, nose and throat.
Orthopedic defects should be carefully
watched for.
Skin and scalp diseases, often painless and
apparently of minor importance, may be of a
serious nature and should be guarded against.
Whenever necessary, treatments for any
remediable condition should be given at once.
EDUCATION
Children in institutions which do not main-
tain schools of their own equal in standards
to the public schools of Oregon shall, whenever
possible, be sent to the public schools in the
city or district in which the institution is
located. The benefits are at least two fold:
(a) The child has the advantage of contact
with the boys and girls of the community,
which will tend to lessen the dangers of his
institutional experience. (b) He has the same
benefits of education and training as the
children of the community.
The elementary school, when maintained
within the institution, shall follow as closely
as possible the plan of the public school system
of Oregon; in point of hours per day, number
of days per year; curriculum and method of
teaching and grading; in point of employing’
only qualified teachers, and in point of all
other matters pertaining to the establishment
and maintenance of a standardized public
school, coming under the State Department of
Public Instruction.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
Manual training and domestic science
should be introduced or extended in institutions
CARING INSTITUTIONS 9

for children. A certain amount of instruction
in these branches has great value in the devel-
opment of the child; and this need is not met
by merely teaching the child to do the practical
work of the institution.
Institution children should be encouraged
and trained to work. It is well for them to
feel responsibility for certain definite tasks as
their contribution to the life of the home. In
this way the child can be taught to do a great
number of useful things, both for himself and
for the institution. He will thus partially pay
his way and he will take pride in feeling that
he is not wholly dependent.
The work must be supervised in order that
it may be properly done and that the child
may derive all the instruction possible from
the doing of the task.
The child should not be kept too long at
the same daily task. Work that becomes
drudgery has no educational value. The
service of children should be encouraged by
appreciation, but child labor as defined and
forbidden by law is not to be tolerated.
EMPLOYMENT
The employment of institutional children
who are minors comes under the supervision
of the Child Labor Commission.
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
The child in the institution, just as the
child in the world at large, needs religious
training and influences; his life is incomplete
without the inspiration religion alone can give,
therefore some form of religious service should
be planned or the child should attend church
or sabbath school outside the institution.
Definite religious influences will come to them
through the leadership of the superintendent
or matron.
FAMILY LIFE
Every factor in the conduct of children’s
institutions making for real home life should
be encouraged. All children need love and
a home. They need to be made to feel,
individually and collectively, that there is a
place for them in the scheme of things. The
superintendent or matron has unending oppor-
tunity to express the affection for children
with which her heart should be filled.
The custom of the superintendent or
matron having her meals with the children,
in the same dining room or at the same table,
creates a home atmosphere.
1 0 CHILD CARING INSTITUTIONS

No daily event in the life of the institution
child is of greater significance to him than his
meals and if he is cheerful and happy he will
unconsciously assume better table manners.
An occasional story hour will contribute
largely to the happiness of the children, and
if the superintendent or matron would adopt
the custom of reading to them once or twice
a week or giving them a confidential little
talk occasionally, opportunity would be fos-
tered for the natural expression of the ques-
tions which are burning on their lips and
which the necessary formality and routine of
daily life often suppress.
RECORDS
Records of all children admitted to institu-
tions should be carefully and accurately kept,
and should include the following facts:
1. Name, age at time of admission and date
of birth of child; sex, color, and nationality.
2. Date of admission.
3. Religion of child, if baptised; if not, of
parents.
4. Information in regard to source from
which the child is received.
5. History of family, names and addresses.
6. Facts, if possible, concerning physical
and mental inheritance of child.
7. Full statement as to cause of child’s
dependency.
The records should also include data con-
cerning foster homes and the children who
have been placed in them.
A visitor’s record should be kept and also
a record keeping data on number and date of
visits made by members of the board of con-
trol, officials, and persons connected directly
with the institution.
Respectfully submitted,
MRs. HENRY L. CoRBETT.
MRS. E. C. GILTNER.
DR. Ms W. RosENFELD.
DR. GEo. REBEc.
WM. D. WHEELWRIGHT, Chairman.
MRs. HARRIET H. HELLER, Secretary.
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CONSEJO DE SALUBRIDAD %
DEL ESTADO DE TEXAS MANTON M. CARRICK, M. D.
OFFICIAL DE LA SALUBRIDAD


A125-821—50m—L180
A LA MADRE
Como ciudadanos del Estado de Texas naturalmente nos sentimos
orgullosos de nuestros vastos recursos y amplios d0mini0s,--mayores que
los de todos los Estados de la nueva Inglaterra combinados 3 nos regoci-
jamos ante la idea de nuestras extensas llanuras, sobre las que aún
siguen pastando inumerables manadas de ganado; nuestros ojos brillan
ante la perspectiva de nuestros campos fértiles sembrados de alfalfa,
campos de los que se extraenmillones de barriles de petróleo de sus
pozos, para abastecer a los Estados Unidos, y milla tras milla de niveo
algodón que revela nuestra. opulencia y que no es sino uno de los muchos
factores contribuyentes a la prosperidad del gran Estado de Texas.
‘Mas a pesar de esta opulencia, de la que hace gala antenuestros ojos
la pródiga Madre Naturaleza, de recursos jamás soñados e inexplotados,
y en tanto que nos sentimos orgullosos y satisfechos de ser el recipiente
de tanta magniﬁciencia, a pesar de todo ésto conservamos el suficiente
criterio para percatamos quepor ningún concepto es nuestro mayor
caudal. Estamos muy lejos de ello, puesto que nuestra verdadera riqueza
está cifrada en nuestros hijos, futuros ciudadanos de este grande y
glorioso Estado. Determinamos la calidad de nuestras cosechas por su
cuidado e irrigación‘; emprendemos la guerra en contra del gorgojo y
otros enemigos de la vida de las plantas; gastamos sumas de dinero sin
restricción, para salvar las vidas de nuestros cerdos y de nuestro—
ganado; no es extraño, acaso, que entre tanto permitamos una verda-
dera mortandad en nuestros inocentes? °
Aún más dulce y más precioso que nuestro fragante jazmín o mag-
nolia, es la vida de nuestros pequeñuelos, en los yue descuidamos estas
pequeñas consideraciones. Pero así como vigilamos y criamos nuestros
animales y plantas, así debemos de cuidar denuestros niños, pues de otra
manera serán para nuestro Estado y Nación un pasivo en vez de un
capital.
Nos conmovemos al leer noticias o escuchar a los misioneros que han
regresado, relatar cómo las madres de la India arrojan a sus niños recién
nacidos al Ganges, en señal de sacrificio ante los dioses, y cómo los chinos
arrojan en los pozos a las niñas. Siempre se recordará la “Degollación
de los Inocentes” ordenadapor Herodes, cómo una mancha a través de
las edades. Acaso no somos también culpables de un crimen casi tan
grande, al permitirque sean sacrificados nuestros niños en aras de la
muerte segadora por falta del debido cuidado?
Herodes está considerado como el símbolo de las enfermedades peli—
grosas de la infancia, y en el dintel de cada puerta hayuna marca señal-
-——4.-—
ando la víctima en el interior. Sin embargo, el Consejo de Salubridad
del Estado ha determinado impedir este vanosacrificio y salvar a nuestra
infancia de las garras de las enfermedades. Con este fin solicitamos
vuestra cooperación, para quepase inadvertido el dintel de Vuetra puerta
y que ningún pequeño féretro blanco se detenga ante vuestra puerta.
Todo niño tiene derecho a la salud, felicidad y longevidad. Todo lo
que se aparte de ésto significa un crimen en contra de la civilización.
A fin de salvar miles de pequeñas vidas inocentes, y de que continúe la
prosperidad en nuestro Estado, acudimos avosotros, padres y madres,
para combatir unidos y convertir nuestro mundo—el Estado de Texas—
vuestra comunidad y la mía, en lugar seg'wro para los niños.
Ya sea que estos vean la primera luz bajo un techo de madera, lleno
de grietas o un dosel de seda; ya sea que el lugar denacimiento haya
sido una ehoxza o un palacio, todo niño tiene títulos a la salud, como
nuevo ciudadano en un Estado que pretendeiguales y completos derechos
para todos. Sólo por medio de lágrimas y gemidos puede Su Magestad,
So Alteza Real, e] niño, protestar en contra de vuestros errores o reclamar
ciertos derechos, desde el momento en que emerge de las sombras a la
luz. Ellos tratan de explicarse, pero desgraciadamente, en nuestra
estupidez de mayores, no siempre los comprendemos o interpretamos
debidamente.
Pero vosotras las madres sabéis que ese precioso pedazo de la humani—
dad que descansa sobre vuestro pecho es un tesoro mayor que todos los
tesoros del mundo juntos, y vosotros padres sabéis que no cambiariais
vuestro hijo por el mayor manantial de petróleo del Estado de Texas.
Naturalmente que vosotros deseáis que vuestro hijo esté del todo apto
para la vida, por lo menos=sea igual al de vuestro vecino, robusto, sano y
feliz. Hacéis bien en procurar en cuanto se-a posible pedir a la madre
naturaleza lo mejor para vuestro niño, protección en contra de las
enfermedades y una oportunidad paravivir y constituirse en un hombre
o mujer útil. Esperamos que este pequeño folleto, que tenemos el
privilegio de enviaros, os sea de alguna ayuda para realizar vuestros
sueños. Recordad que tendremos mucho gusto en hacer más por voso—
tros, en caso de acudirá nuestra ayuda.
MANTON M. CARRIoK, M. D.,
Oficial de la Salubridad y Epidemiologista Colaborador,
Servicio de Salubridad Publica de Estados Unidos.
DE LOS CUIDADOS CON EL NINO
GENERALIDADES.
Siempre que sea posible téngase un cuarto separado para el niño, con
bastante luz y bien ventilado. Los niños, a semejanza de las plantas,
necesitan del sol. Los muebles deben ser lo más sencillo y, cuando sea
posible, la madre deberá tener una sillabaja, sin brazos y una cortina
para proteger al niño de las corvientes de aire.
LA CAMA.
Un cajón o un canasto para ropa, provisto del una sábana con seis u
ocho dobleces constituye una buena cama, que deberá ser colocada, ya
sea sobre una silla o un cajón, pero nunca sobre elpiso. No es necesaria
una almohada. Esta debe suprimirse en cuanto sea posible, pues cuanto
menos se use más libremente podrá respirar el niño y más aire dejara
pasar a sus pulmones. Puede usarse en vez de almohada una servilleta
de cuatro dobleces, colocada bajo la cabeza del niño. Unas sábanas de
hule o un hule para mesa para proteger el colchón, una sábana superior
e inferior y una colcha ligera en caso dé estar fría la temperatura, com-
pletarán los requisitos escenciales para la cama del niño.
EL BANO.
Es escencia] para la salud del niño un baño diario. En cuanto haya
cerrado por completo la cicatriz del cordón, debe darseal niño un baño
de tina. El cuarto debe estar caliente, así como el baño, a una tem-
peratura de 98 a 100 grados. Si no tiene usted termómetro, pruebe el
agua con su codo. Debe usarse jabón blanco, puro y blando, así como
ropa y toallas suaves y limpias. Antes de bañar al niño debe tenerse
diariamente lista la ropa necesaria.
El equipo para .un niño debe contener lo siguiente:
. Tubo de vaselina.
Acido bórico en polvo o solución.
Alfileres de seguridad en diferentes tamaños.
Jabón puro y blanco de Castilla.
‘ Talco sin esencia.
Agua, hilo y tijeras.
. Una caja con algodón absormente.
Antes de asear al niño, debe la madre lavarse sus manos perfectamente.
Al bañar a un niño en una tina, déjesele. descansar sobre su brazo
izquierdo, que se pasará por debajo de su espalda dcllado derecho. Debe
dejarse libre la mano derecha para bañar al niño. Tanto la tina como
la ropa, toalles y jabón deben destinarse para el uso exclusivo del niño.
‘15339999H
TIEMPO APROPIADO PARA EL BANG.
El baño, si es posible, debe tener lugar antes del alimento del medio
día, pues que después le entrará el sueño.
-5...
DEL CUIDADO DE LOS DIVERSOS ORGAN OS.
. r..'_. . ‘¡au-‘.1
Ojos.—-Ya sea que el niño esté despierto o dormido sus ojos deben estar
protegidos de una luz fuerte, ya sea natural 0 artificial, así como del
viento y del polvo. Debe tenerse cuidado de no dejar entrar agua de
jabón en sus ojos al bañar-lo. Es prudente lavar los ojos de los niños
con una solución de ácido bórico.
Boom—Todo niño que tenga la boca sana no necesitará en ésta un
aseo especial, antes de que salgan los dientes, destinado a conservar
limpia la baco y podrían dañarse las delicadas encías, a1 tratar de asear
las mismas con un paño. Jamás deberá introducirse un dedo dentro
de la boca del niño a menos que se trate de una emergencia.
Oídos.——Lávese el oído externo con un paño suave, pero no se trate
nunca de introducir un instrumento duro dentro del mismo, para
asearlo. Séquense siempre los oídos con cuidado y los pliegues detrás
de los mismos.
Nariz—Debe asearse la nariz del niño como parte de su tocado diaria
y en la mlsma forma que los oídos. Cuando tenga el niño un resfriado
infeccioso deberá prodigarsele una atención especial.
Órganos genitales—Estos órganos en ambos sexos deben conservarse
escrupulosamente limpios y tocarse lo menos que sea posible. Los niños
deberán ser examinados por un médico para determinar si es necesario
o no la circumcisión. El prepucio debe ser retraído frecuentemente a
la hora del baño, para limpiar el órgano. Si tiene la madre dificultades
para retracrlo no deberá tratar de hacerlo sola sino más bien consultar al
médico para que éste le indique la forma en que debe hacerlo.
Un aseo perfecto ‘es cl tratamiento esenciol que se necesita en las
niñas. Si aparecen síntomas nerviosos en el niño, deberáser examinado
por un médico. Cualquier inflamación o irritación de las partes o un
derrame aunque sea ligero, deberá. ser sometido a la atención del doctor.
ROPA.
La ropa más sencilla es la más satisfactoria. Al bañar y vestir al
niño, la nodriza debe tocarlo lo menos que sea posible. Se ha encon-
trade que los Vestidos mas prácticos son los que pueden pasarse por los
pies y sujetarse a la espalda. Los vestidos, según la ilustración son
conforme a los patrones aprobados. Vístasele de acuerdo con la tem-
peratura del día y no la de la estación. En un día frío necesitará ropa
extra, medias calientes y abrigos cortos; si la temperatura está caliente,
una camisa decuello corto, sobre la que pueda prenderse el babero, y
quizá un par de calcetines ligeros. Las camisas de algodón y lana son
mejores que las de lana y seda; pero en Texas debe suprimirse la lana
durante el verano. N o se usen baberos pesados, sino más bien dehule.
Es bueno desvestir por completo al niño, una vez al día, colocarlo sobre
una colcha pesada en un cuarto caliente con bastante sol y dejarlo
retozar un rato. Los niños gustan de la libertad y a las vez es una
ayuda para desarrollar sus músculos. Desvístase al niño todas las
noches. Frótese su cuerpo y miembros con las manos y póngasele ropa
limpia. De esta manera descansara mejor.
....7_...
A continuacion so oxpono una lista do la ropa que nocosita e1 niﬁo:
Tres bandas abdominalos tojidas, con tirantos y cintas para prondorse
o1 baboro.
Tres camisas do algodén y lana mozcladas, do peso modiano y do
algodén ligoro para el verano.
Ouatro docenas do baboros: dos doconas do 24 pulgadas y dos do 30
pulgadas.
Cuatro vostiditos do franela (véase ilustracion).
Cuatro camisas do dormir o bolsas do franela; camisas ligoras para
el vorano.
Seis corpiﬁos sencillos.
Tros kimonas cortas para las maﬁanas frias.
Tros pares do calcotinos do cachomira para los dias frios.
Tres pares do calcetinos do algodén para o1 vorano.
Tros pares do botitas.
Una oolcha tejida do lana 0 gaucho.
Camisas do Dorm'in—El niﬁo nocesita cuatro camisonos do dormir o
bolsas do franola blanca 0 do ostambro. En o1 inviorno deboran hacorso
las mangas del camisén dos pulgadas mas largas y la falda debora toner
ocho pulgadas mas. Puedon pasarso cintas a través do las mangas y del
dobladillo, para protogor las manos y los pies del niﬁo, dol frio. Las
bolsas do dormir so puodon hacor do 33 pulgadas do largo por 27 pulgadas
do ancho, abiortas on laparto inferior delantera. Se ooloda dentro a1
niﬁo y so abotonala bolsa. Puode sor mudado sin nocosidad do sacarlo
do 1a bolsa.
ALIMENTOS.
ALIMENTACION n12 PECHO.
N o hay substi’r-uto apropiado para la locho matorna, pues yuo ésta es
el alimonto que la naturaloza 1e ha designado a1 niﬁo, y privarlo do la
misma es darlo una mala crianza. Contieno todos los olomontos nece—
sarios para dosarrollarlo fisicamonto y protogorlo do muchas do las on—
formodades do 1a infanoia. Durante 10s sois primoros moses do vida,
muoro un mayor nl’lmero do niﬁos oriados con botolla quo con el pooho.
Si 1a lecho materna es insuﬁciente en cantidad o calidad dobera some-
terso a una diota para do esa manoro mojorarla. Es nocosario quo tome
alimontos sanos como coreales, verduras y frutas para los ofoctos laxantosg
carno, poscado y huevos on cantidad razonablo una voz por dia. Dobe
ovitar o1 té y el oafé y mas bion tornar lecho y chocolate. La madro
dobera bebor do uno a dos cuartillos diarios do agua.
Es muy escencial 1a rogularidad en los alimontos do 10s niﬁos. Hasta
la edad do tres a ouatro moses es convonion’co alimontarlos cada tres
horas duranto el dia. Dobe durar 1a alimontacion do quince a vointo
minutos y bajo ninguna oircunstancia a deshoras. Dospués do osto
acuéstoselo y déjeselo tranquilo y sin molostarlo. Es bueno duranto o1
alimonto alojar a1 niﬁo dol pocho por un momento y frotarlo suavomonto
1a espalda. Esto a monudo 10 libra dol gas, dospués do 10 cual puode
continuar so alimento.
_.g._.
CRIANZA CON BOTELLA.
DEBE OBTENERSE DEL MEDICO UNA FORMULA APROPIADA, SEGUN LA EDAD
DEL N IN O.
No solamente las botellas y frascos usados, sino también las manos
de la madre, deben estar perfectamente limpias antes de preparar la
leche. ‘
Deben conservarse los utensilios necesarios exclusivamente para este
obJeto y tenerlos siempre aseados. Las botellas deben serredondas y de
superficie lisa, a fin de que puedan ser lavadas fácilmente con un
escobillón. . ,
Al preparar la leche del niño, es más conveniente hacerlo con toda
la cantidad junta que se va a emplear durante el día, a menos que
entreguen la leche dos veces por día. Debe ser puesta la cantidad
apropiada para cada alimento en una botella separada. Los siguientes
artículos son los convenientes para la preparación del alimento:
Tantas botellas-como alimetos se le suministren durante las veinti-
cuatro horas del día.
Una mamadera para cada botella.
Uno tapón limpio para cada botella (de corcho o algodón absorbente).
Un escobillón para botella.
Un colado: pequeño.
Una probeta graduada.
Dos jarras de cristal con tapaderas, una para las mamaderas usadas y
otra para las que estén sin usar.
Una cuchara larga para mover el alimento.
Una cuchara sopera.
Un cazo de dos cuartillos.
Debe ser mezclado el alimento de acuerdo con la fórmula médica, y
la cantidad prescrita para cada alimento puesta en cada botella, tapada
ésta ya sea con un corcho esterilizado o algodón y puesta dentro de un
refrigerador hasta que se necesite. El diluente empleado (agua, agua
de cebada, ete), debe hervirse previamente y agregarse a la leche fría.
Pueden ser recalentadas las botellas colocando las en agua caliente, sub-
stituyendo el tapón por una mamadera esterilizada, teniendo cuidado de
no tocar la parte que vaya chupar el niño. Puede ser probada la tem-
peratura de la leche invirtiendo la botella y dejando caer una gota sobre
la muñeca. El agujero en elbiberón debe ser lo suficientemente grande,
de manera que esté goteando la leche fácilemente, pero tampoco demas-
iado ancho que désalida a un chorro continuo.
Después de mezclarse la leche, llenar las botellas y tapar las mismas
con un algodón absorbente limpio, en caso necesario puede ser pasteur-
izada colocando las botellas en un cazo lleno de agua; fría y colocando el
mismo sobre la estufa. hasta que hierva el agua. Se retira entonces el
cazo de la estufa y se coloca sobre una mesa dejando 1a botella sumer-
gida en el agua caliente durante veinte minutos; se enfría después la
leche metiendo la botella en agua fría y colocándolas después en hielo.
Es de gran importancia un enfriamiento rápido.
.__9__
DEL CUIDADO DE LAS BOTELLAS Y MAMADERAS.
Debe consagrarse un gran cuidado a las botellas y mamaderas. Des-
pués de usarse, la mamadera debe lavarse perfectamente y limpiarse por
dentro con un escobillón, después de lo cual se deja en una jarra con
agua. Las botellas deben ser enjuagadas con agua fría lavadas con
agua caliente y jabón y llenadas con agua. Cuando se vaya a preparar
la leche, deben vaciarse las botellas y esterilizarse por medio de un
hervor de cinco minutos. Deben limpiarse y escaldarse las mamaderas
perfectamente, colocandolas en una jarra esterilizada, dejando esta
tapada hasta que se vayan a usar. Es bueno tener dos jarras con sus
etiquetas, una para las mamaderas esterilizada y la otra para las usadas.
Téngase cuidado de que la mamadera no tenga contacto con nada antes
de colocarla en la boca del niño. En caso de caerse al suelo úsese otra.
SOLAMENTE UNA MAMADERA PERFECTAMENTE ESTERI-
LIZADA ES BUENA PARA EL NINO.
POSICION.
Es bueno que la madre sostenga al niño en sus brazos mientras toma
su alimento, el cual dura unos veinte minutos. Esto permite que ter-
mine so alimento a su debido tiempo.
Si el niño no puede tomar de una vez toda la leche, lo que sobre debe
tirarse, limpiándose botella y mamadera. DEBE DARSE AL NINO
UNA BOTELLA NUEVA PARA CADA ALIMENTO.
VOMITO.
Si arroja el niño la leche después de su alimento es quizás señal de
que la tomó demasiado rapidamente. Si persiste esta condición debe
llamarse a un médico, pues es posible que se necesita una modificación
en la fórmula.
AGUA.
Dése al niño bastante agua fresca hervida, cada veinticuatro horas,
en cantidad de dos a cuatro onzas. El agua debe ser suministrada entre
los alimentos y deberá. provenir de botellas y mamaderas esterilizadas.
REFRIGERADOR HECHO EN CASA.
Este puede construirse de la siguiente manera: Tómese una caja
profunda con un fondo de unas dieciocho pulgadas y llénese con unas
tres pulgadas de aserrín. Colóquense dos cubetas dentro del cajón, una
más pequeña dentro de otra más grande y llénese el espacio entre estas
y la caja con aserrín. Se colocan las botellas con leche dentro de la
cubeta pequeña. El espacio entre ambas cubetas se llena con hielo.
Debe taparse la cubeta interior con una hoja de lata. Clávense varios
periódicos en la parte inferior de la tapa de lacaja. El refrigerador
debe permanecer tapado en un lugar obscuro y fresco. Es conveniente
una vez al día sacar el agua del hielo derretido y colocar nuevos trozos.
__10._
PROGRAMA DIARIO.
Intervalos de Alimentación
Tres horas. Cuatro horas.
Primer alimento de la mañana. . .' . . . . . . . . . 6 :00 a. m. 6:00 a. m.
Juegos en la cuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6:30- 8:30 6:30- 9:30
Jugo de frutas (después de seis meses; tres
meses si fué criado con botella) . . . . . . . . . . 8:30 9:30
Baño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8:30 9:30
Alimentación a media mañana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9:00 10:00
Largo sueño, si es posible al aire libre . . . . .. 9:30-12 :00 10:30
Alimentación al medio día . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12200 2:00 p. m.
Sueño corto si es posible al aire libre . . . . . . . . 1 :OO— 2 :30 2 :30- 3:30
Alimentación a media tarde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:00
Despierto, al aire libre, si el tiempo lo permite 3 :30- 5:30 3 :30- 5:30
Se le desvestirá, frotará y mudará de ropa. . . 5:30 5:30
Alimentación de la tarde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:00 6:00
Id. al acostarlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9:00 10:00
hasta los ocho meses.
LA NECESIDAD PRIMORDIAL DE TODO NINO ES UNA MADRE COMPETENTE.
Debe observarse ciudadosamente el peso de un niño, pues indica su
condición y crecimiento. Debe ser pesado regularmente una vez por
semana, el mismo día y a la misma hora. Si la madre tiene en casa una
báscula buena y precisa deberá pesarlo para mayor conveniencia antes de
la segunda alimentación de la mañana. Si no, podrá pesarse en el con-
sultorio del doctor o en el CENTRO DE SALUBRIDAD DEL NINO.
TABLA FIJA DE ALTURAS Y PESOS.
El niño normal pierde en peso durante los primeros días después del
nacimiento y entonces debe comenzar a aumentar constantemente de
cuatro a seis onzas por semana. Si está debidamente alimentado, el
aumento en peso deberá ser regular. Las tablas a continuación están
basadas en el peso y altura promedia, conforme a la edad.
Altura Peso
Edad. Pulgadas. Libras.
A1 nacer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7%
3 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 13
6 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 1'7
9 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 20
12 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29 21
15 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 22
18 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 24
21 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 25
24 meses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 2'7
VACUNAOION.
El niño debe ser vacunado, antes de que comience la dentición, con
preferencia de los tres a los seis meses o en un intervalo entre 1a solida
.._'11__
de sus dientes. Si se le vacuna entes de que comience a arrastrarse
estará menos propenso a que se le dañe o que se le infecte la cicatriz.
Desde que se introdujo la vacuna se redujeron grandemente las
viruelas. No obstante eso es un constante peligro entre las gentes que
no estén vacunadas. Solamente entre un gran número de personas no
vacunadas podrán las viruelas constituirse en una epidemia peligrosa.
La molestia y gastos de la vacunación son insignificantes, mientras que
el peligro de las viruelas es una desfiguración permanente o la muerte.
DESARROLLO DEL NINO.
Al nacer el niño, la cabeza es mayor, en proporción asu cuerpo, que
en los adultos. El abdomen es grande los brazos y piernas cortas y
éstas ligeramente encorvadas.
Como la alimentación inadecuada es la causa principal de la falta de
un desarrollo propio en el niño, debe consagrarse mayor atención a la
alimentación.
Poco después del nacimiento comienza en el niño a desarrollarse el
sentido del contacto y la temperatura, es decir que sabe cuando lo están
cargando y puede apreciar el calor y el frío. Comienza a ver y a oír
durante los primeros tres o cuatro días. En el primer mes las manos
se mueven mecánicamente; durante el segundo aprende a colocar la
mano en la boca y trada dc levantar su cabeza.
Durante el tercero y cuatro mes el niño un esfuerzo para coger lo que
tiene ente sí y asimismo tratará de sentarse. Esto no se le debe permitir
a menos que se le sostenga. En esta época es cuando comienza a
reconocer a los demás y a desarrollar su voluntad, que expresa por medio
del llanto cuando se le disgusta. Son reirá cuando está contento.
Alrededor del sexto Ines un niño puede ya sentarse solo durante algunos
minutos. Agarrará y sostendrá cuanto esté a su alcance. Es cuando
comenzará a tratar de hablar produciendo algunos sonidos bocales.
Del séptimo al noveno mes comenzará a arrastrarse y a hacer esfuerzos
para ponerse de pie. Le gusta imitar todos los movimientos y que se le
demuestre simpatía y atención.
Del noveno al doceavo mes, aprenderá a estar de pie y del doceavo al
dieciseisavo mes aprenderá a andar. Se desarrolla en él un deseo de
agradar, lo que le conduce a la obediencia. Algunas veces a los doce
meses ya podrá decir algunas palabras.
Un niño no tiene sentido moral o conocimiento de lo que está bien o
mal hecho, simplemente se guía por sus instintos. Una persona mayor
debe conservarlo lejos de todo daño y enseñarle dulcemente como debe
hacer lo debido, hasta que aprenda por si mismo.
LO QUE HAY QUE OBSERVAR EN UN NINO.
Los niños no pueden hablar, pero se expresan por medio de señas.
Por medio del llanto y de los movimientos pueden expresar muchas
cosas.
Niños Samoa—Un niño normal y sano debe ganar regularmente en
peso, debe tener una piel suave y caliente, respirar tranquilamente, comer
ganoso, dormir quieto, tener uno o dos movimientos locales y llorar
solamente cuando esté hambriento, incómodo, enfermo, etc.
__12._
Postura, al Dormiqn—Debe estar quieto con los miembros relajados,
con un sueño tranquilo sin sacudidas.
Expresión FaciaL—Calma y paz. Cuando el niño sufre algún dolor
sus facciones se contraerán de cuando en cuando y sus'puños se cerrarán
estrechamente.
Respiración—Esta debe ser regular, libre y tranquila. Sin embargo,
durante las primeras semanas de vida la respiracón puede ser irregular,
aun en los niños perfectamente normales. Esto no debe despertar
ninguna alarma, a menos que vaya acompañado con otras condiciones
anormales, tales como una piel caliente y cara congestionada.
El niño debe respirar a través de 1a nariz y conservar la. boca cerrada.
Una respiración por la boca o tener esta siempre abierta respiración,
que requiere la atención de un médico.
Piel—Esta debe estar caliente, ligeramente humedecida y con un color
sano‘y rosado. Asimismo deben sentirse suaves y firmes los músculos
debajo de ella. Los músculos flojos indican generalmente algo anormal
en la alimentación.
Llanta—Los niño necesitan llorar bastante a fin de desarrollar sus
pulmones. _
Cuando lloran por cada cosa que desean, es el resultado de una. educa-
ción defectuosa. Cuando el niño es caprichoso o colérico y llora durante
largo rato, no significa siempre que esté enfermo, sino más bien que esté
molesto. Aprenda a comprender lo que está tratando de decirle por
medio del llanto.
Llanto por Hembra—Este se traduce en sollozos, al mismo tiempo
que se chupa los dedos o los labios. Si no se le da pronto el alimento,
en vez de llorar comenzará a gritar con fuerza. Los niños muchas
veces lloran ya sea por indigestión causada por una sobre alimentación,
ya sea por hambre.
Llanto Oolé'rica—Este surge cuando el niño tiene sueño o se siente
incómodo. Tal vez tenga demasiado calor o esté demasiado cansado de
estar en una posición. Un baño tibio de esponja y una frotación suave
o un cambio de ropa le darán descanso y comodidad. Si continúa el
llanto consúltese al doctor, pues tal vez se encuentre enfermo.
Llanto por Cálico 0 Dolores—Un llanto vigoroso, llegando a veces
hasta un chillido es la mejor señal. En dolores abdominales o de cólico,
retraerá las rodillas y cerrará los puños. Un puño cerrado es general—
mente un indicio de dolor. Si aumenta el llanto y mueve un brazo o
una pierna, al colooársela en cierta posición, es que quizás tenga un
hueso roto u otro daño, que necesita de la atención del doctor.
Llanto por Enfermedad—E1 niño verdaderamente enfermo no llora
muy fuerte, más bien se concreta a un gemido o sollozo, acompanado
algunas veces por un movimiento de cabeza, de lado a lado.
Niños Enfermos—Aprenda a reconocer todo lo anormal. Una con-
gestión inusitada o palidez en la cara, insomnio, falta de energía,
inapetencia, sudor abundante, especialmente en la cabeza, mal humor,
vómito o diarrea, indican que el niño esta enfermo.
Determine lo que es y porqué. '
__ 13...
COSAS QUE SON MALAS PARA TODOS Los NINOS.
Dulces.
Chupones.
Chuparse el pulgar.
Miel.
Medicinas de patente.
Cinematógrafo.
Chupar botellas vacías.
Besar a un niño en la boca.
Juegos de cualquier especie, después del alimento.
Dormir en la cama con la madre.
Comida irregular 0 demasiado frecuente.
Estornudar o toser en la cara del niño.
Quedarse dormido sobre el pecho de la madre durante la alimentación.
Baberos impermeables, excepto por uso temporal.
Juguetes sucios, mamaderas sucias, botellas y pisos sucios.
Mecimiento Violento, brincos y juegos de rodar.
Escupir en el pañuelo para limpiar la cara del niño.
Permitir que una persona tuberculosa se haga cargo del niño.
Probar la temperatura de la botella introduciéndose la mamadera en
la boca.
Poner demasiada ropa al niño en tiempo de calor, pues siente tanto
calor como usted mismo.
El niño no es un juguete, sino una gran responsabilidad.
So salud, desarrollo y felicidad dependen en gran parte de usted. Es
malo acostarlo en cualquier sitio, en que le dé el so en la cara.
Es malo también alimentarlo cuando llora. Aliméntelo durante largo
rato, de manera que quede satisfecho y haga esto con regularidad.
REGISTRO DE NACIMIENTO.
N o deje de registrar su nacimiento ; tal descuido es una injusticia que
los padres más tarde tendrán que lamentar.
El Consejo de Salubridad del Estado conserva un registra minucioso
de todos los nacimientos. Puede ser que esto no le parezca importante
por el momento, pero dentro de un cuarto de siglo significará mucho
para sus hijos y los de los demás. Hemos por lo tanto de apreciar
grandemente que usted recuerde al doctor le entregue el certificado de
nacimiento de su hijo. Esto no solamente nos proporcionará ayuda, sino
que su nombre y el de su hijo figurarán en nuestra li sta de envío gratis de
literatura y folletos que le serán de gran utilidad e impedirán que
atropos y su cortejo fúnebre se detenga ante su casa.
RAZONES POR LAS CUALES DEBE REGISTRARSE EL NACIMIENTO.
Valor individual.
Ciudadanía.
Herencia de propiedades.
N aoionalidad.
Derecho de Viajar por el extranjero.
Derecho para asistir a la escuela.
Derecho para trabajar.
Derecho para votar.
Derecho para casarse.
Derecho para tener una oﬁcina pública.
Derecho para el servicio militar.
Usted se constituirá. en un verdadero misionero en su comunidad, si
envía al Consejo de Salubridad del Estado, Austin Texas, los nombres
de sus vecinos y amigos 0 los de las futuras madres, de manera que los
podamos enviar literatura.
Tradujoz—W. Luckhaus.
México, 6 de Agosto de 1921.

L DEPARTAMENTO DE SALUBRIDAD facilitará gratis el
nitrato de plata (1%) á los pobres del estado para que los
médicos, cirujanos, parteras, enfermeras y ayudantes cumplan
con la ley que exige el uso de las gotasproﬁlacticas ó preventivas
en los ojos del niño.


“ L a s G 0 t a s ” especiales proﬁlacticas
evitan el daño de la enfermedad de !os ojos
en los niños.


Las gotas no perjudican los ojos del niño;
pero si no se usan, el niño puede cegar.

Se ha calculado que el 25% de todos los casos de ceguera, -
se debe al descuido de los ojos después del alumbramíento.