ſº , sire:Žy. º £ （$（' -¿• , ， ， ， ， ， ， ºg^* \} *）（&º% ºſ） • ſ £ ·，Ō： ∞ ∞º-^∞ •， ， ， ，…*， ，·º . . . W· á .* - º ！）， ， ， ，*•·|- -<！-- *§ 8，ſº• ， ！ »m-0·§§·، ، ، ، ، ſą º…§ *ș~•ſ ≡، ·， ！،tj. ，&q* º ： *: • № |-·Ľ► -|- ·،）* ** ∞ √∞º ae 5 2∞ ：C） Gºſae ∞ # © √° | ** * *）（.*; ：, ， ， ºr ， $（ e ）; ！ ~ſr Sºrsº： . . . *: < №. ſaeſº， ∞ &_№. ≡cºs）, º º º /…“ -- ،§ 8 №85 NA ~; § } §）， · · · ·…. … … • ? . ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، . . -....…. a ºsaſ. № cae” { º ~ * . M ſº 2. º º . ** >''S - -, * * * * * : * º º ... - . & w -,2 * 7: y wº ſº • Q ~ aſ a º º - T.S. * * a º º iſ " - ... •' is a & º C * A º . . Sº º º - º º - º, z = - - a e * , º . º, ºr ... A a P, a z. . . . . ). º } . . " wer.” . . . Aº *... • . . . * - sº º * * f.º. ſº a s: : - wº, "w • * * , L ſº - * : //// Aſ A 3,505. 3 , O 2 2. EUROPEAN COMMERCE, SHEWING NEW A N D SECU H. E. (CHI./JW.W.E L S (OF TR.A/JD) }; W IT H THE CONTIN ENT OF EUROPE: DETAILING THE PRODUCE, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCE, OF RUSSIA, PRUSSIA, SWEDEN, DENMARK, A N GERMANY; As well. As THE TRADE OF THE RIVERS ELBE, WESER, and EMS; -º- WITH A GENERAL VIEW of THE TRADE, NAVIGATION, PRODUCE, AND MANUFACTURES, OF THE UNITED KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ; \—- AND ITS UNEXPLORED AND IMPROVABLE RESOURCES AND INTERIOR, WEALTH. Illustrated with a CAN AL and RIVER Map of Europe. & & tº º, ºr º, rº, - / .\ BY J. JEPSON ODDY, MLM BER OF THE RUSSIA AND TU R KEY OR LEVANT COMPANIES, I, O N DO N : PRINTED FOR. W. J. AND J. RICHARD son, Roy AL Exch. ANGE ; J. ASPERNE, CORN HILL; J. HATCHARD, PICCADILLY ; AND F. PER THES, HAM BURG. 1805. Marchant, Printer, Greville-street, Holborn. * O. T H E- N RIGHT HONORABLE THE LORDS OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE MOST HONORABLE PRIVY COUNCIL, A PPOINTED FOR, THE CONSIDERATION OF ALL MATTERS R. E. LATING TO TRADE AND FOREIGN PLANTATIONS. My Lords, I have the honor to solicit your Lordships' acceptance of a Work, which has, for its object, an increase of the wealth and prosperity of this country. The means I have pointed out, for the attainment of these ends, are such as require all of them protec- tion, some of them encouragement, and fostering iv attention and care. It is for these reasons that I have f taken the liberty of dedicating my labours to your Lordships. The world will admit, at least, the pro- priety of the Dedication. * g - I shall be highly gratified, if the Work now submitted to the considention of your Lordship. shall be found, in any degree, conducive. to the general Interests of the British Empire. I have the honour to be, My Lords, Your Lordships Most obedient, And very humble servant, J. J.EPSON ODIDY. London, 1st August, 1805. s A. - P R E FA C E. ^ . - THE uncommon circumstances of the present times, when commerce is forced from its usual channels, may sufficiently apologize for my offering some information relative to those new and circuitous routes of carrying on business with the Continent of Europe, which it is become necessary to adopt. The commerce of Britain must either decline, or new channels and modes of carrying it on be sought after, encouraged, and adopted: for, where shall we find a sufficient market for our East and West India produce, and our home manufactures, when shut out from the Conti- nent of Europe P Every material circumstance here developed would certainly be known, in process of time: but men engaged in commerce have no time to lose. I therefore hope, that what I now offer will be found useful. I shall preface the subject with a few general remarks. There is no information yet published, relative to our commercial intercourse with the Continent, through the medium of the Northern Channels, sufficiently detailed and comprehensive, for the use of the British Merchant: and, as accuracy of detail may be claimed, without apprehending an imputation of vanity, I hope I may be permitted to say, that I have had, and cultivated opportunities of becoming, in some vi { - w- measure, qualified for the task I have undertaken. Personal observa- tions, with experience, both at home and abroad, in a life of active occupation, having given I]] e peculiar advantages, I have been enabled to point out many things hitherto little known ; and which will be highly useful to the Landed Proprietors, Merchants, Manu- facturers, Ship-Owners, and Underwriters of Great Britain. While Great Britain is engaged in a contest with an implacable foe, who aims at the annihilation of her political existence, by the ruin of her commerce, it must afford the highest satisfaction to every friend to his country to know, that, even if the Continent remain in its present situation, there are new, wide, and secure channels, by which her trade may be carried on, through the North of Europe and Ger- many, to Switzerland, Austria, Italy, and even to Turkey ; to which last country a new, expeditious, and cheap route is pointed out, and some interesting details given. Under the present circumstances it becomes of importance to shew, that the trade with the Northern Powers is more beneficial to them than to Great Britain. In doing this, it will be demonstrated, that their jealousies respecting the commercial prosperity of this Country originate in mistaken notions, both of our interests and their own, and that, though the disadvantages arising from a suspension of that trade would doubtless be great, both to the Northern Nations and to the British Empire, they would be far greater to the former than to the latter; for, neither the French trade nor any other could compensate to them, for the loss of the British commerce ; while the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland would find in its own unimproved, un- explored, various, and vast resources, means of uniting individual gain and prosperity with public security and greatness. vii. To illustrate these important points, to shew how trade in general, and to the North of Europe in particular, may be combined and ex- tended to the benefit of all parties; and, at the same time, how the disadvantage that would accrue from the loss and interruption of that trade might be made up to the United Kingdom, and the opportu- nities it would afford of introducing and extending various branches of manufactures, is one of the main designs of the work now offered to the public. It appears to me particularly important to prove, that though our trade to the interior of the continent, by the North of Europe, be very beneficial, yet our trade to the northern nations themselves is far from being so ; the Reader, therefore, will please to attend to the distinction between the one and the other. - s The northern powers treat us, in our commercial intercourse, as if we were dependent upon them; when, in fact, theirs are the only branches of trade, the balance of which is considerably against us. To set this matter in its proper light is among the particular objects of the present publication. And, as I attribute my knowledge of the subject not to superior abilities, but to peculiar advantages in point of local information, derived from a long residence abroad; so my aim has been to give useful information in the most intelli gible form in my power, without pretending to any of the niceties of composition, to which I am conscious I have no pretensions. This work I began last year, and in the progress, finding that many materials were wanting, I again visited the Continent, to procure authentic, more recent, and accurate information, on various poi nts of im p Ortance, & viii The volume concludes with a short analysis of the whole of our fo- reign commerce, shewing, that, as it is liable to great fluctuations and changes, true policy directs us to study and cultivate those internal -resources, which may counterbalance them, and preserve the prosperity of the country. e * CONTENTS. ~ tº Lº sº * ====s=mºsºmeºsasº. " BOOK I. CHAP. T. ^- Of the facility of carrying on commerce with the interior of the continent, by means of the Baltic Sea and the North of Germany, where it flourished earlier than in Eng- land, France, or Holland; illustrated with an account of the rise and progress of commerce in those parts.-Of the Hanseatic Towns. – The armed neutrality of 1780. – The convention between the Northern Powers and Great Britain, in 1801. — The present state of those countries. . . • • * * * * * : * ~ * : * ~ * CHAP. II. page. Of the Russian empire in general. — Its extent, seas, lakes, rivers, canals, and inte- . grain, &c tº & tº ë & & º ſº Q * > º & * © e gº º & © © tº © cº * * ſº CHAP. III. Of the White Sea and its ports. – Of Archangel and its trade. — Its amount and ex- ports, and in what it consists.-The estimate of ship-building there. — Prices of corn rior communication. — Its produce: iron, wood, hemp and flax, linens, tallow, for some time past, &c. &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAP. IV. Of the Baltic Sea, as connected with the Russian empire. —Its ports in that sea.— A table shewing when they are open, and when they are shut by the frost.—The ac- count of the shipping, &c. in 1797 and 1802. — Of the trade and navigation of all the ports of Russia in the Baltic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAP. V. Of St. Petersburg, and Cronstadt, its port.—Its trade in 1800. — Produce brought down the Neva, and by land to that capital. —Aggregate exportation from Peters- burg. — Tables of the exports to Great Britain and Ireland.--To France, and to— America. — To what places in 1804. — Account of exports and imports, with the names of the mercantile houses, and amount of their transactions.—The same with different nations.—State of the customs. --Gold and silver imported.—Merchandize of different sorts imported. – Ships arrived and sailed, from the foundation of that city.— Exports in British and American ships, in 1804. —Table of the exchange, proforma invoices. – Value of exports and imports from 1741 to the present year . . . . . . . . . . . º * > * * * º * e g ſe tº te g © CHAP. VI. Of Riga.-Produce in which it principally trades: hemp and flax, wood and grain. — Ships arrived, from 1703 to 1805. — Specie imported.—Aggregate exports. – Ex- ports to Britain and Ireland; to France. — Imports and exports, specifying to what nations the latter. — Total exports in 1804. — Imports in the same year . . . CHAP. VII. - Of the different Russian ports in the Baltic: Fredericksham, Wyburg, Narva, Revel, Hapsal, Arensburg, Pernau, Windau, and Liebau, with details of their exports, imports, and general trade. — Of the frontier trade, and that between the Baltic and the Black Sea, • º & §, & • gy © © g e o ty º * & º & ſº sº * The first mention that is made of Lapland is in the end of the twelfth century, (in 1190) by a Danish historian,” who notices it as a country known to the Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, and Finlanders, though to the rest of the world it remained unknown for several centuries after. . The crusades to the Holy Land were a principal cause of the revival of civilization and commerce in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. All the princes, and all the nobles, knights, and gentlemen of Chris- tendom took an interest in that great enterprise; they returned more civilized, and better acquainted with the use of those luxuries which southern climates and the commerce of the east furnish. They had visited Constantinople and Italy, where alone there remained, in Eu- rope, any vestiges of ancient manners and ancient grandeur; and though the barons of those days had not the advantage of learning, they were not inferior in ambition, or natural talents, to those of an y other age. - The southern shores of the Baltic and the Netherlands owed chiefly their wealth and greatness to this change of manners, which introduced the luxuries of the South and of the East into countries to which they were till then almost unknown. w * . It was in the end of the twelfth century that the maritime laws of the Isle of Oleron were first promulgated by Richard the First of England, on his return from the Holy Land. And, in the beginning of the thir- teenth century, the marine laws, drawn up by the merchants of Wisby made their appearance, and became the mercantile code for * This is mentioned by Saxo Gramaticus in his History of Denmark. determining all matters in dispute amongst merchants, on all the shores of the Baltic, as well as of all the cities of the Hanseatic League. This proves that commercial matters were become of im- . portance; the nature of trade, and the rights and interests of mer- chants well understood. - In 1203, to such consideration was the city of Cologne risen (and from that we may form some judgement of the other members of the Hanseatic League) that King John of England wrote to the magistrates of that town a very respectful letter of thanks for the honours, benefits, and assistance bestowed by them on his nephew. Otho, King of the Romans, (afterwards the Emperor Otho IV.) hoping for their farther assistance in aiding him to arrive at the highest pitch of honour; in return, John promises protection to the merchants of Cologne, re- siding in England. - * Arnoldus, in speaking of the people of Denmark, and describing their wealth, says, that riches were so abundant that many were not only clothed in scarlet, but also in purple and fine linen, One might be apt to ascribe this gaudy dress, the first mark of opulence in a rude º age, to the piracies of the Danes; but the same ancient author says, the herring fishery, on the coast of Schönen, was the scource from which they derived their riches. All nations resorted thither, and brought precious commodities, and gold and silver, in exchange for herrings, from which Mr. Anderson very justly concludes, that the art •of curing them with salt must have then been known:* .” At this time, Amsterdam was not begun to be built; there was only then a small castle, called Amstel, from the river on which it stood. Gisbert, the Lord of the castle, brought numbers of poor cottagers to live in the neighbourhood: they began by fishing, and the whole world knows what that famous city has since been. • In 1209, Stralsund was founded, and the city of Lubeck was con- sumed by a fire that only left five houses standing in that street which went afterwards by the name of the street of Five Houses. * There is now no great fishery at Schönen; the herrings go more out into the ocean. The city of Thorne, on the Vistula, was, about this time, built by the German Knights of Prussia, for facilitating the commerce of corn. and other produce of Poland down the river to Dantzic. In 1232, Henry III. granted great privileges to the merchants of the Hans Towns, residing at the Steel Yard, in London, on account of the services they had done him beyond seas. The Easterlings, or people on the south shore of the Baltic, had so far excelled in arts that they are said to have coined the first sterling money in England, under this king's reign. - - - Stockholm, in Sweden, and Koningsberg, in Prussia, were both founded within one year of each other (1255), at which time also we find the first treaty of commerce between any of the Hans Towns and the Netherlands; namely, between Hamburg and Henry, Duke of Brabant and Loraine, by which it obtained sundry privileges at Ant- werp, with liberty to continue eommerce in Brabant and Loraine, even though the prince should be at war with Holstein. - In 1273, the citizens of Lubeck made war, on their own account, against Stralsund, beseiged, and pillaged it, killing many of the inha- bitants, and carrying others prisoners away, which is an early proof of the power and wealth acquired by commerce. - - In 1280, the King of Norway having refused the Hans Towns a continuation of the privileges they had enjoyed in his ports, the League for the first time exerted its strength in a collective body, blocked up the ports of Norway, and compelled the king to renew their privileges, and make them a compensation in money. - In 1296, the great company of merchants, adventurers of England, obtained privileges from John, Duke of Brabant, to establish a staple at Antwerp. s It was at the beginning of the fourteenth century that Queen Jane, of France, wife of Philip the Fair, residing a few days only at Bruges, was greatly incensed and mortified at the splendour of the citizens’ wives. “I thought,” said her Majesty, “that I had been the only queen here, but I find there are above six hundred queens in this city.” / * . - Such was the power of the towns contiguous to the Baltic, in the ^. 16 beginning of the fourteenth century, that Edward II, complained to the King of Norway of his suffering several English merchants to be imprisoned, and their goods seized, to the value of 310l. sterling, at the instigation of the Eastland merchants; who, by all possible ways, strove to obstruct the advantages of the English merchants. “These Easterlings were,” says Anderson, “the HansTowns on the south shores of the Baltic Sea, who, in those times, were in great naval power, from Lubeck to Narva.” . . . . . An Earl of Flanders, in attempting to remove the seat of trade from Bruges to Sluys, was taken prisoner by the citizens, and kept in confinement four months, which proves the greatness of that city ; for, at that time, the Earls of Flanders were possessed of great power, and ranked amongst the sovereigns of Europe, with many of whom they were connected, both by blood and treaties of alliance. And, a few years afterwards, Edward III. complained to the Earl of Flan- ders, and to the Burgomasters of the three good towns of Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres, of their inhabitants aiding his enemy, David Bruce, King of Scotland, with money, ships, ammunition, and pro- visions. - . .* About the middle of the fourteenth century, the ships belonging to Venice and Genoa, and to the Hans Towns, were the largest of any, those of Spain excepted. The merchant-ships of the Hans Towns are said by some to have been the first that made use of cannon at sea, for fighting; but, though this fact may not be very well ascertain- ed, it is certain that, if not the first, they at least adopted that mode of defence nearly at as early a period as any other power, for the League was itself by sea one of the greatest powers in Europe. In 1348, a naval war began between the Hans Towns and Walde- mar III. King of Denmark, occasioned by that monarch demanding toll for vessels passing the Sound. The circumstances of the contest are not well known ; but that it terminated in favour of the League is clear, from this circumstance, that the king was glad, in order to obtain peace, to grant them the province of Schönen, for thirteen years, by way of indemnity. This is the first account existing of any toll demanded in passing the Sound, which has since been the cause § --- 17 . of much vexation to the commercial world. Soon after, another war broke out between those same merchants and the King of iDenmark, which ended much more gloriously for the former. g a The pensionary De Witt gives an account of the covenant entered into by the Hans Towns, in 1860, to the following purpose: “That seeing, by the wars then exitsing between Denmark and Sweden, that the eastern cities on the Baltic shores suffered great losses by sea, and, amongst others, were plundered by pirates belonging to the great city of Wisby, sixty-six such cities covenanted together to scour the seas from such piracies, to secure their goods; and thus- became, in the eastern trade, the only trafficers and carriers by sea, by that means beating all other nations out of the ocean, till, after the year 1400, when the art of salting and curing herrings was found out in Flanders; and that thereby the fisheries in the Netherlands were added to the Dutch manufactures, which proved of more im- portance than the trade and navigation of the Easterlings.” - While the Hanseatic League was strictly adhered to, the towns so confederated were, as Anderson says, actual sovereigns of the Nor- thern Seas, both without and within the Baltic; and, their ships 3being very large, they became general carriers for a great part of Jºurope. .** * When the King of Denmark took and plundered Wisby, the em- porium of trade in the island of Gothland, the Hans Towns declared war against Denmark, and formed an alliance with the King of Nor- way, Duke of Mecklenburg, and Earl of Holstein, who commanded the whole fleet, except the division belonging to Lubeck; for which that city named a commander itself. -- # - This federal fleet, in 1362, attacked and took Copenhagen and its castle; but the Danish fleet overcame the Lubeck squadron, took six ships, burned others, and compelled the remainder to fly to the port of Travemunde. -- - $ X. The defeat of the Lubeck squadron was soon repaired, and, in 1364, the Hanseatic fleet totally destroyed the whole fleet of Denmark, in or near the haven or road of Wismar. . . - Though the Danish King could not resist longer by sea, the Hans jº e 18 Towns contrived to engage the King of Sweden in the quarrel, and Holstein and Jutland assisting, the Danes were compelled to make peace; and, besides making new regulations for the duty payable on passing the Sound, great privileges were granted to the Hans Towns throughout the Danish dominions. Cronenburg castle was first erected for the purpose of commanding the Sound, and protecting ships from pirates, then very numerous, for which service a small toll was exacted, and has since been greatly augmented, though the original service has long been done away. At that time, the Hans Towns were at the zenith of their glory, and the summit of their power. A society of merchants had defeated the King of Denmark, whose nation had infested and oppressed all Europe for centuries;– that had swept the seas– Conquered England - Burned London, Paris, Cologne, and Ghent, besides many inferior cities; and ravaged Europe from the mouth of the Elbe to the shores of Italy. - ... --> The names of those cities, and the quotas they contributed to the general stock were as follows; and well do they merit being kept upon record. - Imperial Dollars. * Imperial Dollars. Lubeck . . . . . . . . . . 100 Hanover . . . . . . . 25 Cologne . . . . . . . . . . 100 Hamelin, in the Dutchy of Brunswick 20 Bremen . . . . . . . . . . . 60 || Colberg . . . . . . . . . . 25 Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . 80 Stargard, in Pomerania . . . . . . 25 Rostoe . . . . . . . . . . 50 Anelam . . . . . . . . . . 18 Straslund . . . . . . . . . 50 || Stadt . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Wismar . . 25 Boxtehude, in the Dutchy of Bremen 20 Magdeburg . . . . . . . . . 40 Golnow, in Pomerania. . . . . . . 8 Brunswick . . . . . . . . . 50 Thorne . . . . . . . . QO Dantzic . . . . . . . . . . 80 Elbing . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lunenburg . . . . . . . . . 60 Konigsberg . . . . . . . . 60 Stettin . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Braunsberg . . . . . . . . . 20 Grypeswald . . . . . . . . 25 Revel . . . . . . . . . . 50 Hildesheim . . . . . . . . 30 Dorpt, in Livonia . . . . . . 20 Goslar, in the Dutchy of Brunswick 30 || Pernau . . . . . . . . . 20. Gottingen, in do. . . . . . . . 30 Culm, in Polish Prussia . . . . ii Eimbeck, in do. . . . . . . . to Nineguen . . . . . . . . . 35 19. Imperial Dollars, Imperial Dollars, Daventer . . . . . . . . . . 50 || Emmerick, in the Durchy of Cleves . 30 Campen . . . . . . . . . . 40 Osnaburg ge tº 30 Zwool . . . . . . . . . . 28 Soest, in Westphalia . . 3.5 Zutphen, in Guelderland . . . . 30 || Dortmunde, in do. 3O Arnheim . . . . . . . . . 80 Munster , 40 Bommel . . . . . . . . . . 10 Wesel . . . . . . . . . . . 3() Tiel . . . . . . . . . . . 10 || Minden . . . . . 3O Harderwick . . . . . . . . .30 Paderborn, in Westphalia . 2O Duisburg, in the Dutchy of Cleves . 20 || Hervorden, in do. 15 Staven, in Friesland . 35 || Lemgow, in do. 15 Groningen . . . . . . . 35 Lipstad . Q @ 6. IO Bolsuerd, in Friesland . 3O Hamm, in Westphalia . . & 25 Ruremonde . . . . . 25 Warberg, do. . . . . . . . . 15 Venloo . . . . . . . . . . 2O Bielfield, do. . . . . . . . IO Riga . 50 Unna, do. . . . . . . . . . 20 This was only the ordinary annual contribution of the sixty-four towns, principally for salaries of officers, meetings, and general expenses. - We see, from the above list, that the towns, properly called Hans Towns, were, for the most part, either on the Baltic Sea, or connected with it by rivers. - w - Other cities joined rather in alliance than confederacy. Antwerp, Bruges, Ostend, and Dunkirk, in the Netherlands; Calais, Rouen, Bordeaux, St. Maloes, Bayonne, and Marsailles, in France; Barcelona, Cadiz, and Seville in Spain ; Lisbon in Portugal ; Naples in Italy; and Messina in Sicily; and London the metropolis of England. This league had four counting-houses in different parts of Europe. One (the oldest) at Bruges, which was afterwards carried to Antwerp, where the house still is to be seen ; one in London, at the Steel-Yard, in Thames-Street; the third at Novogorod, in Russia; and the fourth at Bergen, in Norway. *. • It is difficult to use power with moderation, and the Hans Towns, in the plenitude of their strength in giving law to the commercial world, in the North were not always just. At their general assemblies they would forbid any of their members (towns) to traffic with such as did not belong to them. This compelled many to join that would not other- D 2 20 wise have done so ; and, at the same time, it excited many enemies, as injustice and oppression never fail to do. - In 1395, the Hanseatic League triumphed over Queen M. argaret Of Denmark, a woman of great abilities and enterprize, and who had united, under her single authority, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. They compelled her to deliver up King Albert and his son, who were her prisoners, and also to give them Stockholm. The cities of Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, and five others of the Hanseatic league, bound themselves in the sum of 60,000 marks, that King Albert should, with- in three years, resign the whole kingdom of Sweden. - - - * This was certainly the moment when the Hans Towns had attained, the summit of their power. In the History of the World there is not a more extraordinary example of what industry and a strict union of interests for the effecting a great purpose can do. We have seen that, in the ninth century, pirates and robbers, from Denmark and Norway, desolated Europe, and absolutely ruled the seas; and we have now seen an association of cities, many of which were not founded at that time, and not one of which was of much importance, in less than four centuries, rescuing the world from those barbarians, merely by attention to industry, and fidelity towards each other. Can we read this without reflecting on the ineffectual and useless wars of great princes during the same period 2 , Paris, London, Cologne, Ghent, Rouen, Bourdeaux, and many other places, were burned and destroyed by those northern hordes, yet neither the Kings of France or England, nor the Emperor of Germany, could revenge the cause or reduce the enemy. Not less, on the whole, than two millions of men were sacrificed in the crusades alone. The wealth that was expended was in proportion; for half the barons in Christendom mortgaged or sold their lands to support those expeditions, whilst, for little more than 2,000 crowns a year, the Hans Towns kept up a connection that enabled them to protect, and, if we may be allowed the expression, to emancipate Europe b ~. The History of the Commerce of the World contains little else, for 500 years, than the rise and progress of those towns, all of them on, or near, the shores of the Baltic Sea ; and if, at the end of the fourteenth 21 century, matters began to change, it was more owing to the discoveries made at that period than to any want of perseverance in those indus- trious merchants. i The mariner's compass, enabling seamen to quit sight of land without. danger, made way for the discovery of a passage to the East Indies, by the Cape of Good Hope, and the discovery of America. Those two discoveries altered entirely the nature of commerce, and brought wealth into other parts. Sovereigns, who had before only cultivated the art of war, began to turn their views to commerce and the arts of peace. - - - . . . . . Towards the close of the fourteenth century, England and the Great Master of Prussia, who was at the head of the Hans Towns, had many disputes and commercial differences, but they were amicably settled; though this shews that England now began to be a formidable rival to these merchants, yet occasional depredations still continued ; for, in the last year of that century, an English ship, from Newcastle, in sailing up the Baltic, towards Prussia, was seized by vessels belong- ing to Wismar and Rostoe. The Hans Towns appear to have thought that all not belonging to their body, who presumed to navigate the Baltic, were invading on their rights. - In 1403, the Hans Towns complained, in a general assembly, and in very respectful terms, to Henry IV. of England, that the Gascons, (who were then subject to England,) had seized a ship belonging to Stettin; Jºubeck complained, the same year, of a similar injustice done on the coasts of Britain. Hamburg joined in this latter complaint, and it. appears to be the first time that it acted directly as a member of the federation of the Hans Towns. Those towns treated as sovereign with sovereign, in the grievances they had either to complain of, or redress; as for example, in 1406, at Dort, in Holland, and the follow- ing year at the Hague, where. Henry IV’s ambassadors met those of the Master General of the Teutonic Order of Prussia, in consequence of which arrangement, and damages awarded, Henry gave his obligation, in 1409, to the Master General, for 53184 golden nobles and 13d. to be paid next St. Martin's day, on the express condition, that when the money should be paid to the envoy of the Master General in England, 22 it should be sent out of the country by bills of exchange, but not in bullion or coin, except so much as was necessary for expenses: never- theless, only two years afterwards, the same monarch arrested several Hanseatic merchants, in the port of Boston, until satisfaction should be made for divers losses and murders, committed by them on English merchants trading to Bergen. On giving security, to the amount of 2000 marks, they, however, were released the following year. - It was about the year 1417, that the herring fishery deserted the Baltic Sea, as it is mentioned then for the last time. - In 1428, the Hans Towns, on the Baltic Sea, fitted out a fleet, at the port of Wismar, of 260 ships, carrying 12,000 men, which were in- tended a second time to destroy Copenhagen; but, notwithstanding their numbers and force, they did not succeed. - After this, Eric X. King of Denmark, by intrigue, contrived to ren- der the people, in some of the Hans Towns, jealous of their magis- trates, by which he gained over some of them ; and, nearly about the same time, the Dutch increasing greatly in wealth, and laying very commodiously for commerce, the decline of the league began to be visible ; so that, in 1431, after a cruel war with the King of Denmark, they were obliged to sue for that peace they had so long refused. Ships of foreign nations seized the opportunity, while the towns which had monopolized that trade were engaged in war, of entering through the Sound, and obtaining some share for it to themselves. Henry VI. in 1437, renewed to the Hans Towns all the privileges they had enjoyed in former times in England, in the fullest manner, and also agreed to pay 19,274; nobles to the Master General in annual sums of 1000. * This same monarch, during a great dearth in England, wrote to Eric, King of Denmark, to allow an English merchant to supply himself with whatever corn he might want, hearing that it was very plentiful in his country, which proves that cultivation of land had accompanied the riches brought into Denmark by commerce. ,” The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, laying on heavy taxes on the newly built cities, their inhabitants joined with the nobles in a league for self-defence. The Emperor, Frederick III. took the Grand Master under his protection, and the other party had recourse to Casi- 28 -- mir, Ring of Poland, for assistance. The war lasted twelve years, and the consequence was, that, in 1466, Poland got possession of the coun- try that has since been called Polish Prussia, with the city of Culin. The knights were even obliged to hold the remainder of their territory as a fief of the crown of Poland. Such a long war, with an issue so unfortunate, must naturally lead to the decay of a commercial confe- deracy, such as that of the Hans Towns; and, accordingly, we find that the part they acted, on the theatre of the world, became afterwards every day less important and conspicuous. .* At this time, we see that the articles which the Easterlings imported into England were, corn, cordage, linen, cloth, hemp, flax, pitch, tar, masts, pipe staves, steel, iron, wax, Wainscot; but, as corn, of which they imported great quantities, sometimes arrived when the prices were very low, the proprietors of land and farmers complained, and an act was in consequence passed, Edward IV. chap. 3. (year 1463), by which corn imported was forfeited, when the price of wheat was un- der 6s. 8d. the quarter, rye 4s. and barley 3s. This act was not re- pealed till the time of James I. near two hundred and fifty years after. It was about 1469, that the Great Duke of Muscovy begun to make conquests, and, amongst others, obtained the commercial city of Novo- gorod, which he pillaged and destroyed. The Hans Towns then removed. their emporium to Revel, where it remained about half a century, from whence it was removed to Narva. In the year 1510, ships from all parts of Europe frequented the Baltic Sea ; and the city of Lubeck, having imprudently attacked the King of Denmark, and burned several places on the coast, that monarch pressed into his service, the ships of England, France, and Scotland. Sweden joined the Hanseatics; and Denmark hired, at a high price, ships from the same three nations, thereby becoming superior to the Swedish and Lubeck fleet. The port of Lubeck, with all the ships in it, was burned, as was likewise that of Wismar, together with the suburbs of the town. Warnemunde was destroyed, and the suburbs of Trave- munde, together with many villages belonging to Stralsund and Rostoc. This was the second serious blow to the Hans Towns, and it was a blow 24 ºf * they never recovered. But as misfortunes are said seldom to come single, another of a more permanent nature soon followed. The Hans Towns had long oppressed the Danish merchants who came into their ports with goods; they fixed an arbitrary price on their merchandise, and refused, when once arrived, the privilege of carrying them away. The only remedy was, to warehouse the goods with some person in the town, till circumstances might become more favourable.--- To revenge, as well as to remedy this, it was ordered by the King of Denmark, that all such merchandise should in future be exposed for sale, only at Copenhagen, to which place he invited foreign merchants; so that it became an emporium for all Danish merchandise, to the great detriment of all the Hans Towns on the Baltic. Hn 1518, no less than fourteen towns were cut off from the Hanse- atic League, which now was so much engaged in quarrels, that the dangers it brought on its members was nearl y a counterpoise to the protection it afforded them. In short, the tide of, human affairs was turned, with respect to them ; and that current is one which frequently runs with irresistible force. - * The League, however, received some advantage from a quarrel that broke out between Denmark and Sweden, when Lubeck and Dantzic lent, to Gustavus Vasa, nine ships of war, which turned the fortune of the day ; so that the Hans Towns received, in recompense, great pri- vileges from the Swedish monarch. r - The former reputation of the Hans Towns induced Henry VIII. of England, in 1535, to apply to them, and he offered 100,000 crowns for their aid, to place a king, to his liking, on the throne of Denmark. The merchants undertook this political speculation, but Gustavus of Sweden, to whom the towns had been insolent, since the time they had assisted him, joined the Danes; the Hanseatics were defeated in an engagement at sea, and lost a vast number of their ships, thereby hastening the decline of the League. t w * , * * The singular success of the towns on the south shore of the Baltic, or on those rivers that run into it, at so early a period, and when com- merce was so little known, and its interests so ill understood, is a proof that by nature they are well situated for the purposes of trade: *i. £} * . ºr The establishment of wealth and industry, in those regions, was not the effect either of policy or force, like the foundation of Carthage, by the city of Tyre; of Tadmore, in the wilderness, by Solomon; or of Alex- andria, in Egypt, by the conqueror who gave it his name: it rather resembled the establishment of it in contradiction and opposition to all the surrounding nations, and to all cotemporary events. The first cities that flourished in the Mediterranean were the inven- tors of navigation, and rose to wealth without a rival. Those that were afterwards founded and flourished, either rose under the protec- tion of some powerful people, or they became powerful by slow de- grees, and then became commercial. But we have seen commerce rise in the North, in independent and unprotected cities, at the time when pirates overrun the seas, and the land was in the possession of - princes, who neither understood nor valued commerce. In the midst of opposition, oppression, and an accumulation of difficulties, we have seen a commercial power rise up, that began by destroying the pirates at sea, and finished by turning the attention of princes from romantic schemes of conquest to the more solid and fair views of ac- quiring wealth by means of industry. The spot on which this wonderful effect was produced was the same one to which the ambition of France has again banished commerce on the continent; but now, circumstances are infinitely more favourable. Let us take a comparative view of circumstances, before we proceed farther in our historical detail. - When the cities in the north of Germany first began to flourish, - commerce consisted entirely in such articles of produce as are only found in particular places; the principal of which were minerals, and the productions of Asia, jewels and aromatics. This was only intro- ducing into the North the same species of traffic that had from the earliest records of history flourished on the borders of the Mediterra- mean Sea, in Syria, and Egypt; but, in a northern climate, the wants of men are different. Indolence and ease are not prevailing propensities, and their slender influence over the human frame was completely overcome by the cravings of a keen appetite, and the necessity of de- fence against the cold of the atmosphere, … • * * : *. E. 26 Manufactures and fishing were, therefore, studiously and eagerly followed after; but not as in Egypt, and the luxurious nations of the East and of the South. They neither sought for the splendid in cloth- ing, nor the delicious in food. Wool was the best material for warm clothing, and herrings the fish that was found in the greatest plenty for food. Herrings are caught in greater quantities than any other spe- cies of fish; but they are periodical, and, unless a means of pre- serving them had been discovered, mankind could never have derived much advantage from their great abundance. The cities of Flanders. were the first to excel in the manufacture of cloth, and in the catching and curing of fish, though we have seen that, in the latter, the Danes. also excelled. - - - . . " The towns which had at first begun to acquire riches, merely by the transport and traffic of produce from the East and South, now be- gan to extend it to materials for manufactures, for manufactured goods, and for commerce of another sort. - Grain, and the common necessaries of life, make searcely an article of commerce in a rude state of society, where there are few or no manufactures; for, as there is nothing to give in exchange, each na- tion is obliged to procure those necessaries for itself; but, when a number of people crowd together in towns, in consequence of com- mercial wealth, they are obliged to apply to other parts for the com- mon articles, which poorer nations provide for themselves; and it is this which gives the last degree of extension to commerce. - The northern towns, before the period that I have last-mentioned, had extended their commerce to every article then known ; and, at that time, the Italian cities, and those on the Baltic Sea, engrossed the whole commerce of Europe. The discovery of the passage to India, by the Cape of Good Hope, and of America, with the facility which the discovery of the magne- tic needle had given to the navigation of the ocean, produced a great change, and it was of an unfavourable nature for these towns. In the first place, the Italian cities, which had till then possessed exclu- sively the commerce with Asia, lost that lucrative trade, which fell all into the hands of the Portuguese; who, nevertheless, still found 27 it necessary to have their depôts, for the north of Europe, in the same cities as the Venetians and Genoese had formerly done; but this was not of any long duration; for the Dutch, soon getting a footing in India, drew that commerce to themselves ; and they had no occasion for depôts at Bruges, Antwerp, or any other places in the North. The persecutions of the Spaniards drove many of the most industrious of the inhabitants of the Netherlands into England and other coun- tries. Thus their manufactures declined ; and the TXutch, discovering a better method of curing herrings than had before been known, drew that trade, as well as that of India, to themselves. While the Flemish were manufacturers, the commerce was divided, as it were, amongst the Hans Towns; but when Holland itself, the most mercantile people in the world, got possession of those original sources, they kept the trade arising from them entirely to themselves. The fall of the Hans Towns began in their becoming warlike in- stead of commercial, and preferring political importance to wealth obtained by their original modes. The rise of Holland accelerated their decline; and the general attention which other nations began to pay to manufactures and commerce, by distributing them more equal- dy amongst people, in different parts of Europe, destroyed that supe- riority which the northern nations had so long enjoyed. - The Hanseatic towns had, in those days, when they understood the nature and importance of commerce better than other nations, obtained, for their merchants, privileges that, in times when those latter grew more enlightened, became burthensome and obnoxious; but the members of the League, by a fatality, (if it may be so called,) or, at least, by a conduct which is very common to nations and states, in the time of prosperity, never took into account the changes that time and circum- stances had brought about; they never considered that the time was past, when they could either deceive, cajole, or coerce other powers, and that, therefore, they must depend on prudent management for the preservation of those advantages they had obtained under more favour- able circumstances, and still retained, in England, till the time of Edward VI, when the inconveniences were felt by British merchants. * E 2 - 28 Themerchants supported their own claims, by accusing the Hanseatics of monopoly, of defrauding the customs, of extending the privileges granted to them, far beyond the original intention, which only went to give to certain towns privileges relative to articles of their own produce, whereas they had become general merchants, and had extended the same advantages to places never intended. England, which had long been rising in the woollen manufacture, as a rival to Flanders, possessed none of the advantages of foreign trade; for, of the cloths manufac- tured, not one-twentieth were exported by English merchants, but the whole nearly by those of the Hanseatic towns. | - When, with the advice of the Privy Council, Edward VI. deprived the Hanseatics of their privileges, the case was instantly reversed, and the export trade fell nearly all into the hands of English merchants. The privileges of the Hanseatic body, at the Steel-yard, were again restored by Queen Mary, who was married to Philip, the son of the Emperor; but this was of short duration, and a conclusion to their successful convention with England was put in the following reign of Elizabeth; when the Hans Towns, in conjunction with the Emperor of Germany, mistaking their own power, and the vigour and wisdom of the English queen, banished all the English merchant-adventurers, with a view to compel her to renew the privileges in England that had first been revoked during the short reign of her brother Edward and renewed by Mary, but again suspended. - - . The effect produced was directly opposite from that intended, and, instead of renewing the privileges, that spirited queen ordered the Steel-yard-house to be shut up on the same day that the English mer- chants were ordered to quit Germany; thereby putting an entire stop to this commerce, which, by means of their great capital and superios knowledge, was still considerable, though not protected by any pecu- liar privilege, as they only had for some time traded on the footing of her majesty's subjects. j e This unfortunate retaliation occasioned an assembly of some of the principal members of the League at Lubeck, in 1591, when they remonstrated in a style of indignation, reproach, and menace, to 29 - which Queen Elizabeth answered, that she was willing to attribute their want of respect to their secretary, but that she set no sort of value on their hostile intentions. º •ws There is no doubt that the assistance which those towns had attempted to give in fitting out the great armada” for the invasion of this country, had not a little contributed to this inflexible severity; but it was an effect arising from the progress of things which must very soon have been produced. . . . . - - The great trade of the Mediterranean was now nearly at an end, Italy having lost the India commerce; so that though the manufactures of the North were still wanted, there was nothing to bring in return. Waerdenhagen says, that, about the year 1600, the Dutch got almost entire possession of the trade to the Mediterranean; so that the Ham- burghers, when they went there sold their ships, and returned over- land, having nothing to bring back; and Wheeler, the secretary to the merchant adventurers in England, who wrote in 1601, says, “that the Hanseatic towns were so much decayed, that the state (England) needed no longer to fear them. That their ships, formerly SO Illime- rous, were few, that their towns had a difficulty in paying the quota of expenses,” and in the old, but significant language of those times, said, “that most of their teeth were out, and the rest loose.” - ! To this epoch we may, indeed, refer the final dissolution of the Han- seatic League, as a formidable body, though, till 1641, they still occasionally continued to interfere in commercial politics, and parti- cularly by joining with Holland against the Danes, for exacting too. high duties from ships that passed the Sound. : :- But, though the League was at an end in reality, and the towns ceased entirely in the middle of the seventeenth century to act, as it. were, in a corporate or federal capacity, the individual members did not all of them decay. Hamburg, for one, rose to greater height after than it had ever been before; and it was towards the end of that centu- ry reckoned amongst commercial cities, as next to London and Amster- dam; and as the general wealth and commerce of Europe increased, * Sixty ships laden with stores for Spain, belonging to the Hans Towns, were taken or destroyed by the English. \ 30 it continued to increa: → • X , but in its real wealth. The case of Lubeck has been very different from that of Hamburg: it fell with the society of which it was the principal member; and, after its fate was sealed, still continued to decline. .* Bremen and other towns continued, like Lubeck, to decline; while Tantzic, and some others, like Hamburg, continued to increase in commerce; so that, though that part of the Continent had sunk in its rank in Europe, principally from others rising, and though many of its cities exhibited marks of decay, yet nothing has taken place that gives us room to consider the country, upon the whole, as a country on the decline. . . ; A - - Holland first, then England and France, by paying attention to manufactures and commerce, which the two latter had so long neg- lected, certainly altered the situation of affairs; but, by the singular changes that have taken place, within the last sixteen years, commerce is driven from the south parts of the Continent: and, as England cannot trade alone, if there is any intention to encourage commerce, it can only be done by returning to those channels which we see are so. well fitted by nature for that purpose. - - - The circumstances of different nations have already compelled com- merce to return, in part, to the northern ports : but, though necessity will do a great deal, much still remains to be done by exertion, ar- rangement, and adopting the means that are fittest for the promotion of so desirable an object. - - The political situation of the countries adjacent to the Baltic Sea is as much changed in one direction, as that of the towns is in another. Russia, now the greatest empire in the world, is become, in point of defending itself, the most invulnerable of all nations; so that it may be considered as a first rate power, though it was formerly the very reverse, owing to its being inferior to all surrounding nations in civilization, and unequal to maintain a contest, either with the Turks, the Tartars, the ‘Swedes, or the Poles. It had not then any port in the Baltic Sea; it has now the most considerable ports in it. - - Prussia, now occupies those parts where the Hanseatic wealth chiefl y se, not certainly in regard to its proportional, 31 - centred, and is sufficiently powerful to make their rights be re- spected. - ‘. . - Sweden and Denmark have still considerable power; and, by their conjunction against Russia, can entirely obstruct the commerce of the North. --~" • . ,” Though Poland is as a kingdom no more, yet the name alone is changed. Each of the partitioning nations are able to maintain the rights of those towns that are contained in it. -- *. To that combination of cities, for mutual defence, which we saw take place in the infancy of commerce, we have of late years seen succeed a combination of crowned heads; and the same common interest that, in the eleventh century, gave birth to the Hanseatic League, in the endi of the eighteenth, produced the armed neutrality. • The commerce of the Baltic consists, in great part, in iron, timbers. hemp, tar, and such articles as are much wanted by nations in a state of warfare; and policy requires that contending parties should en- deavour to deprive each other of the means of annoyance. That cir- cumstance has given rise to the definition of certain articles, which, are distinguished by the name of contraband Of war ; the laws and, conventions relative to which, between nations, are different from those concerning other objects. ... ." - England and France, the nations most frequently at war, are the most deeply interested in this sort of maritime law; and England in particular, having the greatest power at sea, feels the advantage of this. system above any other nation. - The Russians, Danes, and Swedes, on the contrary, are interested in supporting the freedom of this trade. This opposition of interests, began first during the American war, to assume the appearance of a regular resistance, on the part of the northern nations, to the laws, according to which the belligerent powers condueted themselves. This brought forth, in the year 1780, memorials, attended by formi- dable armaments, on the part of the northern powers; the object has been described, and the combination entered into, was termed the armed neutrality; the circumstances of which are too recent to be forgotten. .* 32 The good correspondence which had been preserved between Eng- land and Russia, from their earliest connection, without any interrup- tion,” was now, for the first time, converted into jealousy; and, before the termination of the American war, hostilities were more than once likely to have taken place. - - - - After peace was re-established, as the point in dispute had not been settled, the northern powers still continued discontented, and that dis- content was directed chiefly by Russia against Great Britain, the pow- er the most interested on the opposite sides of the question ; so that a treaty of commerce, that expired in 1786, between the two nations was not renewed till 1793, Russia refusing to act in her former friendly manner, - gº \ The events that took place during that interval are well known to the reader, and foreign to this subject; but the dissatisfaction still lay lurking at the bottom; and, had it not been for the nature of the war in which we were engaged, might probably have broken out in 1794, when the same inconveniences were felt as in 1780. As it was, Russia, which wished success to the English efforts, made no remon- strance; but when, for other reasons, she became discontented, Den- mark and Sweden were found quite ready to renew the armed neu- trality, and to threaten England. Matters did not, however, go on with the same tranquillity as in 1780; but it is not consistent with the nature of this work to enter into details of hostilities, whether by land or sea; it is sufficient to state, that the attack on Copenhagen, in 1801, and the general feel- ings and wishes of the nations concerned, terminated in the following convention: * ' ' ' ... . * , - ' . . . * A short interruption of good offices, in the time of Oliver Cromwell, ought not to be reckoned as anything serious; and the withdrawing from English subjects the great privi- leges they once enjoyed, was a natural consequence of the better understanding of their own commercial interests. - . . . 33 CONVENTION between his Britannic Majesty, and the Emperor of Russia. Signed at St. Petersburgh, the 5–17th June, 1801. * * In the Name of the most Holy and Undivided Trinity. THE mutual desire of his majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, being not only to come to an understanding between themselves, with respect to the differences which have lately interrupted the good understanding and friendly relations which subsisted between the two states; but also to prevent, by frank and precise explanations upon the navigation of their respective subjects, the renewal of similar altercations and troubles which might be the consequence of them ; and the common object of the solicitude of their said majesties being to settle, as soon as can be done, an equitable arrangement of those differences, and an invariable determination of their principles upon the rights of neutrality, in their application to their respective monar- chies, in order to unite more closely the ties of friendship and good intercourse, of which they acknowledge the utility and the benefits; have named and chosen for their plenipotentaries, viz. his majesty the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Alleyne Lord Baron St. Helens, his said majesty's privy counsellor, and his ambas- sador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias; and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, Sieur * Nikita, Count de Panin, his privy counsellor, minister of state for the department of foreign affairs, present chamberlain, knight grand cross of the orders of St. Alexander Newsky, and of St. Anne of the first class, of that of St. Ferdinand, and of Merit, of the Red Eagle, and . of St. Lazarus; who, after having communicated their respective full powers, and found them in good and due form, have agreed upon the following points and articles : - ARTICLE I.—There shall be hereafter between his Britannic Ma- jesty and his Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, their subjects, the F * - 34 states and countries under their dominion, good and unalterable friend- ship and understanding, and all the political, commercial, and other relations of common utility between the respective subjects, shall sub- sist as formerly, without their being disturbed or troubled in any man- ner whatever. • - , ART. II.-His Britannic Majesty and the Emperor of all the Russias declare, that they will watch over the most rigorous execution of the prohibitions against the trade of contraband of their subjects with the enemies of either of the high contracting parties. ART. III.-His Britannic Majesty and his Imperial Majesty of all the Russias having resolved to place under a sufficient safeguard the freedom of commerce and navigation of their subjects, in case one of them shall be at war, whilst the other shall be neuter, have agreed:— 1. That the ships of the neutral power may navigate freely to the ports, and upon the coasts of the nations at war. i 2. That the effects embarked on board neutral ships shall be free, with the exception of contraband of war, and of enemy's property; and it is agreed not to comprise, under the denomination of the lat- ter, the merchandise of the produce, growth, or manufacture of the countries at war, which should have been acquired by the subjects of the neutral power, and should be transported for their account, which merchandise cannot be excepted in any case from the freedom granted to the flag of the said power. ,” - 3. That in order to avoid all equivocation and misunderstanding of what ought to be considered as contraband of war, his Britannic Majesty, and his Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, declare, con- formably to the eleventh article of the treaty of commerce concluded between the two crowns on the 10th (21st) February, 1797, that they acknowledge as such the following articles only ; viz. cannons, mor- tars, fire arms, pistols, bombs, grenades, balls, bullets, firelecks, flints, matches, gunpowder, saltpetre, sulphur, cuirasses, pikes, swords, sword belts, knapsacks, saddles and bridles, excepting, however, the quantity of the said articles which may be necessary for the defence of the ship and of those who compose the crew ; and all other articles whatever not enumerated here, shall not be reputed warlike and naval * 35 stores, nor be subject to confiscation, and of course shall pass freely, without being subjected to the smallest difficulty, unless they be con- sidered enemy's property in the sense above specified. It is also agreed, that that which is stipulated in the present article shall not be prejudicial to the particular stipulations of one or the other crown with other powers, by which articles of a similar kind should be re- served, prohibited, or permitted. .* t 4. That in order to determine what characterises a blockaded port, that denomination is given only to a port where there is, by the dis- positions of the power which attacks it with ships stationary, or suf- ficiently near, an evident danger in entering. •r - 5. That the ships of the neutral power shall not be stopped but upon just causes and evident facts: that they be tried without delay, and that the proceeding be always uniform, prompt, and legal. In order the better to ensure the respect due to these stipulations, dictated by the sincere desire of conciliating every interest, and to. give a new proof of their uprightness and love of justice, the high contracting parties enter here into the most formal engagement to re- new the severest prohibitions to their captains, whether of ships of war or merchantmen, to take, keep, or conceal on board their ships, any of the articles which, in the terms of the present convention, may be re- puted contraband, and respectively to take care of the execution of the orders which they shall have published in their admiralties, and wherever it shall be necessary. ART. IV.-The two high contracting parties, wishing also to prevent all subject of dissention in future, by limiting the right of search of Baerchant ships going under convoy to those cases only in which the belligerent power might experience a real prejudice by the abuse of the neutral flag, have agreed: - - * 1. That the right of searching merchant ships belonging to the sub- jects of one of the contracting powers, and navigating under convoy of a ship of war of the said power, shall only be exercised by ships of war of the belligerent party, and shall never extend to letters of marque, privateers, or other vessels, which do not belong to the royal * F 2 4. 36 or imperial fleet of their majesties, but which their subjects shall have fitted out for war. - - r * , - 2. That the proprietors of all merchant ships belonging to the sub- jects of one of the contracting sovereigns, which shall be destined to. sail under convoy of a ship of war, shall be required, before they re- ceive their sailing orders, to produce to the commander of the convoy their passports and certificates, or sea letters, in the form annexed to the present treaty. - 3. That when such ship of war, having under convoy merchant ships, shall be met with by a ship or ships of war of the other con- tracting party, who shall then be in a state of war, in order to avoid all disorder, they shall keep out of cannot shot, unless the state of the sea, or the place of meeting, render a nearer approach necessary; and the commander of the ship of the belligerent power shall send a boat on board the convoy, where they shall proceed reciprocally to the verification of the papers and certificates that are to prove, on one part, that the ship of war is authorised to take under its escort such or such merchant ships of its nation, laden with such a cargo, and for such a ort: on the other part, that the ship of war of the belligerent party belongs to the royal or imperial fleet of their majesties. - - 4. This verification made, no search shall take place, if the papers are found in form, and if there exists no good motive for suspicion. In the contrary case, the commander of the neutral ship of war (being duly required thereto by the commander of the ship or ships of war of the belligerent power) is to bring to and detain his convoy during the time necessary for the search of the ships which compose it, and he shall have the faculty of naming and delegating one or more officers to assist at the search of the said ships, which shall be done in his pre- sence on board each merchant ship, conjointly with one or more offi- cers appointed by the commander of the ship of the belligerent party. * = 5. If it happen that the commander of the ship or ships of the power at war, having examined the papers found on board, and having interrogated the master and crew of the ship, shall see just and suffi- cient reason to detain the merchant ship, in order to proceed to an wº 57 ulterior search, he shall notify such intention to the commander of the convoy, who shall have the power to order an officer to remain on board the ship thus detained, and to assist at the examination of the cause of her detention. The merchant ship shall be carried immedi- ately to the nearest and most convenient port belonging to the belli- gerent power, and the ulterior search shall be carried on with all pos- sible diligence. . - ~. - ART. V.-It is in like manner agreed, that if any merchant ship. thus convoyed should be detained, without just and sufficient cause, the commander of the ship or ships of war of the belligerent power shall not only be bound to make to the owners of the ship and of the cargo a full and perfect compensation for all the losses, expenses, damages, and costs, occasioned by such a detention, but shall moreover undergo an ulterior punishment for every act of violenee or other fault which he may have committed, according as the nature of the case may require. On the other hand, the convoying ship shall not be permitted, under any pretext whatsoever, to resist ky force the detention of the merchant ship or ships by the ship or ships of war of the belligerent power; an obligation to which the commander of a ship of war with convoy is not bound to observe towards letters of marque and privateers. - - * - 4. ART. VI.-The high contracting parties shall give precise and effi- eacious orders, that the judgements upon prizes made at sea shall be conformable with the rules of the most exact justice and equity; that they shall be given by judges above suspicion, and who shall not be interested in the affair in question. The government of the respective states shall take care that the said decisions shall be speedily and duly executed, according to the forms prescribed. And in case of an un- founded detention, or other contravention to the regulations stipulated by the present article, the owners of such ship and cargo shall be allowed damages proportioned to the loss occasioned thereby. The rules to observe for these damages, and for the case of unfounded detention, as also the principles to follow for the purpose of accelera- ting the process, shall be the matter of additional articles, which the contracting parties agree to settle between them, and which shall have. 88 the same force and validity as if they were inserted in the present act. For this effect, their Britannic and Imperial majesties mutually engage to put their hand to the salutary work, which may serve for the coin- pletion of these stipulations, and to communicate to each other, with- out delay, the views which may be suggested to them, by their equal solicitude to prevent the least grounds for dispute in future. - ART. VII.--To obviate all the inconveniences which may arise from the bad faith of those who avail themselves of the flag of a nation without belonging to it, it is agreed to establish for an inviolable rule; that any vessel whatever, in order to be considered as the pro- perty of the country, the flag of which it carries, must have on board the captain of the ship, and one half of the crew of the people of that country, and the papers and passports in due and perfect form ; but every vessel which shall not observe this rule, and which shall infringe the ordinances published on that head, shall lose all rights to the pro- tection of the contracting powers. f ART. VIII. —The principles and measures adopted by the present act shall be alike applicable to all the maritime wars in which one of the two powers may be engaged, whilst the other remains neutral. These stipulations shall, in consequence, be regarded as permanent, and shall serve for a constant rule to the contracting powers in mat- ters of commerce and navigation. j ART. IX. — His majesty the King of Denmark, and his majesty the King of Sweden, shall be immediately invited by his Imperial majesty, in the name of the two contracting parties, to accede to the present convention, and, at the same time, to renew and confirm their respec- tive treaties of commerce with his Britannic majesty ; and his said majesty engages, by acts which shall have established that agreement, to render and restore to each of these powers all the prizes that have been taken from them, as well as the territories and countries under their dominion, which have been conquered by the arms of his Britan- nic majesty since the rupture, in the state in which those possessions were found at the period at which the troops of his Britannic majesty entered them. The orders of his said majesty, for the restitution of those prizes and conquests, shall be immediately expedited, after the 39 exchange of the ratifications of the acts, by which Sweden and Denmark shall accede to the present treaty. - ART. X. —The present convention shall be ratified by the two con- tracting parties, and the ratifications exchanged at St. Petersburgh, in the space of two months at furthest from the day of the signature. In faith of which the respective plenipotentiaries have caused to be made two copies thereof perfectly similar, signed with their hands, and have caused the seal of their arms to be affixed thereto. Done at St. Petersburgh, the 5–17th June, 1801. (L. S.) St. Helens. (L. S.) N. Cº. de Panin. - - Jº- Formula of the Passports and Sea Letters which are to be delivered, in the respective Admiralties of the States of the two high contracting Parties, to the Ships and Vessels which shall sail from them, conformable to Article IV. of the present Treaty. Be it known, that we have given leave and permission to N–, of the city or place of N , master and conductor of the ship N –, belonging to N – , of the port of N, of L-tons or thereabouts, now lying in the port or harbour of N–, to sail from thence to N, la- den with N–, on account of N–, after the said ship shall have been visited before its departure in the usual manner by the officers ap- pointed for that purpose ; and the said N , or such other as shall be vested with powers to replace him, shall be obliged to produce, in every port or harbour which he shall enter with the said vessel to the officers of the place, the present licence, and to carry the flag of N-, during his voyage. In faith of which, &c. . … -*ºne- , alº First separate Article. The pure and magnanimous intentions of his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias having already induced him to restore the vessels and goods of British subjects, which had been sequestered in Russia. his said majesty confirms that disposition in its whole extent; and his 40 j}ritannic majesty engages himself, also, to give immediate orders for taking off all sequestration laid upon the Russian, Danish, and Swe- dish properties, detained in English ports, and to prove still more his sincere desire to terminate amicably the differences which have arisen between Great Britain and the Northern courts; and, in order that no new incident may throw obstacles in the way of this salutary work, his Britannic majesty binds himself to give orders to the commanders of his forces by land and sea that the armistice now subsisting with the courts of Denmark and Sweden shall be prolonged for a term of three months from the date of this day; and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, guided by the same motives, undertakes, in the name of his allies, to have this armistice maintained during the said term. - s This separate article shall have the same force and validity as if it were inserted word for word in the treaty signed this day; and the ratifications thereof shall be exchanged at the same time. In faith of which, the respective plenipotentiaries have caused to be made two copies thereof perfectly similar, signed with their hands, and have caused the seal of their arms to be affixed thereto. Done at St. Petersburgh, 5–17th June, 1801. (L. S.) St. Helens. (L. S.) N. Cº. de Panin. Second separate Article. The differences and misunderstandings which subsisted between his majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, being thus terminated, and the precautions taken by the present conventions not giving fur- ther room to fear that they can in future disturb the harmony and good understanding which the two high contracting parties have at heart to consolidate, their said majesties confirm anew, by the present convention, the treaty of commerce, of the 10th February (21) 1797, of which all the stipulations are here cited, to be maintained in their whole extent. - w 44 This separate article shall have the same force and validity as if it were inserted word for word in the treaty signed this day ; and the ratifications thereof shall be exchanged at the same time. In faith of which, the respective plenipotentiaries have caused to be made two copies thereof perfectly similar, signed with their hands, and have caused the seal of their arms to be affixed thereto. Done at St. Petersburgh, the 5–17th June, 1801. (L. S.) St. Helens. (L.S.) N. Cº. de Panin. —assº- Declaration. — Although the magnanimous intention of his Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, to do full and entire justice to those British subjects who have suffered losses, during the troubles which have disturbed the good intelligence between his empire and Great Britain, be already proved by facts, his Imperial Majesty, consulting solely his good faith, has, moreover, authorized the undersigned plenipotentiary to declare, as he does declare by these presents: gº “That all the ships, the merchandise, and the property of British subjects, which had been sequestrated during the last reign in Russia, shall not only be faithfully restored to the said British subjects, or to their agents, but also that for the effects which may have been aliena- ted in such a manner as to render it impossible for them to be restored in kind, a suitable equivalent shall be granted to the proprietors, which equivalent shall be hereafter determined, according to the rules of equity.” - - * \ In faith of which, we, plenipotentiary of his Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, have signed the present declaration, and have caused the seal of our arms to be affixed thereto. e Done at St. Petersburgh, 5–17th June, one thousand eight hundred and one. *. (L. S.) N. Cº. de Panin. { 42. ADDITIONAL ARTICLES, signed at Moscow, the 20–8th October, 1801, to the Convention between His Majesty and the Emperor of Russia, concluded at St. Petersburgh, the 17–5th June 1801. WHERE As by the VIth Article of the Convention concluded the 17–5th June 1801, between his Britannic Majesty and his Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, it was stipulated that the two high con- tracting parties should mutually agree on some Additional Articles, which should fix the regulations and principles to be observed, as well for accelerating the judicial proceedings upon captures made at sea, as for the damages which should be allowed to the owners of neutral ships and cargoes, in cases of unfounded detention, their said majes- ties have named and authorized for this purpose, viz. his majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Alleyne Lord Baron St. Helens, a peer of the said united kingdom, one of his said majesty's most honourable privy council, and his ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias; and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the Sieur Alexander, Prince de Kourakin, his vice chancellor, actual privy counsellor, minister of the council of state, actual chamberlain, grand chancellor of the sovereign order of St. John of Jerusalem, and knight of the Russian orders of St. Andrew, of St. Alexander Newsky, and of St. Anne of the First Class; of those of Prussia, of the Black and Red Eagles; of those of Denmark, of the Danebrog and of the Perfect Union ; and grand cross of the sovereign order of St. John of Jerusa- lem: and the Sieur Victor, Count de Kotschoubey, his actual privy counsellor, minister for the department for foreign affairs, senator, actual chamberlain, and knight of the orders of St. Alexander Newsky, of St.Vladimir of the Second Class; and commander of the sovereign order of St. John of Jerusalem; who, in virtue of their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following articles: ART. I.-In case of unfounded detention or other contravention of the established regulations, the owners of the vessel and cargo so 43 detained shall be allowed compensation for each day's demurrage, proportionate to the loss they shall have sustained, according to the freight of the said ship, and the nature of its cargo. ART. II.-If the ministers of one of the high contracting parties, or any other persons accredited by the same to the belligerent power, should remonstrate against the sentence which shall have been passed by the respective courts of admiralty upon the said captures, appeal shall be made in Russia, to the directing senate, and in Great Britain, to his Majesty's privy council. - ,” ART. III.-Care shall be taken, on both sides, scrupulously to examine whether the regulations and precautions agreed upon in the present convention have been observed, which shall be done with all possible dispatch. The two high contracting parties moreover mutu- ally engage to adopt the most efficacious measures, in order to prevent the sentences of their several tribunals respecting captures made at sea being subject to any unnecessary delay. - - ART. IV.-The goods in litigation cannot be sold or unloaded before final judgement, without an urgent and real necessity, which shall have been proved before the Court of Admiralty, and by virtue of a com- mission to this effect; and the captors shall by no means be permitted to remove or take away, on their own authority, either openly or clandestinely, any thing from a vessel so detained. - These additional articles, making part of the convention signed the 17–5th June 1801, in the names of their Britannic and Imperial ma- jesties, shall have the same force and validity as if they were inserted word for word in the said convention. In witness whereof, we, the undersigned, furnished with the full powers of their said majesties, have signed, in their names, the present additional Articles, and have affixed the seal of our arms thereto. Done at Moscow, the 20–8th October, 1801. (L. S.) St. Helens. (L. S.) Le Prince de Kourakin. (T. S.) Le Comte de Kotschoubey. G 2 44 Declaration explanatory of the Second Section of the Third Article of the Convention, concluded at Petersburgh, the 17–5th June 1801, between His Majesty and the Emperor of Russia, signed at Moscow, the 20–8th October 1801. - s - IN order to prevent any doubt or misunderstanding with regard to the contents of the Second Section of the Third Article of the Conven- tion concluded the 5–17th June 1801, between his Britannic Majesty and his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the said high con- tracting parties have agreed and declare, that the freedom of com- merce and navigation granted by the said article to the subjects of a neutral power, does not authorize them to carry, in time of war, the produce and merchandise of the colonies of the belligerent power direct to the continental possessions, nor vice versa, from the mother country to the enemies colonies; but that the said subjects are how- ever to enjoy the same advantages and facilities in this commerce as are enjoyed by the most favoured nations, and especially by the United States of America. - , In witness whereof, we, plenipotentiaries of their said majesties, have signed the present declaration, and have affixed the seals of our arms thereto. - -" % - At Moscow, the 8–20th October, 1801. (L. S.) St. Helens. (L.S.) Le Prince de Kourakun. (L. S.) Le Comte de Kotschoubey. g * * *mºnº-e- Act of Accession of his Majesty the King of Denmark and Norway to the Convention of the 17–5th June 1801, and Acceptance of his Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. His majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, having, in ! & 45 pursuance of their matual desire to terminate, in the most equitable manner, the differences which had arisen between them, as well as be- tween Great Britain and the other maritime powers of the N orth, re- specting the navigation of their respective subjects, concluded a con- vention, signed by their plenipotentiaries at St. Petersburgh, the 17– 5th June of the present year: and their common solicitude extending itself not only to prevent similar altercations in future, and the trou- bles which might result therefrom, by establishing and applying the principles and rights of neutrality in their respective monarchies, but also, to render this system common and equally advantageous to the maritime powers of the North; it was stipulated by the ninth article of the said convention, that his Danish majesty should be invited by his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, in the name of the high con- tracting parties, to accede to the said convention; and his majesty the Ring of Denmark and Norway, animated with the same sentiments of conciliation and peace, and desirous of removing every thing which has interrupted or might hereafter interrupt the good understanding between their Britannic and Danish Majesties, and to re-establish fully on its former footing the ancient harmony and state of things, such as they existed by his Danish Majesty's treaties and conventions with Great Britain, his said majesty has not hesitated to listen to the invitation made to him to accede to the said convention, signed at St. Petersburgh, the 17–5th June last. - To effect this salutary purpose, and to give to this act of accession, and to the acceptance of his Britannic Majesty, every possible authen- ticity, and every accustomed solemnity, their said majesties have named for their plenipotentiaries, viz.-His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Alleyne Lord Baron St. Helens, a peer of the said united kingdom, one of his said ma-. jesty's most honourable privy council, and his ambassador extraordi- nary and plenipotentiary to his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias; and his majesty the King of Denmark and Norway, the Sieur Francis Xavier Joseph, Count de Danneskiold Löwendal, count of the Holy Roman Empire, knight of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, major general in the service of his Danish majesty, commander of his marine 46 forces, and his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias; who, after having reciprocally exchanged their full powers, found to be in good and due form, have concluded and agreed, that all the articles of the convention concluded between his majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the 5th– 17th of June of the present year, as well as the separate articles an- nexed thereto, and the additional ones concluded the 20–8th Oc- tober 1801, by the plenipotentiaries of their said majesties, in all the clauses, conditions, and obligations, are to be considered as having been agreed upon, done and concluded, word for word, by their Bri- tannic and Danish Majesties themselves, in quality of principal con- tracting parties, save and except the differences which result from the nature of the treaties and engagements antecedently subsisting between England and Denmark, of which the continuance and renewal are se- cured by the aforesaid convention; and with the express stipulation on the part of the high contracting and acceding parties, that the sti- pulation of the second article of the additional articles, signed at Mos- cow, the 20–8th October 1801, by the plenipotentiaries of their Bri- tannic and Imperial Majesties, which fixes that the adjudication of causes in litigation shall, in the last resort, be carried by appeal, in Russia, before the directing senate, and in Great Britain before his majesty's privy council, is to be understood, as with regard to Den- mark, that the said adjudications shall be there carried by appeal be- fore the supreme tribunal of that kingdom. . In order to prevent any inaccuracy, it has been agreed that the said convention, signed the 17–5th June, the separate articles annexed thereto, and the additional ones concluded the 20–8th October 1801, should be inserted here, word for word. * - (Fiat Insertio.) . In consequence of all which, his majesty the King of Denmark ac- cedes, by virtue of the present act, to the said convention, and to the said separate and additional articles, such as they are herein-be- fore transcribed, without any exception or reserve, declaring and pro- - - - 47 * ‘mising to fulfil all the clauses, conditions, and obligations thereof, as far as regards himself; and his majesty the King of the United King- dom of Great Britain and Ireland, accepts the present accession of his Danish Majesty, and in like manner promises, on his part, to ful- fil all the articles, clauses, and conditions contained in the said con- vention, and the separate and additional articles herein-before insert- ed, without any exception or reserve. - - - The ratifications of the present act of accession and acceptance shall be exchanged in the space of two months, or sooner if possible; | and the stipulations of the said convention shall, at the same time, be Carried into execution as speedily as possible, regard being had to the full and entire re-establishment of the state of things, such as it was before the period of the misunderstandings, which are now so hap- pily terminated. - In witness whereof, we, the undersigned, by virtue of our full pow- ers, have signed the present act, and have thereunto affixed the sea! of our arms. Done at Moscow, the 23–11th October, 1801. - - . (L. S.). St. Helens., , (L.S.) F. X. J. Cº. de Danneskiold Löwendal. Act of Accession of His Majesty the King of Sweden, to the Convention of the 17–5th June, 1801, and Acceptance of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. : In the Name of the Most Holy, and Undivided Tri nity. IIIs majesty, the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, having ter- minated, by a convention concluded at St. Petersburgh, the 17–5th June, 1801, the differences which had arisen between them respectin g the rights of neutral navigation, in time of war, and his majesty the King of Sweden, equally induced by the desire of removing and con- ciliating the dissentions which existed on the same subject between his 48 Britannic Majesty and himself, having consented, in consequence of the invitation that has been made to him, to accede to the above- mentioned convention; their said majesties have chosen and named as their plenipotentiaries to this effect, viz. – his majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Alleyne, Lord Baron St Helens, peer of the said United Kingdom, one of his majesty's most honourable privy council, and his ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias; and his majesty the King of Sweden, the Sieur Baron Louis Bogislas Christopher Court de Stedingk, one of the lords of the kingdom of Sweden, his ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to his im- perial Majesty of all the Russias, lieutenant-general of his armies, chamberlain, knight and commander of his orders, knight of the Russian order of St. Andrew, knight grand cross of his order of the Sword, knight of those of Russia, of St. Alexander Newsky, and of St. Anne of the first class, and knight of the French order of Mili- tary Merit; who, after having exchanged their full powers, found to be in good and due form, have concluded and agreed upon what follows: --- - - - - ART. I.- His majesty the King of Sweden accedes, by the present transaction with his majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to the convention which was concluded be- tween his said Majesty, and the Emperor of all the Russias, the 17–5th June, 1801, as well as to the first separate article annexed thereto, and to the additional ones concluded on the 20–8th October, 1801, promising and engaging to observe and fulfil all the stipulations, clauses, and articles therein contained, in the same manner as if his majesty had been a principal contracting party thereto, save and ex- cept the differences which result from the tenor of the treaties and engagements existing between England and Sweden, and which are to be renewed and confirmed in virtue of the aforesaid convention. - ART. II. —IIis majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, acknowledges, on his side, his majesty the King of Sweden as a contracting party in the convention concluded at St. Petersburgh, the 17–5th June, 1801, and binds himself in the most -\ 49. formal manner, to observe, execute, and fulfil, to their utmost extent, in whatever regards his said majesty, the stipulations, clauses, and ar- ticles of the said convention, and of the said first separate article, and of the additional ones, save and except the differences which result from the tenor of the treaties and engagements existing between Eng- land and Sweden, and which are to be renewed and confirmed in vir- tue of the aforesaid convention. - ART. III. – It is agreed that the adjudication, in the last resort of causes in litigation, which, according to the second article of the afore- said additional articles, are to be brought by appeal before his majes- ty's privy council in Great Britain, and before the directing senate in Russia, shall, in Sweden, be brought by appeal before the supreme tribunal, in Swedish Högsta Domstolen. - - ART. IV. – In order to prevent any inaccuracy, it has been agreed that the said convention, as well as the said separate and additional articles, should be inserted here, word for word, and as follows:– - (That Insertio.) The present act of accession shall be ratified in good and due form, and the ratifications exchanged at London in the space of two months, or sooner if possible, from the day of its signature. - In faith of which, we the undersigned, in virtue of our full powers, have signed the present act, and have thereunto affixed the seal of our &III].S. - - - - Done at Petersburgh, the 30 – 18th March, 1802. *. - - (L. S.) St. Helens. (L. S.) Court Stedingſ. These conventions nearly go to settle the point in dispute with re- gard to the contraband of war; a question which, at the bottom, has nothing so materially important as the nations concerned seem to think. It appears that the armed neutrality was, in fact, rather brought about by the particular views of the Russian government, than by the mutual interest of the high contracting parties. Den- -* H - ~. 9 : - 50 mark and Sweden evidently followed the impulse of Russia; and to them, whatever grievance might exist, it was, at least, not a new one, and had never before been considered in that light. We have seen that, in the days of Queen Elizabeth, a fleet of sixty sail of Hansea- tic ships was taken and destroyed, because they were carrying stores to Spain, at that time preparing, with the great armada, to invade England. Yet, so natural was this thought to be, that the Hanseatics, though extremely insolent, in a remonstrance relative to their privi- leges in England, a few years after, did not complain about the burn- ing of their ships when they were carrying aid to an enemy. The law of nature and of nations, though generally but very im- perfectly obeyed, undoubtedly rendered the burning of the Hanseatic ships a matter of right; for, on such a service, they could only be considered as the ships of an enemy; it is not the ownership, but the service upon which they are, that determines this point; and, therefore, the ships of an ally, assisting an enemy, are to be consider- ed as enemies. In 1652, the Danes, who were not at war with Eng- land, but excited by the Dutch, stopped in the Sound, a fleet of more than twenty English ships, laden with pitch, tar, flax, hemp, and other naval stores. - - - The armed neutrality, then, ought to be considered chiefly as the act of Russia; though Sweden and Denmark acquiesced in it twice: it ought also to be considered as a departure from a very ancient prac- tice, founded on the rights of nations and the nature of things. It is well known, that laws are made to regulate interests and pre- vent transactions that are improper in themselves, and that would be advantageous to some, and hurtful to others. Those who find the ope- ration of law injurious to their interest wish to set it aside; and those who find its operation favourable wish it to be obeyed; and as, amongst nations, the power is too apt to regulate the will, Russia, with her increased strength, felt disposed to produce an alteration more, favourable to her own interests; and Sweden and Denmark, acting from similar motives, were ready to join their efforts, for the same purpose. Why, it may be asked, did Denmark and Sweden remain quict. § 1. • g gº during six years of the last war, and become dissatisfied the mo- ment that Russia was so? Why did they turn against England in the midst of a struggle, on her part, to defend the interests of ci- vilized society It is clear they had neither calculated the conse- quences, nor looked back to the history of former times; and, if they are now treated with indifference by the French, it is little more than what might be expected. The aggrandizement of France could be no matter of consideration to them, else they would not, during a con- test to prevent it, have joined their efforts in aid of France. As to the conduct of Russia on that last occasion, the state of the unfortu- nate, though well-intentioned monarch who then ruled, precludes the necessity of inquiring into it. But Sweden and Denmark were not in a similar situation. If they acted from fear, and in consequence of threats, they were wrong; they should rather have asserted their inde- pendence, to prevent the operation of such undue influence. Russia, alone, would neither then have had a pretext nor the means of annoy- ance in such a cause, great as its power is. • * In order that we may be able to judge from facts, whether the na- tions of the north had any occasion to complain of England hurting and interrupting their trade, let us look at the amount of imports; comparing two years of last war with two years during the peace, and we shall see that the increase, comparing 1784 and 1785, with 1801 and 1802 is nearly thus: - * Imports from Russia have increased from 450,000l. to 2,230,000l. that is, they are four times greater than they were; those of Denmark have nearly doubled, and those of Sweden have done the same; and if those two latter powers have not increased still more, it is owing to themselves: we cannot purchase what they have not got to sell; and, if they do not increase their produce more rapidly, their commerce Emust feel the effects. . . . It may be hoped, that a convention being entered into, and the improbability of Russia ever being so unfortunately guided as she was in 1800, will prevent any future discussions on this subject, which, as we have seen, originated rather in private motives than in justice; still, however, as there is a possibility that what has happened may happen II 2 - 52 again, it may not be improper to inquire into the consequences of such hostilities. - . The chief trade of Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, is with England; that would, in the first place, be interrupted ; and England, during that interruption, would find it necessary either to raise at home, or procure from America, the articles now obtained from those nations.This, we shall see, is perfectly practicable, and the trade never would return to its present state. The northern nations would then be great losers, independent of the expenses of the war, which, at all events, would be considerable; and the object for which they fought would be destroy- ed, whether they succeeded or failed. Let us suppose, for a moment, . that England was compelled to yield, where would then be the com- merce of Russia? Is it not the naval power and greatness of England . .” that occasions the chief consumption of naval stores in every country? Would the materials for a few frigates, such as are maintained by the states of America, support the commerce of the northern nations? and if England were destroyed, where would be the necessity for any thing more? ,- - w - - If, on the contrary, England conquered, the destruction of the rising navy of Russia would be certain; Denmark and Sweden would sustain a loss that twenty years of commerce would not repair, parti- cularly of such mutilated commerce as they would then enjoy. At the same time that these are matters of very serious consideration for the northern powers, the British government should consider that its great commerce and naval power do certainly excite envy, and tend to the humiliation of other nations; and, therefore, every harsh or vexa- tious proceeding should be studiously avoided on her part. It is only by such conduct, and a fair understanding of the case, and a calcu- lation of the consequences, that we can expect to avoid discontents at some future period; for, as the convention grants to the northern powers more than we wished to give, though something less than they wished to have, it is in vain for us to deceive ourselves in thinking that either party is fully satisfied. - We shall see, in the course of this work, that Britain has resources within herself, that may enable her to become independent of the 53 northern nations for their produce; and that, therefore, the consequen- ces hinted at, in case of further efforts on their part to injure England, are not only natural, but will be necessary and inevitable, and make Great Britain, by compulsion, bring into activity those resources, which her policy ought long ago to have rendered productive. The French revolution has created political changes and connec- tions, which have greatly altered commerce; their effects we already feel beneficially on the one hand, with some inconvenience on the other; but the consequences are hardly yet to be foreseen. It is not improbable, but the commerce of the north of Europe will undergo as great a change as we have seen that transitory guest undergo in any other quarter in former times. The great attention paid by the Rus- sian government to promote the trade of the Black Sea is only equal to the efforts of Peter the Great, for establishing that in the Baltic, by removing it from Archangel in the White Sea, to Petersburg. The Austrian Netherlands, which used to be the barrier of Holland against the power and incursion of France, no longer exist; and as that barrier may probably never be reinstated, Holland can never resume her former commerce, confidence, security, and freedom; the vitals of it are destroyed by the alliance of her new neighbour, whose maxims and principles are unfavourable to the growth of so delicate and tender a plant as commerce. - ~ • Whilst Holland remains subject to the control of France, its commerce will always be interrupted by the misunderstandings of the latter with any other power; and the navigation of that fine river, the Rhine, will be lost to the general purposes of mercantile conveyance, to which the Dutch devoted it, as it will always be at the command of France. The next considerable river that has an extensive interior com- munication, is the Elbe, which can supply the loss of the Rhine in some measure; but we have seen that France, having Holland as an ally, the barrier, even to the Elbe, is lost; and so long as Hanover remains connected with Great Britain, and Holland holds its present situation, the commerce, which might be carried on by the mouth of the Elbe, will always be liable to interruption, in any misunder- standing betwixt Great Britain and France, - 54 . Unless the security of Hanover is by some means accomplished against the encroachments of France, the trade of the Elbe will always be conducted on a very precarious footing; and, as this event is at present uncertain, it will be useful to the commercial interests of Great Britain to point out other channels by which they may securely carry on her trade at present, and likewise in future, whenever a similar obstruction shall occur. - - The French, violating the guarantee of the German empire, by oc- cupying Hanover, naturally drove Great Britain to the necessity of blockading the rivers Elbe and Weser: at the first, commerce expe- Fienced a momentary check only ; new channels, never thought of be- fore, were then resorted to, attended, however, with inconvenience. Tonningen became the port of Hamburg, as well as did different ports in Holstein; the details of which will be given in a future chapter, when treating of the trade of the rivers Elbe, Weser, and Ems. As the ports of the two former rivers have at present no direct external mercantile intercourse, and that of the latter will ever be liable to in- terruption from the frequent regulations made in Holland, through the influence of France, it becomes necessary to point out the first secure channel that British shipping can approach with facility and advantage; and which has the most easy and extensive interior communication, free from the influence or interruption of France. * . In treating of the trade of Stettin, a very extensive avenue will be found into the interior of Germany, not only by the river Oder, but by different canals communicating with the Elbe, by which chan- nels, great part of the interior commerce of Prussia and Germany was carried, on through Hamburg, previous to the blockade of that river, which will shortly communicate even with the Danube. - From Dantzic we shall see the trade to Austria and all the intermediate country, as well as from Konigsburg and Riga for all the South East trade, through those fine regions, quite down to the Black Sea, Turkey, and even Asia. Under the respective heads will be found particular details for the information of every one. - What will serve to shorten the voyage, and lessen the risk in carrying on the continental trade, by means of the Baltic and the channels de- 55 scribed, is the canal of Rendsburg, through Holstein; it will save the circuitous, dangerous, and tedious voyage round the Skaw and the Cattegate, by having proper vessels adapted to pass through, as the Dutch and French now have. - 2 - T ... When these channels, and the facilities by the way of the Oder to the Elbe, and the numerous branches of interior communication to the western and southern boundaries of the German empire, come to be more generally known, the difficulties will not be found so insurmountable, nor the interruption so great as the French were inclined to believe. In one point they may be mistaken, for, by diverting trade into other channels, though rather more inconveni- ent, it will be amply compensated for, by possessing greater secu- rity; so that Great Britain may long enough maintain the contest, while she will never again have occasion to dread the inconvenience, which France has now occasioned. - - - * To sum up the whole, the means of carrying on trade with the inte- rior of the continent will be clearly pointed out, in any event less un- fortunate than that of the conquest of Denmark and Prussia, by that same power, which has already ruined the Austrian Netherlands, and the Seven United Provinces. . • * f r CHAP. II. . OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN. GENERAL. Its Eatent, Seas, Lakes, Rivers, Canals, and interior Communication. Its. Produce, Iron, Wood, Hemp, and Flaw, Linens, Tallow, Grain, &c. THE immense extent of country in Europe and Asia, now com- prehended under the general name of the Russian empire, has only, .* 56 emerged from barbarism within these two centuries. Except in incur- sions and wars of depredation, the more ignorant portion of society has always been inferior in power to that which is the more en- lightened. - - ~ - Since the modern methods of making war, this distinction, given by civilization and wealth, has become infinitely greater than ever, and completed the superiority. - - When Russia is more improved and better cultivated, as it no doubt soon will be, the exports and imports from other nations will greatly increase; besides, the navigation of the Black Sea, in a central situation, and surrounded by the finest and most fertile country in the world, if it was inhabited by a more wealthy and civilized race of men, would greatly tend to the increase of trade. Amongst other things that take place, as civilization is introduced, population increases with the means of existence. Countries that en- joy a fertile soil and fine climate attain ordinarily from one hundred and fifty, to two hundred inhabitants for every English square mile; but if Russia were only to attain to one-third of the lowest degree, (or fifty,) which is not quite equal to Poland, the population would then amount to one hundred and twenty-five millions, which would afford a degree of commerce, and be attended with an increase of power that must greatly change both the mercantile and political interests of Europe. 3. Within these two last centuries, this change began, and, during the reign of Peter the Great, one hundred years ago, its progress was ac- celerated. It ceased to increase so fast after the death of that mo- narch, till within these fifty years, under the late empress; since which time, it has advanced in power and importance with great ra- pidity. As all over Europe the progress of advancement has been greatly accelerated, during the last thirty years of the eighteenth century, Russia has partaken of the general movement; but owing to its im- mense size, and its being far behind the others, it has changed still more rapidly than any other; for in 1762, when the Empress Catharine w mounted the throne, it was a second rate power; it is now not only in the first rank by land, but might soon be a second rate power at sea, if it knew its own resources. The great means with which nature has furnished Russia, together with the example of other nations that are in a more advanced state, added to the facility with which arts, inventions, and improvements in general, are now disseminated, give its monarchs an ambition to make - it that great empire for which it seemed by nature intended. The plans traced out by Peter the Great, lead naturally to the same end; so that, perhaps, there never was any country which, owing to a vast concur- rence of circumstances, had so great an energy, both physical and moral, as we find combined in the Russian empire. The revenues are at present but small, in comparison to the popula- tion,” and according to the extent still less; but they are increasing, and the value of money is greater there than in most other countries, so that, merely by a numerical comparison, the proportion is not fairly ascertained. The revenues of Russia, if estimated at ten millions ster- - ling, will, in that country, go as far in military services and the main expenses of government as thirty millions would in England. - It was so late as the reign of Edward VI. that the commerce of Rus- sia had its rise, when the celebrated Sebastian Cabot, who had already discovered Newfoundland, in the year 1553, fitted out three ships to discover a north-east passage to India and China: the command was given to Sir Hugh Willoughby, who unfortunately put into one of the harbours of Lapland with two of the ships, which were frozen in, and every soul perished. The command was afterwards given to Richard Chancellor, who was master of the other ship, and who had returned to England, after having landed at a monastery near the Dwina. Soon after this, Ivan Vassilievitch caused a harbour to be made, called | -- From the 18th of February, 1803, to the 18th of February, 1804, there were married in the empire, 302,467 couples. Died 791,979 persons. Born 1,279,321, which last number, multiplied by 30, gives 38,379,630, for the population of Russia. In such accounts as those, nothing can be exaggerated, but much may have been forgotten, and something must have been omitted; so that 40,000,000 will be a fair estimate of people in that great empire. \ r I . 58 Archangel Michael; but, even in the year 1586, it had scarcely be- COme a town. - - In consequence of the address of Chancellor, and the inclination of Ivan Vassilievitch, a direct trade was opened, by this channel, betwixt Russia and England, which Queen Elizabeth encouraged, soon after her accession to the throne. In the year 1554, a charter was granted to a body of merchants, who entered into a joint stock company, which was confirmed by an act of Parliament in 1566, with additional privi- leges granted to it, and continued for a considerable time. At length it was dissolved as a joint stock company, but continued, (as it still is.) a regulated company, having a factory, at Archangel first, but now at Petersburg. It was to the efforts of this company that we are indebted for that branch of trade in the early period we have already described ; and to it the East India company may be said to have owed also its rise. By a statute of the 10th and 11th of William and Mary, it was enacted, that the freedom or fellowship of the Russia company should be less difficult, and that, from Lady-day 1699, every subject desiring admittance into that fellowship, should pay 5l. for the same, which still remains the case; each member paying, in addition, one guinea to the poor-box, 5s. to the secretary, and 2s. 6d. to the beadle of the company, besides stamps; each member pays a small rate, fixed by the company, on all goods imported into England only, from Archangel, Onega, Petersburg, and Narva. Hitherto Scot- land and Ireland have been excepted, (though equally liable, since their respective union with England,) as well as the produce from all other ports in the Russian empire. Excepting a little trade to Narva, the whole commerce of Russia was carried on by way of Archangel, till Peter the Great laid the founda- tion of St. Peterburg, which it is known has since become the grand mart of the empire, the greatest share of its commerce now passing through that city. - It was the first intention to have given more minute details relative to the Russia company, but the materials were found too voluminous for the general plan of the work, it is therefore confined to simple commer- cial detail in as compact a form as possible. - - 59 In treating of the commerce of Russia, we shall divide it under the following heads: — 1st. That of the White Sea.—2d. Of the Baltic Sea.—3d. Of the Black Sea:-followed with general remarks, and a view of the whole; but there ought first to be given some outlines of the extent of the empire. Russia contains near the seventh part of the continent, and almost &t twenty-sixth part of the whole globe. The extent from West to East, viz. from 39% to 2073 degrees of longitude, contains 168 degrees; and if the islands of the Eastern Ocean be included, it will then con- tain 185. . . . . . . This great empire is divided into three divisions; from the 57th degree towards the North Pole forms the northern dº vision ; between the 57th and the 50th degree of latitude forms the middle division; and the southern division begins at the 50th degree of latitude, and ex- tends to the southern boundary of the Russian dominions. The northern division abounds with all sorts of fish, some cattle, wild animals, and some of the metals, and much wood, though the latter diminishes in size, as it approaches the north. - The middle division is not only preferable, from its being a more temperate climate, but because it furnishes the greatest part of the produce for the export of Russia, as well as for its n.anufactures. In this division grow the hemp and flax, as well as differe it sorts of grain; the cattle are here generally fatter; tallow, hides, and glue, are produced here in greater quantities than in the northern parts: iron, copper, silver, and gold, and by far the finest fir timber come from hence. - - • The south division is more productive in cattle than the middle divi- sion, but not equally so in other articles, though from its climate it may be made to produce fruits, wines, and most of the luxuries of life. European Russia is bounded on the east by Astracan, Kasan, and Siberia; on the north by the Arctic Sea; on the west by Sweden, the Baltic Sea, and Prussia, and Turkey in Europe; on the south, by the Black Sea, and part of Persia. - Asiatic Russia is bounded on the north by the Arctic Sea; on the west by Europe; on the south by part of Persia, Free Tartary, and China; I 2 - 60 and on the east by the North Pacific Ocean, which divides it from North America. - The external communications of Russia, by water, are by the White, the Baltic, and the Black Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. The Caspian Sea, the great lakes of Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Ilmen, and Baikal, give rise to and facilitate the great internal commerce. - The principal rivers of Russia in Europe, which fall into those seas, or are connected with these lakes, either naturally, or by canals, shall be briefly stated, to shew the great interior communications, tending also to facilitate the eaternal commerce. Rivers which fall into the North or White Sea. The principal river that falls into the North or White Sea is the Dwina, which receives this name on being joined by the Yuga and Sukhona, both which take their rise in the government of Wologda. The Yuga becomes navigable at the Pristan of Nekolsk; in spring, barks laden with corn, go down it into the Dwina; but, in summer, this river is only navigable for boats. The Sukhona takes its rise from the lake of Kubenski, in the government of Wologda. On the Dwina stands Archangel, by which the ancient commerce of Russia was carried on, and it is now, the same as for centuries back,--the principal river for the inland and foreign trade from the White Sea. * The Onega takes its rise on the north side of the lake Beloji, which falls into the lake of Boshe. On passing through this lake, the Onega bears the name of Wid or Swid; and then only receives the name of Onega, on having passed through the lake Latche. - Rivers which fall into the Baltic Sea. The Kymmene, only remarkable as a frontier river, divides Russia and Sweden, and falls into the Gulph of Finland, near Frederick- stadt: taking its rise in Finland; the navigation of it is very tedious, though short. sº - The Neva runs out of the Ladoga lake, and falls into the Gulph of Finland, below Petersburg, and is of the greatest consequence to Russia, both for the inland and foreign trade. The waters that run 61 from the mountains of Finland and Waldai, gather into the Onega and Ilmen lakes; these lakes discharge themselves into the Ladoga lake; which last has no other discharge than the Neva, which di- vides itself into several branches at its mouth, running through the city of Petersburg. ; : * t The Narova falls into the Gulph of Finland, about nine miles below the city of Narva, deriving its source from the Peipus lake. . The Pernau, which falls into the bay of Riga, by the town of Per- nau, takes in its course the rivulets of Fellin and Fennern; and only becomes navigable thirty-five wersts from its source. - The Düna, which has its source in the government of Twer, not far from that of the Wolga and Dnieper, falls into the Bay of Riga, by the city of that name. This very useful river takes its rise in the neighbourhood of the lake Seliger, in a bog, and is increased by many other rivers falling into it; namely, the Toropa, so called from the town of Toropetz; the Mjeha, the Kasplja, the Lutchossa, the Ulla, which rises out of the lake Beloje ; the Drissa is only navigable when the waters are high, like the Ewst and the Oger. There are some waterfalls in the Düna ; one produced by a chalk-cliff, not far above Riga, goes straight across the river; the navigation of it is the most dangerous when the water is low. * zº - Rivers which fall into the Black Sea. . . The Dnieper takes its rise in the government of Smolenski, not far from whence the Wolga and Düna have their source, and passes south. through the governments of Smolenski, White and Little Russia, Kieff, the Slobodian Ukraine, and New Russia, a length of fifteen hundred versts, and at Otchakoff falls into the Black Sea. The Dneiper re- ceives many rivers, which communicate with those falling into the Baltic. On this river, within the distance of sixty versts, there were thir- teen cataracts, or obstructions, in the centre of it; but those are: now removing, and three have actually been removed. Above twelve governments have a communication, by water, with this river. On the left, the Dnieper receives the rivers Sosha, Desna, Soola, Psiol, Worskla, Orel, Samara, and others, which pass through the govern- 52 ments of Little Russia, Koursk, and the Slobodian Ukraine; on the west side the Beresina and the Pripecz; two considerable rivers, which communicate with the governments of Minsk, Lithuania, and Volbinia, and promote the communication with governments laying east and South; connecting them with the Vistula, which runs down to Dantzic, the Njemen down to Memel, and the Düna to Riga: or, in a word, the Baltic and Black Seas, by three different branches. . . . . The Boug flows through the governments of Podolia, and New Russia, and falls into the Dnieper, a little above 6)tchakoff. The Dniester takes its rise beyond the Russian dominions, and serves as a frontier to the governments of Podolia, Volhinia, and New Tºussia, against Turkish Bessarabia and Moldavia, and falls into the Black Sea, south of Ovidipol. & * Rivers which fall into the Sea of Azoph. The Don is the only great navigable river that falls into the Sea of Azoph. It takes its rise in the government of Tula, and on the borders of Rjasan, passes the government of Tula, Rjasan, Tamboff, Woronesh, and the country inhabited by the Don Cosacs, and falls into the sea. of Azoph, after a course of about 750 miles. . . . . . , - Rivers which fall into the Caspian Sea. The Wolga is not only the noblest river in Russia, but in Europe; it facilitates the great commerce of the empire, being navigable from nearly its source, in the government of Twer, near the Düna and the Dnieper, quite into the Caspian Sea, taking, in its course, the following rivers: the Selisharowka, Wasusa, Twerza, Mologa, Shek- sna, Rotorost, Koestroma, Ounsha, Oka, Seura, Wetluga, Kama, Sa- mara, Kamiieshenka, Achtuba, Ural, Terek, and Kur. * & CANALS AND INTERFOR, NAVIGATION. Junction of the North and Caspian Seas. The first, will unite the rivers Dwina and the Wolga, by the £ubenski canal, in the government of Wologda, and the river 63 Wätschegda, which falls into the Dwina; this is carrying into execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . **- / The second is through the North Canal, by the rivers Waga and Jamza, the Onega, Woloksa, Ken, and Mosha, likewise uniting the Dwina and the Wolga. f r Junction of the Baltic with the Caspian Sea. The first canal unites the Neva with the Wolga, by the lake Ilmen and the canal of Vishney Volotshok; this celebrated canal connects the Caspian and Baltic Seas, in a navigation of 1434 miles: the vessels. laden at Astracan ascend the Wolga to Twer, and thence up the Twerza, when they arrive at the canal through which they pass, and then descend the Msta to Novgorod, thence down the Volkhof to the Ladoga canal, and at Schlusselburg enter the Neva, so down to St. Petersburg, without ever unloading their cargoes. The second unites the Neva with the Wolga, by the Ladoga canal, and by the canals of Tichwin and Sjás: the Tichwin canal is to join the Sominka with the Lid; this river falls in the Tschagadosh, thence into the Mologa, which runs into the Wolga. Annually, above 260 vessels. pass up the Tschagadosh. The Swir canal is a continuation of that of the Ladoga, which unites the Volkhof with the Sjás river, in the same way as the Ladoga canal unites the Neva with the Volkhof. This canal was completed in 1801, during which year 651 barks of different sizes passed through it. . . . - - The third unites the Neva with the Wolga, by the lake Onega and the Maria canal, which unites the rivers Wytegra and Kowshaga. This canal was finished in 1801; from 130 to 160 galliots and smaller vessels pass annually through the Wytegra to St. Petersburg. The Onega. canal is to join the Wytegra with the river Swir: this canal is carry- ing into execution. The Swir canal will join the river Swir and Sjás: and is to be finished in the year 1806. w - . . Junction of the Baltic with the Black Sea. First, The Beresinski canal will unite the Düna with the Dnieper, consequently the bay of Riga, with the Black Sea; this junction is 64 formed by means of the river Ulla, which falls into the Düna, and the Sergatcha, which falls into the Beresina, which last falls into the Dnieper. The Beloje and Beresina lakes, lying betwixt, greatly facilitate the junction: one part is already finished, being six miles in length, with four sluices. This short distance has been found use- ful for the conveyance of goods to Riga already. About 300 large barks pass down the Düna annually; also considerable quantities of wood and masts float down that river; about 20 large barks, with salt, pass annually out of the Dneiper into the Beresina. The Béresinski canal, when completed, will very much facilitate the conveyance of goods to and from the Baltic and the Black Sea, betwixt the Dnei- per, and Diina, and promote an easy and expeditious conveyance in the interior; this canal was begun in the year 1797; the principal part was finished in 1801, and the remainder will be completed this year, forming a complete line of navigation betwixt Riga and the Black Sea, and promote a general traffic in the heart of the country. The second, by uniting the Njemen with the Dnieper, by the Ogin- sky canal, and of the Njemen with the Courland canal. Count Oginsky, during the last years of the Polish republic, completed this canal at his own expense: it joins the rivers Szczara and Jasiolda, the first falls into the Njemen, and the latter into the Pripecz, which runs into the Dneiper, by which it opens a communication with the Baltic and Black Seas; it was finally repaired in 1803; its length is 34 miles, and it has ten sluices. Vessels have long ago passed through it betwixt Konigsberg and the Black Sea. The governments of Lithuania and Volhinia send their produce by the river Njemen, also the provinces of Little Russia and Polish Ukraine now send their products by this communication to Memel and Konigsburg. The Njemen falls into the Baltic, near Memel. A plan has been projected to unite this river with the Bay of Riga, by a canal of ten versts in length ; it would unite the Nevesha with the Lavenna, at the mouth of the great Aa, the river is deep enough even for vessels built for sea. Above Mittau it is navigable for small craft. This intended canal is not yet begun. t * & The third, by uniting the Western Bug with the Dnieper by the ** 65 *- King's Canal. This canal was begun by order of the last King of Poland, and is completed. The rivers Pinna and Muchawetz have been made navigable near to their source; but the canal itself which unites them is badly constructed, and is carried through low and morassy places, in hopes that, without having sluices, there would be Water enough ; but, at the same time, care was not taken to level the ground in places through which the water was to flow, for which reason this canal is short of water in the summer months, and is only navigable in the spring, when the water is high, being frozen in winter. The Western Bug carries barks of a middling size, on which the inhabitants of Podolia and East Galicia carry their produce, by the Vistula, to Dantzic wº- * CANALS PARTLY EXECUTING, AND PROJECTED To For M THE. .., , . FOLLOWING J UNCTIONS., o Of the Baltic with the North Sea.—The Dwina is to be united with the Sheksna by means of the Kubenski Canal ; the Sheksna, since the completion of the Maria Canal, has a communication with the River Neva. By means of these rivers, and the projected Ku- benski Canal, a communication will be opened between Peters- burg and Archangel. g t - ... Of the Bay of Riga with the Bay of Finland. –First, by uniting the rivers Pernau and Narova, by means of the lake Peipus and the canal of Fellin, which will open a communication with the Port of Pernau. Second, by uniting the rivers Düna and Neva, by means of the lake Ilmen and the Welikoluki Canal; when this projected canal is carried into execution, vessels may pass from the Dnieper through the Beresinski, Canal, into the Düna, down to Riga, or through the Welikoluki Canal, into the river Lowat, the lake Ilmen, and so to Petersburg. Third, by uniting the Düna and Narova with the Peipus Lake, and the Verroi and Riga canals. The Verroi canal would serve to unite the lake Waggola, and the Black Rivulet, it would be but short, K 66 and require only one sluice to have a direct communication with the Aa and Düna. A second canal is to be cut from the Düna, below Riga, across a narrow point of land, close to the Jägel and Weissen Lakes; the last of which comes so near the Aā that it could be united by a canal of two wersts in length. In 1797, this canal was ordered to be carried into execution, but it is not yet completed. - Of the Baltic and Black Seas.-First, by uniting the rivers Neva and Dnieper, with the Düna, by the Welikoluki canal, (this canal has not yet been begun) but it will require eighty-one English miles in length to be cut, and will fall into the lake Ushkaje, where the rivulet Ushka rises and discharges itself into the Düna. This projected plan is to be examined, and, if there is a probability of carrying it into execution, it is to be realized. This communieation could also be carried on by the rivers Luga, Narova, the Peipus Lake and the river Pernau, which, at the town of that name, falls into the bay of Riga. n Of the Black and Caspian Seas.-First, by uniting the Dnieper with the Wolga, by the canals of Orel; by uniting, 1st. the Bolwa with the river Shisdra ; 2d. the Sna with the Zon; and, 3d. the Nerussa with the Kromii, by means of canals.-These projected communications are called the Canals of Orel. * .” Second, by uniting the Don with the Wolga, by the Iwanoff Canal. This canal was begun in 1700, by Peter the Great, to unite the Don by means of the lake Iwan with the river Shat, which passes through the Upa into the Oka. This work was already far advanced, the bed of the river Don was deepened, and the canal itself was carried from the Don into the valley of Bobrucki, towards the lake Iwan, and had already twenty-four sluices, when the undertaking was suddenly stopped; but orders are now given to have this canal repaired and completed. º Third, By uniting the Don and the Wolga, by the Kamiishinski canal. Near the town of Kamiishin, in the government of Saratoff, these two rivers nearly approach each other, which distance is still lessened by the rivers Ilowla and Kamiishinski, of which the first 67 falls into the Don,...and the latter into the Wolga. This canal was be- gan, in 1716, by order of Peter the Great, but was discontinued. In 1796, it was again examined, and orders given, if found practicable, to be carried into effect. f * By means of the canals already finished, a great part of European 'Russia has a communication with one or other of the seas by which it is bounded ; and, as the rivers are numerous, and a general plan is followed, of constructing canals wherever they can be useful, in a very short time, its internal communications will be such as to fur- nish it with the means of transporting all its produce into other parts, by means of water carriage. As we have described a few of the principal rivers and canals, either completed, in execution, or contemplation, of that part of the Russian empire in Europe, we shall give the communication from the frontiers of China, by which the trade from thence, and that of Siberia, is car- ried on to the city of Petersburg. This navigation first commences, on the borders of China, passing by the Selenga to the Baikal Lake, from thence upon the Angara, into the Yenissey, as far down as Yenis- sey; there the merchandise is unloaded and carried over a short track of land, and embarked on the river Ket; from thence down that river into the Oby; from which up the Irtish, the Tobol, and thence over land to the Tchussovaia, upon which river it is embarked again and falls into the Kama, and the Kama into the great river Wolga. By this conveyance it was estimated, that Russia drew, some years ago, merchandise to the value of no less than twelve millions of roubles, consisting in Iron, valued at roubles, . . 3,000,000 Salt . . . . . . . . . 2,000,000 Gold and silver . . . . . 1,700,000 Furs and skins . . . . . 1,000,000 Copper money . . . . . 1,500,000 Copper in pieces . . . . . 500,000 Tallow and leather . . . . 500,000 Marble, precious stones, &c. 300,000 Chinese trade . . . . . . 1,500,000 K 2 & 68 * It has since increased, particularly in the article of tallow ; the ex- portation of which, from Petersburg, has been considerably aug- mented within the last two or three years. - The Wolga has already been described, together with its junction with the Neva, connecting the Baltic and Caspian Seas, and also the route, to Siberia and China, all which are united by means of the canal of Vishney Volotshok, through which the principal part of the trade of the empire is conveyed. - The number of barges which passed through the canal, in 1776, amounted to 2,537; in 1777, to 2641; and the average number was generally computed at about 2550. * - Some idea may be formed of the interior increasing traffic, carried on through this canal, by the following statement, for eleven years. • TO L L S OR Y E.A. R.S. V ESSELS AND FLO ATS. LA DIN G. DUT I ES. Barks. |Half Barks. º: sº Floats. Poods. - Cool. Barrels. Rubles. 1787 2,914 357 178 1,984 .7,032,681 950,391 || 7,5794 | 24,689 1788 2,846 317 264 2,719 5,631,264 1,106,866 14,066 24,674 1789 3,812 253 249 1,560 8,262,009 | 1,418,354 6,445 31,841 1790 2,927 339 166 1,390 6,735,264 | 1,065,705 14,537 25, 155 1791 || 4,025 305 178 1,485 8,381,147 | 1,524,706 12,473 33,721 1792 || 2,553 456 168 1,107 5,709,356 1,127,853 12, 182 23,238 1793 || 3,488 439 179 2,005 8,752,189 | 1,211,251 15,696 30,067 1794 2,945 | 402 167 1,964 8,394,933 | 1,016,736 12,958 F 25,989 1795 3, 119 || 375 2 12 1,562 || 8,094,384 || 1,022,078 5,913 26,753 1796 2,983 260 2 18 1,665 7,314,360 | I, 119,869 8,887; 25,743 I797 3,958 382 248 1,676 8,403,014 | 1,618,819 12,239; 34,192 . Total 35,591 3,885 2,227 |19,117 |82,712,599 is,182,538 122,976, 306,066 Annual - * average. 3,235 353 202 1,738 || 7,519,327 1, 198,412. 11, 179 27,824 l. It may next be asked, after perusing the above statement, what sort of vessels they are, which navigate all those canals and rivers, and convey so much valuable produce from the interior to the ports, for exportation ? * § ./ 69 . Many of those vessels or barks, (as they are called.) bring down from 100 to 400 tons each, and some few more, particularly to Arch- angel. These barks are perſectly flat bottomed, and many of a great length: the largest fir planks are selected for the purpose of building them; the timbers and crooks are generally selected from such trees as . have roots of a proper shape. The depth of one of these vessels is, seldom more than four feet ; some few more: the sides are perpen- dicular, and not much regard had to shape : they load them to draw from 20 to 30 inches of water, or more, according to the season of the year and to the water they expect to find in their respective na- vigations. Their rudder is a long tree, like an oar. In case of leakage, instead of a pump, they put up a rough cross bar, from which is slung, by means of a rope, a wooden scoop, with which they throw out the water. These vessels are rudely constructed, pur- posely for conveying only one cargo; they cost from 100 to 300 rubles each ; and when they arrive at Archangel, Petersburg, or Riga, and their cargoes are discharged, they are sold or broken up. for fire-wood or other purposes, seldom fetching more than from: 20 to 50 rubles. - Although a great part of the products are brought down by water, while the navigation continues open, yet the great preparation for the following year's business is during the previous winter; and great quantities of goods are conveyed by sledge-ways, during this season, not only to Archangel, Petersburg, and Riga, but particularly to . those parts which have not the advantage of interior water, convey- ance. Flax and hemp come to Narva, grain to Revel, flax and grain, to Riga, particularly if the prices happen to be high at the time. The produce from all parts of the interior, which have not. the advantage of water conveyance, is carried by sledge-ways to the nearest Pristan, or place where the barks are built, from whence they are floated down with the current, so soon as the snow and ice begin to melt: they are previously loaded, to be in readiness to take advantage of the water when it is high. The masts and heavy timber are conveyed out of the forests to the nearest navigable communica-- 70 tion, during the winter, when it is that a great interior commerce prevails, particularly in the articles of importation by the last arrived ships, their cargoes being carried by thesledge-roads to the remotest parts of the empire. So general is this sort of communication, that, to and from Mosco, merchandise has been conveyed that distance frequent- ly so low as 10 copecks per pood, the ordinary rate being from 20 to 35 copecks per pood, which is 15s. the lowest, the highest 45s. per ton, for a distance of between 4 and 500 miles; certainly considerably cheaper than freights by sea, for the same distance, without reckoning the in- surance, and uncertain conveyance, while the other is certain and ex- peditious. The cheap rate of land carriage, and still more reasonable rate by water, though more tedious, is a favourable circumstance to forward the external commerce of this empire, as well as that amongst the interior provinces with each other, which is very considerable. PRODUCE AND MANU FACTURES. It must naturally be supposed that a country of such vast extent, as Russia, must have nearly all the variety of soil that is to be found in the world, which, being under a variety of different climates, pro- duce all the necessaries and luxuries of life, and that both will in- crease as civilization and population extend. The Northern regions afford articles of traffic, as well as the south- ern and middle. The produce of Russia, for export, consists in iron, hemp, flax, cordage of all kinds, tallow, hides, fir and oak timber in planks and deals, battens, balks, spars, bowsprits and masts; pitch and tar, grain of all sorts, particularly wheat; hempen and flaxen. linen manufactured for the use of the table, flems, ravenducks, and other sorts for general purposes, and sail-cloth of various sorts, bees-wax, honey, bristles, and tallow candles; isinglass, caviar, butter, soap, . leather, train oil, hempseed, linseed, and their oils, and latterly to- bacco from the Ukraine. .* We shall, however, only treat of the principal articles of produce, and such manufactures as form the commerce of Great Britain and other maritime countries, by which Russia has reaped the ad- wantage of exploring the bowels of the earth and drawing riches 71 therefrom, as well as by the produce of the soil, yielding her an annual profit ; making other nations tributary, as it were, in paying that price which her subjects demand. The policy of this measure is very questionable, though it has been aided by government in the cstablishment of a Bank, which will be hereafter described. Of Iron, Wood, Hemp, Flax, Linens, Grain, and Tallow, we shall treat particularly. t Iron. The English, upon all occasions, appear to have been the first to. introduce useful discoveries and enlarge the means of the Russians. This is evident in respect to iron, which has become an article of much consequence in Russia. In 1569, Ivan Vassilievitch granted the English the privilege of seeking out ore and establishing iron-foun- deries, on condition of their paying about a farthing per pound and teaching the Russians the art of making iron. The first iron-mine of s any consequence, however, we find in Russia is one near Mosco, established by Alexey Michailievitch, which is still worked, and at which Peter the Great himself laboured. The insight he acquired here caused him, in 1698 and 1701, to send to Saxony for some able miners; nor was it till so late as 1703, that discoveries led to the estar. blishing of the Siberian and other mines. In the government of Perme such progress was made, that, before 1741, all the expenses were more than doubly paid, after raising furnaces, forges, founderies, flat- ting and slitting mills. To such an extent were they already arrived, in 1726, that upwards. of 25,000 tons of bar and wrought iron were sent by the already- described water communications, as well as large quantities of copper. The impolicy of the Swedes, in keeping the price of their Iron at a high rate encouraged the Russians. The then abundance of fuel near the mines in Russia, the large quantity of rich ore, the cheapness of labour, and the reasonable price of the necessaries of life for the boors, caused, founderies to be quickly extended, although the price of Iron, even towards, 1760, was not more than from 60 to 65 copecks per pood. At this rate, they cleared immense profits; and all those families who had fortunately 72 embarked in the iron manufactures, as the Demidoffs, Twerdichoffs, Jacovloffs, Lughenins, Strogonoffs, Waronzows, Gurioffs, and Lazaroffs, have amassed princely fortunes. The richest and most productive mines are in the Uralian Mountains, the government of Perme, the adja- cent district, and on the Siberian side, which produced from about 55 to 65,000 tons of iron annually. The Altayan Mountains are productive, but still more so the Nertschinskian, not only in iron, but in silver, and some gold. At Olonetz there are mines which produce ore of an inferior quality. In short, the Uralian, Altayan, and Nértschinskian Mountains, ‘produce not only the most iron, but likewise copper, as well as silver, which Kolivhan likewise produces in considerable quantities. In the tjralian Mountains alone the works, in 1779, had extended so largely as to have upwards of 100 smelting-houses, two-thirds of which were for iron, the others for copper; and, of the former metal, they produced near 64,000 tons alone. In other parts of Russia are mines, besides ithose we have described, but the ore is of an inferior quality. In the whole empire, without reckoning the little smithies and forges scattered here and there, the produce of iron, annually, was, at that time, about 80,000 tons, from the above year till 1793 or 1794. Of this quantity about half is exported, the other being used for necessary purposes in the interior, which must be considerable in so large an empire ; besides the various manufactories, such as those at Tula, for firelocks, pistols, sabres, and, at other places, for the various branches of hardware: those manufactures increased by the prohibitions that took place in 1793, when the importation of all hardware was prohibited, scythes excepted, which the Russians cannot yet make in sufficiently great perfection. * In the year 1794, all iron-works were offered assistance in cash from government; and those who took the benefit of such aid were to pay two copecks per pood, in addition to the duties already paid. Some regulations were likewise introduced by government, in favour of the poor boors, tending to abridge their labour. The Russians conceiving that the foreigners could not carry on their manufactures without their iron, imprudently raised the price, by degrees, from 70 to 80 copecks per pood, which it was, in 1770, up to 73 200 and 220 copecks for new sable, and 250 copecks for the best old sable, previous to the prohibition of the exportation of deals which took place at the close of 1798. - The exportation of iron from Russia after the year 1784, but par- ticularly since 1794, has been upon the decline; for the last year, the export to Great Britain was not a third part of any of the previous three years. In the year 1784 the whole export from Archangel and the Baltic was about 50,000 tons, of which Great Britain alone took above 40,000; and in the year 1781 she imported 50,000 tons from Petersburg alone; whilst the whole exportation from thence for the last four years, was, on the average, only about 40,000 tons, of which, Great Britain has taken 30,000, and in 1804 only 5848 tons. It may not be unacceptable, when we are speaking of the most useful though least valued metal, the produce of Russia, that we should likewise mention the others. * Gold has been found in considerable quantities in Russia. The first mine of this valuable metal was discovered in the mountains of Olonitz in 1739, and one for silver in 1704. Many other discoveries have been made of gold and silver mines which are worked ; but the most considerable is that of Kolhivhan, which had been worked by Demi- doff, the rich Russian iron-master, from its discovery till 1745, when the crown took possession of it. The whole of the native produce of Russia has been estimated at Gold about . . . . 42,675 Pounds weight Silver — . . . . 1,564,750 ditto The best copper mines are in the Uralian, Altayan, and Olonitzian mountains, of which the first is by far the richest. In the Uralian mountains alone, there were, twenty-five years ago, sixty smelting houses, which produced about 6,200,000 pounds weight. The whole annual produce of the empire has been about 7,350,000 pounds weight; but, as the produce of the mines is decreasing, the whole cannot be reckoned at present at more than 7,000,000; which is chiefly coined for circulation. L 74 The whole Quantity of Iron shipped from Russia in 1793, was as under. Petersburg |Predericksham Archangel . . . aganrog. . . . . herson. . . . . Theodosia . . . Eupatoria . . Otchakoff . . . Yenicale . . . . I R O N . Rubles. Rubles. 4,745,648, 122,236 4,571 3,000 83 183,070, I 1 1,838 13,254 12,490 7,740 E 50 54 4,875,538 183,070 145,517 5,204,125 Assorted iron is only exported from Peters- burg, Riga, and Arch- angeſ. I R O N = Poods. Rºle. | Bar iron . . . . . . . . . 2,503,757 4,258,228 Assorted iron . . . . . . 491,575 901,464 *...*.*}| sign 4,495 3,033,249 5,204, º The exportation of iron throughout the whole empire, in 1802, amounted to 4,617,989 rubles. &uality. | CCND). \ \ Peter Savich, Jacovloffs, * The Estimation of the Russia Old and Markets has generally been reckoned e 2 } Serjey Jacovloffs. Ivan Jacovloffs. 3 Peter Demidoffs, 4 Alexander Demidoffs. O L D'S S A B L E S. Quality. N.E.W. SABI, ES e. I Gurioffs. a Twerdichoffs. 2 }º. * (Ossokins. Waronzows: v 3 Strogonoffs. Lazaroffs. | iſvan Nikita Demidoffs. New Sable Iron in the English Some part of the iron that is loaded, in the barks, at the works in Sibe- ria, ready for the opening of the waters there, usually arrives at Peters- burg in September, and the barks continue to decend till the rivers The remainder only arrives the following year from the opening of the rivers till about July. close again. \ 75 º JWood. The wood trade is nearly connected, in Russia, with that of iron, and naturally leads to this consideration; that not being an article like the manufactures, or the annual produce of the soil, time, care, and salutary regulations are required to preserve a constant trade and decep up a stock to supply the demand. ... In such an extended and uncultivated empire as Russia, abounding with immense forests and large woods, sufficient for all the internal and domestic purposes of its inhabitants, both for fuel and building, as well as for the wants of other nations, by exportation, if proper regulations were adopted respecting her forests and her timber, she might be to Europe what the Newcastle coal trade is to London and the East of England, with this greater advantage, that, whilst the latter will be exhausting by the slow and progressive effects of time, the other would continually be renewing, by a constant succession, for ages to come. s - $ * Let us look at the immense forests in the governments of Archangel, Olonitz, and Wologda ; the wood of which might be exported from the former place and Onega; whilst the wood growing in other provinces, in forests equally great, communicating by water, with Petersburg, might be shipped from the latter port. By far the best fir wood in Europe, and the finest masts come by way of Riga, from those provinces which have rivers falling into the Dneiper. An immense quantity of timber comes down by way of Memel and Dantzic, from the Russian and Austrian Provinces, and the whole of Poland; these supplies are at present sufficient for the consumption of Europe, whilst the immense forests in Tobolsk, Irkutz, and throughout Siberia, are sufficient for all the purposes of their iron manufactures and the interior; surely then, with such supplies, if suitable regulations were made, this branch of commerce would be one of the staple and most productive and permanent of the Russian empire, since most others may in time be exhausted, whilst this could not, unless the population should become so considerable as to destroy it. . . J. 2 7 6 Notwithstanding such apparently inexhaustible supplies of wood, and the regulations which even before existed for its preservation, yet we find at the close of the year 1798, from the mistaken notions of the proprietors of the iron mines in Russia, that they succeeded in pro- curing a prohibition, to the exportation of timber, in toto, which they afterwards modified, with a view of benefiting themselves. This mea- sure was the means of raising the price of iron, in consequence of the additional freight the English were obliged to pay, because they could not get deals as usual to load their ships; this operated to the prejudice of the Russians, and diminished the exportation of iron, besides depriving the government of an annual revenue, from wood, of considerable amount, and the proprietors of the forests of a permanent TeSOUTCC, In 1740, deals sold, at Petersburg, by the hundred, for seven rubles, and in 1790, they cost from sixteen to eighteen rubles; and, just before the prohibition took place, they were selling from 24 to 3% rubles per dozen, reduced to standard measure, that is, 12 feet long, 11 inches broad, and 1% inch thick, (let the length, breadth, and thickness be what it might;) but the effect of that prohibition immediately put a stop to the saw mills working, the cutting of timber in the country, and the bringing of any, supplies of wood down the rivers; the conse- quence was, that, for ordinary purposes, at Petersburg, the price rose to eight, nine, may even ten rubles per dozen, and scarcely any could be got even at that price, as no person chose to bring supplies down, owing to the export trade being stopped, and the sale uncertain. This produced a fresh regulation; perhaps partly through the influence of the iron proprietors, who maintained, that if the English must have deals, they ought to be proportioned to the quantity of iron they took, which was therefore regulated, at 284 standard dozen of white wood deals for every 100 tons of iron exported. By an ukase, in the spring of 1804, half that quantity of red wood was allowed in addi- tion to the white wood, for the same quantity of iron ; but this privi- lege of exporting red wood deals was only granted to a few people, and therefore the proportion was perhaps exceeded ; and those who ex- 77 ported iron only did not themselves exercise the privilege of export- ing the deals, but sold it to others interested in that trade. The cause of the prohibition of wood was supposed to originate with the proprietors of mines, who represented that, from the great quan- tity exported, they could not work their founderies; notwithstanding the price of iron had risen, on account of the high price of wood. Although this was in Siberia, from whence no supplies of timber can come to any shipping ports; and the evil complained of by the proprietors of the mines, arose from their not taking measures, in due time, to preserve a constant supply. Nor is it attended to more now than formerly; young trees being very frequent- ly cut down for making roads, laid horizontally, and covered with sand. The prohibition to the export of wood had, in effect, no salu- tary end. The manufacturing of pitch, tar, and pot-ashes, was still carried on ; and the young linden is yet sacrificed for making mats, and even shoes, for the poor peasantry. Whole balks are used hori- zontally, in building the peasants houses, and for many purposes; and entire districts are in devastation, by cutting down every thing in- discriminately ; so that every year, as the distance becomes farther and farther, they have to obtain supplies from a more remote quarter. The indiscriminate destruction of wood may easily be conceived in the neigbourhood of the mines, from the situation many furnaces are in, by being obliged occasionally to suspend their works. In the go- vernment of Perme alone, it is supposed that betwixt 3 and 400,000 tons of charcoal is consumed, to smelt and work iron and copper; what an immense quantity of timber must be cut to produce so great a quantity of charcoal; particularly where there is no manage- ment or care in the forests, and where all is cut down as it comes, without a consideration to the future !!! It has been before observed, that the middle regions produce the finest masts and timber. The facilities and natural position of Riga render it a convenient port for exporting these articles. The districts from whence these supplies are received have become very wide; and therefore a table is here given, shewing the first cost, and the expenses. 78 attending the transporting the same; but which the new canal de- scribed, when finished, will lessen. * * Expenses of Total amount Duties on Quantity. Prime Cost. Conveyance of tººls Exportation. Wood. iſ ! Shock. i Pieces. | Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. Spars of 10 palms . • . . . — # 1 OO 15O 450 6OO 2 18 * from 11 to 13 do. . . . . *g 100 27O 8 IO 1,080 | 426 14 to 15 do. * IOO 600 | 1,800 2,400 750 f —-16 do. * IOO 750 2,250 3,000 804. +Masts of 17 palm tº e *ā-sº 1 OO 900 2,700 3,000 3,390 —18 do. . . . . . **** 1 OO 1,000 || 3,000 4,000 3,452 i 19 do. . . . . . *sº IOO 1,400 4,200 5,600 3,546 20 do. . . . . . *ssy IOO 2,500 7,500 | 10,000 5,290 21 do. . tº º * 100 3,500 10,500 14,000 5,546 22 do. . . . . (> *===g 1OO 4,500 13,500 18,000 5,936 23 do. . . . . . *sº IOO 5,500 16,500 22,000 7,500 24 do. . . . . . . . tºssessº 1OO 6,500 19,500 26,000 || 9,168 1–25 do. . . . . . . . — 100 7,500 22,500 30,000 || 1 1,300 35,070 105,210 140,280 56,326 Beams, from 22 to 50 feet . . . *º IOO 150 450 600 38 e 50 to 57 do. ‘. . . *sºng I OO 270 8 10 1,080 90 Oak º from 11 to 13 inches & 100 — 18,000 54,000 | 72,000 - 1,126 Hogshead staves, 11 inches º - Cº ºf k French wood, 7 inches thick, and 6) 40 inches long . . . . . IOO – 450 1,350 1,800 108 Pipe staves, from 2 to 4 inches R * thick, and 6O long gº ę º * § 1 OO | *= 250 4. 750 1,000 - 36 Total 57,690 wo º 57,922 d x | To return to the prohibition from exporting timber. whole exportation was only 344,000 dozen of deals, of which Great Britain took 321,000; whilst, in the year 1798, the aggregate exporta- tion of deals, besides timber, had been 3,435,000 standard dozen of re- duced deals, from Petersburg alone. * , The consequence of this sudden prohibition was the ruin of many, without answering any beneficial purpose. Even the government itself lost a considerable revenue, as well as the individual capitalists con- In 1799, the > 79 cerned in the trade. The following is a statement of wood and timber on the spot, ready for shipping, at the close of the year 1798, and that which was previously contracted to be delivered in the ensuing years, 1799 and 1800, which will shew the loss to the individuals and to the state. Prime Cost. Tuty on Exportation. Rubles. Tºubles. f Wood ready for shipping, for account of R' the Riga timber-merchants 681,256 187,782 for account of foreign commis- < sioners . . . . . . . . . . ..} 658,640 199,95I N. 1,339,896 387,733 Wood contracted to be delivered in the * a" cy ºf | year 1799, 1800 . . . . . . { 1,550,443 337,114 | Total 2,890,339 724,847 It must, however, be observed that, in the year II/93, the importa-- tion of timber into Great Britain was not so large as previous years; . which, consequently, lessened the export from Russia ; but the follow- ing table will shew its state in that year. -wºr- Planks. Oak-wood. Balks. Ship timber.|Divers wood. Total. * Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. Bubles. k - Petersburg . . . . 802,077. * 33,751 || 64,984 7,709 908,521 , . Riga . . . . . 15,616 |453,085 88,800 2,131 20,637 580,269 Wyburg e ©. º º 109, f02 g- - * 369 109,561 | Narva . . . . . . 29,412 *y 31,087 tº-wº 99 l 61,490 Archangel . . . 36,800 2,583 7,255 - , — 46,638 || Fredericksham . . 17, 160 sºm-º. * * 97 17,257 Pernau . . . . . . 7,675 — 2,035 1,177 62 l 1,549 Onega . . . . . 8,258 * tº- * 198 8,456 Black Sea Harbours *a- 190 * 149 339 Revel and Arensburg — º gº-te tºº-º-º: 137 137 k Total 1,026,190 |455,668 163,118 | 68,292 || 30,342 1,744,210 80 DEN OMINATION AND VALUE OF THE TIM BER STATED IN THE PREC EDING TARLE, Pieces. " Rubles. Deals . . . . . . 2,956,671 | 1,026,190 | Wainscoting boards 26,677 375,967 *- Balks . . . . . 128,936 163, 118 Stave-wood . . . 14, 135 51,775 Masts . . . . . 891 43,063 Clapboard . . . 64,981 25,463 Spears . . . . . 2, 158 l 9,999 Bowsprits, &c. . . 195 5,830 Other kinds of wood *--> 32,803 1,744,210 The unrestrained exportation of wood had caused its progressive in- crease from 1793 till 1798, when it was considerable as we have seen. However, from some regulations or system relating to the export, it again amounted, in 1802, to 1,442,013 rubles. Of Hemp and Flaw, and their Produce. The next articles of export from Russia, and indeed the principal ones, are hemp and flax, which we must likewise connect with their products, forming altogether by far the most considerable in quantity and value of any article sent from Russia. By the general tables which are under Petersburg, Riga, and other places the whole quantity of hemp exported from Russia, as Clean, Out- shot, Pass, and Codilleis about 60,000 tons annually; of which Great Bri- tain and Ireland take from 35 to 40,000 tons: and of flax, the exports, in the whole, from 14 to 17,000 tons. In 1803, the whole quantity was about 15,000 tons, exported by Russia; of which near 10,000 tons came to Great Britain and Ireland. But the export of this article seems upon the decline from Petersburg, and nearly stationary at Riga. Upon the whole, however, it is upon the decline, as will be seen by a refe- rence to the tables, at Riga ; but particularly at Petersburg, from whence not more than half the quantity is now exported which used to be formerly sent to Britain. 81 The hemp and flax manufactured into sail cloth, (the former into cordage, and the latter, into the vast variety of linens,) will shew the great quantity raised in the interior, which, after serving for home consumption, has a superfluity for exportation; the seeds of hemp and flax, and the oil extracted from them, make also a considerable article for exportation. The quantity of hemp seed exported, which is chiefly from Riga, is from 14 to 20,000 quarters annually, prin- cipally to Holland; and that of linseed from 135 to 150,000 quarters yearly; one-half of this last is annually exported to England, both for the purposes of crushing and sowing, that for the latter purpose, being from Riga, has varied in the quantity considerably, as will be seen by a reference to the tables under the head of Riga. The Dutch are the great importers of sowing linseed, requiring from 50 to 70,000 barrels every year; and of hemp seed from 10 to 20,000 bar- rels: some years as much as 30,000 for sowing only. Besides the seed, which is exported for sowing and crushing, the oil. extracted is in very considerable quantity; hemp seed oil in particular. In 1803, 1,992,100 gallons, were exported, chiefly to Germany, and of linseed oil, only about 4000 gallons: although this quantity ap- pears very considerable, it is but a small proportion of the whole that is produced, the interior consumption being immense for the ordinary purposes, but particularly for the lower classes, during their fasts. These two articles, then, of hemp and flax, form the most prominent feature in the exports of Russia, in their raw and manufactured state, and bring by far the greatest riches to the state, and to the individuals. The great extent of territory enables them to break up fresh land con- tinually, without interfering with the produce of their grain. Hemp and flax are to be had all over the empire; not but that their guality varies materially, according to the soil and climate; neither are they particularly attended to in the culture, each boor or peasant growing a sufficiency for his own use, and some for sale, which is col- lected by people called Bollins, who again sell it to those native mer- chants who take it down to the shipping ports. Hemp, at Petersburg, in the year 1733, was with difficulty sold at five rubles per berquet; in which year, the exchange on Amsterdam Af 82. was from 534 stivers, down to 464 stivers per ruble; taking the ex- change at the medium, it was not eleven pounds per ton. On account of the quantity of specie in the country, in which payments were then made, higher prices, it was said, could not be obtained, al- though six or seven rubles per berguet would have afforded a handsome profit ; but it was asserted, that if contracts at that period. had been made in sufficient time for the following year's crop, at only eight or nine rubles per berquet, any quantity might have been ob- tained. For hemp, before the close of the century, the sum of sixty rubles was given. º A general idea prevails, and not without some foundation, that the hemp and flax, from Riga, are of a stronger harle and better quality than what are usually shipped from Petersburg; but as the Brack at Petersburg was put upon an equal footing, in 1799, with that at Riga, there is not now that difference which formerly existed; the quality of each, under the respective denomination, being intended to be the Sa IIl C. - - However, the flax, particularly from Riga, has certainly some preference, on account both of climate and soil. The hemp which is shipped from Riga, chiefly comes from the Ukraine, and the best sort is the Drujana hemp, from the province of that name, and it is nearly equal to the Konigsberg rein, reckoned the best in the world, which the Dutch chiefly monopolized for their whale-lines and fisheries. The hemp, shipped from Petersburg, is produced in the various provinces eastward of the Ukraine: however, occasions have occurred, when the clean hemp was sent from Petersburg, by the native Russians, to Riga; whilst the brack of the former was inferior to that of the latter, but there is no advantage in this now ; besides Riga gets sufficient supplies for her trade from the interior. 83 Hemp shipped of the following Sorts, from Russia, in 1793. H E M P. || H E M P. Rubles. Rubles. Poods. Rubles. Petersburg & Cronstadt|3,747,935 Hemp first sort . . 2,223,0655,031,270 Riga. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,274,999 second sort | 154,701] 324,086 Pernau . . . . . . . . . . . 15,862 | third sort . . 248, 183| 512,576 Narva. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,240 Codille . . . . . . . . 148,779, 198,683 | Fredericksham. . . . . . 1,887 …” Wyburg . . . . . . . . . . . 749 2,774,7286,066,615 Revel. . . . . . . . . . . . 338 } Arensburg . . . . . .... • * * 147 Ports of the Baltic Sea . . . 6,045,117 Archangel . . . . . . . . 18,700 Onega . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ports of the White Sea . . . - 18,702 Cherson . . . . . . . . . . 2,177 Otchakoff . . . . . . . . . 600 Eupatoria . . . . . . . . . 15 Ports of the Black Sea . . . 2,796 Total . . 6,066,615 | | In 1802, the whole value of hemp only, exported from the empire, amounted to 9,346,091 rubles. I'law. The flax exported from Riga is certainly of the best quality of any that comes from Russia, being, to use the technical phrase, softer, kinder, freer from shives and blacks, and better adapted for the finer manufactures, particularly the Rakitzer and Marienberg clean. For other descriptions see the head Riga. Formerly, a good deal was brought down in winter by sledge ways, but, since the canals were cut and interior facilities increased, a great part is brought down, by the spring barks, from the Pristans. The flax at Petersburg has risen in estimation since the intro- duction of the amended brack in 1799; the principal supplies received there are from Novgorod, Carelia, Polotzk, Wologda, and other provinces; it passes through the Brack, and is assorted into twelve, nine, and six heads, into bundles or bobbins, containing so many heads each ; the twelve heads being often as good as Riga ; but, in general, the Petersburg flax is of a broader fibre, harder and bet- ter adapted for sail making and the stronger manufactures. M 2 34 Flaw shipped off from the following Ports, from Russia, in 1793, –a– * FLAX. - FLAX. t Rubles. | ‘Rubles. - j Toods. : fºubles. Riga . . . . . . . 2,534,572 | Flax of the best sort ...] 868,327 | 3,664,485 Petersburg . . 1,644,727 - second sort 154,231 || 556,580 Narva . . . . . . 179,782 *º- third sort. . 83,616 227,039 | Pernau . . . . . . 132,501 — Codille. ... 39,951 55,996 Revel . . . . . . 6,552 r—— t Fredricksham . 886 1,146,125 $4,504,100 | Wyburg . . . . IO ! 4,492,037 * * * * ſ Archangel . . . 11,975 11,975 j ; Taganrog. . . . 56 : Cherson . . . . . 28 ! Gºtchakoff . . . 4. 88 , i. ! 1 - } --- 4,504,100 ||_ -*- – | | The value of the flax exported from the whole empire, in 1802, amounted to 5,773,008 rubles. Linen Manufacture. The linen-manufacture of Russia is carried to a great extent in ravenducks, flems, sail-cloths, drillings, broad and narrow linen, crash &c. indeed in the government of Archangel is the finest and best linen, as good as any foreign, the manufacturing of it being origi- nally introduced here by the Dutch. Similar manufactures of sail-cloth, flems, ravenducks, &c. were introduced by Peter the Great, from Holland, about Kostroma, Jatsk, and other places ; there are now upwards of eighty linen fabrics of one kind or other throughout Russia, besides private families, supplying themselves for their own wants, and making occasionally for exportation. y It must appear extraordinary, after inspecting the accounts of the great exportation of linen from Russia, compared with that of other places, to learn that, for some time after the discovery of Archangel, England exported limens to Russia, particularly of the coarser kind. In 1674, it appears that the exportation of linen to that port was 23,330 85 yards however; the progressive increase of the exportation soon after that period has kept pace nearly with Ireland, when, in the year 1799, it was estimated that there was sent for sale the following quantities and sorts to Petersburg. Yards. Linens, fine bleached, in rolls . . . . . . . 97,222 £º Huckahacks . . . . . . . . . . . 198,333 Printed linens of all sorts . . . . . . . 163,333 Broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540,555 Narrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,210,222 Broad diaper . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,317,555 Narrow ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,408,890 Yards . 4,931,141 Here, then, in linens alone, which is, but a small part of the walue, without any particular aid, encouragement, or bounty, are no less than 4,931,111 yards; exclusive of which was the following valuable manufactured goods estimated at, not less on an average than 36 millions of yards more: making together near 41 millions of yards which is equal to what has been exported from Ireland, where more than half a million sterling has been paid to encourage the linen ma- nufacture. .” Pieces. Ravenducks 28, 31%, and 36 inches wide, 50 arsheens long . . . . . . . . 250,000 Flems, 50 and 57 arsheens long, 42 and 45 º: inches wide . . . . . . . . 200,000 Drillings, bleached and unbleached, 50 Ar- sheens long, 28 inches wide . . . . . 250,000 Tickens of all sorts . . . . . . . . . 14,000 Table cloths . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 Napkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,000 Sail cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,000 For paper hangers . . . . . . . . . 28,500 *sº Pieces . 1,001,500 --> There are four denominations of Ravenducks, Flems, and Drillings, viz. Kostromsky, which is the best sort; Wesnikoffsky, which is the ſ 86 second best sort; Schousky, also Ivanovsky, which two last are of an equal, but inferior quality to the others. The Kostromsky Fabrics are, Wodovoroff . . . . . third sort. Peter and Gregory Ugli- Safaneycoff . . . . . ditto chininoff . . . . . . first sort Martjanoff . . . . . ditto Alexey, Ivan, and Dmitry Zezin . . . . . . . ditto Durigin . . . . . . ditto k W. J. and M. Carneloff . ditto Gregory and Wassilly Stre- Ravenducks are 28, 32, and 36 inches broad galoff . . . . . . ditto Flems, 42 and 45 inches broad Boris Stregaloff . . . . ditto Demi Flems, 21 inches broad Dmitry Solodovnikoff . . ditto Drillings, 28 inches broad Jacoff Ashatin, . . first and second Linens, Stepan Uglichininoff second sort Kenishem broad Ivan Walkoff . . . . . ditto linen . . first and second sort Gregory Talanoff . . . ditto Narrow linen . ditto Peter and Sergey Graznoff ditto Broad diaper. . . ditto Alexey Kolotkin. . . third sort Narrow diaper . ditto Ivan Sharovnikoff . . . ditto Huckaback . Ivan Latukin . . . . . ditto Pleskoy narrow Peter Ikonikoff . . . . ditto linen . . first and second sort & Grodskey narrow linen . Weshikoffsky Fabrics, Ivanowsky ditto . . second sort Philip Ugrumoff first and second Danilowsky narrow Ivan Kashin . . . second sort linen . . . . . . . ditto Ivan Wodovosoff . . . . ditto Crash, Mich. Korloff . . . . ditto Uglinskoy . . first and second sort G. Gravnoff . . . . . ditto. Kostromsky . . . . . ditto Wassily Igumnoff . . third sort Danilowsky . . . . second sort G. Yemanowsky . . . . ditto Linen from Kenishem, * Ser. Galatsheff . . . . ditto Plain about 20 inches broad finest Rostoff and Perestaff about The Ivanovsky and Schousky Fabrics are, se 17 inches broad . . next best Dereshoff . . . . . . first sort | Kostroma plain, about 17 Yevloff . . . . . . . ditto inches . . . . . . coarser Jefin Grachoff . . . . third sort * Crash, a coarse hempen Maltzoff . . . . . . ditto $º linen chiefly for packing Sheloff . . . . . . ditto Diaper, 20 inches broad Ustinoff . . . . . . ditto Huckaback, 20 inches broad Kropiwnikoff . . . . ditto 87 Erported from Russia to Great Britain on the Average of five Years, ending 1803, and the average Price. *i. Yards. Rubles. Broad Diaper . 128,333 . . . . . . average price 155 per 1000 arsheens. Narrow Diaper . . . 147,777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 ditto Broad Linen . . . . 77,666 . . . . . . . . e is a e - e a s • 205 ditto Narrow Linen , 295,555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 ditto Crash . . . . . . . . . 933,333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 ditto Drillings . . . . pieces 8,000 ditto, 30,000 Ravenducks... ditto, 95,000 Flems • Q & Q @ The whole Eaportation of Q is tº e º a c e º º 6 e º e & c. * * & © tº gº • * g c e s 6 & a e º e º a º tº g tº e g º e º ſº e º e g º ºs e º º 29 Copecks per arsh. 16% Rubles per piece. 11 ditto Hempen and Flaven Linen from the Empire ân the Year 1793, Ravenducks Rubles. Rubles. Petersburg . . . . . 3,650,552 Riga. . . . . . . . . . 73,026 Revel . . . . . . . . 6,850 Narva . . . . . . . . 2,419 Fredericksham . . 1,256 Wyburg . . . . . . 1,142 Arensburg . . . . . 339 Pernau . . . . . . . 126 3,735,703 Archangel . . . . . 43, 149 Onega . . . . . . . . 17 43,166 Eupatoria . . . . . 6,672 Taganrog . . . . . . 1,665 Theodosia . . . . . 165 8,502 3,787,371 *— Sail-cloth . . . . . . Flems Calimancoes Ticken Table-cloth Ma- } nufactures 1,149 poods . Common do. . . . . Arsheens. • Rubles. | 2,523,30 O 846,351 2,792,650 | 1,158,788 4,978,750 | 1,171, 166 813,872 254,520 159,473 44,819 1,407,950 91, 153 486, 144 85,554 36,154 6,403 3,984 5,586. 608,455 | 123,031 | —º- The Value eaſported in the Year 1802, was Sail-cloth Flems Fine and coarse Linen ..., Linen Calimancoes . . . . Linen, printed Rubles. 694,724 746,947 1,558,072 - 281,392 119,488 113,312 tº e º 'º º Table-cloths, Napkins, &c. 23,921 3,537,856 Rubles. º 88 ºf HE FARTHER PRODUCE OF HEMP AND FLAX, IN THEIR see D, AND *. TIHF OIL, Hempseed and Linseed erported in the Year 1793, Rubles. Rubles. Chetwert. Ruble." | Riga . . . . . . . . . 679,545 Linseed . . . . . . . . 145,675 | 1,037,523 | Petersburg . . . . . 151,303 Hempseed . . . . . 14, 186 74,049 Pernau . . . . . . . . l 1,064 ~ -º- f Revel . . . . . . . . . 917 150,861 1,111,572 # Arensburg . . . . . . i ()4, 842,933 Archangel . . . . . . 267,718 267,718 - Cherson . . . . . . . 859. *- Eupatoria and Ot- } af chakoff. . . . . 69 92.1 2. l, l l 1,572 l In the year 1802, the exported value was 2,519,477 rubles. Hempseed and Linseed Oil exported in 1793, º Rubles. | Rubles. | Poods. Rºle. | Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . |675,129 235,687 697,366 - Riga as e º gº tº e g e • * * * * * * * * * 19,766 Arensburg . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e & 379 Wyburg, Revel, Fredericksham 27 696,301 | Archangel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 14 l 14 | Cherson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 | | Taganrog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 951 ſ 697,366 ‘. In 1802, the value of hempseed-oil exported was 1,560,259 rubles. Tallow. Of all the articles of Russian commerce none have had so recent and rapid a rise as that of tallow, either in the increased quantity exported or in the enhancement of its price. From the year 1752 to 1766, the whole exportation together, from Petersburg to Great Britain, was not 900 tons in fourteen years; although some was regularly shipped from Archangel. From the year 1766 till the present period, the exportation has been upon 89 the increase, so that in the year 1803, Russia exported to Great Britain only no less than 27,450 tons; the whole exportation that year, from Russia, on the side of the Baltic and Archangel, not including Cour- land, being 34,500 tons, and nearly equal to £2,000,000 sterling in value; a quantity and sum almost incredible, when we consider the produce of an ox for other useful purposes. It may cease, however, to be a matter of wonder, when we consider the immense extent of Russia, and so disproportionate a population.* Indeed, if the breeding of cattle cannot be reckoned the first, it certainly is the second consideration of importance to the Russian empire, from the tallow, hides, salted beef, glue, and even the very bones which are exported. When one casts the eye over the map of Russia, particularly the southern and middle divisions of it, the many rich pastures and immense steppes, the little care required, and still less trouble in breeding cattle, the fertility of the soil, and the pastoral life, our wonder may cease; not only in the middle division, but to Petersburg, and even so far as Archangel, the breeding of cattle is carried on with some success. The fine beasts of that district were first introduced from Holland, by Peter the Great, and still preserve their primitive appearance, notwithstanding that northern climate. In such abundance, and so cheap are the cattle in the Ukraine, that large quantities are exported to Silesia and other places, and annually driven to Mosco, Petersburg, Revel, and Riga. Reduced in flesh by so long and tedious a journey, the Livonian land- owners feed them and afterwards drive them to those markets; but, within the last two years, the increase has been considerable, not only in European Russia, but in Siberia, in the Ukraine, down to the Black Sea, and from thence among the Don Cossacs. A good bullock may be bought for from 35 to 44 rubles; and not more than thirty * The boors in most parts of the interior are not so extravagant as to burn either oil or tallow, when they can get so high a price. Lepeckin truly relates, in his travels, that he did not see a single village with a candle, but laths, continually renewed, were burned in their place, which is the case to this day. This makes their cottages very black, and the glowing parts dropping off, occasion frequent fires. N 90 years ago, Pallas states, that when he was at Krasnoyarsk, the price of a whole ox was one and a half ruble; a cow, one ruble; and the best horse might be had for three rubles; since that period the prices have advanced with rapidity beyond example, yet such is the plenty in the southern districts of Siberia, that every thing is cheap ; indeed, it is from thence that tallow is now brought in such large quantities, along with the other produce of the soil. <- In 1792, the exportation of Tallow from Petersburg to Great Bri- tain was 527,480 poods or 8,373 tons; and the aggregate quantity ex- ported that year from Petersburg was 11,130 tons. As it will excite curiosity to know from what quarters the supply of tallow chiefly came, at that period, we shall just state the particulars received in the early part of that year from an intelligent Russ merchant, whose in- formation seemed tolerably COrrect. . . . . * * . . . . . Poods. Poods. Mosco . . . . 1 12,000 Brought over . . 431,000 Kolomna . . . 130,000 Kostroma . . . . . 12,000 Perlisalar . . . 20,000 || Rostoff . . . . . . 45,000. Zaraisk . . . . , 7,000 - Kasan . . . . . . . . 20,000 Tula . . . . . 80,000 Kasimoff. . . . . . . 5,000 Kaluga. . . . . . 20,000 Serpukoff . . . 6 or 8,000 Bieleff . . . . 20,000 Siberia . . . . . . 120,000 Balaschof . . . 2,000 || Twer, produces only . . 4,000 Koursk . . . . 15,000 Petersburg and Cronstadt 10,000 - Kozloff . . . . 15,000 From all other places and Woronetsh . . . 45,000 the utmost it can differ is 30,000 Jatsk . . . . 15,000 t * * gºssass-mºsºsºsº --- 685,000. Carried over . . 431,000 | * The aggregate quantity exported that year from Petersburg was 701,450 poods. Since that period, we find the quantity exported is nearly tripled; it may therefore be presumed, that the quantity from Siberia is larger in proportion than at that period; likewise from the southern pro- vinces; for, in 1803, the exportation from Petersburg alone was 1,973,776 poods. 91 -*. 9 : * : * ~ : Tallow exported from Russia in 1793. Bubles. Rubles. Poods. Rubles. ! | ł. Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . 3,527,907 3 1,035,529 4,279,000 Riga • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº 4,919. Wyburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 * Revel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' 140 , w e Arensburg • . . . a . . . . . " . & * sº 78 3,533,494. Archangel . . . . . . . . . . . . 731,752 | 731,752. Cherson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,026 } Taganrog. . . . . . . _- - - - - - --- 2,090 * Sebastopolis . . . . . . . . . . . 588 - Yenicale and Otchakoff. . . 140 13,844 | 4,279,000 Rºssºs ºgix *:Twº —r—Imr Jºr-º-º- is zº-Iris- s—zºssºmºrrºws In the year 1802, the tallow exported from the whole empire amounted to 9,663,766 rubles . . . The further Produce of Neat Cattle exported from Russia at the two following Periods. * } { } ! | ! | i 1793. 1802. § Yufts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942,984 || 1989,826 Tanned leather . . . . . . 306,714 374,545 Raw Hides . . . . . . . . . *=mº 93,600 Tallow candles. . . . . . . | 169,910 325,008 Salted beef and ox bones . 20,916 I 13,522 Pat . . . . . . . . . . . . . tºº. 213,933 Ox horns . . . . . . . . . *gº 8, 137 º Rubles | 2,440,524 || 3,118,571 ; Grain. As civilization extends, and population increases, in Russia, so will agriculture improve, if not from the wants of its own people, at least from those of other parts of the world; whilst the price of land is more reasonable, and labour lower than any other part of Europe, so will there N 2 92 be a greater field for the encouragement of agriculture in Russia: that it has already made some progress is visible. The exportation of corn and grain from the Russian ports in the Baltic was, betwixt the years 1771 and 1773, in one year, reckoning the average from three: Chetwerts. Value. Wheat . . . 90,544 . . 378,347 Rubles . . . Rye . . 696,609 . . 1,971,520 - " . Barley . . 48,857 . . 125,996. Oats . . 34,270. . . 46,090. Malt ... . 328 . . 622 870,608 2,517,575 And in one year, from the average of 1778, 1779, 1780, for 1,532,938 rubles. - • *, - The produce in grain shipped from the whole empire, recapitulating the above articles, to make a comparison of the whole, exported in 1793, in the following table: Rubles, Rubles. If - Chetwerts. Rubles. | Riga . . . . . 2,146,221 Rye . . 535,211 || 1,378,001 Petersburg . 136,780 - Wheat. 350,905 || 1,490,356 Arensburg. . . 3,900 + Barley. H 144,357 236,040. Fredericksham|| 201 | Oats. . . 10,850 17,200 Wyburg . . . ; 143 || 2,287,245. --- Archangel . 176,527 | 1,011,323 ; 3,121,597 Onega. . . . 395 || 179,922 | Eupatoria . 210,200 | .. - - - Otchakoff. . . 207,616 | Taganrog . . . 121,045 | { ! t : Cherson . . . . . 84,192 | Theodosia . . 31,377 || 654,430 Odessa . . . Total 3,121,597 || - || Rye, wheat, and oats, are mostly exported from Riga: wheat, how- ever, is also exported out of the harbours of the Black Sea, as well as Archangel and Petersburg. • - 93 The encouragement given to the trade of the Black Sea in general, but to the port of Odessa in particular, has caused considerable quan- tities of grain to be shipped to the Mediterranean, since that time, which used to go by the Baltic, but a few years before. The exportation in the year 1802, from the whole empire, was in value, - - ' - S • - Rubles. Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,055,907 Rye - . . 5,604,422 Barley e Q e 6 tº e . 1,004, 144. Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,056 Other corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,754 Wheat and rye flower . . . . . . . . 157,809 In spirits made from native corn . . . . . $68,153 Rubles 11,496,245. After having thus given the details in the principal articles in which the exports of Russia consists, we shall refer the reader to the general table of exports for all the others, which are of much less importance. CHAP. III. Of the White Sea and its Ports.-Of Archangel and its Trade; its Amount and Eaports, and in what it consists.--The Estimate of Ship Building there.—Prices of Corn for some Time past, &c. &c. - White Sea. - - WE begin with the details of the trade of Russia in this division, as being that with which we first had any direct commerce, as has already been stated. Till the foundation of Petersburg was laid, and ever since the flourishing state of that city, the White Sea has enjoyed a share of the 94 Russia trade, with other parts of Europe; chiefly arising from the fa- cilities afforded by the river Dwina, which runs by Archangel. The other rivers, which fall into this sea, are the Petsshora, Mesen, Yuga, J and Sukhona, from which little benefit is derived; the river Onega, º falling into an arm of the bay, has chiefly had its trade in wood, and formerly ship building, as well as Archangel. . . . . . . . The trade of this sea to England alone, in the year 1655, amounted to above 600,000 rubles; and, from 1691 to 1700, the average amount of its exports to England were 112,250l. and its imports 58,881. The whole trade arising to Russia from this division has been upon the increase, in the years 1773 to 1777. Upon the average, the imports were 320,889, exports 1,541,482 rubles. º *~. In the Year 1796, the w following was the Statement of the Trade of the White Sea. . Ships Ships Exports. Imports. 2. Customs. arrived. sailed. Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. i– - -- -—— | 163 Archangel | 168 5,146,602 | 666,743 215,971 | 1 |Onega . . 2 4,568 *sº 263 Kola . assºsºs * tº-sº 48 Mesen . * * eºs 46 164 170 5,151,170 | 666,743 216,828 In 1802 236 240 || 4,796,017 | 549,732 * As Archangel is the port in which almost all the business is carried on, we shall directly treat of it, as embracing nearly, if not the whole of the external commerce of this sea. - f Art Archangel Is situated on the banks of the Dwina, about thirty English miles from its mouth, where it falls into the White Sea. 3. The trade of this place consists in some iron, a little hemp; consi- derable in Jinseed, which is reckoned of a superior quality, when welt 95 cleaned ; grain, which is of a small size, but, when dried, bears a long voyage; considerable quantities of tallow, chiefly from Siberia; and, indeed, most other. articles, the same as from Petersburg, excepting for tar, the trade for which it almost exclusively enjoys in Russia, and also for pitch. In the year 1730, the monopoly of taris stated to have been made by the crown, and that 40,000 lasts. annually were sent to Holland, Hamburg, and other parts. ‘. . . . . . The produce is chiefly brought from Viâtca, and Wologda, by the various rivers which fall into the Dwina : there is a conveyance by water all the way from Wologda, and from the Pristan, for the Viâtca goods; all which are brought down on floats of timber, prams, kayooks, and other rough constructed vessels, covered at the top ; the latter, when they bring the goods down from the interior, lay near Sollenbole, from whence they are ordered along side the ships to discharge. Tar and pitch are sent down in old barks of the same kind to the harbour, from the tar strand, three or four English miles distant. -- The prams and kayooks are broken up and sold, like those at Pe- tersburg. - w •. They have good accommodations for warehousing their goods, both public and private, but the produce in general is shipped out of the country barks. Their Brack has the same regulations as those at Pe- tersburg and Riga: but it happens, that the generality of produce from Archangel is not in the same estimation, except Siberia soap tallow, and linseed, as that from Petersburg. *. Before the prohibition of wood, considerable quantities of deals were shipped from Archangel, likewise Omega, which last are esteemed on. account of their excellent quality. - Ships of a large size and handsome figure were formerly built here entirely of fir, for foreign markets; and they have slips and conveni- ences for building six to eight large ships annually, if sufficient time is given to prepare the wood. Foreigners may now build ships there, without any restraint; and a bounty is given to the burghers. We have given an estimate of the cost of a vessel of about 500 tons mea- surement, to be built of fir entirely : when proper wood has been: 06 - selected and cut at the season it ought, they have been found useful and lasting vessels, for that description. They cost little more than half what a vessel of the same size, built of similar materials, in England, would amount to. * The harbour is at the Island Sollenbole, about an English mile from Archangel. The bar, at the entrance of the Dwina, has generally about 14 feet water. Ships which draw more water must be loaded out in the Roads by lighters; the anchorage is reckoned secure, though ves- sels have sometimes touched the ground without any accident hap- pening. w - t - * As Archangel is now the port from whence all the produce of the White Sea is shipped for foreign markets. The following is an account of the number of vessels employed to convey the produce for the year 1802, from the different rivers and ports, as coasters, to Archangel: In the Ports of the White Sea. For Transport. For Fishing. Vessels. - | Vessels. Lastage. Vessels. Lastage. Russians I67 Account not 281 Account not given. given. English 3 5 14 *- * Totals I7O 514 || 281 * It must be observed that the navigation here is not open till May, and that it generally closes again in October, and sometimes in Sep- tember. Contracts are made here for goods the same as at Peters- burg. - - Notwithstanding the building of Petersburg took a considerable part of the trade away from Archangel at that period, yet it has progres- sively increased since, as a reference to the table of imports and ex- ports will shew. 97 There is likewise a table shewing the principal exports from Arch- angel for the year 1804, and the exports to Great Britain from 1795 till the present year, and to France in 1802. The weights and measures here are the same as at St. Petersburg, so is their Money. - º A Being so remote from all places of exchange, the money trans- actions require some explanation. The course on London is 100 Days date. 1 * º, Hamburg 75 ditto. Amsterdam, 75 ditto. These Bills they send to. Mosco or Petersburg to be negociated, when they fix a course to cover all probable fluctuations. Those who, have goods shipped from Archangel had better have their money. drawn in at Petersburg and sent to Archangel in Bank Assignations, the Post Office insuring it for a half per cent. ~ Sometimes they draw on Mosco and Petersburg at eight days sight, allowing an agio of from 2 to 3 per cent- 08 .4n Account of the Imports and Erports to and from Archangel. Years. ... . Imports. Exports. 1724 23 22 | { No acct, oſthese Yrs. 164, 116. 1725. 23 24 łi. *::::::::::}| 110,076. . 1726 29 30 31, 103 247,625 1727 45 48 137,841 384,337 1728 41 43 135,353 306,069 1729 || 24 28 144,769 330,012 1730 41 43 108,779 288,252 1735 60 6O 106, 153 388,688 1740 1 15 ' ' || - 190 -94,704 570,955 1741 96 || 102 157,581 576, 145 1742 50 , 59. 414,632 41 1,256 1743 54 56 281,324 309,769 1744 30 33 132,667 273,681 1747 30 31 76,927 230, 161 1750 51 49 178,954 310,492 1755 48 || 48 100,889 351,255 1760 39 37 177,325 530,866 1765 70 $9. 306,916 694,232 1770 | 68 72 336,420 878,773 1771 144 146 - 256,482 1,446,079 1776 196 || 196 347,713 1,416,288 1780 131 143 321,398 1,474,592 1785 95 10 I 41 1,718 1,553,999 1786 133 137 533,517 1,661,833 1787 193 197 440,665 1,671,020 1788 132 | 19.1 540,565 1,687, 111 1789 || 1 18 127 900,480 2,373,303 1790 109 104 923, 141 1,844,414 1791 146 146 808,615 1,872,064 1792 || 146 147 980,651 2,335,834 1793 1 10 109 460,708 2,525, 198 1794 209 2O7 676,388 2,411,846 1795 || 120 | 124 822,461 2,799,680 1796 162 165 581,643 4,088,607 1797 105 104 614,762 2,456,922 1798 || 131 *s- 646,892 2,521,425 1799 197 *- tº sºmeºmº-sºº 1800 147 * 1801 ºw- * *mºs 1809 225 º- 546,882 4,492,836 1803 269. — 502,477 2,090,000 1804 || 1 15 — 388,474 1,072, 129 O Total of the Principal Articles exported from Archangel, in the following Years. . . . " 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. | SHIPS . 125 | 164 104 131 || 127 147 | – 225 | 269 115 |Iron . . Poods 106,885 152,553, 175,542. 157,127. 68,463 75,581| 85,868. 153,781| 74,951, 4,016 |Hemp | do 16, 157 27,533 29,719. 30,549 47,661 46,141 50,357 35,558 26,260 28,032 |Flax . . do 16, 179| 18,661 12,289 6,852 14,349 15,280 13,418 28,569 31,248 13,486 |Tallow . . . do 120,365, 184,070. 98,341| 103,373 148,776. 126,054 76,952. 168,325 170,077 106,844 |Train oil . . . do 37,400. 82,657, 47, 100 36,877. 23,552 51,166 36,667 34,488 56,047 38,328 |Cordage . . . do 22,226, 39,303. 49, 140 34,107 26,414 35,912 —| 20,32ſ 6,859 3,832 |Hides . . . . do 13,450|| 20,675 7,751 3,249 3,598 7,502 6,782. 14,023 10,922 4,036 Pot Ashes do 9,457 7,761| 5,260 1 1,458 25,290 26,311| 6, 179| 19,549] 12,302 475 Bristles . . . . do 2,886 3,415 1,919 2,419 2,331| 2,997| 3,467. 4,596 : 4,786 2,966 Wheat Chets. 46,172 56,194 16,062 - 7,259 58,861. 87,928 39,139 54,012 35,043 Rye . . . . do - *-*-** .*-* I — —— 68,216, 159,794. 131,304 47,734 Linseed . . . do 53,625 76,946, 35,963. 32,261 34,515| 81,083 52,780. 76,538 35,234, 48,003 |Tar . . Barrels 44,309| 71,389 44,713 112,806 116,270 45,309|| 52,268 86,666. 137,585 47,485 |Pitch . . I do 70,450, 5,731 7,951 10,662 7, 186 6,815 13,310|| 88,364. 11,038 , 5,353 Mats . . Pieces 420,7291,109,873 63,811||1,017,683 511,069 982,751 896,267|1,091,569||1,915,895 633,062 |Deals . . . . do 66,879 66,419. 149,146 69,815 250 129,887 37,122 76,622. 54,002 (13,792 |Timber . . . do 2,817 1,868 - 2,008 664 - — —- 1, 182 — — Tongues . . . do — — — —| | 18,605 — 25,450 27,493 14,389 Sail-cloth . do 464 1,076 580 ... 3,457 1, 182 1,501 — — . — 200 Ravenducks | do 361| 300 160. 100 265 316 —l 876 543 -; |Flems. do 152 900 190 110 165 505 —- — —— — |Diaper Arshns. 108,813, 171,379, 187,584. 141,414 80,952 189,814 —— 58,676 2,556 12,290 Linen. do 155,253 — 300 – 31,952 — —. sm-ms-ºs- 48 | — ash . e do 39,434 —|| 58,578 10,057 10,007 as- -------- — ––– — * *-*, * * * : *...e. - - - - \ *-i- - 4 k- Principal Articles of Erport from Archangel to Great Britain and Ireland, in the following Years. Articles. YEARS, ~~ ſ Tallow . . Iron , , Hemp . |Flax . Bristles Pot Ashes |Cordage . Train Oil |Wheat Linseed . Barley Rye . |Oats . Tar Pitch . Deals • ** - s Timber #Flems. |Crash Diaper [Linen. . *Yitto printed Mats • •. Tongues. Sail-cloth Ravenducks d Linseed Oil • 1795, 1796. 1797. AL. - 1798. 1799. | 180 . 1802, 1803. 1804. | • Poods do - Barrels do : Pieces do : | do . do . do | do do . Arsheens . I do - } do do 64,498 64,422 6,285 6,443 1,658 424 3,376 : —| 1,463 808 10, 129 | º-s, 4,220) 19,547| 689| 767. 25,040 258,978] 166,210| 64,473] 1,586 **-*. t 57 14| 280 487 982) 140,122 104,349 16,051| 6,245 1,475 2,904 . **** 23,823 3,256 3,621 49,723 4,254 279,785 62,811 126, 1,868 -** , - •' º - * 4. } *—- º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- t-s-s-s . ºr --eeeersºsºmeºs --- 73,513 195,386 1 1,317 634 92,462 97,026, 8, 143| 6,852 582 1,301 341 3,037 440|| 139,499. 37,791} 18,911 13,890 2,016 2,695 *===re ' - t - e- - 44,189 70, 188|| 10,310|| 33,413 8,826 3,014| -*m. 1,888 *-*. 51,041|| 40,297 1,500 2,200 35,205 4. 146,603 116,623 18,601 23,075| 638 12,532 171 53,810 57,491 63,939 494,297 72,035 1, 182 25, 150| 120 58,723 25,803| 18,067 308 20,291 586 . 135,966 10,475 1,015, 164| 20.695 2,507 481| 86,308|| 3,306 11,962. ' 209| sº-º-º-º- ." 387 102 256 23,411 --- t:#i *. 101 Eaported from Archan . 8 fel to France, 1802. ~º r ºx- ~. º : { . . º . 4. | ...]." sail. w !. --" | # º: Hemp Fºx Hon. #. º Tar. ral Mu. d; º Rye. * * *- ~~ Chet, Poods Poods Poods Foods Poods Poods Bar. Bar. Pieces. PiecesſPieces Chet. Bourdeaux, 4 2208 936|1000 1001800. 20. 503575 250 12620 60 100 — Marseilles, 2 (2712 — 278 — | – || – || – || – || – || 1550 – F- 2580 Nantes, ... 1 |-| – || – || – || – || 75 — 1566 – | – || – || – || – || |Brest, . . . . 1. – 505 – || – || – || – || – |1920 — | – || – || – || – Ostend, ... 1 || – || '90 – | – | – || 527 – 241 150. 4,000 — — — . Ships 9 |4920, 1531 * 100 1800) 629 º 400 78170 60] * Principal Exports from Archangel in 1804. * * PO RTs. Rye. - wheat. limºl Tar. Tallow. Hemp, Flax, Potash. Iron. | * Chets. Chets, Chets. | Barrels, Poods. Poods. 4 APoods, Poods. | Poods. H jLondon ... – 8,649 25,551 5,408 75,049 ro,283 3,343| – || – | iſ isbon . . . 5|17,272 – 1,323 442 70 2,756 — 1,000; - Liverpool . . . — . . — . . . .989 2,828 8,258. 1,251; 608 — — |Leith . . . . . — 1 − 1 - . 1,589]. . 2,542} = 1 - || – *—s Amsterdam 40,574. 710 15,525; 2,740 10,672 3, 1 18 — •- - , i. |Tonningen 2,430 – — 1,385 401] — * * — f Bergen . . 1,821 — — 656) – 259 – — — |Rotterdam 2,690 — * -- , , , - 1 - ~~~ * — #Dordrecht 70 — — 710 766 502 — — *sº Barcelona | – | 8,012 — 35| – | – || – || – || – |Embden . — 400 14| 8,933 561} 983 — ) - — ; ; – Hull, . . . . . — — 2,193 3,578 — — — — * Rochester | --— — 3,140 — *& ~ ~ -e * Ayr . . . . . . — — — 750) — 303 — — --- !Chatham . ; – tº sº. gºssº 4,756 — — I - tºrº *gg Yarmouth —. — $ºsmº 740 — tºº *sºng . ~ *-es-sº Montrose. — ~~~~ *ssºs 506 — --- * ~s ---, Cork . . . . . — — — 600 — 1,147 — — — Lynn Regis --- gº-ºº: *sº 817 ~~~~ dºsº – f – | --~~~ Newcastle — — e- 1,000 - | – || – || || – || – Copenhagen — – * 430 675 - 318, 204 — gººgº Portsmouth — *s-s ** 2,950 — º * tº *º-sº Dundee . . . — — wººsa . 400 1, 193; 368 1,080 — — Leghorn . . . — tºmº — -— — — 4,723 — 1,800 Antwerp . . . ~ || – 600 1,682] 1,653, 3,961| 730 - 475] 1,206 Stonehaven! — * — 1,136 – — — º ~ 4Plymouth. — — | – || 2,400 – — — — — |Sundry ports on | the con- º t tinent ... 144 — — 130 907 — *sº * **sº | 47,734 35,043. 48,003 47,485 103,1 19|22,563. 18,444 475 4,009 T02 Continued. . PORTs. Bristles. Candles. | Hides. Pitch. Train Oil. Mats, Deals and Cordage. Tongues Poods. | Poods. Poods. Casks. | Poods. Pieces, Battens. Poods. Poods ! - e -- London 708. — — , |2,536 — 154,230 || 7,070 | – || 1 1,189 Lisbon . 32 12 — 300 || – || 5,050 — — — Liverpool *— — tºssºss 325 | – || 53,100 | 1,308 || 100 tºss-sº Leith &=ºmºsºme — — — — "I 1,700 – F – '' — Amsterdam ... 1,563 || – |3,565 || 797 || – | | 151,001 | 304 || – || – Tonningen 307 |4,484 99 30 || 8,327 99,979 || – ||2,090 | 1,000 Bergen. — — — 30 — . . . . .390 50 || – || – Rotterdam . * — — 60 | – || 12,464. — tºº * Dordreght . —- — — 5 | – | 3,000 — — * Barcelona º flººmsº —— 150 | — 1,743 197 tºgºsº — ` Embden *se 40 — 200 970 47,700 * * Hull * I Ol — tºmºsºmsº * * 33,440, 2,202 || – 2,200 Rochester *=e — — tºmºsº — 800 || 414 || – sºmeº Ayr . . — — *=== sºmeº tºº 1,500 — *sº tºssºms Cork . (*ºss — ſºme 200 || — 3,000. tºmsºmº *sº — Dundee êsºsmºs — &ºmºsº 30 — 4,000 — *sº gº Leghorn -- — 372 — * 400 201 || — — Antwerp 255 — — 610 || 484|| 15,200 2,046 — — |Sundry Ports *} — 2,259 || – 80 |2,4394, 34,275 — | 1,380 || – the Continent "--------—t- - * —-1––– | - 2,966 |6,795 |4,036 5,358 (34,175633,062 | 13,792 |3,570 14,389 | Goods remaining over at Archangel at the End of the Shipping Season in 1804. wa } 200 Pes. Rye - 57,000 Chets. Iron 200,000 Poods | Flax 57,000 ditto Tar • , = - Train oil 28,000 ditto Mats. 540,000 Pieces |Deals . Linseed 15,000 ditto Wheat 15,000 ditto & Pitch * ... 2,600 Poods [Sail Cloth . 40,000 Bar. | and Rvds. 11,000 Doz. Oats 500 ditto Hemp . 5,000 ditto * . . Price of Grain in Archangel in the following Years. . . . | BYE, BARLEY, WHEAT, OATS. PEASE, Years Chetwerts. Chetwerts. Chetwerts. Chetwerts. Chetwerts. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. Copks. 1789 From 250 to 300 From 220 to — |From 450 to 500 |From 150 to 80 |From 100 to — 1790) 260 350 220 tºmsºmº 500 700 150 180 100 gºssºsºs 1791 27O . . .350 26O ** 600 700 160 200 110 — #1792 350 400 } 260 300 520 600 160 200 1 00 tºº 1793 380 420 3OO * 600 680 170 — 100 * 1794 400 tºº 300 tºº 800 1,200 180 210 120 — # 1795 300 400 300 *sº 800 1,200 I 80 225 130 140 # 1796 400 500 330 350 800 1,200. 250 - == 120 143 1797 500 570 300 350 600 800 160 200 120 140 1798 4.00 sºsºmº 300 360 600 800 180 21 O 140 º 1799 4.00 530 300 380 700 800 | SO 250 120 — * 1800 450 550 300 400 800 1,200. 225 275 120 160 1801 400 520 300 450 700 1,200 200 300 160 — | 802 500 600 ^300. 450 800 1,200 200 300 180 * | S03 600 800 | 300 450 800 1,000 390 450 | 140 180 A Chetwert is five Bushels and three-quarters, 103. Estimate of the Cost of a Vessel ºf English Frigate-Construction, of 500 Tons Measurement, 130 Feet, Keel, with two Flush Decks, Quarter Deck, Fore Castle upon the Upper Deck, Gun Ports, Head and Gal- lery, &c. with the whole Work and Sheathing. . . . ~ * : * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubles. For the wharf and privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 - Necessary timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 Charges for providing the timber . . . . . . . . 100 Masts, yards, &c. complete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Building, or labeur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000 2,000 poods different iron and nails, for all the iron work, except the gun ports and double sheathing, at 350 co. 7,000 Charcoal for the upper work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Repairing the instruments or tools . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . .300 poods oakum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 50 poods lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Sundry small materials, as tar, pitch, cloth, hair, bristles, ** ... chalk, resin, &c. &c. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 Rafts, iron, and workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Carriage for these materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 60 ... Painter, carver, and turner's work . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 A boat, sloop, and yawl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Pumps and gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. Sawing the wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Locks, bolts, and glasses . . . . . . . . . . . 65. Expenses of launching . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 “ . . . Ship builder and surveyor . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 * A set of work of Russia gearing . . . . . . . . . . , 500 Sundry carriage and small expenses . . . . . . . . 500 350 poods anchors . . . . . . . at rubles 4 1,400 2,200 ditto rigging . . . . - 3 50 ea. 7,700 100 pieces sail-cloth . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 1800 - 40 ditto ravenducks . . . . . . . 12 480 5 ditto flems linen . . . . . . . . . . 15 75 Sewing, thread, &c. &c. . . . . . . . . . 450 - . . . . . . . . . . . * -3. - * * — i. 2,805 - - - - - - Carried over . . . . 36,925. & 104 - --- Brought over . . . . . 36,925 For the workmanship of the gun ports upon the upper deck, 13.ef a side, 5 on the quarter deck and forecastle; in all 36 ports, with iron work, &c, &c. . . . . . . . . . 450 500 deals . . . . . . . . at 50 Cop. Rubles 250 . . . 650 waylocks . . . . . . . . . . 20 130 60 poods nails . . . . . . . . . 325 . . . . 195 • . Nails for the waylocks . . . . . . . . . . 22. 35 barrels of tar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105. Carpenters and caulkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Carriage of these materials . . . . . . . . . . . 25 50 poods oakum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6 barrels of pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 * * * , . . . . 1,363 . . . . . . Rubles . . 88,738 If only copper sheathed to the water line, there are required 500 plates of 1 arsheen each, at $1bs. will be 310 poods, at Rubles 20 per pood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,200 Carriage from the fabric . . . . . . . . . .*. . . . 310. For the sheathing, copper nails, at 40 nails on a plate, . ! in all 75 poods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,875. Smith, for workmanship, at t0 co. per plate, computed, if - nothing comes betwixt the copper and plates . . . . . 150. In all, with copper, the first cost . . Rubles 47,273. Except the cook, kitchen and cabin apartments, water-cocks, colours, compasses, hour-glasses, and provisions; brokerage and commis- sion, stampt paper, the guns and ammunition, rigging and, equipping. * * If a frigate of 400 tons is to be built of English construction, 120 feet keel, excepting the port holes, &c. &c. and the sheathing and: copper, would cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubles. 33,500. Port holes and workmanship. . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . - 400 For the sheathing and workmanship . . . . . . . . . 1,100' Copper sheathing and labour . . . . . . . . . . . 7,600. ~ A vessel of 400 tons sheathed and coppered would amount to. 42,600 e-a-ºn-º-º-º: 1. () s CHAP. Iv. Of the Baltic Sea, as connected with the Russian Empire. - Its Ports in that Sea.—A Table shewing when they are open, and when they are shut by the Frost. — The Account of the Shipping, &c. in 1797 and 1802. – Of the Trade and Navigation of all the Ports of Russia in the Baltic. * * IT was only in the year 1558 that the English first had any direct trade to Russia by the Gulph of Finland; and, in 1560, the King of Poland threatened Queen Elizabeth of England with his resentment, if she suffered her subjects to continue it. What great changes have taken place amongst these three powers since that period • *. It was the building of St. Petersburg which drew the principal part . of the Russia trade thither: the subsequent conquests from the Swedes, of all the provinces and south coast of the Gulph, quite to and in- cluding Riga, added great importance to it; for, in the year in which the piles were driving for the foundation of Petersburg, Riga alone loaded and dispatched 292 ships from her harbour. - * The ports which Russia possesses in the Gulph of Finland are Fre- dericksham and Wyburg, in the government of Wyburg; Petersburg, the residence, and capital of the government of that name; Narva, Revel, and Hapsal, in the government of Revel ; as is Arensberg in the island of Oesel, immediately facing the Baltic sea; Pernau and Riga, in the government of Riga, and in the bay of that name. As Petersburg ranks the first port, by its commerce, in the empire, and Riga the second : we shall treat particularly of the trade of these two cities under separate chapters; in a third, of the others, under their respective heads; and, at present, give a state of the trade of Russia collectively by the Baltic sea. - The navigation of this sea is always closed during the winter, and it becomes tempestuous as that season approaches, till closed. A state- P - 106 ment of the periods at which each Russian port throughout the Baltic is closed by the winter, or opened by the spring, may be useful. The following Ports . Open , * * Shut At Revel in the Month of February or March || At Revel in the Month of November or Dec. -- Riga ditto March or April Riga October or Nov. Pernau ditto February or April Pernau . . November or Dec. Arensburg ditto February or March || Arensburg November or Dec. Hapsal ditto February or March || Hapsal November or Dec. Baltic Port ditto February or March || Baltic Port November or Dec. Narva ditto - April || Narva October or Nov. Cronstadt and } ditto April Cronstadt and } October or Nov. St. Petersburg sometimes May || St. Petersburg & Wyburg ditto April || Wyburg October or Nov. Fredericksham ditto April Fredericksham October or Nov. Rogervich Bay, or Baltic Port, Revel Bay, Kasperwick, under Hogland Island, Aspo and Sceskar, are the principal and safe anchor- ing places. The coast is rocky. - - - - Excepting Revel, the whole of the ports are more or less dangerous for the loading and landing of goods. Between Petersburg and Cron- stadt are frequent accidents. From Narva, into the Roads, but little danger ; and the same at Riga. The proprietors of goods would al- ways act prudently to include in their policy those risks specifically, which occur from taking on shore till safely on board, to prevent any altercation in case of loss, and the underwriter will of course take into consideration this small but additional risk. As Great Britain has her principal intercourse with Russia by means of the Baltic, the following observations may be found useful to many. - - • ". . . - Masters of vessels, when they arrive in sight of the Guard Ships, &c. are to hoist their colours, and bring to, for the purpose of the guard ship sending her boat, to make the necessary inquiries, parti- cularly whether the merchantman has any gunpowder on board; and, in case there is, the same must be removed on board the guard ship, and kept there until the departure of the merchantship, when it will be # . 107 restored; but, if concealed and afterward discovered, the master is subject to very heavy penalties. - ge A custom house vessel, which is always stationed close to the guard ship, then sends her boat, and places an officer on board, where he continues until the vessel reaches the port, first putting seals on the passengers’ trunks, &c. &c. in which state they remain until sent to the custom house, where they are examined ; which sometimes takes eight or ten days. - As soon as vessels come to anchor at Cronstadt Mole, captains are to go immediately to the agent, and make a proper report of their cargoes, ship's crew, names and number of passengers, &c. and in their manifest to specify every thing on board: likewise, on their de- parture, passports, particularizing their cargoes, &c. will be required by the proper officers at the custom house and admiralty. - Passengers must produce their passports- to the governor, or com- - manding officer, before they are permitted to leave any port in Russia, or frontier by land: when they arrive they should go immediately to the police master general, produce their pass, and shew him to whom they are recommended, their business, &c. - • , . . Travellers by sea and land are neither to arrive or depart without passports; otherwise liable to detention, until the proper officers are satisfied. *. : ~ * p Previous to departure, the laws of Russia require persons of all de- scriptions to cause an advertisement to be inserted in the public news- papers, three times, in the Russian and German languages, expressive of their intention to leave the country, their profession, &c. agreeable to a form prescribed ; in order that all persons having claims may make them, and be satisfied before the advertiser departs. - - A pass, from the minister for the country to which such person be- longs, must also be produced to the general police officer, who, upon being satisfied therewith, will grant him a government passport, if he goes by land; but if by sea, the same memorial will be required with the government pass; as likewise one from the admiralty. . ** P 2 108 By referring to Petersburg and to Riga, a pretty accurate idea may be formed of the progressive increase of the trade of Russia by the Baltic Sea. Betwixt the years 1773 and 1777, its gross amount is stated – Imports, 10,790,918 rubles; – Exports, 14,724,610 rubles, In 1788, when the French had the benefit of a treaty, and the English none, the proportion of this trade with Great Britain and that of all other nations, was - - -" - Exported. t- Imported. To and from the British dominions 10,088,489 - - - 1,423,070. . all other Nations, 16,089,521 - - - 16,460,458 Rubles 26,178,010 - - - 17,883,528 The French revolution had some effect on this trade, as will be shewn in dwelling on the respective interests of Russia, Great Britain, and France. In consequence of the English resuming their former limited advantages, and the ukase of April 1793, prohibiting French manufactures and produce, this trade in the Baltic ports stood thus: & - . . . . - - . " Exported. Imported. With Great Britain, 16,125,744 - - - 3,399,520. all other Nations, £7,275,927 - - - 15,646,189. Rubles 33,401,671 - - - 19,045,709. ft was not until the year 1795 that Courland came under the Russian: . . dominion absolutely, and its revenues, added to those of the empire. The ports which Russia now has, commencing from the borders of Swedish Finland, round the Gulph, and into the Baltie Sea, with their, imports, exports, amount of customs, and the number of ships, are as follows, for the year 1797. It must, however, be observed, that 1796, was an uncommon year in Russia: the number of ships arriving in the Russian ports of the Baltic were 3,086, and 3,104 sailed. ce 109. Comparison of the Trade of Russia, in the Baltic, in the Years 1797 and 1802. 1797. ... i. - Imports. Exports. , Customs. Fredericksham . . . . 25 24 26,503 62,623 7,821 Wyburg . . . . . . . . -- 83 86 95, 149 1 54, 131 24,653 St. Petersburg R 887 84.1 19,374, l l 4 32,213,909 3, 14 1,019 | Cronstadt $ ' || – **** *º 237,001 || 7,348 Narva. . . . . . . . . . . 107 1 O7 121,006 526,776 60,751 Revel . . . . . . . . . . } || 8 || 85 1,505,719, 359,535 207,773 Hapsal . . . . . . . . . ; 5 4. 12,536 9,096 2,485. Pernau . . . . . . . . . . } | 2 104. 932,800 || | 729,697 239,095 Arensburg . . . . . . . - 22 29, 30,266 || 1 11,678 10,647 Riga . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 864. '878 || 2,490,540 || 10,412,383 844, 191 Windau . . . . . . * ... • 53. 46 | 99,774. 299,993 22, 148 Liebau . . . . . . . . . 265, 268 || 904,422 1,825,621 222,951 | 2,541 || 9,472 25,592,829. 46,940,443 || 4,790,807. In 1802, were ......| 2,768. 2,632 || 32,983,418- 46,917, 134 || cºsmºsº. -- - * - | t In the year 1802, there came into all the ports of Russia in the Baltic, vessels of the following states and nations; by which we may, judge of the respective proportions of the trade of each in that sea. -ºr Arrived. . . - Sailed. Ships. - --- .* Y fº- * Laden. Lastäge. |Unded Lastage. If Laden. Lastage. Unladen. Lastage. Russians . . . . 69 3,432 || 34 2,914 98 6, 194 9. 65 English . . . . 308 32,862 515 || 49,234. 758 76,072 39 3,663 Dutch . . . . . 84 2,632 155 17, 137 171 18,540 || – tºmº Swedish . . . . . 222*| 9,958 210 || 1 1,275 424 20,406 | 2 606 *Dauish . . . . . . . 150*| 7,414 190 10,867 336 18,065 * lºssº Prussian . . . . . 133 9,550 253 | 19,873 379 29,943 4 3 i 3 Hubeck . . . . . 152 7,585 I 3 1,322 146 8,304 I 54 Rostoc . . . . . 23 || 881 20 | 1, 124 36 1,757 l 48 Hamburg . . 9. 661 I 3 1, 183 23 2,091 — tºms Bremen . . . . I£2 .928 23 1,575 33 2,367 — tº smºº | French . . . . . 7. 724 7 604 || 14 1,248 — — | Spanish . . . . 7 519 — — . . . 6 404 || — — Portuguese . 8 476 || – — 8 476 — *—s American . . . 37 3,381 26 2,738 6 | 6,205 || – $ºmsºmº Mecklenburg 5. 288 63 3,630 72 4, 189 || 1 65 | Oldenburg . . 4. 261 2O 1,047 23 || 1,200 || – * Papenburg 6 344 15 - 658 18 962 || – * Munster . 1 | 38 24 1,926 26 l,867 || – •- . Total | 1,187 | 81,935 | 1,581 | 127,111 || 2,632 || 200,921 6C 4,814 -º-º-y ~-r- - *ºr -w * 110 For a country abounding with so many resources, particularly for ship-building, as Russia, ‘she possesses little shipping; indeed her na- tural position will always be an obstacle. In her ports in the Baltic there is some little coasting, by taking the produce from one part where there are no ports, or the want of shipping, to another for exportation; and in this the foreigners participate the few months which the Gulph is open, though the Russians have the greatest share. The following is an account of their coasting trade for the year 1802. For Transport. For Fishing. Vessels. C-T-T) — `-- * & 8 & - Vessels. Lastage. 'vese. Lange." - Russian . . . 531 25,044 tºº tº-sºº | English . . . 12 | 1,011 || — * * Swedish . . 4 195 || — iº * Danish . . 8 938 * tºº Prussian . 2 68 **** * Lubeck . . . 3 143 || Of these vessels Bremen . . I 56 il returns have not Hamburg. 2 198 |yet been recd. s Papenburg I 84 || — * Oldenburg I 35 * &====º 565 27,072 * | — ` In order to shew the general state of the trade to the latest period, and more particularly the articles which comprise the Imports and Exports in the ports of Russia in the Baltic, it may not be unaccept- able to shew the balance in which each denomination really is, parti- cularly as the value is given betwixt the raw materials other nations take, and of manufactured articles which Russia takes in return :- both will tend to demonstrate, that the balance which is gained by Russia of Great Britain is absorbed by other nations. If three parts of the whole external trade of Russia is carried on by the Baltic, and Great Britain takes from half to two-thirds of that amount in their Exports, without an adequate proportion of her manufactures being. taken in return, that power must be the chief cause of the commercial prosperity of Russia. - * * - 111 State of the Trade of Russia by the Baltic, in the Year 1802. IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN GOODS. EXPORTATION OF RUSSIAN GOODS. Necessaries of Life. worth in Rubles. || Necessaries of Life. worth in Rubles. Wine - - - - - - - - 2,001,577 || Corn brandy - - - - - - , 163,340 Brandy, rum, &c., -, - - - 96,056 || Wheat and rye flour - - - - 97,032 All corn, rice, and grits - - 159,802 || Wheat - - - - - - - - 1,318,745 Sugar - - - - - - - - 4,831,311 Rye - - - - - - - - - 4,041,227 Coffee - - - - - - - - 992, 138 Barley - - - - - - - - 978, 107 Cheese - - - - - - - - 1 10,373 - Oats - º ºs ºs - ºg º . , tº 194,585 Spices - - - - - - - - 259,682 Other grain - - - - - - 13,241 Nuts - - - - - - - - 207,476 Beer - - - - - - - - 1,510 Meat - - - - - - - - - 6,445 Meat - - - - - - - - 88,661 Fish - - - - - - - - 588,138 || Fish - - - - - - - - 587 Butter - - - - - - - - 3,040 Butter - - - - - - - - - 77,625 Salt - - - - - - - - - 1,318,641 Salt - - - - - - - - - 3O8 Honey - - - - - - - - 686 Honey - - - - - - - - 1,079 Tea - - - - - - - - - 1,489 || Caviar - - - - - - - - 64,961. Fresh fruit - - - - - - - 363,008 - — T’reserved ditto - - - - - 34,869 | Total - - 7,041,008. Dried ditto, and berries - – 213,889 Therefore the Importation in Vinegar - - - - - - - 61,592 these sorts of goods exceeds - Mustard - - - - - - - 40,562 the Exportation by - - 4,289,587 Oysters - - - - - - - 39,821. - º - Total - - 11,330,595 º w I 1,330,595 Metals. • .* - Metals. Gold in foreign coin - - - - 719,623 Copper - - - - - - - - 16,112 Silver ditto ditto - - - - 3,030,661 Iron - - - - - - - - 3,741,928 Silver in bars - - - - - - - 250,115 Copper - - - - - - - - 16,109 - Total - - 3,758,040 Tin - - - - - - - - - - 227,379 Therefore the Importation of - Lead - - - - - - - - - 176,699 || metals exceeds the Export- Steel - - - - - - - - 16,863 ation, by - - - - - 828,034 Spelter - - - - - - - 126,451 - • - Quicksilver - - - - - - 22, 174 Total - - 4,586,074 - 4,586,074 Raw Materials. . . . . . - Raw Materials. Cotton - - - - - - - - 254,185 || Hemp - - - - - - - - 9,059,159 Silk - - - - - - - - - 450,870 || Flax - - - - - - - - 5,583,479 Hair and Wool - - - - - - 22,170 Wax - - - - - - - - - 219,515 Colours - - - - - - - 2,493,789 || Linseed - - - - - - - 276,479 Sandal Wood - - - - 276,255 Tobacco - - - - - - - 57,742 Tobacco - - - - - - - 128,606 Hempseed oil - - - - - 1,492,240 Turpentine - - - - - - 412,658 Furs - - - - - - - - 216,749 Furs - - - - - - - - 183,839 || Pitch of all kinds - - - - - 70,412 Frankincense - - - - - - 40; 129. Resin - - - - - - - - 6,035 Resin - - - - - - - - 83,343 || Potashes - - - - - - - 801, 19 | Borax, tartar, aqua fortis, &c. 235,344 Shamoys and dressed leather - 1,655,139 Apothecaries drugs - - - - 219,714 Timber - - - - - - - - 1,142,840 . Unwrought wood - - - - - - 100,558 Tallow - - - - - - - - 8,712,240 . Sugar - - - - - - - - 326,082 || Pat - - - - - - - - - 82,077 Juice of fruit - - - - - - 53,640 " Soap - - - - - - - - 43,602. 112 : Soap -- - - - - - - - - - - 7,270 : Sulphur - - - - - - - - 1 1,776 Sweet scented and mineral water , , 36,048 ; Cork - - - - - - - - - 83,620 Orange and Lemon Peel - - - 16,070 Shamoyskins - - - - - - 21,451 Coals - - - - - - - - 48,555 Iron plate or tin plates - - - - 172,045 Marble and stone - - - - - 65,555 5,743,572 &Of this sort of goods the expor- station exceeds the importa- :tion by - - - - - - - 24,522,245 Rubles 30,265,817 *HMPORTED FOREIGN MANUFACTURES. *Cotton goods - - - Rubles 3, 169,042 JLinen ditto - - - - - - - 169,713 Silk ditto - - - - - - - - 480,861 Woollen ditto - - - - - - 5,810,557 Toys - - - - - - - - - 83,144 Gold and silver vessels - - - - 100,309. Iron manufactures - - - - - 294,468 Pins - - - - - - - - - 38,274 Wrought leather - - - - - 8,565 Pictures - - - - - - - - 43,871 Statues and ancient ornaments - 59,331 Writing paper - - - - - - 55,949 China, earthen, and crystal ware 218,932 Mathematical instruments - - 183,908 Musical instruments - - - - 79,845 J’late glass - - - - - - - 4,651 JPrinted books - - - - - - 101,64 I Chimney pots - - - - - - 26,385 House and table clocks - - - 23,706 Razors - - - - - - - - - 7,981 Total 10,961,133 Living animals - - - - - - 5,439 Precious stones - - - - - - 12, 17O Different kinds of goods - - - 844,435 The whole importation is - - 32,983,418 The exportation in the ports of the Baltic exceeds the im- ſportation by - - - - - 13,983,716 tºº JRubles 46,917, 134 | Raw hides - - - - - - - 66,004 Feathers - - - - - - - 79,496 Horse Manes - - - - - - 56,624 Hops - - - - - - - - 69, 187 Other articles - - - - - - 575,587 Rubles 30,265,817 *sº EXPORTED RUSSIA TRADE AND MANU- FACTURES. Sail-cloth - - - - - - - - 670, 175 Flemish linen - - - - - - , 745,472 Ravenducks - - - - - - 1,544,218 Coarse and fine linen - - - - 247,217 Flaxen calimancoes - - - - 1 19,488 Chest covers and printed linen - 5,331 Tablecloths and napkins - - - 1 13,728 Commodes, bureaus, and other domestic furniture - - - - 16,593 Tanned leather - - - - - - 198,970 Yufts - - - - - - - - , = 1,090,966 Clothes and linen - - - - - 23,921 y Mats - - - - - - - - - - 4,409 Felts - - - - - - - - - 400 Ropes and cordage - - - - - 582,847 Candles - - - - - - - - 221,593 Iron manufactures and vessels – 4,173 Copper ware - - - - - - - 219 5,589,726) Therefore the importation of these kinds of goods exceeds the ex- portation by - - - - - - 5,371,413 10,961, 133 Living animals - - - - - - :28 Different kinds-of goods - - - 262,521 The whole exportation is - - 46,917,134 | 113° 4. CHAP. v., Of St. Petersburg, and Cronstadt, its Port. — Its Trade in 1800. – Pro- duce brought down the Neva and by Land to that Capital. — Aggregate Erportation from Petersburg.—Tables of the Eaports to Great Britain and Ireland.—Ditto to France. —To America.--To what Places in 1804. —Acccount of Exports and Imports, with the Names of the Mercantile Houses, and Amount of their Transactions.—The same with different Nations.—State of the Customs.-Gold and Silver imported.— Mer- chandise of different Sorts imported.—Ships arrived and sailed, from the Foundation of that City.—Exports in British and American Ships in 1804–Table of the Exchange, Pro Forma Invoices.—Value of Er- ports and Imports from 1741 to the present Y.ear. - GREAT cities owe their origin generally to the united efforts of individuals continued for ages, in which case they are irregular and badly built, until, at length, wealth increasing, when the private houses of the inhabitants decay, they are built up with more care and ex- pense and regularity. - London, Paris, Amsterdam, Vienna, Madrid, Lyons, all the cities of Italy, and those of which we have had occasion to speak, in the north of Europe, rose up in this manner, by degrees; but there are a few cities that have been built by powerful monarchs, on a regular plan, and that therefore have started into importance at once, and soon become great and wealthy. f . . . .. There were numerous cities in antiquity of this sort, but the princi- pal example that is to the present purpose, is that of Alexandria in Egypt, built expressly by Alexander the Great, after he had taken Tyre and Babylon, in order to remove the trade of India from the Persian Gulph to the Red Sea.” Y. * Babylon and many other great cities of antiquity were built in the same way, as their regular design proved, but their histories are scarcely known, or at least the authenticity of them is very uncertain. ' \ - Q 114. Constantinople was built in the same way, intentionally for a great city, and became the capital of the eastern Empire at once, and in modern times we have seen St. Petersburg raised by similar views and exactly in the same manner. . . . ºr Mosco, till the beginning of the eighteenth century, was the capital of the Russian Empire, but it was not a sea-port, and therefore did not seem fit for the capital of a large Empire, to a man so ambitious and so sensible of the advantages of naval commerce as Peter the Great; he therefore, in 1703, laid the foundation of this city. . . In 1718, a great part of the commerce from Archangel was removed hither, and finally, in 1721, the Emperor ordered the factories of foreign nations to be established at St. Petersburg. Its commerce has since been progressively increasing, so that it now certainly is the port of the greatest importance in the Baltic. We cannot pass on without noticing Petersburg for the regularity of its buildings, and the beauty of the city altogether. It has engaged the attention of the different sovereigns, but the present will most likely put the finishing hand to make it the most elegant city in Europe. The following is an order of his imperial majesty, dated the 26 Feb. 1804, addressed to the minister of commerce, Count Nikolai Petroevitch, and will give a proof of his attention to this object. - “I approve of the plan of building a new exchange of stone at St. “Petersburg, and making a quay of stone along the river Neva, from “the Isaac bridge to the end of the old exchange; and for that purpose “ order commissioners to be appointed for carrying the same into effect, “under their directions.” H. I. M. farther says, “I wish the building of the exchange to be finished in four, and of “ the quay of the river Neva in five years; the works to begin in “ the spring of the following year. I order that the estimated sum of “ro. 1,939,138 and 50 cop. for this work, shall be paid from the im- “ perial treasury, and desire you, for that purpose, to apply to the “ minister of finances for the rest. I remain, your well wisher, “ALEXANDER.” 115 3. Petersburg lays at the mouth of the Neva, upon its several branches, just as it falls into the Gulph of Finland, or rather that of Cronstadt. After along winter, when the thaw sets in, it is that the animated-scenes of business commence, when ships are arriving from abroad, and the barks are dropping down the Neva from the interior, loaded with the produce of the country. The barks with hemp and flax generally go direct to one of the three Warehouses appointed for their reception, where they are unloaded. Two of these warehouses are built of wood, but the other (which was burnt down some years ago), is re-built on the site of the old one, a large handsome stone building, upon an island in the Little Neva, below the fortress; this warehouse is particularly convenient, and one at which the greatest part of that business is done, being now in no danger whatever from fire. The barks discharge on the one side into the warehouses, where the hemp and flax are bracked into the following different descriptions: ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *-* Hemp—is packed into bundles of | Flax—packed into what are called Bobbins. Clean - - 12 Heads Outshot … . 2. tº , i. e., 9 Heads : Pass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heads, Codille, . || and shipped off on the other, in galliots to carry down to Cronstadt, or stored in the warehouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The tallow, hempseed and linseed oil, have a warehouse or wharf purposely allotted to them, and a bracker solely for those articles. Tallow consists of three sorts, called yellow, white candle, and soap. The linens are housed at proper warehouses near the custom-house: their names and quality have already been described. . . . - Linseed and grain generally remain above the city in the barks in which they come down, until sold.orshipped off. Their quality varies. Although these articles generally come down by water, yet, in winter, when the sledge roads commence, all sorts of fabrics or linen manufactures are brought by that conveyance; sometimes hemp or flax from Novgorod; peltry, wax, rhubarb, and other less bulky articles by that conveyance. . - Q 2 116 Cronstadt, which is the port of Petersburg, stands upon an island now generally so called, but formerly Retusari, which lays in the middle of the Gulph of Finland, about twenty English miles below Petersburg: the port is on the south-east side, from hence is a constant communication by way of Oranienbaum, which is about five English miles from the shore. - ~~~ . . . . . . . . - At Cronstadt are the principal dockyards of Russia. The merchant- ships have a haven particularly allotted for them, distinct from that for the men of war. Although the docks communicate with each other no intercourse is suffered, unless any vessel requires such re- pairs as renders it necessary for her to go into the royal docks. There are good regulations in the merchants’ mole for the shipping, and they are very well accommodated. ' ' - r + “ . . * The carrying trade betwixt Petersburg and Cronstadt, by galliots, is expeditious and safe; it will, however, sometimes happen that strong westerly winds will prevent their working down till they get over the bar. ... " . . . * - Vessels not drawing more than 84 feet water are allowed to go up to: the city, being little more than this depth of water on the bar. It must be observed, that sometimes, by a long continuance of easterly winds, the water will be very low indeed ; and it will as frequently happen, that with strong continued westerly winds, (in autumn in particular.) the water will, rise suddenly very high, and cause con- siderable damage both at Cronstadt and Petersburg. º - Men of war are built at the dockyards in the city, and are got over the bar by means of camels, or floating hulks constructed for that purpose.” Great Britain has a Consul General here, likewise a factory, to regulate all affairs relating to the British trade. The merchants settle a certain rate amongst themselves, to be paid on all merchandize, for defraying the expenses of the establishments. They have a chaplain here, and another at Cronstadt. The events, which took place in the year 1800, must not only be fresh in the mind of every one, but still painful to the feelings of many; notwithstanding. the generous and magnanimous compensation in- tended to be trade to every one by his present Imperial Majesty, still _* 117 there are individual sufferers who have not been equally happy with others in that affair, nor can any pecuniary consideration compensate for their losses. * A A correct statement of the trade of Petersburg for the year, when that interruption took place, may not be uninteresting. . It must be observed that the value of the cargoes of the detained ships is in the accounts of the trade of that year. . . . § State of the Trade of St. Petersburg and Cronstadt in 1800. Value of the Goods eaſported and imported by Merchants of different Na- tions, &c. &c. • * 4. - —r Value of _*- \ | /~ Imports, Exports. Russians . . . . . Rubies 10,370,247 .98 || 11,310,851 434 British . . . . . . . 215031, 195 07 || 5,647,692 64% | |Imperial . . . . . . . 41,478 55 19,090 O Danish . . . . . . . 268, 114 70. 69,655 O Mecklenburg . . . . . . . . 990 O Portuguese © tº e e s e 239,813 25 153,055 75 | Italian . . . . . . . . . 1,554 O 400 O Swedish . . . . . . . . . 105,690 26 72O O Sundry passengers . . . . 15,567. 91 . , 25,941 93, Shipmasters . . . . . . . . . 181,472 78%| 80,774 - 32,255,354 50%. 17,308,180 113 More exported than imported 14,947,174 39 . . ;- In 1799, they amounted to 38,169,924 81 || 19,290,778, 77 |Less in 1800 . . . . . . 5,914,570 30}|. 1,982,598 65 * -— g--- sm-sº- - —º --> Besides the foregoing, there was imported to the Port of St.Petersburg, Gold and Silveºg, **-*. Coined and in Bars. tº p. - | N_ GOLD. Number. | Pood. Ib. Zol. Rubles. Cop. In Bars . . . . . 4 1 22 92- 32,000. O. -- Ducats . . . . s. 74,225 | 15 28 40 326,289 O | Various coin . . . . 200 – 14 66 || 6,800 0 | SILVER. | || | . In Bars . . . . . . . 98 || 146 15, 87. 2O7,410. Dollars . . . 1,056,403 || 1,758 22 90 2,190,250 : - --. " 2,762,755 In 1799, there were imported . . . . . . 1,240,875 59 More in 1800 s w = * * * * * • . 1,522,379 41 \ . * = 118 Customs collected at St. Petersburg; 1800. : ** Gold. * | *** |val...fsu...] Tai Pds. Ib. zol. Pds. Ib. zol. Rubles. . . . . . . . . . The gold Silver in * - " - - - - - Fines Number of Ships arrived and sailed; and Number remaining in Crónstadt. | Collected at St. Petersburg and Cronstadt . . . . . . Gold was in Bars and silver. O 8 57% Ducats || 3 26 84% Bars . . . *=ms Holland | Dollars Danish . . Ditto . . Swedish , | Ditto . . . Spanish . . Ditto . Schools and-wharfs ...— . º Various other collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In. 1799, the collections of all deno 2,761. 21 54% . 1,758 37 49% 26 29 88% . I 15 14 33} 8 O 80 3 1 33 857 18 42}| 1,602,913 87 . . . . |- * - -, --— g---—ºr º In 1800, more collected . . . . . . Ö * , & © tº s' * 3. ſº -us- "J * ſº In all . . . . . Rubles minations amounted to . it, º : 2,231,320 83 - * * * 1,086,512 323 4,931,506 06; 4,684, 184 O2% 247,322 04 Full loaded 255 Part loaded 139 } Lastage In ballast \ . . - -- Remaining at Arrived. Sailed. | Cronstadt. sº Russian . . • S - 22 . . . 2 I 1 1 British • * • * ge tº • * g k . 453 - 352 t 103. — - Lubeck • * . . . . ; 77 76 4 3 Danes º . e” " e . tº 84 * 84 - tºmºs \ 2 Prussians • * e. . . . . . 69 67 2 2 ostocers , e - • * 34 34 1 , —- Portuguese . . e - e. 3 - | . , 3 2 * * faerieans–- - - - ----- - -25—4 – 25 –––––.... ----- Dantzic . . . . tº e 7 9 || – tºº Sweden. e. s' gº s © 5 F 52. *. 3. º — --- Bremen • dº & •. * 6 4 6 *== — Oldenburg . . . . tº gº 6 || 6 || – — Papenburg . . • * * 4 4. || – *— Hamburg • © tº & rº l - 1 sº & — – * - ...] 842 740 || 116 || 8 |22 ships win-4 new ships In this num- ſtered from built; makeber 103 Eng- Hºgg, and 4 in all 744. Hish arrested.} . , néw ones f . , . . . . . . . . . . were built. | These Ships arriyed, viz. . . . . . . . . . Arrived. sailed. ºf . o In 1799, there were ships 704 770 - 5964 5 • * * * - .# § J800, less arrived . . . 46 gºssº . . 448 ...) outgoing 65,958? * More sailed . . . " — 26 1 19 That some idea may be formed of the importance of the trade at Petersburg for exportation, as well as for home consumption, an esti- mate is given of the quantity of goods annually brought down to Salt beef . . . . . 50,000 Petersburg. - f IRON. Poods. from, all sorts from Siberia . R a - old and new sable, &c } 3,500,000 Hoop .. . . . 4,000 Cast . . . . . . . 2,500 Old . . . . . . . 25,000 Nails . . . . . . . . . 1,400 Nail Rod . . . . . . 3,000, Sheet . . . . • - 500 Hemp, clean ſº & R Outshot . . . e - - - Half clean . . . . ( 4,750,000 Codilla . . . . . Ş Flax, 12 heads . . . . R - 9 head . . . . , - - #. . . . . . 595,000 . . . . . . Codilla o S Tałlow, Yellow and white, can- ) - - dle and soa. { 2,800,000 Tallow and candles . . . - ' Pot-ash. First and second sort 350,000 Hides. Called yufts 120,000 || Bristles. First and second sort 50,000 || Isinglass. First, seeond, and all other sorts. . . . 8,000 Wax, white and yellow 10,000. Candles . . . . . 25,000 Glue . . . . . . . . . 2,500. Hair, Horse . . . . . . 4,500 Cow . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 Elk -. . . . . . 500 Rein deer . . . . 1,400 Cordage, all sorts of tº . ~~ 350,000 Feathers. . . . . . . . 18,000 Sole leather . 40,000 Oil, Hemp . . . 350,000 Linseed . . . • tº - 140,000 Train . . . . . . . 3,500 Nut . . . . . . . . 1,000 Liquorice . . . . . 800 Soap, hard and soft . . . . 200,000 Caviar . . . . . . . . 30,000 Old rope . . . . . . . 2,500 Oakum . . . . . . . . 7,000 Cotton . . . . . . . . . 1,800 Horns, Deers . . . . . . SOO Rein deer . . . . 7OO Oxen 40,000 Rhubarb . . . . . . . Castor, or castor stone . . . . . . 2. Horse tails . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 Morocco leather . . . . . . . . . 400 Calf skins . . . . . . . . . 55,000 Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 - Hair powder . . . . . . . . 400. Twine . . . . . . . . . 1,000 Aniseed . . . . . . . 2,000. Carraway seed . . . . . . . . 2,500 Honey . . . . . . . . . . 12,000. Resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500. Tea from China direct. . . . . . 10,000. Tar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,000. Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000. Copper. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000; *sº . About Poods. 13,940,002. Of the above articles those which are: bracked, will be seen.hereafter. LIN EN MANu FACTURE. Arsheens. - Linen, Broad of all sorts, first, and, second * * C - & . 700,000 - Narrow, ditto . . . . 1,500,000. Diaper. ... Ditto, narrow ditto . 1,800,000. Huckaback. . . . . 250,000. Printed linen of all kinds 200,000. Fine bleached, in rohls 125,000. *=s=sº Arsheens 6,27 5,000, , Pieces. Ravenducks, 50 arsheens long, . 28, 31%, 36 inches wide- 250,000, Flems, 50 and 57 arsheens long, 42 and 45.inches wide 200,000. Trillings, bleached, and un- i bleached, 50arsheens long, 28 inches wide . 250,000 Tickens of all sorts. . . . . . 14,000 . Table-cloths, ditto . . . 13,000 Napkins, ditto . . . . 16,000 Paper hangings . . . . . . 25,000 Sail-cloth . . . . . . . . . 200,000 Pieces 968,000 S,000 . . 1,700,000; 120 Linseed . . . . . . Wheat . Oats . ." Rye . . • Barley . . . •owº{}te * Malt . . . Pease . . . Barley groats . Hemp seed . . º ºtºgſºº Buck wheat meal sifted . . Grist millet sifted . PELTRY AND SRINS. Skins. Calf . . . . Hare . . Bear . . . !, Fox, sº Squirrel . Sable . . Martin . . Ermine . . . . . Cat . . . . . . . . . Lynx . . . . . . Dog . . . . . . Lamb • * * * * Weasel . . . . . Parchment, skins of Wolf . . . . . Pole-cat . . . . . . Sheep . . . . . º.º º sº ‘º •º * QIº** {} Chetwerts &.º $º Chetwerts. 200,000 . 500,000 600,000 || 550,000 250,000 300,000 150,000 800,000 150,000 100,000 40,000 3,640,000 No. of 325,000 1,500,000 20,000, 22,000 110,000 13,500 1,100 IQ,000 10,500 1,300 15,000 25,000 1,500 4,000 18,000 2,000 116,000 . - Squirrel tails . . . . . . . . R ana, Ditto in sacks . . . . . } 400,000 Sable ditto . . . . . . . . 10,000 Fox ditto . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000 No. of Skins 2,629,900 . . . No. of Pieces. Matts, first and second sort . , 1,700,000 Tongues, Neat's tongues . . . . 200,000 Flints . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000 Toolups, or fur gowns. . . . . 200,000 Before the prohibition of the export of wood, the circa amount brought down to Petersburg was estimated at Timber, viz. Deals .. 3,530,000 Lathwood .. 800,000 Yards . . 150,000 Bowsprits .. 6,000 \ Masts . . . . . 5,000 Boat masts. 3,000 * " . . . . 4,464,000 Besides, Timber of every description, not to be exactly ascertained. Horn, Oxen. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 Hoops, Wood tº . 1,000,000 Horse tails and manes . . . . . 100,000 Morocco leather. . . . . . 20,000 N. In examining the account of produce exported, (a table of which is given,) it will be found that Great Britain takes from half to two- thirds of the whole export from Petersburg, the aggregate quantity exported is analyzed, for the use of the British merchants, to each principal port of Great Britain, and to Ireland exclusively, and which is succeeded by another to America, from its independence to the present year; this is followed by one to France, from 1772, till 1803; which, compared with that to Great Britain, gives the plainest convic- tion of the importance of the British trade to Russia, and the consi- derable annual balance she draws from England. Some remarks will be made on this subject in the general observations, comparing them with the exports she takes. * - *. 191 Aggregate of the principal Articles e and other Shipping, from the Year 1787 to 1805. aported from Petersburg, the Number of British q} * 1790 * Linseed exported with it. 303,841 Years. | 1787 1788 1789 1791 1792 1793 1794 Ships British 394 542 460 517 525 606 542 533 P*|Foreigns 58 402 377 415 || 513 355 335 4, 17 Total 752 944 837 932 1038 961 877 950 . Iron q. . |Poods. 1,699,478|2,479,9822,072,5961,998,5562,646,1322,234,7802,630,2392, 173,006 Hemp clean º do. 1,130,7252,149,975||1,710,4422, 184,6521,627,8302,168,800||1,745,5692, 132,388 outshot . . do. 159,526. 239,665. 181,829. 157,235. 109,697 138,151| 97,749 117,083 half clean . do. 143,928 208,599. 166,975|| 142,390 88,563. 122,862. 47, 117| 1 | 1,003 codille . do. 38,531 66,091, 35,707| 44,238 24,582, 9,322 8,238; 6, 127 Flax, 12 heads. . . . do. 411,413. 510,535 289,052| 425,962. 659,914 427,069. 417,340. 602,828 9 do W. do. 46, 194; 26,770 18,567; 12,398 12,895 15,202 13,527 I’9,255 6 do tº do. 10,839 4,974 5,485 3,516 3,104. . . 723 2,701 1,903 codille . do. 21,592 26,531|| 32,725 14,596, 19,067| 20,614; 28,726 8,657 Cordage . º do. 49,002 48,178 61,381| 46,395 48,660 37,805 43,327. 57,918 Tallow do. 1,250,071|I,428,2251,063,412 922,341| 632,617| 701,450. 869,508 803,483 Wax . wº do. 9,808 3,856 13,036 2,287 1,814 10,961. 16, 107 9,895 Potash - do. 63,304 58,594 60,654 83,512. 86,031|| 69,619 96,414. 95,248 Bristles © do. 19,491. 19,482. 18, 119 19,473 15,501| 30,298] 30,605 25,34] Isinglass . do. 4,357 8,266 5,300 5,037 5,583 6,615 5,879 4,949 Hides . tº ſº do. 129,244. 141,132 102,200 92,278 104,115 74,446. 101,295 123,658 Tobacco . . . . . . I do. 4, 143 - 9,353 1 1,322 414 6,260 150 1,572 1,256 Diaper, broad and narrow Arshus: 633,869 519,087. 405,940 483,973 442,038 956,362. 415,686 438,705 Linen, do do . do. 948,540, 931,805 670,297 388,825. 108,926. 546,627| 402,267| 5 || 1,011 Crash e º do. 1,267,099 1,808,242|1,220,684 1,051,413||1, 163,7222, 132,509||1, 167,441|1,079,547 Flems e . . Pieces. 42,405 56,777 39,848, 35,850] 21,722. 34,165 55,145 45,334 Ravenducks Q do. 88,366 102,708. 108,800 123,747| 79,893| 87, 183| 97,758. 141,084 Sail cloth e do. 56,111 39,319|| 42,046; 44,438. 38,382 42,860 47,705 67,005 |Drillings do. 38,907 32,105 29,927. 29,265. 20,655] 28,478 25, 176 23,400 Deals * - do. 1,492,491|2,339,0652,318,0782,498,871|3,523,221|3,639,9973,725,2582, 171,379 Mats . ge & do. 209,790), 1 17,51O 162,800 202,500 27 1,825. 401,970 402,020 315,920 | Hare skins do. 604,600 628,045. 518,587| 357,900. 618,248 929,587 605,352 420,471 Linseed . Chet. 52,235 45,294 48,824 33,492 6,772 25,519 26,036. 33,386 Wheat do. 519 — tºmºs I 1,004. 11,380 1 1,316, 17,813. 1 1,36] Rye . . . do. *sº * * —s *g * &=ºmº- * *mºs * Hemp oil . Poods. 31,024. 291,675 84,665. 144,649 50,779. 226,531. 106,449 R. 122 Aggregate of the principal Articles exported from Petersburg, and the Number of British and other Shipping, continued. - Years. 1796 || 1797 1798 || 1799 1801 || 1802 18O3 1804 Ships British 684. 440 619 456 512 - 470 - || 651 || 385 |Foreign 469|| 434 . 434 315 633 500 481 396 Total | | | | 153| 874 - || 1053 || 771 - | 1145. 979 - 1132 78 I Iron . . . . . |Poods. 2,286,2061,837,2232,658,9372,000,6501,416,2262,033,5052,196,534 760,390) old . . . . do. 28,550 20,487 26,895 18,729, 16,971. 21,513 9, 173 10,525|| N. hoop do. 15,010 — a 4,010 — . . . . . — *-* — * CàSt . do. I — — — . — 62,602 — . . . — . . . — Hemp clean • do. 1,686,7801,596,607|2,052,774|1,602,8631,485,7591,475,53||1,868,6321,463,601 outshot . do. 278,252 225, 198 234,940 485,501 390,009| 247,695, 305,817| 344,349 half clean do. 151,356 l 17,975 104, 196 .936,947 271,309| 242,293. 281,584. 349,679 codille do. 36, 176|| 36,766, 50,487| 384,707| 21,496 20,246 32,709 22,890 Flax, I2 heads do. 440,160 336,365. 485,099 349,037 300,153. 208,915, 194,237. 321,268 - 9 do. . . do. || 35,769. 37,083, 20,744|: 94,970. 54,804 16,699 I 1,170 24,427 6 do.' do. . 3,385 717, 2,008 2,073| 815 .589 . 417 34 || *J codille . do. 23,774 15,766. 41,287| 31, 177|, 32,581| 76,530 . 48,463. 19,898 Cordage . . . do. 122,897. 96,920 1 10,920, 168,378 198,815, 170,786 - 55,626 92,519 Tallow . . . . do. | 1,106,8521,314,770|1,245,4711,524,0361,518,051|1,772,565||1,973,7761,927,943 Wax do. 5,564 5,055]: 2,825 2,295 5,470 8,469 2,035 8,431 Bristles do. . . 26,497 27,592 33,804. 32,913. 32,224; 38,473 - 38,121] 37,913 Isinglass . do. 5,410 5,981| 7, 176 5,659| 6,264 6, 150 , 5,868 7,005 Tobacco . . . . . I do. 10,700 15,236, 76,674, 38,163 7,437 2,175 10,473 — Diaper, broad and narrow Arsh's 597,393| 682,028 431,633, 725,930 682,472 487,254 542,381| 343,822 Linen, do. do. ..] do. 447,264| 603,894. 110,032 653,309|| 323, 158 966,132 479,448 74, 184 bleached do. *-* — ." aw-e – 62,534 18, 174 — — Crash . © e do. 1,695,4551,958,6342,235,1591,799,1501,271,511||1,852,984|1,589,2741,024,203 Flems do. 55,602 57,387 65,377| 96,105 64, 149 44,512. , 35,253 47,378 Ravenducks. do. 150,575|| 155,268. 142,483| 171,287| 133,538 129,93]| 107,642 126,173 Sailcloth. . . do. 59,778 44,858 . 73,707 , 52,038 66,680 43,398 60,041| 53,315 Drillings. . I do. 12,033 18,866 , 24,698. 1 1,694. 18,080 458,377 7,851 9,700 | Deals . . Pieces. 3,833,419.2, 170,4653,238,692. 343,659|1,365, 1851,113,317|1,998,500. 136,131 Mats . do. 231,080 196,465 39,169 - 40,200 28,615 44,785 36,303. 37,770 Hare skins do. 431,587. 414, 196 552,433| 499,354, 269,916. 302,158 426,310 , 585,651| Linseed Chet. 68,441| 54,951| 73,272 55,373 55,005 .78,43|| 61,039 55,336 Wheat do. 98,147 18,616 2,026, 11,831||187, 198; 69,144 52,698 38,920 Rye * @ º . . . do. -*. *-* , *-* &-ms 39,976 5,027 . — || – Hempseed oil . Poods. 353,954; 317,485. 208,004 135,656. 237,840 99,704 400,182 - Linseed do. . do. 5,441 7,168 8,768 2,814 8,725 6,052 4, 144 3,815| Hides . do. 97,948 65,824 102,663. 17,893 91,003 89,773| 43,250 71,830 Potash do. 100,590 130,977. 225,635, 196,385| 256,174. 284,641 172,073, 179,382 l It must be remarked, that the N.umber of British Ships, to all Parts, in which Produce was loaded, are given till the Y As ACCOUNT or the PRINCIPAL PRODUCE OF RUSSIA, Exported rºom PETERSBURG to GREAT BRITAIN, rºom the YEAR 1753 to 1804, Inclusive, •r- 122* ear 1791; from that Year, the Number of British Ships, which actually loaded to Great Britain and Ireland only, are stated in * § 3. he following Account. Years. 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 || 1766 1767 1768 1769 H. 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774, 1775 1776 1777 ; 1778 Ships. 133 144 224 183 129 161 206 || 137 130 4.52 141. 186 237 150 190 223 304 284, 350 218 295 308 271 330 378 246 Iron in bars . . . . Poods. 441440 498956 | 733196 458716 || 338736 || 514228 || 86.3579 630894 1014967 754415 || 740990 ||1091488 |1532086 756767 |1152018 1550352 |2141673 |2157.192 |2172201 |1581827 |2124467 1877878 |1531458 |1958992 |2268719 |1139703 Hemp, clean . . . . ditto 545661 | 736476 |1202302 |1117018 736639 839111 |1352166 803182 549797- 819886 600591 876338 87.6074 672599 || 822339 757154 910499 || 931162 |1384081 589453 |1023713 |1132767 798485. 767472 #104299 || 939693 outshot . . ditto 4997 3891 17399 || 6569 2637 || 3804 6757 1040 || 13108 83237 56507 || 44110 55887 | 35993 || 33845 83870 98825 25739 || 72823 10341 || 31844 || 53644 65424 | 161910 92950 | 86432 half-clean . ditto 15736 || 11716 33897 || 12642 6330 6349. 5665 5332 2075 16050 22632 36060 | 12854 6981 .. 20765 . , 13326 26718 23027 42089 5046 21489 || 43039 || 28490 46516 || 32735 | 90092 Flax, 12 heads . . . ditto 47.026 32808 53242 58979 63906 || 98.559 166995 63604 || 92348 66206 || 107939 88198 || 50104 || 42650 | 82098 || 95852 83878 87.650 113488. 97.473 39.935 | 113190 147224 135232 208135 | 156137 9 and 6 heads . ditto 18027 15573 29009 21833 18520 28820 28318 19827 21701 || 32891 || 52869 18375 | 16921 14839 10063 20980 14171 | 1998 || 16761 | 12147 5214 7068 ; 16387 21084 27544 || 18391. Isinglass., . . . . ditto 924 1200 1573 || 1774 1387 1447 2246 1624 || 2021 2687 2514 | 879 2657 1949 1393 2015 24.54 3119 2994 f 1797 1989 2552. 3005 || 21.51 1373 2521 Bristles . . . . . ; ditto 6740 5078 || 6576 4311 3699 || 4698 || 12596 5562 8156 8328 || 9320 6715 95.24 11246 7464 96.88 10281 8190 9896 11459 12155 12623 14234 13531 3514 || 11251 Wax". . . . . . . ditto 1520 — 663 147 969 561 270 10 - 312 250 — 100 - 60 - - 63 115 .252 289. 49 | 398 1149 1518 1161 || 2306 Tallow . . . . . . ditto — 15979 46 9933 14232 9521 247 208 3659 436 1020 — — 23992 || 90955 93633 101943 92045 166472 140287 205438 275825 170233 243750 271273 178940 Diaper, broad . . . ; Arsheens. — — - 91369 77.546 141134 116185 || 115814 || 132551 225582 | 139451 108678 163706 || 348349 || 190865 261834 || 338418 206533 79967 145711 217051 ; 128988 ; 295058 152834 190824 - narrow . . ditto. 554.319 || 107177 194662 : 152555 252994 | 208901 || 268839 260175 309033 190469 345063 223716 142653 255806 || 413808 344992 || 453890 423207 242082 146744 146760 166169 176925 454,715 337683 313682 Ł Linen, broad . . . ; ditto •----e. — 13900 20774 2511 213624 211997 || 49516 204902 111581 248269 180566 95.247 51904 256340 59620 21000 || 79940 | 66331 89833 157085 98535 | 82155 —” narrow . . . ditto 3106448 21227.73 |4797.253 ||3683672 1503334 793047 283.925 [2049092 |2774284 575580 1604481 |2629714 |3013207 |16396.42 1067750 1014369 |146937.9 |2127426 |2871210 527374 257505 |.404237 865483 |1045061 1596716 || 687.211 Crash . . . . . . ditto 97.9061 393531 594.171 |:303673 99657 552945 163308 || 366822 1229989 || 237689 || 172089 |1401178 1575897 || 492267 349997 || 535006 || 790476 |1349070 1150247 615714 57.5572 526153 7537.27 1177580 |1143440 558771 Drills . . . . . . . Pieces. 43155 49496 50191 || 51361 44319 37426 40562 44992 74029 | 72099 || 41052 43692 || 42148 34994 || 49776 || 48906 54019 25631 || 39925 27554 || 51059 27558 21145 22379 28243 28614 i. Flems . • * * ditto 10009 7540 8782. .8534 9350 || 10505 || 11943 8904 || 12360 13888 19127 24644 23555 18612 19071 16767 11469 15749 16496 || 26607 || 21366 26976 24895 17293 23483 27741 Ravenducks . . . . ditto 18442 15523 19036 15108 || - 17685 24323 || 25263 || 22103 || 24289 30236 || 33332 30074 35870 40225 39501 51267 39049 41067 47951 37910 || 55.30% 46080 49444 53837 56494 58629 j Sail cloth . . . . ; ditto 3093 4472 9135 5423 7202 || 1 1583 7069 11242 13361 1406 2483 10541 13889 12039 1286 6772 | 11309 13574 7832 3714 || 4914 9940 2945 i 2059. 1205 141 ff. Deals . . . . . . . . ditto 153586 # 275.255 2267.19 | 161148 || 14639 93314 | 16589 29143 2372 2916 19796 || 61517 | 80533 || 41315|| 7070 | 101530 176769 | 199900 184292 135983 || 193272 157593 121350 162867 i56681 60909 Hare skins . . . . ditto 60805 || 231435 | 166133 87889 151315 || 81910 45050 81105 37790 97.105 || 106340 25385 16390 || 81415 || 42070 5000 20360 9300 6025 - 2í830 ; T- 5000 4750 Saltpetre. . . . . . . Poods. 2485 1523 5305 940 7198 15676 12831 15131 6473 11700 15513 7000 4300 3000 || – * ==ºs ºr— 1 – * **** —- — — —— Resin . . . . . . . . ditto 1165 11225 6002 || – 2468 10176 — — — —- — 118 852 — tº-sº 1475 -— — sº-ºººººº-ºº: 160 ! — --~~~ 7799 4,156 2590 -Pitch . . . . . . . . ditto — — — *sºn — **- — — — —- — — .* ** *-se *me tº-º-º-º-º-º-º: — — , - || – — — *sms *-a- Tar . . . . . . ditto — — —- — — -— — *==== *— - . | – || — --— —— *— ------- — 349 — — 39518 68673. 75068 i Hides. . . . . . ditto 633 338" | – 109 133 . 569 816 || — — . 324. 390 930 §29 27.68 3009 626 195 459 292 '72 - 1167. 225 # 175 116 445 55 -Rhubarb . . . . . . ditto &v=ºsmºs-º-mass — — 2– *-s — 8# 40%| 60 157+| 277; 284 — 129# — *===ºmº 81}| – 3# — 56# 100 84}} 43 23% Potash . . . . . ; ditto — — — — — — — — " — " ' 1003 | 2035" — "I — 555 2545"| – | — — – — " — — "I 3077 — "| 155 6986 Wheat . . . . . . . Chetwerts. — Eºmºsºsºsºs — — --~~~~ 1 - se--- — 1 -—- — -— — — £ºssº 96 2003 || 10 || – — . 106 1239 11915 18163. — 16786 — Linseed . . . . . ditto - t=====ºss — — * * *g . — 1 — *sº — — {-ºº-ººººmsº — 160 977 4.08 87.7 14134 14499. 18454. 32331 Hemp, codilla . . . . . Poods. 9933 3569 53842 3345 274 547 1393 || – 4034 21265 2194 || 30971 96841 17414 13453 26142 # 55475 i 50080 55106 || 26686 9304 || 17598 20851 42172 84008 || 58421 Flax, codilla . . . ditto — - — — * *sºs — *sms — — — *** &===º — —- *s, — — — ** — ; Cordage . . . . . ditto *ºss-se *º sº-sº — I — —- — —- *º --~~~~ || -- — — — — *= * =ºsº *==sº •- — — — —— — — — . . . Caviar § & g tº ditto * &====sº — – *s - — *g — ---—- . *=s*me — *s gºº **** *=ºmsºmº *=g sºmsºmºsºse ºsmºsºs §ºsºmeº •- — * . --- k. — ` - —- — - Horse Hair . . . . . ditto. — — — — * sºsºsºsºsº — — 3 — *===º ºmºsºme — — — | – || – | — — — *ºssº tº smºº — — — — — —t - - : —t - ~g -- . – -- Continued. * * Years. 1779 1780. 1781 1782 || 1783 1784 || 1785 1786 1787 1788 || 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 } 1799 1800 1801. 1802 1803 1804 Ships. 313 232 464 220 270 366 348 379 394 542 460 517 | 525 || 578 536 251 523 677. 435 610 448 344 505 i 430 650 380 Iron in bars . . . Poods. 1337.299 |1770411 |3203487 |1255.269 1615760 (2644162 |1938944 1792986 1565131 (2206242 (1831181 |1706106 |2347145 1869842 |2325254 |1732698 |2023241 1837593 |1579658 |2345287, 1584920 908805 #1058281 |1421.264 |1665496 368420 Hemp, clean . . . . ditto 1880605 || 810982 |131096, 1163570 590557. 1209231 1038791. 638000 900763 |1481264 1306594 |1499476 || 865731 1582252 |1299867 1492533 1050680 |1340063 |1145392 |1491.614 1267.245 694128 1195208 743860 |1313912 ||1092055 outshot. © ditto 91209 || 96.786 192021 29452 22494 || 71342 37382 74040 56504 49852 || 48752 48617 | 30224 52395 56804 || 43703 || 77467 146898. 7500 151150 346615 180895 207475 102092 194411 134626 - half-cíean . ditto 54093. 32987 80941 14137 11376 38993. 18374 56228 67003 47248 27.646. 44908 14026 | 13754 241.98 || 37453 || 7396 || 70801 15264 || 35393 || 162721 || 177474 105564 99640 || 232449 217348 Flax, 12 heads . . ditto 150419 || 145280 189193 155648 248100 168063 378606 || 299150 324417 443441 263709. 370867 523682 344917 | 389018 || 488607 || 413494 388795 291970 468018 341927 231966 |283133 180094 || 176471 268323 i 9 and 6 heads ditto 8083 84.82 13739 9874 10698 1695 9049 26296 34886 19787 || 7931 5125 1729 5638 7603 || 8594 22526 31863 | 12173 || 14552 85090 27.282 || 50720 15183 7527 tº 16034 | lsinglass. . . . . ditto 1356 1939. 2721 1592 2558 3007 . . .3470 4793 3256 | 6850 || 4353 4525 || 4185 || 5127 4665 3927, , 5428 4060 4713 || 51.86 4950 3505 || 5346 — 5030 5746 † Bristles . & & ditto. 94.22 || 15348 13689 || 13984 | 16265 20963 15737 14175 15347 || 15889 16021 15207 | 18141 24410 24743 | 19921 27092 21949 20492 22766 27.873 22309 22272 { .27675 29935 ; 267.56 # Wax . .* * ditto 782 2188 1889 || 1260 1858 - 2430 1538 173 2530 1249 2127 1302 547 1871 4665 2191 4418 1047 2027 2185 1943 1353 1432 — | 683 j .4083 ..] Tallow . . . . . . . ditto 226010 || 379982 389505 || 192827 | 201294 || 417.241 710600 || 653486 || 968.45% (1047889 |765314 || 619360 | 340159 || 527480 646229 || 469686 583798 || 818029 |1002144 1064.202 |1385704 1059210 | 689968 1525636 |1624889. 1518818 Diaper, broad . . . . Arsheens. 146289 261475 201172 182237 || 244010 175467 1980.74 171028 21913% 111049 113092 207227 112376 265810 : 106418 150628 128485 17.5849 165376 253558 280437 86575 209398 || 175300 75976 50209 | Ylä FFG W a e ditto 313649 2284.10 | 155774 197554 || 510026 351022 310861 | 156930 284672 217900 232554 + 233562 248408 563798 || 205817. 180152 239614 186250 345644 445978-| 309372 77604 270216 153241 140675 155476. | | Linen, broad . . . ditto 45042 191790. 46286 19695 38667 37.599 || 75969 || 135369 || 44206 || 23379 18208 || 54409 || 30399 122463 50102 || 49868 71339. 45518 99008 || 107552 133416 23570 63611 194714 || 10647.1 1838: narrow . ditto 475286 || 786989 302564 259405 || 834.713 592137 529472 491040 | 876987 | 84.1288 640114 227.338 || 69934 384:124 309115 421492 || 329773 289154 465881 || 515197 || 499801 || 72977 256383 || 734753 ||327.352 71397 i Crash . . . . ditto 74.4487 94 |1201444 496.279 | 738840 1042006 | 894.066 676274 1213572 1739820. 1144204 || 990478 1036875. 2034876 |1088089 1001916 1077.277 |1606650 1848303 |2110134 (15924.53 || – 1161286 (1663.279 (1443294 967900 # TXriłłs . . . . Pieces. . . . 23212 21833 13961 | 12790 14901 || 15280 20890 | 15343 || 12430 14203 || 17193 10223 10645 11790 12902 12670 11164 3235 7490 17255 7424 5812 9082 Ł — : 6578 6532 Flems º ſº ditto 20927 17500 19210 15423 24720 24204, 16122 17282 30398. 40528 29469 24145 || 14911 24155 37779 || 31581 28235 | 36706 26828 35837 || 61589 24140 21021 + 28881 | 20009 21339 # Ravenducks . ditto 69274 77793 51793 || 37069 47611 76261 | 72591 || 49934 73982 88985 97.296 || 99203 |-62682 67.118 78978 100901 || 114694 97769 113197 || 110916 126159 91965 || 76950 | 1.00894 | 85943 | 89564 i Sail cloth * ditto 158 428 272 724 1084 2800 2556 2095 2216 2942 4933 851 2238 || 673 42 — 211 170 - 164 3654 60 || 338 — 160 95 Deals • • ditto 108402 || 115485 168412 38152 1012148 |1354815 1159277, 1863440 |1352925 |2248086 |2259166 (2345981 3258924 3472861 3615292 |2048719 |2617513 |3692285 |20257.96 3127594 || 321562 698871 1841051 1953485 [19824.54 131358 || Hare skins . . . ditto 58:20 76024 9970 3900 47.602 || 29415 || 46134 60469 .69184 312612 94.065 12200 28610 |. 97195 35847 28345 53000 62324 30042 17000 131070 59520 — — 9587 21600 Saltpetre • . Poods. . 16 || 15857 Qºmºsºmsºmºs 130 — . . . . - - | — - — - —- —— . •- . ºr , , a * *ssº- *... • * — —— — Resin . e º ditto 1163 i807 6983 || 13127 1608 732 97.2 382 150 2092 | 10 — — — —— — *— 62 — — 1 — 1 —- 747 ſ — 687 — Pitch . tº º ditto — ** 15253 7977 | " — 147 38 * * *-* 193 || 184 — — — —— — — 280 — ; – — — 1920 | – || — ? — | Tar . . g ditto 42083 16040 - 18292 6300 109 1793 296 — 2012 528 925 —— *— ... 5040 | – || – — — —- *-s 565 — ~~. 483 i Hides © ditto 85 220 3.22 367 9654 11118 21709 | 20013 | 18426 25936 34822 241 1317.6 258 459 492 — 353 440 141 698 — 887 1451 Rhubarb ty ditto 70} . 156 217 49 200}} – 37 99 239 57# 55 15 75 31#. 16# 12 25 138|| 37. 236; 863 - 1 26 — 47 192 # Potash . tº ditto * 6035 4831 10097 7072 31097 38875 39574 61437 41974"| 36698 || 65831 27506 || 42085 28834 16594 15454 78985 48967 || 79371 82574 58117 | 82241 69587 54925 20608 'Wheat Chet werts. 10 — — — 11291 4,604 570 750 — — — , ; 6794 — *-* — — — - 34800 6035 472 4055, 32811 85183 5159. 3362 inseed . . ditto 13994 | 15744 6787 - || 1769 2110 10063 26423 23714 || 46803 || 24768 26422 39571 6772 23495 21857 25552 57084 53932 47513 57,166 43371 || 48953 33299 52423 50679 j 36388 iłºp, codilla . Poods. 36537 - .21101 || 44693 15553 22148 48165 19251 || || 10738 26012 37900 12732 | 101.15 97.83 1 196 1325 3286 11304 || 14443 11784 31660 52552 14809 11380 13094 25897 9901 Flax, codişla . ditto — 502 4936 7643 960 4852 7.650 | 12118 7256. 884 5082 6751 17472 3529. 993 : 3534 10112 || 35481 17879 3176 22052 | 68380 41472 13415 Jºſiage. o ditto tºº-º-º-º-º-º: {-º-º-º-º-º-º: 8-mºss 1524 12128 4750 24803. 14911 || 16277 16726 297.28 246.38 22332. 303 4769 1190 14539 13597 4469 7591 5313 20379 — 1345? 8842 Ca y lar & ditto — — £6 1151 1612" | 1070 1019 1565 4142 11254 25 3781 155 — 2. 15 — — 96 || --~ | — — 36 44 ºrse inair . dillo — | –- 297 disk 60 200 451 || 1192 || 1544. 1264 1954 || 4176 , 2483 '. *g-sºº * * * 627 854 3650. 426 1128 — - Y649 4242 } - | - -l ... [...” . * * . -r- -ºr -T- - 193 State of the Esports at St. Petersburg from 1789, to the principal Ports of Great Britain, and in toto to Ireland, till i805. What No. of : Clean | Out- || Half 12-Head Î9 & 6 ha. Flax |r, . Pot Lin- p * ... i. e. p. |Yrs. Ships. Iron. Hemp. shot. |c. F}ax. Flax. Codilla Bristles! Tallow. |A. seed. Flems. | Pºwdks. - | - poods. Toods. poods. poods. poods. poods, poods. poods. poods. poods, Tchet. pieces, pieces. 1789; 166 696037 | 7264.12 || 2546.5 17015; 47886 2065 317 | 8025' 549.933 14149; 22282] 26727| 87700 1790; 200 825970 90.7666 25414 23250; 74597 º - 9383| 386000 || 30905] 24789) 22:117| 97,665 i 1791. 145 928614 383.033, 9364| 8043. 12997.3 924 || 3160 992Q 136833 13521 6500| 11838; 55962 179g 156 688808 || 738685 29797] 11722 108635 3517 || 4289 || 14087| 27.2302 || 281901 20735. 19600 57.653 1793, 198 |1175718 721349 || 37097| 21468; 105391 3707 |16741 12584 374.394 9200 19057; 32879. 70846 | 2 | #794| 133 391574 | 6837.27 23961. 23352 27847 3667 || 3529 10281| 175745 1500 21282] 17692 39435 3 1795, 173 || 786550 536233 20990 4267, 71807 8921 | – || 14558-235781 1745. 44099] 26139|105671| Q 1796] 223 574712 || 70.1047 | 73.420) 28860 696.49 8730 3166 12179 - 384.180 33617 43984; 31527 | 84034 3 1797] 205 908907 || 746566 44799] 11539 77129 5804 97.93 || 19963-632050 22679. 40683| 24054|102673 1798 242 1256393 |10.11263 |108490. 26689; 107893 4555 (20629 15547-597.001 || 23869: 40576; 31690. 97.955. 1799] 179 || 798693 633927 |221054|1190.57 25947 | 16108 |10730 20143|- 713453 18211 33044 50090. 97.006 1800 154 387299 || 491.600 | 93918|1337.39| 44320 6441 2968 12486 733951 32860; 36.397 22005 86488 | 1801] 238 604213 || 819844 |131740. 68627| 105150 23934 | 84.70 || 11583 550567 54908 22536, 16956 69338 1802 181 789184 || 3494.54 49685| 29354| 60440 3897 11170 - 15499 937289 27256 34663. 22851 863;3 | 1803| 294 859837 | 681932 (114389; 145377 | 66452 2010 |12925 16364}1031127 267:30} 386.35; 18354. 797.31 _ S1804 189 1864.34 815222 79957|127411| 42258 9667 2265 18119 909023 4433 23234 19527 78823 ,-1789 74 456218 109357 7187| 2801; 32214"| 1837 3577 || 4198| 7842 4691 244, 2864. 1790; 72 257,693 89.307 8613. 4987; 65167 — 323 2766 22101 2444|| 1735 90] 2716 1791. 109 || 511379 | 66149 || 1579 — 65263 292 || 1922 3499; 16118 3309| 272; 46: 1800 1792 110 || 343350 136670 4227 7.39| 30858 529 || 2462 5564] 19651 || 2114 | 400 73| 2869 1793. 123 569268 || 72309 87.39| 2730 70323 || 2504 || 731 || 8103 46661 || 4376 — 2736 4355 | 1794 75 360325 || 88790 10073. 11034, 55396 1670 — 6158; 33768 2200 800) 177 5439 1795 - 101 || 538655 || 53638 || 26725] 2826 81001 | 8906 138 8591| 62297 || 3138 2614 109 5135 H J 1796|| 136 || 494.265 || 64567 || 42876. 33795; 41243 11505 — 4788 68.184 | 8950 1550. 433, 7235 B 1797. 75 366497 || 36648 || 14673. 2410 47712 4738 319 6126; 77.460 81.5%: 680| 345 6572 * | 1798 - 110 || 453071 || 74329 18073. 6659 48377 5024, 12732 4634. 74294 7486 4918, 718 67.59 1799 - 33 212894 || 48065 31.211: 33686 32702 15510 || 5772 5083. 122856 |. 8891; 900 2172. 16631 1800 52 || 226686 || 98.65 | 15510 15639 36275 3793 || 132 7540. 51471 || 4149| 948 228 3960 1801 93 172782 30.429 || 33615, 16891 58037 11361 10282 || 7984. 40635 | 9829, 881 312| 6202 1802 59 226330 || 61095 20306 16432 41939 1710 17348 8469 100018 10579| 3574 865. 1008? 1803 110 349135 | 67.957 || 31561 35895; 27.659 718 (10384 7.95% 79407 | 1889; 15 156 4000 - ‘1804, 21 || 73172 94720 12499 30158 22490 1014 || 2945 6260) 82514 1408; 4.366 99 6675} , 1789. 20 | 68345 || 54.12% 415 — 14,116 1100 | 832 24 60821 — — 2 11 # 1790 44 112446 58129 2777) — 34163 2939 439 44, 55414 319 — j — 20 1791 68 249798 || 607 24 — -* 57.478 — --> 640 40547 14974 — 100 150 1792 72 195689 || 115343 315| — 43408 541 — 458 90122 2010 — 23| 360 . 1793; 28 || 77512 17394 | – || – 3321 O - — 397 67453 — — 3 H 1794; 28 92533 980.26 238 211 37786 499 || – 377| 70216 708) — 12 — 3. | ſº 33 |1336.9 || 14:24 1989 - || 408.6 | 1638 || – 397. 58179 || 311| 240 44; 120 : { 1796; 52 149296 || 34891 7179| 3772. 30300 1435 — 1008|- 107 152 6299; 2439 . 124. 458 # 1797] 17 58954 16602 412) — 35750 *- -*. 29.4| 89089 || 2634 27 | 840 £ 1798 43 | 164593 | 68499 || 4478 — 40001 729 639 737 134697 785g 46 814, 1990 - 1799 30 | 94288 52602 || 1639, 3424 20592 4084, — 343| 195365 9568 — 2677|| 3877 1800 9 27.963 47.66) 61 78; 6955; 57 18 819 — — . . 494.58 4349) — 150 — 1801; 26 55995. 6697 5536|| 4833 4504 1633 686 402 60829 || 4693) — 195 80 1802 29 107687 40749 5718, 2069| 10399 976 |13333 56] 146990 4279 – 344 30 1803 34 81814 || 44.696 || 5484| 3333 8281 *- 2207 51 | 1287.41 6020; – 160 90 _ $1804. 19 99.18 20897 || 1796|| 5310|| 1684.5 *- 2897 78; 179824, 248 — 13] —— * , 1789| 6 | 18057 || 46371 || – - 3253 — *-* 75|| 321.6 — 481 6|| 1 ($0 .# 1790| 11 300.97 70,494 — - 3880 *- -* 104. 1981 790 – 48()| 1791 8 || 16995 || 38.125 || – -ºp 6286 *- --- -** 2307 3835 *- 44() ." 1792, 17 29569 854.95 || – - 1331 — - 51 3423 1603) — 15| 240 . . . 1793; 14 42935 | 60864 — - 71.66 wº- - --> 14850 - I - 60} 393 * 1794| 12 || 35450 56940 || 339| 464| 8271 -- --- 166] 15035 | 1496] 1 (50 143: 390 , - || 1795, 15 57150 | 66226 6334|| – 3474 *- 350 380 1601 || 1020 84() 4, 6()() 3 J 1796|| 13 ſº gº ºf T 1851 i — - 1(35. 14694 | 1.425 6O 900 S 1797 7 17781 | 94785 || 715) – — . - — 155 10998 || 1 007 || 2:41 9 678 * | 1798 16 || 471.33 7 (632 || – --> 1660 - - 299; 13802 || 3020) 160; 118 466 2. 1799; 15 || 47321 || 77753. 13967; 337 3054 1783 | 101 100 10439 969 — $250, 1134. .*'. 1800 6 16739 25961 || 5901 — *sms ºw-e -- - 14715 1280 — | 8 - M 1801| 9 || 2:2478. 40471 5903| 1350 — * - 52 181 — — 5(); 30(. - 1802 13 22428 55195 G05] — 634 *- --- 264|| 13277 - 1266 1045 8()} –—- U1893 10 || 13734 || 42.509 || 1766 — 314 sº- -- 469| 17838 44; 630 — 270 1894| 9 || 4141 30.362 | 1667' 5178 — *- -- 287| 18435 | –— — 40 160 *-*ºne rºl- 8 || 91570 553:23 3166 – 2143 *- 1205 849| 11569 635 — 4(). 1 (30 1790; ... 9...} , 73.414 || 59.438 4G68) — 0089 - - 765. 10279 626) — 1 & 32 1791| 16 || 103050 52307 4470 — 14324. — -- 1008 38017. — — 40; 4.38 1792}... 17 | 95896 || 621.17 | 6975 650 14664 tº- - 1112 9738. — — , 96 300 1793 7 || 75454 || 37607 || 2506| – | 19021 589 — 1094. 43937 | – | — — — _s 7.4|… . . . 5784 22006 || -- - 2206 —º - 196| 28704 — 1710 — — | E | 1795| 8 || 60354 20950 | 3535 — 12585 40 || – 1051). 37.338 , 39 — — — ; ; 1796|| 10 | 68084 37358 3921, 1897| G477 147 || – 259| 499.06 1283 — — — H 1797 - 12 55894 || 2129() 1960 — 4806 *- -- — 5 1563 100ſ) 4}. 330 “. . É 1798 7 28380 18952 5136] 965. 7968 *- {- — || 39993 || 78. 991 3| — 1799 7 || 41827 22941 6960 — 619.4 1826 — — 48060 33 103 —- 1800 3 8190 2539 || 3172| 634. 632 897 — 5%| 19802 400 — 420 1801 5 | 10080 | 10346 2301 (88. 3399 1034 — — ($891 529 1000 7| — 1802 8 37:210 18:511 1893 6.4.1 13.5% g- - 265 50 112 2229| —- 4 — (1893 10 || 33.910 | 20032 5384 86|. 34.42 - - 26(; 50.796 801 5 2 *- 1804 6 31.50 5766 ſ 1153| 1978! 3337 799 — — 42953 ) — 600 — I — }}eals. 892; 48 8(#4, 24' cy 4 ts: () 93.4539 -- - - 596,336 1134,815 467955 621639 9.404 if 606598 740G72 125944 69.489 365327 401932 558034. 17.447 902644. 800 G3 1213128 140579.5 1621025 84.1431. 107.3979 1638586 905646 1425,460 944.15 4552.54 365.327 38.2853 985214 60712 91981 317.177 641664 .60104.7 —” | pieces. f 264557- 182332 358178 456140 88.348 35747.3 3.1673 $4031 167 ()2 1.1940.5 190861 9788 89 #4 : 1203.5 59:20 46801 40581 219 19 44,067 58838 177.38 491.33 975 102.25 7876 3344 97.49 4315 5(391 58;76 73954 1(354 (34. 2461 25977 33.340 4.1496 53804. 83.3 | 11 ()33 23.65 25:10 13496 39744 & g() } 8 2 R val i gºgg — 3 Ogg 38%g Q6999 8.2% | 2% 90'ſ. 8%./2. 866 379&T g£62T | 09 II? 8T ||PO3t) #5 #TO92, — 9 - 6639 15088 || @TO& | 1.21 — 2/27 gzóg 26gg1| Tiggo 869gal & Sogi i º ż Iggog | – || 7& 2T 9TøT | 1QI69 9191 || 0&T — 616 II 99.08 || 6148 Izzgg | 819101 | #6 |3081 - 5 I9902, — — — 299 || 976OT || 339 — Płó, 66%6 389 #819 I69g £g Egg 8 || 081 5 ºz 2.2%I — OI. — 999 || | TT6%g 978 92. Q97.T. i, 2003 || 631& 6389 || IOI jºg Igºgg 61 |008 || 3.3 — — — | 939T - — 1 — 1 — - 9839? | 1888. I | #3 |G64t £3 #7282.T. 3 % I92, 990T 9969 I | 89.T. — 88 T;99 %2 ºf 86.8 ºr || 6 |3}} | c. | 99%T — — — Q#79Y & J.T.9 Alºjz2, .. 837. - - - Q999 269 Op.3% 6.2% 0.2%I? V 4641 - & 3. #gg0T — f — go9' | g ILP 690% Ogi. I 9Tó | 069 2TO69 g963 8099 || 81679 LGF0% 69 |962. I tº F O9A39 || 03 — O09 || 9%I I38? & 85% — | - 90218 || – | 6H 4666p || E30gst 83 g62T | g # ggoG9 — — g2,191 g32;T | — — 959FF | 29 9. 99096 929.96% ØØ |#62T | . º. H ggggſ, — — — — 69 Ig 6F9 — 9T 8806T — T899; Våg.8g I g3 g621 : 5 99.999 || || 91. 0% 96% jºgg3 92.5 — | 89 19886 gp9 | – || 06444. | Pozgº | 68 |364t # 3. FIzzy — — — gº #661 #89 — — 8T90g £26% II?& 00799 || 099%gz, 29 |I62T | H 5. # 2, £132, — — | <-- — #66T gg2 — — O099T 41&g 96868 08 0641 #3 98391 ||—||—||—| 9aw - gigo | 689 || – | – | 6681 | – | 188 2268, cºso | 16 |38112 tº ‘OINVTSIXII IgEZT OTA 089 T | 06&T | 899.2% | 832. — go I 34 OT %27 | 680T | QZI£I g886 6 |#08T # 82006 || 099 || 919 ~ || A9A, 90%% 604 — 92, #12 QPQ 90.1, 1391% & IIgg 6T |908T j/982.9 #99T | #7%g | T | #382, &##38 822. gº- - * T38 328 T | 383OT || 699 [g £T 308T | #9220T Ogg 33.2% | T | 84.6L 29.291 || 76% — TT9 Q839 819 | #923 || 993% 8:#80% ZT T08; 32.9% Q09 62]. I. T | Q&81 I69PI | 899 — #g I #0&g 906 1271 glog 8236 ſ. 6 |008T 3 #992, 2.291 - 86% T | 99.29 #2%81 | #16 — L95 L %029. I | #93 T | #09G | #7%T93 ØQLøø OT ||662T | < # P6906 | 1601 || 27&T | – || L2&g | 1999T Ożg — gg 9998 64% 39.3T T908T | 939Q'ſ, 93, 862T | Z | 3392&L | T02, g09T | – || 699T I3%l 3%l *E*- — 92.6% - || 6 || 3 || || ||796TT g|7393 GT |4641 y § 6092.3T | TOg? | 9393 || - % £69 IT 98% *- *- 0181 229 23% | #860ſ 86909 Tô 962T tº $79,222 E | 906 || T66 ~ || 306 L | 3966 39% — OOg 69.6% - || 6% Oſg9 gió8% VI gé2T | 8 39.69% g42, 266 T || Alſº, J.T | 9263 ATT — - *e 360T | – | gi/Tſ. Q903]. 2, #62. I C. | 93,899 O9 OAL | - || 33 - * I ºsmº- — 996 L - | – || 23 gº, g369 9 |8621 | E 96.933 989 | #901 || - — Ig()6 * *- ** 9 * — | #8T9 Q9093 || 3 || |362T | * # 63999T g0T *ms * — 9099 * * - * — — gA, Ig 9T;93, A, T62E #0803 | #32, 912, — #80g go&2. 3OT — º- 836 OQ} - || 300% 809/ 9 |06AT 92.90% 00I OQ — — gº/L * *- - * *- *- -as- Ø999 3, 682. I- - — 099 || Ofg — | 9393 || 30%II * — | TO}} 9%I6 25.1% G1.89 || 8169 *s- gz, |#03IN T 699 80L gOg | OO6 Ijz29 99% 79 — Qzgg 38393 || 3968%. 650% 0083T — 22, 2091 I98T — 009 — 92.9 || 90.8% - Q662, TAO'ſ, VP923 || 86239; 98.93 #683T | II Ig OT 1308T - — | – | – || 12.9 g669 - || 668%i 2688 ̳ || 3989 9%t — 0&ga IT IO8 L *-s •- — | 667 11g2 8134 — | #193 ) .0612. #99.09 £Igg IQ62, g991 0099 £3 |008T *- 09? 3.1% - 92.3T 3TA; -*- – goź16 826+ II | 6201 g69g #999 £3.99% 3 ||34 || B 96 L -- — , ) — jzg|T | #923, — 8+9 || 399 811&1 I &gy  || 0898 $392, 8& |862T || - *- 003 || OOj. — I2.2, * -*=º — |. J.T.8 82.86% Ty 276 9.69% 8%9 T.T 162. I º 2 9:##8 — & — | – || 3901 *s - 992. I £9956 || 339 — g/g} | . IgiºT 93, 962T ſt 982, OOT || Og — — Ojº Ig — | – | g 19 6,869 || – | 89W 20 ºr g8621 41 g621 0936 09 OQ. — 93 QTO) L T — 3.2% £0.108T | – || 32% 2090T #0099 Oż ż62T IQOT OT Ø9 — 29 69gg -* — Iz, 3.2909 — — 0309 #69%I QT 1962. I #38 II -*s * - 822, 63 I — — - *- 89.339 — — QTF6 88TA, OL 362T *- 9% Og — 30g 9; 9 — * 4- T9098 — 399 gg29 39323, 9 I v T6/T - OT 99 — #9% 98&T * — iſ 93 98%8 — — 6902, Q999 6L |062T *- -e - — gif - OT 63 T. - #880g – | 183 39FF ØTOQT. II |682 Ł 2 QIg? #Ig | 90% || 009 || 33.2% 82.1931 99p — 969 8.88% $486 || Figg 963rt | 1809 or vogt) T } %&@*#9 || 399 || 36 09 I 9976. 96.1691 || 399 || AgI 290'ſ 888OT | P98 || 9 L&L gº989. g0963 92, 1808. I 3.22.2% go2 9&OT | – || 69+02: 1802&T pig g891 69%T 0.99g I 038 9TWL | 68598 Izīāg 13 308T 26088 &I | 032 | – || 0929 || 68039 || 939 || 0291 &ggſ || 85896 || 8p11 | ETGS | 1868& g8812, 3% |IO3 L 8663T 339 P62, —  ZOTT6 £357 *s *- 66081 | 898 || 820g | 6618 2#2.2% #T |008T 96%I 99.2% 0.26% - OL2,9] 23939T | 9.8% — IO9 661%g ZIf L | 81.99T 3.1769 99999 83 |662T 19916 980T 866 - L96.1%. 61896 || 229 || Of I 91%g 1962.9 - || IAI | 1.8L Q09T; -92.93.4 Tg |862T t- £g018 GP2 | #If 31 86.29 61398 || 939 T8?I 93 II 29.931 ºs- — 9969 I 99 TQ3 #3 |262T > ; 29/64, [ L20I I/i7 82,9qL. 89999 || 992. — #2, # 69,229 | TO& ##OL | LO8#g &66% #g 1962. I ſ H 89999 || 109 || 098 || 86 220g | 8602g 932 | – || 6091 62,199 || – | 1891 || 399% | 896?? | 82 gézi F #280? --- - – gT6A, 2.9999 || Q63, ' || 009 || Tºyſ. 69699. — — gº 9801; 33 f6AT Aï'808 || 1991 &pg| | – || 036 || 0.2695 || 56% — 9s 9III? — - || 82.2% 89 Igº 3% 1962). 681 g6 | #891 1931 - 2.É. If | #99.99 || 709 — | 892 0.03% *- – 39.19% 199% p? |&621 89.19% 00g gºg | – || 069g 92.72% 93% — | 0&T giggð – 991 T28W II.g6? oz. [621 60L68 || 929 &Ig | V 29 #1g22| 99.298 || Izg * . *- 92,193, *- - govéï 8266g g3 |062T 69888. £93 69g | 89% g2g2 91.90% LTP — — 2580T 670% — , , 9362&_ ! Pig.29 6i lógºt J ‘sooard 'sapoid sooard | 19tto 'spood 'spood 'spood 'spood “spood 'spood spood spood 'spood || 'spood - } . 'sun.]. ‘peas 'seus V | . |ellpool ºxeld | xel'I uſeoſo | ‘ious dueh T. ‘sdiuS ‘JIO.T *q ºff"iſ ºn º' |*|*|†º dº ºft' º º "I lº *|†, ‘CINWTLOOS 1.94% g - . , Account of Goods Eaported in the British Ships from St. Petersburg, 1804. t { • | No. - j : º Clean Out- Half. Hemp Twelve Nine Six Flax r - - wa. It inclass, ---, - |Raven- "|, ….. -- e.g., ..., FBroad Î-Narrow Hroad -Narrow- . - - - - -- . . . Lath- | r , * I , : r ~ iſ Iron. º shot | Clean l;” Head Head Head , . Tallow. Potash. Bristles. Isinglass, Feathers. Cordage... Flems. Drillings. Sail-cloth.|º. º , I Finan..! , T: āyī Crash. Tongues. |Matts. |Deals. Linseed. Wheat. | sº. - For . . . . . Hemp. Hemp. Hemp, Codilla Flax. . . Flax. Flax. Codilla - l- ~~~! … • ' , , * - - - - - > Diage pipe. Linen. Linen, • longues. |Matts. wood. - : * - - - - - - - R - º * - ; —l– —— . —l——ſ— —— - . . . . . . . . | - ; poo ds. poods, . poods. poods. poods. poods. poods. póöds. poods. poods. poods. - poods." | poods. . poods.- poods.- pieces.jpieces. -pieces. pieces. arshs. arºlis. arshs. arãhs. º ashs, |.. pairs. pieces, pieces, pieces. chetws, chetws. | Lºndon,. . . . . . . 1864.34 ſº | 1998'ºt" – 42255 0667 || – || 2265 909023 || 4:33, 18139| 5738 || 1999 || 466 || rººflººrſ Glòr – |46489-152045. 9to –74550. 380145 || 4730- 300||11447|13001: 28904, 1862 | | 1898 || Woolwich . . . . . . ; — 361751 — —- — — — * : * pºw-wºe — — — — — — — | – || --|-- || – || --—- +--| – | – || – & Chatham . . . . . . . 77.045 — – T...] ..., || ". . . . . . . . T., -. — – | T. -. L. - || – H. L. --> ... — - T--|--|--| --. — || 21 || Hull . . . . . . . . . . 73172| 24,720 12492 -30158; 27.40 22490. 978. 36. 2945 82514 1408 6260 2 682 — 6675 93. 240 - 10 —- 555 -—- -— 74385-|. 50- H--- 60712 5225. . 4366 || – i; 19 Liverpool. . . . . . . . 9218 20897 1726. 5310 — 16845 – 4 - || 2897 179824 || 348 78 — — — - || 13 — — | – "-j- — . . . — - - -—--| 430 j9788 —, ,- 1800 iſ 9 || Newcastle . . . . . . .j| 4141 30362 | 1667' 5178 – — — — — 18435 | – || 287 — - || - º 40 || 10 || – | 847 ---|-8.68|-— | – || |500 | – || 4915 – ––..] — 7 | Portsmouth . . . . . . . . . 2520. 51717 | – || – || – - – || – || — 82.93 — — . . — — — 1160 — — — . – —- - || – ---- — - || +--- || 7- . . . — I — | 6 || Bristol. . . . . . . . . $150, 5766 | 1153 12.8 — 393, 729 || – || – || 4:33 || --.] — — – | – || – || – || – || – || – || – ||—|| --|--|--|--|--|--| – ||2018, 2150. 600 || - | 5 || whitehaven. . . . . . . . 5796|| 7364 | 1629| 2299||—|| 17405 – || – || — 8854 || 1777 - || – || – | – || – || – 1 || – || – - |--|--|--|--|--|--| H. — —. ...— ...+- | | | 4 || Plymouth . . . . . . . . 42413 — — — | – | – || – || — — 15 | – || – | – || – | – || – || — — it’— —|-—-|--——|- —— i----| – | — — ..] … . ; 4 || Rochester . . . . . . . —-, } — I — I – ! ºmmºns — — I — , ) — — — — | – | – | — — — — —--|-- ----|--—-i- ——- H--| 2632 — 6835 |ºrt- ". 2 Wyrewater e e º & 4 e 2648 -- - £ 664 1566 — 5292 — — 4624 || 11764 662 * — — — — — —— - —- — ——- -—- —— - || - - - - - - —— – I – I —. – . ..."- : 2 || Workington . . . . . . . . .3150 7153 1578 — — • *r *se – – — — — — — — -...] – || – || – | – | — -— —— —- - – - 400 — — – — 4 1 || Charlestown . . . . . . . 1890 - 1871. 998. — 1 — — — — — 5210 | — i — — — . . — 120 — — — — — — —- — . . . — . . ;- 1027 —. I - , I - 3 "Falmouth . . . . . . . . . . . 630 3330 — — — — * —. — - 310 — — — — — — - g *-*. ... —- --- - I -— | *-i- - *mº . — { 169 H-x} – || --. :- 1 Penzance . . . . . . . . . . 1265 973 — — — — — — 2527 — — — — — 50 6 — — — — | – -47 || -- . . . . — . . ; 180| – | – || --— -— 1 || Truro . . . . . . . . ; – 2379 — — -— — || – — — 5060 || – | — — | – || – || 23 – || -- || — — || -— — —— . . . — . . .50 | H | – || – || – — 1 || Padstow . . . . . . . ; ; 1890 1262 — — — — — — — 1847 |"— — — —- || – | – | – || – || 30 — | – | — — -|- 500 — — - || – | — — 1 || Swansea . . . . . . . . 1890 2473 — — — — — — — 1235 | – | — , —. — — - || – || – || – | – || – || – || – || — --- 200 1541 – — . . . — 1 , || Lynn. . . . . . . . . . . , ; 2520 - 4395 1935 .977; 315 || – | — — *- 1201 || — 324 — — — — — — — | – || "-- ||— — —- || --— – | | | — -- || --- - -1 : Southampton . . . . . . . . . . 1978 .3164 - 1360 896 — | 378) — — — 6395 ||— 53 || – — -– '-' — — : — – || -— . –.' . . . --—." ; -- . 1 — 66 200 — — 1 || Exeter. . . . . . . . . 1575, 1881 791 — F – I — —” -— — —” – - || – | — - || –. .400 — 100 - || – || -- — — | —— 6320 — H | – || – || — - | 1 | Stockton . . . . . . . . — + | – ||— — — — – — — , — — — — - " " || – || -- — — I — I — I — —- — ` 150 — — "'883. — 1 Shields . . . . . . . 1890 3705 || 3106| – | — — | – || – -— I'-- I —— *-e- — . . . --— j - " — — — — | – || – | — I — — — 1542 — — tº-me 1 |:Cowes. . . . . . . . . . 1575 2018 2862| – || – | . . . 128 128 - 646 — — — —, — I — I — I — — — | – || — — — — — 2053 ° 200. — •- |.5, 1 ; # Whitby . . . . . . . . . . — | – || 560 1308 — 3605 – | – * 47 — —. - || – || — -— — — — — — — — ” — — . . . — 25 | Dundee . . . . . . . . . . . . — . , 3918 3875 24747 — 91456 4101 — — 11202 || 2686 — — . 4.25 * 560. 340 l. — — —- I - I — I — - 822 || — — 1 — * 19 |..Leith....... . . . . . . . 6051; 11396 || 2341| 2373 — 28828. 363 — 137 ' | 125778 4722. 456 16 557 —r 514; 263 — * 2873. 1450 — — 5250 4,257 500 , 2315. 3450 500 l — 9 Grangemouth . . . . . . 9885, 13175 1080 472 764 1972; 163 , — — 27368 1290 728 — 315 es-as-s-se 710, 680 || – — — 1426 — — | - 51 || – || 17131|| 1325 — * 5 || Montrose . . . . . . . ] — 121 250 141 — | 11958 1320 || – | — 3165 – 153 — — — | – || - — — — — — — | – || – || — — — — — — 4 || Arbroath . . . . . . . . — 58 298] 236 — 1 15459 443 — — 466 — 122. — | – || – || - — — — — — — —— — — — — — ; – — 2 || Cromarty. . . . . . . . 1260 946 11000ſ — * I “ ºs 78 — — — — — — — — — — - — — —” — — 111 — — — 1 | Greenock' . . . . . . 756; 3150 ! — — — 315 — * | *- ' 44 — — ,- —- — — — — |\ — — - — — , || – - I - I — I — I —- *-ºse 1 F Dunbar . . . . . . . — I — I — I — 6! — * 5296 — l — — —— — — — — — — — — — ... sºme g-ºss wº-s ºn-º ſº-º-º: *-* 6 | Dublin . . . . . . . . . . .8089 - 5073 - 6364} .. 608. 2171 5956 — — 315 20486 || 228 251 | — -sº 347 — — — — I — I — I — I — - — 300 200 || – * ... 3 || Londonderry . . . . . . 7560. 2075 3495 748 575 194 — — 45 13437 317 — — — "-- "- — — —- — - — — — — ... 325 — — | *- | 3 || Beſiast . . . . . . . . . . 2205 4581 613| 360; 2261 — — — — 21594 || 1166 — — '18 l — l — 2 — — — — — — — — 3400 — 'I – I — * 2 #1 Newry. . . . . . . . . 4095 683 || 1106 — 633 – – — — .7531 765 – — || – — I - I — I — — — | – | — — •- , -- H -- 163 — — * 3 Waterford . . . . . . . 9791 3141 1264. 282 442 1578; 106 || — 187 716 || 239 27 | — — — — — — — — . . . — 1 — 1 — I — — 1200. 642]. -- — I — 1 ºf Limerick . . . . . . . . . .3780 - 460 — — — — | – || – || 1266 467 — — — — —— — , , — — — | – || – || – || — — — 2157 350 — — * 1 || Cork . . . . . . . . . . ; 5040 °1920 — — — — — — — 865 — — | — — --—- 4 – * * * — — - I - I - I — — 200] 266 -* ---, ... 2 . Lisbon . . . . . . . . . . . 1638 — — — — — * | *s —" | — – — . . . — 28356. 300 tº-wº 200 — -— — — . . . — — — 1 --- — — sºme 2 || Jersey . . . . . . . . . 2268. 5623 275|| – || — 63 — – — f : 43 — — — * — '80ſ 30 — 30 — - —: — — **s 150l 1749 – f – tº-ºne ... 1 || Guernsey, . . . . . . . 1575 1878 614 — — — *sº *- *-* 1292 | — I — wº- 105 8002. 350 343 — 25 — — — — 1000 600 — .3458 — t-e— * - 1 || Teneriffe . . . . . . . . 2630 — — — — ; 2129, 623 — — — — — — | –— 999 — 48 — — — — — | — — - 1 - || – I - I - , 108 | 1 || Stettin . . . . . . . . . - — 1 — I — I — I - I – – — I 2004 483! — — | –— — | – || – || – — — — 1 — I — —- — — I — I — I - * 12 || With Ballast to sundry Ports — — — — — — — — — — —- —. ~. — . I — I — I — * : * I ºmmse I sº-º-º- ºmºmºsº asººmsº – — ; – " | – || -- * 385 || British . . . . . . . . .375838||1092055 134026/217348 9901 |27045%|18621 36 |13415 || 1528022. £1091 26756 |s 5746, 14731 38885. 8986421877 6532 415 || 50209 155476 1838 || 7:1397 || 967900 11110 | 7570|132359|28001 || 36388 3470 . . 65 || Americans. . . . . . . . . 27.8264. 187495 87694 3340; 652 .3244; 15 — — 1828 || – 1569 104 || 419 13618 23044|19648 || 1090 32190 83686 10546 949 — 3298 * 572 1000 — — . . . — *se 331 Other Nations . . . . . . 106288 184051 122629:128991|12337 47572, 57.91 305 || 6483 || 398093. 158291]. 9588 1155 353 40016 13265 5853 2087 20710 || 43905 — -— 53005 ; 766 29200 . 377 2 — 18948 35450 |-- - - - - - - - - - - - --- : - - - —l- - - - - - |- --- : \ --- - - 761 Ships. Total...... [760390 1463601 |344349,349679|22890 321268|24427. 341 |19898 |1927.943 |1793.82 3,913 7005. 15503 92519 |1261734.7378 || 97.09 53315 : 177800. , 166022 27.87 71397 1024203 12448 || 377.70 |136131|28001 55336 38920 ; . . . . . 4. - : I - - - - f , - , - - - - - - - - - w w | By the other Nations the Diaper Broad and Narrow in one, and the Deals of different Measures. Of their Ships two went with Ballast, and one with sundry Goods. * - Continued. -* -- * .-- .A Hare Calf Bear | Squirrel Horse Fox Horse Horse Ox & Cow! c Salted **** rh. ºac- * Tallow | Goat .* Table || | | Fishing Cinna- 2, - in- ſº s For Skins. Skins. Skins §. | --Tails, Tails. | Mames. Hair. Hair. Glue. olution. Wax. Beef. Caviar. Rhubarb %arony Hides. Oakum. Honey Candies. | Hair Fustick Junk, Clº. Indigº. Rojºſ. Soap, Hams. | Tar. º º - R : - -- | Oil. skins, skins. skins. skins, pieces...}pieces. poods, poods. poods. poods | poods, poods. poods. poods. poods, poods. poods. poods. poods. poods. poods, poods. poods, pieces, poods.pieces. poods, poods. poods. poods. poods, chetw. London . . . , i. 7000; 15200 1885 2380 || 4365 | 4000 799 3821 2174 77 | - 4083 2468 42 . , 121.J. 618 1028 3 • I —, 15. 107 || 300. 14 ‘. . ; Hull . . . . . . 10606 – | – |... — 8034 || – || – 251. — —- 4290- — ; — ) — 1 || – || – *~~ **-as-s 17.3 29 — — — — — — — — | – | Liverpool . . . . . . .4000; --— 20'ſ -— - ' | – || "– • 100 — —- -— | — — — ~~~ **** 1,40 *-ºs-s - — | – | – | — — | – | — — — || – | – || - Portsmouth. . . . . . — — --— — -— — . . . . —- tºº-smºsº — 13 || – ||—|| — — — ... I — I — , , — *m-mºsº 58 || – || – || – || – | — — — | – | — || – | — — Exeter' . . . . . . . . — — 4 – — 1160 — H. — tºº — ... I — , , – — — — — — — * *s-sº — | – || – | — I - * * —. — : , * - Whitby . . . . . . . . . . --— — - * – . . . --— I - –- *º — . — - 528, — —— — *sº — * *msº *-º-º-º: " --> — —- - — — | — — — —– f – } – }. — TXundee . . . . . . . . — 4 – — — *~~~~ | *- : * ~s * 183 || — 256. — — *-*s — — — — — — — — — — — — . — — — f . - - - si Leith. . . . . . . — | – | – || – 660 — . . . — 170 282 ||—|| – — — — — 10 f : —— — — — || 484 || — — — — — | 3' | – || — — — Grangemouth . . . . ; – — — — — – — - || – 32 — 567 || – | — — — — — * — — — —- || 1:40 -- — — – – f – I — I — Londonderry . . ... } – } – } – }- —- +- — — - — ; - — ; , — . . — | – || – || – — — — — 63 — — — — — — — | — — — | – || – || – | – Belfast ... "..."--, :- : ; – † —- H | --— — –— . . . — —- i — . . H — , — — 2 — — —- *s **** --~~ — — | – | — — — | – | — | – | – || – | — ; Linerick - . . . .- . . ;-- – H- || — . . . —--|--|--|- — | – | – || — — — — — — — -—º. * — -- — — — — — — — – — 121 – ; Lisbon: . . . . ~ ; ; – || – H-H - — ; –– — — — — – 4 - — || – 6 | — — tºss-msm-sºº * : – — | — — — — — — . — — Guernsey . . . . .-. — i–- i- — {-, -— —- || – | — | – || – | — — — || – | — — 122 — — 695 — | — — — — , — — | 670 39 || 483 — 20 Gibraltar . . . . . . . — -- – | – || – || – | — — — — — — — — — ~ * I • *—- 217 — — — — — — —— ſ — * — — Teneriffe . . . ——ºf t- — — — — — — — - — 125 || – | — — — — — I — I — I — , — —- || – || – | — I — — 1 — *— Stettin . . . . . . . . ; – — ; – — ... — — — — — . – — ! — | – | — — 3176 — — — | – | — | – | — — — — — | – | – || – || 2–3 Tºritish 21606] 15200 1905 || 2380 - || 14219 || 4000. 799. 4242 2771 90 |. 5641 || 4208 2468 50 122 628 432 2O3 3 1147 29 || 484 || 140. 15, 107 300 || || 14 673 9 || 483, 121 20 Americans . . . 48044; 1100; - — —- H --— 5 ...}. — . . . — — — — 2 êºssºmºsº - + tºº-ººmº 319 || — — — — — — — – | – || – Other Nations . 516097 892] : 376 - 4200 13552 || – 11 || 3663. .95 16 || 4884. 4223 || 109. 451 1.5% 40. 67503 *se 9 || 50944 - — ; – ) — . 57 | 101 — 31 [12337 || 51 8799 || 3694 32 - * - - - Total..... [585651 17.19%; 2281 - 6580 .27771.--4000 || 815 - 7.905. 2866 106 || 10525 | 8431 2577 503. 137} | 668 7183 203 48 524.10 29 484. H. 140 72, 208 || 300 45 |13010 31 || 927.3. 3815 52. - * - - - -- ... I - • * . --- {. . . . ! -----|-- * s - | # - t ; $ . --- - * - . & - •. e * - s * : By the other Nations: 17045 Poods Sole Leather 126 Poods Amniseed 5 Poods Vitriol * - 12 Foods Down. 21. Iron Bedsteads 1500 Cat:Skins. - 300. Swan Skins - 1536 Paper Hangings. 1415 Poods Cast Iron 228 – Resin ~. 1694 — Cárrawaysced. 98 — Madder 10 Pieces Quilts. 82 Masts and Spass. 48 Martin Skins's 1042 Mountain Fox, Skins 620 Pieces Napkins. - .27 — Iron Anchors 876 — Pitch 196 — Wormseed: 507 — Sandal wood 224 -— Felt. - 132 Balks * * * 1 Ditto . Muff, ‘15. Ditto Ditto Taiks 12331 Arsh. Bleached Linen : 796 — Copper - 92 — Camel, Hair 174 — Pepper 2435 —- Dye wood 48 — Watch. Coats . 13 Sophag. 14 Sable Muffs. 7. Hare Sacks. • ** 12867 — Striped and Printed dittº, 375 —. Wax Candles. . . . 10 — Brimstone 37 – Gallnuts 1 6 lb. Castoreum * - 10 — Mattyesses 48 Chairs. 26 Ditto Tippets. 42 Squirrel Ditto, 30 Pairs Warm Shoes - 159336 — Hempseed Oil . . . . . 48 - Sausages 329 - — Alum -- 378 — Treacle 86500 — Oxen Horns ºf 51 Morocco Leather. Y Ditto Skins, 150000 Ditto Tails 1000 Bottles French Wine. . 66. — Olive Oil' . . . . ... 31 — Liquorice 63 — Steel. ' 50 — Tea # 62000 - – Ditto Bones 4. Wolf Skins 1180. Frnime do. 11 Calmook-Tooloops . . . . . . ‘. . . .º. . . 19746 — Train ditto . . 5727 – Tobacco 26 — Salammoniac 3 — Cotton 300 —- locks 6 Ditto Pelices. 2. Ditto Sacks . 12. Lalab. l)itto * Paported in American Ships. - l f : - - - - - .* * : - No, - - Clean Out - || Half | Hemp Twelve Nine - * , - Raven- | - Nå--~~ || B-24- * < * ºf e a tº tr.: * -º- y - • * P ; Lie. x ºn ºr "º ' || ". 2'-'. 3. so I f"ar aven- |, . illino, g Broad Î Narrow Broad § r * ... . ; Calf | Horse | Tallow || Hare sº. For '- Ion. Hemp. Hi, i. Co dilla º º . Talfow. Bristles. * Feathers. Cordage. ... [ Flems. Drillings, sian Diaper. Diaper. Linen. Crash. Tongues. Caviar. | Matts; 3...] Mr. Gajºs. skin, * º — =-|- --- * - f * - poods, poods. poods. poods. poods. poods poods. poods. poods. poods. poods. poods. | pieces. | pieces. pieces. pieces. arshs. arshs. arshs arshs. pairs. poods. pieces. skins...| pieces. poods. skins. 14 Boston . . . . . . 63995), 47.555, 13991 sº T —- 31 - 15 -- - 110 3870° 3203 1354. 7.626. 1.6483 - 7.58 196 2 *— — — - 14 | Salem . wº • * . 62119. 34536 || 13772 || 653 — 26 *=== mºsºsºsº. 50 5066 4575 3739. *. 6026 3000 *º-ººººººººººº- *E**** *==ms 328 ºsmºsºmº — 500 - | 3 | — 11 | New York . . . . 494.45}. 41822 –). 27034 437 652 **** — 1349 346 94 154 287 - || 4286 || 3702, *se 6117 | 21855 6673 || - — 1500 — — — 5 316 *=ºm 4. Baltimore . . . . . 17325|- 19804 1870 . . - - —— . 150 * 30 666 57.60 5292. 60. 3475. 4642 1373, 949 1040 — -ms 1000 — -— — *se | 4 || Newberryport . . . . . 16443. — 19800. .. 507’ — 34 — — * —— f 111 , 926 504° — 2614 --- — — 12 *ssºssm — 600 || – —— — 4 Providence . . . . . 19490 12889 |, 3099 || - 712 — — — — — — — — 960 370- — 1150. 5750. — . . — — — — — | – || — – f – 3 || Marblehead . . . . . . . 6993, 4909 - — , , —— — , , – — — • * — —" | 1207 . 290 122 - --— 97.6 -- - ~ gºssºmsº *s-sº-sº **** *º — — — | – 3 : Philadelphia . . . . . . 9450 7584 | 7303 || — — "| -— — 479 1045 || –—s — — 1236 - 4053. 1000. 1250 30956- 2500 — — — — — ||—|| — — — 2 | Gloucester . . . . . . 8379 5596 || 242 || –- — . . .--— . . . — — * , —- —— 105 225.” =-e 472. 1000 - smººse-ºsmºs sºmºsº, — **** — – — — — * 1 || Portland . . . . tº ſº 6300 3441 3659 — ... — — — — — — — 213 700 | – *=e 662. — -- I sº-sº sº-ve — — — — — – — 1 || Plymouth . . . . . . . 5040] 2417 — — — — | –-- * *ms — " — 238 30. - 630 * * *-*º * gºssºmsºmº tº-ºº-ººººº- — — —- *se smºssess-mºsas 1 | Newbedford . . . . . . . . 9765 . 3715 3669 || — — — — — 28 10 60 — 490 - || 4:30 30 1092 | – || – | — — 36 | — — — — — — 1 | St. Michaels ... ". . . . e *—s * * * * * * * 3153 || – || – || — — 15 gºsºsºmºsºmºsº 2 *mºº-º-º: &=ºmms-smº tºº-º-º-º: *E*sº *º-º-º-º-º-º-º: *s-sº *==se * * *-*. 4-º-º-º-º-; º 1 | Rhode Island . . . . . . 2520, 265? | — — — * | *-* | *-* | *-* | *-* | *-------, 150 50 — 100 — | –— — — — — — — — - - 1 | Lisbon. * 2 & . 1000 575 255 1031 — j : - ; ; – . . — — | – | – | 2093. — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — — 48044 65 Ships. Total..... * 1874.95 87694 || 3340 652 3244 15 1828 1569 104 419 13618 23044 1964.8 1090 32190 83686 10546 949 3.298 572 2 1000 1100 , 5 319 48044 - State of the Exports from Petersburg to France by the Custom-house Books at Petersburg from 1772 to 1805. g YEARS, Articles. P- - - * - - —T- TY| 1772 1773 || 1782 1783 || 1784 || 1785 || 1786 || 1787 | 1788 || 1789 1790 1791 1792 |1793|1802|1803 | SHIPS - || – || 46 80 || 8 | 15 30 || 39 26 19 | 66 61 || 55 70 37 |_ 1 13 Iron in bars |pds.|102330|121865||137496, 17515. 75591 48950 59485 11571 96.383 86959 92.946 99070 43738: g| – | 9700 Hemp, clean | do 147994211208.283891 24789, 57593 89494. 90695 60697252643 81257.164337,261369|11420s; #| – || 48288 outshot | do | 24881| 864.1 1130665. 29225, 38867. 73931, 15625, 5323 75268 84583. 26040, 321 12 31694 – | – || 2032 half-clean do | 19652 56256,103866 8829 42323. 28621| 5702, 17003| 70076 87.196 997.27| 42212 40369||5 #| – || – Flax, 12-head do | 677| 2664 641| 1114, 297 14100 1911 111 38 499 44; 76. 1305;| – || – 9&6-hd.| do | 1014, 1607| 376 — *-* 69| 7 | 16. 60 — 1749 – || – 33|E|, | – | – Isinglass - do 14| 12| – | 128 157| 10 67 — 306 197| 60 120, 1743.3 — 9 Bristles - - | do | 1242 760 405| 1309| 536 779 –- 1014 — 194 446 4338 1313|gº – 570 Wax - - - do 422 1229 420 327 303 270 815 1262 — 870 - || – || || || 3 || – || – Tallow - - | do | 15767 21152 16749, 34778] 16456 43330 48712 24536 51719. 30463| 20148. 44.133 15103.3 — — Flems - - |pcs. || – 68 — | 10 6, 11 — 150 1394 608 7 642 - || 5, 9: — — Rayendºcks | do || 4150 147| 617 28 170 120 160 203 331 316 644, 1523, 1983 El – || – $ºil cloth - | do 1493, 1890 3149) 1143 2184 1184 1820, 1864. 1838 2424 619) 3300 .33 = | – | – Beals - - |doz. 1906, 3237 8595 6264. 1293 8260. 11828, 13744 – || 7948, 10865. 13435 6414|g 3| – 375 Hare skins - |pcs. | 16550.103985| 1099] 100 27790. 52680 6000 1940, 48382 6075 2700 14360 9000 E 5| – || – Pot ashes - |pds. | – | – || – || – 248 — 105 1236. 1097 74.12 1273. 4323 6633-5| – || 27774. Wheat - - chet. 4456 12127 1180 1000 — * *- *-* tº-mass — 3369| 2853 - |##| – || – |Hemp codille |pds. 4197 3172 13115|| 3003 5877 – 1 119 — 3172 — 12945 — 2776 g = | – || – Cordage: - | do | 1 || || 717 3723 937. 4691. 2262. 343| 1186 2.158 4009 885 10310 900 = | – || -- Horse hair : | do | 2173. 247° 3554, 315 1415 2744. 4837 24288. 2054. 2499 2299| 527 – 5 #| – || – Hempseed oil | do |947.3% 25875 — — | 5395 — *- 530 — 9822. 708 4697 — † : _ ] T Linseed oil - do | 992 || “” - . . . .]- $8 500 Mats - - |pcs. | – || 5000 — 1050. 2300 10800 – 3000 3220) 5850 15460 18080 solº; H — Horse tails - | do | – | – || – 2944, 25326 39870. 67803, 6792. 34300 43855 — 168 – * | * *sºme -* — 19ç9 ſºț¢ £62,8 | 2,99— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —»）_______.. （ *================ Ł ============） ſ ºs ======= •=============，—— | — | — | — | — į6Çſ,— | — | — | — | — | — | grg || — | — | — | — — İçL09936ț72,9）, 1993— ||1999 |283}}} | — | — | — | — | — | — | —— | — | — | — | — |gſg |999---6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | grz | — | — | — | — — | —03 · · · [TOȚ3 |0ÇOØ. [68] [3257— || III - Í099 |69ç— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8Ť || — | — į frțOŤ8 #0.28 #000ØT |----OLI . |gggg |G# | | | — |09.903 I || — | — | — | — | — | — | —— | — | — | — 9.l2.Ç657 |9$ I - |0980 L |ÅZQ || . |69{{{}{} \— | — | — | — | — | — | — | ggr || — | — | — | — 00:ſſ | —— !?, ¿?, [00 ſõ— | — | — | — | — | — | — | —— | —• • ••••••••=æ —~ |02.g - ||009 I |OĢ23 |OOI I løgg 193ī ļ00çç ļççIII |0çOg | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | f[ ' ’ | — | — 4 — 19%,|96 . . įſő9− į9Ø I < |ZĀĢ Į Į93-— | — | — | — | — | — | 301 || — | — | — | — | — — įgy9629; L |ºffſ383 [13] [09—— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ！— | —48$f;9ȘI || — |88Ź03] [99 Ziff006 . || — | —— | — | — | — | —---- ±（−−−−& 8669 || — |0çg9ſī£900 Ig || — |őī6çg |ggoØT 100 LZ 100023 |00g Lae, [gōgg |0，08 | — | — |ggg* --◄ ： «= <！------------->— | Ģſ:9Ð | 0890$ — ļ009ĢIȚ！— #0.031 | |005− | 289 |0çºſ; , {0őſ , |00Ø ļ06，— ļ0%;ſ | Q003 || #7 ZT|| || — || #32;[ | — — (OOP）, įg9Øg?, [00 II |g6#0Ț）||6679 - || 61— ļoot , |0 LIL 100E || || — |008 I || — |LIő–088 - || — | 0091 || — | — | € 209Tl 656 - |g6983 |009 LI, Þ903 |809（ |&#ff9 |989 - | -z− 1903） || ---- | - || I - || ！= |ſã0ſ | 093 |\,…,{| — | — | - || 18Ť | §§§§ 9Ťgoſ |82ø62. Þ3869’ [82] OA |899ō?, 1960ſ ſõg29 |98993 |g|08ģī ļ06õõ8 |ĢĞÇI |6882 - |2.205 || 008 |6õ† ‡ | 06*“ ? || — || OOOL | —，— || #6ȚI 98998 |g99694||69936 |99986 ||9 Lºgg ſo8088 469993 |2.220ő Þſ 282 |69189 |0.366 |8699 #0ī£8 || .92891|89Ťõ | 9281 || 9925Ø I 12 | 0803 || 26ę61|| 0 || 19õ 0601 || Igor ..|0ĢIØ § 1098 |08. - |09 - |001 |0ØL |8ī£ |082 . . . [909 · 1092 | |0,939 0çT # #88ff; | © 29 | | 06oſgºſ{3}{72}{7 06.Lºg |gę9øg |22601 |26639 ſõ99 |29033 |obºgg |9562 - |8õg6 ， [8581] [28293 | 1688 I |229ęT | 78Țg þ086 | 2991 || 1222 | † 916 | 6989 | † 20ť | 029 | 009 8ý961 | 1919 I |ZĽAZ ſõõț¢& |t| 22 ſt |62603 ſõ028] [98201 |g（29 - |ã899 ||ggſ | ſºț89 || || 2õ | 899 · 1998999 | 2,281 || 9991 | 109 || 604õA. So††093 ||1990 || |g9goſ -103899 |8.106 ſøg661 |8gøffſ |gę82 |çõø01 |8920 ſºlgſſt ſõ909 |8669 - | †ggg |g9ſ3 | 9991 || 6921 || 6923 || #9ff1 | 378 || — | 029 §grg |64.gI ， ſõ003 |2f3 ， |61 - || — |3099 |06çL --|----| ——-~ ¡ ¿ †790$]" | — , ' | 619 1321 106ſt ſõgqº , |1991 ||ggſt ſø6IL Þ61 ºſô0ç - |8.1901 |2，2% || — | — | — | — | — | 61 | 99I 13 | 1608 | 231 || 899 | 8381 |9ī£ þý9Ť |88g）. Þ019 " |2863 |6.2† 1969% º'|1õ891 |ęī999 |2ſ2 |0īſt ļ0021 | -•），— į g3, † ?, † —&===========， 8.1991 |g|Lºſſ. Þ2093 |9096ť |6Ť92ī ļ60çõ3 |6ÇOIT [0őīgſ |90983 |ğ0řõõ |986Ť |08ī£ - ſõſõ829 |9081 || Oggſ | 3313 || çOZII || 9391 || 89ȚAȚ| 1921 | † 196 69.gſ . |28Ť I ||ggg I ||6991 |ãī9 - ||gęſ ſaeſ ) [20] [93õ ...|g2ſ （ |0çõ ſõ6õ , , [gōſ--------9№---------> （ *==========* 6Ț† 148 fºr º £6ȚIØ , |89õØ [82] • [823 |89Ț （* # LØ9 - || |#9TØ ' ' '!õ69 ff6Ț-— | — | —8.Ç— | — | ĢIą; | — ††õ9 ||808— ļ689— | — |903 - || — |0.991, |358 |8ff; ſg.9 - |6063 || — |1201 || — | gol | Oſſ || 291 | 8 ††OL | — oºgg |699 |99 ºg ſø021 || — | — | — | — |8088 || — | —— | — |2001 || — | g， | ſzö9 || — | — | — Þ6928 |926çŤ |1629.g. [60219 ſõ988 L | 181çT | — | — |0.28 L — | — | —Ț98Ț. || — | 0399 || ?, † 26 | †963899 || 69'L g6#287|Øç†gȚg;989ç0ø|g6669Țļģī99Ț, 1938 IſõþýſõõZL|ſőfo6 |287391|89|9,291||gő96Ťõ|92309T|0g%ī£| 9868）|ãÇÃ291 | 09809|| 8901（†| 06ī£| 186õg| @88T%| 9ī£8 | †822 — Iggº,|ſºſ, , |09őſ |809 - || 89 ） [300] [610ă |#8ãſ , 1696 i 1949.8 1088 || || 294 lae !| ſſ || 828 | 19 | ： || 9 ſ-•=•=• �ææ12; 1935 : þig i 1931 || |6çør" |09çº içoſ 9 ſ lºog • Þ69 % |1201 lºgi I || 1393 lºººº $ | 6çZI | 97，8 | 0931õ686 | \ | 593823||3389ī£įçõŤ609||602693|89g%īL|ę886çõļțg9õÞ1||09õØTT|16996ø|680903|ęg99çõ|9õ822īļ08çõ91|| 9818řļ09182 | 186fø| ſg021|| 99801|| 89819|| 8 | 988|| 3199 || 9799 99#89919 933969 | `936g | ¡ ¿ \ÇË08#3Oő$3 | , 2.ſ . } , 01 .IŤ()'ſZȚõ \！0812081 | 3081 | 1081 || 0087 | 6627 | 8621 | 2621 || 962ſ || 962ſ į ſôZI | 8621 | 3627 | 1621 | 0621 | 6821 | 882; | 2827 | 9821 | 98,2 L | #821 8821 - ‘SWIWQIX| op��tę -�ºn[{) op | • • • • HO op | • • • • deos 'spd | * | ſo pººsdoua II. op | * suſțS ſõltuſmbŞ , op | * * suſţs ºsto H . ºsod | * * uſeų Øsuo H op || ' ', loipeºſ. JIBO ºspd | • • • 19ų garſ op | * * * suſţde N. op | * * stųoſo aqqeſ, ºsod | * * * tles[0], I, op | • • • • ’ qsu 10 op | * 0}^{p pºļuțJĀ op | * * omnip A.O.I.IeN) op | * * uºtuſ peo.Iſ op | ° O))\p Modle N. ‘qsieh · Jºdeļp peorg op | • • • sžiuſ III,ICI op | * * * qņoſo IſeS . op | • • • • Stuaſ ºsod | * * sHompuòAeņI op | • • Iſo pºasuſ I op | - søſpueo AoIIe L Op• • • ·AAOȚIEI, op, į · · · 93eploo op | * * * saņsſiq op | * * * suatņeºſ op | * peotſ-õLºxeſ}} . op |ueaſº-Help op ! º qolqºņuo op | ， uBºſo ºduſta H op | * * uolų dooțI op | * , uolį poù ſe N ºspd.�§ © ®UIOJI SAIHS *spooſ) 30 uoņēuſtitou2OI “çOSI og øðuopuºdopuſ sſſ ſuo ºf ‘fiquo poſtºluſy 04 5.anqº,logº. I * wolf &quod， ſydovų. „I State of the Principal Articles of Exportation from Petersburg, in the Year 1804, to different Countries. Number . Hemp. Flax. | . . " " . . -- of For /~ --~~ N ſt ^– | Cord- || Tallow Hemp Linse’d Red | Pot- Ising- || | | Ca- Ships. Iron. 1st sort. 2nd. 3d. 12head 9 do. 6do. age. Tallow. Candle Soap. Wax Oil. Oil. Leath’r ashes. glass. | Tar. viar. Bristles Poods. Poods. | Poods. Poods. Poods. Poods. Pds. Poods. Poods. |Poods. Poods. Pds.|Poods. Poods. Poods. Poods. Poods. Pds.|Pds. Poods 68|Prussia . . . . . 2050, 7397. 7666 5293 604 17|−} – 225248 3308 588 70,49738 ' ' 308|48008. 30225 145 87: 107 54|Lubeck . . . . . 147() 15948] 3798| 786.35 146|| 1875 , , 719 44814; 32971. 9845|1640. 55264 478] 13745. 22415 ' 886|7582 21 4806 43|Denmark 16254 15813 47654 5879, 1909 1246—| 20845}** 1132, 4082 807. , 6, 25326|| 136|| 108 5340 — 4 100). 39|Sweden. . . . . 17.201 26021] 3324, 1888 925 151|, 465] 25883. 2267| 361 : 5, 16139|| 361|, |216 2475 3|—| 28 50 29|France . . . . . 32837 55495; 7,691 10009 — 22—— — 1419 712 10| 189 — | 70772 .23|— 6 : 874 26|Amsterdam ... 8388| 2270. 2651] 2328) ——. 210!--— —- 50338; 2488 34 300 — | – | — 19775 - 47 l— 4; 3487 24|Spain . . . . . . 16396 . 13775] 15853 13283 4521, 17842|3.53. , 496 . 442} . . 1911 - 1800 – .— . . 26 — ...— - 7 22|Portugal . . . . 6940 9930, 6122 2692 985. 20844 101| 1431? 705). 2086 365. 94 2004, 2411 302 — . . , 51|1208 6 125 14|Rostoc . . . . . — 784 3065! 6823 2284 — — 5937| 2809. 327 10 10365 — 115. 3014 – 3 29 4|Italy . 18803 2 - "— || 4591—l – — 2 — 109 — — 4973 — — — 292 3 2:Sound. * ---—t — — — — — — . .2748 - a wºme-º º –-e — | – | — 205 — * . .2|Bremen. . . ...}.-- 326||— '732 — |. — — — . . . 2175). ?? — — [...— 10 4070 — — ; 1|Philadelphia. 3150 5110 2108 — — — — — . . — — — -- I - I - I - i - — 3|other pts& Elsi. | — | – | – | – | — — . 103; -— . 6; — — l'— I — I — — * 331|Several Nations|106288, 184051|122629|198991. 47572 5791 305 39638 398093. 50944. 12337|6223|159336 3694 67503 158291 1155.8790) 451 9588 385|English Ships. 375838|| 1993055||134026/217348|270452, 18621| 36|| 38885. 1528022 1147| 673.4208 — ,121. 4327, 21091 5746. 483 50 26756. 65|American . . .278264; 1874.95: 87694 .3340 ., 3244 15– 13618 1828 319 — *se ºw- -*s-s 1041– 2 1569 781 Total . . .760390 1463601 344349 saggiºlºgized 24427; 341; 92191 1927943 52410 13010|8431|159336|| 3815 71880,7998, 7005|9273 503. 37.913 § ~$ For Sail- Raven- Calam- Table | Nap- Ditto White Print’d Sack - w cloth. ducks. | Flems. anco. Cloths. kins. Cloth. ditto. I ditto. Cloths. Wheat. Linse’d l Pieces. Pieces. Pieces. Pieces. Pieces. Pieces.|Arshines. Arshns|Arshfis'Arshines. Chetwt Chetwº Prussia . . . . . 2917|" 996 . , 5, 1202 — — 200]”: 1286) Lubeck . . . . . 2189 1844, 2323 : 30 — — — 200 — 2525, 2940 — Denmark . . . 8996 5941; 1827| 28 — — , 8080 10475 1200 39875 — 783 Sweden. . . . . 778. , 301 96 — — – is 330|- — 2003, 898 : 1 -5 |France . . . . . 130 - : 28%. , 161 – ..] — – “º 375] — ..] — — — 600? . # Amsterdam . . 205 100. , 1 . 201] . . 13 . . .230|, . 19710 - 250 — . . .200. — 16284- 3 Spain . . . . . . 1414|| 516 467 — 8 * 108 670|...,’ 300 50 350; 194151.-- 5 |Portugal . . . . .3386 3012| 693 606 36 ‘’’282 565 1106 11617 9180 10113 — ... Rostoc . . . . . 146 20 — — * *-* A * *-* * *-* - I - 1 - e--- 884 — E |Italy. . . . . . . – 1 —— – 1. – f – I — — I — , ! -- — , ) — I — , É Sound . . . . . . — I — I — — — º-s, — — gººm- 1200ſ — Bremen. . . . . 339 5| — 20 — — – — — — — — Philadelphia . 200 500 420 — — — | 14175 — "| – - 475!' – f – Elsineur . . . . . 10| 5 5 — — — . —. —- —- || –, — — Sum . . . . .20710 13265 5853. 2087 - 57 620 43905 12331|| 12867 ... 53005 35450 18948 English Ships. 415| 89864. 21877|- 6532 15 — 205685. 73235 — 967900 3470 36388 American . . . 32190] 23044, 19648] 1090) — — 94232, 949) — 3.298 Total . . .] 53315||1261.73| 47378 97.09 72 620 343822, 86515, 12867; 1024203. 38920 55336 128. List of Goods imported to Petersburg, in 1803. Allum . . . . . . . . . . Amalgams . . . . . . . . . Aloes , • * * * * * * Apples, pears, and plums, fresh . Apothecary drugs . . . Arsenic . . . . . . . . . Almonds . . . . . . . . Amber and mother of pearl . . . Beaver-skins . . . . . . . pieces. Borax . . . . . . . . poods. Butter . . . . . . . . . Books printed . . . . . Birds, living . º & g tº Coals . . . . . e poods. Cocao . . . . . . . . e * Coffee . . . . . . . . • .-- Cinnamop . . . & . . . — Capers *... . . . . . . . . - Cardamums . º *- Cochineal . e tº º • — Cinnabar . . . . & tº o Chocolate . e & . . lbs. Currants . . • * poods. Calamus . . . . . . . | Cherries . . . Clothes and linen . . . . . . Corks . . . . . . . . . . . do. wood . . . . . . . . . . Canvas, smooth and coloured . Camel-hair . . . . . . . Cheese, Parmesan . . . . . . . English and Dutch . . . Crucibles . . . . . . . . Carpets . . . . . . Cotton cloths . . . . . . . . . d Linen . . . . Muslin e Silk - º Raw. . . . . . Spun, white . º coloured . . . . . . goods, with and without silk Velvets, narrow º broad . . . . . . Thickset and plush . . . Fustian . . Calico, and 1–3 do. breadth broad Cotton cloth * @ do. . . . . . . . . do. . . . © Muslim, plain Colours, blue . . . Carmine Various łed . Oket * * * * * Light yellow and sea-green White . . © Yellow . } Elixir ... • Farth and clay Enamel . . . . = *- Weight, measure, Declared &number. Value. 72092 174,475 --- 5050 42 1260 tº-e 392.45 *-*- 10000 4.46 2957 9351 100036 8 295 19361 178190 322 7255 281 3201|| - 56922 * 4414 - 296.35 144 2302 3.9369 555736 420 19080 180 3918 56 11.3% 1443 345621 382 12243 820 896 2882 3016 1494 11493 $33 1780 6680 31.98 50959 6457 11442 20466 12680 103 86.25 665 11555 13318 86985 18294 37.50 8033 16420 4019 4577 () 434 3890 490 5241 129 8420 7.184, 97181. 167.82 646.382 1422 72910 87.747 '80987 163822 90.445 . 10975 10020 466?? 28945 945 325 234449 1437.84 11475 12505 18813 11170 2098 4993 1800492 68.9282 47.664 4í415 161 5537 29 1436 688 5903 772 1410 1147 1466 334 3220 654 3180|| 218 || 1300 *- 912 &- 1415 23 385 Feathers, as Ostrich . . . - Plumes. Quills . . . . . ... piec. Figs . . . . . . . . . . poods. Files . . . . . . . . . . . Fish, Swedish and Norway salt- herrings . . . . . . Bar. Dutch and English do. º Anchovies and sardels . poods. All other fish . º Flints -- . . . . . º *s- Frankincense . . . º ... — Gilly-flowers . . . . . . . . • — Gall-apples . . . . . . • -— Glass goods, all kinds . . . s —- Gold and silver in ducats . , -— Albertsthaler in Silver --- Gold in bars . . . • - Silver do tº e º *- Gum Senegal and Arabic . sºmºsºm- Gum, all kinds . . . — Ginger. . . • * * - • Gloves, silken and woollen ... ... doz Goods unnamed . . . . poods Goods for the imperial cabinet . Horses . . . . . . . . pieces Hops . . . . . . . . poods. Hangings, all kinds of paper • Iron wire . . . . . . . • — Ivory and tortoise-shell , , – Indigo . . . . . . . º Instruments, mathematical pieces. musical . . . . . harpsichords and piano- fortes e - Lead . . . . poods. Shot and ball . — Ore and red lead . -º-º- white . Living animals tº @ leads Lemons and oranges, fresh dry do. . salt • * : * '• pipes juice & ſº tº ank, Linen, all kinds . . . . . . . arsh. Table-cloths and napkins. Letters for printing . . . . . . --— Meat, smoked and salt, and sausages, and tongues . º poods. Madders Marble, wrought and unwrought Material goods . . . . Mustard . . . . . . Nutmeg blossoms e IlutS • * * Needles, piń, and tambour Nails, iron . brass . . gilt • * ~ Notes and note-paper . . ‘Nuts, all kinds . . . . . Oil, perfumed Oil, sweet . . Weight, j measure, Declared &number. Value. ºmmº- 1800 29425 863 2885 9370 4852; 79693 111633 14294 459. , 12295 205 3132 tºº- 3075 275 2286 1877 487.4% 11:22| 55692 187 2233 — 20300 59998: 302710 323820; 527200 86–131b. 92.609 16130, 1776.00 780 13280 112 6050. 2487 12417 348 2575] . ººm-- 11718O * - 3729 147| 1497.00 232 2800 2382 10822 1342 931.5 275 48.505 659.1. 829284 8.5546 * 22893 29005 - 176 - 107257, 358185 667 2400 3978 12095 4395 264.22. 1115 *- 15091 3971 21083 38 1650 2593 11673 1246() 18367 *- 1588 *- 3155 456 611:4 27187 256374 **- 1535 tºm- 900 1718, 25328 18 6386 6% 10147 1:1576920 10680 47 1487 5% 1918 § 2870 tºmsºsºm- 6098 ºs- 4000 87 9022 33969; 369317 129 • . —r-y— } Weight, #. Weight, | - .* measure, Declared measure, Declared + $number. Value. || &number. Value. Olives . . . . . . . . . poods. 235 3406| Sugar, raw . . . . . . . poods. 28410; 236396 Orleans and safflower . . . . fºil 8, 22680 Syrup . . . . . . . . 16; 11.58: Otter-skins . . . . . . . pieces. 5518; 59110|| Spirits, French Brandy . . . ankers. 3091 81848 | Oysters, fresh and salt . . . . . tºº. 8865 Italian . . . . . . doz. 278 2650i | Precious stones . . . . . * — 10000 Arrack and rum . . . ankers. 3.182 62725 } Pictures, all kinds . . . . . . . - & 24,174 Sweet brandy and liquor . . -- 234 10410} Plates . . . . . . . . . plates. 1134570. 119183; Turpentine and oil . . . . . . ppods. 2315|, 15487 . . copper . . . . . . . . . . - 16540|| Thermometers and barometers pieces. 160 163(); , Paper, as common . . . . . reams 5350; 29321 || Tobacco, canaster . . . . . . . Ibs. 28 42 post . . . . . . . 3142| 20900 Virginia . . . . . poods. 698; 17692}. h card * * * g e 2068| 101.38;. in rolls . . . . . . . . — 1268; 17140} . imperial royal • , , , - 608 4520). rappee, all kinds . . . . — 110 2198). blotting, do. . . . . . . . — 35; 168|| Turkish . . . . . . . - 648 9241}. in quires . . . . . . . 2431|| pipes. . . . pieces. | 103612 21865. Pasteboard . . . . . . . . . pieces. 5336; 989|| Tartar . . . . . . . . . . . poods. 3390 14525. Pearls . . . . . . . . . . . poods. — 24900|Tiles and chimney pots . . . . . pieces. | 163900 5635 Pearl barley . . . . . . . . - 6190 - 22463| Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . poods. 16422 189420 Pepper . • . . . . . . . . . -- 8886. 111127|| Verdigrease . . . . . . . * 268 6509 Plumbs . . . . . . . . . — 50965) . 171947|| Vanille . . . . . . . . . . --- 7. 3085). Pimento gº tº ſº e e s e - 228 5062] Vitriol . . . . . . . . . . . — 379 2804 Porcelain, all kinds . e * — I - 23300|| .. oil . . . . . . . e *= 3227 34782 | Quicksilver * * * ºr • - 980 27174|| Violet roots. . . . . . . . . . . .--— 574 2480 | Rice . . . . . . . . . . — 15030) 57.268|| Watches, table, and clocks . . pieces. 134. 11470 Resin is tº e º º a tº e e - 7324, 25190 wooden, do. . . . . . . 2165 - 3800 Ribbons, silk or velvet . . . arsh 393 3. Water, mineral . . . . . . . . poods. 64.32 ; Tora- |- . • ... , H $ 1835 513 sweet-scented . . . . . bottles. 32 1033? Razors and Knives . . . . . doz. | 269 383|| Wines, Hurgary,. &c. . . . . . . .--— 272' Saccharum Saturni . . . . . . poods. 2803 46197, Champagne • e s e ------ 96707, 137850}. Saffron . . . . . . . . . . 11| 5865. Burgundy . . . . . . . — 8767; 10551: Sago . • e s s , , , --> 159 919 French . . . . . . . . . .hhd. 10473 650248} Sail-cloth . º -— ” 2200 20| - Portuguese • . .” - - ..— 27.05; 27.1355; Salamoniac . . . . . . . . — 1775|| 394.45|| Spanish. . . . . . . . . — 5111; 294985 Shoemakers awls . . . . pieces. 15000 815 Rhenish and Moselle . . — 688; 89236 Sulphur . . . . . . poods. 27.26 4070 Grecian . . . . . . . . . — 206| 11380 }. Silk . . . . . . . . . . — 1317| 323841|| Capillaire . . . . . . . . bottles. 427| 640|| # Silk goods, as velvet . . . . . arsh. 5006| 13000|| Wine and cider vinegar . . . . . .hhd. 1:690; 35.365}. atlas . . . . . 1545 3340|| Wound spirit, and balsam. . bottles. 239; 610; . - taffety . . . . . -- 38560 30723|| Wool, coloured and uncoloured . . . 652| 20223: crape . . . . . . . . — 4.325 3010|| Woollen goods, as Eltamine . . . arsh. 22915 7800; different kinds of do — 1100 3500|| Baraquian . . . - 2366 1000Hs do. mixt with camei ſ T)rugget, &c. • *-y-ºs- 29376 10700; . hair and cotton . 980, 1600|| Calamanco & 2-2 do— 194166 55820 Soap, Venetian and Greek . . poods. 720 8130} Gamelot and 1-2 do— 54102| 26139 Scythes . . . . . . . pieces. | 129918, 51602 Flannel, &c. . . — 3.1266; 14810 Sealing-wax . . . . . . . pounds. 345 585 Gamel hair do. . . --— 21879| 20970 Soda . . . . . . . . bottles. 715 936||< Everlastings. . . — 1576. 1755; . # Spelter . . . . . . . . . poods. 18495 87.725 Shalloon. . . . . .- . 152611 75600!" 4 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . 2932| 13179 Bombazéens. . . — 4100| 2490| # Statutes of alabaster, parget, and, - Kerseymeres. . . — 156275; 3157.26 & marble -. . . . . . . . . — — 13080 Sergestripe &camel ' ' ' ' || Stones, as pebbles and whetstones, &c. *====sº 4093 hair, with yarn & | Stockings, silk . . . . . . . doz. 325; 12974 cotton, threads . — 76.86 11.215 - woollen, &c. . . . . 54.65 || 42694 all sorts. . . — | 662102] 496938). Linen thread and other . 2001 || 20987 Cloth, broad . . . . — 655498) 2552666|| Sugar, refined . . . . . . poods. 239294; 2931160 Small . . — | 1054410) 1549.407 melasses . . . tº - 126675). 1148870 - bordered . 120°250 2500 Jump . . . . . . . . -— 49.358 377434|| Walking sticks . . . . . . ... doz. 1382] 14973. &- candied . . . . . . . . — 1589]. 21710 — - 21838962. 130 Account of Goods Imported and Erported by the undermentioned Merchanis, - at St. Petersburg, in 1804. Imported. Imported. Exported." Exported.T - - - Rubles. Rubles. - Rubles. | Rubles. Agars, Edmund . . . 79883| 1 15474||Dahler, Christian . . . . . . . 13919.1 46133 Alexandre, Franz . . . . . 5570 Dahler, Gebrüder & Comp. . . . . . .30972 – Alexejew, Semen . . . . . 00000 |Danckwertz, G. Lud. . • 2150 Amburger, Fr. Wilh. & Comp. . . . .114072 373679|Dannenberg, Carf . 46260 6200 Amburger & Sohn . . . . . . . . 26985| 193423|Daser, Johann . . . . . . . . 19753 Anderson & Moberly . . . 495961| 58.1510||Defarge & Sons & Comp. . . . . . . 17240 — Anfilatow, Xenofont 30245. 198801|Dermutier, Pierre . • • • 2840 — Annota, Joseph Fidele 1769; — Deutschmann, Peter Christ. . . . 3985 120 Arnot & Thornton . . . 63264. 228903|| Dinnies & Prehn * * 47505), 128083 Arhusen, Adolph . 51707|Doboli, Iwan . .38333 12040 Arhusen & Sons . . . 108 13ſ. 142277|Duchanin, Andre . . . 16 829 1695, Babuschkin, Nicolai . . . . 21400 1651|Eisermann, J. M. Widw. . 8865 730 Bach, Schonberg & Comp. 49324 || 312091|Engbertz, Jan. . . . . 3735 577 Bacheracht & Sons . . . . . 24085 22750|Essen, von, Christian, . 199360 38.5788 Bagge & van Eyssel . . . 230589. 142676|Faveryear, Henry . 21.125 — Baird, Charles 3900 115||Fields & Comp. . 5400 5250 Bang & Comp. . . . . 112881. 145426||Fiers, Salomon . 46256 200 Bardewieck & Comp. . . . . . .33885 290.13|Filipbow, Iwan . ſe 55.856 22,532 Barnes, John Samuel . . . . . . . 275917. 407.209||Flury & Comp. . . . . . 5770 192 Parwick, William . . . . . . . 761093. 571429|Forrester, Robert & Comp. . 12679 16236 Becker, Caspar . 7070 Forsyth & Comp. . . 27993 248391 Becker, Gustav . º ..— . 17474|Gans, Andreas . . . . . . . 140 10 6495 Baer, Gustav . . . . . . . 90000 — |Garner Franz . — 1032 Belenkin, Osip . . . . . 66674 — ||Geddez, Gavin . * 10885 — Bergien & Comp. . . 54311 1 120 ||Gillmor, Peter . . . 7065 49025 Bilibin, Jacow A 48020 Glen William & Comp. * , 263365, 839643 . Birch, George . • 48932 997.48|Gluchow Martin & Sohn .. 79205] 2 14926 Blandow & Comp. . • * 51704; 28.3889|Gluschkow, Alexei . *=s* 57008 Blandow, J. J. . . . . . - 64746||Gordon & Clarck 65145 38329 Blessig, P. J. . . . . . 1507.07 238070||Gotom, Jekim ge 21777 Rocks H. C. Widw. & Son 254, 184. 46544||Gratschew, Brothers 3077O6 Böhtlingk & Comp. . . 593090; 426330||Grootten, J. P. & F. 33980 - 32874 Boissonet, F. & Jean Bapt. 81.452 3905|Gubin, Michaila 99.134 * Bond & Littledale . 3.1038. 212940|Günther, Joh. Vinc. , 1335.5 276 Borodin, Wassili 4200 — ||Haeseler & Comp. , . 221344. . 121865 Brown, J. A. . 3000 42024|Halliday, George . . . . 19560 40 Brown, Thomas . 20110| 97.183|Halliday, John & Comp. . . . 7325 105494 Bruun, J. J. tº 7.959 10962|Hasselmann, G. W. tº 63646 43690 Bask, Brothers . . . . . 387634, 542561|Hawksford, Samuel Q4.04] . Cantzler, J. II. . . . . . 3837.22; 104048|Hekker, Dirk . . . . . 86704 102840 Carr & Comp. . . . . 5260 420420 Hesketh, R. & G. Parker . . . . . 5675|| 1766 Carstens, Johannes . tºp 213700 61974|Heydemann, Carl Georg . . . . . . . 35228 – Cattley, Prescott & Comp, 42026, 15376.46|Higginbothom, John . . . . 246150 549231. Chambers, Anthony . 24940 — ||Hippius, John. & Comp, S1004 — Chanschin, Osip. 26400 10080|Höppener, Thomas Friedrich 29.296 Clausen, Luk. . . . . . . 48696 — ||Hoy, Michael • • 308079 92727 Cleminius, G. H. . . . . . 367 O 1110] Hubbard, John. & Comp. 398.437; 32.9971 Cochran, John & Comp. tº 43.16| 20695|Hynam, William 50SC — Colombi, Franz 2994.73 555051|Jackson, John . & 10410 Cörner, Heinrich te 1971.5 2576||Jadimirowsky, Alexei . 219227 21:30 Cramer's, Smith & Comp. 39381| 580358||Jagodnikow Sons *=º 1 100(? Cramp, W. A. 116483| 938.293"Jānzen, Lucas . . . . . 3490) — *131 Imported. Exported.T * re- *** Imported. Exported - ... Rubles. Rubles. * * , - Rubles. Rubles. Jencquel, Daniel . . . . . 66883| 351.77||Ross, Francis . . . . . . 1 O 185] 15288. Jones, William & Comp. . . . . . 92.1571 3936.88|Roversi & Gonçalves . . . 68477 76542: Ireschnikow, Wassili tº e 4, 1900 Rowlett, J. & S. 4,000 Isenbeck, F. W. 91.35| 221 134||Ruda, Carl 9590 159. Kipuro, George . 27812 Saizow, Fedor © tº 314287| — Kirjakow, Grigori 88049 — ||Samarajew, Boris . . . . 98.32 I 7.432 Kitscats, Carl . e 9260. 1714CŞasonow P. & Son, Wassili 20820) 5251 I Knauff, And. . . . . . 9340 15897|Schnackenburg, J. V. L. . 7768. 3592 Kock, J. F. & L. G. Harthin 20081. I 15388|Schumacher & Comp. 217938 228724. Korobow, Jija ſº tº g 95000 — |Schweshnikow, Jakow 3890 — Krehmer, J. A. . . . g 939.18 910010|Severin, J. A. Sons :- 4676O1 ISSIO2: Kümmel, F. W. . . . . . . . 1531.75 209595|Shairps & Comp. . . . . . 3301 10| 3997:29. Kuritschanow, Garassim . . . . . . 1818 — Sharples, Steñhouse, & Comp. 115254 120SQ Kuszow, Iwan . . . . . . 73294 — ||Sharples, Thomas . . . . 1244.1 i Labensky, J. G. . . . . . . . .25637 - 3802|Sicard, P. J. e 731 1 — Lacoste, Jean . & º e 7790 4257|Sievers, Bernhard . 741 38 I 19 Lampe, G. A. . . . . . 203593] 17248|Simonsen, Asmus . . . . 4382 iſ 118981 Leischke, Andreas . . . . 4092] 45982|Sitnikow & Fazy . 292.79 — Lembke, Christ. . . . 15756 12008||Sitnikow, Semen . . . 257083 — Lengaro, Jestafei . . . . *ma-ºº: 1 1505|Slinin, Jefim . . . . . 17608 || — Levanus, Peter . . . . . . 3650. 25772|Souwerow, Alexei . —— 40667° Limonows Widw. & Son . . . 1658 - Steffens; J. C. M. . . 3775 3.24. Livio Brothers & Comp. . . . . 379 199| 811648 Stieglitz & Comp. . . 16 1861 41085, Lopes, Dionizio Pedro . ſº 167445. 110250|Stillert, M. . 7206.5; 4,4002. Lorentzen, Andreas . . . . . — 17548||Stuht, Joh. Heinr. . 17492; 3798. Mahs Brothers tº e º º ºs 14830 [12479|Tamm, Andréas e is 58170} 2591, Marsh, Joh. Ernst tº e º 'º- 67344, 17325|Tangate, Robert . . . . 101.05 — . Meese & Comp. . . . . . 983. 386.87|Teilen, Charles . . 4445) — Meybohm & Comp. . . . . . 78 198 27378||Thal, Christ. David, © 186232. 1516O. Meyer, J. L. . . . . . . 36602 37444||Thomson, Bonar & Comp... . '933434 3612893. Michailow, Iwan . . . . . . 6000 ||Thornton, Cayley, & Comp. . . . 423848 93.2023. Minden, van & Comp. . | 25063. 218079||Thorntons, Bayley, & Comp. , || 329019 1668605. Mirépoix, Jean . . . . . 1250) — |Tonge, Ashton . . . . . . 3804.1]. . . 4496, Miton, R. & le Nostre . . . . . 994.99. 21868|Tscherokow, Grigori, & Brothers 100750 —- Mitropolow, Alexandre . . . 9000 — ||Ustiow, Jegor . . . . . 8633 – Mittag, G. . . . . . . . 43291 3359||Venning, William & John .. 33693. 135940s Mollwo & Sohn . . . . 4.00200 24439||Vernon & Comp. . . . 28043 218182 Mortzfeldt & Comp. . 12200 57235|Viazzoli & Comp. . . . ... 122582| 168434 Musehl, Friedr. Albrecht - 42580 1 i41|Vliet, van der, Pieter . . . . 72487 73626, Nagel & de Villeneuve . . . 66037 51301|Wagnon, H. S. & Comp. . . . . . 136138|| 48777 Paris, Warre, Harvey & Comp. 976466 2246.108|Weber, Leonhard, & Comp. . . I 34,759| 21753.; Paskow, Iwan . . . . . . 39.800 ||Wehrtmann, J. M. F. . . . 601555 229572: Peetz, Peter . . . . . . 4350 Wondt, Lewis * , 1387.91 47246. Pflug, Gabriel . * 35565||Wenewzow, Wassili. 45990 – Pickersgill, Thomas 40605 — ||Werth, Joseph . 45361|' — Pindar, Edw. & George ºsmºsºmº 1077||Whitaker, James . . . . 7146 2732. Pischalnikow & Sohn . 191420 — ||Wilke, Arhusen, & Comp. 89827 92.198 Popow, Fedor . . . . Q- 1850||Wilkins Kaleb gº tº 6108; Porter, Brown & Comp. 352.40. 520851||Wittneben, Johann . - 2705 51549 Prandstetter, Franz & Georg 114130 460.16||Wright, Thomas . 59.150. 26.534. Preysler, Gebrüder 222.59 1488||Wolf & Schlüsser 128963| 252496. Raikes, Timothy 40825 15304 || Wolodimerow, Iwan 87.893 — Rall, A. F. . . . . . . . 176432 — ||Zemsen, Philipp . . . . . . . 44000 — Raimbert, Brothers, Nephen & C. 41956] 23850||Zerewitinow, iwan & Fedo *=ºº-ººrºº 47975, Ranking & Jackson , , || 277525 132027| Sundry of the Nobility, Ray, Joseph . . . 22032 Merchants, Travellers, and || Redaelli, A. & Comp. 39290 6446|| Strangers . 1475.90 3i 36. Reyes & Jordan 354844, 32945 Ries, Franz . s e e º ºs 2920 º Total, . . . . . . 2106500799221934. 3ogowiecow, Nikolai . . . . 1028 1028 1---~~~~< .. S 2. \ 132 Table of the Value of Goods imported and exported by Merchants and other Persons, at Petersburg, in 1804. Value of Goods - * -*-- —N. . Names of Nations. Imported. Exported. Rubles. Rubles. I Russians . . . . . . . . . . . 12930662|10443646 English . . . . . . . . . . . . 7335995, 18616617 Austrian . . . . . . . . . * - © 5569 513 Danish . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 43968 1 Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . 15756, 19048 French . . . . . . ... • * * * * | 122332; 4602} Swedish . . . . . . . . . . . g 235923, 186793; Merchants of other nations . 70287| 58O3. | Captains and masters of ships 138663. 25 1671. Total 2085616929565661. Therefore the exportation ex- N. B. The twº lists dº not - e • *-* +: agree exactly in the a- ceeds the importation by . though pretty 8709492 rubles. nearly. This is the na- tural consequence of the one being ranged ac- cording tº places, and the other according to — , the mercantike houses; and that very small * - transactions are over- } . . . f looked in each. In 1803 the value was . . . . .21838962|3|1893082 This year is therefore less by 982793 2327421 And the value of goods confis- N. cated was 66635 rubles. Amount of all the Duties and Tawes received by the Custom-house, in 1804. Customs in money of the country .. 5991287 - - Other Duties, viz. Duties of the city. . . . . . . . . . . 74497 Rubles. - different denominations . . 906776 - * * Total 697252O In 1803 the amount was . . . . . . . . 7079396 The year 1804, therefore, is less by . I06876 Gold and Silver imported in 1804. IWałue in mo- Number Weight. ney of the of pieces. country. Poods Liv. l Sol. v Rubles. | Gold in ducats . . . . . 93.77|| 1 || 38 94 3.1250 Silver in bars . . . . . . 31|| 79 31 52 00000 in different kinds 25794. 41 21 90 31060 152310 In 1809 the importation was — | – || – — 1007510 In 1804 it is less by . . . — — | — — | 855900 #53 ; Number of Vessels arrived at and sailed from Petersburg and Cronstadt, in the following years. *s 1703 . . . . . . . . . . 1 || 1764 . . . . . . . . . . 360 1714. . . . . . . . . . . . 16 || 1774 . . . . . . . . . . . 727 1720 . . . . . . . . . . 75 || 1780 . . . . . . . . . . 554 1724 . . . . . . . . . . 180 || 1787 . . . . . . . . . . 783 1736 . . . . . . . . . . 100 & $ 1744. . . . . . . . . . . 264 | Subsequent years are al- 1750 . . . . . . . . . . 272 ready stated. 1758 . . . . . . . . . . 402 || In 1804. sur- 3 g Wintered| º Arrived. Burthen in - from 1804 E ºf lasts. to 1805. ~} * : -T-I " | E so . * rC Pi—Hº- C C tº Q) rºs .2, 5 || Tº .P. Q) Öſ) Names of 5 #| 3 || 3 |## ## 3 : # 3 || 3 | rº Tº 3 || 3 | "… . . ; ; ; cº § Ž 3 ge # 8 || 3 | H |33 || 3 |##|| 7 || 3 || 3 || 5 | # Nations. g E # * * | *s 3. 3 || 5 || 5 5 | E | 5 |## # = ... | 3 | . . º. = |* | * * g. 3 : O O *@ - Rubles . Duty on outshot hemp, 140 co. —s-ºn- - Of 50 Tons of 12-Head FLAX, in 800 Bobbins. **sº Rubles . j|3150 Poods, at to. per berquet . . . CHARGES. Duty 3 ro, per berquet . . . Town dues, 3 per cent on ditto . e * {- Ad valorem, 1% per cent . . * & se e Inland duty, 15 co, per berquet. e & e Custom-house charges, 4 per cent . e * Receiving, weighing, and shipping, 25 co, per bob. Bracking, 30 co. per berquet . . . . . . . . Binding, 12 ditto . e & º & Mats and matting, 15 co, per bobbin e Lighterage, 3 ro, per 60 poods . º ? & Two-thirds-port charges, 60 co, per ton & º Brokerage on purchase, # per cent . & & - - - Freight, 15 co. per ton . * e - Rubles . Commission and brokerage on Dafts, 4 per } CCInt • , e e ', e. o & • Postage . º * * @ • . & Half-clean 100 co. i Of 100 Tons of Common BAR. IRON. 6300 Poods, 3, co, per pood te º n CHARGES, - HDuty, 40 co, per berquet . e e e Town dues, 3 per cent on ditto º * ſº New duty, 1+ per cent te º • Inland duty, 10 co, per berquet º -- Rubles . - Custom-house charges, 4 per cent on ditto Receiving, weighing, and shipping, 20 ro, per m, pd. Lighterage to Cronstadt, 25 ditto º • - - Two-thirds port charges, 85 co, ditto . . . Brokerage on purchase, # per cent . * º cent tº ſº * * . § Postage . s º º • • e o Rubles . (Assorted Iron no duty.) (Lighterage gnd Port Charges are more or less, according to circum- stances.) Of 50 Bales DRILLINGS, containing 1500 Pieces. CHARGES, Duty (1 co. per arsheen,) . . . . . . Town dues, 3 per cent & * - ſº * º Duty ad valorem, 1+ per cent . . . * • Entry and custom-house charges, 4 per cent f{eceiving, packing, and shipping, 15 co. per piece Lighterage, 50 co. per bale . . . 1000 Arsheens crash for wrapping, Brokerage on purchase, # per cent e Two-thirds port charges . e e • * * Brokerage on Freight, 15 co, per ton . . . . 8 co. per arsh. j Rubles . Commission and brokerage on Drafts, 4 *} - cent . . . & * * º Postage . . * * o º e . . Rubles . * * N. B. The piece is reckoned 28 arsheens, though it generally measures 30 and 34. |Inland duty . . . . . . . Q º * “ , , *. * # =tº 6300 Poods at per berquet . * e *š. CHARGES. Duty, 6 ro, per berquet ... . . . . Town dues, 3 per cent. on ditto . º º Inland duty, 1 rublé per berquet . . 3 Ad valorem, 1% per cent . º * * º - • • e - * * Rubles . Custom-house charges, 4 per centon ditto . . . Receiving, weighing, shipping, and bracking, , , 154 co, per cask: . . . . . . . . 6 Lighterage to Cronstadt, 1 ro...per cask. . . º Two-thirds port charges, 60 co, per ton . . º Brokerage, # per cent . . . . . . . e — on Freight, 15 co, perton'. . e Rubles . . . Commission and brokerage on Drafts, 4 *} cent e • . . . e s • • Postage . . º * • . . . . ." tº Rubles . . * of 30 Bales RAVENDUCKS, 600 pieces, 31% inches wide. *- eHARGES. - Duty, a 40 co per piece . . . . . Town dues, 3 per cent . . . . . . . . ;- g Duties ad valorem, 1+ e © a . e. © Bubles . Custom-house charges, 4 per cent . • . . Receiving, packing, and shipping, 18 co, per piece Lighterage, # Ro. per bale . • • er - 600 Arsheens crash for wrappers, 8 co, per arsheen Two-thirds port charges, 75 co, per ton . . . . Brokerage on purchase, # per cent . :*" on freight, 15 per ton gº: * A, Rubles . Commission and brokerage on Drafts, 4 per & Cent e • º © & º • 3 Postage . . . © º wº º e • Rubles . * Of 100 Tons Yellow, White Candle, and Soap TALLOW. . . . ·-+*~.+ ~ GR6. •-§ryw yº，�{xã- , !·spoſiad reſmoņred ſe suroqsmo jo nunoute aqq pue ‘poſſoduſ Joaņs puu pioſ atņ š õi li quțA Șuſtruſãoq ºs1 (od' ***Șuț¢g Oſ, ！* &* .-·ºb ſºm ſoQ} （)??...)!}. Q.A\ 9{{T} ： UII. pue sirođu, aq, jo tanpa uſ “ſunoue aq qiſa ºſseſ aq qe punoſ 9q IIIA ĐIqen eºssedutoo Aotīvu u onuſžinąsiaſaa jo open ºſou|- į3 Ju!* * * * - - --<！-- - - - -î -- -••~•| &~·� · ·… ! ' º ,- .*►?·¿|8º ſº-·ºſz]，-| -}}--¿-+ 3.?------ ſ ，-as- tog . Ig|Ig （Iglſ 18 §§| 9ę „Șºſºg#ffffff;¿#### ſºț¢ £##¿¿ºgg|6081 # º něl nc ， !+/g|+/g 9g|#99 #f7%șVº ſvº os ſó 8 g |8| || 8 || 68vºº|#， ， , （ſ. †9 #çg|#99 - 99||-98 · 48,98į4 ºf , , ,，, ] © ®\o|?ſzºſz|?šo iz ' ’ºº-již#65|#63 #0g| OgIg|#09 #Ig|õ08 I • Ž ···l8 · · · ·•| 9 || Cºſ_9_(Y Cº . . 9.WZ， „'' （{\{2|-}}{{9}{8õ #6õ|#3366|#Sõ #6õ|#65 #0g2'L Cºțøg|#Ig|ķēgļģQg , ºſ IgĘ08#Ig|#6ő cſ09}{6õ 09|íõ d ->|''f7'， lº ſtvº, ºſº3.^º§nçº|ſ@z; † №złț¢ £z: ， Q ！[ ¡ ¿ $¢ £ſ iſë ſë ſë ſë ſë¡ ¿ $¢ £ſ iſ ſſſſſſſ $s6 , -6õ| | | #06£ €Ģ ffſ）:|ffff;#####ſiſ¡¡###### ##ăſºșă ſălțğ ºğlšěži 6ē sºļog ſoglºſs #98193 ſõltºg 19&#$3 $9őſſº fºgjëſ ëſºiſſº ſºgſå23}{25 ſoºſgã ſõ|862|| -• • • •łą Grz， ， Ō ō 2，1 & Cº iz § ķ85 #23|{25 #9õ|4，5 #9õ|ė93 #88ff88 #8、 。 、、 、、 、、#9õ|{96 #26|$2õ sõ|662 I T （ſgő （93|| 93, †gºſſºg 93,93 ſººſ 95 ºgļſ£5 #ffffffă șēķē ſººſgã ſõſõ ſººſť9ă ț¢|:4ă șºſº #9ő （ , 9õ| 9ő #çõ#95º ºſº y ſºl ſſ. gººſ.ſº º ſºļł7#6%|#65 #6õ|#6ſzę zł8 Qºz Ř6%|#66õ| 65 #6õļķ65 #6õlõ6/, I * ) » ， j & | 8 / rz，$ $ $ $ $ $ #$ $|##6%|#65 #6õ|#6õ #6õ|#66#65#66 o} I U CJ || 8I 8ő · $2āļķ2ă , șZŐļģZő š45|ğZõſººſºg$$$$$$įžº įș63|#6õ ýsõ|#33 #83|#ső ſzőlſ 25 · 6õ| 63 #63|164 I 37~ !• *|（Z_{\ f（x|l!！.§ 62;}|#62; . 467;]+6$ , 4-6Z5|?±85|#8ő {83}{83 #ZŐ}{ſ^3õ| 6õ #66 #63 #63|| og #63|#6õ（ 68|65 #6õ|#65 #6ēķ65 #66ff66 - †63|#6õ #8āſſ·>|ſz I o ſº oſ ſãº|- Ț ģºº!, ºº ſºſº|}}， （（|）)， ±（Cºlț)， #，C#* · · · · * * *,ſz/Qºſſz#IÇ [g|#|I9 #39|$39 99||06/, I î6ă î09|fog £63|$ğ „ſlºg ſºglºg ſºgļſ£ „ſºl, ſº „ſºl, ſº š§§§§ §įg , ſøg|Égg · 591684. I Ț ſvº|;yº-ſzºr olž. ~ |8#Og|Ř09 ） ğOg|É09 · Ř6ø|$65 09|#63Ig}{65 #Ig|Ig főg|főg ög|6 | 99 ſõg|#õg ș [g|ĶĪ8 , . # [9]? I9țIGĘ Ig#09|ő06£ºº];I vº| 1õĂ AlžÃă aŹ.§@g|}}$ y gļģſăZI ## #|#| |#|#įžo įšſišovišķi šoniššifforțăţžšošlºš №šķīšoſ išķščo. №šķºšoſ įžšķīšoſiſjºš •~a！msson| tiêqonoo*±s|, ,'ısmînv |·&lar|| oumri |*KeſÁI| | |（dv |（een aenigº，|ſºienter {' ' ' ’ （ondutoaq) on Áiſe ſouoſ ſuſÁIdde se ºffueųoxȚ Jo peoq aqn lopun ‘’woloj IIĻAsuomaeosqoºſoațqns syų, uo 'ouſ, quosoid oq, on 1811 aouſs ſuopuoT Uodnºrgo，ſººſquoui qobo äitiisoſoſpue nsaqºyq oq, SAQQs aſqeļ ȘuțAoIIoſ otII, '$.inqs.1940ā qe õuņenqonŲ SKŁAȚesi osueqoxo o II, 186 Amount of the Exports and Imports at Petersburg. Years. Exports. Imports. Gold and silver. Customs. | 1742 2479656 205033, — | – | 1749 3184322 294.2242 || --—. — # 1753 + .345 1383 3220623. — — | 1755 4550060 | 3321875 — — | 1764 5885243 5459522 — * | 1775 8299584 || 6892833 — * | 1777 | 12960000 8640000 | — ..- 1780 1094} 128 || 8656379 || — — 1781 | 12954440 95.82352 || || – * * 1782 11467347 12204482 | — **-r-re 1783 100.98797 11674 120 — — | 1784 || 12941513 12172345 s-. -wº-ºº-ºº. | 1785 13497645 19033785 *r-s - *m-as | 1786 13859998 || 11776577 25675 || 3337420 | | 1787 | 16086799 || 15564553 4.14742 39 10006. | 1788. 2035.1937 15474396 || 350555 | 4035743 | | 1789 || 21735663 | 15371 105 245898 || 3897866 | | 1790 21641779 22964618 — 4664355 1791 | 20040697 || 25 140631 100968 || 45 14745 1792 22224331 221 14025 818750 4109074 | | 1793 23757954 14.580569 — , ; 27.95941*| # 1794 || 25565767 21741 tº 6 243210 2972101 || 1795 || 31767952 23019 175 204300 || 3229065 1796 || 371 10333 2635,5890 290796 || 3504643 || 1797 324509 11 | 19366059 874492 || 3149077 | 1798 || 36552476 26.175007 | 894,156 || 42.19325 1799 || 38169924 19290.778 — | 1800 3225.5354 || 17308180 2762755 •--- 1801 || 311 10996 || 240822.50 | 2991868 —r 1802 || 3039 1774 || 245,50379 1487944 — | 1803 || 31893O82 21838962 1007510 || 7079396 | 1804 29565661 | 20856169 *sº 6972520 | * The falling off of the customs, in 1793, was owing to the great prohibition in articles of import in that year; the trade by land with China being begun. Particularly in the article of tea, the diminu- tion of customs was great: to the trade opening in the Black Sea, and to the importation of goods, paying duty ad valorem, being removed chiefly to Revel and Pernau, on account of their being entered at those places at an inferior value. - * - The real value of the imports may be estimated at 10 per cent, more, and the exports at 10 per cent; less than as rated, about that time. s - - - * For contraband trade and jewels may be reckoned three or four millions more, • * - The following weights and measures are general throughout the empire, ex- cepting in those recently acquired posses- sions which had their own previously, and | still continue them in use; but in such cases they are reduced into those of Russia, in their official accounts and transactions. It is the same with money in Russia; accounts are kept in rubles and copecks ; one hundred of the latter make one of the former. At Petersburg, all their current transactions are in bank assigna- tions, which, and specie, will be treated of under thenead of Exclfange. At Petersburg they draw on London at three months date, at so many pence per ruble. t * - Hamburg, at sixty-five days date, so many shillings banco per ruble. Amsterdam, sixty-five days date, at so many stivers per ruble. Vienna, at so many kreutzers per ruble. / THE RUSSIAN COINS IN GOLD ARE Imperials, of 10 rubles. Half imperials, of 5 rubles. - MN S II, VER. Rubles of 100 copecks; half rubles, of 50 copecks; quarter rubles, of 25 eopeeks. 15 copeck pieces. 10 copeck pieces. . 5 copeck pieces, or piat copecks. IN COPPER. Five copeck, 2 copeck, and I copeck pieces; Denuschka, or half copeck pieces; polushka, or quarter copeck pieces. Foreign coins that are taken at St. Peters- burg, and some other Russian towns, are Dutch and other ducats, but they vary in value - Dutch, rix, or Albert, dollars, are gene- fally valued and taken according to their weight. - * Fourteen rix or Albert dollars should weigh a Russian pound. - i Cº. t + 37 WEIGHTS. 1 loth has 3 solotniks. I solotnik is divided in #, #, and #, parts. 96 solitniks make Ilb. - 40 lb. make 1 pood, something less than 35 ; English. 10 poods make a berquet. 6 berquets 1 last. 63 poods make 1 ton English. 46 lbs. in Petersburg make 45 lbs. in Riga. A berquet, or IO poods, are equal to 3505 lbs. at Leipzig. 33 I Amsterdam. 356% London. 334} — France. 8373 — Hamburg. CORN MEASU R.E. O 1 chetwert, or cool, contains 2 osmins, 4 pajacks, 8 chetweriks, or 64 garnitzy. 16 chetwerts are reckoned a last. 9 poods of flour make a cool. 5 poods ditto, a sack. - ... I osmin contains 2 pajacks, 4 chetwe riks, are 32 garnitzy. 1 pajack or portion, has 2 chetweriks, or 16 garnitzy. I chetwerik has 8 garnitzy, and is reckoned 5; bushels Winchester. - LIQUID MEASURE. 1 cask contains 40 vedros, 320 krushkas, or 3520 tscharkas. I vedro, or pail, contains 5 krushkas, or 88 tscharkas, or 133 pinit. - 1 krushka contains 11 tscharkas, or cups. A hogshead of Bourdeaux wine is 19 ve- dros at Petersburg. * 3 Russian krushkas is a gallon of beer in London. . . The Russian ell or arsheen, contains 16 vershoks. 9 arsheens are 7 yards English, or the ar- sheen 28 inches. - - A verst, or Russian mile, has 500 sashens, 1500 arsheens, or 24,000 vershoks, which is equal to 3500 geometrical feet English. Asashen, containing 3 arsheens, or 48 ver- shoks, is equal to 7 English feet. 138 CHAP. VI. - º Of Riga.-Produce in which it principally trades : Hemp and Flaw, Wood and Grain.-Ships arrived, from 1703 to 1805.-Specie imported.— Aggregate Erports.-Eagorts to Britain and Ireland; to France.— Imports and Exports, specifying to what Nations the latter.--Total Eaports in 1804.—Imports in the same. Year. THIS, like many other cities in the Baltic, had its rise in the 12th century, about the middle of which its foundation was laid. In the year 1198 we find it noticed as a place of some importance; and par- ticular mention is made of it in 1200, when the Bremeners are stated to have ingratiated themselves so well in Livonia, that, in order to secure their power, they threw up fortifications, according to the fashion of those times, around Riga, which they denominated the New City: in consequence, it increased so much in power and wealth, as to keep not only the Pagans in awe, but to exert its influence in civi- lizing them. To such an important consideration had this city arrived in 1498, that we find their Arch-Prefect, Proconsuls, and Consuls, with the greatest solemnity, making a treaty with King Henry the Seventh of England. - The subsequent vicissitudes we shall pass over, till the period that Peter the Great added it to the territories of the Russian empire. In 1704 no less than 359 ships were loaded and dispatched from Riga. In the year 1710, from the circumstances of that period, only 15 ships arrived at Riga. Since then it has progressively increased and risen to its present importance, and now ranks the second city of commerce in the Russian empire. From the navigable communication it will shortly enjoy with the Black Sea, and the adjacent fertile provinces that lie betwixt, it is impossible to foretell what advantages may be thrown into the lap of this city. - - - r The source of the Düna has already been described, and its navi- gable communication, which is not very commodious. Vessels even of a small size can go no higher than four or five miles above the town ; 139 it then becomes only navigable when the water is high in spring, by the melting of the snow, and in autumn by the fall of the rains, when the barks and floats of masts descend and bring down grain, hemp, and produce, impelled by the current. Barks, or small boats, em- brace the same opportunity in returning back to Witepsky, loaded with salt and other articles; from whence, at the same period, by means of two small rivers, called the Bella and Poretsch, falling into the Düna, are brought down hemp, grain, and other goods; flax like- wise partly comes down by the same conveyance, but a good deal by sledge-way in winter, although not so much as formerly in that Iſla [] in C}". - - There are here hemp-warehouses, which are situated on the oppo- site side of the river from that on which the city stands; but, on ac- count of the rising of the river, and rapid current in spring, by the melting of the snows and frequent obstruction occasioned by the ice, the weight of water has been known to break down the banks and overflow the lower part of these warehouses, although they are now very well protected; the Dutch have generally taken the precaution of insuring the property they might have laying in these warehouses on this account, in winter and spring. - - The articles of traffic are much fewer at Riga than at Petersburg, and principally consist of corn, hemp, flax, linseed, and wood, the qualities of which have been always held in higher estimation than from any other quarter of the Baltic. This may arise from the greater attention originally paid to the Brack at Riga than at any other port in Russia; as well as because the provinces from whence these articles come are more fertile, and, consequently, produce a better quality: it is not, however, exactly the case with all sorts of grain. The hemp and flax, when brought down, pass the Brack; the former is assorted into the following descriptions: Rein, or Clean - Pass Drujana Drujana Codille Outshot - - and Codille, which comes chiefly from Drăjana Polish Pass - Lithuania, Courland, and Russia. - 140 The flax is of a finer harle, cleaner and better quality than from any other port in the Baltic, and consists of the following denominations: in the first place, RAKItzER is a general name here for the finer sorts of flax, and probably derived this title from Rakischeka, a district in Lithuania, from whence all the fine flax used to COIT162, DRUJANA RAKITZER comes from the district of Drujana. TIESENHAUREN RAKITZER takes its name from a family which formerly brought down the best flax, and is now picked from that which comes from the Duchy of Lithuania. - MARJENBURG CLEAN, or Crown, comes from a remote part of Livonia, and from the estates Marjenburg and Marjenhausen. * - MARJENBURG CUTT is the outcast of the above in Bracking. BAbstub PATERNoster is the outcast of Lithuania and Rakitzer. DRUJANACUTT is the refuse of Drujana Rakitzer. RISTEN THREE BANDs is the refuse of Drujana Cutt. HoFFs THREE BAND is the best of Livonian Threebands, both of which grow in Eivonia. The Crown or best kinds remain in their original binding, of about 25lb each bundle; but that cast-out is bound over again in bundles of about 10lb. each ; and, when packed for shipping, is made up in bales of about a quarter of a ton each. * The linseed from hence, which is a particular and superior sort, is very much esteemed for sowing; of this the Dutch every year take large quantities. It mostly comes from Livonia, Courland, and Lithu- ania, in Autumn, before the shipping season closes, being the growth of the same year: what remains behind is called Over Sowing Linseed, expressive of its laying over the winter, and is not taken as sowing seed, but is sold for crushing, and is the best quality for that purpose. Drujana Linseed comes from the district of that name, and is only used for extracting oil, as are the supplies which come from Polotzki, Witepsky, and the adjacent governments, likewise great quantities from Russia. * There are few or no manufactures of linens in these provinces so contiguous as to make Riga the shipping port; this branch is almost exclusively confined to Petersburg, although Riga exports some. The grain shipped from hence, like that from Petersburg and Arch- angel, from its being dried, bears long voyages, on which account it 141 is generally shipped to Spain and Portugal, or other southern mar- kets. Till 1803, it was the custom to reserve one-tenth of all the corn that came down the rivers, and which was intended for exportation; this was deposited in the public magazines, until the crop of the year following, when, if it had not been used in the country, it was exported, and a fresh tenth kept; by which means, there was always ... a portion of the grain exported, that was a year older than the rest. When, however, it was found that the new supply was likely to be abundant, this was allowed to be sent out: undoubtedly this was a wise regulation, and one that deserves to be imitated. But, in conse- quence of a recent regulation, a new duty is laid on all sorts of grain exported, to raise a specific fund for building new magazines, now erecting, to keep a sufficient stock on hand, in case the crops of a suc- ceeding year should be deficient. The grain shipped from hence is the produce of Russia, the Ukraine, Poland, Courland, Livonia, and Es- thonia; as also are those other articles from hence, as well as from the governments of Smolenski, Minsk, Mohilelew, Polotzk, and Lithuania; from all which districts, masts formerly, and now fir and oak timber are sent to Riga: till latterly, masts were had from Berinsky, but all these forests being exhausted of late years, they have chiefly been procured from Volhinia, where they are beginning to be scarce, so that recourse has already been had even to Austrian Galicia; this distance will, with the first cost, make them come very high at Riga, as well as all other timber; a calculation relative to this has been given under the head of wood. sº * Ithashitherto taken two years to convey masts and timber from the ſo- rests to Riga, but it is to be hoped a single season will be sufficient, and that it will be done at less expense, when the canal is effectually exe- cuted and finished, joining the Düna and the Dneiper, otherwise, there are new channels by which masts can more easily be obtained ; but it is the great attention and excellent regulations paid to the bracking sys- tem which has hitherto preserved this branch to Riga exclusively. The bracker is answerable for every tree before it is cut, on which account he examines it very minutely, mounts up and sounds it in every part, for, if once cut, it must be paid for at the price agreed upon, even 14? if afterwards found defective; in which case, the loss falls upon the bracker, this makes him not only attentive to examine, but careful to be constantly on the safe side, and fix a low valuation. No doubt, the bracker is well paid, as he ought to be, for the risk he runs, from the nature of the business; but such care being taken, there is little. chance of incurring expenses by conveying a mast, which, when arrived at its shipping port, might be found defective. . l º * * The city of Riga stands upon the eastern bank of the Düna, abouf ten English miles from its mouth. Like most of the rivers falling into: the Baltic, it has a bar, varying according to seasons and circum- stances, from twelve to fifteen feet water; by the latest accounts, there, were only thirteen feet water upon the outer bar. Vessels not drawing more than from eight to nine feet water, may in general load safely up at the city, but those drawing a greater depth of water will find it. safer not to make the attempt, but rather to load in the road, which is exposed to the north-west winds. The anchorage is good, yet nevertheless attended with danger, so that vessels drawing only from nine to twelve feet water are decidedly the fittest for this trade, though any sized ships may load in the roads. There are about 100 lighters, of different sorts, which have good covering, for conveying mer- chandize to and from the town, to such ships as require to load either in the roads, or at the Boldero, the harbour near the mouth of the river. The number of ships which have arrived at Riga at different periods in the eighteenth century, and since, are Years. Ships. Years, Ships. Years. Ships. Years. Ships. [British Ship ižos – gº i760 — Gº || 1794 – gºs isoo — sº | 380 1709 — 225 1770 — 597 1795 — 704 1801 — 1006 1712 — 76 1780 — 889 1796 — 1032 1802 — 1 128 217 1720 — 188 1790 — 729 1097 — 846 1803 — 1 180 3| 1 - I 730 — 4, 14 1791 — 796 1798 Q13 1804 — l l 47 1740 — 597 1792 — 856 1799 — 920 1750 — 447 1793 — 897 Of which Ships those arrived in 1803, were Russian Ships . . . 88 Swedish . . . . . 249 French . . . . . I English . . . . . 3] 1 || Lubec Ships . . . . 40 || Spanish . . . . . - Prussian . . . . . ].43 || Munster . . . . . 56 -*e Mecklenburg . . . 63 | Dutch . . . . . . 15 I 180 Bremen . . . . . . . 13 || Hamburg . . . . . 12 - ... ººm-ºsmºs Danish . . . . . 187 | Portuguese . . . . 2 The importation into Riga has always been very inconsiderable 143 when compared to the exportation. Salt is one of the principal articles of importation for the interior; the other articles are chiefly the ne- cessaries and trifling luxuries of life for the immediate surrounding provinces, which are chiefly imported from Hamburg, by way of Lubec. The proportion of the British trade to the whole of that at Riga with other nations was, in the year 1793, *A. British. - All other Nations. * * - Imports, 219466 Rubles . . . . 1577908 Rubles ... Total amount of Imports 1797374- Exports,8003956 Rubles . . . . 598.1972 Rubles . . Total amount of Exports 1985928 The Importations from England have been in 1796 — 535686; Rubles 1800 — -715860% Rubles 1797 — 30 1683 1801 — 563656 1798 — 9481.49% 1802 — 573830 1799 — 842646; 1803 — 509624 The following Table shews the Importation and Erportation to and from each particular Country, for the Year 1803. - Imports. Export. - - Imports. Exports. ºn and to From and to Rubles. Rubles. • Rubles. Rubles. England 509624 4828958, Rostoc º 3O56 27.093 France . 2394.43 79033 || Bremen. & 2387 84.42O Italy. 1873O Sweden . . 18936] 74O884 | Holland 75952 2405685 || Denmark 20173O 1242664 Spain . 110508 1088415 || Prussia 10629 4493 19 Portugal 1841.37 675O15 || Germany 284976 Lubec. . 640383 4O7673 || Elsineur —- 195175 † Hamburg . 28 166 2 16985 z t - - Total 2499087 |1958 1324 | The gross amount of the exportation, in 1804, was 12166912 ro. 68 co. Money imported into Riga by sea in 1803:-ducats, 76700; dollars, 464614;-ships arrived, 1170; sailed, 1180. Bank assignations, bills of exchange, and specie, are here articles of traffic, as much as any other sort of merchandize. The impor- tation in Dutch ducats and dollars was, in the *~ Albert's Dollars. Albert’s Dollars. Years. Ducats. t Years. Ducats. 1766 235052 789965; 177O 222734 517816# 1767 372890 578648 1771 370979 890 135} That it has considerably increased, the following years will shew. 144 In the Year Ducats. Rixdollars. In the Year. Ducats. Rixdollars. | 1783 430] I 1 1200799 4 : ) 1794 1873.93 1054036 1784 447689 1780744 1795 72922O 87.7006. 1785 198232 1408665 1796 539676 I 1954 16 1786 358826 822024, 1797% 2400 5 1790 1787 44961O 930758 1798 8652 33O477 1788 629IO7 IOO3430 1799 9000 46H6O6 1789 139638 6ç6404 1800 86286 81.4272 1790 307798 1359.972 18O1 265732 679.338 1791 209545 125 1638 1802 130604 74474 I I792 | I 19400 I 135819 1803 767OO 464614 , 1793 81923. 787844 • ' We find that in 1796, the importation had arrived to the amount in value of above one and a half million of rubles; but when a new regulation was made in 1797, we no longer find an account of what was imported by sea, but there is an account of what arrived by land at Polangen, the frontier post. This is a very considerable trade, and carried on chiefly by the Jews and others, from Konigsburg to Riga, not only in specie, but in the negotiation and purchase of bills of exchange, in which a good deal is done with profit. Riga is the central point for the negotiations of Petersburg, Mosco, the near Russian ports, and the trade of the empire on this side; it very frequently happens, that mo- ney is drawn with greater advantage for the Petersburg merchants at Riga, than at Petersburg itself; but sometimes the reverse is the case, as the agio between the bank notes, assignations, and specie, and even between the silver ruble, ducats, and dollars, are subject to great fluctuations. - * The importance of the trade of Riga may be clearly seen in every point of view, from the following tables: z The first will shew the quantity of the principal articles exported to Great Britain ; this table is followed by another, of the trade to France, in order to compare the commerce of the two countries. After these, is a table, shewing the value, in rubles, of the merchandize ex- ported to all countries trading to Riga, from the year 1790, to the year 1804: this last, likewise, shews the aggregate amount, in value, of the imports. - º * From that time, by sea only; no account given of what came by land, which is now entered at Polangen. , *. • ... a 145 º Accounts are here kept in rixdollars and ferdings, 80 of the latter to a rixdollar. The silver money here circulating, is mostly Dutch, Spanish, and some of the Ecclesiastical princes in Germany. Holland ducats are at a variable exchange from 2 rixts. 8 ferdings to 20 ferdings each, according to the demand for the provinces of Lithuania, Poland, and Mosco. for the China and Persian trade. Russian money, (both bank notes and silver,) circulates. likewise at variable exchanges; the latter varies from 127 to 130 copecks. for one rixdollar, and bank notes from 155 to 176 copecks per rixdollar. *- - The exchanges on Amsterdam are closed against Holland's currency, being 104 to 110 rixdollars, and even more at times. for 100 Albertus rixdollars, at Riga, at 65 days date. On Hamburg in rixdollars banco, which are sometimes at par with Albertus rixdollars of Riga, but at times it has been from 2 to 3 per cent under par, and often as much. above, drawing at 65 days date. - On London, from 360 to 415 grosh per pound sterling; the grosh is a fietitious coin is reckoned by 90. grosh to a rixdollar; the course on London, is at 3 months. The course in March 1803, was - * Amsterdam, 3% per cent. drawers loss at 65 days date. Hamburg, 3 per cent, drawers gain at 65 days date. London, 388 grosh, per pound sterling, at 8 months date. Holland ducats, 2 rixfs. 18 ferdings. . . . - In Bank notes, 176 co. per rixdollar Albertus. - Silver rubles, 130 co. per ditto. The weights here for heavy goods go by shippounds, lispounds, and pounds, whereof 201b. is a lispound, and 20 lispounds a shippound. The weight at Riga is calculated about nine per cent, lighter than the English weight. The lesser weight is 32 loth to a pound. 6 one-sixth ship lb. is about a ton, or 2466 lb. Riga make at 9 per cent. 2262 lb. En 45 lb. Riga give 46 lb. Russian 38 lb. 35 lb. English 13 lb. 11 lb. Amsterdam 22 lb. 19 lb. Hamburg The measures for grain are, wheat and barley, 48 loops* to a last, equal to about 11} quarters- Winchester measure. Of rye, 45 loops. Of oats, 60 loops are reckoned to a last. Of salt, the measure is larger, and goes by lasts and barrels, of which latter, is are to a last, , and glish. and about 24 tons Liverpool white salt produce here a last. 2 Riga ells make 1 yard English 3.5 27. Flemish ells in, 13 — . 10 Russian. arsheens .9 Amsterdam 5 — 4 Brabant ells 23 y 22 ells Hamburg. 34 — 27 ells Amsterdam - : 12 Riga feet make II feet English. * A loop is reckoned 13 bushels., § Total in Quantity a if the principal Articles ewported from Riga to all Places, in the following Years. sº vº 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 || 1797 1798 || 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 Hemp rein . . . . Sh, b. 72332 54803. 59221 50210 68.199 61423. 62051. 48268 68252 61708 53318 96430, 61414. 75417 outshot . . . do. 2286. 2061 4222. 5998 9121 7831|| 12498 7 142] 14470 l l 142 8000: 12549. 9397. 6161; pass . . . do. 9107 I 1801: 14884 18847. 16443| 13027 13587. 12535 15520 20247; 14700 20211 18920. 13493 codille . . . do. 21549' 12438; 16141 1336|| 23029 19462. 22648 21755 27559| 26470 26218 22588. 27.150. 17497 Flax, 1st sort . . . do. 37097. 55578; 51584.40426 39909| 34642. 45326-53719, 50526. 54441 52300 36508 34188 50516 2d ditto . . . do. 6444. 19199| 13595. 11559| 20448 7495] 1 1276, 7994. I 1286 II 195] 13979 10321| 8410 6321 3d ditto . . . do. 1658 4090, 3174, 3429 4766 3137. 3048 2204 3018 3726 94.17 2613 3670 2017. codille. . . . do. 492 773 1137, 530 834. 987. 697 548 678 1065. 956 928, 1859 1011; Wax . . . . . . . I do. 49 49. 108 88 115| 113 68 63 24; 15 45 130 187 24} Ashes pearl crown do. 1198. 1347| 1308| 2152 7116 2.115. 708 1662. 1789 1387' 1684. 1470, 1893 991; - brack do. . . 226 80 229 46 4| 10 19| 3 || - →— 1 || 3. weed . . . [Barrels. 60 990; 1099] 788 1433| 455 531| 795 903 643 525] 1395. 2095 96 Tallow . . . . . . Sh. lb. 3 ſig 497 9|| 554 647| 1053| 195| 580 710 944 1988 1833, 1962 Wheat . . . . . . Lasts. 1957 2115 2796, 30.23 4856, 3790, 7204 4222. 3088 3755 3555 ,8138|| 3325| 2008 Rye. p do. I 1724. 12748. 14220 15833 5562. 4887| 18596, 19771; 10949 17277 1978. 18144. 25601| 27.157| Barley . . . . . . do. 1120 2884. 5842 3982] 2754 686 8415. 3557, 1883. 3668 50 1330; 6342. 4949| Oats . . . . . . . do. — 1435 877 260 4 389 997 — 413 276 —- || 2286] 2456 1891} | Iron . . . . . . Sh. Ib. 75. 141| 229 4292; 16807. 16206 1630 700, 3125, 3130 1262. 2191| 2368 537 Leaf tobacco . . . . do. 532, 958 I-1 22, 1480. 825 1548. 703O 14690 10241; 8806| 722 || 1306 1746 Leather. . . . . . do. 272 321| 364 484 779 848. 1067 591 168 139| 80 158; 175 23; Oil . . . . . . . . . do. 103 582 : 118 990) 741 941 .. 231| 265 130, 610 747 1760, 1845] 1445} Sowing linseed . . Barrels 41691 96755 63832 90601| 36427 49645 63479 68201 41988 34695, 11730 29783 57411| 58.200ſ |Curshing linseed. | do. 96755, 90601|| 10535 8.1077 77209 96.545 61860 78876 99697. 79338 95099| 66276 57894|11 1244 Hempseed . . . . . . do. 31322 21372 6826 2.1950 12143 21345, 19412, 11473. 7765. 15161 17081 6503. 21923. 80806. Wainscot logs . . . Sock 198; 260 397. 442. 336 206. 293 249 401 11 414, 139 300 321|| Pipe staves . . . do. 210 177| 281| 23 414 506 510 927 709 — 655] 298] 1041 499. Déals. . . . . . . Pieces. 706 726 1059. , 820 2338 1723. 447| 1308, 359 — 600 224 1053| 2403 Balks, 22 to 50 feet do. 39863| 49175 62847 65708 70.147| 21246, 36950. 51742. 30377 4246 40930-23484; 2966 30088; 51 to 57 do..] do. 3208 2250) 3890. 2542 3724. 1116 2015, 1572 925, 203 1737. 1066 - 2352 3013 Masts. . . . . . . . do. 764. 727 670 739 1304, 1865, 1790, 1962 867 250 Q109 635 927; 1116 Bowsprits . . . . . do. 137 148. 148 74, 187| 259, 306. 250, 196 — 259 116 137; 243 Yards. . . . . . . ] do. ... 1 15| 5 4 2 4|| – - — j . 2 22 11 8. Spars . . . . . . . do. 3349, 3053| 2768 2120 wo 3454; 3971 3693 2695 821 747 1 -440; .4898; 4329 See a particulār Table for 1804. § Eaported from Riga to Great Britain and Ireland, in the following Years. s ſ . 1790 1791 || 1792 || 1793 1794 1795 1796 || 1797 || 1798 || 1799 || 1800 - 1801 | 1802 | 1803 Hemp Rein , Shlb 33500 19896 26325| 2628035897 |43095 |41374 |25947 |38681 |41685 |36587 |62147 |15217 |47430 Outshot do 1426 1212 2271 4287| 4746 || 4851 9451 || 3459 9711 | 8169 || 5684 7955 1431 4010 Pass . . . do 4127. 5877 9134 lić43 8913 7695 || $721 || 4343 j997 14993 |10839 10054 5421 | 9346 Codille do | 4062. 2527, 2332 1514; 3939 || 7 167 |12060 || 5552 | 8475 || 1232 | 7352 | 8436 | 8996 ||10536 || Flax, 1st sort do 19719, 2691 || 25026 2.1911|17843 |19615 21259 |17643 |25142 396 iO 33805 |15603 |15446 |28657 2d do... do 749, 5963. 3159| 2483 5972 2012 || 2849 || 514 || 5763 7677 6480 3583 2943 2558 - 3d do. . do 130 682. 316, 1820 1081 1093 859 I 1369 || 3032 I 140 916 1413 || 1087 Tow. do 8 — 27] — l 9. l 1O 276 302 58 354 1320 507 Wax . . . . . do 9 I I 19 3| — | 16 — I 6 || 5 || - 17 5 4 |Ashes, crown pearl | do 705 275 - 571 358, 18 204 || 354 397 727 455 422 263 140. 404 || | Weed . . [Bar. 42 | . I 30 12 — 7 : |Iron . . . . . Shlb — — 191 1239 — 93 301 63 1636 || 2387 520 925 407 19 Tallow * ºr do | — — 488 67| 471 42 | 1013 || 91 558 658 | 726 555 1200 | 1816 | Linseed, sowing . Bar. 2071, 1920. 1495. 1534. 4432 || 3855 || 1552 || 3753 |10172 12743 23 1876 6701 ||14318 : crushing | do | 13547 5910| 7261 7659 8533 |16049 |13631 9047 14514 15117 21304 |28265 28874 |40916 Wheat . . Lsts I9 100 54 26 | 491 || 3867 | 887 34 585 1570 31.75 3O | — Rye. . do 70 20 — - 50 26 2637 7O * 560 — 89. Barley . do — 156 360. 137 — — 162 — — | | –— 2 *se |Oats. . I do | — I 14|| 657 69 — 941 — 75 276 203 226 — Hempseed . Bar 24} . I 41; 310: 30 6O | 2 | 102 || 30 48 || 105 aimscot logs Shoc 188 248| 370 391; 232 || 204 || 293 227 | 368 II | 409 134 260 321 jFlatwood . . do 102 156] 195 211; 102 96 || 192 188 || 135 | — I90 62 108 Pipe staves . . do 155 6 42 10| 89 15 - 195 125 || 7 || || — 185 12] | 167 253 | Deals . . . do 53 38 28 24; 35 14 24 || 491 2] 199 189 194 I5] 1 || Timber, square Pces 14392] I 1623, 14949 10456 19446 |15445 (20039 |13584 || 1206 || 4246 |30216 |16220 10672 (25718 - round do 1448 892. 2715, 1693 3090 | 725 | 1668 1155 | 684 203 || 1458 763 213 775 | Yards . do • - - -- 2 2 15 7 Burtills. do 7| 49| 5 || 30 37 || 98 || 66 34 18 — 65 16 || 13 17 Bowsprits . . do IO I6 23 17| 24 55 266 | 189 | ] 78 70 27 54 f. Spars do, 1372. 388 947. 1228 4187 | 2638 || 2592 || 172 | 1262 || 321 7042 | 3427 1180 2219 | Masts do 69| 31|| 148 77| 256 483 | 1887 |10563 252 250 1020 | 408 637 125 See a particular Table for 1804. : \ The Value of Erports from Riga to the following Places reduced into Rubles. | \ —r * 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 || 1797 1798 || 1799 1800 1801 | 1802 1803 1804 - - - { . Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. Rubles | Rubles. Rubles. Rubles. | Rubles. Rubles. Rubles | Rubles. Rubles. Rables. Rubles. |Publes. Great Britain and Ireland 2103756. 2461067 2781509) 3003956; 3110173| 4850810. 6497392) 3053420 4922213 6115149 5480786 5908906] 2424.265 4828959: 5320522 Holland . . . 188507?! 1532780, 1944046. 2598830, 1518473 — — *- *- 840708] 3179713] 240.5685) 1358470 France 238709| 53965 50140 - - — * - 165149 768094 79033 414875; Spain . . 342135, 592784 806960 894.219 1903719, 583156, 901042. 1576338 915941; 322543 — 36.2226, 1962.656] 1038416 1550614 Portugal 335.303; 355853 Z87662; 460013. 495064. 508210. 615332 1025403 1137982] 1005663 56.4126, 1590632 727434 675015 . 827135 Italy . 244593; 242035. 133450 45338; 525991. 873043, 172056] 192396 7364 93031| 78.480. 50748 74290 Prussian Ports . 72942; 154868; 142212. 87290] 231092] 4498.13| 1185346) 1638158 1235.955 94.0751 866642, 444652) 254566 449329 417559 Sweden º 82346 498515. 34.8341|| 309097 487073| 462366 992.498: 749084 1320104 1097569| 746137] 1650959, 947.733 740885. 654029 Denmark . e 6757.16|| 736693) 643903 692057| 736131| 2421855, 3094987] 1350275] 1461176 1751768 1223571| 2004361|| 1476635. 1437809| 1078105 Hamburg . 77.260 42494. 149821, 16167] 24670. 29677, 186149 66588 81777 305262. 154819 112908 169729. 216685 — Bremen 110612 1098.93| 154725 103473 61362; 77697 90089 122498 132169| 326488 46019 66733 250619 84421 61160 Lubeck 289021; 320524, 245330; 355105. 46.3507; 7.85121} 575445 626216 628020' 624.903 - 701735. 107.2058. 358480. 497673. 348629; Dantzic e - 6 *- 1236 5332 4042 8670) - * *-*- - - ... --— Rostoc . . . . 12048 6730 4850. 3847 4287 4542. 5991 12008 6491 || 23996 4170 26133 16577 97.093. 70520 |Austrian Flanders 56181 67319; 92733| 83083 47171 — — t- *- * *- — — Exports 65257.14 7676752 82856821 8657798; 96087.15||11050332.14024.99710412384|11849.185.12514092 9881036|1432390.5/1187.204913631325||12166912 j[mports 1828112 2498.183| sº 1797374| – | | 1520446. 2166838| 2419509 3366316, 2803390 2554933. 2681537, 2499087] 2456287 Principal Articles in Quantity exported from Riga to France, in the same Period. \ w 1790 1791 1792 1801 | 1802 | 1803"| 1804 . • ‘ * . w - Hemp clean Poods. 2392 || 882 , || 342 1352 11306 1375 6770 Outshot ditto . 75 5 96. 943 2967 — — | • Pass ditto 740 8 70 387 1735 — 437 Codille e ditto 2102 3 - 618. 1514 * 221 . . . . . - Flax 1st sort . . ditto 7 O 9 g- 18 192 — - e ! 2d sort ditto #: 6 22 - — 84 — --- 3d sort ditto | f 4. tºº--s sº-sº – " ? —- P – { r- g Goods exported from Riga to Great Britain in 1803. # HEMP, . . FLAX, ASHES; | à (1stºn. | 2d sort. 3d sort. Codille. -\ Tast sort. | - 2d. - 3d. . Tow. Crown. Pearl. - | | Slip Ib. L. b. ship lb. L. b. Ship lb. L.Ib ship lb. L. b. ship lb. L.Ib. Ship 1b. L. lb. Ship lb. Llb. Ship 1b. L. b. Ship lb. L. b. London . . . . . 111 25037. 15%| 897; 14 || 2197 || 2328. 17 3662. 16. 1 || 23 — — — — - — Aberdeen . . . 6, 1392, 3} 79 10} 181 17% 426 II 1668 24, 30 134 — — — — — — Arbroath . . . 12| 121| 1 || 33 18 || 757 6. IO4| 9 || 2563 13%| 245 14 82| 9 | $25 # 18 .7% Belfast . . . . . . . 2 – — 249 7. — — 62. 4; 58. 2; 30, 5}| – || – | — | – || — — Berwick © e a . e. - 2. j6 7; — — --- — *-*e * — —— - * - *º- —— ------ ----sº * Borrowstoness. 1|, 13| 1 #| — — 7 19 *- 88 5;} – — * * —--— - Boston . . . . . 2 264 10 28; 1 59 — 31|| 15% 102 18; 6, 14 5 173 30, 15 # —— — Bristol . . . . . 1| 12| 19 — — — — — — — — — — — —— — -—— — Chatham 2 — — — — — — — | – || -- — — — — —, — — — — Chester . . . . 3| 580 94 6Q) 2% 37| 1 || –- || – 807. 43) — — — — — — — – iCork . . . . . 1| 295] 1 13 — — * 30 2. — | – | – | – | – | – || 30 93 – — Dover . . . . . 1 — | – || – | – | — — — | – || – | – || – | – | – | – | – | – | –— — Dublin. . . . . 5] 642 — 99 4 7 2 #| — — *- — — — — — Dundee . . . . . 21, 2024, 13 295] 15: 1668] 1 || 883] 23: 3810) 53 623, 19% .282 8; 12; 4% I 12 3 Fisherow. . . . . I 31|| 9 | — — — -— I - - || – 6. I l; — — — — — Grangemouth . . . .2| 38|| 7 || – || – 17| 18. 9| 7 | 'll 4; — — – — – – || – Hull . . . . . . . 37 5291 6 || 1016 — 2344| 7 || 2508 — 5859, 8%. 44s. 1 275 Sł 21 li 14: ---— | – Jersey . . . . . I 92] 16 — — — I — I — * — — – | – | – || – Rirkaldy . . . Q| 181 #| 15 133 3| 17 | — — 1019 7% 82| 5 60; 44 – | – || 76, 14%| Leith . . . . . . 20, 2840. 19. 58. 18%| 153 # 792 13 1479) 13: 32 193 I — I - 12, 17 Liverpool . . . . . 30, 2827 10 || 815 4 319| 5 || 1041: 12# 804. 2; 213| 8 || 140 3 29, 113 2: 15 Londonderry . . . 8 19| 16#| 9 || 1 | — — — — —— — — — — Montrose . . . . . 13| 424, 18 67| 8 7 l l 2 206 15 4165 3}| 248 9%| 5 17:# 167| 4 || 13 l l ; |Newcastle . . . . . 15, 4032, 18 130| 2 || 293. 19% 543. 4; 1560 4. 76. 10| – | – | — — 20, 17% Perth . . . . . I 26, 3}| — | – | – || – || 2: 19% — — — — I — I — i — 34 3 |Plymouth . . . 3 29, 17 | — | – | — — — — | – | -— | – | – | – | – | – | — — |Portsmouth . . .4 34 12 — — — — — — – I — I — I — I — I — I — I — , , — - Stockton . . . . . .2 191 13 — — 62. 23 – | 8 456 8% 40, 174 — — —-- — — — Wells . . . . . . ] 180 18 || – | – || — — 42|| 6 — — — — — — — |Whitehaven . . . 2. — — 60| 4 || — — 7| 15 # 195 12}} Q33 10% 176. 19% -— — 29, 1} Whitby . . . . 3| 697 18:#| – | — 159 16%| 380 10%| 276. 1 8 || 6 — 1 — I — 84 4. Woolwich . . . ] 2 — | – ** I wº. --- i. e- 2591 — — — — — — —— — — — River Weir . . . 1 TiS 3 199; 16 90 3 — | 17 | 72 10}| 146 6; 58 II;| – | — — || – Yarmouth . . . || 3 || 16%| 67| 3 | 183| 15 # 179 — — — — *s- — -— — - ... • Arº - - Total . 314|47430 4 || 401 || 9 || 9346 173|. 10536' 14 || 28657 § 2558 6, 1807] 193 507 T 404 113 g Goods Exported from Riga to Great Britain, in 1803, continued. *~~~~ *** sixzzº-sº-tº-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- | wº * * e TIMBER, *- ... • { Tºlow. |*|º] "..." | vºwood. sº | Deal. TITsºlº alºn. Sh.lb Lld. | Barrels. Barrels. Bar. shock Ps. Shock. Ps. Shock. Ps. Shock. Ps. Pieces. Pieces, Ps. Ps. Ps. Pieces. * London . . . .1007 17: 876 |253974 – 159 47 || 13 || 44 108 || 40 432 || 29 |10838 || 427 |1380, 37 358 || 1365 Aberdeen . . . — — -— — | – || 2 || 7 || – || 6 || – || – || – | — — – I — I — — I — I Arbroath . . . — — 540 228 || – || – | – || – | – || 3 || – || – | – | — — — | – | – | — Belfast . . . . . — — 1120 — | – | – | 18 || – || 8 || – | — — — — — — | – || – | — Berwick . . . . — — — — — | – | 12 — — — — 27 | 8 || 491 37 || 17 | – || 4 || 100 Borrowstoness — — 496 || – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – || – — —- l — i —- I - Boston . . . . . . — | – | — 240 | – || 3 | 20 | – || 50 28 40 || 5 || 30 151 24 — | – | – || – Bristol . . . . . — — — — | – | – | 12 | – | – | – || – || 3 | 20 233 || 2 | IO | – | 10 || – Chatham . . . . — — — — | – | – || – || – | – || – || – || – || – || 174 59 130 5 — — Chester. . . . . 266 194 — — | – || 2 || 10 || – || 45 — | – || 2 || 1 || || 382 — — — — — iCork . . . . . isºssm f *s beasºns — | – || – || - || – || – || – || – || – | — 374 — — | – | – || – Dover . . . . . — | – || – — | – || – || - || – || – || – || – || 4 || 20 || 302 || – || — — — — IDublin . . . . . — | – | — 10 || 5 – 53 || 3 || 1 || – | – || 1 || 40 || 320 | – || – || – || – || – Dundee . . . 36 I 248 120 | – || 1 || 34 2-1 4 || – | – | – || 9 || – || – || – || – | – || – |Fisherow . . . . — — — — | – || – | 40 | – | 20 | — — — — 261 — — — — # =º ;Grangemouth — — 2812 — | – | – | – || – || – || – || – || – || – | — — — -— — I — Hull . . . . . . 108| 4 || 505 || 1813; 100 104 — | 16 || 4 || 31 40 |240 42 1740 I | 71 || – |120 1572 Jersey . . . . . — | – || – — — – | – || – || – || 50 — 19 50 | 100 — — — — — Kirkaldy . . . | – || – || – — | – || – || 14 | – || 6 || – | – || – | – | – || – || – || – | – || – Leith . . . . . 134, 5}| 4179 || 100 || – || 2 | – || – | 20 || – || – | 82 | 12 906 2 — — | 1 25 Liverpool . . . 245 103 — — | – || 25 25 | 11 || 14 | – || – |671 44 || 6303 || 14 | 1.45| 5 |345 || 445 Londonderry. — | – || 3162 | – || – || – || – || – | – | – || – || – || – | — — — — — — Montrose . . 17| 9 || 880 | – || – || – | 18 || – || 36 — | – | – | 15 — 1 | – | – || – || – Newcastle . . . — | – | – | 1840 | – | 10 || 3 || 1 || 54 13 — — 40 | – || 4 || 12 | – | 12 800 Perth. . . . . *=e ºw-ºs i assesses 944 — - || – || – || – || — — ; – — — * | * : *sº tº * |Plymouth . . | – | – || – — — | – || 32 — — — — | 5 || – | 850 IO 177| 20 || 8 || — Portsmouth . — | – | – | – | – | – || 50 | – | – | – | – || 7 || 35 | 1208 || 65 175 33 || 30 || 170. Stockton . . . . — — — 24 | – || 6 || 36 | | 1 || 10 || 8 || 20 || 6 | 40 | 166 | 10 3 — — — Wells . . . . . — — — — | – | – || 6 || – | 12, — | – | – | – || – *smas º f ºsmºs º ºsmº sº Whitehaven . | – | – || – — I — I — - || – f – I — I — I — I — I — * ºmºsºme ºsmºs-t tº |Whitby . . . — | – | – | – || – || – || 2 | – | – | 10 | – | – | – || 55 14 || 7 | – | – || 50. Woolwich . . . — | – | – | – | – | – | – || – | – | – || – || – || 29 | 864 105 92 || 25 | – | — River Wier . — I — I — — — | – || – | – | – | — — I — I — – *-- t----e -- " -º- ** |Yarmouth . . . — — — 200 | – | – || -- || – || – | — — | – | – | — — 1 – 1 – 1 - 1- . ~~ 1816. 773 14318 |40916; 105321 19 152 34 1253 20 | 1511 54 (25718 775 * 888 40 18 j 51 -segaţd #ğzı “suau!"I tºrņo puæ stuðII -•š929) đ 0.29% ºsſompt19Aeg -ºsºbald8108 ºgłoſºnes-->qqs ž6 ‘uoſ I · · · · · søoeſā Iſe oy, ºg ’N ȚgŤ 93Ț2123&ſ „--~~~~ ! * * * * *ÁſæJI * ''[e3nquoq · · puello H •· · ~; ~ .gȚg ſº * * ºpsisº ·ºsobotāļºs303| ºsſigsisë IHGrūsºqſºr|S 'allipoſ) p 'poow Houoid pub qognoſ •oooedo L “saaesadi.I *sjoT 309sule M ‘SyſIdswog pue “sueds ‘sysey'ſ 's-Heg ombs 'poosduioH "onlp 3urusnid 'poosuſ'] §uſAoS "souse, O.J. *Ao L xeLI puuq-g spoR pue ‘xel I.3.Inquotieſ pue 19241}{B}[ 'onlp ssed ‘oºp 10u SynO 'dataH CI pub uſe I gueſni i ºsaſuſunoo mð og ºff08L unvānſ\u04f pºquodaº sp000 fo ?s?TI V 152 --~~ • * List of Goods imported at Riga, in 1804. Allum . . . . . y - g Arrack and rum . . . © Brandy, French . . . . . . Brimstone . . . • * . Bricks . . . . . . . . Cottons, printed . . . . . * Pique . . * * Chintz . . e Q Calico . . . . . Muslin . . . . k Plush . . . . . . |- Fustian . . . . . Sattinet . . . . . . Nankeen e º a Muslin handkerchiefs Cotton do. . . . . . Clocks . . º º Coals . . . . • * * Coffee . . . . . . . . Cheese, common . . . . H Parmesan . . . . Corks . . . • * * > * ! Copper . . . . . . . }, Chocolate . . . . . . . . . . Fish, herrings . • *, *. stock-fish . . . . . * - anchovies . . . . . . Fruit, lemons . . . . . . K Oranges . . . . . do. Seville . . . . . apples . . . . . . pears . . . . . . r plumbs, dried . . . apples and pears do. . . almonds . . . . . raisins . . . . . . CurraintS . • * * * Capers . . . . . . . olives . . . . . . . • figs . . . . . gº º , cherries . . . . . Furniture . . . e Glass, window . . . . Hops . . . . . . . . Hardware . . . . . . . , - tin-plates . . . . Wire-] TOIl • * . e. nails . . . . | - scythes • 6 º' Indigo . tº ºr e Lead . * @ - shot 4. tº gº | Lincil º tº º k cambric © . e. * * . lawn, French * , º, o . do, handkerchiefs. . . Meat, salt . . . . • e. pork . . . . . . . . sausages & & Oil, olive g & de Fiorence . • * Gysters. . . . j’aper ... • º Pearl barley . º - grits . . . . . . fºice . o . º e**. . . .: | b. p O O ds. 673635 * .77:54, 117 9579 420 1193 2141 52020 12137 107 24 3858 1280 1806 12987 138 704 834 81 403170 24297.5 1658 22825 18885 680 16370 23497 5147 57 225 5475 591 329 168749 2438 - 48230 486.53 25387 47.09 4527 4688. 8452 24005 185 30533 58610 11:05.85 13797 13255 169010 6626 35899 5.1452 5()66 1087 271 136 4643 5288 34.86 50309 8091 126 1918 143288 136 169114 - Spice, ginger • . . . . . . - - Cl11 Ildll, OIl & s , , , , , - nutmegs . . . . . . . . . . — cloves . • * * , ... — mace . . . . . . . . — pepper . • , , , a - saffron . . . . . . . . — cardamum . . . . . . . — - pimento tº a tº º • — Saltpetre . . • * * * * ... — Salt, Liverpool te . . . poods rock . e . . . . . — Portuguese . . . . • , --' French . . . . . . — Spanish • * * . . — Luneburg . . . . . . . — Silk, spun . • * • to lbs. Silks . . . • . • . rubles. Soap . . . * * • * ... lbs. Steel . . . . tº e e Stockings, silk . . . e . . doz. - common . . . tº º Sugars, refined . . . . . . Ibs. - molasses ſº tº e . . . --. lump . , , ; , , , , - candy . & e º e ſº — raw . * & tº º • - - syrup . • * • . • Tº Tiles . . . . . . . . . . mil Tar and pitch . . . . . . . . casks. Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~ Tobacco, canaster . e : lbs. COIſllll Oil , . . . •--- roll . . . © wº — Tà DD CE . . . . e *** Tin . . pº . . . . . - Thread . . * @ tº • - Toys and trinkets . rubles. Watches º . . poods. Wines, Spanish . • . . . hbds. Portuguese . * & - Rhenish # * - Mosseſ * q- •-- - . French • *- ©. * | Woollens, tammies. .. * arsh. shalloons. . . . . . – Serge . . . a . . . -- camblets. . . . . . . -- calamancos . . . — |-- baize . . , , , -- kersey meres . . . . -- cloths * * :- A. - everlastings º ... — White-lea, * e tº lbs. Vinegar . . . . . . . hlids - Champagne . bottles Vitriol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbs. Foreign Coin imported: T)ucats. . . . . . . . . . Rix-dollars alberts . . . . . . Total value imported . . in rubles - - Ships arrived. F3ritish . e . . . . Śwedish . . • • * * * , g Prussian . . . . . . . . . . Dames . \ . . . . * * * * * * * * - Bussian * * * * * * * * * Foreign of different nations . º --> 618 231 185 $ 123 , 58210. 367 419. 9630 5557 | 345414 319768 71 9631 1037.261 583128 34671. 54.6794 2215.2 265 104. 333 112313. 52314 4309 2864 501 117° 3478 168 64 1113 . . . 28723 5797 16511 “. 384 || 4.66854 661 5546 23462 20590 117.59 126450 [. 159887 19098 1486 || 3621 || 9604 ; 28. j. 404 433028 | 13 ſ. 6994 #" 27. 196560 | .. 63 F. - 259 º 71 345 || 5706 || ..ank. re; tı) S. . . lbs. , chts. . . . Ibs. 2456287 338 201 153 110 181 1153 ... 170 | 153 “N Y: CHAP. VII. Of the different Russian Ports in the Baltic, Fredericksham, Wyburg, Narva, Revel, Hapsal, Arensburg, Pernau, Windau, and Liebau, with Details of their Erports, Imports, and general Trade. —Of the Fron- tier Trade, and that between the Baltic and the Black Sea. Y * £ *. * - 3. * A * * THOUGH the Russian trade in the Baltic is . chiefly carried on from Petersburg and Riga, yet the other ports are all partaking of the general spirit of commerce which government inspires into the people. Their present state may be learnt from the following account. * FREDERICKSHAM. º The river Kymene here forms the boundary betwixt Russia and Sweden, as before observed. It is now a fortified town, although only a small village when taken from the Swedes by the Russians. Its trade was always trifling, and when the restriction took place O]] the exportation of deals and timber in general it experienced a check. : Its commercial concerns are regulated by those of Petersburg, where its negotiations and money concerns are transacted. 1 The following years will shew the amount of the trade of this place. - *** Exports, Imports, &c. Ships Years. Exports. Imports. . Customs. Ships Years. Exports. Imports. Customs arrived. ' y Rubles. , Rubles, * arrived. * Rúbles. Rubles. 17 - 1791 - 34875 . . .3961.2 . 9861 24 . 1797 . 62623 , 27.306 . 7821 *— . 1792 . 44129 °. 161492' . . ~ | 1.4 °. 1798 . “41278 . 30426 . 1 1151 16. . . 1793 . , 31373 g.: 27939... — - - . 1799 . . . .15009 . 14025 - 2872 19 - 1794 - 37307. . 23543 . . —- 18 - . 1800 . , 78858 . 26809 - 18183 10 - 1795 .- 26018. . . 12500 - . – F 5 . 1801 . iS4317 . I 1949 , 6051 26 . , 1796 . 68786 .. 30968 . 10767 | . . . . * * * WYBURG, Upon the Gulph of Finland, the capital of the province of that name and a fortified town. It lays about twelve miles from the sea, from whence is a very intricate navigation: at the town there are from ten to ~ X I54 tweive feet depth of water, but large ships must remain about nine miles below, - - . Its principal trade is in the exportation of deals, battens, and wood; and its import, salt herrings, &c. It suffered for a time by the re- striction on the exportation of timber. . . . . . . . Its negotiations and money transactions are done at Petersburg; its weights and measures are regulated by those of the capital in all commercial concerns. . . . . . . . . . . The following will show the amount of the trade of the place, and the number of ships. . -- * ' ' ' , * . . State of Erports and Imports, &c. Years. Exports. Imports. Ships of which Years. Exports. Imports. Ships of which Rubles. Rubles, arrived. English. . . . Rubles. Rubles; arrived. English. 1795 - 70344 . l 13034 . 30 . 22 1801 . 1914O2 . 71607 - 50 . . 24 1796 . 1384.59. . 1393 10 . 73 . 34 || 1802 . F7 1665-. 82878 . G4 , 44 } 797 . 154 132 . 95799 . 78 . 34 | 1803 . 196583 . 1985.45 . 58 . 65 1798 . 104625 . 124967 . .02 . . 25. 1804. . — . 91.7028 . 59 . 29 1799 - 16988 . 25895. — . — The value of exports last year in wood was 115,560 rubles. - NARVA - Is situated upon the river Narova, about nine miles from its mouth, which falls into a bay in the Gulph of Finland, where is a bar formed by a sand bank. Targe ships must lay at anchor in the roads to load and unload by craſt; small vessels, drawing seven feet water, may load near the town ; in the roadstead is tolerable anchorage,” except when the wind is northerly. * . *. < * This place was one of the Hans Towns, and was that by which a part of their trade was carried on to Novgorod. It is rendered famous by a battle betwixt Charles XII. of Sweden, and Peter the Great, of Russia, fought in its vieinity, and for the celebrated water- fall, a little above the town. In the centre of which are built saw- mills for manufacturing deals and battens. The timber is floated down the river, being never taken out of the water till it comes under the very teeth of the saws. - - -- * In the year 1800, when an embargo was laid on British shipping at this port, many cut their cables and stood out to sea, which provoked the emperor so much, that he ordered one ship, secured in the roads, to be burnt, which was accordingly done. The obstacles thrown in the way of the interior trade, by the cata- ract in the Narova river at the city, and likewise by the bar below it, were always unfavourable to its commerce; however; it enjoyed a con- . siderable share till the establishment of Petersburg ; but no Sooner was the foundation of that city laid, (from whence it is about 105 miles.) than it lost nearly all its commercial consequence. " * - - At present, its principal inports are saft, herrings, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and other articles of trifling importance, for its own con- sumption, and the limited interior trade. w - 3. . Its principal exports are now almost confined exclusivel y to deals, battens, and balks, and a little flax and hemp. Their bill-negotiations are all transacted at Petersburg, where it would be better for merchants in England to fix a credit, than to be drawn upon direct ; for, as they must at Narva be. governed by the Petersburg exchange, where they send their bills to be negotiated, they fix a higher rate than that course, in order to indemnify themselves in case of a rise at Petersburg. Merchants should have their money remitted from thence. * .. Their weights were shippounds, lispounds, and pounds, but now they are falling into the Petersburg mode. * . . . . . . . • The following table will shew the amount of the trade of each year at this place. - . . year. sin. . . . . intºn. Exports. Years. Sips. imports. . . . . Exports. ' 1789. -— . Ro. 8.1487 . Ro. 42.1872 I707, ió7 . . Ro. 121616 . . Rö. 596784 1790. --, - . 177302 . . .54 1274 1798 - - . . . .15022g . . . . 63.1439. 1791 – . . iś7631 . . . 721875 1790 . . . 61022 . . 556340 ë "º e “ 101883 e ' s l 130739 1799: H-. . . . ; 165196 . . . . .536966 1800 1793 7.1 . . . 152938 . . 288554 1801 . . I 16409 . . . 807239 1794 139 , . 164935 . . 4573 f6 - 1802 . . 10170+ . . . 76.5373 1795 33 . . 11 1689 ... 32.1401 | 1803 - . . 155940 . . 924417. 1796 79 . . , 148526 . . 688 138 || 1804 . . . 43278 . . 627332 ---=. º 7 4. Supposed to be founded in the year 1219, is the capital of the go- vernment of that name, situated upon the south shore of the Gulph of Finland, about 260 miles west of Petersburg. ... This city was once the emporium of the Hanseatic League for the 156 trade to Novgorod, but it was removed, in 1558, to Narva. Its har- bour ranks amongst the first in the gulph, and contains the only go- vernment dock-yard for laying up the ships of war, except Cronstadt. There is a sufficient depth of water near the town for the largest ships, which may work into the roads with almost any wind. .. Revel, too, has this advantage over most of the Baltic ports; that, when they are choak- ed up with floating ice, or fast altogether by it, its harbour is not so soon frozen, on account of having no fresh water river falling into it, and ha- ving a sufficient depth of water. From these advantages, at the close of the year, vessels, with cargoes intended for Petersburg, put into Revel; and, when the winter sets in, they have their merchandize conveyed by sledge-way, at a reasonable rate, to Petersburg, Mosco, or other places. There is a considerable trade at Revel. In the year 1790, the amount of the duties on imports amounted nearly to four millions. In the year 1792, about 200 ships arrived, chiefly loaded with merchandize for the interior, very few procured back freight: indeed, as the princi- pal export is corn, unless there is a demand from some of the European markets, the trade must be limited in that article. The restrictions issued in 1793, diminished the import trade throughout Russia, parti- cularly at this place. The new tariff, in 1797 , gave also a considerable check, and reduced it the following, and second year after, very low indeed, compared to former years, and to what it is at present. As Revel has no interior navigable communication, grain is chiefly brought to market in winter by sledge-way, or by ordinary land-car- riage, when they cannot have that advantage.* The grain shipped from this place is chiefly to Sweden, Denmark, Portugal, the southern markets, and Holland; to the latter place for the distilleries. Very little grain, from its inferior quality, is at any period shipped to Great Britain. Lubec enjoys a considerable share of the trade of this place, having nearly one-half, and nearly monopolized the whole carrying trade. By fixing high freights there, it induced some of the Revel merchants to build a few ships, and one house even in 1779 had six; this was the cause of reducing the rates. w . . . * Sledge-ways and land-carriage are different, the one alluding to the mode in winter, and the other in summer, - 157 The road, or anchorage, at this place has deep water ; but the most commodious harbour is one, formerly called Rogherwick, but now Baltic Port, situated about 35 miles west of Revel, where ships sometimes meet with good shelter, and it is capable of being made one of the best ports for men of war in the Baltic. . . . . At Revel, many of the old customs prevail, but their moneys, weights, and measures, may be considered the same as at Petersburg, where, or at Riga, they must have their bills negotiated, and from either or both places receive their money; the same advantages may be derived here as those which have been mentioned at Narva. The Nations which have imported or exported here, in 1804, are t Imports. Exports. ** - * Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. ” Denmark Ro. 59957 Ro. 112537 . . Lisbon . . Ro. — Ro. 14255 | Portugal . Ro. 12410 Ro. Lubec . . 798619 78794 . . Rostoc . . . — . . 6772 | Prussia . , 5352 . . –r. Sweden . 54443 57688 . . England . 752990 . . — Spain . . . . 4501 *===ºg Holland. . . . 9027 . . 13794 . . France . 3320 . . — - A' - - - *. Rubles . 1700619 23340. The Eaports of Revel are chiefly in Grain, which were, in Chetwerts, 18Ol 1803 1802 wheat . . . . . sº . . . . . 414 . . . . . . . . 1088. Rye . . . . . . 18624 . ... . . 35477 - 2 . . . . 18684 Barley . . . . 304 . . . . . 19 . . . . . 1546 The Amount of the Imports and Exports in the following Years were, Ships - - Ships $ Years, arrived. Exports. Imports. Customs. , Years, arrived. Exports. . Imports. Customs, 1793 . . 71 . . 109897 . . 1477.260 297823 1799 . . — . . 4.17108 . 795775 . . . 68651 1794 . , 90 152000 . . 1747.403 ... 259723 1801 . . — 313955 . . 1105959 . . 136109 1795 . . 70 . . 417349 . . 1765294 . . 250375 1802 . . — 341826 . . 1417697 . . 140006 1796 . . 155 . . 657468 . . 1887.979 27.0930 1803 . . — 307665 . . . 221.4789 303855. 1797 . . 118 . . .359533 . . 1506814. , 207773. 1804. . . --- 283840 . . 1700G19 485939 1798 . . — . . .346589 1046234 . . 105779 - * . gº HAPSAL. This is a small place at the west side of the government of Revel, just turning round out of the gulph of Finland, or rather betwixt the continent and the Isle of Dago. A • *-x. . . . What little business is done here is chief y with Sweden, Lubec, and Holland, in eight or ten small vessels annually, which, on account of a sand bank, cannot come within two miles of the town. Its * trade consists chiefly in the export of grain from the govera. - * The money-transactions and negotiations are chiefly done at Riga. . / . 153 way of Revel. 3. . . . . . . . . . : - - - In the year 1773 and 1777, its trade amounted to, in imports, 17,598 rubles; in exports, 17,500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In the year 1797, arrived five ships:–Imports, 12,536 rubles; exa. ports, 9,096. . . . . . ment of Revel, and the Island of Bago, its imports are principally by Q. - ARENSBURG. - . . The capital of the island of Oesel, which is reckoned in the govern- ment of Revel. The trade of this place is chiefly carried on by Lu- bec, Sweden, and Holland, in small vessels, of which from 20 to 30 arrive annually; and they must anchor at about five miles from the town, at a place called the Kettle; their cargoes are loaded and un- loaded by small craft or prams, to and from the town, The trade of this island is chiefly in grain, producing annually for exportation 1000 to 1400 lasts of rye and barley, (principally the former) and some little wheat. The quality of the rye is reckoned. nearly equal to that shipped from Riga, and the barley superior. Its trade on the average returns from 1774 to 1777, for one year, WaS, imports, 17,758 rubles; exports, 33,895. In the year 1797, so much had their agriculture and industry improved, that 29 vessels sailed from this port, and the trade was in imports, 30,266 rubles; exports, 111,678. . . . . . . . . It is the custom in this island for the farmers to pay their rents on the 1st of March; at which time there is a general settlement made of all their accounts, for paying mortgages, bonds, promissory notes, and interest. To meet their respective engagements at this period, their produce is all sold, either for ready money, or to be paid for on that day throughont the island; at least by those whose necessities make it expedient; so that the best time for making purchases there is before the 1st of March. - ; Of what little hemp or flax is bought, the payments, either the whole or part, are made in December and January, though some- times on the 1st of March. The negotiation of their bills and mo- ney transactions are chiefly done at Riga, and from Pernau, to make ad- wantage in the exchange, the same system as at Revel, applies here. * --> - -º- Fs situated in the govertiment of Riga, on an arm in the N.E. of the Gulph of Livonia; the town stands upon the river Pernava, which there falls into the Bay. Vessels drawing not more than six feet water can come up to the city, but those of a larger size must lay in the roads, from one to two miles below the town, and have their cargoes loaded or unloaded by small craft. . . . . . . . . . . It is in contemplation to make the communication perfectly havi- gable betwixt the Peipus Eake and this port. . . . . . . The produce exported from Pernau is chiefly brought by sledge-way, and consists pri nci pally of grain; about 2500 lasts of rye, barley, and oats, are, during the winter, stored in proper warehouses; and, in years. of a plentiful crop, sometimes they have exported near 6000 lasts of those three articles, and not more than 200 lasts of wheat, which, as well. as the hemp and flax, and other articles, in their qualities are not reckoned Gdual to those from Riga or Petersburg, and it is certain they do not clean it so well. All goods, however, for exportation, such as flax, hemp, wax, and linseed; and herrings imported, are examined. They export, of standard deals, annually about 350,000 fathoms, each fathom six feet English. - - . . . . . . . . . . . They have here Marienburg clean and cut flax, risten three-bands, flax, eodille, good and ordinary Russia and Livonia pass hemp, of sowing linseed about 4000 barrels, and for crushing about 1000 lasts, are annually exported ; the former are subject to the approval of sworn, brackers, who are likewise again under the control of the magistrates of the place, and punishable for any neglect of duty. There are annually employed from 70 to 100 sail of ships of different nations from Pernau, amongst which are generally from 12 to 20 Eng- lish ; seven vessels belong to owners at Pernau, and are chiefly em- ployed in the Lubec trade; the remainder belong to the Swedes and f)utch. - This port formerly had its share, like Revel, in the import trade, but the regulations of 1797 and of 1799. put an end to it: prohibited goods, when found, are confiscated, and the owner is obliged to pay the amount in value, besides a penalty for the offence. - - -----------------------------------, - . . . . ~~ * - - - - - - - -- * ~~ tº 160 Their money accounts are kept in silver rubles and copecks, and their purchases paid for in silver money, also in copper and bank as- signations, but at a fluctuating agio from 30 to 50 per cent. They draw on London at three months. . . . . :Hamburg at sixty-five days date. . . . . Amsterdam ditto; They send their drafts for negotiation either to Petersburg or Riga, chiefly the latter place, and receive specie, on account of the greater abundance found there; but it would be more advantageous for the merchants to have their money drawn in at Petersburg or Riga, at the exchange of the day, and specie sent; on account of the higher rate the merchants at Pernau must fix to cover themselves against the chance of any loss by a rise at Riga ; and, if a fall, it is so much more advan- tageous to them, and consequent loss to the British merchant. J - A The weights are of the same denomination as at Riga ; 100lb. is reck-, oned 92 lb. English. The last, for grain, contains 48 loops Riga measure, which is calculated to produce 90 bushels Winchester, when it is cal- culated to contain 2178 cubic inches. * '- The salt measure is rather larger than that of Riga; 3% tons of Liver- pool rock salt they reckon one last; and 23 or 3 tons of white salt is also reckoned one last. ! - - The exportation and importation were in the following years: The average betwixt the years 1773 and 1777 was, the former Rubles 187,732 —and the latter 73934; and in the following years, except the last, will be seen the increase. . - - - N - …” -º- ; Ships | | - - A. arrived Y’rs.|Rºl Exports. Imports. Customs. 1788 do. 508920. 96800 — 2 |Zºol 447889 107408 — 1790 dol 378634; 24.1856 — 1791|do 382855, 1899342| 356882 1792|dol 433505. 2354360 — t 43|1793 do 189131| 8996 15 — . dº. 66.1794 dol. 334800 926474. — . . . . . . . . 81|1795 do 357610 1275409 — # 1 181796|do. 768004. 1637889; 330906 112|1797 do . 729698. , 932800 239096 1798 do —- — — 1799 do. 665616; 5 10990 — 61|1804 do 64124 142300. 99776 161 Tobacco . Account of Goods imported at Pernau, 1804. | Account ofGoods exported from Pernau, 1804. . . . Rubles. || - - • * Rubles, Cottons . . . . . . . . . . 2800 Corn and brandy . . . . . . 6500 Linens . . . . . . . . . 3500 || Flax . . . . . . 54,7044 Silks . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1900 || Ditto codille . . . . . . . . . 8000 Woollens . . . . . . . . . 13000 Corn . . . . . . . . . . 26500 Hardware . . . . . . . . . 2200 Hemp . . . . . . . . . . 27000 Salt, English . . . . . . . . . . . 27000 || Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . 11300 Herrings . . . . . . . . . . . . 10100 || Shamoy leather . . . . . . . . . 550 Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . 17000 || Sowing linseed . . . . . . . 10000 Coffee . . . . . . . . . . . 3600 || Sail cloth . . . . . . . . . . 260 Paper . . . . . . . . . . 2800 Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500 || Wax, yellow . . . . . . . 3660 Clocks, watches, &c. . . . . . 1800 Sundries . . . . . . . . . 33045 Wine, brandy, and rum . . . . 23800 || • *— Fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . 8500 Total . . . . . . . 673899. Rice and pearl barley . . . . . 2500 - — Spice . . . . . . . . . . 500 Porcelain, &c. . . . . . . . . 800 Mathematical Instruments, &c. . 1900 Books, &c. . . . . . . . . . 700 || - . . . Drugs, &c. . . . . . . . . . 6400 || Customs collected on Exports and Imports, . . . . - - : Rubles 99776 43}. . • . . arrived in all 61 sailed . . . 59 &= ------ Total . . . . . . . 142300' | Ships. C O U R L A N D. . . - WINDAU . Stands at the mouth of the river of that name, which runs into Cour- land, but is not navigable for any other purpose than that of floating timber down, in the export of which its trade chiefly consists. In the two following years the trade of this port stood thus: - * - Imported. Exported. customs. 1796 arrived 69 ships—Ro 104628—6424.71 25346 1797 — 53 — . 92774–299993 22148 For other particulars see Liebau, the principal sea-port of the province. LIEBAU, {} Although it has no interior communication, either by navigable rivers or canals, it is nevertheless the principal port or place of trade in Courland, Vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet English measure can y * .* 162 at all times pass the bar at the mouth of the harbour. Heavy gales of south-west wind will sometimes accumulate the sand on it, which is again taken away by the current, arising from the springs in the lake and the small rivulet which runs into it. . * - The harbour of Liebau, though it may now be called a lake, was formerly an arm of the sea; it was only in the year 1680 that its form- ation was begun by sinking prams filled with stones: an annual re- venue was raised to complete this work by the then dukes of Courland, sometimes amounting to near 40,000 dollars, but afterwards it was chiefly applied to other purposes, leaving but sufficient to keep the harbour in repair, which is still attended with some expense. Vessels which cannot run into the harbour must lay in the roads, one to two English miles below it, where they are loaded or unloaded by craft. - - - - These roads are much exposed to winds in nearly all directions: the road has good anchoring ground, yet the bottom is stony, from which ships' cables will suffer in boisterous weather. . The city of Liebau has drawn its articles of exportation from all the adjacent provinces under the Russian dominions since 1795, when it be- came subject to it; since then it appears not to have had so much trade: indeed the facilities given to the other Russian ports, by inland navi- gation, makes it unfavourable to Liebau, which cannot avail of water communication to other places, but carries on its trade by land car- riage, or in winter by sledge-way, as far as from 150 to 200 English miles distance. The lake, or harbour, serves only to convey wood for build- ing, firing, and other domestic purposes, having no exportation in that branch, which is chiefly at Windau. - - . It will appear that the trade of Liebau was formerly more consider- able, before it came under the Russian government, both in imports and exports; indeed, its situation at that time betwixt Russia and . Prussia was found prejudicial to both Memel and Riga, as well to the commerce of the two governments, from the clandestine trade carried on. The conveniences of warehouses, both for foreign and their own trade, and the reasonable charges were a great encouragement. The common rate of storage of corn is about 10 ferdings per last; and 163 hemp, flax, and other articles, which pass through the scale, are 4 ferdings per shippound. - - There is some shipping belonging to the native merchants of this place, from 50, 80, to 100 corn lasts each, which are well adapted for the harbour, and chiefly employed to Lubec and other Baltic ports. We shall give an account of the general exportation in 1803, and also the importation of that year into and from Liebau, which will be found to consist of such articles as are chiefly from Riga, with the excep- tion of wood. The sowing linseed is reckoned good, and the crushing seed productive in oil. The flax, however, from that place is not so much es- teemed in England, but is better adapted for the Portugal and Spanish markets. Hemp is chiefly what is called Pass, which has a strong staple, but not so well cleaned as that from Riga, although they are now im- proving in both respects. Holland has the principal share of the corn- trade of this place; the quality of its rye is considered particularly pro- ductive in their distilleries. It is only in scarce and dear years that any grain is exported from thence to England: a good deal of grain is exported from hence to the southern markets, on account of its being prepared to bear the voyage better than that from Dantzic, and many other ports. They have sworn brackers here, under nearly the same regulations as at Riga, for the hemp, flax, some other articles exported, and for herrings imported ; and all bargains are made through the medium of SWOTIl brokers, who are recommended by the merchants, and after- wards, if they are approved, confirmed in the appointment by the magistrates. - . . . The Dutch formerly engrossed the greatest share of the trade of this place, but now the English have lately embarked more in it: perhaps this was first occasioned by the war, in which the Dutch commerce has suffered so much, and by the interruption of their communication with the Medi- terranean. This latter cause has induced them to import considerable quantities of salt from Liverpool, which they used to have from Ter- revegia, Ivica, Trappani, Caglaiari, Allematte, and St. Ubes, which they reckon the best; the next, Lisbon, Cadiz, St. Lucar, Ivica, and Alicant.—Fishery-salt fetches six and seven rixdollars more than fine white salt. - * - Y 2 - 164 All duties or customs are now the same here as throughout the other ports of Rüssia, and are paid in bank-notes at a fixed value; but the charges, &c. of less consequence, are paid in Alberts rixdollars, and smaller silver. - - • All merchandize, on which the duties have been duly paid at the custom-house here, are afterwards free throughout the whole empire. Their books and accounts are kept the same way as at Riga, in Al- berts rixdollars, and ferdings, or grosh ; four orts (or quarts) make one Alberts dollar, and eighty ferdings the same value. All bargains for merchandize are made in Alberts dollars; no other coin is here in circulation, except Dutch specie dollars, passing by the name of Alberts dollars; these are imported either immediately from Holland or Konigsburg. The old style is here continued, and they draw on - > - . . . . London, at three months date, in pounds sterling. - * . . . . . Amsterdam, at forty-one or seventy-two days date, in Hollands currency. . . . . . Hamburg, at thirty, forty-five, and sixty-five days date, in Hamburg Banco, in much the same way as Riga. . * .* Their bills are sent for negotiation principally to Konigsburg, re- ceiving specie in return; sometimes to Riga, for which generally 14 per cent, is allowed for commission, brokerage, postage, &c. For the fluctuations of exchange, the merchants of this place naturally are go- verned in fixing a sufficient high rate to cover all risks, although it will sometimes be against them. - - , - Here the same weights and measures are used as those at Riga ; the only difference is, that one last of rye, Liebau measure, contains 48. loops, that of Riga only 45; other kinds of grain are the same. - Salt 23 to 3 tons, or 1 15 to 120 bushels from Liverpool, makes 1 last here. 6 salm of Trappani and Cagliariº. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ditto. 4% movy at St. Ubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ditto, 4} movy at Lisbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. ditto. 1 last at Cadiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; ditto. 12 herring barrels of coals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ditto. - The first year of the trade of Liebau under the Russian government. WaS - , * . . . . . . . • * Ships. Years. * - Imports. . - Exports. Customs. , , 267 . . 1796 . . 958,681 & , e. 2,231,420 - ... 159,388 268 . . 1797 . . 904,422 . . 1,825,621 . . 222,951. 262 . . 1803 . . 875,493 . . 2,310,697 . . . . * * * - 165, Bees wax . t , poods. 230 Tanned skins * bucks decks 709 calves . 14488. * neats we . 678 Flax of the best sort 35-poods 18lb. second do . 190 34 iſ third do. 130,506 11. Butter . 5144. 23 Soap, Russia . • - gºmºsº Beef, salted . . . 146 30 Hare skins, white. { — decker. *~- Tew .. , . 270 Hemp of the third sort, 32976 pds, 41b. Feathers common goose 639 pds, 11b, down . • -- --- quills . . 853,000 ps. tº * Sail-cloth A. ACCOUNT * * . . . of the Exportation of the principal Produce from Liebau, in 1803. Linseed for crushing Hempseed . Tobacco in leaves. Grain wheat. . . . rye barley Oats pease Linseed for sowing º *: * England Sweden Lubec «» ë- gº Stettin . . . . Total 5411 of the inferior kind - 730. * > Exported in the spring * To Bremen & * 741 lasts 180 lasts 9 ps. 509 pds.38|b. 994 last —lps. 5865 28 4835 8 927 30 48. 3. 5257 Barrels 24 28 • . 102 . * - ** *=s* | —t— ACCOUNT * & A In the Autumn, To Holland . . . 100 barreiss England . ... 24. Sweden — Lubec . , 409 1460 Stettin, - . Total 1993 : The value of the whole . exportations amounts to, tº a º 2,319,697 rubless The number of ships and vessels sailed from the * harbour, are . Foreign . . . 24.7% Native - 15 * Total 262 : of the principal Articles of Importation into Liebau in 1803. Spicery, oris root e 10 pds, 34 lb. * | * anchovy . . . . . 14 pds, 201b. , Salt petre . . ; : 11 30 Sugar, refined . . 5246 * - v melasses. . . 3773 21 candy . . 586. 36 . in loaves - 950 . 20 syrup. - . 836 35 . Salt, Portuguese - 979 last 13 French . . 274 6 English- . 585 - 11 Luneburg . ... — * Cheese, Dutch and English 342.pds. 321b.... Brimstone . 90 13 Lead , 631 17 Small 'shot . 655 27 Steel e - ſº 102 3 |Tobacco in rolls- . . 756." — Oysters {e e 104 barrels Winegar and cyders .. 225 has-5 ank. . Hops g tº 183 poods Tea g & e Chocolate g . 4 pas. 14 lb., Woollen yarn 17 lb. . Sewing silk o . . 5 pas. 9 lb., Oil * > & 362. 32 Rape oil * . 66, 10 || The 4 vaſtle of the whole . Importation amounts : to ſº . . 875,493 rubles . Vessels arrived," - & Foreign . . 247 : Native .. , 14 . • 13 pds. 101b. Cotton, raw yarn 58 1 Paper, folio-paper . 132 reams letter paper . . 87 Wine, French . 435 has. 5 ank. Spanish 53 3. Portuguese . — * Rhenish . . 25 4 Champaign . . 891 bottles Burgundy, . 132 * : Waters, Seiltzer, &c. 2716 Mustard-seed 34 pas, 231b. Logwood, Fernambuck 286 34 w Guinea redwood 43. 20 logwood - 526 34; Iron wares,—scythes 20,400 pcs. - white plate 57 casks mails 135 pas. 16 lb. needle wire 2.58 & 25 Lime, slaked. . , 54 last --. unslaked 2. 2 / {}offee. . 2&is pds, 7lb. Clinkers. , 157000 pieces • Tiles. & & . 41500: Whetstones, common , 500 Spicery, - pepper 426 pds. 38]b, English spice 156 18 IIła Cé ... 1 17 nutmeg 1 28 s saffrom . — 28 cinnamon . 2 . . 36 cloves , - 97. ginger, white 255 11 brown 83. 5 | Dyer's-wool indigo Sago . . . |Soap, Venic jDrugs Meat smoke Gun powder Quicksilver |Copper |Brass - | wire . tº Fish, Dutch herring H Swedish . . cumin ... . 48 28 Fruits, * - lemons 408 boxes China oranges 58 . oranges ſº 10 apples - . 60-barrels lemon-juice . 20 hos. Dried fruits, prunes 1492 pds. 38 lb. - raisins 1280 *s almonds 534 11 figs . 94. 15 - currents . .223 27 chesnuts . . — Gºmºs olives . 47 38 capers. . 25 37 Rice . . º 1.185 7 Pearl barley . & 538 20 Cloth, fine - . 2361 arsheens CO3 FSé e . 12069 Bays. tº 21681 . Lemon and orange peel- * . . . e. 316 pds. 15. 141 1. . 37 23 39 7. 19 27 604 *-ºs 52 — 3 12 º $ 8 * •-, 21 barrels §51 lasts 9 do * Total 261 ; gºyº. . . – 166 Of the Russian Frontier Trade, betwixt the Baltic and Black Seas. To form a more accurate idea of the general trade of European Russia, we shall shew its commerce by land, and the rivers on the frontiers of Prussia, Austria, and Turkey; giving the particulars of each, to form a complete chain from the White Sea to the Baltic, and from thence to that of the Black Sea ; a description of which will like- wise follow. * In the year 1797, the trade of Russia, on the frontiers of Prussia and Austria, was as follows: PRUSSIAN FRONTIERS. impºſion. Expº Importation. Preborou 68,968 466,219 Rubles. Jurburg . – 179,871 126,861 Radzivil 522, 157 Grodno 42,693 235,524 Volotshinsk 358,078 Brezecz 58,807 104,517 Volodimir 14, 163 Jalowka 1 i 6,340 44,945 Hussjatin 15,058 . . . Polangen 42, 167 51,936 - -— ` Punsk 78,781 9,770 Total . 909,458 Staigin 61,200 12,137 *-* Total .. 648,831 1,051,911 | wº. - AUSTRIAN FRONTIERS. Exportation. Rubles. 2O1,075 65,688 314,441 10,889 592,094 In the year 1802, the amount of the inland trade, at the frontier places on the side of Prussia and Austria together, has increased to amount in value in imports to ro. 10,572,345, exports 4,487 ,995. The inland trade, at the frontiers on the side of Turkey in 1797 and 1802, was as follows, TURKISH BORDERs. e Importation. - Jampol ro. 1, 191,087 T]ubossar 994,398 Schwanez 15,321 Mohileff 2,682 Total . . 2,203,489 Exportation. ro. 126,032 83, 193 20, 109 13,458 And in 1802 it amounted to 2,47 1,867 242,794 779,064 167 CHAP. VIII. of the Black Sea and Sea of Azoph.-Their Ports.-Their Trade.— Short History and present State.—Ships employed in the Coasting Trade on those Seas.-Of Odessa, its Foundation, Localities, rapid Rise, and present State.—Table of the Imports and Erports by Way of those Seas. Trade of those Seas with Turkey.-Turkey Trade with England by Means of the Black Sea. * THIS sea lies betwixt Furope and Asia, and may be said to be near the centre of the great continent; on the north it is bounded by the Crimea and Russia, Georgia and Circassia on the east, Natoli and Asia Minor on the south, Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia on the west. It communicates with the sea of Azoph by a small strait, . called Yenikale, upon the eastern coast of the Crimea, on which are placed the strong fortresses of Kertsch and Yenikale, which command it. The river Don falls into the Azoph, and the considerable rivers of the Dnieper, Bong, Dniester, and the great Danube, fall into the Black Sea, which communicates with the Mediterranean by the Dar- danelles, out of which sets a pretty strong current ; on which account vessels are frequently detained a considerable time, or till a westerly breeze starts, before they can get into the Black Sea. - This sea will furnish those articles, through the Dardanelles, which England receives by the Baltic ; therefore the trade of the Black Sea. can never be one to be cultivated by this country: the voyage through the Marmora into the ports of the Black Sea will occupy nearly as long a period as one to Madras; and so long as the facilities are pro- moted, to convey the produce by the interior canals to the rivers falling into the Baltic, there never ean be a trade carried on from Great Britain direct; her manufactures being in small compass and of greater value, will too be conveyed by the way of the Baltic. Indeed, when the canals of the interior, communicating with that sea, are com- pleted, Great Britain might carry on her Turkey trade through that channel in time of war, rather than the circuitous one through the ió8 Mediterranean, loaded with heavy freights and high insurance, besides detention for convoy. - d - Though Great Britain cannot derive any benefit from the local situ- sation of the Black Sea direct, yet some few observations naturally arise on the subject, which are not a little interesting in many points As Russia extends in civilization and refinement, her wants will in- crease, and her commerce extend; the soil and climate around this sea will derive every assistance from so great a power, and the encourage- ment given to commercial adventure in general, which is so much fostered as it is, by his present Imperial Majesty, that it may probably soon become very great, and be the cause of giving an entire new turn, not only to the commerce of the Baltic, but, most likely, to the politics of Europe. We have seen a wonderful change in Russia, in a short time, in transplanting its trade from the White to the Baltic Sea; its next flight may, in the course of events and a short time, be to the Black Sea. . . - The uncommon attention given by the Russian government to pro- mote the trade of the Black Sea, and establish the port of Odessa, is a good deal similar to that of Peter the Great, in the building of Peters- burg, and the making of Sebastipol, a royal dock, and sufficiently proves the great importance attached to the situation and commerce in this quarter by Russia; we shall therefore give a few details of the rise, present state, and privileges granted to Odessa. - ODESSA • . is situated on a bay formed by the Black Sea, thirty miles distant from the mouth of the Dniester, and sixty from that of the river Dnieper, called by the Turks, when in their possession, Koadjabeg,” and, so late as 1792, its shores were a mere plain. It is a secure and Con- venient bay, with a great depth of water; consequently, it is seldom closed by the frost, which attracted the attention of the Russian government when it came into their possession, so that it is likely to beeome a second Petersburg. - i - * or Gadschibeg, 169 So late as the year 1795, only a few houses were built, and almost no regular business done: in that year, the first of its traffic, 35 small vessels arrived, and 30 sailed, the customs amounted only to 4,360ro. 88ico.; the following year, 87 vessels arrived, and 63 sailed; its imports and exports, at that time, will be seen in a table hereafter, amongst the other ports of the Black Sea. In the Year 1799, it had already made progress in buildings, as the following state will shew, being then - 5 Churches - 4 Lime-kilns 1 Chapel 6 Wind-mills 1 Synagogue - - . 18 Wells in houses --- 506 Houses of stone - - 12 Public wells 233 Earth pits (semlankie) , ºf 13 Fountains 591 Huts - 6 Distilleries 111 Cellars with passages to streets 5 Breweries 36 Warehouses º 5 Soap manufactures 3 Brick-kilns - 4873 Inhabitants . An unprecedented activity is now displayed in the construction of moles, lazarettos, and buildings of every kind ; large sums are granted for that purpose, without suffering this important concern to be de- layed by any correspondence. One of the new moles has already a length of 215 fathoms, and the other of 180, each of which is to be extended to 315 fathoms, and raised 7 feet and a half above the sur- face of the sea. They are constructed after the manner of the piers at Bayonne, and will be made from 10 to 12 feet wide, exclusive of a parapet with embrazures for 30 pieces of cannon. The port will com- prise an area of 60,000 square fathoms, and its entrance will be 150 fathoms wide, so that the ships may get in with the wind at north-east, which otherwise is adverse. The port has a good anchorage, the bottom being of a fine sand and gravel. The depth of water within the port is sufficient to admit the largest ships of war. - Tº s It is intended to render the Dniester entirely navigable, so as to bring down the produce of Galicia, and to form an aqueduct to Odessa. Round this new city it is an open country, not having any wood, which appears the only inconvenience. - - 8, . So rapidly has its commerce increased, that, in the year 1803, before the first of November, there had already arrived 502 ships, of which 472 were loaded and sailed ; the ships were of the following nations: Z - - tro Russiaſis. . . . . 96 || Spanish. . . . . 4 | Turkish . . . . . 56 * . . * * * \ - * ſ * English . . . . . 6 || Neapolitans . . . 5 || Raguseans . . . . . 21 French . . . . . 18 || Imperialists. . . . 278 || Republic of the 7 Isles 13 In November, 1804, its population amounted to 15000 souls, and above 2900 houses were already inhabitable, buildings were extending, and plans for its magnificence multiplying. Its chief export has hitherto consisted in grain, but from its situa- tion, it will be the great depôt for the produce which can be conveyed down the different rivers, which, fall into the bay near to it. - His majesty gave directions and authority to the duke de Richlieu, to execute his favourite plan of raising this new city, and promoting this new channel of commerce, and at the same time issued an ukase, dated March 5, 1804, to make this port an entrepôt, which shews the great consideration this new Alexandria enjoys. The articles run thus: “ It is well known how much, we, for trepôt, may remain in the warehouse or the benefit of the state, wish to bring for- || magazine, one year and a half from the ward the commerce of Odcssa. Experience | date they were warehoused. shews how its flourishing state answers our || § 3. “ From the beginning of the open- expectation ; and for the sake of still fur- || ing of the navigation the ensuing year, all thér extending the same, we most graci- || the articles of import that arrive by sea, at ously order, . - | Odessa, and whose importation is not pro- 1. “ That from the date hereof, there hibited by the present existing tariff, may shall be established in the town of Odessa, | be stored in this entrepôt, under the follow- an entrepôt for five years. . . - | ing regulations, &c. &c.” (which extend to § 2. “The goods warehoused in the en- || 27 articles.) ' - To give this new port every possible advantage, besides that of be- ing an entrepôt, it has particular privileges granted it for a transito trade, by an ukase addressed to the directing senate, dated St. Petersburg, the 5th of March, 1804. “As the transito trade is beneficial in all | not the desired effect. As experience now its parts to the empire, it has long had the shews, how the trade of Odessa is increas- -> attention of government. With the general ing from the privileges granted to the place, tariff of the year 1782, was published, at the | We think proper, for the still further en- same time, a transito regulation, for such || couragement of its commerce, to establish the goods as passed through Riga to Poland, transito trade on the following principles, Lithuania, and Courland, and with the ta- || and command - riff now in force, even the rules and regu- § 1, “All Russian and foreign mer- lations are mentioned, for the guidance of chants, who have the knowledge of earry- the Russian merchants who carry foreign || ing on trade engross, (or wholesale,) to fo- goods through Russia; but as neither the reign countries, shall have liberty to carry place, nor the roads have been named, all goods, (those excepted which are prohi- through which the transito trade was per- bited by the tariff) that shall arrive by mitted to be carried on, this regulation had || sea, or other Russian towns, at Odessa, as .-> * $ *. 171 transito goods, to Moldavia, Walachia, the states of the emperor of Germany, and Prussia. It shall likewise be permitted, to import goods into Odessa from the above- mentioned countries for re-exportation. § 2. “ In those places, where, according to the tenor of the present regulation, the transito trade is permitted, the commanders of the provinces are to inspect the roads, and make their report of the same, to the minister of commerce. § 3. “Those goods that are carried as | l transito from Odessa to Moldavia and Wal- lachia, are only to pass through the custom houses of Dubossar and Mohileff; those that go to the states of the emperor of Germany must pass through the custom-house of Rad- Zivill, and those that are destined for Prussia, must pass through the custom of Krinky.” There are no less than 25 articles in this ukase, to regulate the transito trade, which the limits of this work will not admit. Hist of those Goods which are allowed Transito, and the whole Drawback, when the Duty has been paid in the Russian Ports. - 'C O TTO N G O O DS's Burmetten Indian basma Bisti, kadifi, or table-cloths Bucharian cottons Window and bed curtains Asiatic kumatschi Sashes, or girdles Gumay, or Persian muslims All sorts of nankeens (kitiaka) Unwrought cotton, white, coloured, and spun cotton. SILK GooDs. - Turkish, Chinese, and Persian raw silk, also spun and coloured silk. Muchojar, Daray, Turkish, and Persian | silk stuffs. HALF silk goods. Aladschy, Schemandrufy, Kjutny. | WOOLLEN Goops. ** Uralian and all kind of Asiatic coats and dresses. Camel hair, and all hair of foreign animals, Asiatic horse covers, goats wool, shawls, and carpets. Goo Ds of DIFFERENT KINDs. Chinese beads (korallen) Tea. Sweet oil All sorts of wine the arti- All goods that are named under cle of spices in the tariff. colou Rs. . Indigo, cochineal, madder, morena, bruskawaja (red colours) rasped and unrasped sandal wood. All kinds of dry wood - - Arabian and Persian gums. As a further proof of the great attention paid by government to the Black Sea, we find that Sebastipol, situated so advantageously upon the promontory of the Crimea, is made an exclusive dock and port for the imperial navy; of the order for which we give a copy. - UKASE TO THE DIRECTING SENATE. “The emperor orders the port of Sebas- tipol to be the principal port for men of war, and that the custom-house there shall totally finish its business, within six months after the date of this ukase, and then be broken ; up after the expiration of that time, merchantmen are prohibited from en- tering into the harbour of Sebastipol, ex- cept they are driven in there by storm, or by other misfortune, or for the sake of be- ing repaired, but not to trade, or carry on any commerce. As soon as the danger is over, and the repairs are finished, they must not remain any longer in port. Done this 23d of February, 1804. -- - (Signed) ALEXAN pºR. Z 2 As matters stand at present, the Black Sea trade is a very casual one ; every misunderstanding betwixt Russia and Turkey, will put an instant stop to the commerce on that side, and must always be a check to every prudent commercial mind. - 2’ On the other hand, it is in the power of Great Britain to check the trade likewise, and prevent France and Spain from ever having the command of that trade, so long as we keep possession of Malta : in- deed this invaluable gem is of more importance in many points of view to Great Britain, (besides our Indian possessions, and checking the French encroachments in the Levant), than has been hitherto conceived. It is not the author's intention to give his sentiments here upon so great a political point. - As many important discussions, and great events, it is easily to be foreseen, will arise relative to the natural advantages of this quarter; we shall at present pass over these considerations, and proceed, as con- cisely as possible, to give its past and present state. r The produce which can be exported from the Russian ports on the Black Sea, and Sea of Azoph, are principally grain, oak timber, masts, hemp, flax, tar, tallow, hempseed oil, iron, and sail cloth. Oak timber grows in abundance in the thick forests on the banks of the Dnieper, and on those of the various rivers which are connected with it. The masts, which are purchased on the spot, are generally sent to Riga, and are drawn up against the current of the Dnieper, to be conveyed to the Düna ; but they may be floated down the Dnieper all the way to Cherson, consequently at a much cheaper rate. The admiralty, at Cherson, usually made their contracts for oak timber in the forest, and paid 25 copecks for a pood. This way of reckoning, by the weight, is afterwards reduced into cubic feet. There were some impediments to the exportation of timber this way, arising from the stipulations of the commercial treaty between Russia, and the Porte, in fixing the measure by the tonnage, according to the custom of Europe; whereas the Turks go by the length of the vessel. The quality of the timber is good ; there is fine oak timber, as well as wood of all kinds, and the expense of carriage is much less than that of conveying it up the rivers to the Baltic, on which passage, it must pay duties, either to the Austrians and Prussians, or both, if it is to be shipped from Riga, Memel, or Dantzic. 173 The best hemp grows in White Russia and Lithuania, which is con- veyed down the river Dnieper. - Pitch and tar are obtained in moderate quantities. - Tallow can be had in large quantities, the produce of the cattle fed upon the rich soil of the Ukraine. -- . Iron from Cherson will not answer; from Taganroc it will stand cheaper than from St. Petersburg. º, - Sail-cloth may in time be produced by the way of Cherson. Some samples have been sent from thence to Marseilles, which left a hand- some profit, as well as several cargoes of grain. The port most convenient for shipping timber, hemp, and pitch, was Stuboha, near Cherson, (about 30 miles distant); but that port does not admit vessels exceeding 150 tons. For the other articles, the port of Odessa is preferable, and will be made so. « - - When the French intended to provide themselves with timber this way, they sent a person from their admiralty, who marked out the trees in the forests that were to be cut, and then pronounced them good, or not. By this means every dispute was avoided. From such natural advantages, all articles may be conveyed cheaper down to the Black Sea, than by the way of the Baltic; but the difference of the expense in the interior carriage is nothing (comparatively speaking) when compared with the freight, insurance, and charges round by the Mediterranean to Great Britain. •. The best time for sailing from the ports of the Black Sea is in the spring of the year. The passage to Constantinople is effected, in from two to five days. The purchases on contract are generally accompanied with an ad- vance of a fourth, or half of the money immediately, and a bargain to pay the remaining part on delivery. Contracts may be made to pay the whole on delivery, but the price is higher. . . . . . At an early period, a considerable trade was carried on in this quar- ter, as has already been stated by the Venetians and Genoese, who were driven out of it, before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, previous to which, the trade with India was carried on, in part, by the Caspian and this sea; however, after its coming into the possession of Turkey, its natural advantages were totally neglected, and the traffic 174 carried on upon it, was chiefly by the Turks in a small paltry way to the provinces now occupied by Russia. Peter the Great, however, saw the advantages to be derived here to his empire, and although in 1711, he was obliged to surrender them, yet he did not lose sight of one day acquiring possession, and the free navigation of the Black Sea into the Mediterranean. This object, however, became accomplished in the reign of Catharine the Second. In order to occupy the time of the reader as little as possible, and to shew the progressive state of the trade of Russia in that quarter, and the interruptions which it has experi- •enced, below is a table of the imports and exports, with a few his- torical observations, tending to exhibit the whole at one view. Historical and Commercial View of the Russia Trade from the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azoph. 4 i Imports. Exports. Yrs, . i. R.E.M. A. R. KS, 1756 — — | A trading company was established this year at Temernikow, 1758, 52077 | 34914 || This is the first year of their trade from that place. 1759 61603 || 37848 - 1760, 85085 42.283 1761 116069 || 52651 . 1762. 138906 41315 In this year the trading company of Temernikow was dissolved. 1763, B9652 43369 - 1764. 44020 || 59097 The exports exceed the imports. - - 1768 – — The war broke out betwixt Russia and Turkey, which totally interrupted the trade. . - $ This year the peace was concluded, by which Russia obtained a complete navigation of the 1774. — — Black Sea, and by the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean, and had the Sea of Azoph - & ceded to her. - Aw " 1776|| 87.148 369823 Beginning of the trade at Taganroc. - 1777 83246 2421.18 - 1778] . } A suspension to the trade, in consequence of a dispute betwixt Russia and the Porte, relative | " . . . to the independence of the Crimea, but which was settled the 21st of March, 1779. , 1779; 90645 161696) - - ^– - 4780; 105471 || 130187 Five Russian built vessels manned with Russian seamen, passed through the Dardanelles, 1783 — | The conquest of the Crimea made by Russia, . 1784 — | Apacification concluded betwixt Russia and the Porte. 1785| 448970 | 735117 | The Austrians for the first time commence a trade on this sea. 1786; 517238 || 519811 - v. - 1787] — *-*. War broke out betwixt Russia and Turkey. 1791 -— — | Peace concluded at Jassy, by which Russia secured her present possessions, 1793. 665711 |1295.563 . 1794, 977513 |1265682 1795 544498 || 930434 1796; 4,38166 919296 1797. 778759 1929198 1802,2054789 12986096 - . The above statement shews the rapid rise of the trade by these seas, in five years. The imports have nearly trebled, and the exports doubled, so that, from the convenience for importing all the luxuries of life, it may be a disadvantageous trade to Russia, far different from that of the Baltic. The state of the imports and exports, in 1802, will place this remark in a clearer point of view. " 175 The following are the principal ports in the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azoph, and the share of the trade which they have respectively had, from 1793 till 1797, both inclusive. State of the Trade of Russia, on the Eurine or Black Sea, and Sea of j Azoph, in LMPO RTATION OF FORE. I.G. N. G O O DS. | EX PORTATION OF RUSSIA GOOD S. . - Necessaries of Life. Worth in Rubles, tº Necessaries of Life. Worth in Rubles…, Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359.984 Wheat and Rye fiour . . . . . . . . . 2039 Brandy ‘ e a. * * te 11226. Wheat tº gº tº e . 1754,880. Corn, Rice, &c. . . . . . . . . . e 17763 Rye e . . º. º e - e º e 2.8235 Sugar . . . . . . . . . . * 126 Barley © . g . e. tº 2335 Coffee. tº... • tº ge 4672 Other kinds of corn. ge * 297.65, , Cheese ... tº tº . . . tº º 977 Salt . . ſº e. g. g º º tº e 487.21 Vinegar . . . . . o & 8 º 5908 Meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Salt . . . . . . e 4 e g 3804. Fish «» . - . . . . . . 18076. Meat . . • s . * e & 5 Butter . . . . . e * c e s . 169491. Fish. . . . . . . . . . • tº 565. Honey * . º. º. 632. Try Fruit, &c. . . . . . tº . . .321990 Caviar. . . . . tº gº tº 224,561. Honey . . . . . gy * 503 — . Nüts. . . . . . . . tº e ſe 65465 0. * , Fresh Fruits, &c. . . e. tº e. * . 57.7.98. Total, aerºss - Preserved ditto . . . . - . . 3 . e. wº 3781 : Jelly from fruit . . . ge e is 15155 Oysters . . . . . & e ... We . * 22. f - Total 869694. Therefore the exportation of this sort of goods exceeds the importation ..by . . . . . . . 1409061: . fo Metals. l, Metals.. Gold in foreign coin.” • , tº e. , 78109 H Iron ... . g * * g. • 35%;1909. Silver ditto ditto . . . . . . . . . 81648 Iro 8stigo © A 3 tº Copper . . . 24332 Total 334190% x Total 183989 | - The exportation of metals exceeds the importa- º: tion by . & • . e. e. * 1502.01 - Raw Materials. , - Rāw Materials:- gºtton. • * * * © te 70627 Wool and ‘Hair . . . tº 223S9. Silk • * * * * * 74.552. Potashes 3222 Wool . . . . . . . . . o 12248 2. tº gº tº º •e - * * * * * * * * * - Shamoys • e º e º e s o e o e 13513. Raw Sugar . . . . . . . . tº e e 43 Tar . 460 Shamoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 wax {e ſº * gº Aquafortis, Allum, Verdigrease, &c. . . . . 12454 Raw hides tº a . e. . * tº tº º, 27506 Sweet scented and mineral waters . . . 321 Timber . . . . . . $ 2 tº * - Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.60 || “...”. . . . . . . . . . * @ 9 º' & Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5141 Soap . . g . & * * * • * : * , 23 P - ...” } !allow . . . . . . e gº & tº . 7680 . Cork . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Fur 521.78 Furs . . . . . 1424. © e º s & a e Leinon and orange peel * * g º e 1025 - Resin of different kinds . . . . . . . , 18106 * & tº º Total 130383, . Frankincense and other articles . . . . . . 228323 The importation of this article of commerce ex- .* Salad oil . . . . . . . . . . , 27.5089 ceeds the exportation by . . , , 641589: 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. ; J707. - Imports, Exports. Imports. |Exports. Imports. Bxports. Imports, Exports. | Customs. Exports. || Imports.] - ''. . & Z. - * - 3. - m s - t . . Taganroc rol 1564,10 || 428087 347581 605119 275213 65.9966 182744 || 553583 || 42794 378788 || 693204 |Otchakoff doſ 244349 209.321 || 365299 || 181152 1281.23 12624 65845 60990, 8913 || 38564 || 33.240 fº Eupatoria doſ 91878 334397 || 74281 || 254128 || 30565 || 136511 || 31279 || 107067 || 7247 85343 || 244478 Cherson. ſqol — || 147821 || – 68.701 sº-seasºn, . 47,695 — . 48755 || 1178. # 35233 Theodosia deſ 77898 || 54280 || 80248. 30462 || 4689 20887 24007 || 35231 || 4074 || 50578 || 69470 |Nikoloff deſ — 106515 || 95.400 || – 8802 — | 18609. , 365: ... — 37341 Sebastipol do. 88103 || || 857 || 87.856 7828 || 47218 2656 22255 || 3224 || 4619 63458 4583 |Kertel, . doſ' 2963 | 9959 6390 84.19 || 11726 || 2942 13795 || 9751 903 141.93 ± 12680 flyenikale idol. 4116 || 4322 || 5853. 14469 || 3894 12573 5679 2560 | 847 || 4188 || 13399 H. Odeſsa do — f – * 43065 24824 92.559 .. 79422 || 11530 1994.92 || 79091 #Ovidiopol #| *-* ---, - *--------- * *º-º-º-º-º: —- * 800 4150 . 5675 . 176 Sulphur . . . . Unwrought wood . Juice of fruit Marble and other stone Apothecaries drugs 1518 11813 24912 541 5320 Total 77 1972 Foreign Goods and Manufactures. Russian Goods and Manufactures. Gold twist Cotton goods 12018O 6724 Silk ditto . • * * * > '41937 Sail-cloth . 10264. Woollen ditto . . . . . 21013 Ravenducks . e 2204 Toys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Linen, fine and coarse 5558 China, earthen, and glass ware . . . . . 2945 Table-cloths and napkins . 1173 Writing paper . . . . . . . 79 Printed linen . . . . . . . . . 19582 All sorts of artists instruments . . 684 Felts . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 39399 Musical instruments . . . . . . 261 Rope and cordage . - 51773 Statues and other carved work . . . . . . . 992 Copper vessels . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Printed books . • * * * * * * * * 212. Iron ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . 4525 Chimney pots . e e o e e e g º e 310 Tanned leather . . . . . . . 6418 Needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Yufts . . . . . . . . . . . . 7215.2 Razors e - e º 'º & * & © tº o 9 Matts . . . . . . . . . . . 545 a- Candles . . . . . . . . . . . . 5861 Total 189406 The exportation of this branch exceeds the importation by e Q © q is tº 35144 224,550 Total 224.550 Pearls . . . . . . . . . 314 All kinds of goods 18218 All other goods . . 39414 ! — - - - —- The whole exportation is . . . . . . . . . . . 2986096 The whole importation is . 2054789 The exportation of goods from the Euxine, or — . . . . . . - Black Sea, exceeds the importation by Ro. 931307 To give a connected detail of the whole foreign trade of the Black Sea, in 1802, the following table is inserted, shewing the ships of the nations arrived and sailed, and the number belonging to each tra- ding on that sea with Russia. . . . . . * . . . Arrived. Sailed. ship. Laden. Lºng- |Unladen. lange Laden. i Lauge Unladen. Lastage. Russian . . . . . . 122 7988 I 3 818 134 10889 1 3O French . . . . . &" l 7O — - ºs º- *g - * Austrian . . . . . . 70 6925 73 70.18 137 14992 || – *— Republic of the - - . | Seven Islands 17 | 1040 4 235 13 | 1046 1 27 Turkish . . . . . . . 199 || 7181 207 5325 | 379 |12942 4. 77 409 |23204 297 |13396 | 668 |39869 || 6 || 134 Russia has some little coasting trade from the creeks to the ports in the Black Sea, and from one port to another, as well as vessels em- ployed in the fisheries. In 1802, the numbers of both stood thus. - For fishing. Wessels. Łastage. Accounts had not been received. cºsmº For transport. Vessels. Lastage. tº G & G is Q & Co 38 899 & 266 small craft that go to sea. Ö | 47 Russians tº . .*- : } * † : , U- . . . . Kisº & & © Q & Q c ºx c ... sº 177 Of the Trade betwitt Russia and Turkey. - There is a very considerable navigation in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoph with Constantinople; also in the principal ports in the Crimea, from April to the end of October. From Taganroc there are usually upwards of a hundred Greek ships, under Russian colours, loaded chiefly with iron. . . . The new port of Odessa is preferable to that of Cherson, for the produce of the Ukraine, because, in the latter port, goods are obliged to be transported, in lighters, to the ships in the open roads, which is often attended with danger from the weather, and always great risk on account of pillage; and because, at Odessa, there are foreign houses of different nations, whilst, at all the other ports, they are chief- y Greeks and Russians. s: - The usual freight from Odessa and its neighbouring ports, is from 40 to #º per kintal, and from Taganroc 70 to #. - . . . . Ships, in general, are but a few days on their passage from Odessa, but from Taganroc the navigation is not only much longer, but tedi- ous, and liable to many inconveniences and dangers. r Merchandize may, in general, be embarked the whole winter through at Odessa; but, from Taganroc, the navigation generally ceases in the month of November, and does not open again till the end of March or April. - - Insurances may be effected with insurance companies at Trieste, who have an agent at Constantinople;—on good European bottoms going from Odessa, in the fine season, to Constantinople, at from two to three per cent. but, in Greek bottoms, from three to four per cent. ; whilst, from Taganroc, the premium is generally from five to eight per cent, and, under particular circumstances, ten or twelve per cent, be- ing hardly any other than Greek vessels. Indeed, the business is car- ried on by the Greeks, with whom it is impossible to cope; they have a very strange method, by their precipitation, of ruining every branch of commerce they attempt to cultivate. - The articles of Russia produce, generally shipped for Turkey, are, iron, wheat, tallow, sail-cloth, caviar, cordage, and anchors for ships A & 178 f - . . . . . . ... of war. Furriery, double and single refined loaf-sugar, if the prices are low in Russia; broad and narrow linens, all nations can import from Russia, through the Dardanelles principally, but under Russian and Austrian flags; by means of those colours, Spain, France, Venice, ‘Trieste, Italy, &c. &c. import a great deal. . . The returns to Russia, in Turkey articles, for general consumption, are wines, dried raisins, black currants and figs, some silks and cotton; of each of these last articles, from a million to a million and a half of dollars annually; and, what may appear extraordinary, chiefly by land, when they can have water-conveyance a great distance in Russia and along the Turkey frontiers or entirely across the Black Sea. . Imperial crown pieces are to be had, to any amount, at Constan- tinople. s - - The Russian and Austrian flags, like the Ottoman, have free egress and regress, without any expense, or other delay, than merely exhibit- ing the required documents, at the Dardanelles. The same privilege has been granted to the British and French flags. - .* Taganroc is a convenient situation for the trade of the south-east inte- rior of Russia, which is carried on at little expense, by means of the Don, ascending that river to where the Wolga becomes contiguous, when goods are conveyed overland, and then ascend the Wolga, by which channels all the produce of Siberia and the Caspian is easily conveyed; and by which, formerly, Russia imported figs, wincs, raisins, cotton wool and yarn, silks, drugs, oil, and other articles; b y this means, the principal traffic was carried on in exporting caviar, butter, tallow, iron, &c., before Odessa was established. The navigation betwixt the Düna and the Dnieper will make some difference now to this trade. Constantinople takes about 30,000 kintals of iron annually, (equal to about 1650 tons) and Smyr- na takes as much. - A considerable business is done in bills of exchange, betwixt Ta- ganroc, Odessa, Constantinople, and Mosco, among the Greeks and their connexions, but they have no regulated course. The Back Sea trade with Smyrna is likewise considerable; exportin 9. from Taganroc thither, annually, eliefly of iron from 30 to 40,000 kin- tals; grain, value more or less, from 2 to 300,000 Turkish dollars of 40 pa- ras; tallow may be about from 40 to 60,000 okes, which comes in lea- 179 ther packages, like butter; coarse canvas from 18 to 20,000 pikes, an- nual consumption ; canvas for bedding, from 10 to 15,000 pikes; caviar, of the weight of 80, to 100,000 okes ; butter, to the armount of from 30 to 60,000 Turkish dollars; sheep's wooi, tallow, canvas, and hair-sacking together, may be reckoned from 40 to 60,000 Turkish dollars. - Furs drest from 3 to 400,000 dollars, are gencrally exported from Russia to Smyrna alone. They find their way by and to USungiora and Silemnia, in Romelia, where there are, annually, two fairs, and where they are bought by the shopkeepers from Turkey. *. The exports from Smyrna to Odessa and Taganroc were, in 1800, estimated in red coarse cotton yarn, from 3 to 500,000 Turkish dollars; dried fruit, that is, figs and raisins, from 1 to 200,000 dollars; Metelin olive oil, more or less, from 2 to 400,000 dollars; Samos wines, do. from 50 to 100,000 do.; madder roots, from 20 to 30,000 do.; incense, from 30 to 60,000 do.; cotton-wool, from 50 to 60,000 do.; gum Arabic, safflower, dates, &c. from 30 to 70 to 80,000 do. Egypt and Syriage- nerally take from 10 to 15,000 quintals of iron from Smyrna, annually. The ships, for the most part, in the Black Sea trade, betwixt Russia and Turkey, are indifferent; nor are many of their commanders much better, — generally being men whose character will not bear much examination. - º The whole of this trade is in the hands of the Greeks, on account of the extraordinary assiduity, economy, and personal attendance to their business, which no foreigner can equal. Their assiduity and personal attendance never cease, even during the time Constantino- ple is infected by the plague, which drives every foreigner into the country. The imports from Russia being subject to retail, their ad- vantage is evident. All foreigners are burthened by brokers attached solely to one house, who receive full five per cent brokerage, between the buyer and seller. The Greek saves that charge, and at most pays a half per cent. The foreigner receives his information from his bro- ker, who is a Jew, respecting the markets:– the Greek attends to it himself. The Greek houses generally consist of two or more partners; and in their export trade one of them is sent to the Islands to pro- wide the wine, oil, soap, silk, &c. with an allowance of a few pence A a 2 - 180 per day, for his nourishment. The advantage does not solely rest on the trifling charge, but mostly in the advantage of purchasing in per- son, and suffering no deceit in weight or measure. What is advanced relating to the advantages of those people is manifested by their pos- sessing, exclusively, every trade open to them. The adventures of those people to Russia are accompanied by a partner, as supercargo, who sells and provides the returns. The trades between Germany, Holland, and Italy, with Turkey, is immense; and yet not one native house of any of those countries exists either at Constantinople, Or at any one of the scales in Turkey, excepting Aleppo. It now follows to consider the continuance of communicating with England by the same rout, or by the Black Sea. On that subject it is not difficult to form a judgement. It must be remarked, in the distance from Eng- land to Turkey, through the channel described, there is not much interi- or navigation made use of, whilst, by the Mediterranean, there are long delays. During the months of June, July, and August, it rarely happens that ships can clear the channel, from the Dardanelles to the Black Sea; and, when there, the Etisian winds often render their voyage very long. The Palos Meotis is not navigable from Novem- ber to April, at Taganroc; and that place furnishes all the iron ex- ported, and some corn, which are articles of the greatest demand for Turkey; and the export to Italy and Spain. Odessa, however, will furnish all produce, iron excepted, at a reasonable rate, from the Uk- raine, and the fertile countries communicating with the Dnieper. Twelves months, however, will be requisite for a ship to perform a voyage from London to any port in the Black Sea and back. From the remarks which have arisen in treating of the trade betwixt Russia and Turkey, and that relative to the commerce of the latter with Great Britain, we must beg leave to make a digression, and to offer a few observations on the British Turkey trade, particularly as a new avenue will shortly be opened by which the British merchants may avail themselves during war, at as little, or less, expense, and in as little time, as that by way of the Mediterranean in the period of peace. - - ~ 181 Turkey Trade from England, through Russia, and over the Black Sea; dnd State of the Trade betwixt Great Britain and Turkey. It may be said to be deviating from the principle of this work, to touch upon the trade of Great Britain with Turkey; but, whilst treating of the trade of Russia in the Black Sea, and that of Turkey with the former empire, it will be observed, in the few remarks which are here offered, particularly in time of war, that the merchants of Great Britain might carry on their trade, from hence to Turkey, through Russia. - - This company, in London, had its charter granted in 1581, and sprang from a decayed company of merchants trading to Barbary; it was once a joint-stock-company, and has been sometime, as it now is, a regulated company, having its own, and bye-laws, which are con- tained in one hundred and thirty-eight articles. The admission into this company is by application to the governor, deputy-governor, treasurer, or secretary, paying twenty pounds, taking the oaths pre- scribed ; and conforming to its bye-laws and regulations. There is a British consul general at Constantinople, entirely for commercial purposes; and consuls at Smyrna, Salonica, Alexandria, and Aleppo; vice-consuls at Patrap, Scio, and the Dardanelles, and an agent at Cyprus, who are appointed by the Levant Company, Ol' by their recommendation. - An act passed, in 1780, allowing the Irish the same privileges as the British merchants in this trade, so that it is open to all British sub- jects becoming members of this company; and that every one trading there should become such is only policy; for some discoveries, leading to such a regulation, were made, arising from French products and ma- nufactures being imported into Turkey, under the former British privi- leges. An act was passed, in 1753, for regulating the company, and au- thorizing them to make bye-laws. Although it was nine years previous, that strong remonstrances were presented, stating the cause of the de- cline of the Turkey trade. The French account of the Levant-trade, given in 1787, is interesting; and, to this day, they view it with a most envious and wishful eye. - - 182 A short period ago, an author” gave his sentiments upon the trade of Great Britain with Turkey; and, attributing a spirit of monopoly to this company, this, and other statements, was ably answered by Edward Lee, Esq. one of the most respectable merchants of London in that trade, who had long resided in Turkey, and who, with ability and great good sense, maintains his arguments with conviction, founding them on experience and facts. - - A few words relative to the Turkey Company, and equally applica- ble to the Russia and all other regulated companies, may serve to remove error and prejudice. The word Company signifies persons associated for the purpose of carrying on a particular branch of trade, or for some particular pur- pose, and implies, in a general sense, that they do so with a joint stock. -- - The traders in a regulated company do not properly form a company at all : it is only a subscription, and the subscribers to Lloyd's might as well and properly be termed a company, (for they act independently, though subject to certain regulations,) as the Russia and Turkey mer- chants are. - - – r The meaning of the word would be of little importance, were it not that the idea of a company carries with it the idea of monopoly, of restraint, of high prices, and high profits, thereby exciting prejudice against those who belong to such societies or regulated companies. This has gone so far, that it may lead some time or other to the abolishing entirely the form of such companies, it may therefore be well to ob- serve, that when the trade to a country is such as to require some general expenses and regulations for its convenience, it is always well to have a regulated company. Thus it is to Turkey and Russia, but it would be totally useless to the United States of America. New branches of trade require in many cases a general concurrence and effort to make them prosper, and this is best effected by a regulated company. When the trade is of great national importance, such as the West India trade, government finds itself under the necessity of * Mr. Eton, 183 providing funds for general purposes, and the merchants find it neces- sary for their interest to meet in assemblies, and act in concert. The owners of shipping have found it necessary also to assemble, and to contribute funds for certain general purposes, which is in fact, (though without any authority from government) acting as a regulated com- pany; and as this is done, of their own free will, by men who best understand their own interests, there can be no doubt of the advantage and utility. • . - - It is unnecessary entering into the historical or commercial researches of this company; it is sufficient to remark, and it does the highest honour to those composing the Direction, that no merchants can act with more laudable or disinterested zeal than they, in promoting the trade of this country with Turkey; but there are physical and moral causes, however, aided and supported by the liberality of government, which will counteract their patriotic endeavours. It is needless here entering into details, which at the best might be deemed speculative, when the ability, experience, and exertions of those who have resided in the country, and devoted their whole talents and views to promote the British trade to that quarter, find it attended with but little suc- cess. The French have been indefatigable at all times to promote and even monopolize this trade, from their local and su perior advantages over England, but likewise hitherto in vain. - The interior facilities now forwarding in Russia, and the great attention to promote its commerce, will open a new channel by which the British trade to Turkey may be carried on, and no doubt it will be so if Russia. considers her own interest. A transit trade can be made equally pro- fitable to Russia as that which consists in her own produce, and as, much to her interest. . - - If Russia wishes to extend her navigation, she should take off all unnecessary restraints or duties, which can in any way tend to check it; for the same number of men will gain as much or more by the car- rying-trade in this instance, as by cultivating the soil. - t The British commerce with Turkey may then, at a moderate ex- pense and risk, and in a reasonable time, be carried on throu gh Russia, when Great Britain and France are at war, when the premium of in- 184 surance is high, as well as freights, and when great delays often occur Hitherto, such articles of value, as would bear the expense by land through Germany, has been defraye d by the premium which would have been paid for the sea risk. From the borders of G ermany, over- land to Constantinople, frequent robberies occur, from the nature of the government police, so that a new channel, which we shall point out, seems preferable, to the more tedious conveyance through ** Ger- many, even supposing that the Elbe and the Rhine should be joined to the Danube: these are considerations worthy the notice of those in the British Turkey trade. In time of war, the freight from London to Turkey has often been from 8/. to 10!. sometimes to 121. per ton, and even higher, accord- ing to the nature of the article. The premium of insurance, from 18 even to 35 guineas per cent. has been paid, but with returns for con- voy, which has left from 10/. to 20/. per Cent. net premium to pay u pon the goods, exclusive of a detention of some months for convoy. The new channel to be here pointed out will save great expense as well as time, by the way of Riga, up the Düna, and through the Beresinski canal, which will be finished this year, to join the Dnieper: this chan- nel is preferable to that b y way of Koni gsburg, (which will be described under that head.) Memel, Petersburg, or any other, because the goods, by way of Riga, will have to ascend a less distance against the current, and sooner get into a favourable one to decend the Dnieper to Odessa, from whence the frequent, nay, almost constant opportunities will cause great expedition. The Spring and Autumn would be particu- - larly favourable to this new mode, not only in ascending the Düna, but descending the Dnieper, till the obstructions in that river are com- pletely removed, which are already described in treating of the rivers of Russia. Supposing the merchandize was shipped from England in the end of March, to Riga, they would arrive in the middle of April at that city; and, on the canal being completed, from the great traffic which will be carried on by this channel, immediately proceed forward for the j}lack Sea; a month might be allowed, the expense would be trifling, as well as the risk. 185 The freight from England to Riga might be reckoned about 20s. per ton, as most vessels to Russia go in ballast, or only part loaded. The premium of insurance in Spring and Summer would be only four guineas per cent. to return two per cent, for convoy. The transit duty through Russia would be one-eighth part of the customs, as will be seen at the end of the last chapter in treating of Russia, and in some instances, by Odessa, nothing. The expense from Riga to Odessa might not exceed 50s. per ton, by water, and not more by the sledge-roads, part of the way in winter. The freight from Odessa, as well as the insu- rance, are both reasonable, as is already mentioned in treating of the trade betwixt Russia and Turkey; so that, taking the freight from Eng- land, by way of Riga or even Konigsburg, to Constantinople, it would only be about half of that by the Mediterranean, in time of war and the premium of insurance al together not more than from four to six per cent. being only from one-third to a half of the amount by the other route. s The calculation is chiefly made to Smyrna from England, and to Constantinople by the way of the Black Sea; the intermediate expense would be but trifling. For the information of the British merchants and manufacturers, a short sketch is given of the trade collectively to the whole Turkish empire, trusting that some information may be selected therefrom, by those wishing to extend their trade to that quarter. The principal Imports into Turkey from Great Britain consist of West-India coffee T - Pimento . ... T * ditto - - Nº. ginger Pepper s' . t - utmeg'S Those arºcioc or . i.; sugar All these articles are fernambuc wood º Powder ditto | of considerable con- || Santa marta $- º sº . t. Domingo Indigo sumption at this Togwood able sº º . er- Carolina ditto ſ market, and gene- Lead shot & Sumption. Guatimala ditto rally commandready || Iron - * . * Louisiana ditto money or short cre- || Irish butter J - Tin plates dit. . . . - - Dead A . . . . . * -- - \ Rice – - t . Shalloons, common | Those articles,except- & fine ing kersymeres and - & Cloves hair-list - drabs, are Cinnamon l of very considerable Mahoots > consumption, and Shallots - are usually sold at a Kersymeres of usual credit of 24 and 3 breadth months, which is ge- Broad-cloth nerally prolonged to Hair-list drābs J 3, 3}, or 4 months. B b 186 .* • * * The Money, Weights, and Measures, at Constantinople. - ...' M.O. N. H.E.S. Jºſhe current coin of Turkey, by which all goods are bought-aud sold, is a piastre, or dollar; subdivided into 40 parts, called pa- ras, though all accounts are kept there by the English in piasters and eighties. The current exchanges more or less are with . . . London 14 24; piastre per last. Holland #3 of a piastre per current florin. - Vienna #4 of ditto per ditto. H = Leghornº of ditto per dollar of eight rials. - - The exchanges are observed to rise in the ‘Spring, and eontinue to do so till the ap- proach of Autumn, when they invariably fall. This latter being the season when all the staple commodities of that countryeome - to market, the returns being then made in goods, the number of remitters become of course diminished, and bills on Europe more plentiful. - W E IGHTS. The weights by which all gruff goods, spices, dyes, &c. are bought and sold, are as follows: the smallest is called a Dram, though not agreeing in weight with the English dram, and of which 112 are equal to llb. English. - An oke, composed of 400 of the drams, or about 23 lb. English. A Kintal, composed sometimes of 44 said okes, and sometimes of forty-five, accord- | ing to the article vended. A Pood contains 13% okes; 1 12 lb. English makes 40 *º- : . lish. - : okes Turkish. - - Measures. - The only measure of lengths used in this country, in the sale of cloth, stuffs, &c. is called a pike, and is usually subdivided by thirds. It contains 27 inches One yard English makes 13 pike Turkish. . . . The measure of grain is called a killol, of which 83 make a quarter of wheat in London; and 4 killow of rice, if it be of | good quality, ought to weigh—lb. English. At SMYRNA. 100 rotoles make I kintal, equal to 1231b. English. t - 44 okes make I kintal of cotton wool. 45 ditto make I ditto of other commo- dities. . . . . • - 1 oke is 400 drams, equal to 23 lb. Eng- I ditto of opium is 250 drams. 1 ditto of saffron is 120 ditto. 1. ditto of goats’ wool is 800 ditto. 2400 drams is I batman of silk. - 610 ditto is 1 tiffer, by which silk is bought. - * Accounts are kept at Smyrna in piastres. and aspers. The English houses calculate 80 aspers to the piastre, others. 100, and others again 120. 187 General Imports from Turkey into Great General Exports to Turkey from Great. - Britain. • . Britain. - Imports * | 1790 1791|1795/179918031804 Exports *hºnolºkºlºlº ports. age. * ...txports. or weight. & Jº- ºf . Cotton wool . . . Bales #12131 |2838|1585|1350.3666 234||Muslins and calicoes | Bales. 98. 156; 59| 202 66 151 Carpets . . . do 119 || 178 .118| 7 | 180 234; Cloths . . . . do 124° 216| 279; 196; 101: 14 Madders . . do 2651 g?81|1427 – 3558|2265||Stuffs . . . . do 7153|1666|| 602; 729, 273; 79 Yellow Berries. Sacks, 233 || 419,752, 64.799, 699||Glass & earthenware Crates. | – || 33 47 494. 230, 277 Goats wool . . . . . Bales, 124 247; 62. 94, 77 119|Clocks and watches Cases. 31. 32: 27, 17, 41; 4 {Sheep's wool . do 111 100 — — | – || 38||Indigo e º Casks. 124; 138|| 311; 222 76# 64: Mohair yarn . ſ do 190 190] 179| 326|| 311| 377|Guns and pistols, . Cases. 14; 6 — ? — 179; 22 Sponges . . . . do 53 76. 144. 74 - 27 266|Hardware & cutlery Parcels. 32 30 6, 203; 79; 27 Silk . . . . . do 100 306 93 — 10 15|lron plates . & Boxes. — 52 130 — f – 276 Cotton yarn ë do 241 252 546. 23, 154 422|Sugar . e Casks. 104. 112 120 443,1029, 123 Safflower . . . . .* . . . . . * . [Tin in barrels . Barrels, 13601493|2423.3180 990 316 º'. . . l Hºli.j Cº. ººlººl ºf sºlº i Assafoetida . e c. * r gº ed and white lead do — — — — — 128 Gallbanun . e Par. 358 428, 114 319 703: 906 Wrought & cast iron Tons. 296,1266 10 163; 21; 24 Tragacanth . . . ſ - Brasil wood . . . Pieces. 100; 31 — 2424. 55; 10. Opium tº - Rum . . . . Punch. 14 12 10 54; 27. 51 Gails . . . Sacks 438 367 327| 10| 659, 318||Tin plates Boxes. 1097|1769 — j — 1381: 740 Whetstones. ' . Bar, 27 || 34 100 — 56 114|Lead in pigs . Pieces. 6372.4967|32657,337.1178; 915 Raisins gº Cask, 378 3638] 382 493,1546,8858||Pepper ". . . . . Bags. 388. 318, 548, 644; 632 — Figs . . . . . . Bar. 2767. Z505|2657, 4413125||9304|Pimento . . . . Casks. 57; 25 — | – || 101 – ’ Väionea . . . . Tons. || 176 || 2:3] 2 – 130159. Tar . . . Barrels. 508 128 — — | – || – Emery stones do ºsmºs -33] 57 7| 113; 110||Rice t do 507 — — 565; — — Boxwood . . . . do 71 200 — 15| 133| 201}Coffee . . Bags. 177| 262,1584|1371 787; 3 Liquorice root . Cwt. — — — — — 4 Goat skins . . . Bales. 87 330 — i — I — , 764 #Sheep skins undrest Pieces. , 380 11| – || – | – || – Unwrought copper Tons. 168 12 — — — 37 j- The Value of the Imports an d Exports to and from Great Britain and Turkey. ; –º- -— - ---ºrs Years. Imports. Exports. Years. Imports. Exports. sé - ºf ºf 1701 386611 || 239102 s 1791 178388 189291 N } # 1705 || 5017.4 || ; 1792 290599 || 273785 1710 11610 || 417690 1793 184681 45270 1715 || 311903 ; 1794 || 324906 || 117700 1720 i 398564 359 # 1795 | 84.299 || 149938 1725 345379 252317 1796 || 150182 išić England only being arº cº fºre y º ; ; # # *::::: : > nothing from Scot: ižº || “...; tºo;4 Great Britain. 17% | .33% | *% land, | 1745 225797 780 º 'reat Britain, 1800 | 199773 | 166804 1750 189285 172800 - 1801 || 141 137 1721.98 1755 69687 || 71589. 1802 || 182424 180000 ; 58916 #; 1803 || 175427 155369 J 1765 | 122652 & * 1770 | 164366 22032 * | 1773 163538 118475 1782 || 41325 4248 | 1785 146906 || 82440 ° B b 2 188 State of the Trade and Navigation of England with Turkey, in the —A- Years 1800, 1801, and 1802. - . . . . 101575 10 1 180000 4 7. 19 sº |- Exports to Turkey. - Ships Inwards, Ships Outwards : Value of the T . . . . . . . . Total Value of r ... ". . . - -- Years. Imports from British Manufac- Foreign Mer- Exports, - - - Turkey. tuTeS , chandize * British. Foreign British. ºf'. S. d. sf. s. d. . . . - - º - - - -- - - * * * - - * -- • - - - - - 1. * .* * - A. - - * ** It mus O hal'ín rather than goo © * * * * * ~ : . . . . - : * f - - - - - - - * ~ * ...' . . . ; ; ; ; , , , , ,' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - * Ty * * * - * > . * * ... . . . ... ;...? ... ' J.' '', ... ; ; ; ; ; ; : a • • * : • * ... • f & S t - - * º - - - f • *- - - - ... • . . . * * "... • * * * ...- ...' ...a * * * * * - * - - * w -* - * . . . . * - - - - 3 * Y. '• * * * * * W. * * * ** ... . . . . - . - * * * *- $.” - - - * - 4 #. * , * t - , - C c $94, College of Commeree. IT is no doubt of importance to every government wishing to pro- mote any partieular objeet, or carry into execution more effectually any particular view, to establish purposely a board, under its imme- diate protection and sanction (distinct from other establishments), that more minute attention may be given, and more prompt measures adopted. © . On this principle, the Russian government have, at Petersburg, esta- blished a College of Commerce, or, properly speaking a Board of Trade, eonsisting of a certain number of directors, with a president, who take into consideration, and under their direction, every thing relating to the trade of the empire; and to that board applications, must at art times be directed. It has the control of the brackers, brokers, and every department connected with commerce; in matters. of dispute, it acts, likewise, in a judicial capacity ; and the only ap- peal from its decision, in case of the dissatisfaction of either party, is to the senate, where 200 rubles must be deposited: a certificate being produced from the secretary of the senate, that the deposit is made, when the requisite documents are given from the College of Com- merce, and proceedings commence in the superior court. It is through this college, that the English only have the privilege, specially provided for by treaty, to appeal in cases of dispute, or for redress from the Russian subject; and through this channel only it is, that the native subject must apply for redress against the British. merchants; amongst whom, if any disputes or controversies arise, the directors of the College of Commerce, very wisely order it for arbitration among the British merchants, who are selected for that purpose. This is a sort of court of equity in commercial matters, the deci- sions are prompt and attended with little expense, as the impartiality of the judges is at least equal, to what could be found in the common courts of law : it is attended with advantage.—Here it may not be improper to observe, that it is certainly of advantage in commercial matters, that differences should be decided speedily, not only because. witnesses are generally ready, and the facts recent, and well remember- 195 ed, but that it prevents the interruption and suspension of business, which would otherwise be occasioned. Inferior and prompt courts of this sort may be always corrected by the power of appeal, therefore they deserve approbation. rt. -- x The Brackers. -- . The principal articles of Russian exportation, must be examined or bracked by competent sworn brackers : for this purpose, in 1790, six- teen Russian, and fourteen foreign brackers for hemp ; five Russian, and three German for tallow and oil; four Russian, and three German for herrings (the Russian herring-brackers also brack caviar and isinglass); one Russian, and two German for tobacco; five Russian, and three German for yufts; two Russian, and one German for horse-hair and hog's bristles; one Russian and two German for hare-skins, were ap- pointed. - & , - - | Such are the excellent regulations relating to the brackers, that if, through any neglect or fraud, an inferior quality is passed which ought not to be, the bracker, whose name is affixed in some articles, and especially appointed for others, is liable to a very severe punishment as soon as the proof is produced, so that a precaution like the one men- tioned prevents the possibility of an inferior article being substituted for the real one, and every merchant is sure that what he purchases is the very article he agrees for. * - The merchant, in his purchases, has only to settle with a broker, who is likewise approved by the College of Commerce, and who makes a contract betwixt the buyer and seller. The goods are received and the business is dispatched. -- The articles subject to brack are:* & - Hemp, Flax, Tallow, Hides, Yufts, isinglass, Glue, Caviar, Hare-kins, Bristles, Wax, Cow and Horse Hair, Linseed, Hempseed, and Train Gil, Tobaceo, Rhubarb, Masts, Pot and Pearl Ashes, Saltpetre, Castor of Beaver, &c. &c. &c. * . A certain rate is fixed to be paid to the bracker by the purchaser, which is very reasonable. 3. * Some articles are stamped; for instance, the casks with Tallow and Oil: Flax with a lead tally annexed by a string; Hemp in the inside of the bales by a wooden tally, with the bracker's name written thereon. C C 2 196 Of the Exchange between Russia, and other Countries. After having treated of the produce of Russia, and of its commerce and connection with other nations, as well as of its interior arrange- ments for aiding and facilitating trade, we shall give an account of its exchange; premising, however, that, as Petersburg; the capital of Russia, is situated at one extremity of Europe, it can never become an intermediate place, for the transacting such business between other nations. All its transactions of this sort do now, and probably always will, amount to nothing beyond what arises out of its own mercantile affairs, that is, of its sales and purchases. Russia never will be a country in which agency business can be carried on for others, to any extent; but, as its improvement proceeds to a greater height, the produce for exportation will increase in quantity, and the imports from other nations will augment nearly in the same proportion. . . . . . The subject of exchange is here rendered more complicated by the operations of the state, and its financial arrangements, which, being un- known at the time, cannot be ascertained correctly, particularly as they are but little understood, and, of course, opposite maxims fre- quently pursued. Besides, Russia is situated at too remote an extre- mity to come generally into the influence of exchange operations; so that we must consider the present observations as rather local. The earliest account we find, relating to the Russia exchange, was at Mosco, in 1540, when the ruble was at one hundred and three quarters stivers upon Amsterdam. In 1633, it was at one hundred stivers; at a time, too, that the intrinsic worth of the ruble was eighty-six and seven- -> tenth stivers; it was at eighty-nine and two-sevenths in 1695, in which year the exchange on Holland was at one hundred and fourteen stivers. The average exchange at Archangel and Mosco, whilst the intrinsic worth of the ruble remained at the same rate, was ninety-five stivers on Amsterdam; and that year only eighty-eight 'schillings on Ham- burg; on which latter city nothing was again done, in the exchange .* way, till 1781, when it opened at thirty-six and three-quarters schil- : lings banco, and declined, before the close of the year, to thirty- three. - x & * , . . . . . . . . 197 upon the exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . " . In the year 1695 only the exchange on London was at one hundred and twenty pence, with the exception of only one year, 1710, when it was at eighty pence. We find no direct course on England till the year 1763, when a direct course was fixed on London, which has con- tinued ever since, and when the silver ruble was worth thirty-six and a half stivers Hollands; but the course, in that year, opened at forty-nine stivers on Amsterdam, and fifty-five pence on London; since which period the exchange grad ually declined, till 1793, when it was at twenty two and a half stivers on Amsterdam, and at twenty-two and three- fourths pence on London, since when it. has experienced great fluc- tuations: , ; ; o: iſ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In order more fully to elucidate these observations, a table of the ex- change of Petersburg will be found on London, which forms the cri- terion for the whole empire, from January, 1788, down to the pre- sent period; which being compared with various, political and finan- cial events in Russia, will shew the effect they have severally had It has been the constant andwise aim of the Russian government to establish the credit of her paper upon a par with specie. Many at- tempts and expedients have been devised, some of which have ope- rated in a contrary way, and they have generally all terminated, in in- creasing the circulation of paper. . . . . . . . . . . In every country where paper is great in quantity, and has a forced circulation, its exchange, for gold and silver, becomes difficult: but as the difficulty is not always the same, the difference, or agio, is va- riable, and this operates on the exchange with foreign countries; for all the fluctuations that the operations of commerce occasion, are tri- fling compared with the effects produced by such a cause. . . - This, indeed, is easily understood, by recurring to first principles; for the exchange between two countries, where payments are made, in money, can always be regulated, at the greatest dilemma, by trans- porting gold or silver from the one to the other; but, where the pay- ments of a country are in paper, for which real money cannot be ob- tained, bills of exchan ge have a relation to the creditof that papermoney. * When more paper is issued than the circulation of a country re- 193 quires, that alone will reduce its value; but if we add to this, violent and arbitrary measures, the evil becomes infinitely greater.—The Em- peror Paul attempted, by an edict, to regulate the course of exchange, when he might just as well have attempted, by an edict, to hinder the waters from overflowing Petersburg in a violent westerly wind. In short, every attempt to regulate the state of the exchange, only made it worse in the end, by increasing the circulation of paper, which was the root of the evil. The history of the French exchange, during the reign of their assignats, is so well known, and the effect so similar to that of the Russian paper, though on a much greater scale, that it is not necessary to say any more on the subject, only to refer to the ta- Hole under the head of Petersburg. It must be observed, that when bank-notes were first issued, in 1769, they even bore a premium; soon after that period, till 1786, there was an agio allowed, from one to two per cent. on silver. It was not till 1790 any difference was made betwixt gold and bank-notes, and, in that year, eighteen per cent. was allowed in payment of bank- notes instead of gold. Previously (in 1788) thirteen per cent for silver; in 1790, twenty per cent. ; in 1793, forty-one per cent. ; in 1794, forty-six and a half per cent.; and, in 1795 and 1796, forty-nine per cent. ; and in 1799, at one time, from fifty-six to fifty-eight percent. was the agio allowed for silver, payable in bank-notes; but it soon after fell again, and, in 1803,so low, that bank notes became about equal with specie. This did notcontinue long. A reference to the exchange-table will pretty nearly ascertain the agio betwixt bank assignations and specie, at whatever rate the exchange is, under thirty-six and a half Hollands stivers per ruble, or from thirty-seven to thirty-eight pence sterling. Such are the fluctuations at Petersburg, in the exehange, that in- stances have been known of variations, in half an hour from two to four per cent. and so limited is its business this way, that remittances made by government, or the speculations of an individual, will fre- quently influence it materially. There are other causes which always affect this exchange, at one time or other; but it does not come within the view of this work to enter into details. The Russian government will, in the course of time and by experience, most likely take effec- $99 tual measures to remedy the evil, and bring her paper currency upon a par with specie, which is no difficult thing under her situation: it is surprising the only method has not long ago been effectually adopted. When the courses of exchange in Europe are open and free, it is sometimes most profitable, at Petersburg, to draw in money upon Am- sterdam or Hamburg, instead of drawing direct on London. For in- stance, a house at Petersburg wishes to draw fo,000 rubles, for Eng- lish account, either upon Hamburg, Amsterdam, or direct on London, which ever appears most advantageous. If it is found that the latest on Londonº . . . . . º,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * > . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - sPlemish per pound sterling, at 2 monthsdate. Amsterdam — ditto . . . . . . ditto ditto. Is, at Hamburg – schillings And at Petersburg that it is — pence per ruble at 3 months date on London. — schillings banco per ruble at 65 days on Hamburg, — stivers per ruble at 65 days on Amsterdam. - . If there is cause for some expected change, before the draft becomes due, betwixt Amsterdam and Hamburg, and London, the operation will be made aceordingly. To remit from London to Amsterdam, or Ham- burg, to meet those drafts, is almost always attended with a certain profit.* . . a' • - * It may be useful, for the information of the commercial reader, to observe, that, by an ukase which took place March 1, 1798, all bills drawn in Russia, must be on stamped paper, the sums as follows: . . . . - - 10 to 1000 rubles is 1 ruble stamp. 1000 to 5000 do. . . is 3 do. 5000 to 10000 do. is 5 do. 10000 to 25000 do. . . is 12 do. , 25000 to 50000 do. is 20 do. 50000 to 75000 do. is 30 do. 75000 to 100000 do. is 45 do. f Also, all declarations of ship-masters at entry, papers for ships and galliots clearing Out- wards, certificates on goods incoming to be forwarded beyond the borders of the country, N *. 200 * f * * * ** s ‘. * * * 4 - ,” . . * § * - 3. - f * , ; - w r #. 2 ** $. ** ; Je.8 + . . - * * •, - * * - * > n r - - - ‘. . f - sº - - * * ' ' < . * * * . - :: * * v- * . - * . . ~ . . . - - -º- - » : ...' * # , , , - f . . . * - t - - - , * * * * * ... ºr .* * - * , • ‘- * > * : : • * **, * * ** & o - * > *, § 3. * º - + f - - - , s > 4. * * gº- - r * : *- * --. - -$ * - 2 w •. t Y 4: : * * * * **'. : . . .'; ; ; ; - ? ; : : { } { - * 3 * . . . - - - } • | 4 - 3 * * * * > . . . . K. -/*-* ~.” --- N3 ... • * * > * > . 2 # - \, ' ... ? * . . . _º y " * -.” - - Y, * * * - g wr ºr * - ..} . -, -, , ; 4 t ; g l * f - * : : - * , ; :^* ! R Y f ; : *** * - - * * * * : * > , ºr -r- * * * * . ;-- s - - - - . t *... * * 3 * : ; ; ; ) gºtiv £73) § {} f : ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; , , , ; ; ; ... i :-3 } . ºf . {} : • , 2 --- -- - ll Na- tions trading to that Empire.--The same, specifying the particular Ports. –Vessels in the Coasting Trade of Russia.-General Tables of the * Trade of that Empire.”Table of the Amount of Etports and Imports of the Empire of Russia, from 1741 to 1803–Observations on the Trade betwirt Britain and "Russia.-Table, shewing the Amount: of the Trade between those two Nations from 1700 to 1804.—The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain with Russia” during 1800; and ‘. -- * ... • * * Of the whole maritimes Commerce of Russia.iiſable of Ships ºf a 1802.-New Duties on Importation into Rüssia, #ed in 1805. . . . . . . . . . i. 9 P. . . . . . . . * . . . . . . ; G3 ſºft & ‘i.: liº - ... , , , , , THAT the increase of the trade; of the empire of Russia may be farther illustrated, and to give some idea of the proportion of trade, all powers have with that country, and the quantity of shipping each, has employed in it, the following table, for the year 1802, is here * } ** * * 2 . . inserted. - v. - . . . . . . ºf * & * > . x * : . . . . . . . aw 4. - -. - i i a . . ~~ * > . . . * ~~ J - º 1 * * - { - * * -" w * ukases for paying the proceeds of ‘goods left unentered in the custom-house, and isold by public auction, all attestations of sea worthiness given annually from the city; ship masters, wharf, and all custom-house acts; also all powers of attorney, copies of wills, money ac- counts, contracts or agreements, and, in a word, all acts to be produced in a court of justice, or any government office, shall be written on stamped paper, and, unless they are so, no process to be had on them in any court whatever. . . . . . . . . . . . This ukase further states, tº - ‘. . . . - “ For the accommodation of trade and the saving of postage; a thinner paper shall be prepared and stamped, on which the acts and documents mentioméd'above, and intended to be forwarded to foreign countries; may be written; and each such sheet shalf be sold at 50 co.º. ". . . . . . . . . . . . ºº iº gº ºi kº gº º 'º ºf “All papers to which the custom-house seal is affixed, shall pay the established seal- duty.” f : * *** - 4 × . . . . ; a * ~ : 3 r * , _y * •x - * . * • * ~. 201 Ships. Arrived in the Russian Empire: Sailed from the Russian Empire. States and Nations. r * —ſ Laden | Lastage Unladen | Lastage Laden Lastage Unladen Lastage | Russian . . . . . . 216 12260 53 4694 266 19672 3 95 English . . . . .'; 329 || 34220 642 65291 893 92861 39 || 3663 Dutch . . . . . . 35 2761 159 || 17543 177 19185 — — Swedish . . . 226 10394 215 I 1684 433 21250 - 12 606 Danish . . . . . 154 7851 | "209 || 1 1876 35O 20343 — gºsº ºms ! Prussian . . . . 133. 95.50 269 20922 386 30992 4. 313 Lubec . . 1.59 7585 14 1391 || 148 8474 I 54 | Rostoc . . . . 23 881 20 | 1124 || 36 1757 I 48 | Hamburg . . . 22 2592 32 4316 57 8 158 — *g Bremen . . . . 17 1450 35 2995 51 4479 — tº sº | French . . . . 8 794 8 . 660 | 15 1304 || – || – Spanish . . . 7 || 519 || – —- I - 6 404 || – || — Portuguese tº e 8 476 * *º 8 476 — tºmsºmºsº American . . . . . 38 3468 26 2738 63. 6393 || — tº Mecklenburg . . . 5 288 63 363O 72 4 189 I 65 Oldenburg. . . . 4. 261 2O # 1047 23 1200 — tºmº Papenburg - . - 6 344 15 658 18 902 || – gºssºs | Munster . . . . . . I 38 24 1926 26 1867 — º H. Austrian . . . . . . . 70 6925 73 # 7018 137 14992 * Republic of the Se- 17 1040 24 235 13 1046 27 ven Islands . . • * * ". --- - | Turkish . 199 7181 207 5325 378 12949. 4. 77 | i Total . 1660 | 110880 | 2070 | 165075 3556 272949 || 66 || 4948 The English had first the chief command of the Russia trade, which they acquired by their capital, honourable, and liberal manner of dealing, thereby securing a respect and preference over other foreigners' in their commercial dealings. But, as the Russians became enriched through the capital furnished by the English to carry on their commerce, they became less dependant, in the end, on their old benefactors; and during the last wars of Britain, acquired considerable fortunes ; inso- much as to have given a new turn to the trade. The British former y had so much influence, in Russia, that the prices were tolerably accu- rately calculated, upon the Royal Exchange of London, what they would be the following year; even many houses till within late years, used to contract at a sterling price delivered on board in Russia, but this plan has ceased since the Russians have got sufficient capital of their own, together with strict unanimity and combination amongst themselves, which, with the aid of the bank already described, enable * them to keep up the prices, and make foreigners pay what they please, knowing that when the ships are arrived, they must be loaded. D d 202 If the foreigner has not secured his goods, he must give the Russians their price, rather than let the vessel go back dead freighted, there being no other resource. None, in general, have been the cause of raising the prices, or suffered more from it than the Ameri- cans; for, not having secured, in winter, their quantities by previous purchase or contract; when they arrive, which in general is the first open water, they immediately purchase, for the sake of dispatch, at any price, before supplies have got down, taking what has remained over the winter. The Americans have paid dear for this method of doing their business, nevertheless their trade has increased, which will be seen by a table under the head of Petersburg. The prices in the early part of the season have been influenced by this practice, and have continued high afterwards, to the advantage of the Russians; who perhaps having got their goods down at an earlier period than usual, OF before their stipulated time of delivery, in their contract, will sell - goods for ready money to the Americans, and defer fulfilling the con- tract with others to the last day, in hopes of replacing the goods ad- vantageously, and in the mean time profitably trafficking with the money; for no people are more keen or clever than the Russians, when they have interest in view. - - - - As the Russian trade has undergone a very great change from what it was even a few years ago, and the command of it now got into the hands of the Russians, it will become less profitable to the foreign individuals engaged in it, and to this nation at large in particular, for so tenaciously are advantages held by the government, for the native merchants, that no others can sell the same articles on the spot; in short, they cannot traffic with produce. If a foreign merchant buys, according to the laws, he must ship it off, he cannot resell it: this re- striction is in favour of the native merchants, and the system which, has been adopted by government in establishing the bank mentioned, has been the means to enable them to raise the prices to a rate beyond: what the respective articles may be produced and manufactured in other countries, which may occasion various evils to the Russians them-- selves in the end. The ships however being arrived, the Russians know they must be loaded at any price, however unfavourable t he exchange may be, which is frequently another disadvantage; and these causes, of s: 203 late years, have occasioned the Russian trade to be a losing one to foreign individuals and to all other nations, and a most lucrative one to itself. t - It has been observed by some foreign writers that Russia might be- come a considerable maritime power, and be the carrier of her own produce; but if we consider the limited coast of Russia, without external colonies or fisheries, and her natural situation, blocked up from five to seven months in the year, it is contrary to the nature of things: even the small coasting trade she has, is partly carried on by foreign vessels, and what little they have of their own, from the limited coast, can never support a great naval power, nor form expert sailors. The state of the coasting trade of the whole Empire, in 1802, was --- For Transport. t - For Fishing. - • . *. Vessels. . . Lastage. Wessels. Lastage; Russians . . 736 (266) Small 25866 gº º 281 - • English . 15 . . 1525 © º Swedish . - . . . 195 = Total . 779 and 266 small vessels for sea, • 4. gº —— Danish & 8. . . . 238 • —- Brussian . . .2 • * 63 g --- -- Lubec . . .3 . . . 143 g — & --- Bremen • l . . . .56 ---- * * Wººse * * -- Hamburg . . . .2 • 198 * * — . . —— Papenburg . . I . . 84 * , ºsmºsºmºus s' —- Oldenburg . . 1. º Q 35. • • *sº © tº — Turkish . . . 6 . . . . 147 tº a — . —— 28555 -*2- -8 - -I At one view, will be seen the trade of all the sea-ports of Russia, and likewise the respective nations, which have frequented them, by the following table made up to the period expressed for the year 1808. This will best explain the whole trade of the empire, and its relative commercial intercourse with all other states and nations. of the Empire of Russia, we have connected the whole together; the articles of import and export are classed under their respective heads, for the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Euxine or Black Sea, the land trade on the boundaries of European Russia, and that of Asia, as well as the transit trade for the year º . . - * , \ D d 2 --~~~~ A List of Ships, and the Nations to which they belonged, arried al the di erent Ports o n : ... l * . * - te - - Ł U the Russian Em - º gº - far as the same could then be made up i. the ºf ºf * pire, m the Ya, isos, SO - - s ARRIVED. . - * . . . . . . . . . . tº Yi f : * : * > | ro - + y wº. * w C • - * _º To and from -- - t f º - * - | || #. | c. • % - • º: ºp # 5 # # # | # , . § # ‘5 # #| 5 || 3 | #|# | 8 | g | #| 3 |#| #|#| | | # # É | 3 || 3 | # # | #|| 3 || 3 |# #| #| 3 || #| #| #| 3 || 3 | #| # #| #| | | | | | | | 3 || 3 || 3 | #| | | | | #| | | # * / #| | | | | | #|#| || 3 || | | | | | | | || 3 |#| ##| | | | | | | #| || 3 |#| 3 | |# H = | f | 5 || 5 || 5 || 3 |H| = | 3 |* | * | * | = |* S |H| = }; 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 Cronstadt, and from thence | 17 | 652— 56 751 81 78 14 || 6 || 1 || 3 || * - • , . . • * . . - 3. <-- * * * e . - - i. • ‘7 ° - aº 4. 84 8 2 to St. Petersburg City" | 8 || 96 43| 71 58 75 14 || 6 || 1 || 1 ||— 6 || 5 || 2 : t : 1090 g Narva. • * * , , • • —I 59. 9 #2 * , . 1. 11 2— . . . 1 - £º - Wyburg . . . . . . 3 50—, 5 , 2 10— | 2 – 83 … Fredericksham . . . || 1 |-- 1. 19 1| 3–– . - – 72 i Revel . . . . . . . 8 20— 17| 4 26 9 || 1 |- 1 2. |. ** . . - - 25 i Hapsal . . . . . . . ... 2)————— ... • 1. H- . . * |— 88 § ... I Riga . , . . . . . . . 38 303. 14 247 144 1871 40 12 *=== º "...a '. - . 3 Pernau . tº . . . .12 14– 10 5i 18 ‘’s] 1. 4 1 2 - 14 64 . 13 42 . . . . . . . . - 1121 : $º- *g . . . . . . H 2- 8 1|—| 1–1– . - 1 1 —— w - 68 º Liebau e . • . • . . . '9 - 27 ~. 6. 76 41 *= 1 jº, 1 d . !- - . . . — - - - 13 Archangel • . . . . . 7 || 167—|| 3 23 28 10 - º Onega. . . . . . —| 8 st t 238 Astracant . . . . . H —l l- – 8 Odessa to 1st of Nov. . . . .96 6——- — . . . * . . . . — t=ss-mºms | Eupatoria to 4th of Nov, , 2 - † T 18 4 * º ———| 5 || 1 || 278 ; 21 | 18 502 - f | Sebastopol to 15th Nov. 21 || 1– – ** | 1 | - T.T. j. g 97. Theodosia to 1st Nev., | 8 --— – 1 | 1 s º 28 1 .. 2 57 Kertsch to 1st of Nov. . . ; 2 —|—|— ——— . * - ... s. J : : 1 50 Yenikale . . . . . . . . . 1 —H | | | | - * * * | * * ——r • * * - 5: 60 Taganroc to 1st of Oct. 1-69 |—|- -—- -— - — —l- —|—| 2 '3. | Bujask to 1st of Növ. º. - |. — .2 – º -ī- —ſ-- . 10 61| 4 15 161 Cherson to 26th of Nov. - |— ——— \ ^ .* . . . . . ... • — 4. |- 4 Mariopolis . . . . . --|--|--|- – - is y 1–. - º ... •w Total ºf***** * *|*|*|*| |*|*|*|* 24 | as Tsſ Tºss, as Tag Togos -- rom i. be º that those ships stated as arrived at the City of Petersburg are included in the number of those arrived at Cronstadt. It is said that 4073 vessels sailed ~ all Iſle port. of the Russian empire in 1803, but which cannot be asserted as correct. In 1802, 3622 vessels sailed from all parts of the empire—f This account is not tiºn s f VIEW OF THE TRADE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FOR THE YEAR isoe. The latest Period the Accounts made up can be got. 4 - ºnese-sº A- e … - Black Sea and , r — In the Baltic. In the WhiteSea. Sea of Azoph. Caspian sea, In the European Land Boundaries. . . . On the Asiatic Boundaries. ~, • : * - • . Tº . --- 3. { * as i * - - - : ; * - - J . . . Gov. of Podol || ... • Gov. of Oren- '• - - - ; , , . In Finland Government side of and Cherson, Gov. of As- [burg and Tobolsk, Government of ... ---. Government Wilna, Grodno, . . with Moldau, tracan, and with Bucharia, Irkoutsk, with “ tº f . . . [Qdessa; Nicoleff, with Sweden. Volhinia and Part | Walachia and Caucasus, and part of Kir- China. . . . . . St.Petersburg, Riga. & . . . [Qtchakoff, . of Podolia.' ' Pessarabia. " ' ' ' ' 'ghis Kaisaki. ‘. . . . Articlés. & Cronstadt, Pernan, -- Archangel s Cherson, Ovidio- ... —º -: 2. *— -: * - * : * > *, f ... • Narya, Arensburg, Tani ... [Pºl Patºria. In Astraćan . . . . . . . . . . - In Orenburg, - Wyºng, ºbau, ...onega. . . Sebastºpol, * ~4 " ' ||iſ Polangen, Gegg- - ...[Troitzk, Petropav- ' ' ' '. Fredericksham, . . . . . Kertsch; Theodo- t . '* - genburg, Kówno, . . . . “lovska, Krasnoy- , , , , Windau, Revel, and • ... [sia, Bujask, Ta-. In Serdobol, &roding, Brest, Kiº- Mohileff and Kizliar and larsk, Semipalat-In Kiakhta and |Hapsal. - ganrog, Mariopolis . Neyshlot, & |ky, Prêborºu, Raú- Dubossár, Mozdok. nye, Shelesinsk, Zurukaitu, ‘. * “ 3. and Yenikale. . . ~ Wilmanstfändlºzivil, Rotsfiampêſ, . . . . . . . . . . Koxãkoff, Ustka- " . . . --- --- & . . . ; : * {3. Wüſetshinsk, . . . . ." menogorsk, Buck-] . . . . t tº . ... . . . . . . ** Isakowez. ... ' ' -- “H. turma. . . ( , T; * •º. *** , . - - - * * * .. - - * * = :- - * * * r – “. #: #- -: - -- ~. *: -- r . . . " ë - + *. – ~, - :* , Worth in rubles. |Worth in rubles. Worth in rubles. Worth in ro: Worth in ro. || Worſhirºubles. Worth in ro, | Worth in rô: Worth in rubles. Worth in rubles. ... • •. —t - r . . . . . . . . . – º: ... • *:::: ~ #: -: ~ * j, ’’ + . . . . . . * == 4. 2 a it +------ - | Imports. Exports. Impts. Expts. | Impts. Expts, Impts. Expts|Impts|Expts. Impºrts|{xports, Impts,” ‘Expts: Impts. Expts | Pimpts. || Expts. Impts. Expts. Consumable Ar- Q & ſº C) ſº ..I.E.--- --|--|--|-- ----|-- ——----|==––– :--- *—*— — — — —- -- -: —— ticles. . ..} ** 70*10*987404158314|869694,2278755 15134 3199832"| 19949; 200ing 16044; 29.97g|40444, 20450|| 36|- 3289. 23138|1934,24|-- 3, . - --~~3-1 - . . . . . - - .. - . . ... " • * º º, & £ - . . . . . . } ^ & •r * ** Metals . . . 4586074 3768040 29800 399124|183969| 334190 – 43753 32 443 6231665; 2835 º —ſ 418|..., 2803; 79590 – || – ** **, 574357330265817; 634142398965||771972. 130385527325 679633046 82534, 655.35:14047951492279.1526081606894831|| 735818; 486°48' 29591|130738s * - ||10961138||55897.39|81988 593804. 189406 224.550.12300032145 2011. 8757|267,047 96516 25998369139;16857:6753.358709||5016842595418.457061 ivri • • easal axl - - -* . . . . . .'; ... li....... . . . .] … ſº ºl' --..... . Living animals . . . . $489 28 - || 479 — — — | – || 250 – F. 20201 136108s 8959) 33970 – |.984675062| 3508 – 44174 º • * ſ! - - w - “: . . ** - . 1 . • ...” ‘. : * * , , * . .* º ". - |Precious stones . – — | – || – * I . º — — – F — is 2n *3310 a-- . • -.” * Pearls . . . . . 19170 —º — “ — 314 — — | – | – | —- 2 49000. — 37.2770 — — | – — — — — - - ** * *. * } * . J -- _{*} ... \ * * ...,' - º :- ... . . . . . . . -- .. - 9*.*. | 84443; 262521 #126 .20538 39414, 18218, 585| 2001| 452 8428. 140975 2080s io920 Gogg 3279||1996, 1808s 8524, 3574 7102 Total . . .339834.18469171345497324796017|2054769|29860966660443998499068||110391|10572345. 4487995 * 15348.2440256|10794.104491307|2016320 } - - w z } . | * - * : * * * { . - .* j : … - { * - f wr’ - - • a - y * * The whole Importation by Sea and Land is 56530094 rubles, the Exportation 68277759 rubles—The Exportation exceeds the Importation by 6747665 rubles, - * . -r, . • " ... . . * * * - ~ * - * * . * . . - ~ : . * - . . . . . - 2. It is generally reckoned that the Imports should be 10 per cent more, and the Exports 10 per cent, less, in which case Russia has a losing trade. -- - If would then be in Imports 62183103 rubles, and in Exports 56949984 rubles—The Loss to Russia, 5233119 rubles. ‘. . . . . - . . . . . - - - - - . . . . * , , w w -: r " * * * , - . . – f ... " - * - TRANSIT TRADE. * Exportation of European Goods to Asia. Importation of Asiatic Goodsto Europe. Re-exportation of Asiatic Goods to Asia! Total. ~ - ||wth. in ro. wth. in ro.jj. ; : wth. in ro-lwth, in ro: * Consumable Articles º 57350|| — — — T39034|| — — — 1926; 8.8310 •= Metals . . . . . 2054800|| — — — — — — . 43894, 97.93694 Raw Materials © © 858545|| – •- ºs- 21478|| -- ** *-*. 29532, 909555 .** Manufactures * , 9. e 2592053|| —- •-se *-e 9001 || – *ss *s 150040 2751094 Precious Stones 34925|| – *-sºre *- — — *-e 349.25 * & Corals . . . . . 395.02}} — — — . . -—|| — — — . — 39502 Divers Goods . . . 37:22|| — — — . -- *** * *s-se *-*. 3722 --> Total . * 564,0897}} - T59513 225392 || 5925.809 \ - - F--- - r- $206 In order still further to detail the whole trade of Russia, and to bring it. into a narrower compass, as well as to shew the unprecedented rapid • • :-----, -i >1- 1 - ... … . . . . i 5- . . . º. ... . . . . . . rise it has experienced in its commerce, aid the pitch at which it has already arrived, the following state is given: , The total Imports and Exports of Russia. Years. .1742 . 1745 . 1750 1755 . 1760 . 1765 ‘Imports. . 3568085 . 3898674 . 664156i 7358051 . 9200464 ‘1770 . I 1374259 • 60.1337} . º Txports., 4567422 . 955302. 5249366 . 7 152829 8182770 9875O13 Customs. 1031845 | . .129.7677 | --------- . .2412750 . . 2625936 13098824. . 1498.9134 3126690 . .3190998 , Years. - { 1790 I792 . 1791 1793 1794 . 1795 . 1796 . . Imports. . . . 31 132267 e 35 I 13194, 3752 in 15 . 261-18763 34529757 36652091 42878.565 Exports. Customs. ... 327547.33 . 6958291 . 34290225 . 6525 183 . .40696738 . 722871 I . .4348.1089 . 5017.338 . .45474330 - 5294873 . 53772284 . 5424026 . .6767.0464 . 6470585 & 32906?O º . .4078702 ºf . .3285680 12469372 - 18557279 154471.13 - 196567.14 16432542 . .25873592 1797 .3498.1701 išóð Íñ6330054 . 3, 1775. 3, 1780 . 1785. . 56683560 . 6090687 65277759. — ‘Observations on the Trade betwitt Great Britain and Russia. The exports from Russia have already had ample details, it is there- fore neeessary we should make some remarks on our exports to that country, particularly of foreign manufactures and merchandize, dis- tinct from British produce and manufactures, which in the export from Britain stand in rank as under : - .f . Woollens. - | . Refined sugar. . . . . . . . . || . Cotton. ---- - - - - Lead. - t . Horses. - - - s Tin. - - : - f -- . Tin Plates. . . - 8. Earthenware and glass. 9. Alum. #0. 'II'oïl and steel ware, brass i wire, &c. - • II. Stockings. 12. Salt. - - 13. Coals. i The remainder of less importance. . . . . . - In making a comparison betwixt the staple manufactures of the two countries, woollens in England, and linens in Russia, the balance is considerable in favour of the latter. The value of goods exported from England to Russia, in 1786, was estimated as under: - - - 42,900 32,000 36,060 .” 80,000 the articles are of various descriptions, but of - - . . - • I - -: i - , Velverets and other cotton stuffs exported from England - to Russia about • • . . . . . . . . . . Calimancoës, and gther goods from Norwich • o Shalloons, Fianneſs, aid Baize, &c. . . . . . . The Value of cloth about . . . . . . . • . ſo * | £, 190,000 20? The official amount of linens, imported into Britain from Russia, upon an average in the two following periods, stand thus:. - w -- * . - , - - - . . . - . . . England. --- Scotland. 1790. , , to . . . . 1794. . . . . five years . . . . ºff. 131,835 ... . . ºff. 8,131. 1795. . . to . . . . 1799 . . . . . five years . . . . 195238 . . . . II,399 The average of the exports of woollens, from England to Russia, for the same period. . . . . . . . . . . . - ** ' ' ' ' ' , , , , , England. . . . , Scotland.’ 3. 1790, ... to . 1794 - five years: ... 36. 108308 . Only Wearing: 1795. ... to , . 1799. ... five years. . . . . 138,900. . . Apparel. . . . This comparison of the two principal articles of manufacture of each country is, in a double sense, 'worthy of consideration: on the one hand, of our trifling export of woollens; and; on the other, of our greater import of linens. The exportation of cotton, stuffs, and articles, stands thus: - - . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . . . . Eagland. . . . Sotland. 1790. . . to ... 1794, . . Average of five years : 36.20,760 - £. i4,570. 1795. . to ... 1799 . . ditto . . . ditto . . . . 39,000. . . . 6,395. • * ~~ The total amount” of the importation and exportations of Great: Britain, to and from Russia, from 1700 till 1785, each five years, will shew the progressive increase of the trade, and the balance against. Britain. . Years. . Imports, Exports. Years. ' Imports: Exports. Years. " Imports. Exports:-. 1701 .. 690581 ...ºf 9201 || 1730 ºf 258802 . . .46275 1760 . .36474680 . , 887 10. 1705, . 142134 ... , 74247. 1735 . . . 252068 . . 54335 1765 . 96733 7617O : 1710 . . 115725, . . 212313 1749 . . . . .300751 .. 62287 1770 : ... 1046610 ... 145743. 1715 . . 241876 ... 105153 |:1745: . 2947.02 . 62672 1773: .. 850, 12: . 196229. 1720 . . .169932 . . 92229 1750 .. 584091 . . II 1846 || 1782 . I 185844. . . 196577. 1725. 2503.15. . . 24847.|1755, .. 661740 . . 85327 | 1785 . . .1606668. . . 233998; º An Account of the Value of British Produce and Manufactures distin-- guished from those of Foreign eaſported from England, also from Scotland to Russia; from the 5th January, 1786, to the 5th January. 1804, - - ~4 , Erom England, 3. . From England,” British Produce ... Foreign Produce 4. - - British Produce. Foreign Produce and Manufac- or Manufac- Gross - and Manufac- . . or Manufac- . tures from Scot- tures from Scot-,- Amount. - tures. tures. and, land. . 1786 - e © a ºf 197084 © . & J • ºf S7446 e - © .sf.g662. • e .st 1491 ; : º ſº e aff; 295683 : 1787 . . . . 292319 . . . . . , 99.286 . . . . . . 4534 . . . . . . . 1710. . . . . . 307849. 1788 - • • . . . . 244648. & © . ) 84178. • ... • - e. 28.383 * , a * . 1980 • , • , , . 358489 * 1789 . . . . 195642. • • * 95582 . . . . . .17 150 . . . . . . , 143 . . . . . 308517 1790 . . . . . 2444 12 . . . . . 187328 . . . . 24.507 . . . . . 104 l . . . . . 434288: 1791 . . . 27442% . . . • 290788 . . . . 6820 . . . . . . 1324 . . . . 57.3354 1792 . . . .400493 . . . . 370288 . . . 28280 . . . . 1699 . . . 8007.60% * The sterling value here mentioned is the official value, according to the custom-house accounts, 208; ; ; * : . . . . . . . . (Eagártation to Russia continued.). ... : : - … g. . . . . . . . . . . . . ; From England, From England, British Produce Foreign Produce ’’ -- British, Produce, Foreign Produce and Manufac- or Manufac- Gross t or Manufac- . or Manufac- tures from Scot- tures from Scot- Amount f tures. tures. land. - land. ... " 1793 . . . 182399 . . . . . 123091 . . . . 15284 . . . . . 53 . . 32O827 1794 . . . . . 215156 . . . . . . 255324 . . . . . . .25364 . . . . . 62 : . 495906 1795 . , 34.7874 . 466560 . . 45626 . . . 2205 . . . . 862265 1796 . . . 350505 . ... 372779 . . . . . .43426 . . . . . . . . .185 . . . . 7.66895 1797 . . 241 140 . 216519 -. . 15342 . . . . 1203 . . . . 474204 . . 1798 . 350702 . 31.1410 . . 29365 . . 301 . . . 691778 1799 . . . . 403432 .. ... 334148 . 25.177 . . . . 6951 . . . 769703 18OO . 548456 . . . . 465276 . . . . . 8917 . . . . 2684 ... . . 1025333 18OI 579759 – . . - 323082 “. . 14957 . . . . . 2044; . . . 919842 1802 . 804804 . . 534993 v . . 30.108 . 6994 . 1376399 ISO3 . — . — . . . . . . 53614 ... . . . — . . . 1338812 1804 . — . . . . ... — . . . . 59228 . . . . . — . . — Value of Merchandize imported into England, and Scotland, from Russia, from the 5th January, 1786, to each Year and Kingdom. the 5th J.anuary, 1804, distinguishing Total. - º Scotland. Total. t º - Scotland. all Ulè. e . . . . * . . value. . . . . . 1786 ºf 1160804 & 259285 . ºf 1419589 || 1796 ºf 2044840 ºf 465243 ºf 2510083 1787 - 1315198 - 346607 . 1661805 || 1797 . 1447999 . . . 259505 . I707504 1788 1629675. . . . 286546 . , 1916221 1798 - 1911509. . 505.319 . . . 2416828 1789 . 1284014. . 187236 . 1471250 || 1799 . . 2016903 - 64535I . 2662254 1790 - . 1400634 . . . .309739 . . . 1710373 1800 . 1990.295 ... 39.1803 . . 2382098 1791 . . . I 192572 356.105 . 1548677 | 1801 - 2001663 . 245214 ... 2246877 1793 . 1537990 266034 1804024 1803 - 1472908 . 431155 . . 1904O63 . 1794 . 1394.140 395.307 . , 1789447 | 1804 . . — . . .482.196 . . . . . 1795 . . iś07429 - 350548 - 1857977 - ºf . . amºym The following Table shews the Trade and Navigation between Great Britain and Russia, during three very important Years, when British Property was seized, the Battle of Copenhagen took place, and the general Peace, when Trade may be supposed to be unrestrained, and to have found its Level. - ... . Value of Exports f - SHIPPING - from Great Britain to Russia. ... - Value of Imports - Total of British Inwards Outwards . ; For from Russia into British Manu- Foreign and Föreign t * - what Britain. facture Merchandize Merchandize . - - * Year º - * * ... exported to : British g Foreign . British Foreign f: –a– Russia. e * sf'. s, d. st'. s. d!, e. - S. d. , 4. . S. d. vess Tons Menlvess Tons Men Vess! Tons |Men Wess Tons Men 1800 2382098 14 0557374 § 11467,960 13 1. 1025335 4 0 766|163464,7517. 55] 13114 617 693165219,7701 129, 25896,1180 1801 2246878 18 11534717 5 9.325.126 8 4 919845. 14 1ſ 854.1748407992. 135 27358/1217. 593.119870|5838, 200, 38570|1700 1802. 2182430 14 8334412 5 * 10 º 1876399 15 6||7791661288767. 16 4704, 212| 484/101285.4336|| sº 10071; 421; - * - - *——º- *- - —# * º 209 In taking a general view of the trade of Russia, which is all that remains to be done, after having entered so fully into the details, and’ furnished tables from which every circumstance of importance may be seen, we cannot help observing how amazingly advantageous its trade is with the British dominions. Not only the amount of the sales is. equal nearly to those of all other nations, but it is from Britain only, that Russia receives a balance in cash. Were the trade suspended, the importation of wines, brandies, and foreign produce and manufactures, from other countries, would totally absorb the monied capital of Rus- sia ; and it is not going too far to say, that such an event would do it more harm than any other that could take place. Russia can only, grow wealthy by internal industry, and its connection with other na- tions; but those two things are dependent on each other. The intro- duction of foreign goods, stimulates the people to industry, but they, could not. be introduced in half the quantity they now are, if it were not for Britain. ,' ' This statement of the case cannot be too much enforced, as there is evidently a disposition in Russia, to undervalue the connection, and to put it to a risk for advantages that are merely in expectation, and that certainly would never, be realized. We have already, in Our re- marks on the armed neutrality, had occasion to speak. of this ; but it. cannot be too strictly impressed on the mind, as Russia evidently gives, the direction, to the views of the courts of Sweden and Denmark, and, therefore, in point of politics, may be considered as regulating the north. g - - In the relation between nations we are always obliged to state values nominally, but the reader should keep in mind that the nominal is not the real value, as compared with that in another country. In the case of Russia, money is certainly of three times the value that it is in England; so that tallow, iron, timber, &c. produced by Russia, are: sold at an immense price: when they receive 60s. a cwt. for tallow, it is as if we were receiving 91. and so of other produce. - While the Russians can produce things so cheap, and sell them so dear, they must be increasing in wealth ; and it is not improbable that as they certainly could afford to sell much cheaper than they do, - E C 210 as they increase in industry and capital, they will reduce their prices. The great rise of the prices of Russia produce, that has taken place of late years, has arisen from the demand increasing faster than the pro- duction; but this will cease, and the Russians, in order to obtain a more extensive market, will be obliged to reduce their prices. This they will naturally do in the same way with other nations; that is, they will come down to such a price as will merely afford a fair profit. We cannot so well judge of the productions in any thing else as in iron, the value of which is regulated by the price of fuel and the wages of labour; yet, though both are three times as high, or more, we can pro- duce iron here cheaper, than we can import it from Russia. Though it is easy to see that many mistakes are committed by the Russian government in its endeavours to forward commerce, yet those endeavours are incessant and have already produced great effects; its immense extent, the line of polities that has been followed, and the opening of ports on the Black Sea, will tend to civilize the interior of . the country, which, together with the canals that are carrying on, must in a few years produce great changes. 4. When we look at the past, we may anticipate the future. The rise of Petersburg, the general increase of commerce, and the vast aug- mentation of power; the rapid rise of Odessa, and the numerous ef- forts made to hasten the progress towards prosperity, leave no doubt, as to the important part that nation will soon act on the theatre of Europe. . New Regulation of Duties on the Importation of the following Articles, by º an Ukase of #th March, 1805, payable in Bank Notes. ' Old . . - - | Old Duty, in- - - Luty, in- New cluding | New cluding Buty, all 50 per || - - Buty, all 50 per in Russiacent, Ad- || łin Russia!cent, Ad- .” - Money. Ivance for Money. Ivance for SUGARS, # | Dollars. - -- IDollars. - TO. CO. ro, , Co. - - - TO, CO. TO, CC, canary, half ditto, and raffinade 3 rº || 3 60 White lead “. . . . . . . per pood 0 30 0 90 - per pood Ś tº 24, i. e.” WJZ Cinnabar . . . . . . . . . . . — 2 46 || 2 70 Melis, small and large loaves —— 2 40 3 0 || Madder . . . . .• - - - - - - — 0 60 | 0 90 *Common, called lump . . . . —— 2 4 2 40 li Turmerick . . . . . . . . . . ——! O 42 || 0 45 Raw sugar . . . . . . . . . . —— 0 20 || 0 45 - || Indigo of all sorts . . . . . . — 6 84 || 7 50 . . COLOURS, PAINTS, &c. - Mummy and brown red. . . — 1 14 || 1 35 Orpiment . . . . . . . . per pood 1 11, i 80 || Rosalyar. . . . . . . . . . . —l 0 18 "O 45 211 Ultra marine . . . . . . . per lb. Umber. . . . . . . . . . per pood Dutch pink . . . . . . . White paint. . . . . . Other paints, in shell tº a º tº wº } - SILKS. -: Velvets, plain and of one colour, without gold Ör silver ... per pd. o * > *~ & © . S and boxes per box Silkstuff, of one colour, plain —|| Gros de Tours ditto Gros de Naples ditto . . . . — Mohair and silk . . . . . . per lu Satin . . . . . . . . Taffety and serge . . . . Velvets, one colour . . Silk handkerchiefs, l arshine, 1 versk. and broader, with and without flowers . . . per doz. Ditto, thin griset and taffety Ditto ditto, 13 vsk. to 1 arsh...— Ditto, Persian manner, large – Ditto smaller . . . . . Silk, shag, or bays. . Shinel . . . . . White and black ** tº tº * dººmsºmºsºme 3 • ... per arsh.| | tº º per arsh.; . . . per lb. Gauze, or tiffany sºsºms © ... & & * > º tº crape ... per arsh. O |. f Old ºf i. ſ old. - Duty, in- - | Duty, in- | New cluding New cluding. HDuty, all 50 per Duty, all 50 per in Russia!cent. At'- in Russia!cent. Ad- Money. |vance for Money. |vance fore Dollars. . - Dollars, 1 O. C(), TO- co. . - O 21 O 50 || Turkish stuff, with gold and sil- ) ro, co. ||ro. ca. O. 12 || 0 || 5 | ver, to the Black Sea º: 3 57 || 6 0. 0 30 || 0 36 || sea of Azoph . . . . per lb. . O 30 || 9 36 || Ditto, without ditto . . . . . ——| 2 58 3 0. 0 18 |6 per c. - - WOOLLENS, 4 74 || 7 50 coloured, rais, staired, &c. 4 5 || 0 O Ettamines, plain.and and double R Q 9) ... I 56 || 4 50 || - per arsh. § | | 2 46 || 4 50 || Barracan. . . . . . . . . . . — 0 18 3 24 || 4 50 || Serge de Rome. . . . . . . . — Q. 9 || 30 per 2 43 || 4 50 || Druggets . . . . . . . . . . — 0 9 cent. on. I 80 || 4 50 || Tabanets . . . . . . . . . . — 0 9 value, O 60 || O 75 Calimancoes and half ditto . 0 64 which - Camblets and half ditto, and } 0 15 in 14, 21 (22 50 || mixed worsted silk, and cotton y | * * | dollars, .." - | Crape, wool and, worsted . . — 0 63 is equals |12 69 |13 50 || Grisets,everlastings *} O 9 to 45. 6 12 9 O plain and mixed . . . . . . . per 16 8 || 9 || 0 || Shalloons ... . . . . . . . . . — 0 12 cent. 15 3 || 4 50 || Damask, woollen. . . . . . . — 0 9 O 45 || 0 60 || Flag, cloth or buntin . . . . — 0 12 1 0 || 7 50 || Spagniolet . . . . . . . . . . — 0 #) 0 15 || 0 45 || Kersymere . . . . . . . . . . — 0 42 | 0 90. o 6 o 75 || Haif cloth. . . . . . . . . . — o 57 o jo. It was intended to have given a table of the customs tn Russia, but, from the state of matters betwixt Great Britain and Russia, some new changes may be expected ; therefore, rather than run the risk of mis- leading the reader, they are omitted. \ E e 2 312 * * * * * Book II. CHAP. I. OF PRUSSIA IN GENERAL. - Its Seas, Haffs, and Rivers, Canals, Produce, and Manufactures. PRUSSIA is bounded on the north by the Baltic Sea, by means of which she carries on the principal, part of her commerce. In the North Sea, she has a small part of her dominions into which the Ems, which rises in Westphalia, falls, running by Emden. The entrance of this river is rather dangerous, but will be clearly described, when treat- ing of the North Sea, or trade of Germany. . . . . . . . . ... The house of Prussia has, within the space of a century and a half, established a basis for its future maritime and commercial greatness in the Baltic Sea, by its acquisition of part of Pomerania, Polish Prus- sia, of Dantzic and Thorn, and of that part of Poland which is most favourably situated for the Baltic trade;— the whole length of these districts forming a coast of nearly four hundred miles on the shore of the Baltic ; in which distance, some of the finest rivers fall into it. To a commercial work it is of no importance to enter into details, or descriptions of the variety of smaller states, and portions of larger ones, which, altogether collected under one general name, and subject to the same government, are now known by the kingdom of Prussia. It is necessary, however, to observe, that the King of Prussia, con- jointly with the Emperor, is protector of several of the free imperial cities of Lower Saxony, on the Elbe, and the Weser; and that Emden (though it will be treated of separately) forms a part of his dominions. 213 As one of the objects in this book is to give a distinct notion of the Northern channels, by which we may communicate with the interior of Germany, and the continent in general, free from the interrup- tion of France. Since we are shut out from the ports of Flanders and Holland, it is of greater consequence to adhere to real distinc- tions, and practicable means, than to be regulated by political di- visions. * * • Prussia, Swedish Pomerania, Mecklenburg, and Lubec, which is one of the Hans Towns of Lower Saxony, extends all along the south shore of the Baltic; and through those countries, and by the Ems, Elbe, and W eser, and the cities on the North Sea, (which are still under the protection of Prussia and the emperor,) the whole trade to the interior of the continent of Europe is now carried on, The lakes in Prussia, or Haffs as they are called, or more properly branches of the Baltic Sea, are the Courish Haff, which is of the great- est extent, and runs directly south-west from Memel, getting a con- siderable breadth, and reaches inland, not sixty miles from Konigs- burg. The Frische Haff forms a long lake, betwixt Konigsburg and Elbing, having its communication with the sea at Pillau. It is also, by the branches of the Vistula, connected with Dantzic; and through this channel it is, that a regular trade is kept up betwixt Dantzic, Elbing, and Konigsburg, in decked vessels. - There is another Haff, which is in Pomerania, formed by the islands - of Usedom and Wollin, betwixt which vessels must pass, going up to Stettin. This Haff communicates with the Baltic, by three different channels, —the principal of which is Swinemunde. - The great rivers of Prussia, or rather those by which she carries on a considerable commerce, are the Njemen, or Memel, which falls into the Courish Haff; the Pregel, which falls into the Frische Haff at Ko- nigsburg. The most important of all is the Vistula, or Weichsel, as it is termed, which divides itself into three branches, two of which, and one of them the most considerable, running by Marienburg, falls into the Frische Haff also; — the other branch falls into the bay of Tantzic, four miles below that city; and the Gder, running by Stettin, falls into the Great Haff below that city. * / . . . . ~~~~ - £14 Those are the principal rivers of Prussia, which, with the canals connected with them, will be described more particularly when treating of the ports of Memel, Konigsburg, Dantzic, and Stettin, as their in- ternal intercourse is such as to cause some distinct branches of com- merce, at least the latter port; whilst the others, besides the produce of what must now be termed Prussia, have their trade, more or less, from Austria and Russia. - - The produce exported from Prussia consists of some hemp and flax, Jinseed, a little tallow, ashes, bristles, and fir-timber, chiefly from Memel and Konigsburg; likewise, at periods, grain, but more particularly, and in great quantities from Dantzic, and, in less proportion, from Elbing; also fir and oak timber, plank, and staves. These latter articles almost exclusively from Stettin; and, by this port, latterly, linens from Silesia, since the blockade of the Elbe. & No country in Europe has yet aimed so much as Prussia, at theim- provement of manufactures, encouraging them, on the one hand, and supporting them, by prohibitions of similar manufactures from other countries, on the other. However they may have aimed at perfection, in point of appearance, it is that only, which at first procures them sale, the superiority of British manufactures is always acknowledged by others, and they will ever command a preference. Yet, the Prus- sian manufactures are in a very flourishing state, particularly that of the blue cloth, and woollens in general, velvet, Manchester goods, silk stockings, ribands, chintz, and cotton-manufactures; also fancy articles, carpets, leather, hardware, sugar refineries, gun-powder, and porcelain, the painting of which is inimitable. * - It was estimated that, six years ago, the value of Prussian manu- factures was -- * & * Rixdollars. ; Rixdollars. Woollen . . . . . . . 10000000 || Gold and silver thread, in imita-, * Linen . . . . . . . . . 1 1000000 tion of the Lyons . . . 53000. Silk . . . . . . . . . . 4000000 Copper gº º e & , 6 & 200000 Cotton . . . . . . . . . 3000000 Brass . . e g . e. e & . 9 185000. Ileather . . . . . . . . . 2200000 Iron and steel . . . . . .. 3000000. Hats . . . . . . . . . 500000 Tin and lead . . . . . . 100000. Paper . . . . . . . . . . 300000 Glass, and looking-glass , , , 300000. Gold and silver lace . . . . 400000 - ... " * , .. - º Rixdollars, - - Rixdollars. Porcelain and China . 300000 All kinds of tools, instruments, Fine earthenware . . 100000 * and iron-work used in ship- Amber-works . . . 50000 . . building . . . . . . . 700000 To these may be added hard- Furniture manufactured, about 6000000 ware manufactures, clocks, Sugar refineles . . . . . . 1700000 watches, and the whole manu- Tobacco . . . . . . . . 1400000 factures from the mineral - Starch . & Q & © e ºl i50000 works, including gunpowder, ^. Wax-bleaching . . . . . #00000 together estimated at . . . . . 5000000 Soap manufacture. . . . . . . 400000 - - Oil & • • & * o • e wº 300000 The whole amount of these manufactures of Prussia, in the year 1799, exclusive of beer, brandy, and vinegar, was estimated at about forty-one millions of rixdollars, or about seven millions sterling, by a German author; but, even at that period, they were under-rated: it is certain that, since then, these manufactures have increased to a surprising degree, even within the last two or three years, particularly in linens, woollens, cotton, tobacco, and refined sugar. w Though the manufactures carried on in Prussia are of great impor- tance, yet none is so essentially necessary, for our purpose, to inquire - into, as that of linen, carried to a great extent and considerable perfection. Manufacture of Linen in the Prussian States. There is hardly any thing produced by the industry of man in which a more extensive trade is carried on than in linen; it is of very universal utility, and can be manufactured in great or in small, and most countries produce the material from which it is made. No doubt can be entertained, in point of the linen manufacture, that Silesia has gained great reputation in the world, for its durability and ex- cellence in general. That they make of as good or better quality in Ireland, is certain; but they at one time were not equally consider- ate in the bleaching part. The chemical process for bleaching once in- troduced into that kingdom was wisely done away, otherwise it might Have been detrimental ; while the gentle process in Silesia has been invariably used. Their cloth is generally three and four months in bleaching, and the lyes made very mild and moderately used. Expe- 216 rience has shewn the reputation Silesia linen has obtained in South. and North America, and the West Indies. But the Irish linen manu- facture must shortly command a preference to any other. Great care and attention is now paid to it by every individual, but particu- larly by the Right Honourable J. Foster, who has so patriotically pro- moted the linen manufacture of that kingdom. .* France, the United Provinces, and Switzerland, formerly carried on a very great trade in the linen manufacture; but, at present, Silesia, Bohemia, Westphalia, Suabia, the Lausitz, and the countries belong- ing to the House of Brunswick, excel particularly in their linen manu- factures, the produce of which is exported to almost every part of the world. The greatest part of the Silesia linen goes through Higher Saxony and Luneburg to Hamburg: it is likewise conveyed down the Oder, and from thence by means of canals, which connect it with the Elbe.” The Hamburg merchants export it in great quantities to Spain, Portugal, England, and the United States of America; to the latter country, vast quantities, especially when the commerce be-, tween England, France, and Holland, is interrupted by war, which gives an opportunity to the American merchants to carry on a kind of contraband trade with the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and HDutch possessions in the West Indies and South America, for which they usually barter coffee, sugar, cotton, indigo, and other produce in return. . . w . . . . . . . . . The striped and the checked sort of Silesia linen, which they call bontons, a Tê mostly exported to Italy, on account of their fine quality. - - * - . . ." There are linen manufacturers in Silesia who now export linen, to Cadiz, and even to Vera Cruz, on their own account; but the greatest part is still exported from Hamburg, as the merchants, of that place, who are in the linen line, go regularly twice a year to, Silesia to make purchases, where also they have agents. That country is frequented by many other foreign merchants, as the Dutch and Italians; and even the English, who buy generally lawns, dowlas, checked and, book, * See the article Stettin, 217 linen. The Italians commonly buy the striped sort, or bontons, the stripes of which are interwoven with red Turkish yarn, and are used for curtains, bed-ticks, and many other sorts of furniture. . The yarn of which the Silesia linen is made is spun by means of the spindle, which makes it almost look like cotton; and such kind of linen requires less time to bleach than any other. - The Silesia linen of different manufactures is all of the same quality, and there is no other distinction in it than in its width, and in the length of the pieces. In the year 1740, when Silesia was subdued by the Prussian arms, the exportation of linen amounted only to 3 millions of rixdollars, and at present it may be estimated at from 16 to 20 mil- lions. There were, in the years 1792 and 1793, in the Prussian part. of Silesia, 24,761 looms, which employed 38,451 workmen, and manu- factured for 8,722,861 rixdollars worth of linen, and exported from 1792 till 1793 for 6,190,554 rixdollars to foreign countries; for the years 1791 and 1792, the whole production of Silesia linen amounted to only 7,373,000 rixdollars; and The exportation of raw linen amounted to 363,229 rixdollars. - Bleached ditto . . . 4,268,774 Ticken, damask, &c. 68,952 Handkerchiefs . . . . 46,973 Yarn, raw . . . . . . 8,780 Ditto bleached. . . . 73,206 Thread . . . . . . . . 23,646 Total........ 4,853,560 To the value of the above exportation, made in 1791 and 1792, is still to be added that of the following sorts: Creas, Platilles, Bre- tagnes, Lawn, and the fine Checked Linen. The Silesia linen trade is the most important in the German empire; the chief places for their manufacture are the cities of Hirschburg, Landshut, Schmiedeburg, Greifenburg, Friedland, Waldenburg, and Schweidnitz. - - - Hirschburg is the first and the most important trading city of Silesia, - F f º 2.É8 . * situate between the mountains of that country, and is the seat of the ławn manufactories in particular. Although the manufactures of other kind of linen are but trifling, yet, in the exportation and manufacturing of lawns, that city exceeds all the others of Silesia; and, so early as 1786, the exports amounted to 1,518,178 rixdollars. - The raw long lawns, or what are called double Silesias, are frequently sent to Harlem, in order to be bleached for the English market. The patterns of the coloured lawns are very different; sometimes they are mixed with red, sometimes with blue, and sometimes with green flow- ers. This coloured sort of lawn is 14 Breslaw ell-wide, and from 52 to 54 elſs long, the same as the white and the raw sorts. Besides these different sorts of lawns, there is still another sort of them manufactured in Silesia, and chiefly in Hirschburg, called, by the Italians, Tela batista a bastoni, for which market they are chiefly designed; they are tied up in pieces of a round form ; this sort is of the same width with the rest, and, when first made, of an equal length, but the pieces are afterwards cut into four equal parts, containing from 134 to 15% ells. , , , , Other lawns, called cobweb lawns, likewise manufactured in that city, are of the same width and length as the former. All these dif- ferent sorts of lawns are exported to England, France, Spain, Italy, and America. - . . Landshutis, next to Hirschburg, the most important place in the linen, trade, and, in the year 1785, its exportation amounted to 1,342,569, rixdollars. Schmiedeburg, in 1782, manufactured for sale to the amount of 403,706 rixdollars; and, in 1796, 661,341. Waldenburg sent, in the year 1790, by the way of Hamburg, for different foreign markets, to the amount of 899,598 rixdollars. " . * The annual exportation of linen from Greifenburg amounted to up- wards of 196,000 rixdollars, in which are some ticken and damask, and many checked and striped sorts of linen. The linen sent from the town of Friedland amounted, in the year 1781, to 78,628 rixdollars, and, in 1783, to 20,061 rixdollars; so that this town is on the decline. > . * * - - The linen from Schweidnitz amounted, in the year 1784, to 109,425. 219 A e” rixdollars. The manufacture of flowered damask and ticken has been brought to the greatest perfection, in Silesia and in Lausitz; it is manufactured in three different modes, plain, marbled, and white flowered. This sort of linen consists in table-cloths, napkins, and towels. It is likewise manufactured at Zittaw, in whole pieces of twelve napkins, and that which is made for towels, contains twenty ells each piece. It is chiefly exported by the way of Trieste to Italy. The linen manufacture in Lausitz has been exported chiefly of late to Cadiz, from which place it is again sent to the South American colonies, and bartered for the produce of those countries. In the year 1795, the war with England put a stop to that trade, as well as to many manufactures; the merchants and manufacturers therefore endeavoured to find out a new channel, or a new market in some other country, in order to keep up this branch of business, which had hitherto only been carried on by the way of Spain, to the great advantage of the merchants of Lausitz. The United States of North America being the best adapted for that purpose, on account of their neutrality, and the contiguity to the Spanish possessions in America and the West Indies, they appointed agents in different places of the United States to barter the German manufactured goods for produce of those countries, which best suited the German market in return. However, the great convulsion which occurred in Hamburg in the years 1799 and 1800 occasioned them to drop the idea of continuing such hazardous specu- lations on their own account. But the treaty of Amiens revived this branch of the linen trade which had been so suddenly interrupted, and the commerce with Cadiz and other Spanish ports was renewed; the exportation to those places became more considerable, as the remit- tances from Peru and Mexico arrived in Spain; by these means the - - / - public paper of Spain received an additional value, in short, the linen business again went on as it had done before the year 1795; but the breaking out of the war between England and France, in 1803, has once more put a stop to this trade. The exportation of this linen, usually made in the spring, from Hamburg and Altona is stopped, and now an opening is made for the Irish merchants and manu- facturers to introduce theirs. - ... • . . + x F f 2 220 CHAP. II. Of Memel; its Trade and Navigation in general.--Tables of Imports and Erports, specifying the Articles, from 1797 to 1805; with Calculations of the Cost of the latter free on board, at certain Prices and Rates of Erchange. . . MEMEL derives its commerce from the river of that name, or fre- quently called the Njemen, which takes its rise in a forest between Nieswisz and Minsk in Lithuania; part of its course forms the present boundary betwixt Russia and Prussia, it falls into the Courish Haff after dividing itself in two arms, sixty miles south of Memel. The Memel in its course receives, at Kauen, the Wilna, which takes its rise not far from where the Beresinski Canal is forming to join the Düna and the Dnieper; but the river falling into the Memel, and of most consequence to it, is the Szczara, running by Slonin, from its uniting the Baltic and the Black Seas, through the canal of Oginsky, the principal communication; as this lies within that part of the di- vision of Poland, which Russia has acquired, it is more particularly described under the head of the canals of that country. *>. Memel has been mostly remarkable for its considerable trade in timber, which was not of any importance till 1764, since when it has rapidly increased, partly from the convenience of the port, and partly from the greater supplies at a more reasonable rate, and better squared than from other ports; such has been the demand, and such the quan- tities shipped, that it is not unlikely, in a short time, that its resources. will be exhausted ; it has its supplies at present from the forests of the Prince Radziwill, whose father would not suffer the forests to be cut in his time, by which event, fortunate for the son, who now feels the benefit, timber has, even in the forests, risen to double its price within the last twelve years. There are trifling supplies from other quarters, at a distance. of 800 to 1000 miles from Memel, which is floated down in rafts safely as far as Russ, near the mouth of the river Memel, from whence it is brought down the Haff to Memel, in floats .e.” 221 of 12 to 1500 pieces each, but, towards autumn, in heavy gales of wind, it is frequently broken adrift. When the supplies for this trade from Russia fail, no doubt the King of Prussia will allow his forests to be cut, not only to preserve the trade of Memel, but, perhaps, to experience a proportionately higher price than what has been paid. Square timber is distinguished by three sorts, the best, middling, and brack. There are no proper brackers , the assorting being chiefly regulated by the demand from abroad : the round wood is cut into deals, and what is not fit for that use is made into lath-wood. - There are twenty-four saw-mills worked by the wind, which, on an average produce annually about 400,000 runnin 9, deals, or 7,000 ‘pieces, two-thirds of which are of three-inch, and one-third of two. inches and a half in thickness; a few one inch and a half, and two- inch deals are cut for exportation, mostly to France. There are from seventeen to twenty timber ponds at this place; a pond is, a certain compass of the river fenced round, to keep the timber from floating away. - The timber is chiefly in request for the British market. U pon an average 700 sail of ships are loaded with timber from this port; the va- lue may be reckoned in this one article, at 350,000l. sterling per annum. . - . sº As the canal of Oginsky underwent complete repairs, which were finished in 1803, it will give Memel the advantage of considerably extending her trade, not only for masts from Volhinia, oak wood and timber in general, but likewise for hemp, flax, and other articles, and, a considerable trade to and from the Black Sea. . The estimated quantity of produce brought down to Memel, is, - Square Timber, on an average, 5, to 6000-shock (of 60 pieces,) annually. Round ditto. - - - 1200 to 1500 ditto Oak.staves. - - - 10 to 15000 ditto. Fir ditto * wº. &g. 4 to 6000 ditto. Flax - - - - I:20 to 150000 stones. Linseed . . - - - 2 to 2500 lasts. Hemp - * - - 40 to 60000 stones. Tallow - - - - 5 to 10000 ditto. Grain, according to the demand of the year,. 3 ºr **. 222 besides many articles of trifling importance, as will be better seen by the export list. . . . . . . They have a bracker here, who is appointed by the magistrates, under particular rules and regulations, for certain goods only, whose decision is definitive in all cases of dispute about the quality. The Hemp is assorted into three different sorts, called rein, chucken, and pass; the two latter sorts are chiefly exported, the rope-makers generally work up about from 15 to 20000 stone of the best. * The flax is generally brought to town in winter, and made into three sorts, rakitzer, four-brand, and three-brand ; all which is chiefly exported to Portugal, being best adapted for that market. . . . The greatest part of the linseed exported for sowing is produced in Lithuania and Szamaiten, and exported to Holland, Bremen, Lubec, and Stettin. From the latter place it is sent to Silesia and Bohemia; the sowing seed is bracked by a person properly appointed for that purpose, and each barrel is marked M. At Liebau, the exporta- tion of linseed is considerable in barrels, which are marked LB, in contra distinction to Memel. The French, who did not know the meaning of these letters, took the L B for le bon, and the M* for mauvais. This blunder caused the loss of the trade of Memel to France. The crushing linseed from this place is much esteemed in England, from its great produce of oil. . . . . . The importation into Memel is but trifling; Konigsburg has the great advantage over this place in that respect, being a market where they can always sell their produce, or barter against imports. Memel might have this trade if there was a safe navigation from Russ, or the mouth of the Memel: when this place was in the hands of Russia, it was in contemplation to make a canal which could easily. have been effected, from the natural facility of a rivulet which TUIIAS part of the way; but policy keeps back the execution. •. Goods may be forwarded into the country from Memel on paying the duties, according to the book of rates, and Tikewise the frontier duty, when passing the Prussian boundaries.- They have here a pretty brisk transit trade to Russia. - - - '-º', r . :}; Memel Seed. 223 The whole export trade of Memel was, in 1802, estimated at twelve millions of guilders, or about 600000l. Sterling; a greater sum than this port ever exported before. . a Memel is situated upon . 3 * ~ * * * * * > * the Courish Haff, about two miles fr where it discharges itself into the Bałtic Sea. Through the city runs /* Orłł a small river, called the Dange, which admits vessels of nine feet wa- ter, even a mile above the town, and gives the greatest convenience for loading grain, linseed, and other articles, directly from the warehouses, and without the expense or risk of lighterage. Here, like all the ports on the south shore of the Baltic, there is a sand bank at the en- trance; but with this superior advantage over the others, that it has generally from thirteen to eighteen feet water. If the ice breaks up, in spring, with a westerly wind, OT. from N. N. W. the bar remains as before ; but if the wind should, at that time, be south-east, then the ice is driven against the sand-hills, by which the depth on the bar is changed, leaving a small draft of water, so little that, one year, it was only seven feet. Ships of a larger draft of water than can get over the bar, must load in the roads; the anchorage is but middling, and very dangerous with north, and north-west winds for the ships be- ing driven ashore; and, when from the driven from thence to sea. - x º - . - * * * * {3, e. •,• s” . te ‘. The port-charges are very moderate, consisting chiefly of pilotage and ballast charges. There are some regulations at this port, for masters of ships, with which they should be acquainted. The duties are the same as at the other six ports in east and west Prussia. They had twenty-five vessels belonging same duties as other ports. The navigation generally closes about the middle or latter end of er, (when the frost sets in,) and opens about the latter end of . Decemb March. Ships arrived at Memel jeere, in the following Years, - No. of No. of Rixdollars. Years. Ships. Duties. 1707 . . . 16 . . 4233 1711 . . 28 . . 5016 1717 . . 18 . . . 5899 1718 . . 29 . . 4367 #727 . . 37 . . 5447 Years. ...] 728 1743 1749 1762. 1783 Ships. 38 49 . . 1. IO . 133 . . 784, Rixdollars. Duties. . . . 5459 8237 . . . 15715 . . 18495 . . 69.200. to this port, in 1804. Memel pays the eastward, of the rafts being …” 224 1796 . ... 774 . . 768 . . 6 1797 . . 608 . . 605 . . 9. -- d Lastage * - 567 arrived . . . . . 77000 1899 . . $34% sailed . . . . . . 6,370 1801 560 arrived . . . . . 63570 - * º 567 sailed . . . . . . 77000 e (908 arrived . . . . . . — 1802 918 sailed . . . . . . I 19660 - 14 ships wintered. $hips arrived. Ships sailed. Wintered. || Ships arrived. Ships sailed. Wintered. 1798 . . 767 . . 766 . . 10 1799 . . . 542 . . . 543 . . — * . . . . Lastage. (890 arrived . . . . . . 1803 , , }% sailed . . . . . . 113170 ( 14 ships wintered. 1804 ºn arrived . . . . . 162380 *** * * * , sailed . . . . . . . . - The Ships which arrived at Memel, in the Year 1804, consisted of Ships. Commercial lasts. British 475 . . . . 71590 Prussian . . . . 214 . . 21620 Danish . . . . 50 3410 Swedish . . . . 25 . 1050 Mecklenburg. 7 . 410 Ships. Commercial lasts. Oldenburg . . . 9 410 Papenburg . . 34 . . . 1870 Hamburg . . . 11 . . . 1710 - Lubec . . . . . 4. . . 17O Russia • * * * * i • 2 . § 140. JEachange and Purchases. They have an exchange here, but are nevertheless obliged to send all their bills to Konigsburg to be negotiated; on which place, for their payments, they generally give assignments at three days sight. are chiefly in Dutch ducats. What few payments are made at Memel to the Polish Jews-and others, It must be here observed, that for all timber shipped they have a fixed rate of exchange of eighteen guilders per pound stirling. It is only for this article, the merchants have settled it so amongst them- selves, to prevent all disputes with masters of vessels, who are fre- quently empowered to purchase their cargoes on their arrival. - For all other articles they draw in the same manner, and exchange as at Konigsburg, to which we refer the reader. - MO NEY. - Their accounts are kept in guilders and grosh; thirty grosh making one guilder. Their currency here is the Prussian dollar, guilder, and other money. Their imports are paid in guilders, and greater part of their exports in the manner described. . . WEIGHTS. - . . i Shippound has 3 centner; 1 centner 3} stones; I stone 33 pourids. 100 pounds, Prussian weight, will be 105 pounds British. . . lish. MEASURE. . . . . . Corn is the last of 56; scheffel, and will produce 10; to 103 quarters, Winches- ter Iſleå.SUll'é. . . . . . . Timber, masts, and yards, are sold by the British running foot. . . . . Linen cloth is measured by the Berlin ell, of which 137; make 100 yards Eng- Flaxland hemp are sold by the stone of 33lb.; linseed by the barrel of 24 scheffels; salt by the last of 6000lb. 225. Prices of Articles of Erportation from Memel; calculated at the Er- change on London, of j9% Florins per Pound st p??ig Charges on Board. \ erling, including Ship- - i. * \ } º * * , - Wheat, best Polish . . . . . Prussian ... . . . . . Rye, Polish . . . . . . . . Prussian . . . . . . Barley : . . . . . . . . . Oats . . . . . . . . . . . Peace, white . © tº grey . . . . . . . . , \ Linseed, crown, sowing . . ordinary ditto. . . . . crushing, ditto, uncleaned cleaned Hempseed . . . . . . . . Deeder-seed and siftings . . . . Flax, fine Rakitzer . . . . . . . ordinary . . . belt Mcmel, four brand . tº º... O& g© ,”. N. B. . . . . . º Codille . - º - # Hemp, cleaned . . . . . . . . . . .” Russia Chucken . . . . 4 -: Podolia and Lithuania. 3. Codilla . . . . . . . : | Cordage . . . . . . . . . Q- Bees-wax . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Tallow . --- Butter . . . . . . Hides, cow, of about 100lb. • ox, 120 to 130lb. . . . 140 to 160lb. . . . 170 to 1801b. Skins, calf, from 11 to 121b. . . . 12 to 13th. . . # , kid . . . . . . . . w - goat . . . . . . . | buck . . . . . . . . . Yarn, assorted in equal ) pet shock proportion, from º: 60. to 44lb per bundle ...) bundles. Tar, Courish . . Bristles . . . . . . º Feathers, white . . . . . . . - grey • • tº & e º * - ii • per barrel. } w * : = |} Fſ. F. 650 to 700 500 600 300 350 Prohibited. 220 24() 160 170 290 300 270 280 24, 22 18; 19% 15 16 13 14 - | 11 12 7 8 14 ... 11 8 15 16 22 24 90 100 1 10 120 130 135 140 9 10 1 1 12 9 , 10 25 30 40 45 20 Memel, the 18 April, 1805. 51 *— : : : £ s. 3 . 2 I 5 • 2 : 10 1 : 10 2 16 9 7 , 10 13 13 15 12 15 . 12 12 II -º-º- - * d. £ s. d. O to 3 12 0 \ . - 6 2 17 0 || 6 1 16 0 per quar- § ſ: ". ; : I. 6 1 1 0 6 6 I 8 9 * . . . . º § {Per barrell 9 - * 2. 7 o - 'O. 2 10 o' ( Per quar- * ter. O 56 3 o º 0 49 10 0 O 42 1.8 0 ... O . 29 0 O - - - (Perton of 49 O O ſ 20 cwt. 3S O O 28 15 0 O 54 19 O J {} 4 2 o }*- 0 0 11 j . . 10% 0 0 1 1 fo j} O. 1 () . ºpe, lb. . o o 10 J - 3 0 13 4 Y . . - () . O 16 . O. § -3 . 0, 13 4 × Per dozen. 1 O 1 - 19 0 I Q 2, 17, O J . Per shock - 1 1 6 × of 60 bun- . . . dles. — Per barrel — Per cy...t. - - - - } Perl. * . - Note. The granary or warehouse rent, from the time of purchase to that of the shipping; also, light- erage and port charges are not included in the calculation of the above prices, g” G g 226 Importation into Memel. s ** }. Denomination of Goods. 1797 | 1799 || 1801 1803 1804 f. Almonds . . . . . . . . . . centner. 21 || – ~ 7. 12 14 * Apples . . . . . . . . . . . barrels. - || 171 || - 23, 34 Anchovies . e Q . . small do. — ; –– sºmºmºmº S 1 41 Aniseed . . . . . . . . .' lb. — | – || — — ; – 1 Apothecary drugs . . . . . rixdollars. — **** — 167 253 | Beer, English . . . . . . • quart. 26 176 152, 1770 645 891 || | Bratidy, French . . . . . . . hogsheadq 133 11 32 96 107 Coffee" . . . . . . . . . . ºb. 27424 15230 # 47836 54957 60590 : Qinnamon, &c. . . . . . . . . . . — 68 ; – 103 52 148. Cicory . . . . . . . . . . – tºssessº — º-º-ºw — 19726 Confectionary, &c. . . . . . rixdollars, 260 — 17 | – 353 i Chimney pots and bricks . . . . . pieces. 291500 100800 113000 143000 460700 H Chalk, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . lasts. s. 235 523 1337 150 - 244 Cheese, English and Dutch . . . stones, 55 # 1300 353 1155 7185 | Coaches, English . . . . . * pieces. 13 3210 917.0 | 12100 Coals . . . . . . . . . large barrels. 416 944 1567 1474 501 Figs . . . . . . . . . . . . centner. 15 # — 2350 80 Hemp flax, and hemp tow . . , stone. 3992 1500 — * 2197 Fruit, dried and fresh . . . . . barrels. H 345 # — 188 — - 159 Ginger, &c. . . . . . . . . . centner.] 12 — 5 1405 537, Glass-ware, Bohemian and English . rals. 457 7112 114 302 913. g Inland . . . . . . - 607 10 2555 151 # Grindstones. . . . . . . . . . chaldrons. 84 54 48 • 6% 97. Herrings, Dutch . . . . . . . barrels. 8 : 39555 || -- 33 . 46 - Swedish * * te s • º 5563 gº 57.60 2071 - * 103 Hops . . . . . . . . . . . . . stone. 205 154 58 110 67 Indigo, fine and coarse . . • lbs. 458 154 671 2156 1359 Iron and steel, Swedish . . . . . centner. 3734 1110 || 43050 1850 1531 f pots inland . . . . — 40 7. 107 214 496 || Iron goods, &c. . . sixdollars. 2889 - ?112 4782 3358 6769 ; Yufts, Russian . . . . . . . pieces, 5090 *— º-º-º-º-º: — *=& Lead and white, English . . centner. 238 26 87 20 77 Lemons, oranges, &c. . . . . . . pieces. 58430 ft 50400 9200 iſ 68990 15180 Leather, English, sole . . . . . St OI) e. 43 64 .96 34, — i. Merchandize of different kinds . rixdollars, 5914 5520 44340- 546 291 . Nutmegs • e s - e . . centner. 32 , 46 4. 29 17 Nuremburg goods . . . . . rixdollars, 1108 1850 990 1998 || 2181 Oil, salad, and Provence . . . . centner. 17 | — 270 53 324 Paper, Dutch . . . . . . . . reams. 49 26 8.1 34. 134. £, Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . barrels, 200 86 159. - .* Pearl barley and rice . . . . . centner. 57 8 68 2105 *— ‘ Plums, Catharine and others . . . . stones, 53 20 43 675 364. Baisins and currants . . . . . . centner. 12 114 113 - 1158 950 Salt . . . . . . . . . . lasts. 320. 986 200 1151 1743 . Syrup . . . . . . . . . . . -- 279 25 543. 1098 746 | Spices, English, and pepper . , centner, s 17 722 30 5657 730 ||, . Sugar, raw . . . . . . . s 318 227 342 502 626 - candied . . . . . . . * 15 12 10 ! — 26 Table, pen, and pocket knives . . rixdollars. 3113 — 3643 — — Tea . . . . . . . . . . ; lbs. 332 801 807 237 1337 Tar, Swedish . . . . . . . . . . . ; barrels. 2000 : 150, 2971 . 702. 1080 Tobacco, smoking and snuff . . ; lbs. 990 727 832 || 1251. 465 Train-oil . . . . . . . . . . barrels. 36 | 14 • 37. • 12 | Tin, English . . . . . . . . . centner, tº 8 11 | – *-*- 108. | Vinegar and cyder . . . . . . eymer. ſ 126 55 11 11, - 42 Wine, French. . * , e. . . . hthd. 3.89 67 90 67 191 Rhenish . . . . . . . .; eymer. 4. 60 75 36 sweet Spanish. . . . . . . 44. 6. 5 |. 3. l. ...5 ! . Portuguese . . . . . . . — 21 | – || –- 74. 15 | Wheat-flour, English. . . . . . . schiffel. 32 28 7. 16 — # Woollen goods . . . ... rixdollars. — 1395 : — 420 # — i 227 3. Exports from Memel. - Denomination of Goods. , . 1797 1799 1801 | 1803 1804 | # Ashes, weed. . . . . . . . . . rdlr. — 18 — games-tº-e 28 || * hard blue . & & . . stone. f – 385 288 A5. –— Bristles e © e , e. e de ſº & ar - 133 * 303 156 204 Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 17 33 6 || -- | Brandy, inland . . . . . . . ohm. 200 685 1282 29 60 foreign . . . . . . . hnd. —— 8 *-i-kºs 1 90 Bed, feathers . . . . . . . . Stone. — — 37 68 119 Flax . . . . . . . . . . . . . stone. 114257 804 30552 159046 158095 Grain, as wheat . . . . . . . . lasts. 512 544 1262 750 2544 rye . . . . . . . . . — 3032 2864 1930. 3361 2072 barley . te . . . . - 220 24 1454 521 | 1149 Oats. . . . . . ... • ." — 70 50 883 678 .1269 * pease . . . w tº . — 20 | 15 34 .65 48 Hemp . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 6490 55 4168 11250 41557 Linseed, sowing . . . . . . . barrels. || 14074 — '4942 7378 3388 | crushing . . . . . . . . . . lasts. 1677 1237 i 690 1863 2269 Salt meat . . . . . . . . . . . barrels. — 195 6 : — 11 Skins, ox skins . . . . . . . . . decker. | 119 255.1 .1644 180 180 calf . . . . . . . . . . 1824 6395' 31.98 8782 9834 buck . . . . . . . . . . . — 280 70. 121 1220 | 539 goat . . . . . . . . . . . — 300 1000 121 1200 559 horse . . . . . . . . . . — — 346 — 55 18 sheep . . . . . . . . . . . — 1860 1. 3198 || – 392 , Tree Nails . . . . . . . . . schock. 60 220 350 423 342 Tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stone. . . 4921 1239 789 — — candles . . . . . . . . . . — I 2 : — 42 — Tow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lasts. 487 . . .3 268 285 135 Wood, as balks, fir . . . . . . rdlr. 334905 || 157886 || 987.00 993418 || 170968 w masts . . . . . . . . . . . — 14 || 1303 44 || 1863 || 90 spears . . . . . . . . — | 81 1138 59. 1916 998 bowsprits. . . . . . . . . . .- : | 9 || 245 11- 565 224 , boats másts . . . . . . 79 130 5274 103 289 # deals; fir, 3 to 2% . . . . shock. — 364 - – 1267 1638 .2 to 1%. . . . . h - 475 — 603 || || 758 1 to 2 . . . . ... --— 528 96 ſ 292 — — 3 to 4 . . . . . 251 1228 *-e tº-sº-sº lathwood . . . . . . . . bundles. 6?? 937 1015 2101 1971 fir staves . . . . . . . . . shock. — 525 424 887 || 2 822 pipe do. . . . . . . . . - 489 1625 1063 21.63 1781 hhd. do. . . . . . . . . — # 489 — 12 77. 46 barrel . . . . . . . . . " — 212 || 279 260 422 21% ash slips . . . . . . . — ? - 21 22 192 20 49 oak deals . . . . . . . . rālr. * º-ºs- tº-sass-ºse 421 103 clapboard of 3 feet . . — 90 - . *::::: : - || ||} so a so | 1.4 yards . . . . . . . . . — 10. 6 5 6 33 hand spikes . . . . . . — 2 2 60 7. Wax . . . . . . . . . . . . stone. . . 34 50 jº. 84 42 41 H. Yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . shock, — 200 51 20 25 g g 2 228 CHAP. III. Of Konigsburg. — Its Trade and Navigation in general. – Tables of its Imports and Eaports, from 1795 to 1803 inclusive, and of the Imports and Exports separately for 1804. — Its Edports to France, Spain, and Portugal from 1795 to 1805. — Its Trade to Russia and the Black Sea. —Of Braunsburg and its Trade. . . . . . . . - ti, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 & a s a considerable share of trade, but the division of Poland diminished it very considerably. In this city, on the 28th of January, 1701, it was that the elector, Frederick III. of Brandenburg, had himself crowned King of Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is of little service to the interior trade of Konigsburg, otherwise than facilitating the grand communication by means of the river Memel, which we have already fully described under the city of that name: and why that city does not enjoy the trade of Konigsburg has been partly related, namely, on account of the dangerous navigation from joined to the Pregel, called Frederick's Graben. This canal first be- gins from the Memel, by what is called the Gilge Canal, which pro- ceeds.to Lapiau, from thence, it is continued on to Tapiau, where it - falls into the Pregel. This canal was effected the easier by means of two rivulets, which took opposite directions in the direct course of the canal, by which Konigsburg has a safe and complete interior naviga- tion, even to the Black Sea, through the Oginsky canal; and no sooner had Count Oginsky finished it than he had a vessel loaded at . . Cherson, and unloaded at Konigsburg. At Slonin, so far in the inte- rior, they now build vessels, of a particular description, which go - 229 through the Oginsky canal, and down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, V -> where they are sold. r It is now that vessels of from 50to 60 lasts use this navigation, making two) voyages in the year to the interior, first coming down in the end of May, and taking articles of importation back into the interior, from whence they return again, generally in August or September, with produce, and repeat the same business in the imports; so that Konigs- burg monopolizes as it were, from the merchants of Memel, the use of the river of that name, by their capital and the convenience of this canal. - nerally estimated at 5 to 10,000 lasts of rye 3 to 4,000 ditto of linseed About 2,000 ditto of hemp 3 to 400 ditto of flax . 2 to 4,000 shippound of ashes | The quantity of produce brought down from Poland annually is ge- 1 to 2,000 stones of wax 8 to 10,000 ditto of bristles 6 to 12,000 ditto of tallow 10 to 12,000 balks of timber, By the general list of exports it will be observed, that all these arti- cles are not exported; some are retained, such as hemp, flax, ashes, and timber, for home consumption and, use, particularly the former, which is sent to Elbing, Dantzic, Stettin, and other Prussian ports; the remainder to Holland principally. | They have a regulated brack here for rein and cut hemp, all kinds of flax, ashes, sowing linseed, and bristles. * * , HEMP is divided into the following sorts: Rein, or clean, the first sort, which is the best liemp, and which the Dutch chiefly took formerly for their whale lines; cut, Iłuss chucken, Lithuania chucken, pass and tºw. - 4. ſ • . fºLAX. .* Rakitzer, crown and brack; Drujania, crown and brack; Olschaner, crown and brack; Oberlands and Podolia, crown and brack.-The above are sold by the stone. , . . . } - - - LINSEED. The best sowing is packed in barrels, º whereof 24 contain 56% scheffels; the crash- ing is sold by the barrel in bulk. ASH ES. Crown pot, and N. B. pot; crown pearl; hard Crown pearl; N. B. pearl; brack pearl, and blue-This article is sold by the ship- pound, 63 of which will be an English ...ton. - *. * - - From Ermland, 6 to 20kb. per bundle, of the first quality; Lithuania, from 18 to 30kb. | the bundle; and from 22 to 40lb. the bun- dle. --The quality varies according to its weight. - is * * 230 . . The grain which is shipped from hence is chiefly the produce of Prussia, and that part of Poland now subject to it, coming princi- pally from the south-east of Prussia. The quality of the wheat is not esteemed, in the English market, equal to that from Dantzic. It is chiefly held under different denominations; viz. W FI EAT. - BARLEY. • * * * * © . --21.- : ~l- . Double, the best. High mixed, which is the first quality. Common, ordinary. Mixed, the next. - * ~ * º - Red, the inferior sorts. - - PE A S. - ... White, the first quality. - - RY E. Grey, mixed and inferior. Polish, the best. | . O ATs. Bried, middle. , - Some variation in quality, and the price Prussian, inferior. regulated accordingly. These articles are sold by the last, of 56; scheffel, which will produce 84 to 86 bushels, Winchester measure. - - * There are excellent, spacious, and commodious granaries here, as well as warehouses, for the general purposes of commerce, which de- note the former importanée of the place. Fir timber is but little ex- ported, being of a smaller size and chiefly cut up into different forms, and exported to the Dutch. There are seven or eight large wind- saw-mills, which do this business. . . . * Oak timber is not brought down here in sufficient quantities for ex- portation : besides, their own wants and consumption for their ship building here every year, they have sometimes their oak knees from Dantzic. Two or three very large ships have been built here, and sold to the Danish East India company. . . . . There were, in 1804, about from seventy to eighty ships belonging to this port; their general burthen was from 150 to 300 tons each; some few larger. - ~ * . . . . The port of Konigsburg is properly Pillau, which lays across the Frische Haff, and is about thirty miles distant by water, and by land about thirty-five, just upon the Baltic. The harbour of Pillau is very commodious and safe; the entrance to it from the sea has a bar, on which the water varies at different times in depth, from eleven to four- teen, sometimes fifteen feet, but subject to great changes. The channel forsailing into the harbouris distinctly pointed out by two conspicuous * 231 beacons, and there are always pilots at sea to take charge of approach- ing ships. The road is open and unsheltered for ships drawing more water than can get over the bar. * - - - - " . The navigation betwixt Koningsburg and Pillau is obstructed by two shallow places, or bars, on which the depth of the water alters from six to nine feet, according to the weather; so that vessels of a. particular construction can take in all their cargo at the warehouses in the town; for those which cannot, and must load at Pillau, or in the roads, they have good lighters, many of which are from 60 to 100 tons each, Elbing, Braunsburg, and Konigsburg, are all subject to the same navigation and risk that we have here described, not that it is great, though worth the notice of the merchant and underwriter. - The duties exacted at Konigsburg are the same as at other Prus- sian ports. - - - - The navigation of the river generally opens in March, when, or in April, ships may begin to load ; the port generally closes in De- cember, but in 1804, in the end of October or beginning of November it was fast, but it opened again so that ships got away. A ship or two generally winter here, for the purpose of taking the Ermland yarn early to Hull, for the manufacturers at Manchester. *. Amongst the number of shipping arriving and sailing from this port, the following years, were BRITISH SHIPS CLEARED, In 1796 104 Ships. . . In 1801 52 Ships. 1797 66 ditto 1802 92 ditto 1798 98 ditto 1803 f6 ditto 1799 74 ditto - 1804 95 ditto till the 1800 73 ditto . - 18th of October. in 1768, no less than 763 vessels of all nations arrived at Konigs- burg; the list of general exports for some time past will better ex- plain the state of the whole trade of Konigsburg, and the proportion which Great Britain has had; a table will be found shewing the pro- portion to France and other nations; and likewise a particular table 232 - * of exports and imports for 1804; the latter will better explain from its state, what share Great Britain enjoys. . . . Erchange, Money, &c. Accounts are there kept in guilders and grosch ; thirty of the latter make one of the former. ' ' & - . " The medium exchange on London is 18% Prussian guilders to the pound sterling, at three months, date; it fluctuates from 18 to 19 guilders in time of peace, but in extraordinary times, such as the present, it has been known to vary from 16 to 21 guilders per pound sterling. . . . . . . . . . . . . On Amsterdam, the exchange fluctuates from 300 to 310 grosch Prussian per pound, Flemish current: 30 Prussian grosch make a Prussian guilder; and a pound Flemish current, is 6 guilders. Hollandº current. , , 7: - - b On Hamburg, the exchange is in general from 130 to 136 grosch per rixdollar, Hamburg banco, at from 3 to 6 weeks date, greater varia- tions happen seldom. . . . . . . . . In peaceable times, the English merchants who commissioned goods from this country, used to lodge a credit in Amsterdam; but at pre- sent they generally appoint their credits in London. The business which is here done in the exchange way, is very great; being the mart for the eastern part of Europe and throughout Poland, even down to the Black Sea, and the centre point betwixt Russia, Ham- burg, and Amsterdam; from which last place, and Berlin, they receive great quantities of gold and specie to purchase bills. This must be of some extent, when we find no less than nearly half a million Sterling in specie some years imported this way through Polangen to Russia. * The bank at Berlin has a comptoir here for purchasing bills, and transacting other business, as already described. The following table of the course of exchange and price of specie was, the 9th of No- vember, 1803. * 233 e” Exchange course, guil. gr. On London, 2 usance - , , old - 9 19 3 ditto - 19 3 per ºf *|| Alberts Thaler, new - - 4, 17 * 306 gº Amsterdam, 41 days 1 ( per ºf flem º old - 4, 14 71 ditto 304% Rubles, new silver - - 3 8 Hamburg, 3 weeks sº lº, }re: * old - - - - 3 6 ditto | 137; Fried. d’Or - - - - - 16 6 Berlin, per cent Louis d’Or - - - - - 16 Danzic - - - # | Old ºr per cent agio WEIGHTS. 100 pounds Prussian, are equal to --- pounds English I stone Prussian is 33 lbs. 10 stone is 1 ship-pound, or 330 lbs. 1 centner is 110 Prussian pounds 60 ship-pounds are reckoned a last 66; stone are equal to an English ton, in . i05 * H h which they reckon the measure of their ships. **. ead and tin imported from England are sold by the centner. Pepper and some other spices, and valu- able articles, are sold by the small. stone of 20 lbs. Prussian, # Ewportation from Konigsburg to Great Britain to and all other Places and the total Number of Ships * cleared out in each Year. -, * Weed . . . Lasts — 5 ll — 65! — 74 g| 60 — 159 — | 167 4 99 — 551 — 134 Pristles . . . . Stone 4997. 7285. 3953 5939|2967 6350 1665. 9307| 3934 74.82 4439 7806, 3194 7518. 2781| 8240 2874. 5317| Corn, Wheat . . . Lasts | 1862. 4313 3751. 7242|1444 4365. 1343| 3914| 3262 5613. 6019 6843 1540, 2002 661 4096 123. 2867 Rye . . . . — — 130 745||11200 60 |10514 — 18095 151||11492 — 286 7| 5589 9315865. 20.12764 - - Barley . . ] — — — 578 1680 846 3086 539 1782 — 816 – 4| 338 258 || – | 1277| – | 1284 d Oats . . . — — — 571 571 1 16 || 136 57 482. 288 1235 — 62. 1815, 1945 373) 123% j 663 Pease . . . — 57 676. 388 895| 722 || 2160; 373| 1231, 222. 595 — 5 * 525] 1591; 103 1391; 1935 24 13 Flax . . . . . . — 19| 290 27] 232) 48 206 24 347 247| 4:07 352 624 130 192 113. 283 255, 415 Hemp . . . . . . — | – ||144830 – 1856 – 1233 15, 1983| 29, 1897] 256 2441. 271. 2115 373 2484 714| 3247 Hempseed . . . . — — 324 – 80 — 278 — 619 5, 893 — 443 — 150 — 130 — 157 Leather . . . . Stone | – 115 – 5800 — 3269 — 3707| – || 3962 — | 4086 — 37.15 — – | – | 109] Linseed for sowing Bar. — 830 — 2459 — 1685 — 1890, 200 1327 78 21.89 48 34,47 90 3919. 27 4249i crushing | Lasts 527 1688 1093. 3072 800 2795. 1130 3369] 1458. 3892 1156. 3954 270; 24.02 1718, 3879| 207: 5654 Oil Hempseed . . Casks — 376 – 345 – 239 — 329 — 1570 – 2218 — 1265 – | 93}| – || 1487 Tow . . . . . Lasts — 360). 5. 494 — 37356] 11 534, 9; 369| – || 381 — 653 63| 563 75 545i. Tallow . . . . [Stone | — 7166 813 4810 237 5015| – || 2312|.. 983 3719 — 549, 3719 9523: 463 6704. 122 3912 Wax . . . . . . do 331; 2865) 804 3186] 245 2379 79 1074 138|| 380 840 1472. 386 1485. 160 1368 143. 629 Wood, fir balks . Shock 2092 3689 1009 3152 399 2150 70 108 1630 8988 237 851] 1422. 5336 146 6409| 2468|14835 - planks . — 8 275 13| 36|| 23 || 45s – 405| – || 500 22 395 60 432 93 47: 184 665 Yarn linen . . . . — 16921||77791|14289142899604 || 9956|19729|19729|21861|23198|15226,16898 98.55|12359, 5840 644, 12787|12921 - - | Years . . . 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 - 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803 Ships cleared out . . 566 995 1017 1295. 1085 684 920 : 1398 — * GrBrit. Includ- |GrBrit!Includ-GrBrit. Includ-Grbrit. Includ-GrBrit. Includ-Gr}}rit. Includ. GrPrit. maud.gº.it. Includ. Gr Brit.! includ. h and ing all and ling all and ing all and ling all and ing all and ing all and ling all and ling all and ling all Ireland Places. Ireland! Places.|Ireland Places. Irelandl Places. Ireland Places. Ireland Places.|Irelandſ Places. Ireland |Places. Ireſand Płaces. Ashes pet and pearl Shlb. 66 7024 6 3062| 6 || 539 5|2505 - 19 1386 25, 1934 45| 4021 — 3 198 52(, 6973 —A- —a | l See a separate Table for 1804. 235. Importation into Konigsburg, with the Number of Ships arrived each See a separate table for 1804. . II h 2. S > -> J Year. YEARS. _^_ a -ºc ſ ſ - *- 1795 || 1796 || 1797 1798 1799, 1800 1801. 1802 | 1803 | —t r P - - - . . . . . . Number of Ships ...— . . 537 997 || 1002 | 1281 || 1054 | 664 921 || 1412 || 1371 | Alum . . . . . . . . . ]b. 102300 96800 107800 74800 loss, 166169 93355. 1086.31 85.40 Almonds . . . . . . . — F, 56952 46151 53371 # 57.333 62268 44411 64,176. 96.978 || 97,939 brandy, French . . . . Hhds. - 53 148 # , 107 H 168 || 48 47 107. 153 20. {Cardatnums . . . . . . . -lb. --163 - 99 | 55 H - 77 . 43 18.1 : , 317. , 499 . 361 Cinnamon . . . . . . .''' – ; ; 1985 641 # 375 # 1920 558 1977 531, 747, . . . 5618 "' Cloves . . . . • | – || – — | — $ 1536 1492 2589 – —. Coals . . * | Lasts H — — — 129 131 138 . — — — Coffee . e lb., H 532797 676726 547,079 796226 .370032 67.7065 324991. 566906 441482 Copperas . . . . . . — 115028 76864 5492 || 77951 | 68840 149606 | 6427. 6088 |-36031 Currants . . . . . . . — i. 44321 64297 6094 H 5220 50949 || 71749 9108. 127953 || 21389 H. º and } Pieces 296886 284955 || 375869 |406351 || 332204 || 186390 309058 || 317315 || 491763 Prunes . . . lb. 59593 || 13275 # 9524 4997 || 23959 .. 4051 8700. 45643 || 137382 Raisins . — 230676 176594 83262 123941 246821 || 652:21 108606 | 162519 116786, |Fish, dried . . . . . . . . Shlb. º- -* gºss- - - - P- Herrings, Holland Barrels 506 646 449 – 331 |. 21, 123 – 27 668:: 2059 ; Swedish — — — - 34517 | 18451, 2771 – -*me - Ginger . . . . . . . . lb. b. 18855 26960 |. 19425 19405 || 10198 17675 6427 | 6088 4564 Glass Window, Bohemia Chests.[ — — 433 427 ºff37 ſ — ` Grindstones . . . Chald — ſ * — 240 . 292 f 1. — --- -------- Indigo tº * * lb. 16917 33783 27584 |. 20944 20206 30636 14447 32499 || 31080 | Hron in bars . . . . . Shlb. 5446 || 3119 || 1:1004 || 11881 5095 5337 13452 19242 5936 Lead in pigs . . . te lb. 113694 H 81620 | 194947 247226 100.913 | 89992 || 98569 || 123405 || 93038 White . . . . — 37409 || 31565 28539 37450 64688 52930 35683 || 35382 26984 || In shot - 91960 38170 | 73508 || 46530 92215 67980 79530 30943 92015 #.eather, English . •, I - 16114 | 13192 11025 | 18515 18733 15329 18225 || 44901. 196014 || Limestone . . . . . . . Lasts 16 58 f 81 . 33 $9 44 . 73. #02 546 k Medicine and drugs . .[Dollars — — . . 12297 16555 23404 || — -** . } Oil, sweet . ... . . . Hgshd. 310 144 . . . 84 . 53 | 39 100- 114 166 978 Train . . . Barrels 474 811 822 | 545 676 462 545 677 374, Oysters . . . Pieces 5300 6300 i 3000 .14550 || 4200 750 850 1330 || 4808 || Pepper . lb. 62181 68395 || 48845 || 149588 || 42892 98061 59086 || 65563 || 113410 Rice . — 128604 || 329235 | 261696 || 315847 225207 || 120224 41624 214946. 230826 H Saffron -- 284 104. 31 101 165 22 | 12 63 53 Salt . Lasts — 5957 H 7869 7232 || 4600 | 1880. 6119 | 7262 4929 Steel . . . e lb. 34330 42912 38640 48866 56128 60604 || 64165 | 111996 || 52835 | . Sugar . . . . . — F 727,031 || 720455 H 540869 558279 || 455548 4,14672 || 540582 (1778,182 1647.414 . |Tar, Swedish . Barrels 1461 2414 || 1728 2934 740 | 1265 1494 | 1831 || 1433 | Tea . . . . . |b. 3331 45484 || 2082 51 | 1 | 7281 8092 || 4245 47.40 || 3327 Tobacco in leaves — 13681 19 91284, 405302 77.1560. 1418005 |115679:5 621932 |1672967 691152 Tin . . . . . . . . — 17513 || 35630 || 55313 60470 | 40075 || 33070 35905 || 37863 47929 In plates . . . *- *- ſ — **== *. --— - - Trea.” . . . . — 521868 || 169398 || 404890 423447 || 496549 48.5799 || 4995.74 6751.70 || 958363 Winegar . ‘. . . Hhds. 906 407 210 ‘704, 569 307 233 293 291 |Verdigris * @ lb. - 2253 3597 34 [4 Wire iron . . . . — 55135 | 134595 97.924 || 130360 567.60- 118505 115071 152931 || 111685 Brass . . . - 3371 || 3004 9383 || 15873 || 11179 9695 13843 - 21614 . 9565 Wood, Brazil . - — 2591.23. 202318 165436 213514, 25.9741 187299 || 259696 || 319.197 123121 Wines, French . . . Hhds. 4:421 6270 3091 3616 3863- 3105 7.910 . 9113 } ****{| – || 136|| 48 || 9s. 35 | 1so 9 13 || 132 — Spanish. *- 139s. 146 21 307 217- 224 231 388 — "º"; Dollar: 10200 socio || 42% 1918, 994 | 16910 | 1881 | 8912 || – 236 List of Goods exported from Konigsburg to the following Places in the Year 1804. * - -*** - * * * * * * . . - F - C - - - - - - º Lubec To To | Denomination. To - To Fo Spain; To Den- To |Bremen, Pomera- Dantzic . of | England. Holland. ...* * * Sweden. and film. - Goods. gland: Holland: France. Norway. ||Sweden. ... hairº and and Total. - burg, Fmbden. Elbing. Ashes, pot and pearl shiplb. 89. 1286 466. 266 | — 11, 12? 13 3354 weed . lasts. — 118 — — -- — . '4 62 185 || Bristles e |stones 3550 2506. 59 — | — | 576 388 196 || 7275 . Corn,--Wheat . lasts 2295 345 716. 220 173 162. 1 60 -- 3971 . Rye . º do. tº-sº- 1239 29 || 2168. 1521 61 561 || 103 5682 Barley. do 117 — 5, 325 303 || – || — ‘!' – f : 751 Oats do 315 || – 18 50: 6 * 5 32 426 Pease . do' 414 * 22. 142 422 63" 129 -34 1227 . Flax do 484 5 10. 231 84 14 10 33 2795 Hemp . . do 112 442 — 19 '80 3 1685 -451 -874 : Ditto seed do -— 57 —- 3 4 *-*. -º-º-º: — . 1 62 : . Leather decker | – * -—- — -*-* * 4– ‘. .30 30 Linseed,—sowing barrels.} :- 44 963. 225 | : 504. 150 44. . .98 2028 . crushing . lasts 1958 2852 26. 76 | 4 — ,84. — 5001 . Oil-hempseed . . . Hohm. —s — 1 : — 119 | 52 | — 3. ... 225 | 354 Tow e lasts ,156 3 — ... 35. 8 — || 239, . 198 642 . Tallow e . stones I — e- — —' — — 135 | 2447 2582 Wax e º ... do . . . . 260 --- -—º —' -*-* 39 + 97 || 56 452 Wood, fir balk . pieces 7717 || 307 518 •–3 —. 307 || — 8849 planks. . Ishocks 212 f : 7 56 81. – 1 137 *y 491 Yarn linen . Ido ... 23331 — — — — 12 7, J. 243 23593 List of Goods imported at Konigsburg in 1804. J SHIPS ARRIVED, 942. Alum . * ... lb. 46476 Ginger . e ... lbs.). 11996 Saffrom . lb. 116 Almonds .. º ... do 91701 Indigo . . . . . . . do .38334 Salt – • lasts 3158 Brandy French and rum hbd. 689 Iron in bars . shlb. 15264 Steel . • Ib. 81400 'Cardamum . lb. 334 Lead in pigs ... lbs. 264638 Sugár . . . . ... do|1352437. Cinnamon º dol 55.57 white ... ºr do; 58016 Tar, Swedish . . lasts 289. Coffee s ... doſ344693 shot • ... dol134467 Tea, e • Q lbs. 7023 Copperas * do|119517 Leather, English . do| 21169 Tobacco in leaf ... do. 633837 Currents . { } ... do| 31924. Oil, sweet ... pipes 89 Tin . * ... do. 72344, Fruit, lemons and oranges pes. 325749 train .. bar, 749 Vinegar hhds. 218 prunes . . Ib. 111794 Oysters . e . pieges 500 Wire, iron lbs. 97.410 raisins . . . do|164016 | Pepper . …~ lbs. 149358 brass . . ... do 7361. Fish, dried herrings Dutch º 334 Rice •.6 ... do|196284 Wood, Brazil , ... do; 335467 Norway and Danish doſ 12226 | - & ** Eaported from Konigsburg to France, Spain, and Portugal. Years 1795 1796 1797 1798* 1799* | 1800* | 1801 || 1802 | 1803 1804 | Wheat ; lasts '30 231 620 1092 1096 609 882 981 383 || 3. |Rye . do * 42 - 145 541 203 || – 85 331 90 Barley . . . . do tº- * 1082 133 151 *s 623 65 — | # , {}ats do --- tº-ºmºsºme * 60 *m-sº - — — 5 § {{Hemp do — 827 — 48 — — 752 298 — ... ;- Flax do -*s- sº-ºs- 72 *- 10 97. — — E.g. Tow do 32 — I — I — I — 110 10 | – || $ 5 Tallow * . Stone 1093 sº-º-º: *-*- " *-*. -*-* *-mºs - — # ‘s Pot Ashes ... shlb. - — | 720 ! — I — I — 277 | 1696 || 613 # 2. Bristles St0rle •- •-- — *-*-* 140 pº-ºº: -- — § 5 Wax . do *-ºs- — I — I ...— •-s * tº-ºmº 97 — ; ; * Planks shock * **** 8 -*-*. -*-4 5 — 1 — | . Balks . pieces — s-s-s-s-s -*- *-*. *s -º-º: ºs-ºsmº 2310 || – | } Marked thus," denotes that exports to Portugal were in those Years only, - 287 BRAUNSBURG, An ancient town, and the principal one of Ermland ; about mid- way on the road betwixt Konigsburg and Elbing, and not far from the Haff, with which it has a communication by a rivulet, which is navigable for small craft up to the town. - The produce exported from hence is principally yarn, grain, and Oberland flax ; the yarn bears the name of Ermland yarn, and is chiefly exported to Hull for the Manchester manufacturers; its quality is much esteemed, being next to that of Hamburg and Bremen. Towards the approach of winter, the people in the country begin to spin this yarn, and during the whole of that period they bring it to market from the small towns and villages, when it is bought, by the merchants who deal in that article, chiefly at Braunsburg, and some few at Elbing. * * - - -- . . The flax employed in making the Ermland yarn is principally grown in Old Prussia; when there is a great crop of flax, it is calculated that 30000 * pieces more of yarn are produced than in ordinary years. From each stone of flax weighing 33 lb. they reckon 40 pieces of yarn to be spun on the average. In the year 1804, the quantity of Ermland yarn exported was, from - - Braunsburg * agº. tºº - 85943 Shock. Elbing - - gº. - 15075 Konigsburg gº { - 22635 123653 of which 112145 shock were shipped to Hull, the remainder to Stock- ton, Kirkaldy, London, and Dundee; the estimated value of the whole at a medium exchange is about 127917 l. sterling, in the first cost. - w - º The yarn exported from Konigsburg is generally in bundles of from 20 to 30lb. and sometimes as far as 40lb. each bundle contain- ing 30 pieces; this heavy yarn is chiefly drawn from Lithuania. We shall give further particulars of the yarn trade, under the head Elbing. * A piece is reckoned according to a certain measure, 238 CHAP. Iv. Of Elbing, its Trade and Navigation in general.-Tables of âts Imports and Ewports, from 1793 to 1805. – Its Granaries, &c. - THE town of Elbing, derives its name from the river Elbing, which takes its rise from the lake Drawser, about five miles beyond the town, through which it flows, and was, till the year 1600, in the Hanseatic League, and reckoned one of the seven great towns of Prussia. In respect to trade, even in the earlier ages, Elbing was not quite unknown. In the year 1577, an English society established itself here, which continued till about the year 1660; but, owing partly to political, and partly to other unfavourable circumstances, * it was then dissolved, and the trade was no longer carried on by a company, but by individuals residing, some in Elbing, others in Ko- nigsburg and Dantzic. - The trade of Elbing has increased most since it was taken posses- sion of by the King of Prussia, in the year 1772. The warehouse- island is surrounded by the river Elbing, and a moat. In that island are erected all the warehouses, and the king's new packing yard, in which are housed all goods that arrive by sea from Pillau, which are kept there, paying a certain rate of rent till they are dispo- sed of. A Bank Comptoir was established here in the year 1775, be- ing a branch from the principal bank in Berlin. It advances a certain part, on pledges of grain, ashes, linens, flax, and other goods, and insures them against the danger of fire; which insurance the proprie- tors have to pay. Of fabrics there are here two for weed-ashes, two for starch; a considerable soap manufactory; a tobacco manu- factory, and a sugar-house. It is only since the year 1794, they be-, gan to build ships here. The quantity of shipping was, at the end of 1803, about 3,555 lasts belonging to this port. Lighters have been decreasing for some years. In the year 1793, there were fifty-one coasters, and twenty-five lighters; but, at present, 239 the in-tonnage is only about eighteen hundred corn lasts. By means of these lighters, the ships that lay in Pillau receive their cargoes. The largest of the coasters are generally from about forty-five to seventy lasts. Vessels from Holland and East Frieseland of fifty and sixty lasts, and small Danish vessels of twenty-five and forty lasts, come up straight to the warehouses, where they take in, though not the whole, the greatest part of their cargoes; Pillau is the port of Elb- ing, from which it is distant about fifty miles. The descri ption of it will be seen in treating of Konigsburg. - - The duties paid here are according to the tariff for the other ports; but on payment of the excise duties, # of the value must be in Friedrick d'Ors, if the sum amounts to ten rixdollars: the Frie- drick is only reckoned at five rixdollars, when paid for duties; but it currently circulates at five rixdollars 18 groschen. To the amount of the excise duty is to be added another duty, which is called the Ad- ditional Duty. - - The navigation generally ceases in the middle of November; some- times sooner, sometimes later, and commences again in the middle of April, or thereabouts. - * . . - The trade with fir balks, and fir planks (deals.) pipe and hogshead staves, is small in comparison with that of Dantzic, though at present it is not insignificant. At the beginning of the year 1803, a saw-mill was erected here for cutting deals. Oberland flax of the best quality is shipped from hence, and derives its name from that part of the country called Oberland, where it is grown. The Ermland yarn, which is exported to England, is spun in the bishoprick of Ermland. The country people, and the spinners in the small towns, bring this yarn, in small quantities, to those trading in this article, who purchase the same, and dispose of it again, partly here, and partly at Braunsburg. The yarn when delivered there, in re- spect of weight and colour, is mixt; but then it is assorted, weighed, bound, and packed up for exportation. The warehouse room of Elbing, for grain, can only be estimated at about 30,000 lasts. . 240 The population of Elbing, including the suburbs, is estimated at 19,000 souls, in which the garrison is not included. By means of the river Weichsel (or Vistula) the productions of the ci-devant Poland, come down. At the Montauer Point, about six German miles from Elbing, the Vistula divides itself into two arms or branches; — one retains its name, and serves to convey the productions of Poland to Dantzic; another arm or branch is called the Nogat, and, by this river, the same productions are received at Elbing, by means of a canal from that river, which has one sluice, and is called the Kraftohe, being in length about a German mile. The money, weights, and measures, are the same here as at Konigs- burg; but here the branch from the bank at Berlin, keeps its ac- counts in dollars, and gute grosch; - the Excise Office and Custom- house reckon in the same way. - The course of exchange here is regulated by that at Konigsburg. The payment for their bills is made in Prussian currency, in which they pay for corn, ashes, flax, yarn, and the coarse linens. In most other respects, as well as in point of locality, Elbing re-- sembles Konigsburg, partaking of the general system of its trade, and resembling Dantzic in its produce. . . The general accounts of importation and exportation to and from. Elbing follow, being from 1797 to the year 1804 inclusive; The exportation to France and Spain, from hence is but of trifling ImOment. Elbing has a share of the transit trade to the Austrian and Russian, provinces; this will be better seen by a reference to the table of exports. * - X- - 241 * A Table of Goods exported from Elbing, in the Year 1797, and from 1799 to 1805. 1797 1800 1801 1802 ſ 1803 1803, Denominations ~3 -1---—t - M. Total # re; Total # rts || Total 3 + | Total # +3 || Total Tº: •e Total E.; eight, 'atlº- + | A woºl- #Amo'ntºre à Amontli #Amºnd; º: , ...] § 3 of N. Amo'nt #3 Aino'ºtºg #Auo'ºtºg #|Amont? §Amo'ºtſ; #|\mont; ; ; º - and ’ to all 3 & 5 to all 3 & E to all j : 5 to all ||3 & 5 to all ||3: ; ; to all 5:5 & 800ds. . . . v. Places, i.e. tº Places.}o ºr Places...s -H |Places. o- ºr Places, o ºr Places, ſº tº Value. 8– *4 i 8- & E-4' S- | 8- *- Ashes, pot and pearl | Shib, 11611 .4485) ºg 3332: 34% ºf 7214 3.17. §§31, 258; 73.1 354 Weed . . . . . Barrels 6046 756 6415 2479 7949| 2006 5007: 1362 3856]. 1474; 4701 669 Beer, English . . . . . do 1152 591). = | 188 — , 611, 835. j— 11:33 – Brandy, French . . . ; Hłid 106] —— 82 — I 37 — I' #– “t. 743 – 44; Coffee . . . . . . . . . . IB 231866 — 253157 – 191385 — 227419 — 374791 — #:05714 Feathers . . . . . . . ſ. Stone. 1094; 328, 2969; 488. 2004, 1960 1041 225i 2585. 648; 1935. 336 Flax . . . . . . . . . . do 18711 8035, 19487| 13950 sº 11395, 13308| 4827; 3259%| 20034; 24992] 14053 Grain, as Wheat. . . . Lasts 10178 92.26 12330} 11871; 3507; 7.817: 12393| 10371; 9575; 7605 7208 Rye . . . . ; do 4641 2958 748 323. 3559| 2843 10788 8416 13464 3060 1479; Barley. . . . do 1059| 392 533ſ — ; 1559; #| 1örgi 86% förgl 25; 16 Pease . . . ] do 215 89) 145 56. 238 191] 236 115. 305] 199 35 Oats. . . . do 125 70 47.5 424, 314, 174 1,5} – } 1:64 — Malt. . . . . do . — I — , — — I – I — , - Herrings. . . . . . . . Barrels 5377 — 1112|| – 2960ſ – 4568. - i 72.203; — i. — Linen . . . . . . . . Pieces 31597. 5883, 18963 5617. 45842|| 15004 17348; 11574 * 2890 4010. liºn goods . . . . . . Rix dllr. 55174 — 35161 — 38434 – ſ; 56842|| 5. º : Starch and powder . lb 165145, 4926, 47111, 91.17| 37347 — 16578 — 17334 — -*sº Sugar refined . . . . do 196574) — 296100ſ — 26.1802 — 288054 — 373}} – * , raw . . . . . . . do | 20333 — | 8528! — 21778) — 25716 — 57.336|| – — Syrup . . . . . . . . . do | 40781 — 173335] — 125354 — 192439 — 185428 — 261855 — Tobacco. . . . . . .] do ||237199 — 254141||—|144908 — 157604. — 302241 — 232709 90 "...”.."? Had | 1907 — 497 – || 566 – 475 — 391— 597 – Wine; Rhenish . . . H. Ohm 20 — f – I — 3– § – * || – || --→ E — ~f~<' Champaign an cº * * fº ** r º, ; Bottles | 4354 — 3029 º 1690) — & 2155 — 2865– * 25&] — Wood, as timber, cut. Shock 7 5 96. 53 54 48 45| 39. 91 75 39 36 Planks . . ; do # 132 49 37 ºf 206, 505; 489; 688 49e 638 3| 514; 440; Staves. . . do 1456; 1441; 1151 856, 1920, 1706 42%. 422 -— — — — f Wool... . . . . . . . . Stone 800; 3312| 6:35; 1992 3994 .234 1336|| --...} 1112|−}, 1343 — Yarm . . . . . . . . . . Shock 28862; 22017; 37.184 sus 25570f wº 98.23' 69.4:1. 9781| 68441’ 17589; 14887. º *: ºr f # ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº * ... . .he º!… x-_--_- —i-------tº--—! A Table of Goods imported into Elbing each. Year from 1797 to 1805. -my }, Denominations of Goods: 1798 || 179g | 1809. 1801 || 1802. ; 1803 1804. H Ashes, pot and pear. . . . . . Shib | 14505 9339; 1037: 982t 4500 10618; 636; Hard blue ditto . . . do 112 36 — — — , – Beer, English . . . . . . . . . Barrels 991; 566; 721, 297 rººf 982; 1349; & Brandy, French. . . . . . . . . Hhds 26 116 15 3 17 1} j () Brazil wood . . . . . . . . . . ]b: 27121} 14471; 26733; 36673; 29328, 29439; g83.54 Coffee . . . . . . e e i s e e do 275897|245751,382499|268239;300909249158;2157.1% Grain, assWheat.... . . . . . . Last 11191; 9584; 11707| 98.55). 16002H, 15243; 80.16% Rye. . . . . . . . . do || 4406|| 6522; 37.97 2788 11311| 15475 3069 º Pèase . . . . . . . . . . . do || 311; 335; 849): 416}. 596 702; 417: ! Barley. . . . . . . . do 1192] 1971; 1636ſ 1930; 1:43.4}; 1593; 3779; . . . Oats. . . . . . . . ; do | 336|| 922 7.95: 714; 524. 538; 695 Grits . . . . . . . . . . . . . do | 1.43ſ. 281; 122 32° 49%. 159 4:4} Herrings . . . . . . . . . . ; Barrels || 5418; 3295] 1344; 2293 5314|| 3208 977), Indigo, St. Domingo . . . . . ]b 4934 10701: 8597): 5067 fö165||11382 15181; {Iron, Swedish. . . . . . . Shlb 2435| 1612 1286] 2227, 3312|| 4808 1836; lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centher | 961}- 333} 496 78|: 259; 164} 556; Oil, as Turpentime . . . . . do 308|| 523 63 — — — Hemp, rape, and linseed: Ohm ' | 1530: 906] 1769; 1180 1584: 1466 1873, - Pack linen . . . . . . . . . . . Shock | 10254. 11606. 23909; 23962) 19915, 27209. 16950 |Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centucr' | 738; 448; 427 — - Rum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Ibid. 49 10 53| 45; 129| 78 $9 |Sugar, refined. . . . . . . . . lb 1294558]373; 04134505 sº 4G6'ſ 84; Fºl W. . . . . . . . • * do 86129|274663/412:500|294649 273870;37.5.306/263802 Syrup. . . . . . . . . . . . . do 128838||115090), 81341| 86064.1.11451.189589.jpg|9243; Tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centmer'ſ 3156; 2198 5415 94.55, 6796|| 3480 10666 Tea . . . . . . . . o e a tº a e lb 2278. 3841. 2867; 3980; 980; 1519; 3268} Tobacco, foreign . . . . . . do 65436|258076;547.851 3480 6287| 3804. 6627 Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . Tierce 77| 120 56 - | Vitriol . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centrier || 50}, 165. 138|| 54 1828 26}. 1535: Wine, French common . . . Hlids 657] 1594, 756] 1024 863 930 578 Sweet Spanish . . . . do 75 66|| 101 52; 145; 124 50 Rhenish . . . . . . . . Olim 4) 1 5 7. 16 17 19 Champaign and Burgundy. . . Bottles 3240 sºmeº-e T =e- - "Wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone 3557; 3011, 1808; 3688) 1570, 1847; 1590 242 CHAP V. Of Dantzic, its Trade and Navigation in general. — The interior Trade to Austria and Russia. —Wood and Grain staple Articles. – Its Gra- maries and Warehouses described.— Grain eaſported 1618, and from 1770 till 1805. – Table of the Quantity of Grain brought from the interior and eaſported, betwixt the years 1796 and 1805, from the city. — Fluc- tuation of Prices.—Staves. – Oak Plank and Timber Trade. —Ship Building. —Ships arrived and sailed, from 1752 till 1805. – Tables of Importation and Eaportation from the Year of its coming into the Posses- sion of Prussia, till 1805; and to France, Spain, and Portugal, from 1795 till 1805. DANTZIC is one of the oldest cities on the Baltic. In the tenth century it is remarked to have been a village of some note; and Martinere states, in 1185, that it was inclosed within an earthen mound. It certainly became one of the most considerable cities of the Hanseatic League, and once possessed great power, riches, and consequence; which is strongly exemplified by a quarto work,” with en- gravings of the public buildings, edifices, and various views, publish- ed in 1688, by George Reinhold Curicken. Its localities appear to: have undergone little change since that period, whatever it may have experienced politically and commercially. There was formerly a Scotch as well as an English factory here, but, in 1706, they were united. This factory is merely a regulated society. It has a chaplain, whose stipend depends upon the voluntary dona- tions of the few members who compose it, without the British ship- ping or trade contributing, as in many other places, which leaves. the income too small for a British clergyman, even in a foreign coun- try; the chapel and chaplain's house are exempted from taxes, and likewise his family. An extraordinary exception here, is, that an Englishman who is a batchelor, and not a housekeeper, though having a commercial establishment, is still exempted from public taxes, provi- ded he lodges with a burgher. * In German, very scarce; the author saw one copy, in the possession of a gentleman at: Dantzic, in the autumn of 1804, { 243 Dantzic is situated about an English mile from the banks of the Vis. tula, about four English miles from whence it falls into a bay of the Baltic, called after that city, through which a small river runs, called the Mottlau, it is made a good breadth from the Vistula to the city, and of depth sufficient to admit vessels drawing eight or nine feet to the upper part of the town; betwixt the lowest part of which and the river Vistula is a harbour for vessels, and on the banks of which they build very large ships. . ſº g The mouth of the Vistula is so choaked up with sand, that even a vessel of a very moderate size cannot sometimes pass over it. This inconvenience has been very well remedied by making a canal, which begins a few hundred yards from the mouth of the Vistula, and which was begun in 1717, and soon executed, across, a jut of land, about three-quarters of a mile directly into the bay, the breadth is from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and eighty feet in some places, and the depth of water thirteen to fifteen feet. From the end of this canal, next the sea, there are piers running out about five hundred. yards into the bay, from whence ships can enter the canal with almost any wind, and are perfectly secure, as indeed the bay of Dantzic may be reckoned, having excellent anchorage ground, and safe against all storms, those from the north east and east only creating any danger. * . . . . . . - At the top of the canal we have just described are flood-gates, or a sluice, to prevent the waters of the Vistula from rushing in, or choak- ing it with sand. In the month of October, 1804, this sluice was just. finished upon a very expensive and workmanlike manner. It will ad- mit vessels through of thirty-six feet beam, and drawing not more than ten to eleven feet water, when they pass into the Vistula, and may proceed up to the mouth of the Mottlau, or to the town, about four English miles, or lay in the Vistula, close to the shore, in a great depth of water. An excellent road is now making from the city along the banks of the Vistula, down to Fahrwasser, within fifty yards of the shipping, when moored. - * - s Since March, 1793, Dantzic has been subject to the crown of Prussia; but the harbour, and what is called the New river (Neufahr- I i 2 * * 244 wasser) was already in the possession of that king in 1772, and all the tolls which Prussia then imposed were immediately relinquished, on surrendering the city, which preserves its municipal laws and customs, as before; the only change is in its commercial concerns, which are put on the same footing, generally, as those of Konigsburg and other ports, with the exception of some particularities, as one Prus- sian port differs from another in this respect. Although, with re- spect to duties, and some other imposts, Dantzic is on equal terms with Konigsburg, the customs on timber are nearly the same as those paid by the merchants of Stettin on that article, from South Prussia. The royal duties are very different on each article. - The transit business is not allowed at Dantzic, on account of its be- ing a staple town. Every foreigner is obliged to buy from a burgher, and likewise to sell to the same. - Every citizen and merchant may carry on what trade he pleases; but no one can trade with a Polander, who has not the liberty of the city, or is a burgher; and, what is extraordinary, neither an English- Inam nor a Dutchman are permitted to become such ; they are allowed to be commissioners and merchants, but under this condition, to buy from, and to sell to, a burgher only ; whereas, on the other hand, a citizen burgher can trade with whom he pleases, without any restraint, and to any quarter of the globe he likes. •- As we have here first described the port and its customs, we will directly treat of the produce which occasions its commerce and inte- rior communication, and by what means it is brought down to, and carried from Dantzic. The Vistula, or the Weichsel as it is called, takes its rise in High Silesia, about one hundred miles beyond Cracow, at the foot of the Carpathian mountains, (not far from whence the Oder takes its rise,) at that city it begins to be navigable. The first river of any note which, falls into the Vistula, is the Dunajetz, which takes its rise in the Car- pathanian mountains, and which is only navigable for wood rafts, and from whence is brought oak, plank, staves, and the Bukowina ashes, which are sold in Dantzic under the name of façon de Hongrie. There is brought also real Hungarian white ashes, not only by this river, but 245 also others, and by land to Cracow. The next river which falls into the Vistula, is the Zahn, which takes its rise in the Carpathian moun- tains also, a cons iderable distance east, from whence the Vistula ſhas. its rise; it runs by Jaroslau, where it becomes navigable. This river brings the greatest part of the products from Galacia, which consists. of grain, ashes, hemp en linen and yarn, timber, planks, and staves. The Zahn falls into the Vistula at Zawichost, in Sandomir. The next river which falls into the Vistula, is the Wieprz, at Stenzyca, which has its source in Lublin, and is only navigable about fen German miles from its mouth; by which is conveyed timber, planks, staves, and some small Polish barks with grain. - The most considerable river which falls into the Vistula, is that of the Bug at Zakroczyn. It has its source near Lembourg, and runs. through a great and rich district of country, dividing part of Poland, as a boundary betwixt Austria and Russia, and beginning to be na- vigable at UScilug in favourable seasons, and when but little water àt Dubienka, some distance lower. - This river serves to convey all the products of the Ukraine, and the best part of Lithuania. Formerly the wheat by this river was of an infe- rior quality to the Sandomir and Cracow wheat; but, of late, the agriculture is so much improved, that within the last few years the best wheat comes from that quarter, by the Bug. - 'Phere is a communication made, by means of a canal, from the- . Pripecz, which falls into the Dnieper, and the Muckawetz. river, which falls into the Bug. By this channel is brought oak. plank and staves only, and but very little timber. The principal. supply of fir timber, brought to Dan tzic, is by the river Narew, which, and its branches, have their rise in old Prussia and Lithuania, and fall into the Vistula, at Zakroczym, about four German m iles below: Warsaw. The better sort of balks, timber, and masts, come from this, quarter, and the heavier sort of wheat also by the Narew, but it is not so clean as the Sendomir, nor perhaps so fine a colour. * By the river Bug in general is conveyed the most part of the pot and calcined ashes and tallow from the Ukraine, and that part of Poland in. Lithuania. The best sort of rye from the province of Podlachien, 246 sack. The better sort of timber, balks, and masts. , . . . . . . In former times, salt-petre came from the Ukraine by the river Bug, but that is now prohibited. By this conveyance was received also wax, honey, hare-skins and leather, but they ceased of late by these channels. During the course of the Vistula, which runs by Bromburg, there is from thence a canal which communicates with the Netze, and that river falls into the Warta, and the Warta into the Oder, at Kustrin; finally, the Vistula proceeds till it divides ; its right branches running into the Frische Haff, and the other, a little distance from Dantzic, falls into the Baltic. - - that weighs sometimes one hundred and thirty pounds the Dutch The Number of Polish Vessels, which came down the Vistula, were in 1765 . . 1230 || I781 . . 519 1780 . . 820 1783 . , 725 Formerly, the numerous products of Poland were all exported by way of the Baltic; but, in consequence of the enormous duties laid on goods in passing through the surrounding dominions of Prussia, the Poles began to look out for more favourable channels and better markets. They soon discovered great advantages in trading to the Black Sea, by the way of the Dnieper, the Boug, and the Dniester, which run through a far greater tract than the Njemen and the Weich- sel, the only passage for the Polish trade to the Baltic. The Ukraine yields very valuable timber for building, and particularly for masts, salted provisions, hemp, horse-hair, sheep-wool, coarse linen, raw and manufactured hides, salt-petre, tallow, oil of linseed and hempseed, honey, butter, wax, tobacco, malt, spirits, &c. Even the pot-ashes, with which Dantzic carried on so extensive a trade, came from the Ukraine. On the other hand, Dantzic supplied Poland with wine, coffee, sugar, spices, drugs, salt, oil, herrings, cloths, silk and woollen articles, iron, lead, &c. - - Dantzic formerly received from Holland, coffee, sugar, spices; from Sweden, copper, iron, herrings; from Denmark, a small quantity of tar; from Russia, peltry and yufts; from England, salt, (about eight - thousand lasts,) beer, arrack, furniture, &c.; from France, wine, cof- , 247 fee, salt, cloths, and silk articles; from Spain, wine, wool, and salt; from Portugal, but a few articles; and from Italy, silks, &c. - The return trade, that is, taking imports back to the interior and to the Austrian part of Poland, has not only greatly fallen off, but is much depressed; for instance, for one barrel of Swedish herrings, a duty of four ducats is paid if it comes through Prussia; other goods in proportion. Wine is totally prohibited for trade coming this way, but it is permitted for private consumption, in small quantities, at a very high duty. . The partition of Poland, and the consequent restrictions and regu- lations by the different powers possessing it, is one cause of products costing considerably higher than before. The Poles used to take fo- reign produce in return for payment, but they are now paid in specie, as they must have their articles of necessity, and their few luxuries, from the side of Austria. + º . The staple articles of trade at Dantzic, in their exports, may be classed under that of two—grain and wood. - We will treat of them separately; and, first, in - GRAIN. - - It must be observed that, formerly, rye was the principal article of exportation. From hence, in the beginning of the seventeenth cen- tury, no less than 96481 lasts of that article alone was exported from this port; the price was then 51 to 56 florins the last, making no allowance for the variations of the times, or depreciation of the money, it is only 4s. 5d. to 4s. 9d. per quarter. Rye was, however, the stan- dard measure and value at that time for their commercial concerns. The whole quantity of grain exported at that early period 1618, was 1367784 quarters. - - They have four denominations for wheat here, called the best white wheat, high mixed wheat, which are the superior qualities; the middle or mixed sort, the next; and the red, the common: the value of grain. they have lately began to estimate by its weight. - Rye, they have some sorts finer than others; but, in general, this, article is under frequent restrictions from being exported. Likewise: 243 oats, from the great domestic consumption, and for the use of the army. Double and single barley is not so much subject to these restrictions; so that some years considerable quantities are exported. *. The time in which the greatest importation of corn from Poland, Galicia, and all these places into Dantzic commences, is at the end of the month of May or in June, and continues till November. This, grain is partly imported in vessels, which the Polanders, on their arrival at Dantzic, break up or sell for firewood; but some properly constructed, with long projecting and tapering stems, sharp at the end, of about 40 or 50 lasts burthen, are used in short distances for ** the conveyance of salt back from the royal magazines to Warsaw, and up the Narew river into East Prussia, but not farther. - All kind of grain conveyed to Dantzie, but partieularly that from a great distance, is brought down in vessels, or rather floats clumsily put together of different dimensions and descriptions, according to the rivers: or places they are first sent from; and what will appear very extraordi- nary, without any covering but that of the canopy of heaven. In this state, uncovered, or any ways protected, it is brought from the most re- mote parts, exposed to all sorts of weather, sometimes six, seven; eight, nine, or even ten weeks on its passage. Ff the season happens to be wet, the grain is piled in the vessel or float with a ridge to shoot off the wet, which continuing some time, the surface becomes one coat of vegetative matter, like a greengrass-plat floating down the current, and which partly prevents the rain penetrating farther than a few inches. The waste and loss, however, must be incredible in wet seasons, and even otherwise, for the feathered tribe as the float proceeds along are their con- stant customers even into the very city of Dantzic. Strange as this may appear, but which the Author has repeatedly been an eye-witness to, these people have never yet been able to be prevailed upon to have tar- paulings, or any covering, which would, in a wet season, doubly repay them for the first cost. Cheap as the linen and tar is in the interior, not even the Polish nobility, or land-owners have yet had the prudence to introduce a proper covering. This branch of trade is chiefly in the hands of the Jews, whose interest, one would suppose, would instruct them better. - ... • - When these vessels or floats arrive near Dantzic they are drawn close to the shores of the Vistula, where a green 'swarth is selected, if the weather is fine and the ground dry, otherwise they borrow sail or linen, cloths, on which they land their grain after this tedious voyage. If they have had much wet weather, they then, with wooden scoops, throw it continually over, and workit well, by exposing it to the wind, Sun, and air, till they get it into : eondition, which, in a few fine days is soon the case, when the broker comes to take samples for sale. It * ... • * -, -º is reshipped and brought into the warehouses. Dantzic, from the earliest period, was the granary of the north, and to judge of its piles of warehousing for that purpose, its trade must have been considerable; indeed, no place can be better accommodated in this respect, nor better regulations to prevent fire, robbery, or any irregularity. A short digression may not be uninteresting, nor un- i worthy of consideration in other countries. . . . . . The principal warehouses here are upon an excellent plan, situated upon an island formed by the River Mottlau, running close by the city on one side, and another branch, by what is called the Forestadt on the other. There are three bridges on each side of the island, at the end of streets over it, from the city to the Forestadt. In the night, all the bridges are drawn up, excepting the two at the end of the main street, \ across the centre of the island, communicating betwixt the old city and the Forestadt. On this island are all the principal warehouses for ashes, hemp, linens, and the extensive granaries, containing seventeen streets, besides the large centre one, running the length of the island. To guard these warehouses are from 20 to 30 ferocious dogs of a large size, amongst which are blood-hounds, let loose at eleven o'clock in the night to guard the warehouses, which are nearly equally divided by the main street, which passes over the middle of the island, as before de- scribed. To command and to keep the dogs within their districts, as well as the passengers from harm, at the end of each of the streets, lead- ing to the main one, are large high gates run across; no light is allowed, nor any person suffered to live on this island. These dogs prowl about the whole night, and create great terror. It would be impossible to keep property secure amongst the hordes of Poles, Jews, and others, 250 who resort here otherwise, as no exemplary punishment amongst them would have half the effect that the dread of these dogs produce. In winter-time, when the water is frozen over, to -keep the dogs in their proper district, there are three keepers placed at particular avenues, with whips to keep them in their range. No fire or robbery was ever known; and the expense to each build- ing, with the immense property they contain, is very reasonable. Vessels, either from the interior or other quarters, laying alongside these warehouses are not allowed to have a fire, or light of any kind on board, nor is a sailor or any other person suffered even to smoke. Their regulations partly extend to all shipping laying in the harbour. . . . . . To resume the subject on grain; the Pole does not conceive himself paid for buying in the interior, the purchase of vessels, or making floats, and adding the expense of bringing it down, unless he gets 20 ducats per last for his rye, and 35 ducats per last for his wheat, which is equal to 19s. per Winchester quarter for the former, and 32s. 6d. per quarter for the latter. If the prices are less, no great supplies can be expect- ed down from Poland. The quantities of grain sent from thenee to Dantzic in any year does not so much depend upon great crops, as the plenty of water in the rivers for easy navigation in summer, and the high prices in Dantzic, as an inducement to bring it down. - It must be observed since the partition of Poland, that the quality of wheat, particularly by the Narew, is much improved. For other particulars we must refer, whilst speaking on this subject, to those ob- servations made, when we treated of bringing it down from the interior. - &- It must, however, be particularly remarked, that since Great Britain imported such vast quantities of grain, that Dantzic has participated in the advantages of that trade more than any country whatever. Next comes Mecklenburg. Since 1793, the riches which have been brought into Dantzic, by the exportation of grain and wood to Great Britain, is far beyond any moderate calculation: the quantity of specie abounding in this city, for its trade and size, exceeds anything of the kind in any other place in Europe, and that chiefly within the short - 251 period mentioned. The greatest part of these riches have, no doubt, been occasioned by the great demand and importation of Britain. We will just give a short sketch of the corn trade at different peri- ods at this city, and the particular state of the exports from hence, after the period the corn bill was brought forward in England, about 1770, since which period, England has been almost constantly im- porting, when previously British exports in grain amounted to about half a million sterling. In the year 1618, there was brought down . to Dantzic and warehoused *-- Wheat . 15512 lasts. Rye . . . . . . . 96481 Barley . . . 23 HO Oats-, .. l iO Pease . . . 184, This year was exported in all, lasts 128789 . 37 scheffels of grain of all descriptions. The price of rye this year was 51 to 56 || florins per last. - * - Exported from Dantzic in 1649. Wheat . . . . 5951 lasts. Rye - . . . . . 76899 Barley . . . . 16958 9980s lasts. In 1656, was exported, Wheat. . . . . . . . 4564 lasts. Rye. . . . 6O46 Buck wheat . In 1700, was exported, Wheat. . 3200 lasts. Rye. . . . . . 9642 Barley and malt 1095 Pease . . . . 58 The above and other grain in all 15445 lasts. In 1739, was exported, -: . . . Wheat . . Rye wº • e © g 10239 - Barley e e o © - e. - _* 285 - And in all sorts of grain - 19574 lasts. -- 751 - . . .8576 lasts. In the year 1749, in October, the expor- tation of all grain was prohibited from Dantzie, and not allowed exportation again till February, 1741, in which year was ex- ported 19872 lasts. - - • - In January, 1741, the price of rye was, 265 to 279. Wheat 375 to 470 florins per last. Before the prohibition took place in 1740, there was exported, - t ‘. Wheat . . . Rye . . . . . 23572 Barley . . . .64] In all sorts of grain 39737 lasts. 15268 lasts. Remained on hand the 3d of J anuary, 1741, only Rye . . . . .2932, lasts. Wheat . 2279 Barley . . . . 164 Oats . . . . . . . 446 Pease . . 105 Which, and other grain in all, 6310 lasts 18 scheffels. | Of the above quantity was already sold to £oreigners. - tº º 1331 lasts. $º Wheat . . . . .293 Oats . . . . . 8C) Pease . . . . . . . . . 20 - In all 1674 lasts. On February 22, 1741, an order was made, that the merchants should always keep a stock in t Rye . . . . 1000 lasts Wheat . 500 Barley . 100 Oats . . . . 100 In the year 177 0, the exportation was prohibited on the 7th October, and an order was made that 6000 lasts of rye, and 3000 lasts of wheat . . . . K k 2 - - 252 should always be kept in the city. The prohibition was continued: till the Past day of April, 1771, when the price was for - - Rye . . . . . . . . 300' . . . florins per last. Wheat . . . . . . 880 to 420 . . . . Oats . . . . . . . tº 0 to 160 Barley . . . . . . . . 240 to 250 & - - . . - - - - --- . . iſ t a. .” * . s - - " . Exported from Dantzic to all Places in the following Years, in Easts, each. at 86 Bushels English. - - Wheat. Rye. |Bº Oats. º Total. . Years. Wheat. Rye | Bar. Oats. Pease. Total. . 1770 25038. 36518 84 75 61| 62874 || 1786 | 7386 2.1524.466H1382| 484 36725 377 I 16876, 18978. 884 793. IO 1 38984 1787 5481| 83982374.1074 287| 18439 1772 1440; 18735||1148; 675 88 36256 || 1788 || 3901 - 4558|1665,1020 155 1 1858 1773 || 10190. 13357|1426 746 IQ1| 267 15 1789 . , 8.495. 139971314|| 415, 200 25139: 1774 13752 9260.1435, 984] 293 26802 1790 6904 8666|2517| 722. 5, 1995 I 1775 11759 6842||1160) 620 250 2 1925 1791 || 12119, 10162|1923/2204 206. 27344 1776 9333 63621670| 867. 304 19355 1793 || 14001| 12107|1933 g7 || 185 28968 1777 . 13968, 6608 108 147| 242 22001 1794 | 18997 12.125.22652569 535 37202 1778. 11506 7386|1287|1028, 299|22414 || 1795 16872. 3133 379 59 319| 21040 1779 || 10359 77.35||1708|1032 151 21921 || 1796 || 25972 8904|2042|- 1221 189| 386.86 1780* 982 iſ 77.26 552 216, 241 19330 || 1797 || 26873 . 8495,2470. 136||1027|,40362 1781 5239 7799 950, 314 126 15362 || 1798: 26344 I-1760 812 18, 858-89836 1782 || 3456. 3977. 621| 85 180 90:6 || 1:800 || 41443 50511624 891, 190 49592 1783 || 16910, 131652299| 719. 336 33506 || 1801 || 36242 188065959.1874 835, 58786. 1784 || 16694. 13640.2717|3|17|30, S4862 || 1892 6+595 27384|8949. 1 #33|FO24 85 183. 1785 || 14167 21379,2554.634, 307|40150 || 1803 || 33303 288383120,145911235| 68282. The following table will shew the quantities. which were brought to Dantzic, and that which has been shipped off, and what remained, at the close of each year. l - * * * * * * y *** © a * ... tº e Grain imported and exported at Dantzic, distinguishing the Store remaining each Year, in . . . . - - Dantzic Lasts. . . . - . . . . . . 1797 1800 | 1801 1862 - 1803 1804 * F - * * •. - ** - - r - [mport Export Store. Import||Export Store. Import Export Store. Import#Export Store. Import Export Store. Import Export Store. wn...] ºr assrs Toggs' saggs 41443. 2966. 13562 36242 10286 52622. 51593] 11318|40420 33308||13430 10867.4216 708. Rye........ 13347 gagöl 13994| 7736 5051| 4840|| 12070 13806, 3104, 29050ſ. 27384 477.0 32233 28833 8169| 40852; 14913 4109 Mialt - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - t . . . . . and ; 3721, 2002 1648] 3399. 1624, 2091 5197] 5959 1328 3377|- 3949 756 4032. 3120 1669 5190) 6480 879 Barle - - • ? - . . . . " - a ...” 5... 108: 1086 153 1858 & 998 1437, 1874. 555, 945; 1138 - 861 1282. 1459, 191| 1954, 1879. 266 Pease...... 1071. 1097 544, 336 190 187] 877 835 229 '993} 1024 197| 1332 1235 294. 993. 1117 170 BW.Grits 37] 11| 25 146|| 175 9| 21| 28 3} 34 18; 19. 214 108 126 136 - 182 80 |Mill'd do. 19 15 3, 195 216 7| 48 39 15, 109| 77 . 471. 248 220 75], 107 110. 72 --- - * - - . . . Total 48056 40339| 2780° 52527.49590 11098 gaziz 53783. 1520 &lsº 85180/ 17469 797.61 G8978] 28954 50099 & 1215. #: It must be observed, that, in 1780, the greatest part of the supplies went to Elbing, in this year was only to Dantzic of all grain, 13072 lasts; the year before, 23321. 4ts .*. *Stº •, 233. State of the Fluctuations of Prices at Dantzic, supposed to be influenced - by those in England, in Florins per Last. - Years. . Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. . . Pease. 1797 . . f. 450 . . . 230 . . 226 . . 135 . . .300 1800. . . . f. 600 . . , 360. . ... -- . . . . — . . — In this year, 25th July, was a high impost of about 106 florins per last on exportation; and, in the same month, the prices were up from 860 to 1050 nominally, the 5th Sept. fell, down to f.700 and 500; but the news from England of wet weather raised the prices to 800f. The 14th October, the prices were from 680 to 900 f. exclusive of the impost; and, on the 31st from 900 to 1100 f. was paid, including the impost. º: - 1801. In the middle of January this year, 1804. 1st January, from 520 to 630 f. 1st . f. 1230 was paid for the best wheat. On 1st || May, when supplies came down, from 480 to May prices fell from f. 1080 to -940. 1st 600f. 3d August, f.430 to 550. 10th ditto, Nov. were from 650 to 900 f. 25th De- f.600 to 610. 21st ditto, f. 600, to 659. cember, the impost was taken off, and the || 1st September, f. 850 to 900; and the high- old duties were continued. est price paid was f.905. 6th Oct. f. 830. 1802. In May and August the prices were to 890 per last. * - at f. 600.per last for wheat. In the winter of 1804, as high as f. 1200. 1803. 1st July, from 600 to 700 f. , 1st In the spring of 1805 it fell again to f. 1000;. May, from 480 to 620 f. 1st August, from . and in April to f.950 to 800. . . 500 to 620 f. 1st November, from 500 to, - • ſº 650 f. per last for wheat. The duties in Prussia, even for grain, are continually varying in a temporary manner: for instance, if there is any extraordinary de- mand for grain, restrietions or new duties for the time have been imposed. The last new duties on exportation of grain were: Wheat . . . . . Rixdollars 3 12 gr. per last. Rye • &”. e-.. J e - & ºr * *ºq - .** Barley . . . . T 12 Pease . . . d 2 12. Oats . . . . . . . . . — 20, Fir and Oak Timber and Staves. Next to the corn trade, that in fir and oak wood is of the greatest. importance to Dantzic: we have already described from whence these supplies are brought. - Tir timber is principally brought down in its natural state, without being dressed or squared; it generally undergoes this operation at: Dantzic, at the time it is purchased for shipping; or, in winter; when, the people cannot be otherwise employed, they are occupied in: pre- \ 254 paring and squaring timber, either for exportation, or ready to make into planks. ... • Balks and heavy timber are hewn with the axe, and plained after- wards with the hatchet. Those trees which are to be sawn into deck- planks are first hewn on two sides till they are twelve inches thick, and then sawn into planks. - . - During the course of the year 1804, four saw-mills were building, for the purpose of sawing pine planks; one is already finished, and ere this, no doubt, the other three. - They chiefly manufacture here deck plank, which is reckoned better than from any other place : the proportions are, > - Inches thick. Feet long. | Inches thick. Feet long. 2% 40 13 30 2} 36 1 50 2 36 || 1 | 36 2 30 1 30 13 40 | 1 24 Fir balks and beams are sold by the running foot, according to their length, breadth, and thickness. But few masts are brought down, and those chiefly for their own shipping. - All oak timber, planks and staves, as well as ship timber, pass the Brack (pine wood is only excepted); and sworn persons are appointed for that purpose: - ... . . * . . . - - * - - Staves. - : At this place there is a yard, conveniently situated, close to the city, where all oak plank and staves, brought from the interior, and intended to be shipped off, are bracked ; this brack is under the regulation and control of the magistrates of the city, who appoint men, recom- mended by the merchants and sworn into the office, and who are re- sponsible for any defect or improper assortment. Whatever denomi- nation is purchased or agreed for, the quality is sure to be equal. There are many different sorts of staves, but at Dantzic only five, which are properly destined for the use of England; these are of three different qualities—crown, brack, and bracks brack. * * * * --> * 255 The guage for crown pipe staves, which the bracker has always in his hand at the time of assorting, is 4% inches broad, 13 inch thick, and the length, 64 inches, which they must be at least; but they are always expected broader, thicker, and longer. sy .." Pipe staves are from 64 to 68 inches long; 6, 5, and at least 4% broad; 13 to 3 thick. Brandy staves, at least, 54 to 58 inches long; as thick and broad as pipe staves. Hogshead, 42 to 45 inches long; as broad and thick as pipe staves. N. B. All English measure. The quality is ascertained by marks, to distinguish that of each. Crown Pipe staves, stamped at the end K | Brack, in the middle . . . . . . I Brack’s brack . . . . . . . . . . If Hogshead Crown, at the end . . . . . OK Brack, in the middle . . . . . ." Brack's brack . . . . . . . . II Brandy Hogshead Crown, at the end BK Brack, in the middle . . . . . Sº Brack's brack . . . . . . . . X ºf The letters are struck with a hammer, and the other marks are drawn over by an in- Strument. Oak Plank. This is likewise under the control of the Brack, in the same manner as staves, but by different Brackers. | The Crown plank, in the middle, is marked Brack, in the end and middle ...... B Brack’s brack, ditto. . . . . . . . BB To distinguish l ; from 2, and 2% from 3: inches, the l; is marked with. . . . . . . . .I. And 2.É. \ - At the end, in, rough strokes, with coloured paint. - Brack is . . . . . yellow tº Brack’s brack. . . white 11 - Crown. . . . . . . red III. Every dealer has his own number, by which it can be told who is the owner, in referring to the number; as, for instance, I. II. III. IV. V. V.I. and so on. a * It is to be observed that the oak timber trade only began 60 or 70 years ago, and that the lengths diminish every year. The longer the oak timber, the better; 4 to 5 inches thick, average 32 to 34 feet long; 3 to 4, 28 to 30. The crown oak plank is all bought up and selected for the British navy, and that which is the least defective by knots, and does not. run full 12 inches in breadth from one end to the other, is put into the first brack. Oak plank is assorted into the following: thicknesses and lengths, and proportioned. when sold accordingly. - Inches thick. Fathom long. 4. 8 4. 7. 4. -- 6. 3 7 3. 6. 3 4. 23. 6. 2#. 5. 2#. 4. 2. 5 2. 4. 2. 3. Quantities of oak knees and crooked timber are shipped off from, Dantzic, for ship building, for the Danish and Swedish navies; like- wise oak squared, as well as plank: not much of the latter. Ashes. . . . . . . - formerly very large quantities of ashes were exported from Dantzic, and there were no less than thirty-one different fabrics, well known by each of their particular marks, and by which the quality was known. Ashes have a bracker, and a commodious warehouse appropriated to this branch of trade. The calcined are opened, and the crust is taken * - off; others are not examined, unless any suspicion of the quality, or the staves of the hogshead are supposed too thick. Of pot ashes, every cask must be opened; they are made into three sorts, crown, brack, and brack's brack. - . . . . . When a burgher, in Dantzic, deals with a Polander for pot-ash, or any other article, the quantity of which is determined by the scale, he is to allow him 10 per cent. tare, and 10 per cent. overweight, from each hundred; when on the other hand, the burgher on selling or exporting these articles, allows but 6 per cent. tare; from which the following balance remains in his favour: He delivers when he sells - 200lb. He receives when he buys - 200 lb. And allows only 6 per º J.2 10 per cent. he is sº 20 makes - - - - - - © “ || | tare, makes - - - - -$ “ And gets paid 188 lb. || - Remains nett 180 ——— & 10 per cent. Overweight - - 18 * gººgººgºsºsºsº. He pays for only - . 162 lb. *s Linens. Very large quantities of coarse linen was formerly exported from i)antzic, called hempen and flaxen headens, all regularly assorted thus, - - * Best white hempen Second-best middling headen Best brown hempen - best broad black Second-best ditto JBroad low headen Best broad headen - Low headen Second-best ditto - Crocus . Best middling ditto - Middling ditto and some others, making no less than sixteen different descri ptions. •. The purchases of linen are made from the Polander according to Dantzic ells; the buyers are allowed 2 per cent. per 100 ells; the sales and exportation are made according to the same measure. Eight Dantzic ells are equal to five yards English. 3. 257 The ships belonging to this port in the year 1802, were 95, making 20,921 lasts; and on the first of January, 1804, 91 ships, making 20,104 English lasts of wheat, of which, fourteen were from 300 to 420 lasts each; but they have had even larger. w It is almost a matter of surprize that their shipping has not increased to a greater extent, considering the inducement the merchants have had, first, in carrying their own produce, even according to the British navigation act: as they have timber and all other necessary articles for building at a cheap rate within themselves, (canvas only excepted,) reasonable labourage, and a low rate for provisions and wages. It is certain that no better ships could be built any where than at Dantzic, as they have excellent materials. . There are several mer- chants who build for their own trade, and it must be admitted that they have confidence not only in the vessels, but masters and crews, for some of them have not been known to insure, yet some of them. do at particular seasons, and then only partially. t . Such encouragement however they have had, that three or four large ships are annually built; they work all the winter, when many hands have not other employ, of course wages are reasonable : they can col- lect about 800 people for employment in various departments of this branch. The carpenters make the masts, yards, &c. in short, there it is not a separate business, or such a division of labour as in Eng- land. • A ship loaded with 200 lasts of wheat at Dantzic, measures 335 tons in London. . . . . . It has been estimated that a ship of 130 lasts of wheat, of the best construction, materials, and workmanship will cost building at Dant- zic, and equipping all ready for sea, provisions excepted, about 13,000 Prussian dollars, or 2166 pounds sterling. - The following sketch was taken in 1804, from the documents of a ship built at Dantzic, being in Length of Keel - - 122 oxx + º Breadth - - - - - * } Dantzic measure. Depth in-the hold - 134 fect * Foolish wºre Between Decks - ; English measure. - 6 1 - • -º 258. The cost for the materials, building, and rigging, as under, Timber and planks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . florins 50000 - Other wood and for carpenter’s work and labour . . . . . . . 2000 - From work and rudder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14000 . Other necessaries and iron work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5500 . . Carpenters work for the ship, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24000' . . For masts, &c. to ditto it.” ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” . 3500. §º work to ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30000 Sailmaker, two sets of sails to -ditto . . . . . . . . . . . 20000 Blockmaker, for blocks to ditto: '... . . . .” . . . . . . . . . 2000. Sundries to ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 6000. The cost in florins. . . 157000' . . Original cost of the same in Prussian dollars” . . . .”. 3922.2% rº \ In Dutch ducats. & . - . . . . . . º 3. . . - 13074 or, in sterling money, about 6600l. This ship was estimated to carry 360 lasts of wheat, or 400 lasts of rye, of 10; Winchester quarters each. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The expenses per month come to || For grits, per sheffel º . . . 13. on an average . -> . . . 950 || hogshead ship's beer . . . . . 16. For 100 lb. of bread for ditto . . . . 24 || . . . . , , -- 100 ditto meat . . . . . . . . 40 | Dantzic florins per month l 190. 100 ditto cheese . . . . . . 30 ||, . ºf . . . . . . . . . —. 100 ditto butter • • . 100 || Four of which make a Prussian dol- - a shiffel of grey pease . . . . . . . . 9 || lar . . . . . . . . . . dollars. 292: ditto white ditto. . . . . . . . 8 ' ' . Or, about sterling . . . . . . . . . ºf 50 The wages are from 8 to 10 and 12 Prussian dollars per man, per month, according to their rank, which is not more than from 26 to 40s. per month. The fluctuation of the trade at Dantzic, of latter years with former ones, will best be shewn by the number of vessels which have arrived and sailed. It must be observed, when the corn trade is lifeless, and not much stirring in timber, the trade at Dantzic is indeed dull, ; As A > & - - Ships, .." -: Ships: t In the Year. 1752 there entered 1042 and departed 986 - 1765 •- . 1993 . — 1286 1777 652 — 673 1779 537 —- 52O. 1781 546 ... —— ,489 1782 447 — 449 | 1783 681 : +- 694 4784 839 — 831. . 1785 827 — 835 f = = = 259 . The increase of the trade of Dantzic will bit shewn by the additional number of ships which arrived and sailed. : - - Arrived. <> sailed. || Arrived. Sailed. 1793, ...; 819 tº 783. | . . . . . 1799 ... 1021 . . . 974 ; : ; 1794; , ; 2898 ſº. 828: - ; , 1800. . . 966 . . 949 ‘. . . 1795. . . 494; 3: 537 & . 1801 . . 1217 . . 1207 ... , 1796: . . 85F . . . 829 - || 1802 . . . 1874 . . 1916 º 3- - - - - wº- , ºf . T 797 *- : r • (9ſ : . --- ... -- ; 765 . . 7:5I: º, . . . . . . .1803 . . 1888 . . 1907 º, 1798 : . , 1079 . . . . 1943; ; ; ; ; ; 1804. . . 1430 . . 1424 ; : , ; Tº - “... . . . . . * - } e i - - Ç ; : s , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . The share whióh the shipping of each country or state has had in the trade of Dantzid was at the following periods: - - ! - ! - - § - * -*. - a & : « . . . & ' " i - -ă 3. . . . . . . . . . . i. . . . . . . . . . . In 1770° º 1781, 1790 . . . . . . 1800 Dantzic Ships . . . 142 . . . . . . 132 . . . . 142 . . . 186 ; : English . . . . . . . . . 95. . . . . 57. . . . I 18 . e Swedes . . . . . . . . 277 . . . . 115. a so 23 e Danes . . . . . . . ; 139 . . . . 85 . . . .91 º * º 2. : e *@, H. º •s. (ºr •. geºsmºsº gºes tºº - 89 . . . . Trench . . . . . . • ‘’ ‘ ‘ **** ... . Hollanders c. . . . . 465 . . . r , , ; gºsº Prussians . . . . . ... -- . . . – ' '.' . * > * 8 H East Frieslanders' — . . . 55; . . . . . . . 57 . ; H55 12- ºr ~. • : N. # • ::::: * * - Pomeranians and Sun- } 127 60 360 e‘º©*‘ºp , a • g 45 tº , º dry others . . . . . -é Total . . . 1247 :- 489 - 492 949 In 1794 there were 167 English ships. || In 1799 — 204 English ships. - 1795 } 1 12 — . 1800 — 286 1796. 1801 — . 253 3O4. — . - 143 — a * - - 1802 239. — 1803 1797. 439. 1798 981 = = The prices, exchange, and even duties are fluctuating here; there- fore the following sketch for proforma invoices will rather assist, from the form, to make ready calculations, than to govern them ; it must be observed, that the export duties in Prussia are very reasonable, seldom exceeding 5 per cent. at any time, on any article; on grain at present as stated, and on some other goods very low. . Import duties are heavy, besides great prohibitions to importation, particularly on all manufactured goods. l • . . . t s PROFORMA IN | VoICES AT DANTZIC. WHEAT. 50 Lasts, at f 800 per last, . . f.40000 . at f. 22 . . . . . . . 1100 f ºssºs Bantzic current . . At f 22 per £ sterling . . . . is 70s. sterling per quarter. _800 ... f. 41900 $ 1904 for 50 lasts, , reckoned 540 qis. z. ' At f. 22 per ºf sterling . . . OATS. 50 Lasts, at f 150 per last, . . f.7500 t at f. 14: ". . . . . 725. —— * t | sº *} ***s Dantzic current . . . f. 8375 e * 380 for 50 lasts, reckoned 540 qis. is 14s. Sterling per quarter. -- - - * 150 •w- —r ---ºr FIR DEALS are sold per shock of 60 pieces. 10 Shock 3-inch, 40 feet, at f. 600 f. 6000 * f. 4 per load . . . . 482 * *º 180 gºmºsºmºrº Dantzic current . . . f. 6660 At f. 22 per £ sterling . . . . . , 302 10 for 10 shock, reköned 24000 feet is 3d. Sterling per foot. *— RYE. . . . for 50 lasts, reckoned 540 qrs. . . is 36s. Sterling per qr. . i , - . . . i : 50 Lasts, at f 400 per last, , . f. 20000 * * at f : 17 . . . . * * 49 850 - 400 - Dantzic current g is : . f. 21250 | At f 22 per £ sterling. . . . . . . . 966 PEASE. . . . . . 50 Lasts, at £500 per last. . . f 2500 at f 18 . . . . . 900 --—- . 500 , Dantzic current . . f. 26400 At f. 22 per sf sterling . . 1200 º for 50 lasts, reckoned 540 qis. . is 44s. Sterling per quarter —r FIR TIMBER is sold per cubic foot from 12 to 16-inch in square, or 15 to 20 in. 50 cubic feet, or a load, at 18 gr, per c. f. 30 - at 3 per load - - - - 5 is a ~~~~ * apºss-serº * ,eºsºsºsºsºme ---. s 1 Dantzic current . . . . f. 36 At f. 22 per ºf sterling . . . . 1 14 0 50 cubic-feet . . . . . #4 is 3d, sterling per cubic foot. -*. BARLEY. Charges on board, including the Sound . d ut ies * * e * ge ^- Brokerage of bills, and postage of letters Commission, 2 per cent • , , , , t If grain is shipped in bags, charges are # more; cost of bags not considerable. Charges on board, including the Sou Charges on board, including the Sound duties • te & * e • gº Brokerage. of bills, and postage of letters Commission, 3 per cent. & * . . . . nd . duties . . . ... ." . . . Brokerage of bills, and postage of letters Commission, 3 per cent. . . 50 Lasts, r— at f 240 per last at f. 16. . . . . . 800 ...” —. 240 IDantzic current ... . . . . f. 13040 At f. 22 per ºf sterling . . . . 592 for 50 i is 22s; sterling per quarter, asts, reckoned 540 qis. . . f. 12000 BRACK OAK PLANK * is sold per shock of 60 Pieces. 10 Shocks 4-inch, 40 feet, at f 1800 f.18000 at f. 6 per ſoad . . . . . 1200 " _ V — 540 Dantzic current . . f. 19740 At f. 22 per ºf sterling . . . . . 89? for 10 shocks, reckoned 21000 feet. is 9d, sterling per foot. " LINENS . . . - are sold per ell of 22% inches' English. - A half-last-bale of 36 rolls, is about . . . . . 2500 ells, at 24s, per ell . . 666 -20 º ... " per bale 28 0 A * Commission, 2 per cent. . . 14, '0 Dantzic current . ... f. 708 20 At f. 22 per ºf sterling, is . . ºf 32 for half-last-bale, reckoned 2500 ells. . --- - * * |. | is 3d. sterling per ell of 22% in, English -g y----. *: 261 All business relative to the exchange is done in Dutch ducats, fixed at 12 florins Dantzic currency each; as likewise all bar- gains for corn, wood, linen, ashes, bees- wax, tallow, and other raw produce, are made in the same specie at that fixed rate; whilst unconnected with any such purchase it is current for 13 florins, 1 to 8 grosch || of Dantzic currency. Wines, drugs, and import articles, are generally sold in Dantzic currency. e € Or, D. There is a very great variety of coin at Dantzic ; indeed no place has so much cir- gulating specie, particularly in Dutch dācats. The Dantzic coin is greatly dimi- nishing in circulation. The course betwixt it and the Prussian is constantly the same, 100 O' & ) guilders Prussian are 1334 florinsl)antzic cur- rency; a Prussian dollar is 3 guilders, which makes 4 florins of Dantzic. All produce drawn from the former Polish provinces, now be- longing to the empire of Russia, and to Austria, are paid for in Dutch ducats; the latter, however, take likewise ducats of the emperor's coin, with one or two per cent, loss, or Vienna Bank notes. The produce, however, drawn from that part of Poland, which is now called South Prussia, is mostly paid for in Prussian currency; as likewise those imports from the neighbouring pro- vinces, which even accept of 3 grosch- pieces, and other small money. 1 Dollar has 3 guilders, 90 groschen, or 270 schillings Prussian. 3. I Prussian dollar makes 4 florins, 120 grosch, or 360 shillings Dantzic. 1 Schilling has 6 pfennings. - Old specie dollars have 6 guilders, more or less. Timpffs, 18 groschen, sixers have 6 groschen, duitchens 4 groshen, poldracken at 13 groschen, and groschen pieces at 3 Schillings, and a schilling at 6 pfennings. Foreign coins that circulate here, are as follows: - f Florins. Grosch, A louis d’or . . e e . 25. º A Frederick, d'or . . . 20 24 A new Dutch ducat . . . 13 4. An old full weight ducat • 12 20 s 23- Money Transactions, Erchange, &c. A ducat weighing, half a louis d’or . . ... • . - A dutch cross, or Albert's dollar 5 24 A ditto ... ditto *} º * * • . 5 3 in weight . e. º e - An old ruble . . . . . . 4. 25 . A new ruble - . . 4 12 1 Marc, Hamburg currency, is equal to 47 groschen Dantzic. - - 1 Florin Dantzic is equal to 10% schil- lings Hamburg currency. . . I Florin Dantzic is equal to 93d. Eng- . lish. r ~ . . Books and accounts are kept in Dantzic currency in florins and groschen ; 30 of the latter make one of the former. The immediate course of exchange is on: London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg, and on no other places. - - The course on London is from 22 to 25. florins Dantzic currency per pound ster- ling, at three months date. s -- Although the terms of drawing are com- monly three months, yet a bill drawn at a shorter date will fetch 3 groschen more for each month. " On Amsterdam—in pound Flemish for banco; but lately the merchants drew, for money on that place in currency;. the course is now between 360° and 390, grosch Dantzic currency per pound Fle- mish, at forty and seventy days-date. The length of the date makes a difference of 1. grosch per pound Flemish. - On Hamburg is between 162 and 174gro- schen per rixdollar Hamburg banco; at three, six, and ten weeks date, according to which a difference is commonly made of half a grosch per rixdollar; on, the course of the bill, viz. * A bill drawn at ten weeks date fetches 170 grosch Dantzic currency per rixdollar. 11 g e º sº º wº Ditto at six weeks 170; ditto. A ditto at three weeks 171 d tto. W E.R.G. H.T.S. . 99 lb. Dantzic is equal to 95 lb. English. 76 — . . . . 67 — Amsterdam. 39 — — . . . 34 — Denmark. 81 — — . . . 83 — Elbing. 109 — — . . 107 — France. 89 — — . . . 80 — Hamburg. 262 37 lb. Dantzic is equal to 39 lb. Liebau N 78 — . . . 83 — Russia I shippound contains 330 lb. Berlin weight, or 3 centner. } centner contains 110 lb. or 5 stone of 22 kb. each. r & $ I Lispound contains 16; 1b: ; 20 lis- pounds are equal to 1 shippound. 1 lb. contains 32 loth, which is equal to half an ounce. * . . . I pound has 2 mark, 16 ounces, 32 loths, 48 schott, or 512 pennyweights. w I mark has 8 ounces, 16 loth or 256 pennyweights. 1 ounce has 2 loth, I loth 16 penny- weights. s To give a complete view of the trade of , 24 schott, & M EAS Ü R. E. 17 Dantzic feet make 16 English feet. 51 Dantzic ells make 32 yards English. 83 e . 69 ells Amsterdam. 26 — . . 21 Flemish ells. 3] . . . . . 25 Russian arsheens. 1 last of grairi contains 60 scheffels when purchased by the burghers, but when shipped off, only 56; scheffels Berlin mea- sure, équal to betwixt 84 and '86 bushels Widéhester. " * Ever since the city of Dantzic belonged to the Prussian territories, Berlin weight and rheaSüré has been introduced into the same; and all public-scales have Prussian weights; 100 lb. of which make 105 lb. English. t Dantzic, the following tables are here given of the exports and imports of Dantzic from 1793 to 1804, both inclusive, in the former of which will be shewn the propor- tion of the British trade compared with that of all other countries. Also a separate table of exports to France, Spain, and Portugal, The imports into Dantzic for the year 1804; likewise the the same year to all places are fully detailed. ^- exports for ar --- Erported from Dantzic, ăn the following Years, distinguishing Great Britain and Ireland from all other Places. | -: j z A separate table for 1804 follows. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. ‘1801. 1802. 1803. Ships arrived 810 898 494 851 765 1079 1021 966 1217 1874 1888 . sailed . dº e 783 828. 537 829 751. 1043 974, 949 1207 1916 - 1907 Meas. | | OFT. Of TTOFT of TOT | Of . Of Of . TOT | OFT Of | Wt. Total which Total which Total which Total which Total which Total which || Total which Total which Total which Total which Total which & e Numb |exports to Gr, amount to Gr, amount to Gr, amount to Gr, amount to Gr, amount to Gr, amount to Gr. |amount to Gr. amount to Gr. amount to Gr, amount to Gr. Denominations of goods, or Wa- to all Britain to all Britain to all Britain to all Britainſ to all Britain] to all [Britain to all Britain] to all ||Britain] to all Britain to all [Britain to all Britain |lue. places. & Ire. places. & Ire-| places. & Ire- places.|& Ire-| places. & Ire-| places. & Ire- places. & Ire-| places.} & Ire-| places. & Ire- places. & Ire- places. & Ire- . . . * - land. land. f land. land. | land. land. . - land. - | land. - # land. . land. land. | Amber • . . . . florins. 27581 3144 11877 1380 9557 2281 | 12474 1347|1263 300 7798 || 1238 6862; 1188 2304 || – || 1965 — 4272 769 2304 || 429 Ashes, pot and pearl. shlb. 5642. 236 || 7112 || 292 6992 || 388 || 11189. 2957|13481 1090 |17256 1771 11678; 1243 || 9353 756 9931 446 13911| 83 |13628 972 weed . . . barrels. 9979 4060 12279 8393 |14357 |11492 || 10032, 4186 96.58 2113 |12429 6138 || 13776i. 9760 | 8628 3627. 13062 57.70 || 13411] 6862 ||10950 5660 Beer, spruce • — 1549 || 1471 2193 2006 || 1272 1236 2740. 2588. 2949 2706 || 3501 || 3326 2671 2456 2825 || 2747 2131 || 2106 || 3986 3853 || 4096 3986 Brandy from corn . . ohm. 316 23 463 || 87 20 —- 776 28, 1157 47 || 1339 || 179 || 748; 58 956 128 1992 || 294 | 1098 281 | 672 96 Bristles . . . . . . . . stone. 738 254 || 374 || 73 879 503 58?! 101: 208 || – '668 '34 612| 612 || 521 || 99 || 912 || 4362 1025, 87 || 1133 297 'Cordials and spirits, &c. florins.j64045 9476 16374 7955 |23781 7714 || 4.4744 827944116 11649 |24685 8646 || 31319||13497 (34795 ||10053 #10110 || 4185 27656 7679.37219 7520 Feathers . . . . . stone. 6482 5152 6301 || 5579 4432 4072 3141; 2893 4000 || 3082 4982 4140 5596 4382 |11933 10735 | 7252 |4687 || 5176 4629 || 7623 7464 Grain, as barley . lasts. 666 536 1559 925 | — *sº 1512; 994; 1637 1152 | 812 591 816; 169 222 || 116 3599 || 1623 || 1990) 75 | 1209 36 " ', malt . . . . . - ' 20 ! — 9 } – } – } – } – || – 12 | – | 40 | – || – || – 33 — 63 || – || 15 — 80 4– pease • ~" 361 236 469 379 257 116 || 1376, 860 767 466 858 523 306 119 || 352 225 || 632 444 867| 335 # 1015 684 oats e •- 647 47 | 7212 — ~ y, - . 14| 14|| 2 || – 18 || 1 || 451; 62 || 528 476, 961 || 549 } , 26 - 2 || 142 — rye wº — 12109 2582 |11495 || 1395 179 f – 8672 3708; 7.682 803 |11760 335 | 12653. 1253 2014 || 1740 9592 || 2171 || 23622, 1402 (28871 533 wheat . . . — 15414 || 9451 (18773 6244 |13774 ; 4283 26881| 20407|23984 17496 |26348 18357 2502416713 |40863 37.202 |37603 ||33748 # 52416.27928 |34449 |11725 Horse-hair ., florins.[17263 326 #27.809 2737 33048 2422 2658; 957|16091 906 |15841 564 18386 3454 |17890 4646 (23221 ºf 306 19724, 1957 |11363 1955 Linen . . . . shock. 52474 |31179 43369 |23437 80575 |55654 || 827.28, 34318|34347 |13919 |38949 |22406 6107445401 |23208 |17787 (56730 17986 40263|13162 62048 30507 Wax . . . . shlb. 90 15 7% 14 97. 8 162| 11| 89 || 13 54 || 8 85| 44 107 || 28 153 || 85 103 42 || 398 || 308 Wood, as balks . . . . pieces. 23811 21918 1590; 12491 |23738 |22476 20819, 1890421561 |18218 19665 [15269 29527|25756 (33710 34458 (32114 |30343 || 49233:38522 70532 |68830 oak planks . shocks. 380 || 355 409 || 428 427 | 402 513| 473 618 520 591 || 520 663. 620 | 682 627 || 602 595 541. 445 792 766 fir do. . . . . — 420 | 323 526 453 || 530, 488 582 480. 405 || 335 | 474 379 557| 5 ||6 || 542 502 || 558 || 538 685. 539 || 739 | 684 oak deals . — 64 53 81 58 119 || 70 191} 108. 213 130 367 255 171; 620 220 155 198 || 192 278 186 154 130 fir do. — 1415 || 813 || 1711 927 1590 1088 || 1305, 833 1800 782 1780 646 1456 1000 1908 || 1300 1819. 1211 2583 831 | 1877 1312 -- ash slips *mºs 197 197 256 || 256 || 153 | 153 198] 190 123 123 ,155 154 301 225 293 293 295. 257 154, 150 || 49 49 : Different kinds of timber florins.]41282 (33335 64013 52049 |77881 |68800 |132629.108101|40938 25133 |67752 |29699 |110594.78213 |74913 61144 |63566 53158 10907462283 93.19 |677.84 Qak-pipe staves. . . . shock. 17430 |14059 11922 |11209 || 8251 6912 | 15429, 11805 9958 || 8748 |26852 |17267 14527|11847 |17446 12664 |16999 |13967 15054,12615 14224. 14149 f Hogshead, do. . y — 3821 2145 || 1742 || 1383 2001 || 2001 || 4536. 3988] 3802 2968 || 7384 || 5568 5614 4363 || 6598 || 5442 4070 3712 5654:4124 5299 || 5225 | Wool e & e | stone. 5946 || – || 7403 — 9100 , 53 77.09: 492 7336 || – | 7348 — 8756 – 5870 || 31 | 1299 || -- 759| – || 2168 4. 3. § { Table of Goods imported into Dantzic each Year from 1793 to 1803, both inclusive. Denomination of Goods. 1795 1794 1795 1796 || 797 1798 || 799 || so so | 1802 | 1803 Almonds. . . . . . b. — — – 37901. 29.199| 88794. 22932, 26696 116432 2965 iſ 64521; Brass, inland . . . . . do. * ... ºs-se * — t — tºssº Cºsmºsº 8625 8649 I 1404, 8845 Beer, English . . . . [barrels 1087| 1306 1058 2504, 2849 2780 2663. 2893 4882 6199) 10781 |Candles, Russia . . . . . lb. 853.16 115243 63784, 16492. 58973, 88287| 29604. 33595 35337 333O8. 18024 Chalk, Swedish . . . . . barrels 7458 13040 8608. 10278] 12537] 16125 9431. 19339|| 12814, 19436 - 26701 |Cloth, different kinds . . ells 34326 1081| 1716 – f – *=º — *g — — Coffee . . . . . . lb. 1823699||1024312||1402102}045037|108797.01134467 758402/2128675||1374382|1907 1531444606 Cotton . . . . . . . florins 267557. 34542. 332942. 77588| 41584. 26364 21064 — — * — Herrings, Dutch . . . barrels 750, 404 801 562) 657 88 55 669 41; 1108 1335 . Swedish . . . do. 26550, 17591|' 17.201 28689 15552 2684; 15899. 4503] 25240 28467. 19581 Indigo, fine . . . . . ]b. 9016. 10392 24.12 9204 8875 - 13386 6003; 11062 17923 15891 9867 |Iron, Swedish . . . . . shlb. $104, 2388 2380 2773 2473. 3585. 2481| 1224| 3999. 4615. 6473 Old . . . . . . barrels 664 2002 1686. 2084. 2537; 1763 1387. I599 4266 3558 - 5621 Cast and inland . lb. — — — ©ººg • ºs * — 91703 95865. 94228 163993 Leather, sole . . . . . . do. 50065 51280, 18672 50404 14839, 17429, 1864. 2477 21640 12820 15054 |Lead . . . . . . . centn't 382 344 629, 364| 120 728 395 — — 296 41i Lemons . . . . . . pieces. 336002 877546 274625, 2691.50, 318800 305250 299400 14.1750, 52.1800 395600 459100 Nutmegs . . . . . lb. 1964.50. 299760. 285925 153788 i51544; 159445 21 1520) 259468 675693.20546141204059 Oil, Hemp . . . . . . . ohm. 6108. 2060 909 1914 J 159 692 458. 825 626, 1857 666 - Train . . . . . . barrels 838 531| 815 503 1035 784 380 901 730; 487 570 Salad . . . . . . lb. 22648. 42240, 96816 85027 59408; 10491. 401 11 50579. 14526 61879. 63565} Pepper . . . . . . . do. — cº-º-º: — 55800. 46053, 65164. 47671 99407| 90494. 165718 136884 Pitch * * * * * * * barrels {* 106 170 *=== . — *º-º- - — — - — - tº-sº *— | |Raisin . . . . . . . lb. || – — 177634, 54871. 143982] 14906O 108701 184374; 178746. 144140; |Rice . . . . . . . . do. 111462 2S1996. 98492. 345182] 288043. 390555. 239901. 169616 45203: 398240, 447599 Rum and French Brandy ohm 258. 277 405 746. 556. 256 458 725 666, 1498 1412; |Sail-cloth . . . . . pieces 350 1209 1872. 592. 1338|| 933, 797] 2373. 1343| 915, 1473] Sugar Candy . . . . . lb. 193942, 194900] 259815, 145135. 169852, 196772 IOO890 212844 170502. 156848. 157282 Refined . . . . . do. 324290 348984. 704069. 673609 596.184 500301 501991,725121 95 1261||1396793 964878 Syrup . . . . . . . . . do. 206970 348136 881686 225279| 290629 362776, 372812. 33.1785 603259 51.1847 876576| |Tar . . . . . . . [barrels 1901 1294 1827, 1729 823. 3879 240 2684. 4148. 1220, 1712; |Tea . . . . . . . lb. 28260 23198| 32596 6894, 19393 331 19| 21471 35284 8012. 28447| 24554. Tin . . . . . . . . . centn'r 55 - 51 8 14 42} 28 57 — — | – || – || Tobacco, smoaking . . lb. 318542 943410 28.2024, 321 189| 272.322 1841 13 1422.45 145431, 198974; 244692 328060 \{ . . ; º . . . . 256696 70896, 140857 11 1557. 95479| 91505 95142| 285759 149524. 145692, 140594; Leaf. . . . . O — — w e - 297.093 339848. 115492 380976. 156488, 190519) 1627.16 176493. 122485 Vinegar . . . . . . . . . hnd. '73 , 69. 602 183| 262. 108 76 257 133 188 - 230|| Wine, Champgn & Burgdy opttles 28008. 560 || 10592. 26822, 20109| 7350, 7182 20614 12166 24650 87887 Moselle & Rhenish ob.m. , 94. 56 5 : 28 | 9| 1Q 27| 42| 109; French . . . . . hthd. 4567. , 1665) 5765. 6132. 3621. 2373} 6476 49%| 5832; 65.83! - 10812; __ Sweet . . . . . ohm. 90 57 298 795 499 399 266 , 232 924 966; 1415 Wood, Brazil . . . . centn’rl_885 418, 772 754. 1122. 778] 1012 95 ||_2332) 1145 607. *** A separate Table for 1804 follows. ,” Exported from Dantzic to France, Spain, and Portugal, each Year from 1705 to 1805, { . 265 * Denomination - . . . . . * , ; - of Goods. *1795 |*1796 || 1797 1798 || 1799 1800 rSO1 1802 1803 1804 | |Āshes, pot . . . shlb.: - || – || 699 || 2642 — | 400 525 | 87.08 || 4675 || 4842 weed bar. — —- 504 || 540 ( — 900 68 || 1462 960 31.84 iAmber s. . flor. — 103 || 1274 — ” * ——— – f : 54 —— 256 Beer spruce . . . . . . bar. -— | 19 27 | 52 || 51. 6 || 23 30 | . . 4. 44. Brandy from corn ohm. — 28 16 || 90 14 || 9 || 7 | 35 | . I 6 . 8 Bristles . . . . . . stone — --— || -- — — — --— 23O 30 || --— Cordials, &c. . . . . flor. — 58 1435 | 1120 1266 1952 180 6000 544 2078 |Feathers . . . . . . . stone — — | | || 6 || 2 || 716 || – | 6 || || 83 — 30 Grain, wheat . . . |lasts 185 || 1 || 13 || 2534 5698 || 5737 1979 || 2863. 10704 || 6.193 || 1916 rye . . . . . do | – || 10 || 1579 828 221 || – || 339|| 420 441 468 barley . . . . do | – || 323 || 301 12, 352 120 || 330 || 573 . .349 || 1309 malt . . . . . do | — || – || – |. —- || — — — - —== - Oats . . . do | – |||—|| — — — | – 280 — —— 82 Horse hair ..... . flor. ...— || – || 67- 142 — 435 | –— 144 —. Linen . . ... [shk. 7813 |19323 7520 6280 8245 –— 7687 |18300 21249 |25953 }Wax . . . . . . . stone 69 97 15 3 18 4 || | 4 || 34 78 81 || Wood, balks . pCS. 31 216 || 1883 || 739 1102. 214 || 295 3821 122 873 • oak planks shk. — — 31 | 7 || 14 2 2 44 —— | —— fir ditto do 3 7 29 20 4 4. . ; 7 110 17 53 oak deals . I do | — I 5 17 | . 9 || - 7 3 24 —— —— fir ditto . do | 53 29 255 119 || 97 64 78 688 # 88 , 432 - ash slips do -— — —— 8 . t - Pº º flor. 362 || 482 || 74.12 15376 5306 || 350 3103 || 2282 1915 [20816 Oak pipe'staves . shk. 1338 2998 || 924 || 5439 1843 || 4130 1987 2258 50 792 hogshead do. do | — 240, 369 || 96 I 828 864 290 1341 20 52 |Wool . . . . . stone —— 6 | 185 | 88 || – - - v -- - - Those years marked thus,” denote that no exportation took place to France. The Eaports from Dantzic in the Year 1804. . . . . — —I- - Portugal, ſ Ham- * . . ; . - To || To Spain, w burg; Lu- Total - Denomination of Goods. England. Holland. 4and Denmark Sweden.bec, and Russia. amount. - . . . . - France. Bremen. - Ashes, pot . . . . [shlb. 136 4954 || 4842 439 || – 47 | – |10058 ; . weed . . . & . bar. 7579 1685 3184 || – || – — | – | 1248 Beer spruce . . . . . . do 4306 || 43 || 44 34 3 2 — 4432 ‘Brandy, double ... florins 5610 || 366 - 2078 I 14 84"| 2635 | 3425 ||14312 - corn . * @ . ohms. 25 27 8 92 91 33 — 276 T}ristles . . . . . . . . stone 360 174 — 57 7 — *-* 598 . Feathers . . . . . . . . . . do | 6408 160 30 || 39 44 9 || – 6690 Grain,_Barley . . . [lasts 500 49 || 1309 || 767 211 — — 2836 - * Malt . . . . do — I — — 2. 25 — — 27 Pease . . . . . . do 555 73 — 137 59 68 — 892 Oats . . . . . . do | 197 || – || 82 || 75 — ---> — 354, Rye, . . . . . do 213 || 3441 468 3829 1283 90 | – || 9324 Wheat . . . . do ||23747 2737 11916 || 1319 575 1493 || – |41787 *Horse.hair ... : * . . . . florins 1188 || – || – || 1829. 8218 || 362 | – || 1597 Linen . . • • . º 29.263 1739 |25953 7542 12 1553 | – |66062 Wax . . . . . º . shlb. 18 — 81 | – || — — --- 99 | Wood, Balks . . . . . . pieces 60546 ſ 1197 873 502 — 172 10 |63300 Oak planks . ... shock 765 7 | – || 20 — 6 || – 798 | Fir dittoº. . . . . do | 783 9 53 18 — — — 863 Oak deals - . . I do | 143 6 || – || 69 — *=e — 218 | - Fir ditto . . . . do 1088 || 194 || 432 227 — 20 I | 1962 . Ash slips . . . . do 253 | – | — — I — * 1 - 254, # Pipe staves . . . . . . do | 9084 13 792 iO7 Cºmº — — 99.96 Different kinds of timber|florins 52549 || 4063 |20816 || 3477 || – 134 30 81069 Hogshead ditto. ... shock | 3119 || – 52 388 — tº sessmesºs — 3559 | Wool . . . . . stone | 120 572 || – 207 || 7317 | — — 8216 M IIl 266 The Imports into Dantzic, in the Year 1804. English beer . . . bar. 1636? Russia candles . . . lbs. 21460 Tar . . . . . . bar. 2304 Lead . . . . . . cent. 321 Nutmegs . . . . . . . . do 987948 Train . . . . . . do 684 Lemons . . . . . ps. 24.9500 Almonds . . . . . do|| 36087 Tobacco, Sinoaking . lbs. 432019 | Coffee ". . . . . . ]bs. 1775763 Inland brass . . . . . do 5730 || “. Snuff . . do 122544 Swedish iron . . . shlb. 4543 Sweet oil . . . . . ohm.; 76022 leaf . . . do |188663 Old ditto . . . . do 8116 || Rape and hemp ditto . do 578 || Wine, Champaign and R. bot.; 54904 Inland and cast ditto. lbs. 64139 || Pepper . . . . . lbs. 188817 | . . . Burgundy } ot. 549 Dutch herrings . . . . . bar. 317 || Rice . . . . . . do. 358866 || Moselle and Rhenish ohm. 42. | Swedish ditto . . . . do | 13325 Raisins . . . . . . do 182153 || French . . . . . h.hd. - 8027 . . Brazil wood . . . cent. 979 Rum and French brandy ohm 1383 || Sweet and Spanish . ohm. 897 Indigo fine . . . . lbs. 11071 || Sail cloth . . . . pieces 528 || Winegar . . . . . . hthd. 226 Swedish chalk . . . . bar. 23837 Syrup . . . . . Ibs. 345085 || Sugar, candied . . lbs.120772 Sole leather . . . . lbs. 20432. Tea . . . . . . dol 24591 || refined . . . . do|671355 CHAP. VI. Of Stettin-A General Account of the Trade and Navigation by the River Oder.—Canals joining the Oder and the Vistula, and the Oder and the Elbe.—Of the Transit Trade to Austria.-Ship Building.— General Table of Eaports and Imports from 1798 to 1804, distinguish- ing Great Britain, Ireland, and Holland, from all other Places. THIS city is the capital of Prussian Pomerania, and is about 100 English miles from Berlin, situated upon a rising ground, upon the west side of the river Oder, about 46 English miles from its mouth, or Swinemunde, its port on the Baltic. It formerly held a conspicuous rank as one of the Hans Towns; it is a meat healthful city, populous, - and reckoned to be as strongly fortified as any in Europe. It has spa- cious and secure moorings for shipping opposite the town, a large com- modious quay, along side of which goods are landed from any ships which can get over the bar at the mouth of the river. The warehouses are conveniently situated for carrying on extensive and general business. - . . . . . . . Its inland trade extends to Austria, Poland, Silesia, and other parts of Germany; and its maratime trade to England, Holland, France, Spain, Denmark, and Norway; it has also a share of the trade in the Baltic, to Sweden, Russia, Mecklenburg, and many ports in Prussia. 267 Formerly Stettin had the staple trade of several articles, such as lin- seed, herrings, train oil, and iron ; , but, at present, its staple-right is only extended to linseed, chiefly for Silesia and the linén manufacturing districts. The exportation by the Baltic, consists chiefly of oak timber for ship building, staves, fir timber for general purposes, glass, salt, pot-ashes, and lastly fruit, as apples, &c. of the former, however, wood forms the most valuable branch, notwithstanding the wood ad- ministration, or the comptoir belonging to government, has the privi- lege of the sale of inland timber and staves, brought from Poland , which latter are chiefly exported from hence and Hamburg, on which a saving of 6 per cent, is made. Farther, Stettin deals extensively in yuft hides, and large quantities of hempseed oil and tallow, linseed, flax, and yarn, from Russia; and from France, wines to the annual amount of 21645 tons, according to accurate lists kept from 1787 to 1796. From the year 1787 to 1796, the annual export of fruit to Rus- sia had increased to 3714 tons. Near the Oder, are the grand salt- magazines, in which the salt of Prussia is preserved. - In the year 1800, the ships belonging to Stettin were 161 in num- ber, amounting to 13296 tons burden, valued at 854065 rixdollars, and manned with 1044 men, forming about one-third of the whole Pome- ranian shipping. In the year 1777, there arrived here 1185; in 1782, 1147; in 1783, 1186; in 1789, 1008; in 1790, 1051; in 1793, 1121; there departed in 1777, 1242; in 1782, 1171; in 1783, 1209; in 1793, 1114, exclusive of a considerable number of smaller craft from Berlin and the interior. - - * So long as the French occupy all along the coast of the North Sea, and the North-west of Germany, and the Weser and Elbe remain blockaded, Stettin may be considered as the most convenient and se- cure port for carrying on trade with the interior and northern parts of Germany, by that fine river, the Oder, which runs through a great part of the north of that empire, supplying all the provinces through which it passes with their foreign wants, and carrying off the produce and manufactures of those countries to the principal northern ports, by means of its great navigable advantages, in being connected with the river Elbe, by three canals; viz. & M m 2 268 The canal of Frederick William, which was dug betwixt the years 1763 and 1768. It is about fifteen English (or 3 German) miles long, 5 Rhenish roods wide, and has 10 sluices: above Frankfurt, it joins the Oder to the Spree, and the latter near Brandenburg, unites with the Havel, and this river falls into the Elbe. 2. The canal of Plauen, executed betwixt the years 1743 and 1745, was made to join from Plauen, the Havel with the Elbe at Parey. This canal is 4, German (or about 20 English) miles long, 40 to 50 feet feet wide, it has only three sluices, and shortens the navigation, from the Oder and the Havel into the Elbe, more than one-half. - 3. The canal of Finow, which above Olderberg, was made at the same time, by means of the rivers Finow and Havel, to join the Oder with the Elbe, and has 13 sluices. . . . . The communication of the Oder with the interior of the northern parts of Germany and Poland is of a greater extent than is at first imagined. Considerable quantities of grain and other articles might be brought from Great Poland, by means of the river Netze, which, by the Bromberg canal, connects the Vistula and Oder. The Poles never availed themselves of this advantage, but, most likely the Prussians now will. * - - . . . . . The river Oder has its source on the very borders of Moravia, not far from Frideck; in Silesia, it touches the towns ofOderberg, Ratibor, Oppeln, Brieg, Breslaw, and Gross; Glogau in the Neumark, Frankfort, * Custrin, and Schwedt; and in Pomerania, Gatz, Greeffenhagen, and, lastly, Stettin, where, one of its arms, called the Reghitz, forms. the lake of Damm ; but with its principal waters in three arms, the T}evenow, Swine, and Peene, falls into the Baltic, receiving in its course below Crossen, the Bober, and Netze, and, near Custrin, the Warte; the Warte previously receiving the Netze. . . . . . When the described connection of the river Oder with the Elbe comes to be considered, it will be seen, that all the manufactures of Silesia, and the most valuable produce of the considerable district it runs through, is diverted from Stettin, by the capital and merchants of . Hamburg, which city, by its convenient situation on the North Sea, and by the described inland. navigations and communications, draws * "º, 269 all those advantages, which Stettin is entitled to possess; however, this will not most likely ever be the case, unless the Elbe and the north-west of Germany, becomes blocked up altogether, and Ham- burg is deprived of her trade by the present channels; for the frost setting in earlier, and continuing longer at Stettin than at Hamburg, exclusive of this interruption to the navigation, the voyage round by the Sound and Cattegate, is to be considered, as well as the obstacles the Oder presents at its mouth, which, however, are removing. Of the three branches of the Oder already mentioned, falling into the Baltic, the Swine forms the sea-port of Stettin, and is called. Swinemunde, which is about 9. German, or about 46 English miles by water, from the city. The port itself is deep and safe, but a sand bank at its entrance, called the Platte, prevents all large ships from. having access to it; the depth of water on the sand-bank is various, being. from 8% to 10 feet, so that they are obliged to load and unload a part, or the whole of the cargo (according to the draught of water of the ship) in the road. Besides the Platte, there is another sand-bank, at the distance of about two German miles from Swinemunde, and situated, near where the Great Haff falls into the Swine; this is called the Quaphahn, and the depth of water upon it is frequently like that of the Platte, • but generally something less. For the convenience of loading and unloading large ships in the roads, and transporting goods to and from, Stettin, there are at Swinemunde and Stettin, lighters of 20 to 35 lasts each, properly adapted for the purpose, under certain regulations of the magistracy of the city, who, in July, 1790, limited the number to 119, which were able to carry 2481 heavy, or 3471 Dutch lasts; a part of these have lately become useless, in consequence of the improve- ments now making to increase the depth of water over, the banks, near. Swinemunde ; so, that, at present, there are not more than about 80 lighters, carrying about 2000 lasts, which are established for the pur- pose; the freights of which are fixed by what is termed the lighter. regulations. - i - The distance from Stettin to Berlin by water, through the Finow canal (being the shortest way) is, on account of the meandring of the Oder, about 55 leagues; and if the wind and weather are favourable. .* 270 the passage is made, by the Frankfort barges, in 10 or 12 days: these, vessels are long and flat bottomed, sail very fast, but do not carry more than about 12 lasts of 72 scheffel each, Berlin measure. - The land carriage, from Stettin to Berlin, is by way of Schwedt, An- germunde, Neustadt, Eberswalde, and Bernau, about 100 English miles, and the rate is generally from 20 grosch to 1 rixdollar per cent- ner of 110lb. (or 1141b. English.) & Stettin may properly be said to be the port of Berlin, the metropolis, on account of its being the most contiguous port to it; yet the most valuable and extensive branch of trade goes by way of the Elbe to Hamburg. Prussia might derive great benefit by encouraging the building of shipping, and the carrying trade, for which Stettin is so well adapted, first, by the improvement of the port at a very small expense, and, in the next place, on account of its producing a great quantity of building materials at a more reasonable rate than at most other ports of Prussia; but, for want of proper encouragement, they are languid: the vessels in general belonging to this port are inferior to those of Dantzic, Konigsburg, or other ports of Prussia, in work- manship, but not in the materials. - - Some idea may be formed of the number of ships and tonnage be- longing to this port, by the tables of the imports and exports: in 1803, the number consisted of 212 vessels. *. * They have a very good regulation here, by which the ship-owners arc obliged, every year, to give in a list to the presiding senator of the company of ship-owners; of the number and burthen of shipping be- longing to the city, or to the owners residing therein. w - On account of the communication of the Oder with the Elbe, wood and bulky articles come chiefly down to Stettin; of course, their trade has been but limited : the state of the Elbe will, however, be the means of extending it. In order to display it the more fully, there are tables, one of the imports, and the other of the exports for a few years, by which some idea may be formed, of the variations that have arisen in the trade since the year 1797, relative to which one observa- tion is necessary. In the custom-house accounts, Great Britain, Ireland, 271 and Holland, are always put under one head; therefore, on reference to those general tables, there will be found, under each year, the quantity in a separate column, to all places, whilst the other contains particu- larly the quantity to Great Britain and Ireland, and to Holland. * It will be seen from these tables, that the trade between those countries and Stettin is not very considerable, though since the block- ade of the Elbe it is on the increase. The articles of wood are not so much esteemed in the British markets, as from other Prussian ports; not, perhaps, on account of the quality, but neglect and method of preparing and bracking them with the same care and regulation as at other ports. A brack for goods in general, on the footing of Dant- zic and Konigsburg, is not introduced here; nevertheless, wood, and particularly staves, and oak plank, make a kind of an exception, the former being sold by what is called the senate brack, and decided also by the same, in case of dispute, but it is not so strict as that of the cities described. Plank and ship timber bought by the Admi- ralty of Denmark, (which for some years past has made considerable purchases here,) are generally received by their sworn bracker, either in the timber ponds or here in the yards, according to their instruc- tions. However, some good timber, and articles of wood in general, can be picked out by a judge attending to it himself, and now and then a few masts for the English navy, and larger merchants ships. The most considerable trade at Stettin is with Denmark, Norway, Sweden and France; to the latter are sent staves, and from thence wine is received in return; but the general tables will detail the usual trade. All merchandise may pass through Stettin, into Saxony and Austria, on paying a very reasonable transit duty, according to fixed rates, the established customs are moderate, but the excise duties are variable here, as in all other Prussian ports, differing according to the privileges of the respective cities; the way of laying them on is also various and uncertain, that the particulars would make a volume. In the month of September, 1804, a vessel was launched here, en- tirely built under the sole superintendence of the owner, who was like- wise the master. He had bestowed particular pains, not only in 272 - making reasonable contracts for all the requisite materials, but attend- ing minutely to their respective qualities; this vessel was built en- tirely after the English architecture and model. She had been but seven months building; the timber was seasoned, which was collected from all the dealers yards, at the contracted price on the quality. being approved. | * The ship being afloat, her water-line was . . 101 feet Breadth . « » & ,e ſº o g . 30 Hold under the beams . & º . . . . 11; Betwixt decks wº & - . . º * 54 Calculated to contain 172 Stettin lasts, and that she would carry from 450 to 500 tons English. The contract for the wood was 40 dollars per last. Carpenters work, 13 dollars per last. Iron work throughout, including anchors at 3 grosch per lb. and the rudder irons 34 gr. per lb. altogether cost 2,400 rixdollars. The running and standing rigging, including the cables, made of the best Konigsburg rein hemp, was contracted for, at 42 dollars per ship- pound. / *> -- The masts, yards, &c. were had at the places. With the carpenters work, and other materials ready for sea, the ship cost 22000 rix- dollars, or about £3,600 sterling: but, it must be observed, that no ship was ever built so well, or fitted out in so costly a manner from Stettin. They certainly do not build so well here, generally, as at Dantzic; nor are their ships in such estimation. By these imperfect details, the ship-owners of England may make a comparison of the cost of shipping, and the expense of navigating them from hence, which is as reasonable, if not more so than from Dantzic and Konigsburg. f 273 r. ' + \ They keep their invoices, accounts, and books here, in rixdollars and gute grosch, reckoning 24 gute grosch to a rixdollar ; 1 gute grosch has 12 pfennings, and, this is called current money, which has been in circulation since the reduction in 1763, and in which all bills of exchange are paid, and which all the law proceedings and docu- ments call the currency fixed in 1764. They have several coins, current, of different de- nominations, not used for mercantile ac- counts; they consist of grosch, shillings, sixpences, dryers, and one penny pieces, which generally bear a discount of 13 and 13 percent. compared with the grob cur- TGI]t. - - EXCHANGE. - Bills of exchange are here drawn. and re- ceived in the above current money, and the course upon the respective places are as fol- lows: - - - Amsterdam, at 2 months, giving so many rixdollars Prussian currency, for one hun- dred dollars banco. (143 rixdollars per cent. or par. 100 Dutch-dollars banco). Hamburg, at 2 months date, so many Prussian rixdollars currency for 100 dollars Hamburg banco. (150 for 100.) - London, at 3:Imonths date, so many rix- dollars and gute grosch for the pound ster- ling, (average 6.dollars for the pound.) W.EIGHTS. The Stettin centner of 110 lb. is equal to 114 lb. English. I shiplb, has 2; centners, 20 lislb. or 280 lb. ..? sºsºvºss + - Money and Evchange. , , 1 centner has 8 lislo, or 112 lb. 30 lb. in Hamburg, makes 31 lb. in Stet- tin, (difference 3 à per cent.) M EA SU R.E.S. Corn. 1: last has 4 wispel, 8 drömt, or 96. Scheffel. 1 wispel has 2 drömt, or 24 scheffel. 1 drömt has 12 scheffel. - I scheffel 16-metzen. I. Stettin last of wheat, of 96 scheffels, measures in London, 14% Winches- ter Qrs. - Rye Barley Oats. *— —— Pease - . - - 60+ scheffel in Stettin, makes at Hamburg 1, last. - sºme same * ; * - Amsterdam . 1 chaldron of coals, Newcastle measure, makes 343 Bergscheffels, and 1.Berg schef- fel is equal to 13 Berlin scheffel. 88 Stettin ells make 100 Hamburg ells. 74. Hamburg feet make 75 Stettin feet. 626 Amsterdam feet make 627 Stettin feet In wood, 31 Rhenish feet make 32 Eng- lish feet. 1 mile of 9 loads of bic feet. w - Oak planks and boards 400 ditto. 2 Oak staves, pipe 1200, equal to 1800 hlids. 2400 barrels 3600 hlid. headings 4800 barrel ditto . fir balks are 450 cu- IN, Ił 274 The Exports at Stettin, and Departure of Ships, to all Places, but particularizing Holland, Great Britain, and Ireland, to shew the Proportion of the Trade to all other Places, from 1797 to 1804. 1798 1799 || 1800 . . . 1801 1802 - 1803 • r ſ 2.1.x: loaded . 99 || 761; 111 750 125| 761| 161| 778; 127 818 — — Number of ships #. e 2 88 2 71 ° 3| 71 .3 85| 1 80 –! — 101 | 849. 113| 821, 128 832 - 164 863| 128; 898 ** § 3 ; e § 3 ; a # 4 || 3 || # 3 #2 ºf £3 |{{# ' | # 3 ||3 g # tº - # *i; # jã žišjā āśā|#####| #####|##. ... * * *:: | H = |rº 3 3 || 3 + 3 + 3 || E.; l'E. cº 3 || 3 E. E. cº -: *t → ; ; 8 º' Denomination of Goods. 5,3 ### #: ###. ** ### .** ### #: ## # sº ā-ā; == - - - 5 § ##| gº 5 : 5. gº; 3:15 .#: 5 := - #: #5 #: 3 #5 | # : ; 5 Pa. & 8 H. Pa E 8 Ea 2 : H = == E- * r; PA & 8 tº ſa É 8. Alum . . . . . . . . centner — | 1320] — 883 — 19 — 9 28, 2142 — I 1124 Ashes, pot, weed, &c. . . * 155 24%. 365 7| 491. 50 - 429 191 º — —. Anchors for ships . . . shlb. — 129 — 99 — . .268 — | . . .259 — 1 - 359 — . , 64 Antimony . . . . barrels. 149 250 93 158 24. 85 48 70 (23 61| 167] 178 Arsenic tº . . . centner 578 735 23 660 '884 , 964 300 490. 966, 1910 - 700 1067 Blue . . . . . '*- 61 — 53 — 50) — 90 –– 50 – 59 Brandy . . . . . . hlid. — — — — — — 229 — 61 — 4 Brass . . . . . . . centner — 462 — | . 248 — 341 — 371 – 431 — 407 Bricks . . . . pieces — 259256 — 108900 — 102000 — 143000 — 246000 — 326500 Calamine . . . . . Ibarrels.] –- 544 — 100 — 15| — 215) —— 50 — 475 China. * * * , - chest. — . .714 – 114 — 58 — 102 — i. 81| — 271 Cloths . . . . . . pieces — 34422 — 36551 — 32104 — 32472 — 22410 — 14944 Copper tº € e . centner — 1850) — 990 — 745) — | 2001 – ' | 100], -— 17Of Flannel . . . . . . . pieces | – || 1124 — 113 — 14 — s 102} . -- 9| – || 28:1 Fruit, fresh . . . . . [barrets.] – 2703 — 2257 — 476 — i. 1395| – || 1327) — 987 Fustian tº . . . . piece. — 712 — 497 — 753 — 314 — 538 — 57.7 Glass, inland . . . . . chests. 612 1810 — 1830 — 1927 — 1662 — | 1870 — 1806 Bohemian . . . . . . *sº 2.99 — 460 20 557 — 484. 144 847; 122 846 concave . . . . rixdol. — 3756 — | 5258 — 4591 — 2472 — 5500 40. 5595 Grain, barley . . . lasts. — –- – - 42 — 201 – — I — 22 malt . . . . * — — — | – || – | — — — — | — 34 oats . . . . . . - — — — I — — 19 — 1 — – 32 — .130 pease . . . . - || – | — — — — 14 — 3| — - 7 9 Tye . . . . — — 439 — — — 218 — 150 — | | — 114 wheat . . 696. 1614. 110 120 218 543 — 4067. 577 1566 — 6 Herrings . . . . . . . [barrels. – 5 – 18 — 323. 3485. 91 — 211 — 286 Hops, measuring 24 bushels bush. I — 198} – 7:6 1 172 — 115 – 117] — 29 lron and cast do. . . Centher — | 10406 10| 8290 — 7498 — 6100 — 5287| 200 7101 Linue . . . . . . [barrels.] – 418) — 489 — 395 — 463 — 836! — 578 Linen . . . . . & chest. 3| 81. 1| 145 1 102 — . . .149 1, 135 59 247 Lead, inland . shlb. — 428 — 181 # 13 — I — # 248 Retailed goods . . centner 46. 3329; .9| 3193 548] 3791 . 432| 4918 - 15 2247 131| 26.29 do. . tº º 115| 45918 30 35254 51| 31307| 50 49029 60 46007; 265 46957 do. . • , | T | – 44 — 8 — 19 — 10 7| 35 9| 34 Red colour * º — | 3339| – | 2430 — 1947 — 3206 — 7202 — 4809 Salt • . lasts. — 5594 — 5393 — | 1629) — 2332 — ; 2905 — 33.4% -Scytlies * * |centner — 3486 — 3874 — 3360 — 3318i — 3336 — 2434 Soap, black . . . | tun. — 3| — 1 || – 5! — 4! — 3! — . 2 Tar . . . . . . . smºsºmº I ºs-sms { * 12| — 28! — 401 — 73 — I - Tobacco, inland and foreign Centmer! — 15792 291. 21036 — 12599| — 5981| – 5163| — 2995 pipes . . . | Chests, — 2542 — 2330 — 2621 — 2516 — 2649 — 2273 Victuals . * rixdol. I — 958 — 623 12; 2899 10| 1700ſ — 2024 — 1060 Vinegar . Oxpds. — 34) — 73 — 32 — 87 — 111 – 105 Vitriol . Centher! — 105) — 74. — 861 — 77) — 178] — 479 Wine, French . . blad. — 622 –— 296 — 609| — 589; — 433| — 486 Hungary. . ||rixthlr. — 90490 280.53 — | 19906| – || 57795 — 3401] 360. 13651 Wood, as deals . . . shock. 20|| 351 36] 245 24, 168 34 300 28, 312 29| 242 French tº 29 37| 23 38| 211 .321 48| 10:5 20 84 18| 100 hogshead hoops | — 1362. 1899| 1537, 1899 972 1732 976. 1222 786] 1470. 1359| 2416 Staves 2199; 3007, 9595, 3711 1509| 2326|| 1525] 2151 936, 1828, 2010| 3027 fir-wood . fathom 3801 6454 22 6771 82| 4838 1%. 5213 31|| 5696 timber . rixdol. 6722. 30259 8790. 25313| 18076 41359 17604. 35720, 17276 49034; 39031 66237 clapboard . . shock. 134 577 25, 214) 208; 796 54 - 294 369| 546. 145| 440 planks . pieces. 7| 4107] 144; 3956, 839| 10564: 887| 11355] 1146|| 13624 6139|| 14105 shipwood . . ||rixdol. — 7486 3004 4293 4653| 13751 804 13391| 484 || 13590. 232 6773 pipe-staves . shock. 8612; 13696 9997 15589, 6086; 12901 4006| 9927| 3281| 10454, 8839 13947 barrel-heads 454| 998]: 270 484| 320|| 458| 297 632. 345; 773| 350 668i. Stå, VéS . — 17328) 33064. 20151] 28825] 17522; 32529 12449, 18308| 12050. 26404 20979| 34765 275 The Imports, at Stettin, and Arrival of Ships, from 1797 to 1804, from all Places, particularizing Holland, Great Britain, and Ireland, to shew the Proportion of the Trade from other Places. 1798 || 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 s loaded'........... 43 550 || 48 || “535 70 | 403 75 528 83 549 || 121 742 Number of ships {{... * * * * * * * * * * 51 | 292 26 290 53 || 317 | 54 || 315. 51 365 28 230 Totall...........j - 94 | 842. 74 825 | 123 720 | 129 843 134 914 || 149 97.2 *c tº "g E *: It |3 :: + | 3 ... c | B ; : "c E tº Tº | E gå ſº ##|## gº ##|## 4 || 5 slä= #|23 = |## g|2 Å = |É= g|2 & 3 |## 3 |#############|É #|###|É #|É 5 #|######|#### 5 #|### Denominations of Goods. ###### Tº šāśā; ###|### + šiš-šš|- 5 ####|: ##### # 3 # s: 3; P E E E R “jºs ºf : ; *H = |s|| 3 + "|5 E E | * * ~|= E = | < *, *|-5 E $3 ºn *# 35 Tiš T =#| ||37 ||33"|37 |## T3 E3 T 3 T ââ 3 Almonds . . . . . . centner 102 481 39| 170 — 406 — 244 13| 36|| 23| 1217 Ashes . . . . . . . . . . — — 4791 6635 — 5355 — 4788? — 9333 — 6218 Arrack and Rum e hhds. — 1871 —— 113 % 202 — 16? 69 504 14 248 Beer . . . . . . . . . barrels 70] 277 380 - 20 120 28 80 | . 123| 199| 146 243 Brandy . . . . . . . . hnds. —- 140 39 189 87| 190 — 80ſ — 243 - 2 18(? Butter . . . . . . . . . centrierſ. , 6, 2691 4, 2801 2; 1796 9, 1771 6; 2036 80 24 06 Chalk . o e © lasts — 949 – 970 — 687] — 570 T 857 552 Cheese. e . . . centner 908 2576 : 435| 2066. 1211) 1901 1098. 1812 1360 2364. 2772. 3418 Coals . © º e lasts' 386; 411 138 241 820 856: 744. 744, 319|| 380 993 937 ;Coffee . & . . centnerſ. 12323 18537, 5947. 97.12 14423| 24900; 7,697.| 10434; 8480 13819. 11818, 16943 Cottom . erº e º e º - 224 — 94) — 84. 3| 111 7| 919; 136|| 336 Currants . . . . . . . . — — 1434 —- H. 87] — 4 541 — 56 67; 1338 265 1206 Fish, dried . . . . . . shlb. — 2191 — 1574 2804 — | 1355 1972 — 2224. Herring, salmon, & haddock barrels. 6| 26582 — 38612| 316| 17845 — 52890 6952, 54044, 2685 49627; Flax . . . . . . . . Centmer - 619 — 307 446 2 776 357 - 386. Grain, Barley . . . . lasts — 165 —- 245 — 198| — 58) — 66 — 405 Pease . . . . . . — — | ... 12 — 13 — 11 — 4 –– 5| – 100 Rye . . . . . — — 693 — 2006 — 507] — 84 — 145 — 5790 Oats . . . . . *- : *- 33| — 156] — 19 — 98 — 247] — 597 Wheat . . . . *- 3| – 118 — 182] — 100) — 82) — 487 Hair . . . . . . . [centner — 1951 — 208 — 132| — 298 — 413 — 450 Hemp . . . . . . . shlb. — 61670 — 46801 — 47199 — 61205 — 70140 — 39419 |Hides . . . . . . . . . decker! — 123 73 318) — 118, 250, 572. 417| 1569 45; 2003 |Indigo . tº & e . centner 218, 268 131f 158; 395| 425 81 82; 163. 22O 347| 360 Iron... . . . . . . . sill. L., 3.9% 2462| — 1968 — 3637 ------ 4325 — 6437 Isinglass . . . . . . centner, 1328; 1370 280 367 736 858; 27.7 280 318| 352 252 286 Yufts . . . . . . . . shlb., |-|--| 4579| – || 5071 — 5001 — 6188 5721 2957 Lead . wº • ? • 339|| 339; 153, 194| 152 254; 275; 298] 206| 269 55 65 Lemons ... . . . . . chest 1153 7| 772 — 37O! — 383 — 707 500 Linseed • * * * * * barrelskº- 35515|| — 10201, — 1. 1419 * - - 5771. — 85.60 — -23391 Logwood, in pieces . . ſcenther'?737%| 31940, 25564] 30962 25685; 30566. 20961}.23777| 21714, 25110, 24762. 30791 ground . . . 462]. 1305). 262 - 650. 1151. 1647| 330 786] 1483, 1974 1038 1328 {Mats . . . . . . . . [decker! —- || 6545 — ºf 359 - || 4028; — | 10246 15| 7489 11668 Oil, Türpentine . . . . . pipes — 396) — 90 3 34 — 21 — 628 1 1150. Hemp . . . . . ohm. — | 3773 — 3017| — | 15000 — 8231 — 13963 — | 13043 Linseed . . . . . . *- 30! — 30 —— 245 2 491 — 49| — 24 Rape . . . . . 72 78) — 86 86 2 2 12 12 10 10 |Pearl barley . . . . . . centner . 49 136 31} . . .31; 64 64 23 23 48 48] 33 33 Pepper . . . . . . . . -- 2493 4585| 712 1877; 1786 3256] 1183. 2416 1398. 2366 3973|- 5403 |Rocksalt . . . . . . . lasts || $37| 82?]. 184| 184|| 1013 1013 1228 1238 718, 718 1188, 1188. #Retailed goods . . . . ceñther '20 545 70 390. 258 688 240 523, 160; 284 8608. 9355. |Ditto . . . . . . . rixdol. 7028, 18543ſ. 4680) 16979| 8701 19853) 12275] 29578 9555i 26941 22562] 41894 †Ditto . . . . . . . chest 81| 98 65 76| 122 132 69 89| 110}. 115 147| 154}. Rice . . . . . . . [barrels. 1362. 2301| 452, 1824 2| 666] 1| 158; 1347| 2706], 1657 2516. 4Rosin . . . . . . centrier 26 7106 — 3338|| 3 889 — 2506 - 173 5326|| 512 7463 Salt . . . . . . . . last || 352 352, 2063. 2063. 1072 1092] 1162) 1162, 814 814 - 704, 716 Saltpetre . . . . . . centnerſ’ – 30| – || — | – || – 2928. 2928; 2538' 2603) 7539; 7548 Sailcloth . . . . . . pieces 292] 1024| 216| 1041 154, 1598) 130 1616; 165| 977 92] 1120; Skins . . . . . . . decker — 3865 - 37 4766. , 108 6744 – 5104 — | 8645] 242} 7038 Sugar, raw . . . . . . hnds. 544. 4586| 681; 2384. 1163. 3634. 450 1562 928. 3610| 2305 5521|| Sulphur . . . . . . . centner| t 648. 4|, . . . 13 8, 28 — — 120 554|| 312|| 1113 Syrup . . . . . . . 5483" 25536 6981| 20661 15989. 41723. 3496; 24871. 21278 42093 40484 60517| |Tallow candles and soap . — – || 11030 — ; 8993 —- || 17984 — 1. 27.682 — 30437 - || 53.548 |Tea . . . . . . . . . lb. 156, 7439 314|| 5902 - 397 9136 927| 3012| 689 81.58|| 337 9.282 Tin . . . . . . . . centner 371] 371 721} 747| 329 342| 88 88 341| 345. 440 444 #Tobacco . . . . . . — 827. 4140; 653; 3606| 969| 3701 573| 3702| 1687 8630, 1987| 7203 #Train oil . . . . . [barrels. 34; 21610| — 19036]. 1432 7040 50 18931, 2233}. 11003| 6386, 1297.5| iTow . . . . . . . . shlb. — | 13906? — 8051 — 94.63 — 14327 15051 11872. Provisions . . . [rixthal. 12| 2881 46|| 4829| 165, 4712 58|| 5010, 259, 7.112| 12.5| 7796 Vinegar s . hhds. 1| 101| — 74 14 63 2 60 2 58 75}. Vitriol . © e , centner 890 890 1186 1226. 1067; 1070. 1352| 1352| 802) 816, 833; 1408. Wholesale goods tº o 4464 10769| 5004| 97.37| 6183| 11487| 5341|| 10638; 5727 17845. 15723, 27.756 Wine, Champaigne & Burg. ||rixthal. 2462 4271. 1463. 2278] 2223 4985| 2904 6229 8712 12232 5889 9940 French . . . . hhds. — | 13002 2] 23:280 13689 111 | 18682 97, 18800 39| 29810? Rhenish and Moselle | ohm. 19 19 8| | 9 18 22 1() 13 62 63 19 3 Sack . . . . . esº- ºr *- - *- : *- : *-m-mm- it sº- i = - 21 — 1 Spanish *- 4| 24.77|| 3388; 34.64. 1 271 7| 44%| 774. — 9449) —— 4950) N. n 3. 276 -- - * * * * - - * * * * * *-- * * Eagorts from Stettin to France and Italy from 1797 to 1804. . Names of Goods. ' || * 1799 || 1800 1801 || 1802 |-1803 ** 2- ~rº =–r- •ºr ——º-ºr Wood, Deals. . . . . . . shock. 9] 26 || 17 || 8 || 17 | 18 Hogshead hoops . r 383 215 463 | 12 || 396 800 Ditto . staves . . . 272 393 || 386 27 || 276 235 Timber . . . . . . Rxqrs. 656 || 1051 | 333 327. 3796 581 : Clapboard . . . . . Shock. 63 9 225 — ” 17 - Planks . . . . . . . . [Pieces. – 855 269 || 220 || 1023 — Shipwood . . . . . 192 — 252 755. 3617 | — Pipe staves . . . . . . — 1141 1004 || 1963 || 208 1114 1649 Tun hoops . . . . . . — 206 || 118 || 99 || 41 || 143 || 158 Ditto staves . . . . ] — 9005 | 29.10 || 1017 | — 7802 || 7466 * -ºr v-w wº- º wrºr CHAP. VII. *i; : - ; # -º 3– . . . . *** º ... " . * . . PRUSSIAN POMERANIA. . . . . The Trade and Navigation of Stolpe, Rugenwalde, Colberg, Treptow, Cammin, Uckermunde, Anclam, Demmin, Swineonunde; their Imports and Erports collectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OF Stettin, the capital of Prussian Pomerania, we have already treated. This district is not productive in grain: some years it is obliged to import from Dantzic, Elbing, and Konigsburg. It has some manufactures, principally of linen, būt not much commerce; we shall therefore treat of all the ports under this general head, as they are all in Prussian Pomerania. Stolpe is the capital of the circle of that name in further Pome- rania; it lays on the River Stolpe, about ten miles from its harbour, called Stolpemunde, to which some ships belong. Small craft can only get up to the town. It exports a little fir and oak timber, and 277 some staves, but they are of an inferior quality to those from Dantzic or Stettin. It is about 100 miles west from Dantzic. , ; # Rugeswaldº lays about 80 miles west of Stolpe; its harbour is directly on the Baltic, and the town is situated on a small river, called the Wipper. It has a few small vessels belonging to it, and but little trade. \, CoLBERG has rather more trade than the other ports of Pomerania, being situated about the centre of it on the Baltic coast, where the country is more populous and better cultivated. It stands upon the River Persante, and on its discharge into the Baltic forms a tolerable harbour for its size. It has its share of shipping and foreign trade. A good deal of linen is manufactured here. *- , - TREPTow is a small town, situated on the small River Tollensee; it has but little trade, but some shipping of a small size. CAMMIN is situated near the Baltic, upon one of the branches of the Haff, where it falls into that sea, has little or no trade, but some small shipping. UcKERM UNDE is an inconsiderable town, situated at the mouth of a small river, called the Ucker, where it falls into the Great Haff ; it has but little trade, but carries on the building of smaller vessels. It lays at the S. W. extremity of the Haff. . . . . . ANcLAM was one of the principal Hans Towns. Its appearance de- notes its former wealth and im portance. It is situated upon the Pene, which falls into the western branch of the communication betwixt the Great Haff and the Baltic Sea. The River Pene is navigable up as far as Demmin; and tolerable sized vessels can get up to the town of Anclam. It builds several smaller-sized vessels annually. When the exportation of corn is allowed, the quantity shipped from hence, has mot been inconsiderable, being a corn country around it, with the advantage of an interior communication, though to no greater distance than Demmin. - The principal articles manufactured in Anclam consist of cloth, stockings, hats, tanned leather, linens, soap, tobacco, &c. which (in 1803) produced upwards of 55000 rixdollars. 278 DEMMIN, though an inland town, and the frontier betwixt Meck- Ienburg and Pomerania, has nevertheless some traffic, and therefore is stated in the list of imports and exports. r • * Sw1NEMUNDE on the Island of Usedom, directly facing the Baltic Sea, is, as we have already described, the port of Stettin, and the best passage to that city is by this channel betwixt the Islands of Usedom and Wollin. - : * - - - Of the value of the exports and imports to and from Stettin, Ucker- munde, Penemunde, and in short from the whole of Prussian Pomera- nia, an idea may be formed from the following statement: Imports. * In the year 1788 . ... 3521531. rixdollars. In the year 1786 . . . 2957,119 rixdollars. - 1789 . . 3983.130. 1787 . . .3386346 - And the Exports as follow: 1786 1787 | 1789 1799 --- a- – --~~ -4 ---- - - - ------- - Rixdollars. - Rixdollars. | Risdom. Rixdollan. Stettin, Uckermunde, Fº 1605587 || 1703270 | 8983130 || 1906126. munde, and Neumark . Anclam . . . . . . . 14673. 23906 || 62693 . . . 9850 Demmin . . . . . . . . 2 1985 30861 28971 9640 Swinemunde . . . . . . . i 3182 4888 10O89 34OO Colberg . . . . . . . . . 60812 64660 || 76591 65.158 Rugenwalde . . . . . . . 17054 10774 | 6015 || 1 1744 . Treptow . . . . . . . . 95.75 1.1253 2120 18063 Stolpe . . . . . . . . . . 13575 11666 5924 31304 Total . . . 1756443 1861278 4229450 | 2055287 *Tur -* 279 CHAP. VIII. Society for Trade and Navigation. — Assurance Company.—The Bank.- The Deposit Office Bureau. —The Discount Office and Lombard.— Banking Business at Berlin. —Bill and Money Evchange Course there. —Trade betwitt Great Britain and Prussia, and Amount of the Imports and Erports betwixt the Two Countries, including Poland from 1700 to 1804. — State of the Trade and Navigation of Great Britain with Prussia, in the years 1800, 1801, and 1802. THE true principles of commerce, as in all military governments, are little understood, and much less practised in Prussia; it appears not to have an united system, in its dominions to make a combined connec- tion in its trade and manufactures; the latter, however, it encourages beyond the example of any other country ; but there are no institu- tions of a public nature, founded upon general principles, to facilitate commerce; and each of its ports has its peculiar modes of doing business, independent of the others, or of any general regulations. Those which are here described are of a trifling and almost useless nature, if not prejudicial. - The Society for Trade and Navigation was established in the year 1792, and underwent various modifications in 1794, when its duration was prolonged to the year 1808; it is under the direction of five counsel- lors. The object of this society is to promote the indiscriminate expor- tation of the products of Prussia; for which purpose it has a fund of 1,500,000 rixdollars, in shares of 500 and 3000 each ; the interest on which is guaranteed at five per cent. to the holders by the royal bank and the country. As the proprietors incur no risk, they con- sequently have no vote in the management or direction of the concern, yet all depends upon the discretion of the five directors. Among others, they have the exclusive privilege of importing salt from abroad, and trading with it to Poland. They have to pay annually into the invalid's chest 25,000 rixdollars and 20,000 more to the custom and 28O excise departments; but, in return, they are exempt from paying any duties throughout the country, and from all stamps and fees in the courts of justice. In Konigsberg and Memel, the merchants have the salt from this company on credit; they receive two per cent. commis- sion for what they sell, and four per cent. discount for ready cash. Exclusive of this, the merchants in Konigsburg have the privilege of securing to themselves 400 shares, and those of Memel 100. - The Assurance Company was re-modelled, March 1, 1792, and its duration fixed for a limited time. The transportation of goods on the sea and rivers form their principal object, for which they have a proper fund, in shares of 1000 rixdollars each ; and these, in the year 1793, paid six per cent. interest. - * , º THE BANK is under the management of one commercial director, one justiciary, and one commissary; it was founded after the seven w years war, in order to facilitate the circulation of money in the coun- try. Its credit is solid, but the institution resembles more a concern of the police, than a mercantile establishment, its influence on trade is far inferior to what it ought to be. Three bureaus are appointed for the expediting of business. - - - 1. The Chief Office is occupied with the purchase of bullion, the buying and selling of foreign and inland bills, with the transport of the public revenue, it draws upon foreign and inland trading towns. - 2. The Deposit Office Bureau receives sums of money from 50 rixdol- lars and upwards at two per cent. ; but charitable establishments and minors are allowed two and a half per cent. The capital may be with- drawn at a moment's notice, - - - 3. The Lombard Discount Office advances small capitals at five per cent. and more considerable sums at four per cent, provided they are not to be speedily returned. On the other hand, the debtor gives a good bond, or other documents to be approved, as a security; also upon jewels, gold, silver, &c. &c. This bank is exempt from paying all postage of letters throughout the Prussian dominions. - Subordinate to this are the provincial or country banks at Breslau, Cleves, Elbing, Embden, Frankfort on the Oder, Konigsburg, Magde- burg, Minden, and Stettin. “281 Though great efforts have been made to render the Prussian states flourishing in the line of manufactures, yet very little has been done to render them mercantile; for which, indeed, by their geographical situation, they are not well adapted. Add to this, that, as Prussia is rather a re-union of different people than a nation, there is not that similarity of manner in the way of thinking, nor that attachment to government that is necessary to a complete co-operation and confi- dence. The business is nearly all transacted in specie, and there is not, as in most other countries, a free national circulation of paper. The exchange with other countries is consequently carried on no far- ther than what is necessary for individual transactions. Eachange. •. Berlin being the central point betwixt the cities of Dantzic and Honigsburg, (which have a good deal of the Russian negotiations, as well as their own business,) and Hamburg and Amsterdam the specie, business, mostly centres in Berlin. Those ports require vast quantities of specie, for the payment of the produce brought down, not only to the Prussian, but likewise to the Russian ports, which we have descri- bed. The whole of it may be said to pass through Berlin, from whence all the specie is sent up to the Baltic ports, by the bankers is performed in the traffic of specie as well as paper, on the side of the Baltic on one hand, Hamburg and Amsterdam on the other. Berlin, too, has considerable banking business from Silesia, and other places of the kingdom; and, although the profit attached to this business is but small, yet it is more securely done at Berlin than perhaps many other places, because the bills pass, as it were, in tran- sit, with drawers, endorsers, and remitters; whilst, from a shipping port, there is unquestionably a greater risk, because there is only the security of the drawer till the bills are accepted. . . * -" In order, however, to give some idea of the business at Berlin, the following table of blank courses in the exchanges are here intro- duced. - . . . . . O Q 282 Bill and Money Evchange of Berlin. Berlin, the course of exchange on For curren cy. | For Bills of exch. For Money. Breslau . \ Stettin in currëncy at sight 250 Cleves and Westphalia. . . . 100 Hamburg, in beo. at sight . . . 100 Konigsburg, in Prussia . . . 100 Leipzic, in convention money : 100 London, 3 months date . . . Isfsterl. Magdeburg and Halberstadt . . 100 rixdol. Paris, 2 months date . . . . 300 francs Vienna, 2 months date . . . . 100 Ducats (rimd) at 2; rixdollars, each 100 — ordinary, weighty, do. . FOO Souverain d’or . e & & Fredrick William and Louis dor, at 5 rixdollars Bank-notes | Amsterdam, in boo. at sight . . . 250 guild. 4 to 5 whºs. date 250 — 4 to 5 wks. date 250 2 months date 250 . . 100 rixdol. 4 or 5 weeks . 100 2 months date 100 = . . . . 100 rixdol. each . . . . . . 100 rixdol. . . . . . 100 — Rixdollars. Prussian currency. -uºr -w It must be observed that the duties are moderate upon the whole, most er cent. The importation of most manufactured goods is prohibited: the duties on coffee, sugar, tobacco, and some other articles, (now become necessaries) are very heavy. In some of the ports, a transit trade is allowed, exempt from excise, but at Dantzic it is not. § v. on exportation from Prussia articles not exceeding five The Trade betwiat Great Britain and Prussia, The balance is certainly against England in her trade with Prussia. The great encouragement given to manufactures in that kingdom, and the prohibition of those from other countries, always give a consider- 283 able balance in favour of Prussia, which takes from us little more than our colonial produce, whilst we take the produce of her soil, in grain, wood, and some of her manufactures, particularly linens, in which last we should follow her example not only in manufacturing but likewise exporting. • - In the official accounts of Great Britain what is now termed Prus- sia was formerly called the East Country, then Poland; but, since 1793, all Prussian ports, as they now are, excepting Embden, are added under one head. To shew the trade of Great Britain with Prussia, in the value of the importation and exportation in sterling money the follow- ing is the amount. GREAT BRITA IN, Year. Imported. . Exported. Year. Imported. Exported. 1701 • - Their imports are East and West India goods, British salt, coals, manufactured goods, wine from France. The duties here are very trifling. • * * * * * The annual number of vessels arriving and sailing, at Rostoc, are about 600; but in extraordinary years of demand for grain, something more. The annual exportation of all sorts of grain may from hence be, as we have already stated, from 120 to 140000 quarters Win- chester measure. . The accounts are kept here in new zwey r drittel, or new two-third pieces and schillings; 32 of the latter make one of the former. They draw upon London, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, the same as Hamburg courses in general, but send their drafts to be negociated at Hamburg, from whence they receive the above described specie, which is coined in all the German states, excepting those of the emperor. f - . - One hundred dollars Hamburg banco money are reckoned equal P p \ . *. to 130 two-third pieces; sometimes, in case of great demand for such specie, to purchase grain, 133 have been given for 100 dollars, and sometimes only 120. The two-third pieces are only 32 schillings, t whereas 48 schillings make a dollar. . . . . . . * * - 4. * Their weight here 5 per cent, heavier than the Hamburg weight. rºut' • ! - * , * * * * ' ' ' ' ' r - + = " .. - - Their last of wheat delivers in London, 13 guarters Winchester, but t the last of oats will run near 15 quarters. - WISMAR, - Formerly, a considerable city, in the Hanseatic League, as we have • already, stated, belongs to Sweden, and, but lately became an integral, : §. ** - part of the duchy. T There is not a better harbour in the Baltic than the outer, one, here, for vessels of any size, two to three miles from the town; those draw- ing eight or nine feet water can get close up to it. They have about. 20 small lighters not exceeding 12 lasts each. . . . . . . . . . . . They have about 30 vessels belonging to the port, of from 30 to 70, lasts each. . . . . . . . . - - - -- The exportation from hence is in grain, the same as from Rostoc;. chiefly shipped to England, Holland and Sweden, likewise to Portu- º * gal and Spain. - - - - - The vessels which arrived and sailed, from hence, and the grain ex- ported were, in the following years, - * Year. Ships arrived, departed. Corn-exported. Year, Ships arrived. départed”. Córn exported. 1794 . 132 . . 210 . . .3465 last 1799. , 120. . . 166 . . .2359 last, 1795 . 134 . . 185 . . 2564 || 1800, ... 163 . . . 235 . . . .2716 1796 . 141 . . 225 . . 3923 || 1801 . 162. . . 266 . . . . 4.188. 1797 . 132 . . 228 . . 3605. 1802 . 164 . . 236. . . 2221. 1798 . 156 . . 20.1 . . . 2591. 1803. ... 170 . . 223, . . . 1269; Their money and accounts are the same as at Rostoc. The weights differ, being the same as those of Hamburg. The last of grain is 96 scheffels, which renders about 13; Winchester. measure for wheat. & In other respects, the same nearly as Rostoc. 291 - - / CHAP. III. Of Lubec. — Its convenient Situation as an Entrepôt bétwint the Baltic. and the Southern Parts of Europe.--Its Localities. – Shipping belong- ing to the Port;-that which arrive? and sailed for a Series of Years. —Canal from thence to the Elbe, and the Merchandize conveyed upon it.—The Road between Hamburg and Lubec.—The Manner in which Imports and Eaports are sold. – Moneſs, W.eights, and Measures. LUBEC is celebrated in history for having begun and being at the head of the Hanseatic League, which has already been fully treated of. - - - * Lubec, like all the other free imperial cities, is very limited in its territory; surrounded by Holstein, Hanover, and Mecklenburg. It produces nothing within itself, and therefore is entirely dependent upon foreign commerce. It is as an entrepôt betwixt the Baltic and the southern parts of Europe; the produce of the former it receives to wait for the demand of the latter, before the navigation to the East Sea can be open in spring. Its advantageous situation as the centre betwixt the Baltic and the South of Europe, likewise for the interior trade of the North West of Germany from and to the Baltic, in receiving and transporting the produce of each to the other, will make it always a place of great interest; whilst it has the farthér advantage of partaking of the trade by the Baltic on one side, that of the Elbe on the other, and it is only forty miles by land from Hamburg: with the facility of the Holstein canal joining the Baltic and the North Sea, it has the Stecknitz canal directly from its own harbour to the Elbe, at Lauenburg. º The rivulet Stecknitz falls into the Trave, above Lubec, where the Wacknitz drops into the Trave, on which river the city of Lubec stands; and, about 14 miles below thence it falls into the Baltic, at Travemunde, its roadstead, near which place formerly was a fortifica- tion for its protection. The anchorage is most excellent here for ships of any size: those drawing more than 94 and 10 feet water, must load P p 2 292 and discharge here; to render this inconvenience easy, they have large secure lighters for this purpose. Vessels drawing about 9 feet water can proceed up to the harbour, within the city, into a spacious bason, which is very commodious. The ships can lay alongside the quay, nearly three-quarters of an English mile in length. Above the bridge, leading to the Holsteinºate, the small craft and barges navi- gating the interior generally resort; the whole harbour going partly round the city, like a crescent, where there are sufficient and spacious warehouses for a still more extensive commerce, but which has consi- derably increased in consequence of the blockade of the rivers Elbe and Weser. The land carriage to and from hence to Hamburg is rea- sonable, being from 25s. to 35s. porton, according to the nature of the article, the season of the year, and the demand for carriers. They have a canal for heavy goods from Lubec to the Elbe, where it falls in at Lauenburg, passing through Möellon, being a distance of from 35 to 40 English miles. . . . . . . . . . . It is supposed there are about 100 boats employed constantly on this canal, and as many more may be procured, nearly of an equal size and the same construction, long and narrow, carrying about 90 shlb. of 280lb. each. These vessels are generally from ten to twelve days going from Lubec to Hamburg, having only three men to navigate them, without the assistance of horses. The freight is generally reck- oned for the whole of one of these vessels, 100 marks current, from Tubec to Lauenburg on the Elbe, and generally from thence to Ham- burg, one-third more ; for which the boatmen are responsible against damage or robbery. This canal has the advantage of never suffering delay for want of water in summer, with which it is supplied from the fine lake of Ratzburg. * The delay in this short navigation is great, though it might be con- siderably lessened ; before any interruption took place through the French occupying that quarter, the following table will shew the traffic that was carried on. * - . 293 Table of Exportation from Lubec. Denºn of 1794 || 1793 1796 1797 || 1798 Iron tº º . I bars 24765 7794 1177 || 4473 || 19796 Pease . . . . . bags 110 | – || “.354 || — . . . . 1009 Skins . . . . . packs 45 7 || 38 205 || — l— . . . . s. . . . . 405 # — 525 4 — Flax . . bales 3399 || 1691 || 1299 4074 || 2771 Hemp . . . ... } - 2865 2590 | 4003 || 4978. 6080 Hides . . . . pS. 1400 150. 188 336 | 752 Yufts . . packs 164 402 314, 207 ||. 433 Linseed . . . . . . barrels 2640 || 5315 3589 || 4337 5264 Candles . . . . . . . . . chests 980 4080 2019 1612 . . 861. H Mats . . . . . . . . ps. 34000 || 31500 || 73380 | – || 32.140 Oil . . . . . . . . . barrels 1588 566 S38 216 . Pitch . . . . . . , 277 150 24 56 | . , 33. Potashes . . . . . 7O6 891 276 I 128 1374 Sail-cloth • pS. 200 || 4626 4511 350 2931. Soap . . . barrels 649. || 130 404 47 -- | º pieces 2857 1936 || 436 99 — - Sugar . . . . hhds. - 344 161 | — . . . — — Tallow . . casks 427 2586. 580 461 | 683 || Tar . . . . . . . . . barrels 645 234 420 5] 3 202" | " : Wax . . . . . . . — 127 59 1 16, 154 23. |Wool . . . . . . . bags 170 58 # 208. 409 || 455 In consequence of the blockade of the Elbe and the Weser, the trade by the way of Lubec, to and from the interior of Germany, by means of this canal and the Elbe, and the roads, must have greatly increased. The road, if it can be so called, betwixt Hamburg and Lubec, is perhaps one of the worst which is passable in Europe, although there are heavy tolls to keep it in repair, as well as tolls on merchandize. In the short distance of about 40 miles, it passes the territory of Lu- bec, alternately, through part of Hanover and Holstein, and then into that of Hamburg. Where there are contending interests and jealousies, it is not likely to be much improved, though all parties would unques- tionably be considerably benefited by the improvement, for it would ~ greatly increase the traffic : already it is almost inconceivable the number of waggons on this road, with not more than from 18 to 25 tons, with no less than 8, 10, and 12 horses each ; whilst, by an iron rail- way, upon the principle of those in England, one horse would, with great ease, do double the work in a level country, like that betwixt Lubec and Hamburg. - There is no transit duty existing at Lubec, though the forwarding business is one of the principal in it. The duties are fixed at a rea- sonable rate, but they pay a separate duty on entering the city, and likewise when shipped off. It is even by this channel that considerable quantities of British produce and manufactures, likewise the produce of the British colo- nies, which pass through here to the various ports in the Baltic. Re- fined sugar is sent in considerable quantities to Russia and other places, principally from Hamburg, where it is manufactured. . . In 1804, 110 ships belonged to this port, of different sizes, but built for navigating with ease from the sea into the bason in the city. These vessels are principally employed in the trade in the Baltic ; many, however, to other parts of Europe. It would almost be impossible, within any moderate compass, to give an account of the imports and exports of this place, or the goods - passing through it; but, to give some idea of the trade of the city, the following account of the ships which arrived and sailed the following years will be sufficient. . . " . . . . . Arrived. . . . Sailed. } - Arrived. Sailed. 1792 . . . 802 . . . 783 || 1798 . . 1194 . . 1113 1793 . . 848 . . 835 || 1799 . . 1035 . . 1007 1794 . . 927 . . 918 || 1800 . . 990 . . 1010 1795 . . 1109 . . 1091 || 1801 . . 1184 . . 1216 1796 . . 981 . . 1011 || 1802 . . . 1188 . . . 1809 1797 . . . 990 . . 985 || . . . . . . The Ships which arrived in Lubec, from the 27th of August till the 27th of September, 1803. From Amsterdam . . . . . . | From London . . Bayonne . Marseilles. Bourdeaux . Naples. Bergen t Newcastle. Charlestown . . . * Oldenburg . Copenhagen . . . . . Dantzic . . . . . . Liverpool . . . . . - Embden . . . . . . i 295 , - From Flensburg . . . . . I From Riga . . . . . . ." 2 Gothenburg . . . . 1 Stettin . . . . . . 3 Hamburg . . . . . 3 Stockholm . . . . I Petersburg . . . . . 1. Teneriff. . . . . . I Philadelphia . . . . . 1 Tönningen. . . . . 1. It often happens that large quantities of goods are sent from the Baltic ports to Lubec, by the last ships in autumn, to wait the spring market, as has been before observed. It may therefore be useful to state in what manner they are sold at Lubec. Flax, hemp, codille, tallow, iron, and hops, are sold, by the ship- pound of 280 lb. p - - - Linseed, tar, and whale oil, by the barrel. Mats, by the 100 pieces. . . Ravenducks and flems, by the piece. - - Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa, cotton, indigo, pepper, ginger, pimento, wax, bristles, and tin, are sold by the pound weight. * Rice, logwood, vitriol, and starch, by the 100 lb. Money, Erchange, Weights, and Measures. - NION EY., - 8, 4, 2, and I schilling pieces; also, 6. Accounts are kept here in marks and and 3 pfenning pieces: - - schillings current; 16 of the latter make Foreign coin that circulates here in gold one of the former, and 12 pfennings make | is old French Louis-d'ors, or 5-dollar pieces; one schilling. The agio varies from 20 to Prussian Frederick’s-d'or; Saxonian August- 24 per cent. betwixt banco and current. d’or, &c.; either at 13 marc currency, II]. Olſe.” They draw on Hamburg, at 3 days date, or less, or at 5-dollars, with 16 per cent. in banco money, receiving from # to 4 per discount, more or less, for currency. cent, agio, which is a constant business this. Ducats of all kinds, valued either at:7; way. º — | marks, 8 schillings, more or less, each, or There is no fixed agio for the sale or pur- reckoned at 8% mark, light money, and are chase of any merchandize as at Hamburg, changed with a loss of 10 per cent... more or from which city they differin many of their || less, into currency. The new Danish cou- CuSt0rms. - rant ducats, of 12 mark Danish, go here at One rixdollar has 3 marks, or 48 schil- 6 mark Lubec currency. w lings Lubec. * º All kinds of whole, half, and quarter spe- Specie rixdollars, at 3 marks, 6 schillings. cie dollars, either at 48, 24, or 12 schillings. currency, more or less; I and 2 mark pieces; specie, are changed, with a profit of 24 per; 296 cent. more or less, into currency; or are given in payment, at 3 marks 12 schillings currency, more or less. -- Alberts dollars are taken at 3 marks 8 schillings in currency, more or less. All Danish current coins pay for half their nominal value at Lubec. Lubec draws on other places in the same manner as Hamburg, at 2 months. W .EIGHTS. 1 shippound has 23 centner, 20 lispound, or 280 pounds. \,. 1 centner has 8 lispound, or 112 pounds. I lispound has 16, and sometimes 14 lbs. A stone of flax contains 20 pounds. A stone of wool or feathers, 10 pounds. 1 pound has 2 marks, 16 ounces, 32 loth. 128 drams, or 512 pennyweights. I mark has eight ounces, 16 loths, 64 drams, or 256 pennyweights. £ 1 ounce has 2 loth, 8 drams, 32 penny- weights. & | * I loth has 4 drams, or 16 pennyweights. 1 dram has 4 pennyweights. 104 lb. Lubec is equal to 1121b. English. 89 . . . do. 87—Amsterdam 32 . do. - 31 — Bremen. 82 . . . do. . . . 91 – Dantzic. , 401 do. . 400–Hamburg. 90 . do. . . 101 — Revel. 32 do. . 37–Riga. 1 I do. tº 13–Russia. \ MEASURES. , S 3 English yards are 4 Brabant yards, and 5 Brabant yards are equal to 6 Lubec ells, or 65 Lubec ells are 41 yards English. 19 do. 16 ells Brabant. . 85. do. 71 ells Amsterdam. 37 do. 30 Flemish ells ditto. 191 do. 192 ells Dantzic. 141 do. 142 ells Hamburg. 58 do, 47 Russian arsheens. 297 BOOK IV. CHAP. I. OF SWEDEN IN GENERAL. Its Boundaries and Seas. – Its Mines of Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, and Lead. —Its Production in Tar, Pitch, and Timber.— Fishery, Manu- factures, Lakes, and Canals. SWEDEN has never been a country very famous for its commerce, or for power by sea. It has not, like Denmark, infested the coasts of distant nations, though it has a great extent of coast and many har- bours, but, since the time of Gustavus Vasa, it has enjoyed a consi- derable power by land, and has had several great princes: its present revives the valour and renown of his ancestors. In none of the neighbouring countries are the people so free as in the Swedish dominions, and, consequently, individual ease and com- fort amongst the lower classes is greater than in Russia or Poland; but, in proportion as the expenses necessary to carry on war and maintain armies have increased, Sweden, as well as Denmark, of which the extent and population do not admit of large revenues, have sunk in political importance. - Sweden Proper is bounded on the north by Norwegian Lapland; on the east by Russia; on the south by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; and on the west by the Categate, Scagerrack, and Norway. The Isle of Rugen is included in Swedish Pomerania, which is bounded by the Baltic Sea, Mecklenburg, and Prussian Pomerania. - Q Q. 298 There are no great rivers in Sweden of any note, except the Gotha: but it abounds with lakes, the most considerable of which will be no- . ticed in describing the interior navigation of the kingdom. We shall have reason to observe the unfortunate consequences that arise to a nation, in modern times, when its revenues are too small, and subject it to foreign influence, while the sovereign is unable, on that account, to give that protection and encouragement to manufactures and commerce, without which they do not succeed in a country that happens to be behind hand with others. There are some important observations to be made on this point, and there is no place more proper to introduce them than in speaking of Sweden. When a country happens to be the first in manufactures or com- merce, the gain resulting from their efforts is so great that merely to begin is all that is wanted ; but, when others have got before them, the gain is inconsiderable, and the competition difficult; and there are various enterprises which cannot be followed with success by in- dividuals. * - In fine climates, and where the country is fertile, where nature does much, and man has little to do, nothing but a bad, government, corrupted manners, and absolute indolence, can prevent a people from becoming affluent; but, in a country like Sweden, where it is, necessary to dig mines, and to overcome the sterility of nature, even in the common operations of agriculture, it is impossible to live without industry, or to be able to procure affluence for which it is necessary; — in the first instance, to sink money in undertakings that require a great outlay before there is any return, - as is the case where mines or woods constitute the chief produce of a country.* Individuals who are poor can do nothing, and those who are rich are few, and, if they are prudent, will not risk what they have on enterprises that may reduce them to beggary, and when there is so little resource. Under such circumstances, unless the country itself interferes, that * Although woods grow up without care, yet the immense time necessary for a return makes raising timber one of the least profitable employments of capital. 299 is to say, unless the government lays some additional burthen on the whole, to encourage certain branches of trade, it must absolutely languish. Produce Manufactures, &c. Imports and Erports, Canals, &c. The produce of Sweden generally, for exportation, consists of iron, wood, tar, pitch, and a little copper. Its produce in other articles is scarcely sufficient for its own consumption. The principal source of the wealth of Sweden is its mines, of which there are a great variety, of gold, silver, and copper; but the iron is of all others by far the greatest. \ . We have already described the rapid progress made in the establish- ment of iron founderies in Russia, which country used to have her iron from Sweden; and at a time the Russian mines were fast rivaling those of Sweden, we find by a manuscript register taken of all the mines by the government, in 1748, that, in the latter kingdom, there were no less than four hundred and ninety-six founderies, with five hundred and thirty-nine large hammers, nine hundred and seventy-one smaller ones, for making bar iron, and other manufactures of iron, which produced, in that year, 304,415 shippound, or 40,588 tons English. The present produce of all the Swedish iron mines is about 400,000 shippounds, or about 53,330. English tons; and this increase, notwith- standing the great quantity made in Russia, may be attributed to the superior quality of the Swedish, which is esteemed all over the world; as well as to their making different sized bars, square and flat, which are more easily converted into the general uses they are required, than that which is shipped from Russia. Great Britain takes about half, or rather more, of the whole quantity, which Sweden exports. The Swedish government established an office, in 1740, to promote the production of iron, by lending money on the ore, even at so low a rate as four per cent. A correct register was then made of the mines, which is still continued. The latest statement of them is a manuscript ac- count, which the author saw in the end of the year, 1804. Their founderies are now above five hundred :, each foundery has its particu- lar mark stamped on the bars of iron, it produces, which is likewise Q q_2 - 30() correctly copied into the manuscript; likewise the name of the place where the establishment is situated ; the names of the proprietors of the work; the commissioner or agent for the sale of the iron; the as- sortment each makes, and to what country it is generally shipped; the quantity annually made by each work; the quantity which each work delivers to the government, (which is about one per cent. on the quantity of the iron produced); the estimation of the quality of the iron of each work, which is variable; the place and province in which the works are situated; the place from whence the iron is generally shipped; and how many hammers each work has; all which are regu- Harly and alphabetically described and arranged. -- Each furnace, upon the average, makes but about eighty ton of iron in the year, with one large hammer, and two smaller ones. There are some small works, or little forges and smithies, however, which make only from ten to thirty tons the year; others from one hun- dred to five hundred tons. But the mine of Dannemvra, which was established in 1527, produces from thirteen to twenty thousand tons annually, it has the richest ore, and its iron is of a superior quality, and preferred amongst the steel manufacturers in England. Of the next importance to Sweden, after the iron, are the copper mines, which have undergone a variety of changes in their produce, and that chiefly in the principal one of Fahlun; the richness of the ore, in that mine, has considerably fallen off; in 1650 its produce was 20,321 shippounds, or near 3000 tons; in 1690 it fell to 10,000 ship- pounds; in 1751 it was only 4,938 shippounds; but, since that period, it has improved a little, and its annual produce at present is betwixt 6 and 7,000 shippounds. Otevidberg, a copper mine, has lately been re-opened, and others worked, so that the whole aggregate quantity of copper produced in Sweden, at the present time, is estimated at about 10,000 shippounds, or near about 1,400 tons. In the year 1738, a gold-mine was discovered at Ædelfors, in Smo- land; but its annual produce not exceeding from five hundred to six hundred ducats, it has of late years been entirely abandoned. The silver mine of Salberg, in Westmanland, is the most ancient and the richest of all, having continued upwards of three hundred years. 301 - In the fourteenth century it is reported to have produced nearly 24,000 marks per annum, or, according to others, about 18,000, when silver was three times the value that it is now; but, in latter years, the quan- tity is considerably diminished ; so that, at the conclusion of the last century, the produce amounted only to from 1600 to 1800 marks, The lead-mines averaged, in the year 1751, forty-four shippounds, and one half; and from 1763 to 1770, only nine. In consequence of the great falling off of the produce, the lead mine in Finland was at last entirely abandoned, and lead is now one of the imports from England into Sweden. - * The next article of the produce of Sweden, for reputation, is tar, from whence all Europe was formerly supplied for a considerable time; and had it not been for the spirit of monopoly in Sweden, arising from the idea then entertained, that it could not be had elsewhere, this branch of their trade might have been preserved exclusively to them to this day, instead of Russia participating in it, and Great Britain being driven to her colonies, to manufacture and procure it from thence in such quantities as even to supply other nations at a cheaper rate; but the Swedish tar is certainly of a superior quality to any other. - * The tar exported from Sweden is principally produced on the east side of the gulf of Bothnia; the west side produces some. There are only four principal places in the gulf from whence considerable quantities are sent to the staple ports for exportation, and those which chiefly collect and send off the tar are, Wasa, which produces about 10,000 barrels, besides pitch and deals; Jacobstaat, 20,000 ; Gamla Carleby, 30,000; Brahestadt from 8 to 10,000; Uleaborg from 50 to 60,000; Sweden producing for her own consumption and exporta- tion from 100 to 130,000 barrels of tar, besides pitch. The tar from Calmar and Westervik is in very small quantities, and inferior to the tar of the Finnish ports. Archangel is the only Russian port from which tar is exported to England. Swedish tar and crown pitch is higher in price than any other; as the pitch which is sent from Russia and America to England is inferior to the Swedish, A considerable quantity of timber is now shipped from Sweden, 302 chiefly to Great Britain ; the prohibition to the exportation of that article, from Russia, threw a share of this branch to Sweden as well as to Denmark. The Gulf of Bothnia produces the most considerable quantity; but the ports therein not being staple towns (the distinction will shortly be described), the principal exportation, it will be observed, is by the ports of Stockholm, Gottenburg, Gefle, and Abo. In general, the produce of a country which furnishes the inhabitants with food is first described ; but the natural situation of Sweden re- verses that system, and therefore we have rather described the means which enable them to purchase food, (their mines). The climate of Sweden is unfavourable for the production of grain : it is very com- mon, that in ten years there are only two, and at the most but three ripe crops. In the same period there are but four or five crops mid- dling, and the remainder wholly bad. Sweden reaps only two-thirds of what is necessary for the inland consumption. The deficiency is imported from the Baltic ports. The corn brandy, of which the Swedes are, very fond, consumes a large quantity of grain. It is said, that, in years of scarcity, the Swedish poor in some provinces in the interior, distant from the sea coast, make a composition of bark, or roots, with coarse meal, to preserve existence by this miserable food; yet Sweden annually imports grain from the ports of the Baltic : a sti- pulation existed betwixt Russia and Sweden, that a certain quantity. of grain should always be allowed to be exported from Riga. Swedish Pomerania principally produces wheat; but as rye is the grain chiefly used for food in Sweden, she goes to other ports, whilst Swedish Po- merania exports her produce to foreigners. - The following is the State of the Grain imported and eaported into. and, - from Sweden in 1802. 3 MIPO R.T.E. B. EXPO R.T. E.D.5. - Pease . . . Tuns or barrels 106.12% Pease . . . Barrels 34. Wheat . . . 1774 f : Oats . . 10 Wheat flour . Lislb. 1831 Wheat . - - 85; Oats . . . . Barrels 6502% Barley . . . . — 677 Barley º 7.1805. Rye . . . . ——- 1794Q. Malt. . . . . 577 18: - Rye . . . . — 175737} Rye meal . . Lisle, 244582 303 The Swedish herring fishery is chiefly at Marstrand Skiären (the Shoals of Marstrand), where herrings were caught not only by the Swedes, but also by the Dutch and Scotch, till the year 1679, when the fishery ceased ; but it was renewed in the year 1753, and at present is carried on with such success, that 300,000 barrels of herrings, and 20000 barrels of their oil, are frequently produced in the season, but the fish are not all cured. ` - - In the year 1803, the custom paid in Sweden was only on 1764 acums, or barrels, of train oil ; 2637, barrels of smoaked or red herrings, and 203209 barrels of salted herrings. Though there are a few manufactories of paper, soap, glass, sugar refineries, &c. &c. in Sweden, yet none of them are carried to great perfection ; so that the imports of Sweden consist in those manufac- tured goods which nations, whose capital is more abundant, and the arts farther advanced, produce, and its exports consist of its natural produce, chiefly iron, timber, copper, tar, and pitch. The wars in which Sweden has so frequently been engaged, and the slender revenues of the crown have prevented that encouragement from being effectually given, to which their monarchs have been in- clined, such as have produced the most beneficial effects in Russia and Prussia. So that, though many circumstances combine that admit of Sweden being a more wealthy country than it is, she makes little pro- gress, and does not keep pace with the other nations of the north. The great difficulty with which the Swedish monarchs obtain sup- plies at home, is absolutely inconsistent with a state of commercial pros- perity, it occasions foreign influences to prevail in many cases, and in all of them prevents the country from maintaining its due rank, or giv- ing that encouragement and protection to trade, which, in a country less advanced than others, is necessary. Though politics are foreign to the object of this work, yet it is impossible not to point out, to Sweden, the effects produced by similar causes on her near neighbour, Poland; for we must not attribute the partition of that country entirely to the ambition of those who divided it. The internal weakness of Poland, once a powerful state, and at least equal, two centuries ago, to either Germany or Russia, and far superior to Prussia, invited those powers to subdue and take possession of it. The system of the present time, amongst nations that aim at enjoying commercial wealth, is to labour actively, and encourage enterprise, and not to be too penurious with regard to the state; for what they give in taxes comes back with double advantage : this has been felt in all countries that have grown rich by eommerce; it was a beneficial ope- ration in former times, but now it is become a necessary one. The Baltic Sea has a circuitous and narrow communication with the North Sea, improperly so called, as it is a part of the main ocean, unconfined by land. That communication is blocked up by islands, on one of which (Zealand) stands the capital of Denmark. There are indeed three passages into the Baltic by the Sound, the Great and the Little Belt; but they are under the command of the Banes, and, in former times, great contests have been occasioned by that circumstance. Those contests have at last been terminated, and all differences ad- justed by paying a toll on passing the Sound, in which, however, all nations are not equally treated, as will be seen in its proper place; those who pay the lowest duty taking the name of favoured nations, a title, which whether right or wrong, implies that Denmark is master of that navigation. ºr To facilitate the communication between the North Sea and the Baltic, in case the navigation of the Sound should be interrupted, it has long been proposed in Sweden, to make canals across the territories that form the winding and crooked entrance which nature has made to the Sound. -- The Swedish canal has long been projected, the surveys have been made, and navigable cuts in part effected on the east and west parts. of the country, that will facilitate an undertaking of this kind : a de- scription will be given in its proper place, of a similar view effected by the Danish Canal, which has now been open near twenty years, to the great advantage of the commerce of the North. In the first place, we will begin with the inland navigation of Sweden by the Ströemsholm Canal, which joins the Lake Sodra Barken, on the confines of Dalecarlia to the Lake Freden, and thence communicates with the Mälar, thus establishing an inland navigation from Dalecarlia to Stockholm, which is of great importance, serving 305 to convey the copper, iron, deals, and other articles, from that quar- ter and parts adjacent to Stockholm. On the whole length of this canal, there are no less than 25 sluices, each 100 feet long and 22 broad. This canal has been completed at a very great expense, by overcoming obstacles apparently insurmountable. In the next place, from Stockholm, there is a direct communication with the Lake Hielmar, for vessels drawing about eight feet water, by means of the spacious Canal of Arboga, which unites the Lakes Mae- ler and Hielmar; this gives an uninterrupted navigation over the Hielmar Lake to Orebro, at the western extremity, where the Swar- tan falls into it. This finishes the nearest internal navigation from the East, at present, approaching to the Wener Lake, to communicate from thence with the North Sea, by means of the Trollhätte Canal. At this period, however, a navigable communication is making, or completed, from Norrköping, upon a broad scale, to the Wetter Lake, as it has been found perfectly impracticable to join it with that of the Hielmar. ~ On the west side of Sweden, the most important of all is the Canal of Trollhätte, formed with a view of making a communication between the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean by an inland navigation, through Sweden. The navigation of the Gotha is interrupted by a number of falls and islands; and, at a small distance down that river, by one considerable fall, called Flottberg's Fall. Various schemes were pro- posed under different monarchs for the removal of these obstructions, and rendering the cataracts navigable from Gothenburg, to communi- cate with the Lakes Wener, the Wetter, and the town of Norrköping, suited for vessels of a tolerable burden; and, latterly, chiefly promoted by Sir W. Chalmers and a Mr. Peter Bagge. A new plan was adopted by them, in 1793, for leaving the river a mile and a half, and forming a cut through the solid rock, upon its banks, and by that means avoiding the cataracts altogether. From the uppermost fall to that of Flottberg's the height is 112 feet, which the vessels have to descend by means of eight sluices, each upwards of 13 feet in height, five are constructed close together, and three a little lower. The length of the sluices are 120, and the breadth 22 feet, so that they admit vessels. R. T 306 carrying 150 tons and upwards. The greatest depth of the canal, where it has been cut through a rock of considerable height, is 72 feet, and its depth of water 10 feet, the greatest depth necessary, there being several parts in the river, between Gothenburg and Trollhätte, where the water does not exceed that depth. . . . . A subscription was opened; and, within the short Sp ice of fifteen days, there was subscribed, . * * At Stockholm - - - - - - 346400 rixdollars. Gothenburg - - - - - 325000 * , -" . Christinehamn - - - - 93800 765200 A company was instantly formed, to whom the government granted great privileges; all the crown-lands near Trollhätte were, on certain conditions, assigned to the company for ever, without their paying any rent for them during the time the works were constructing, and for five-and-twenty years after their being made complete: after the expiration of that time, they were to pay 500 dollars per annum for the space of fifteen years; 1500 for the following 20 years; and, finally, 2000 rixdollars per annum. x, º From 1000 to 1200 soldiers were employed on the works; the ne- cessary oak timber was allowed to be taken from the royal forests free from expense; and 800 quintals (cwts.) of gunpowder were issued gratuitously from the royal magazines. The navigation upon the Wen- ner-lake was declared free and open to every Swedish subject. On the other hand, the company was bound to complete the canal within four, or, at the utmost, within six years, and to keep it, as well as the river, in a proper state for navigation. - So great was the zeal shewn in this undertaking, that, on the 14th of August, 1800, the first vessels passed and repassed the canal and its sluices, in the presence of crowds of astonished spectators, surprised. to see an undertaking accomplished in so short a time, that had in vain been attempted during two centuries. - . The canal had been navigable about a year, when their majesties, r 307 the king and queen of Sweden, (the 21st September, 1801) were pleased to pass the canal and the sluices, which then received the following ha IIlêS : - * > The upper sluice, No. 8, being first passed, was called, after the present king, Gustavus Adolphus; No. 7, after the queen, Frederica Dorothea Wilhelmina; No. 6, after the queen-dowager, Sophia Magda- lina; No. 5, after the prince royal, Gustavus; No. 4, Carl. Duke of Sudermania; No. 3, Chalmers and Bagge; No. 2, Trollhätte Directors; No. 1, Nordvall, - The expense of making this canal was only 858988 rixdollars. At certain distances it is widened to afford room for vessels approach- ing each other in opposite directions to pass, (the general width of the canal not being sufficient); and on the left side is a dock, where ves- sels can repair the damages they may sustain in their progress. The navigation of the Gotha is again interrupted by two falls below, but this is remedied by the means of sluices. From the completion of this undertaking at Olidan (where the tolls are paid) the number of vessels and merchandize which have passed the Trollhätte canal and the sluices, since August 14, 1800, when the passage was first opened, ap- pear to be with the toll duties as under. - - - —a- | Planks - - - - |. - - . . . . Iron of Cements - C Al Annual. Years. Vessels. Iron. Plates, different and, Salt, Corn. Alum. amount of - - - &c. lengths. Lime. ‘. . . - the Tolls. | f - - -| l —ºr . . . . - Shlb. Chests. Dozens. Barrels. Bar. Bar. Bar, l Bar. Bar. |Cords. * |..}.}| 419 |96738 1783 || 10328 628 |33 ||oºligº aid 487 9, 970, | 1801 1880 79.131 5395 29099] 2667 8365,46425587. 203. 432|3004, 23320 1802 | 1880 79743 6581 28556, 1243 |7936,6258.4082 42.2389.3582] 23761 # 1803 || 1462 93166 7299 || 30686 5498 |5498,4310,3647| 178 928|2317; 2593] –––– When twelve years have elapsed, there will be a reduction on several articles in the toll-duties, if the revenues should increase to make the dividend exceed 10 per cent. annually; the toll will then be diminished accordingly. - .*. - R r 2 308 The principal revenues are obtained by the produce sent from Wermeland to Gothenburg, and from thence most part is exported. The iron-transport amounts to nearly 100000 shippounds yearly. As there is so fine a navigable communication, by means of the Trollhätte canal, from Gothenburg to the Wener, the communication might be continued by making a cut between the Wener and the Wetter, or the Hielmar lakes, from the latter of which the navigation is uninterrupted to Stockholm, by means of the canal of Arboga, across the Mälar. A survey has been made to join the Wetter with the Wener, by means of the Skagern and Unden, lakes ; this last is 393 feet above the level of the North Sea. t The communication between Orebro and the Wener lake might be practicable from Orebro, on the Hielmar lake, along the river Svar- tan, which takes its rise in the lake Teen, 220 feet abóve the level of the sea. This lake communicates with the Skagernhulz lake, which is 252 feet 7 inches, above the level of the sea likewise. Thus the matter rests here, to join this lake with the Skagern, which is 232 feet above the North Sea level. The Skagern joins the Wener lake by the Gull- spang's Alf, a considerable river with a strong current ; the Wener lake is 147 feet 7 inches above the level of the North Sea. Another survey has been made to join the Wener and the Wetter lakes, and to complete the navigation on the scale that is already begun and finished on both sides. No apparent difficulties should deter the execution of a work of such national utility. i. It certainly would be of the greatest national benefit to Sweden to complete the junction between the eastern and western canals, which are already formed to unite the Baltic and the North Sea through the centre of Sweden; exclusive of extending the internal commerce and improvement of the country, it would lay the foundation of indepen- dence in passing the Sound, in case it should be interrupted, not only to Sweden, but to other European powers. We have, so late as 1801, seen the attempt which was made to obstruct that navigation ; and, Sweden will find it her interest to keep detached from similar confe- deracies in future. Should the Sound be obstructed, the navigation through Sweden would, by a moderate transit-duty, produce a consi- -* 309 derable revenue, and diffuse a general spirit of industry into the minds of the people. w From the repeated efforts which have been uniformly made by the former monarchs of Sweden, it is to be hoped, even for the benefit of his own subjects, the present king will not delay effecting so important an object. It is impossible to foresee what other advantages might be derived to that kingdom at large; at any event, if not a participation, an exemption from the tolls at the Sound, for passing her own coast, might be one. Sweden should follow the policy of Denmark, which eountry has, in ease of war betwixt them, secured an avenue by the Holstein canal. And, in case by any casualty, or events at present not foreseen, a stop should arise to the navigation by the Sound and the Belts, so as to interrupt the intercourse of the north-west of Germany, betwixt the Baltic and the North Sea, then Sweden, by the inland navigation, would enjoy the whole collective commerce. Such notions may, even in the present aera of wonderful events, be deemed wild and speculative; but when we consider what has so lately occurred in that quarter, and its present position, as well as that of Europe in general, such a circumstance would scarcely add to the surprise occasioned by strange events in these times, for the mind in general appears prepared for great and unaccountable occurrences. / 31() CHAP. II. Of the Distinction betwixt the old and the new Staple Towns of Sweden, each specified.—Of Stockholm.–Its Localities.—Its Manufactures.— Its Erchange. — Erports in 1803 and 1804.— Proforma Invoices.— The Moneys, Weights, and Measures.-Gothenburg. —Its Trade. — Exports. – Fishery. —Greenland Company. —Station for British Pack- sts. – Gefle. —Its Trade and Erports. –The same of Abo. —Swedish Pomerania. —Stralsund, a newly made free Port. — Packets betwirt thence and Ystadt. —Grypswald.—Wolgast.—Barth. —Isle of Rugen. — Aggregate Shipping of Sweden. IN Sweden, a distinction is made in the towns, with respect to trade; they are divided into staple towns and land towns, (the latter com- prising also those sea-port towns excluded from the staple right.) The staple-towns have the exclusive privilege of foreign commerce, (that is, exports and imports); while the land towns, as they are called by way of distinction, are limited to the coasting trade.* The old staple-towns of Sweden are twenty-four in number, viz. Stockholm, Gothenburg, Gefle, Abo, Calmar, Wisby, Malmö, Uddevalla, Marstrand, Helmstad, Landscrona, Helsenberg, Wardberg, Carl- shamm, Osthammar, Helsingfors, Ystadt, Strömstad, Jönkoping, Sö- derköping, Norrköping, Nyköping, Westerwick and Carlscrona. The new staple towns are, Uleåborg, Gamla Carleby, Kasko in Finland, Wasa, Louisa, Hernòsand, Fredericksham, &c. &c. Notwithstanding the number of old staple-towns, the division of the trade of the kingdom is very unequally divided amongst them: Stock- holm is computed to have five-twelfths, Gothenburg four-twelfths, and all the others together only three-twelfths. * Swedish Pomerania, laying on the south side of the Baltic, will be considered distinctly, immediately after the ports of which we are treating. 311 STOCKHOLM. This city is built upon several islands and two peninsulas, betwixt the Maeler Lake and the Baltic Sea, which properly here forms the harbour in a bay. The largest ships, in point of depth of water, can come along side the quays, which are very commodious, with spacious warehouses and buildings for the accommodation of trade, The entrance into the harbour from the Baltic is difficult for ship- ping, from the rows of rocks and the numerous rocky islands before it, which are called the Upland Shallows; between these are four pas- sages, two of which are only for large ships. Hence pilots are indis- pensable; and ships sailing to Stockholm, are compelled to take the first pilot on board, six leagues and a half from Dalerón: here they receive a second pilot, who conducts the ship to Stockholm, which is eleven leagues and a half distant from Dalerón. At Sandhamn, a small island not far from Stockholm, all vessels passing to and from that city are surveyed. 's Stockholm being the capital of the kingdom, and also the first staple town in Sweden, has unlimited privilege to trade to foreign parts and with the interior. In the inland trade it is particularly favoured by the numerous lakes in the country, connected by canals as has already been stated. Exclusive of these advantages, and being posessed of nearly one-half of the trade of Sweden, its importance is increased by the circumstance that it is the central point of all the different commercial: establishments, such as the College of Trade, College Commercial, Bank, &c. &c. and, should ever the long projected inland navigation between Stockholm and Gothenburg be brought to an issue, it would be rendered of still more importance. With respect to manufactures, this city is the first in Sweden; the principal articles are cloth, woollen stuffs, as camblets, shalloons, &c. ribands, stockings, and handkerchiefs of silk (but not very numerous); silk and cotton goods; more important are leather and sail cloth, some few cottons; but their tobacco manufacture and sugar refineries are numerous and considerable, for Sweden. Here are also several iron- founderies, a cannon foundery, one or two manufactures of china and, earthen ware, a glass-house, looking-glass manufactory ; some few. 312 and valuable articles in steel are also made here, clocks and watches, mathematical and optical instruments, &c. &c. But generally consi- dered, Sweden, as has been already said, is not to be viewed as a ma- nufacturing country, though, as it is, Stockholm is the chief place. The ship yards here furnish a number of ships built of oak and fir for the foreign as well as coasting trade. º * The specification of the exports of Stockholm will give the best idea of the commerce of this port.* 2- Specification of Goods exported from Stockholm in 1803 and 1804. - - In the Year 18O3. In the Year 1804. TO WHAT PLACES. - —T- --- ºil ºr "º be |º gº ºn bai, shlb. lb., shlb. lb.] barrels dozens shlb. lb. shlb. lb. barrels dozens London . 44691 - 2 37 10. 14659 11403|| 18796 14 *alsº 3424; 2303 Hull . . 3O157 17 4-ºxº 1661 4429|| 253 l 1 — *me 21 || 2 155 Dublin . . . . . . 21478 17 *-*- 350 2459|| 10594 10 *sº 173} 17:50 Sundry ports * #3 24.173 18) — 36527 4270 15955 5 — 8830 3253 land and Ireland f . 26302 16 8 1 5858] 1 1898 Portugal, and Spain . . 31009 1 107 16 9789 17848|| **** . O & O - - The Mediterranean . 1976 13 — 417 962|| 3633 I 4666, 463 France and Holland 13404 15, 2046 10 15378] 3957| 20861 18 1305 — 24512| 5335 The North Sea. to 58 10 5 14 8. 1 14, 15] 1 O73 -**se * The Baltic . . . . . 4683 I? 65 6, 1945, 312 750 14 — 12 - 479. 203 The West Sea . . . . . ,518 7 103 -— 105 240 25 l l 19 10 57 96 Lubec and Dantzic 17220 15| 841 7| iOSO 239| 22.455 13 1962 14 5641 445 Prussia and Courland 998.2 14 597 1 || 3289 175|| 9456 18 703 2. 424 7 Denmark and Holstein 7486 15 554 6 3757. 1271||13224 6 307 9, 23855 1059 Pomerania and Wismar 15499 12 779 3| 2973 1897|| 16576 Il 731 9, 18443) 1407 (227.394 8 | 5 129 4 10364. 40535||193904 17 5030, 17|100200 29865 Denomination of Goods erported to all Ports. —w- | r --- In 1803. In 1804. In 1803. In 1804. * shlb. lb. shlb. lb. shlb. Ib.: shlb, Ib. Small square and bolt iron 18864 3| 341 12 || Red colours . . . . 2803 — 2569 — . Cast and manufactured iron 108 18, 16222 – || Beer . . . . . . . . — 321 – Ships anchors . 74 i 3 601 6 Balks . . pieces 2174 — 924 – Cannon 1002 4 843 12 || Bricks . . . . . . . — 182060 — Nails. 2335 19: 6754, 18 Sundry Goods . rixd. 18651 -—33215 — Steel . 706] 2 Skins . . . . 2 119 - – 1220 — Alum . 2602 18, 1472 4 || Wrought Silver . . . 4498 – 6646 — Vitriol 557 10. 447 12 || Linen o gº . . . 477O —|18733 — Cordage .. • . . . *=w sºws 480 — || Gun Powder . . CWt. — 500 — Herrings . . . . . barrels 2618 – 1109 – || Lime .. lasts — 20 — Salt - - 18862 – 15664 — || Cobolt . lb.] — | 660 — | * The number of ships sailed from hence in 1803 was 584. & 813 ‘. * -- / In the year 1767, the erection of an exchange at Stockholm was de- creed, but never executed; and all subsequent propositions made for this purpose met with no better success. In 1757, the exchange tax, as it. is denominated, was granted for the purpose of building an ex- change; this structure was began in the year 1767 and concluded in 1776. The sums expended on this splendid edifice were very con- siderable; and, in order to extinguish the debts contracted in conse- quence, a tax on goods exported as well as imported at Stockholm, whether in Swedish or in foreign vessels, has been repeatedly increased and prolonged. The last prolongation, dated in 1787, was to continue II]: force for fifty years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ºf . º.º. º, .*: i: , 14: . . . . . --- The following Proforma Invoices may be found useful to Commercial Men. . . . " PROFORMA INVOICE OF IRON. f PROFORMA INVOICE OF 54 DOZ., DEALS, , , Bars in. broad. in. thick shlb, 26 Doz. of Deals, 3 inch, 12 feet, fine sawn, \ 523. 2, by # 66 14 10 square edged, a 4 rx. per doz. . . . sp. rx. £64 0 6 686 . . 1#. — — . 80 2 10 28 ditto, 2 inch, 12 feet, fine sawn, square : . . . 273 2 — `35 11 — - * edged, a 2 rx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 16.9 240 . . . . . 2; — 35 11 — — * * * * * * * * * * * * * * — 349, 9} — 55 14 — . . . 54 dozen. 'ſ sp. rx. 162. 16 'Q $207, 2# — '37, 7 — - — . . . . . . . . . 206 3 — 48 11 10 . . - - CHARGES. . 82 13 square 38 8 10 Custom-house dues on the 3 inch . . . . . . . . - s —— . . . . . . . . - deals 18 per doz. . . . . rx. 9 36 0: , i 398 0-0 a rz. 7 7 rx, 3018 8 O Ditto.on the 2 inch ditto 14 per do . , 8 8 0 - --~~~~ I 2. Sound dues, Danish sp. rx. 24 a. 64 0-32 0 590 13 by # 77 – 10 Brokerage on agreeing the freight * . 190 *g * 23 5 10 ... for 13; lasts a 4 . . . . . . . . 1 6 9 310 # square 36 2. —, Y Drink money and extra charges 1 14 @ 121 2% by # 20 -9 — & -- 209 3 — , 41 17 — , - sp, rz, 21 O 6 88: 4 tºº 22 7 —- - - -- *. Commission on rx. 18316 at 2 per ct. 3 32 0 . K. : \ —— . . . - — 24, 32 0 ) 221 1 0 arx. 7# 1694 34 5 — - 187 O Ú 1793 1% by # 163 17 — — 801 # square , 74 12 10 - — 238 9 10 8+ 1967 20 1 INVOICE OF 1530 BARRELS OF TAR, f # * +, ſº Of 738 # Square 38 9 — 10 384; 24 0 sº Shipped on board an English ship. 980 # . 38 12 10 10%. 405 27 0 || . •, ch ARGES. 336 Barrels of Tar, at 3 . . . . . . . . 1008 0 0 's , - 1194 itt at 3% gº e * * g . & * & * • 17 O (3 *. Customs, town, dues, &c. Ditto, at 33 4179 45 per shlb . . . . . . rx. 876 9 — - w * * 'H'. A - S. Sound dues, rx. 77 43 Danish - - changes Tuty licence 1035 45 o . , 64. . . . . . . . . . . . 103 41 4. * Sound-dues . . . . . . . . . 47 9 0 , , Brokerage on agreeing freight , | Brokerage # - . , 12 46 4 x I & * ſº © gº • º - Q Ú, A sº ge 3. last 4. . . . . . . . . 5 9 4 . Ship's brokerage, 3 per cent. 7 17 O \ $.". . . . . . . . 1 — — . . - # Port charges . . . . . . . . 124, 16 8 Bills of lading . . . . . . . . . 1 — — || Bills of lading, &c. . . . . 5 24 0 Drink money and extra charges . 4, 18 10 + - s - 1233 14. Ö • *e 991 30 6 Y. - —- * * - Specie rr. .. 6420 14 o - - . 8462 0 O ommission 2 per Cent. . . . . . , 128 19 6 Commission 2 per cent. . . . . 169 11 6 , Commission . . ar - —— .* * — - . Specie ºx. . 6548 33 6 Specie rx, . . 8631 11 6 * - re le r. * O • * & t * * ~ * - • w \ i. * * **-- ; : ; .- * ~ * ~ * * * * *ex. - * .* , It must be here observed, that a difference in customs and charges is made in Sweden betwixt their own and foreign ships, in exporting their produce, the latter paying rates from which their own are exempt. t * *~~ S S 814 Moneys, Weights, and Measures. They keep their books and accounts in rixdollars, schillings, and runstücks, 12 of || the latter ifiake 1 schilling, and 48 schillings * one rixdollar. 'They have what they call a specie rix- y r ał - 3 -: º dollar and a current rixdollar. 56 per cent. is the differehee betwixt the # current and the specie dollar. They have . bank-notes as low as 12 schillings each. ' Copper-money is used for small change only. They have also double, single, and half. ducats, of which the single, as also the Dutch ducats, are of the value of l rixdol- lar, and 46 schilling, specie, or 11 dollars and 34 oert silver coin, or 35 dollars and 8 oert, ‘eopper coin. - - • The copper coins are: double stanten, a 2 o'ertsilver, or 6 oert copper money. ... Single stantén, which are called Stivers, or witten, at 1 def silver, or 3 oër copper money. . . - - : Round pieces at 1 oer copper money, half round pieces at half oer copper inoney. . . In the copper coin the fixdollar is, di- - vided into 96 double-stanten, or 192 single stanten, of 576 round-pieces or runstücks. The value of silver coin is three times as much as that of copper, as - I dollar of 4 marks, or 32 oer silver coin is 3 dollars, or 12 marks copper coin. - I mark, or 8 oer silver coin, is 3 mark, or 24 oer copper coin. - Stockholm draws on London, Amster- dam, and Hamburg. has 12 ºpº. 67 — 28 — 35 — On Amsterdam, 70 days date. — 473 schilling Swedish £1 mixdollar bancº more or less R in Amsterdam. * ... • it, diet, $ 1 rixdollar cur- –44% ditto ... ditto * reacy in Holland. On Hamburg, at 67 days date. ~, , –47; ditto . ditto $ 1 rixdollar banco more or less in Hamburg. On London, at 76 days date. 4 rixdollars 2 schillings specie, more or less, for one pound sterling * weights. 201b. is a lispound, and 20 lispound a shippound, and tº: } * Shlb. iron weight makes I ton English. 6 Do. victualü. . . . . . Do. - A last of iron is 15 shippounds. A last victualü. the standard weight, 75 lb. of iron weight is 56 lb. English. 60 lb. victualü equal to 56 lb. 90 lb. . ditto . 79 lb. Hamburg. | 79 lb. . ditto . 68lb. Amsterdam. - “MEASURE. . . . . 57 ells Swedish make 37 yards English. - 68 ells in Amsterdang. 56 Flemish ells in do. 95 — — . . 97 Russian arsheens. - . . 29-ells Hamburg. 38 feet Swedish make 87 feet English. 28 — . . . 29 — Hamburg- . . . 82 — French. 79 — — . . *º fºsºvº GOTHENBURG, THE second staple town in Sweden, is situated in the Cattegate, nearly opposite the Skaw, at the mouth of the Gotha. When the French took possession of Cuxhaven, the English packets, frequenting that station, were immediately divided between Husum and this port. One observation may with propriety be made relative to this station. for British packets, that should it so happen that the present commu- nication south of the Cattegate should be cut off from this country, then the conveyance of letters to the continent may be continued. through Gothenburg, and from Ystadt to Stralsund, where a regular 315. communication is kept up by Swedish packets of a respectable de- scription. In winter, this conveyance would, however, be interrupted by a severe frost. -- - Vessels cannot come up to the city of Gothenburg, but are obliged to remain at a small distance from thence in the roads, whence the goods are conveyed to the warehouses, by means of canals. In this town are manufactories of cloth, and other woollen articles, particularly of the coarser kind. The ships belonging to the Swedish East-India Company are fitted out at this port, the only one belonging to Sweden, conveniently situated to the North Sea. As | Its principal exports are iron in bars, wrought iron, nails, steel, deals, herrings, and oil from herrings and whales, alum, sail-cloth, East- India produce not only to different ports in Sweden, but to foreign countries. * --- - , ~ * * -* The exports of Gothenburg are the same as those of Stockholm nearly; that is to say, its proportion of the produce of the country; but the goods imported are of a coarser quality, and different sort from those intended for Stockholm, the capital. Gothenburg imports many articles for the purpose of exportation; it employs, on its own account, about 250 ships; and in 1798 there arrived in its port 652 foreign and 688 Swedish ships. The same year there sailed from thence for foreign ports 588, and to inland ports 611. x . . . - The following goods were exported from Gothenburg to foreign places, viz. in the year 1804. i • * 556 barrels of cod. ' 2 - 77303 shippounds, iron. || | 7401 fine forged work. || 12378 ells Swedish linen, 28 13 — steel. 10662 ells sail duck. 28114 dozen boards or deals. A 2679 barrels tar. 79512 barrels salt herrings. || 730 barrels pitch. 28589 lispounds mountain moss. || Window glass for 13263 rixdollars. 1266 barrels smoked herrings. || ** . . . - Imported to Gothenburg, in the year 1804, 555034 tuns, or barrels of salt, which is 29000 less than in 1803. 148494 tuns, or barrels of grain, or 54200 less than in 1803. n Of East India articles in that year were exported only to the amount of 4964 rixdollars, of fish oil scarcely any. To inland parts was ex- ported 26304 barrels of herrings. - - . . . . . . - , S S 2 316 The herring fishery is principally carried on at Marstrands-Skären, or the shallows of Marstrand, near this port, and the produce was In 1753 . . . . ... 20766 barrels. || In 1768 . . .. ... 151483 barrels. * # 1761 Q s o ." 117212. - . Of late years, its state will be seen in the table of exports. The her- rings come on the coast of Sweden late in autumn, when the fishery commences, and continues but a very short time, when very great quantities are caught and cured, besides great quantities of oil ex- t The Greenland Company was formed at Gothenburg in 1775, for the purpose of promoting the Greenland fishery. Like other insti- tutions in Sweden, it is not so profitable as might naturally be expected. .* | r The Eaportation of the principal Articles from Gothenburg in the follow- * - . . . .ing. Years. – - - - - Measure, - || - . . . * . . TXenominations of Goods. Wº: or 1783 || 1789 1792 1798 18Ol 1804 & ‘V aſ U16, -> . . . . . " Alum . . . . . . Shlb. 346 || 330 448 416 || 653 Deals . . . . . Dozens. 2041 1113 854 193 403 28114 | Goods, East India. | Rthlr. * 416508 || 350928 490012 — 4964 Herrings " . . . . Barrels. 92595 | 110641 169383 180128 191461 795 12 Smoked . , 2758 4000 || 5237 54 2 4631 - 1266. Oil . . . . . – 1 1991 10167 || 32505 || 34318 19763 — Iron . . . . Shlb. 877.26 102495 || 113154 743386 || 72829 || 77303 wrought . . . . . . 9799 821 1 || 10668 || 3955 743 74O1 Mountain moss . . . Shlb. 2041 1113 || 854 193 || 403 28589 | Pitch . . . . . . , Barrels. 759 208 634 || || 415 || 5196 780 Sailcloth, Russian | Ells. , 29795 || – 30630 || – || 64414 106622 Swedish . Do. . –— 1865. — — — | 20862 — Steel . . . . . . . . Shlb, 989 || 1766 532 . , 855 || 850 || 2813 Tar . . . . . . Barrels. 2783 I400 | 2744 — — 2678 $' . - - - g • v-r-----r-, - a * - * * * * * * z-z-z-z-r- * * * * ºf * * * ... . . . ." . . v---5 I . * - , ºr * * { - .” *. GEFLE, * : * > • i -- * * . ' ' ' ' 4 A considerable trading town, situated in the Gastrikland, close to the navigable river Gefle. What trade is carried on here is chiefly. in Swedish vessels; seldom, if ever, any English ships go up the * ; , º * - ? ... - * º º - - ~ 1 * deals, tar, - . . . . Nail-iron, and bolt-rod 677 . . . . . . . . . . Tar .. * - - - f w ! . - , ºr \, t * } -. X - 3 1. 7 A. N * - - - * * / Gulf of Bothnia. It has a canal sufficiently deep for large ships to COIne up to the town. ) - - The exports are chiefly iron in bars, and a little copper, and some &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * , 3. t ‘. . . .' > , . . . . . . . . . . . . ; º f / . . . . - • - - ! ** • * ~ - º º : . . . . . - - * - The exports to foreign parts in the year 1803, were, 2 , 29493 shlbs. || Steel . . . . . . . . 3 shlbs; ... . . . . . . ... 791 barrels. 2.19% || || Pitch . . . . . . 1 I Bar-iron, . " " . . Iron plates . - º, Nails" ...º. º. ". .” ... , 374. . . . . . . . . . Boards, 3 inches ". .25073 dozen. '-- ". . . . . Ships anchors & . ... • . . . - - 57." T & - "I A •. ; : - ... : - 2. - • . . . I 672 º * { } : ** A. . . **i. * . . . . ; . ... ? : 4 - ? . . . iſ . . . . . . . . . * * : ... do. 3 ' ' ' ' ''Arivils . . . . . . . . . 14 * * – I — . . . 32. ' s * * : $’ * * ‘. * ** 1 * , - - - * - H - ". rººkie ºrgºtt. .* - . . .” - - ... * - J. : * * * * * - - - t Wr - - { • * * * , , - - * * - * 3’’: " . . . . ." . . i*i; - ; : - - ; : 33: * -- a .ſ. - t - - • : # w . . e : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Q tº fºr 3. * **, *, * *. e. * ... • a S-- 3 . . . . --> . . . . - - - - - ... . . * * { ... . . . . . . . - S. ... r f - - - - - - ! * * ~ - - * • - - - - A * w J f - ~ * t • { * . . c -- * ... In the same year the number of vessels belonging to Gefle, amount- ed to 60, their tonnage 4830, and manned by 531 men. ABo, the principal town in Finland, with the staple-privilege, lies on the isthmus, which separates the Gulf of Bothnia and Finland. Only small vessels can approach the town, but large ships find excellent accommodation about three miles from it. There are dock-yards, saw mills, and various manufactures of wood. The inhabitants have a * * + $ * * - * - " - . . . . . . .3 c.-J., S.$.x * > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * - * - * - Silbject to SWeden comes n p :- * - t - - x - - * - ºr º, . * * * * * - . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . - - * : ; * : * : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; : . . . . . . . . ." • * * - - " . . -* * * * * * * > . . . . . . * . .” 3, ' ', , , , ; number of ships which they employ in foreign trade in the southern. parts of Europe. First they load their largest ships with fir deals (the chief article of trade in Finland), pitch and ſtar for French, Spanish, or Italiansports and after trading from one port to another as common. carrie TS, return after two or three years to Sweden with salt, or to, some - - * * * . . . . . aze., , , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the Baltic ports, with an excellent freight... . . . . . . . . . . . W. *...Y. S. -- r Wis By, a remarkable ancient place in the Isle of Gothland, has a safe harbour, but not large. It was formerly a staple and Hanseatic; * * * . . . . . * * * * * * *,” ii. .*.*.*.*. *... S. § 2; ****** * * -.... : - - -, }. * - Tº <” . . . . ; ; : s' . . . $ $ *.*. “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . town, celebrated for the Wisbian naval gode ºf present, the port is, ‘. . . . . . . .”. { } {^{i : * * : * : &# * * {:}}}} . *::::A; ; , ; **: , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , º, . . . . . . . . . . . . *'. . . . . . . frequented only by the vessels belonging to the Baltic shores, which, sº - * * * , , : ". . . . . . . e...º.º. § { . . . . .33% a .353.3%. R. 4.- : *, *, *, **** {}, . . tº . . . ." . fetch thence stones, lime, fir-boards, balks, &c. &c. * R & * * ...’, ". . . . * * * * : * ~ * : * **, *- .*** , , -" º * . . . . . . . * * * * * -: ; , **, * , § 3.” * , " : , *w ; § * * * ... * w - * * * ^ - ...Of the other, ports of Sweden which have but little trade; from what is already stated at the beginning of this chapter, it is uninterest-, ing to enter into any description; therefore that part of Pomerania, s next under consideration." . . . º ... ºf * * * f -, * * 7 * “, 4'; ... . . . . . . . . " *...* s - - , ~ - ." - * - § * - $ :* * . . . . . y #, . . > - ' ' . . . . . # - tº . ~~ (** * * * * * * * , ** * * * •. - - ſ - - - • - : ,- #', 'º'; 's º' * > ; : . . . `-- * > . » ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 3 -> * , * . . - - - - •' -- • - 4' 4 x ‘. . . . . . . . . * * * { . . . * = ... 1 * . . . . º ***** * ' -- • * *, +, » -> * ** . 3.18. - SWEDISH POMERANIA, - In Germany, subject to the crown of Sweden, was formerly com- pletely covered with forests, when the inhabitants carried on a consi- derable trade in wood, potashes, pitch, tar, furs, hides, salted provi- sions, &c. but, at present, their principal commerce consists chiefly. in the produce and exportation of grain. - The agriculture and general improvement here has kept pace with Mecklenburg, the description of which dutchy is very applicable to this, although of far greater extent and importance. . Stralsund, Grypswald, Wolgast, and Barth, are the ports of Swedish Pomerania. Stralsund, being the capital, a few particulars of it may not be un- acceptable, particularly from the advantages lately intended to be given to it. . . . . . STRALSUND is situated on the northern extremity of Swedish Pome- rania, directly opposite the Island of Rugen, upon the strait which divides that island from the continent, which is from a quarter to half 2 Ik English mile in breadth. Vessels can approach Stralsund from the westward as well as the eastward, but by the former channel there is not more than 6 or 7 feet water, whilst from the eastward there is a greater depth of water, by which channel vessels drawing from 10 to 11. feet water can go into the harbour alongside the town; but those drawing more water cannot approach it nearer than within a few miles, according to the draft of water of the ship. The principal trade of Stralsund consists in the exportation of grain, the produce of the dutchy and the island of Rugen; also the manufac- turing of malt, of which it has exported from 30 to 80,000 quarters in the year; of wheat from 30 to 40,000 quarters; from 35 to 45,000 quarters of rye; likewise oats, pease, some coarse wool, wax, and a few other articles. . Its produce of oak wood is chiefly converted into use for their own ship-building; and some few vessels built here have, in workmanship and figure, equalled those of any nation. . . . Stralsund is far from being advantageous y situated for a commercial port; it has no river, nor interior communication to facilitate its trade; and the access to it with security is from the eastward, in the progress *- 319 r ,” to which there are several impediments. Nevertheless we find it is the intention of the King of Sweden to put it upon the footing of a free port; the only one in the Baltic (if Copenhagen is excepted) which can be deemed such. The following declaration is just issued by his Swedish majesty for that purpose. - - - The Proclamation issued by his Swedish Majesty, at Stockholm, on the Gustavus Adolphus, &c. to the Regency of Pomerania, relative to: the . Right of Warehousing English Goods. - - . . - - A r } “By an agreement that has taken place between us and his. “ Britannic maj esty, we have granted to the subj ects of his “ Britannic Majesty the right, during the continuance of the “ war between Great Britain and France, of warehousing at “Stralsund all goods and therchandise, unwrought or manu- “factured, the produce of Great Britain, or of its colonies, “ conveyed in £nglish or in Swedish vessels, such merchandise * being subject, if for re-exportation, by land or by sea, to a * * duty not exceeding three-quarters per cent. ad valorem; and if for home consumption, to the same duty that is establish- “ed at the port of Stralsund, as exacted from the most favour- “ed nations. … . “And this we communicate to you, with our gracious com- “mands that the operation of it be in every way facilitated, “ and promoted.” “ . - y ič% .* * > 4t is apprehended little benefit can be derived.' from this port, in forwarding the British trade; if any benefit is to be derived by it to the interior of Germany it must be by way of the Great Haff, up the Oder, by Stettin; and Prussia is by no means readily disposed to ac- commodate in this respect ; otherwise, if she had considered her own. interest, Stettin would long have enjoyed a great deal of the transit trade of Hamburg and Lubec, to the benefit of the inhabitants of r that city, as well as of Prussia itself. . . . . . . . . . . . - - —w 322 As we cannot foresee what may happen in the North, it may with propriety be mentioned here, that packet-boats are stationed betwixt Stralsund and Ystadt, for the conveyance of letters and passengers, which sail once or twice a week; but, upon extraordinary occa- sions, an order being obtained from the governor, one can be got to sail at any time. There are two vessels which are of a good size and well fitted up. In case the communication to the continent should be free only by way of Gothenburg, this route will be a safe channel of intercourse. Farther observations on this subject are made when treating of that city. * * * - º g º Y -- CURRENCY IN STRALSUN D. || lispound equal to 141b, and wool at 10lb. A rixdollar rated at 48 shillings, and 1 per stone. - - - shilling at 12 runstücks in commercial affairs Co RN MEASURE. 5 and the royal bureaus; in the other depart- equal to 143 quarters Winches- One last is ments they reckon in florins at 24 shillings,. and the shilling at 12 pence. we IGHTS. . . . . . . 15 pounds Swedish is 14 pounds English; 1 *- termeasure for wheat; oats 15; ; 1 last con- tains 8 dromt, 32 tons, 96 sheffel, or 384 fehrt. One dromt contains 4 ton, 12 sheffel or º, 48 fehrt. . . . . . . . . . . . shippound contains 20 lispounds, or 280lb. One ton contains 3 sheffel, and I sheffel 1 cwt. contains 8 lispounds or 112Fb. 1 || 4 fehrt, . • - . . . - { GRY Psw ALD is situated on the river Ryk, which is only navigable at the town, where there is but seven feet water; on which account the larger vessels unload their cargoes half a German mile below the town. The chief article of exportation is corn, which, in the year 1780, consisted in three hundred and eighty-five lasts of malt; four hundred and eighty-nine lasts of barley; three hundred and twenty- six lasts of wheat; one thousand and twenty-five lasts of rye; seventy- three lasts of pease; and eighteen lasts of barley; — all together two, thousand three hundred and sixteen lasts, or about twenty-five thou- sand quarters. The whole value of the exportation in grain was 102609 rixdollars, besides flax, in quantity one thousand three hun- ...” dred and seventy-three stone; and of tobacco six hundred and forty- seven cwts. to the value of altogether 116,850 rixdollars. a”. Wolg AST is situated at the mouth of the Beere, a small river. This place exported, in the year 1780; three hundred and twenty-two lasts of malt, seventy-one lasts of barley; one hundred and thirty- eight lasts of wheat; six hundred and five lasts of rye; forty-four, *rº, ~. * - - lasts of pease, – in all 1180 lasts, or about 12200 quarters. / BARTI exports wool and corn, and carries on the freight trade in the Baltic and North seas. This place exported, in 1780, one hundred and forty-three lasts of malt; twenty-four lasts of barley; one hun- dred and thirty-two lasts of wheat; twenty-two lasts of rye; three hundred and fourteen lasts of oats,`all together, three hundred and thirty-five lasts, or about 4500 quarters. . . . . The Is LE of Ru GEN is close adjoining to Polaerania, and projects into the Baltic ; it is separated by a narrosy channel from the con- timent at Stralsund. It produces corn, and some cattle, and formerly was famous for its dinen manufacture; before gºld and silver were in circulation in that quarter; it had small pieces of cloth as a circulating medium, laying up the specie with the idols the inha- hitants worshipped. • , . . - - Skipping. - w In the year 1800, the number of merchant vessels belonging to Sweden -amounted ‘to 956, total burthen 63,534 tons, and na- - vigated by 9,929 men. Of these ships, 526 were out or on the pas; sage, and 430 at home, at the close of the year; 118, new-built, £ºſe included in that statement. Stockholm possessed 284.ships ºf 20085 tons; Calmar 43; Gothenburg (168; Geffle 54; Helsingfors, 25; Nºr- $oping-92; Westerwiek 24; Wisby 55; Carlscrona 33; Carlshamm 40s Mahmo 31; Uddevalla 24: Abo 16, &c. &c. : In the year 1891, the shipping of the whole kingdom consisted of 974 vessels, total burthen 62,751 tons, and manned by 9,689 seamen; new-built vessels 405; at the end of the year, 493 were at sea, and 481 at home. . . . . . . . . . in the year 1802, Sweden possessed 946 ships, their total burthen 62,294 tons, including 127 new-built vessels, — the whole manned by 10185 men. Pt may not be unnecessary here to notice, with regard to ship- ºping, that objeetions are made to some of their vessels, particularly by the underwriters. The first is their being constructed of fir-timber; and, secondly, the caravelstyle in which many are built;for which las treason they cannot. easily be refitted-in foreign ports, nor, enter-them indiscri- minately as they should always be afloat. The Stockholm and Gefleships are, however, deemed preferable to those built in many Swedish ports, most of them being of oak, as are all those in Swedish Pomerania. * T £ -- J 32% CHAP. III. Of the Public Institutions and Bodies for the Purposes of Trade in Sweden.— Of the Bank.-East India. Company.—West India Company.—College of Commerce.—Of Trade.—Marine Society.—Company for Diving and Salvage.— Course of Exchange. — Remarks on the National Debt. — State of the Trade of Sweden. — Amount of Imports and Exports of Great Britainto and from thence, from the wear 1700 to 1805–Of the Trade and Navigation of Great Britain with Sweden, in theyears 1800,1801, and 1802. 2 A. THE BANK. . . . . . . + In the year 1656, an establishment undertaken by a number of private individuals, was privileged by the King, under the appellation of the Loan and Exchange Bank, which however fell into decay in 1668. Upon this, the States-Bank was formed in the same year, solely under the control of the states of the empire: they undertook the guarantee of the bank, and have therefore the direction and power to apply it to the benefit of the country. Bút private property in the bank, however great the distress may be, must remain untouched by the crown. The management of the bank is conducted, in the inter- vals between the meetings of the states; by bank directors, three such - directors are always selected from each of the three states; but, during the sittings of the diet, a bank deputation, or bank committee, is appointed. Every three years, the state of the bank, and its direc- tion undergoes a revisal by 24 members, called Bank Revisers. . It was not until the year 1726, that bank notes were first issued. The bank is divided into two departments, the one called the Loan, and the other the Bill or Exchange Bank, each keeping its accounts as sepa- rate as if they were distinct establishments, but each mutually Sup- plying the other as occasion requires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - THE LoAN BANK lends money upon mortgages or pledges of diffe- rent sorts; also on gold and silver in bars, copper, brass, &c. Certi- ficates of money lent to the bank being considered as nearly the same value as ready money: the proprietors, on depositing these pledges in 323 the bank, receive the full value on the payment of 3 per cent. annual interest. Jewels were once, but are no longer received in pledge. - THE EAST INDIA CoMPANY was established at Gothenburg in 1731; but their latest charter is dated May 2, 1782. The direction of this company exists in Stockholm, and is vested in four directors. At Gothenburg, the factory is conducted by the directors occasionally, and by confidential agents, storekeepers, and other servants. The East India commerce of Sweden was never very important, nor occupied a considerable capital; still it is continually decreasing, the English having nearly monopolized that trade. In former times, the company fitted out ships for Bengal, but, at present, their commercial undertakings are limited to 'China. The ships employed in this trade, are mostly of 400 tons burden. At Cadiz they borrow the ne- cessary specie for investments, and for the purchase of goods in China. The exports to that country consist only in a few articles of Swedish manufacture, and the returns the same as those to other countries from India. But it is not the English East Company that has occasioned the decay of the trade; for such has been the liberality of the English government to foreign nations, in regard to the trade to India, that what are termed the private traders in England, find a great advantage in acting as agents to Swedish and Danish houses. It is want of capital, and of a spirit of enterprize, and of a disposition to push this ; trade, that makes it languish in Sweden; and indeed it forms no bad cri- terion by which we may judge of them in other branches of commerce; for if they are deficient in this when we know they have the means, it is natural and fair to conclude that they neglect other branches in the same manner. -- - -- There are single houses in London, which, as agents, do more business in one year with India than the Swedish company does in ten, which single fact precludes the necessity of saying any thing more, and is a strong example and a proof of the neglect of commerce in that country. - * g * 2 THE WEST INDIA CoMPANY. In the year 1730, an attempt was made to establish a trade to the West Indies, which miscarried; but, in consequence of negotiations with France, in the year 1784, the Swedes came into possession of the Island of St. Barthelemy, and founded, at • T t 2 324 Stockholm, a West India Company. Their trade, however, is hot con- fined to this island, but extends to America, and the coast of Africa. The College of CoMMERCE, at Stockholm, is regulated by a presi- dent, vice-president, and several members called Commercial Counsellors and Assessors, with a proper number of assistants. It was established in the year 1 537, but did not receive its organization till 1651, since then it was separated from the Royal Chamber, and has under- gone a variety of changes. In the year 1778, a new regulation was made, in consequence of which this college was divided into two departments; namely, the department for trade and eoimaterce, and the judicial department. : . THE College of H'RADE (HANDEiſs CoºlparuM). Is the magisteriał or judicial départment, to which are referred, and there settled in the first instance, the major part of objects relating to trade and havigation. It consists of one of the burgo-masters or mayors, and three aldermen, orie of whom must have been brought up to one of the learned professions. With this college is connected the freight- chamber, where the captains of vessels, and their crews, are heard and examined before their passes are delivered. - THE SjöMANsiſts, or MARINE Socrety, was established at Stock- łiolm, in the year 1748, for mérchants, captains of vessels, and seamen. The object of this establishment is to procure good seamen, to promote trade and navigation, to adjust differences between sea-faring men, and to provide for those sick and distressed. It is directed by five merchants, who are ship-owners, and two captains of merchan timen. As this establishment was intended to apply to Sweden generally, it was not long before different staple towns formed similar institutions; so that, in the year 1796, their number already amounted to 38. These soft of establishments are worthy the consideration of our ship-owners and seamen in Britain. * - - - - - Society for Divi NG AND SALv AGE, established for Ithe pārpose of Saving wrecks and goods on the coast of Sweden, in considerātion of which service a certain sum per cent. is demanded on iwhat is saved. The first charter we find dated November 18, 1734, granted by Fre- idérick King of Sweden, in order to preserve the lives of the tinfortu- *. .* - - -- - being committed upon the proprietors, underwriters, and public at large. According to this ordinance, this society is to have the sole privilege of employing persons in diving for and preserving wrecks and goods; any person plundering to forfeit a penalty of 1000 rix- dollars for such offence. Ships compelled to enter a harbour, in order to stop a leak, or to be caulked, may employ their own crews to execute this service ; farther, if ships are wrecked, and none of the divers are at hand, then others may be engaged to give assistance, but such are considered in the capacity of labourers to the society, by whom they will be paid as such; as soon, however, as the divers arrive. with the apparatus, the labourers must desist. As a 3'emuneration for their labours, and the purchase of the apparatus, &c. the following regulations were adopted. As this institution is excellent in its intention, and for the best of purposes, and only exists in Sweden, we shall give the regulations: 1. Ships in danger of being wrecked, or inclosed by the ice, unless they are con- ducted into the harbour, or enter it for the urpose of discharging their cargoes, even though they sustain no damage, forfeit.10 per cent. of ship and cargo. 2. Those goods or ships which have been wrecked or sunk, when recovered, pay a quarter of their v ALUE in money or "Kind, and the owner of the goods, or the under- writers, must pay # of the expenses of the sal- vage, and the company bear the other quarter. 3: Goods of heavy burthen, (wood, stone, &c.) and such as are damageable by water, éeven salt,5&c.) pay 15 per cent. 4. All goods saved by means of the diving ºbeil, or other expensive -means, even where the owner has directed the labour for account of the society, it is in future only to * & e - t - º - * . . . ... f* .." … † - rº - M- receive one-third, instead of one-hălf of the property, as before. - "Phe customary duties on goods thus saved, and permitted to remain in the coun- try, are to be paid only in the harbour of the district where the loss was sustained, or where the vessel was wrecked, and no where else. . In the year 1739, this regulation under- went several alterations, the principal of which iare:—if the preservation of the ship or cargo is impracticable without farther assistance, the principal-officer-on-board is . . 's © '... º . . . * * authorized to give directions to save the most yaluable articles in his opinion, and to abandon all others, whether above or under the water, (these may be purchased by the } company, provided the sufferers resign their claims). The salvage of all goods, whether saved by the company or crew, to be allow- ed to the divers, when the crew are re- munerated, the same as if they had been acting for the benefit of this society. The goods are permitted to be sold by public auction at the most convenient place, either in the country, or if they be of heavy bur- den, on the spot. The goods saved may re- main-entirely in the power of the owners, after the company have obtained a list for the payment of their demand; the Gustomary .duties are to be conducted on, a similar plan under the inspection of two officers on oath. £or the security of the toll, and other du- ties of the company, and prevention of all disputes between the respective parties, the 'goods and wares are to be sold by public. auction; after having previously given proper notice to the magistrates of the place, who, will thus have an opportunity of making an inventory for the better collection of the duties. If they are removed to another “plage for sale, the magistracy of each place. to be informed of the intended removal, and the fees -arising thence to be divided, N $36 *. & * * between the two, share and share alike. If || The company is to employ conciliation as: any part of the goods be saved by the cap- much as possible to engage people on mo- tain and crew (for instance, before the ser- || derate terms; and to lay every three months vants of the company can arrive) it is before the court of admiralty an account. enacted, to prevent all fraud, that the cap- || of their proceedings. tain as well as crew be subject to deliver in || . In the year 1741, a new ordinance was an account of the same on oath. . . . . . . . . published as an: explanation to the two Magistrates and officers are from time to || former, not in consequence of any com- time to examine the apparatus of the so- || plaint or act, but on account of uncertainty ciety, to see whether it be in a proper,state || which it gave rise to. After confirming the of readiness. The governors are bound to substance of these acts, ensuring to the lay their accounts before the admiralty, as || company its privileges, &c., prohibiting all a proof that they are prepared to give the persons from interrupting them on pain of necessary assistance, even at the most dis- || "paying a fine of 1000 rixdollars silver coin. It: tant places, in conformity with their duty. || ordered, that the under-judges of the towns, At some places, however, a supply of diving | and admiralty are to settle all matters in bells, and the most important apparatus are | dispute as briefly as possible; that this court to be deemed sufficient. All clandestine do take no cognizance of any other matters, sales, whether by proprietor or correspon- || but dismiss all complaints foreign to their dents, are prohibited; the goods to be sold respective functions, according to the 12th by public auction to the highest bidder, ex- || chapter of sea-regulations, that the result cept those belonging to the captain and be immediately laid before the College of crew. Persons shipwrecked, having suf- Commerce for their information and the fered from neglect, or want of attention, | public benefit, &c. &c. making their complaints before the gover- || Stockholm, Sept. 8, 1741. - - . nors, will have immediate redress, where | This society is divided in two branches, the facts may be decided on without a for- called the South and North Societies; the mal law suit; otherwise, the most respec- former extends to Skane, Halland; Go- table and nearest members are to appear thenburg and Bohus-Lān; and the latter to either in person or by deputy, before the the remaining part of the Swedish coast. court of admiralty, and answer the accusa- In the year 1803, this society, among other tion. It is, moreover, the duty of the court | additional regulations, received a new tariff to distribute justice with as much expedi- for a period of five-and-twenty years to tion as the nature of the ease will allow. COIſle. - - There are various other institutions and regulations, in Sweden, re- lating to commerce, peculiar to itself, but not sufficiently useful or * interesting to detail, such as the Sjötull, or Sea Toll; Umgālder, or Extra Duties; Sjöraltspenningar, a small duty imposed to support the Col- lege of Commerce, now converted to the use of the state; Pässpen- ningar, or money for ship's passes, according to the size, each paying a certain rate. Lastage, a rate for each ship to pay as for light money, &c. &c. . . . . - Exchange, - As to the course of exchange in Sweden, it neither gives nor can re- ceive much influence from the exchanges in other parts of Europe. The situation of the country is too remote, and its trade too limited, to 327 afford room for general operation beyond the natural attempt of go- vernment to improve it, on account of remitting the interest of its debt. . . . . . . . . . . . From the wisdom of the institutions of Sweden, and the antiquity of some of them, particularly the bank, it is evident that that country was, at one time, advanced in commercial knowledge before many others that are now got far beyond it. : Sweden has been more given to war than to commerce, and its interests have therefore been neglected, of which it would be impossible to give a better proof than that already produced, relative to the trade to India, for the carrying on of which it enjoys such advantages. Upon the whole, however, the trade of Sweden is on the increase, though the progress is slower than of almost any other advancing country. The trade of Ostend being lost, Sweden and Denmark ought to have got at least some of it, but that ~ s - does not seem to be the case. • * . . . . . . . . . . . It is stated that there is a national debt in Sweden, amounting to 27424.452 dollars, of which 10737915 have been borrowed from Hol- land, Brabant, Genoa, and Hamburg; and therefore the interest, amounting to about 550000 dollars annually, is drawn out of the king- dom, which, taking into consideration the small scale on which its operations of commerce and finance are, is to be counted a consider- able drain, and has a great effect in retarding the prosperity of the kingdom. No practice is more fraught with bad consequences than borrowing from foreign nations; whereas, a debt contracted by a state to its own subjects, though it is a burthen on the people at large, does not carry money away, but, on the contrary, has so far a good effect, that it makes the circulation more rapid and active. . . . . ; While speaking of this subject, we must remark, that Russia also owes money to Holland; but its resources and means are so amazingly great, that as soon as it finds the way to turn them to the best advan- tage, the debt will be annihilated. With Sweden, the case is different; it is more likely to get deeper into debt than to pay off what it already has contracted; and, at all events, it is only by slow degrees that it can. effect a reimbursement. 338 The remainder of the debt consists in credit notes, obligations, and debentures, in different forms, bearing interest. . . . . . . . . . A general valuation of the property in Sweden, as houses, forges, . mines, capitals, &c. has for a long time been intended in order to find out some means to produce a favourable influence upon the stability of the exchange of Sweden. With this view the property described was valued, which aimeunted in the whole to 466.124897 rixdollars banco money, and 51372166 rixdollars paper credit. Fiew of the State of the Commerce of Sweden in 1781, reduced into Ster- . . . - ling Money. - - - ~3 - º Exported. Jasported. - Exported. Imported. Demark and Norway £ 160663 . 66595. Portugal . . . . . . . ºf 135132 . 40340 Dantzic, " . . . . . .28338 ... 339461.Russia and Courland. , 58229 . 202781 England . . . . . 367292 . 97762"|| Spain . . . . . . . . . . 23380 - 14711 Trance . . . . . . . 203762 . 83145 || Hamburg, Holstein, &c. 1289+ 1 .. 38202 Holland . . . . . . . .307 103 - 1:51583, West Indies . . . . . 873 . – ñº. 49689 . 67580°] East Indies . . . . . .192 . Ho310 -Italy and the Me. º soºn sº | - • *-, 3-, -º-º- tº--E-F#-F#-F—º: ranean. . . . . . . . . sº . sºng - ºf 1397,048 ... 1027069 iPomerania, Swedish . . *67958 ... 1874:44; =- --res-s-s-s-s- *-e-r-rr-r-º- The balance in favour of Sweden was 370000l. besides which, she is -estimated to gainsomething considerable by the freight of ships, so that the whole, at that time, might amount to about 400000l. Sterling. The following table will show the state of the trade each five years, fromā760 till 1785, betwixt Great Britain and Sweden; andfrom J79] 3. teach year, to the present period, dis tinguishing En gland and Sco tland. This statement evidently confirms the observation made relative to the iron trade in Russia, that Britain imports less every year, and will acontinue to do so, from the increase of her own manufacture. Iron is the principal export from Sweden, which being of a far superior qua- -jity to any other, Britain:has continued to take a greater proportion.of it than from Russia, which she will do till her own has acquired nearly an equal perfection in quality, and even then if Sweden reduces the price, so as to enter into competition with the British manufacturer. ** 329 ° The Amount of the Imports and Erports of Great Britain to and from Sweden, in the following Years. Year. 1701 1705 1710 . 1715 - . 1720 . 1725 . 1730 . 1735 . 1740 . Years. 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 . 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 18O3 1804 Imported. Exported. Year. Imported. Exported. , ºf 109509 . 36 70806 || 1745. . g£250707 sf 30310 © 205856 . . . 46747 I750 . . . .187092 I6162 . . 173585 . . . . .276.20........IZ55. . . . . 200049 19234 . , 165631 . . 37235 1760 . , 193340 18657 . 191852 . . ... I 11555 || 1765 , 234452 . 49003 . 161884 . 38324" || 1770 . 136616 . . 58576 . . 191022 . . . 15271 1773 . 161603 . 36308s, . . .213850 " . . . . . 25514, 1782 ; 163219 . 56083 . . 180839 . . . . 15557 i/85 2O3765 , , 65307 - ENGLAND: * : * ~ * *i. scoTLAND. , , Imported. . . . . . £xported. '. Imported. . . . Exported. . . . 26.223686 . . ºf 69899 . . . ºf 44084 The stock of sheep in the kingdom has been reckoned near 900,000, which produce only about 1,700,000 lbs. of wool. 336 CHAP. II. Of the Ports of Holstein and Schleswig.—Tonningen described; the best Port during the Blockade of the Elbe for the Trade to Hamburg. — Conveyance of Merchandize from Tonningen to Hamburg, by different Routes. – New Regulations of Customs for the Transit Trade. — Roads now forming.—Husum, the Station for the English Packets, described.— Route and Mode of Travelling from thence to Hamburg.—Kiel, Rends- burg, Altona, &c. &c. described. AS every port in Holstein and Schleswig becomes interesting in the present posture of affairs, and each has been resorted to according to the opinion of its advantageous situation for conveying merchandize to the continent; some ports are situated on the Elbe, others in the North Sea, and lastly in the Baltic ; and although, owing to the pre- sent blockade, the former cannot avail themselves of their natural ad- vantages, we shall give a description, in alphabetical order, not only of the ports in Holstein and Schleswig, but likewise the principal places, first describing the rivers. / The Elbe gives to Holstein, on its south side, its most considerable facilities, several of its rivers falling into it, namely, the T’in Rivulet, running by Pinneburg, from its name ; the Krückati, by Elmshorn; but the largest is the Stór, navigable from the Elbe up to Itzehoe. The most considerable river either in Holstein or Schleswig, though of no extent, yet worthy of particular notice, is the Eyder, dividing these two dutchies from the North Sea to Rendsburg, and the canal from thence to the Baltic. It has its source twenty miles south of Kiel, runs through the Westen Lake, and at the Flemhude Lake it is joined with the canal, and so runs down by Rendsburg, being intersected in two places by the canal to cut off its meandering course. The other rivers, and those in Schleswig, are not worth particular notice. ALTONA is situated in the south-east corner of Holstein, on the north bank of the Elbe, within about half an English mile of Ham- burg, the trade of which city it very much resembles, with this diffe- 337 rence, that the duties are less. During the last war, it had very consi- derable business, from its being a free port in a neutral territory, and deriving that advantage betwixt Fngland and the Continent in neu- tralizing property,” whilst it might more securely have profited in car- rying on that commerce on its own account. Being so near to Ham- burg, it carries on its negotiations, money and principal transactions through the medium of that city, and differing but little in essential points or foreign commerce from it; when treating of that city, the two being so contiguous, one detail will answer the purpose of both. The population of Altona is estimated at 25000 souls. It has some shipping belonging to it. In the year 1775 it had 70 vessels, of from 20 to 100 lasts; in 1783 there were 198 belonging to the place; and, in 1795, 154 vessels, being 9544 lasts; and, in 1802, 259 vessels, in- cluding those for its fisheries, making 18770 lasts, and manned with 2852 men. wº They embark in the Greenland fishery from hence regularly. In the year 1802 they fitted out 10 ships, which brought home the produce of only 21 whales. FLENs BURG is the principal port of Schleswig, the entrance to it being from the south-east of the Little Belt in the Baltic. It has a commodious bay, with a sufficient depth of water, almost into the town. The population is estimated at 10000 souls. Turing the American war it had more considerable trade, and its shipping increased. In 1788 it had 218 vessels of all descriptions, manned by 1427 men; and, in 1797, 257 vessels, and 1597 men. $ FREDERICKSTADT is situated in Schleswig, between the rivers Trene and Eyder, on the north bank of that river, about 10 miles from Ton- ningen ; though so far inland, it is a port worthy of some notice, for its Hocal convenience : two years ago it fitted out 27 Greenland ships, 15 herring boats, 25 large and many other smaller ships. The tide does not rise here more than eight feet. It has about 2500 inhabitants, and some few manufactures. GLUCK STADT is a port of Holstein, upon the banks of the Elbe, * Neutralizing property signifies for a small percentage passing it for their own. X X 338 east of the river Stör, and nearly half way betwixt Hamburg and the North Sea. It is a fine port, and its trade is chiefly to Norway and Iceland in the products from thence and that of Holstein to those quarters. It has some shipping and concerns in the fisheries. In the year 1802 it fitted out 11 ships for the Greenland fishery, which brought home the produce of 24 whales. HUSUM at present is become the more known on account of its being the only station for English packets direct to the continent, . north of Portugal, (Gothenburg in Sweden excepted,) after being driven away from Calais, Ostend, Helvotsluys, and Cuxhaven. This place is situated on the coast of the North Sea, in the dutchy of Schleswig, about twelve miles by land north from Tonningen, to which there is a miserable and dangerous road, by land, only passable in summer, and when a hard frost, in winter. In former times, Husum enjoyed some share of trade, and was a place remarkable for Oysters, but the severe winter and weather in 1740 caused the destruction of the beds. The great inundation, by the breaking of the banks in 1717, destroyed its accommodation for the he approach of shipping; what little trade it has now, is in cattle and distilling spirits from grain. k As this place is one which many a passenger by the packets will, remember, and those unacquainted with it not being able to form any idea of the inconvenience of embarking or landing, a short sketch will. prepare the minds of those who have to make this voyage, and pro- ceed forward from thence to Hamburg, or farther on the continent. The present station in England of the packets to the continent is at Harwich, and certainly for their security and accommodation it is pre- ferable to Yarmouth ; though this latter port, in some cases, is more desirable, on account of their being sooner out at sea. No packets in the universe are equipped so well, or are better sea, boats than these vessels, having skilful and obliging commanders, and, well-appointed crews; this accounts for the few accidents seldom if ever. heard of, and that is the more surprizing when we consider how they have been driven from one station to another, when they cannot be expected. to be acquainted with a new harbour, or a new navigation. After, 339 passing Heligoland island, in crossing the bar to enter the river Plever, it is the most dangerous passage that can be conceived. If there is but little water upon the bar on making the Hever in hard gales of wind from particular quarters, there is a tremendous sea upon it, too dangerous to attempt to pass, even when the tide is half out, unless the packet should be driven to do so by stress of weather; the mouth of the IIever is, (according to the weather,) more or less difficult to make, particularly in a high sea, from the buoy or beacon being too small at the entrance. After passing the bar, at the mouth of the Hever, there are buoys and beacons all the way up to a bay near to Husum, where the packets bring up from four to six or eight miles from the town. It is impossible for any stranger to conceive the inconvenience he must experience in landing or embarking at Husum, if their own boat, or those of any other packet laying there, are engaged so that they cannot ac- commodate the passengers in conveying them to or from the shore. The boatmen at Husum are few in number and have the privilege of taking on board or bringing ashore the passengers, unless the captain of the packet will allow his crew to do it, or that any other laying there are obliging enough to allow their men the perquisite of doing this business: every one will cheerfully prefer such conveyance, with any remuneration, to the Husum boatmen, who suit their own conve- nience and inclination, though passengers are naturally anxious to get ashore as soon as they can. Were it not for the frequent opportu- nity by boats belonging to the English packets, passengers would often have to stop hours, nay, days and nights on board, before they could land. When the packet's boat is either at the town with the mail, or otherwise occupied, this has sometimes been the case. When the tide is at its height, there is no great difficulty in landing, but if half-ebb, or nearly low-water, it is difficult and disagreeable. From the place where the packets bring up, it is some distance, on account of the shoal water, before you enter a channel of the small river, marked by beacons along its course, not three times the breadth of the boat; if the water is low the oars cannot play, but are struck into the X X 2 340 mud to push the boat along, scarcely having sufficient water, if loaded with passengers. For nearly three miles you follow the course of this me- andering creek, or rather channel, in the sand and mud, up to the town of Husum, where you are met by the town's boatmen, who may have been too lazy to put off, but who take care, so soon as the passengers or their luggage are landed, to claim their privilege exclusively to carry up the luggage to the hotel or inn which the passengers frequent. To a stranger who has not been out of England, where he has every accommodation, and where a spirit of emulation prevails who shall be most obliging, every thing here will appear strange; every one is left to shift for himself; supplication and kind entreaty will get some accom- modation and refreshment, but, as to lodgings, if the few inns should happen to be full, by the detention of packets, he must, himself, get the best private lodgings he can in the town. When landed, the passenger who intends to proceed forward, must go to the secretary, before whom he must make a declaration of his name and character, when he receives a passport, which he signs be- fore the secretary; the fee is trifling : from thence he proceeds to the burgo master, or rather, to him first, who receives the like decla- ration. When passengers are coming from Hamburg or Lubec to Husum, to embark for England, it is best to get a passport from the resident Danish ministers who reside at those cities, which saves much trouble: these passcs render going to the secretary at Husum unnecessary: it is only requested to present it to the burgo master, who counter- signs it, which gives this advantage, that you have no more trouble; besides, if it is necessary, on account of the tide, to embark at any hour in the night, on previously mentioning it to the officer of the watch, it procures the indulgence of being allowed to embark whenever it is. most convenient, whilst others are frequently obliged to go on board the tide before. What has been described, is when the navigation is free from ice, and certainly very convenient compared with the inconceivable diffi- culty and very great danger when the small creek is choaked up with ice, which it very soon is with a little frost, then you must approach 34I the sea-shore where you can, taking a long round in open waggons above or below the town, making a route of some miles, to embark or disembark, according to that part of the shore most free from the drift ice, according as the wind may have been ; the going on the sea banks is nothing, but descending their sides, to make the part where the boats are waiting for the reception of the passengers, requires more interest than can be conceived ; the burgo master of Husum, and the superintendent of these banks, are remarkably scrupulous, and the lat- ter generally avails himself of the opportunity to obtain a handsome douceur for this permission. * º It may not be deemed digressive in stating the tenacious temper and eare with which they watch these banks, to prevent any impression be- ing made on the declivity of the bank next the sea. The inundation, by which the country suffered so much in 1717, was owing to the bank being neglected, though not for any length of time. The circumstance was this. A very small impression had been made by some accident, it is said, by cattle, in the bank below high-water mark, and a gale of wind coming on, the water soon penetrated the banks, which are composed of the soil of the country, chiefly a light sand. To prevent a recurrence of a similar calamity, where the water is supposed to be most pressing, from the foot of the bank to high-water mark, for many miles, it is as neatly matted and twisted with straw, secured in regular order to the ground, as the matting can be, so that if the tide flows with a strong wind, or if there is a great eddy or swell created, this straw matting pre- vents the water from washing away the bank, or penetrating in any part. No carpet in a room can be more carefully attended to and kept in order than those parts of the bank where any danger is to be appre- hended, and it has a regular appearance like a neat straw carpet be- low, when one is travelling on the elevated banks above. To return to the passengers who are at Husum and wish to proceed either to the interior of the continent or to Hamburg, the first con- sideration, the natives take care to remind him of, is his finances, in which they have a double interest; first, in their charges, and next, in furnishing the traveller with specie or bank notes of the country, or foreign coin, against his guineas, at a very handsome rate indeed: and 34% those who do not know how to bargain, generally sell their guineas as reasonable, if they are going into the interior, as those who are coming from thence, pay extravagantly again for them, when embarking for JEngland, in the specie of the country or foreign coin they give for British gold; strangers going from England, if they can get them, had always better take specie rixdollars, if not, Frederick d'ors ; the former are about five shillings sterling each ; one of their specie rixdollars con- tains sixty Danish schillings: they have bank notes which are eight species, or ten rixdollars current, which pass readily in the country. Husum being the grand focus of the communication betwixt Fmgland and the continent, it may be supposed that from passengers com- ing to embark, and others to proceed to the interior, the traveller going that way may find sufficient opportunities of purchasing a car- riage suitable for the roads he is going to travel, of those who are ar- rived from those quarters to embark for England, and of course have their carriages to sell. It does not always happen, however, that car- riages are to be met with ; those coming to Husum generally dispose of theirs at Lubec or at Hamburg, if not, they generally find their way to the latter city ; it would therefore always be best for any stranger, going to travel on the continent, to get to Hamburg before he buys his carriage, (unless he meets with one at Husum, which will suit him, and this is sometimes the case,) as at Hamburg he finds the greatest variety, and can suit himself in a few hours, proceed on his journey, furnished with proper means and money, at a reasonable rate. In speaking of Hamburg, strangers will naturally ask, how they are to get there from Husum. If they, by chance, cannot get re- turned carriages which have brought passengers down to embark, then stuhl waggons, carriages of the country, roughly constructed on four wheels, without springs or covering excepting sometimes a calesh fixed by straps in the centre. For this miserable machine he must pay, at each station over and above the usual rate for post horses, which is 20 Danish schillings per mile for each horse, besides the driver's drink-money, tolls, &c. The Holstein mile may be reckoned about five English, and the dis- 343 tance from Husum to Hamburg, the best way, is 20; Holstein miles; at least that distance is paid for in travelling : from Husum it is 64 miles to Rendsburg, where there is a good inn, and this place is described as one of the neatest in Holstein. —— To Remmel, a single house, but middling accommodations. 3 3 — To Itzehoe, tolerable good accommodations, a large old town. The river Stör runs through this place, and is navigable from the Elbe. 3 To Elmenshorst, where are middling accommodations. 2} To Pinneberg. 2% To Hamburg. 20% The last part of the way is a causeway. Within a short distance of Hamburg you pass the Danish custom-house, where, if no suspicion, for a small fee, you are allowed to pass. In leaving Hamburg to go down. to Husum, the officer of the customs will give you the following billet, on convincing him of the facts, and which you sign and take with you, though perhaps not required, yet it may be useful and save trouble : “ The Subscribed does hereby declare, that he does not carry any thing along with him, earcept his garments and linen.” | Signed Officer. Nov. 15. 1804. On entering or leaving Hamburg, at the gates, if a stranger is travel- ling, the name and character of the person is taken, and published in the papers. Those who wish not to touch at Hamburg, but to proceed forward, on the continent, and wish to avoid the French, in Hanover, must go from Husum to Rendsburg, thence to Kiel, through Lubec, Schwe- rin, Grabau, and then fall into the road at Perleberg, which leads on to Berlin. r - KEIL is situated on the west side, nearly at the bottom of a small, gulf, called Kielforde, in the Dutchy of Holstein, on the Baltic Sea, directly opposite the southern point of the island, of Funen, on the sides of which are the Great and Little Belts. In this bay there is a sufficient depth of water for any ships, and almost for all merchantmen directly up to the bridge at Kiel, and vessels can with almost all winds get in or out; it is a neat town, has betwixt 7 344 and 8000 inhabitants: and here are held two great fairs, or marts, annually, at which considerable business is done. - Those ships which are too large to go through the Holstein Canal, can deposit their cargoes here; or it can be made a convenient or se- cure entrepôt for a considerable transit trade, should it ever occur, be- twixt the Baltic and the North Sea. The Holstein Canal commences on the Baltic side, only three miles from hence, and at Kiel, they have in general good warehousing, one three stories high and 268 feet long, so that here and at Rendsburg, merchandise can always be se- curely housed. It appears extraordinary, but it is so, that Altona, on the side next Hamburg, and Kiel on that next Lubec, seem adapted to rival those places; the cheapness of the one, and the superior con- venience of the other, strongly shews, that it is sometimes difficult to draw trade from its usual channels, if it is left free and uninterrupted. When the Elbe was first blockaded, a great part of the Hamburg trade came through Kiel; but as the goods were to be conveyed by land carriage to the former city, the expense, delay, and pilfering, were all found so great, that Tonningen very soon carried the day. RENDSBURG, is a handsome neat little town, and a strong fortifica- tion, through which the celebrated canal passes, from thence it goes to Holtenau on the Baltic, a distance of about 25 miles, from which place the Eyder is navigated by means of the wind and tides to the North Sea by Tonningen. Here is a custom-house, excellent public warehouses, and commodious wharfs for landing goods, a large bason for shipping, and a principal sluice, the first on the side of the North Sea. • f - In consequence of the blockade of the rivers Elbe and Weser, the considerable traffic and shipping which continually pass through this place, make it at present one of the most lively and interesting inland towns on the continent, for a commercial mind. The number of ves- sels which have passed and repassed each year through the canal, and other particulars relative to this place, will be found in describing that navigation separately. The duties to be paid on passing from the Baltic to the North Sea, are received at Holtenau, Rendsburg, and Ton- ningen, each having a separate rate. 345 . To facilitate the trade to Hamburg from Tonningen, goods are brought up from thence here, and a better road is making to Ham- burg and Altona, which passes through Inien, Bramstedt, and Ulz- burg, direct to the former cities. On this head, we will refer to Ton- ningen and Hamburg, for the conveyance of goods. * ... The following is the number of ships in the year 1802, that entered at the custom-house of Rendsburg, going through the Holstein Canal. With cargoes, 2407; in ballast 1242; in all 3649 vessels. . . . Passed through the canal in 1801, 2398, less than in 1802, by 1251 vessels. - Grain transported in 1802, through the said canal, 648,977 barrels. . Timber arrived in 1802, and landed at Rendsburg, 74 cargoes. Iron ditto, 32 cargoes. • - - The population of Rendsburg in 1803, was, exclusive of Jews and convicts working on the fortifications, 7563. . To NNINGEN.—Its population in 1769, was only 1487. The resident inhabitants, in 1803, were only 1924, but on account of the great in- flux of strangers, the many establishments, and the business of the Elbe, the Weser, and that betwixt the Baltic and North Seas, passing through here, it is as crowded as a place possibly can be, and not inferior in charge and expense, to Hamburg, when in the zenith of its commercial career. - w Tonningen was scarcely known to the world, till the blockade of the rivers Elbe and Weser, by which circumstance it has got into great no- toriety; the number of shipping to this place will best be judged of by referring to what has arrived at Hamburg in former years. This place, which has the trade of the continent now passing through it, is a small town in the Dutchy of Schleswig, on the right bank of the river Eyder, not far from where it falls into the North Sea, betwixt Pyderstadt and Dithmarschen; it has, for the considerable commerce it now has, bad accommodations, having but a small creek, which runs a few hundred yards in a curve from the river, by the town, and in which, not more than two or three small vessels can lay abreast, if it is necessary to land and take in their cargoes there; but the vessels in general, lay at anchor in the open river, above the town, where they load and discharge. - Y y 346 Betwixt the smah ereek and the river on the small promontory, about 60 to 80 yards broad, is a considerable warehouse; but, upon the whole, there is little accommodation of storehouses, as may natu- rally be expected here. - - There were strict prohibitions in the imports and exports of Helstein and Schleswig, until SOrne regulations were published, dated the 8th July, 1803, on a Hiberal footing, which will be given hereafter. We shall just state, that goods passing here in transit, (which is of course the prin- cipal branch,) pay one per cent. on the declared value, although it is expected that the real value is given; if not, it is attended with some danger. . . . . . - The navigation from the North Sea to Tonningen is very difficult and dangerous; there are, however, buoys and beacons placed all along the course for shipping. It is advisable, on account of the many shoals and sand banks, to take advantage of the flood. Vessels, how- ever, drawing not more than seven feet water in moderate weather may avail themselves of the ebb tide. . . . In spring tides, vessels drawing 16 feet English may come up. within half an English mile of the town; and vessels drawing even 18 feet have sometimes come up; but all vessels drawing 14 feet can get up without any danger, and lay in the stream above the town. Small craft, on leaving Tonningen, take with them a clearance from the custom house, which they produce in case of their being driven into any Danish harbour. The small craft going over the sand banks betwixt Tonningen and the Elbe, in case of danger, put into Husum or Barlder havens, or return to the Eyder, as circumstances will allow, from the state of the winds and weather. -* - At present, the post, on horseback, goes directly twice a week from Tonningen to Hamburg, and returns the same: on Monday and Thursday from Tonningen, and on Tuesday and Friday from Ham- burg. There is a common carrier once a week. g The trade on the Continent south of the Elbe, chiefly from Holland and the Low Countries, is carried on by means of the Eyder: the following is an account in each year of the vessels which entered at Tonningen custom-house actually from the North Sea, whose destination was absolutely for the ſaltic ports, through the Holstein canal, and were, - * , In 1796 ... • . . . .'; G40-vessels. 1797 . . . . ;1872 ------ iž98 . . . . . . . . . 1558— in 1799 §. Fe tº •- *796-wessels. -- ... * £899 • * * * 1826——- isol. . . . . 4675 — | The amount of the duties in 1804, is supposed to have been above 300,000 dollars, clear of all expenses of eollecting. The produce of the custom-house district of Tonningen amounted in the following: years to, - = 1793 . . . . 25.8565 rixdollars. I 1800 . . . . sis500 ſixdollars. rºp7 . . . . .296600 — ‘ſ 180i . . . . 256154 — 1799 . . . . . . 24.5468 —— And in 1803 **. The conveyance of goods from Tonningen to Hamburg, or through Holstein to that city and Altona, as well as the toll of regulations re- specting the same, we shall now give. - ^. - Conveyance of Goods from Tonningen and other Places, through Holstein, - . . * * -to Hamburg and Altona. - As Tonningen has been found, in general, the most suitable and con- venient port, since the blockade of the Elbe, to carry on the commerce which necessarily must pass through Hamburg, we will just make a few remarks on that head. - The transport of goods from Tonningen to Hamburg may be effected by different routes. All articles of manufacture generally come over land, a distance of about 95 to 100 English miles: the rate of carriage was at first 4 marks 4.sch. currency per 100 lbs. but 5 marks 4 sch. to 8, is now paid according to the state of the roads and the demand for carriers. - - - - Coffee and sugar, which will not bear so heavy an expense, go from Tonningen to Brunsbüttel, about six German miles, in waggons, at 2 marks per 100 lbs. from thence they are taken up the Elbe for 3 marks per hlid. for sugar, and in the same proportion for different sized casks of coffee; but, being obliged to pay the Stadt duty, there is not so great a saving as might be expected. Some goods are transported by Y y 2 - - . . . . -* , 348 land from Tonningen to Itzehoe, 45 miles, and thence by water upon the Stör to the Elbe. r Another way of forwarding goods is by an inland canal, on which, with the exception of three German miles land carriage, they may go to Glückstadt, and from thence up the Elbe ; this route is by much the most moderate in-point of charges, but the most tedious on account of the length of time it requires; but it can be had recourse to when the roads become bad and are stopped, just before the frost sets in. It is of material consequence, even in the end of December, that the Ey- der is not liable to be so suddenly frozen, as the ports in the Baltic ; and ships from Tonningen may generally get out to sea in the course of a few hours, whilst those in the eastern ports of Holstein will risk being locked in, perhaps for the winter. • , . The waggons employed in Holstein are ill constructed, and badly defended against the effects of the weather, compared with those in England; they generally take from one and a half to three tons each, drawn by a great number of horses, on account of the badness of the roads. The stupidity of the waggoners, in exposing the goods to wet, the heat of the weather, or otherwise, at first created. serious losses, exclusive of a vast deal of pilfering, systematically carried on betwixt the drivers and even the keepers of the krugs or inns. This induced the Ham- burg merchants to convey the bulky merchandize round by water, as already stated, by which these depredations are greatly avoided, if not entirely ; and proper vessels now use that navigation from Ton- ningen up to Hamburg; the freight is from 20 to 30 shil. sterling per ton, and the insurance 1 per cent. in summer; but, towards autumn, and particularly near winter, the navigation is so dangerous, and so many accidents and losses occur, that 5 per cent. premium of insurance is then paid for the same voyage. • % Such goods as arrive by the last ships, it is the best way to let them remain till the roads are made good by the frost, when the rate is more reasonable. + - Another way may be better in forwarding goods, when there is no frost, which is up the canal to Rendsburg, where we have observed a new road is forming to Hamburg. * * * 349 33r • Since the blockade of the Elbe and the Weser, such has been the con- siderable traffic by land. through Holstein, that the following orders iſ 4 3 # ~ * * and regulations have been issued by the Danish government. On the 19th of May, 1804, a chancery de- | Heiligenstädten; or from these last to the cree was published, at Copenhagen, relating || first-mentioned places, every cart or wag- - to the regulation of the road money for transit goods passing through the dutchies, wherein it mentions, that his majesty had, on account of the numerous and considera- ble repairs of the high roads, which the great number of the transport-carriages of the transit goods made necessary, besides the turnpike money already paid at the different established turnpike roads, been , pleased to decree for the present, or as long as circumstances shall make it necessary, a farther payment of road money in the dutchies, here undermentioned : “ For all waggons laden with transit goods, going from Tonningen, Husum, Frederickstadt, Rendsburg, and Kiel,- to . Hamburg, Altona, Brunsbüttel, Itzehoe, ; for the whole distance. gon, with four horses, is to pay for every mile such waggon passes half a schilling, Schleswig Holstein currency; for each horse, and cart or waggon that has more than four horses, to pay one schilling, Schleswig Hol- stein currency, per mile for each horse. This tax is to be paid by the carriers at the first turnpike, to the custom-house officer, Carriers that take away any horse on arriving before a turn- pike, or add one after passing the turnpike, shall pay one rixdollar penalty for each horse. The money that arises from this new regulation shall be applied to the keeping in repair the roads through which the tran- sit goods pass.” New Regulations of Customs in the Dutchies of Schleswig and Holstein. On the 8th of July, 1803, regulations of duties for the dutchies of Schleswig and Holstein, consisting of thirteen parts, and divided into two hundred and sixty-five ar- ticles, were announced and published. On the 1st day of Dec. following, these re- - gulations became inforce: the object of them is to grant the subjects of these dutchies every advantage which the subjects of a. kingdom enjoy and derive from regulations which this prohibition was repealed in those kingdoms, we repeal the same in these our dutchies. ** * “We moreover give full permission, that all foreign articles, of every description, may be imported into these dutchies.” This general permission has the following, conditions only: # 1st. In support of the porcelain manufac- tory at Copenhagen, the importing of any of that kind. They aim, besides, at a fair sort of foreign porcelain, as well as coloured, valuation of the articles for which a propor- foreign delft-ware, or imitation of porcelain, tionate duty is to be paid, and which valu- || shall remain, as it hitherto has been, in a ation is further regulated by the necessity || state of práhibition; with the exception, of the article, or by the smallness of the however, of the real China porcelain im- privation, should it be dispensed with. The ported by the East India company, and of first part of these regulations contains the plain delft—ware of one colour only ; both following clauses respecting the freedom of i & * TV trade: . . . . . . . + “Till the present time the importation of a great variety of articles into these dutchies has been prohibited, as it was formerſy in the two kingdoms of Denmark and Norway. The end of these prohibitions has not how- which articles are permitted to be imported as heretofore. 2d. The importation of burnt roots, beans, or whatever else may be converted into a substitute for coffee, shall not be allowed, because in the burnt state it would not be possible easily to discriminate between any ever been successful, neither here nor in , the said kingdoms of Denmark and Nor- Way. - * , “In conformity with the motives by pernicious mixture and the real article. All articles, whether foreign or of home pro- duce, are free to be exported, with the ex- eeption only of stone, which is indispensably 350 necessary for banking the ditches on the allow to be imported these, from these western coasts of the dutchies. Cattle and | dutchies.” t § { * horses shall likewise have a free exportation, These are the new regulations ; instead of as well as be allowed to be imported. The those of the 23d of November, (1778, which trade with Denmark and Norway is hereby are not mentioned in the present regulations, left entirel y unlimited with respect to every, but are declared as null and void, and of no article which the laws of those kingdoms # force whatever. { } . . * ČHAP. III. Of the Halstein Canal, -Cost. — Description. — Dimensions for Vessels which can pass through. —Rules, Regulations, and Duties for Shipping. –Table of Duties for Merchandize Passing through, also for JWarehouse Rent, at Rendsburg, if landed.—Number of Vessels which have passed through the Canal each Year, distinguishing Foreign from Danish Wessels. THE Holstein canal was begun in the year 1777, and was com- pletely finished on the 4th of May, 1785, but opened in 1784. The whole undertaking cost 2,512,432 rixdollars. There are six sluices, which cost 70,000 rixdollars each. * & \ º This canal on the side of the Baltic commences about three English miles north of Kiel, at a place called Holtenau, where there is a sluice, another at Knoop, and a third at Rathmansdorff, till it comes to the Flemhude Lake, which is the highest point; and from this lake, on the side of Rendsburg, there are three other sluices, one at Königs- forde, another at Kluvensiek, and the last at Rendsburg; these are on what is called the Upper Eyder, and the Lower Eyder is from Rends- burg to its mouth, running by Tonningen, below which placeitfalls into the sea, betwixt Byderstadt and Dithmarschen. The distance is about 100 English miles, and vessels must either sail-or-tide it, or both ; whilst from Rendsburg to Holtenau, nearly at the mouth of Kiel Bay, upon the Baltic, it is only about 25 English miles, which can be navigated in all weathers, except during a strong frost, as horses can be had, if required, at fixed rates. The vessels are let through a sluice *. 35t in Httle more than eight or ten minutes each, for each of which they pay only 4 schillings Danish, or about so many pence English. The surface breadth of this eanal is 100 feet, and at the bottom 54 feet Danish measure, and the depth 10 feet throughout at the least. Vessels can pass through the sluices 100 feet in length, 26 feet in breadth, and 9 feet 4 inches draught of water, Danish measure, and which, for the regulation of the British merchant and ship owner, as well as the master, it must be observed, is in proportion of Engilsh measure for the vessels. . . . Breadth . . . Depth . . . Length . • * * 95 feet, 4 inches. 24 — 9 9 — As this canal may in the present state of Europe be greatly frequented, more general and minute particulars are given for the information and use of those who may avail of it, and which here follow: All ships, to whatever nation they may belong, are allowed to pass through on the same conditions, without any exception. No unloading or discharging of any for reign goods and merchandize is permitted in any other place situated on this eanal, than at Holtenau and Rendsburg; but only inland produce, manufactures, and timber are allowed to be taken in and un- loaded at the sluices at Knoop, Grös Ko- nigsförde, and Kluwensiek, and likewise by the bridges at Sueksdorf and Landwehr, and by the Tilekiln at Rade, under the inspection of the officers of customs. The masters of all ships and vessels, com- ing out of the Baltic, are to give an imme- diate notice of their arrival at the custom house at Holtenau and to declare their place of destination. As soon as a ship or vessel enters the eanal, then the master of the same is to make a general statement in the following form : - “ I, N. N. master of the ship [brig, or “ bark] called —, bound from {& to ——, with a cargo of * - – [or with ballast] do hereby “ mention the arrival of the same at “ the royal custom house at Holtenau, “ the < * “ N. N.” place. ‘. The custom house officer at Holtenau then furnishes the master with a passport, according to the statement made ; with which he may continue his voyage to Rendsburg. In case the cargo of a vessel arriving at Holtenau is either discharged in the whole, or in part, then the statement, examination, and payment of duties of such part of the cargo is to be made according to the royal prescription, dated the 23d of November, 1778; if not, an exception is made with re- spect to those transit goods and mercham- dize which are landed and stored here. The duties to be paid-on inland produce, manufactures, and goods, loaded within the banks of the canal, and not passing the limits of the Rendsburg custom house, are to be paid at Holtenau, when passing that The masters of ships and vessels, pro- ceeding from Rendsburg to Holtenau, are to make an immediate declaration on their arrival to the custom house officer at that place, who will then, without any further examination, allow them to continue their voyage, on producing the passport they have received from the custom house at Rendsburg; no further statement in writing of the cargo they have in, will be necessary to be made, as the duties on those ships and merchandize passing through the canal by 352. Rendsburg have already been paid at the custom house there. In case there should be any goods and - merchandize on board of a vessel coming from Rendsburg, which are to be unloaded at Holtenau, then the note received fröm the custom-house at Rendsburg is to be de-, livered to that at Holtenau. The said goods and merchandize may then be discharged and delivered according to the prescription of the 23d of November 1778, and the cus- tom-house officer will make out a particular passport for the remainder of the cargo. The same is done for those vessels coming from Rendsburg to Holtenau, in order to complete their cargo, with which they are to proceed to other inland places. - Wessels which only take in ballast at Hol- tenau are exempted from making any state- ment in writing. # . ... ', Allships and vessels arriving at Rendsburg | are to deliver as soon as they arrive there, the passports they have received from the custom-house either at Holtenau or Ton- ningen to the custom-house at Rendsburg, where the duties are to be paid on all goods and merchandize passing through the ca- nal. • - . . . . The masters of vessels which have taken in their cargoes at any foreign ports, must necessarily be provided with bills of lading and invoices drawn up in a due and regular form, containing the quantity, quality, and value of the goods; which documents, the masters of such vessels are instantly to de- liver up to the custom-house, in order to be signed : it is therefore necessary that ‘such documents should be drawn up in as complete and plain a manner as possible, in order to prevent delay, which will other- wise take place. Those ships or vessels which have taken in their cargoes at any Danish port, may be exempted from mak- ing up a specified statement of the same, on the master’s delivering to the custom- house at Rendsburg a passport in which the goods and merchandize he has on board of his ship are duly and plainly stated. The masters of such ships and vessels as have taken in their cargoes in any foreign port, and are proceeding therewith to any foreign port, are allowed a premium of 4 ...tinuation of the voyage. . . per cent, to be deducted from the amount of the duties they are to pay, which is imme- diately deducted in the account of the canal duties. . . . . . . * * * * * After the duties and other expenses tak- p *ing place in passing through the canal have been duly paid, a passport is granted to the masters of the vessels for the further con- Although the master of a vessel may have a cargo on board, which he is to discharge at Rendsburg in order to remain within the territories of his Danish Majesty; or if even he takes in native produce and manufac-, tures in return, yet he is to pay the duties laid upon'such foreign or native goods and merchandize, in the act of the 23d of May 1778. , 2 The custom-house officers at Tonningen are to proceed in the dispatch of ships and vessels sailing out of the canal, or entering into the same according to the preseription. of those at Holtenau. , Those ships and vessels arriving from Rendsburg at Holte- nau, without having passed through the canal, or likewise those proceeding from the Elbe river and the North Sea to Rends- burg, are to prepare themselves with respect to the payment of duties, according to the act of the 23d of May 1778... . . . . . . . . . Those regulations are general and there are no exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment of lastage in passing through the canal, is not demanded from vessels un- der the following circumstances. . . . . 1. Those passing through without loading ºori discharging any goods or merchandize in any part of the canal. 2. Those small vessels which only trade…in the canal, or on the Lower Eyder, from one place to another. 3. Those ships which do not load or discharge in any place on the banks of the canal, above the fourth part of their burthen. . . . " 3 ... . . . . . . . . . . * * 4. Those ships which, on account of damage or a leak, received during the voyage, are obliged to discharge the cargo. - } 5. The packet boats regularly sailing between Kiel and Copenhagen, if they load or discharge in the canal. • * ~! - * * * * * * 353 Buoy and Beacon Dues to be paid at Tom- * ningen only, to and from the North Sea, by Ships passing the westermost Part of the Eyder. For a laden vessel is to be paid - For a vessel with ballast, or which is not laden with goods to above the fourth part of its burthen For an open vessel laden For a ditto unladen - At each of the six locks in the canal between Kielerforde and Rends- burg, vessels of 100 feet Holstein measure in length, 26 in breadth, and which draw no more than 9 feet water, are to pay on each vessel passing through a sluice - - - - Accounts to be given in writing of the arrival of ships at Holtenau, Rendsburg, and Tonningen, on un- stamped paper, as likewise the pass- ports; however, all statements of the cargoes, passing through the canal, paying duties must be drawn up on stampt paper, according to the value of the merchandize. 10 rixdollars cost 2 shillings H 5 3 2O 4. * 30 5 From 50 to 100 6 \. i OO 2OO 8 200 300 12 300 500 28 - 500 1000 1 rixdollar sº Fees at the Custom-house at Holtenau. Ships passing on their voyage from the Baltic through the canal for each last, (or two tons,) whether loaded or half loaded accordingly Ships or vessels having goods on rx. sh. 3 Hººt 1 24 24 19 * board, which are to be stored in the public warehouse at Holtenau, or take in any goods that have been stored there already, or any other wares imported, in order to carry them through the canal, are nevertheless to pay per last – Ships coming from the Baltic with ballast, and entering into the canal are to pay, per ship's last, (or for two tons) : – tºº tºº gº º tº wº & # *s Ships which have discharged either the whole, or only a part of their cargoes at Rendsburg, or take in any goods at that, or any other place, and return with the same. º the canal again, pay, on each a.St * * Ships which load any native produce within the banks of the canal, and proceed therewith to Holtenau, or any place further, without enter- ing into the Rendsburg district, are to pay, per last- But all ships arriving from Rends- burg at Holtenau without loading or discharging any goods or mer- chandize, are exempted from the payment of such fees. dº º dº --yº ºne- Fees at the Custom-house at Rendsburgs- | All ships and vessels arriving from . the Elbe and the North Sea at Rendsburg by means of the canal, either with a full cargo, or only with a part of it, are to pay for each last of their burthen - The same rate is settled upon those ships which arrive at Rendsburg without taking in there any other goods and wares than such as are to be transmitted to another place out of the public warehouse. For vessels laden with ballast that may sail out of the canal, or enter into it, is to be paid, per last - .* Fees at the Custom-house at Tonningen. For ships and vessels arriving at Tonningen from the Elbe or the North sea, and which sail through the canal to Rendsburg and other places, is to be paid, per last . . Ships pay no more on arriving at Tonningen with a cargo of goods to be stored at the public ware- house, or take any goods aboard which have been stored there, in order to carry them through the canal. - - For ships and vessels arriving at Tonningen from the Elbe or the North Sea in ballast, in order to sail through the canal in the course of their voyage, is to be paid, per last * gº 4. tº gº tº * º * . gº rx, sh. * 1. — i. — i. — , — 354 For vessels arriving from Rendsburg at Tonningen, in order to dis- charge their cargoes, either in whole, or, in part; or to take in any goods and merchandize there, with which they are to pass through the canal again on their - return, is to be paid, per last, - - - I All ships and vessels coming through the canal and casting ‘anchors at Tonningen merely in order to mention their arrival at TX, sh. Duties to be paid at Rendsburg on the following Mer Canal, and the Rates of Warehouse Rent, in Case Riwdollars, Schillings, and Pence. ſt the custom-house there, without loading or unloading any goods, are exempt from the payment of such fees. - All goods and wares arriving at Rends- burg, from the Baltic, by the , urg, from the Baltic, by the canal, and which from the canal are afterwards con- veyed to Altona and Hamburg by land, are exempted from transit duty, and the same if they go from thence to Rendsburg, an through the canal to the Baltic. g, and chandize passing through the of being landed and stored, in º r | k Duties in passing Warehouse rent per Duties in passing Warehouse Rent per Articles. thröugh the Month if-landed Articles. through the Month if landed - x - Canal. at Rendsburg. * * Canal. at Rendsburg. * Quantity, s. d. Package. s. d. - ... • Quantity. s. d. |, Package. s, d. Ashes, Pot . . . . . . . . per 190lb. , 3 0 | > & Lead, in Sheets . . . . . per shib. 30 - “... I Weed . . . . . . per rixdol. || 0 | 6 ; per barrel || 4 - 0 in Pigs . . . Pºº. . ; }per shib. 0 3 || Ballast to be paid . . . . per last 1. 0. *=º *sº White . . . . per 100Ib. 8 0 | per 100lb. o 3 | Brandy, Spanish, French, 6 O R. hh * . Malt - ‘. . pér toff. 2 O er 12 casks a i ſº l- > . . . - - per hlid. . * . per 12 casks 4 6 and Rhenish . . . . . $ . . . . . . . $ 4 0 || Meat, salted . g per 100lb. 6 0 | per barrel || 0 6 |Butter . ... per Bar, of 224 cwt. 16 0 per barrel || Oil, Train . . . . . per barrel 12 0 , , * |Hristies. . . . . . . . per rišćol. 0 6 . 1 O Linseed . . . . per 1001b. 8 0 - Coffee . . . . . . . . per 100ib. 8, 0 | per 100lb. 0 6 Hempseed . . tº ditto 2 O per cask 1 O Cochineal . . . . . . . . per rixdol. 0 6 ditto 1. 0 Oak Rape-seed . . . . . ditto 2 - O - . . . -i- ºr ~ - * 5 per last of R akum, of every kind . . er shlb. 10 O er shlb. .. coal, pſ coals . * * { per last 10 0 & 12 bar. § 2 0 Paper of all kind º: bale 14 0 . bale : g Cotton . . . . . . . . . per rixdol. 0 6 - — || Pepper Q ,-- — per 1001b. O 9 Cordage - . . per shib. |32 | 0 | per shlb., | 0 6 || Pitch . per barrel 4 0 | per barrel o 6 Fruit, Prunes { } { er rixdol. 1 1 0 } per cask | 3 0 || Rice per 100lb. 8 0 | per 500lb. 9 O Plumbs . . ; P - 1X ClCI. . ditto 3 O || Rum . per anker | 5 0 | per hld. 4. O Lemons and oranges per box 6 0 | \ er bo O 6 || Saltpetre . * per 100 b. 8 O per 100lb. O 3 Currants . . . . . . . . per cwt. 8 0 || Pº "* } 0 6 || Salt of every kind per barrel 3 O per last. 2 0 | Furs of all kind . per rixdol. 0 6 per 100 rixdrs. 12 0 || Sugar, White Loaf . & I R sº Flour . & per 100 b. 6 0 | per 12 casks 4 6 Brown candied . ; per 100 b. 10 O per 100lb. 1 O. Flax . . . . . . . per sh;b. |32 | 0 || -per shlb. . . 1 0 Raw * ditto 8 O - - - - - ? Fish, Haddocks . . . . per barrel 8 0 per 100lb. — || Skins . . . . • per 10 pcs. || 3 0 | per 10 pieces O 3 Herrings of all kind ditto 12 0 ** — || Silk of all kinds . per rixdol. 0 6 – i. Salmon, salt . ditto 8 . () * — || Satin and taffety per ell 4 0 *s — Stock ditto per shib. 14 0 ******s -— || Seeds, Hemp per barrel || 4 0 | per barre Ó 6 Ginger . . . . . per 100 b. 8 0- per 100lb. () 3 Flax ... • ditto 6 O ditto O 6 Grain, Rye . . per barrel 3 O . Mustard . . ditto | 8 O ditto O 6 Wheat ditto 4. O | .* Tar . * * * * per barrel 4 O di to 0 6 Barley ditto 2 0 || per last of { } Turpentine . per rixdol. 1 O ; & *s Oats . . g ditto 1 6 | }.12casks or { || 4 6 || Tobacco in leaves per 100lb. 6 0 } \ Beans . . . . per 100lb. 4 O barrels. & nianufactured ditto 8 0 || $ per 1900lb. 5 O Pease . . . . per cask 4 - 0 - Tallow º $ tº ºt ditto 6 0 per shlb. 9 O Buckwheat . ditto 1 6 Tin, wrought and un- ? in le. Hides, Raw . . ſt per 10 pCS. 10 0 R 2T 10 O 6 wrought * , wº per shlb. * j94 O per shlb., O 3 Tanned . . . ditto 19 O ; pe 9 pes. Tea, all kinds . per rixdol. O 6 ~ , Hemp . . . . . . per shlb. 20 0 } per shlb. 9 O || Wool . tº º per shlb. 24 O per shlb. 2 O Hops • * * per 1001b. 8 O per bale 1 6 || Woollen goods. - - - Indigo . per rixdol. 0 6 | per 100lb. 1 0 Baize, English . . per 24 ells, 4 0 || - — * Iron . . . . . . . . per shib. 10 0 | per shlb. O 3 Scottish, dyed . ditto 6 0 — *sºng Linen, blue-striped, in s: Flannel • ditto 2 6 *g — ºp º t per fixdol, 0 6 *m. Shalloon ditto 5 § *-*=s tºwºsºsºs Damask and ticking ditto O 6 **** mºsºmºsº Carnlet . . . . ditto 2 6 **** *= Cambric, fine and ał is Calainanco t ditto 3 O — — common ; per 24 ells. 8 0 - Kersey, English. ditto 5 0 Canvass . tº ditto, O 3 — , — ||Wine, Malaga . . . . . R & º Sailcloth . . . . per rixdol. 1 0. *--º-º-e *== Spanish and Hun- per ohm, 48 0 | (per hā. 2 O Logwood . . . . . . . ditto " || 1 0 | per 100lb. O 3 F gary • . . . - Leather, Morocco . . Yarn, Flaxen of all kind . er rixdol. 0 6 er shlb, * Yufts . . . } pe, 10 pe *| 6. 0 & Cotton . . . . . p ditto O 6 pººl + o 355 The following particulars of vessels, which have gone through the Holstein Canal in each year, will shew nearly the share of trade which passes through it, to and from the Baltic; likewise the proportion of foreign vessels to those belonging to the Danish dominions. It will be seen, that upwards of one-half of the yessels which pass through this canal are belonging to foreigners, and these generally go to and from Embden and Holland, chiefly under Prussian colours, and many of them, no doubt, Prussian vessels, which convey produce from the ports of that kingdom in the Baltic, to Embden and other places, the number of English vessels which avail themselves of this navigation, are few, comparatively speaking; but since the blockade of the Elbe, they have increased, as they have taken cargoes out to Ton- ningen, and, for want of back freights, have proceeded through to the Baltic, loaded products from thence, and returned by way of Elsineur. Vessels pass through; in ballast, no doubt in the same proportion as at Elsineur, at which place, if the Dutch and French ships have not appeared upon the list as vessels passing that way, we may infer from the increase of numbers which have the last two years gone through the Holstein Canal, that the Dutch in particular, have carried on their trade through this channel, and the French have also participated in that commerce. * ... • - * - , * * * } - - - The Wessels which passed through the Holstein Canal, according to the . Accounts kept at Rendsburg, were 2 , , - Years Danish ships Foreign ships. Total || Years Danish ships Foreign ships Total " 1784. . . 77 . . . . . 77 3793 . . 849. . 1441 . . . 2290 1785 . . . 409 . . 44 . . 453 1794. . . . 927 . . 1192 . . 21 19 1786 . . 833 . . . 67 . . 400 || 1795 . . 938 . . . 970 . . . 1953 ... 1787 . . . 520 . . .125 . . 645, 1796 . . . .921 - . 1258 . . . 21.79 1788 . . . 490 . . 136 . . 626 1797 . . 925 . . ] 180 . . . 2100 1789 . . . 792 . . . 280 . . 1072 || 1798. . . 1086 . . 1164 . . . . 2250 1790 . . . 678 . . 293 . . 971 || 1799 . . .925 . . 1605 . . . 25.30 1791 . . 794 . . 456 . . 1250 1801, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2398 2792 . . .787 . . 722 . . .1509 1802 . . . . . . . . . . .3649. The commerce that is carried on by this canal has been on the increase. In 1803, stating each month (except January and Tebruary) it being navigable from March to December that year, - - Z Z 2 - . . 356 (which is not always the case.) The vessels which passed through were in - January . . . . . . . . . — | August • * * > . . . 503 February . . . . . . . . - || September . . . . . . . 390 March • . . . . . . . . . .309 October . . . . . . . . 373 #. . . . . . . . . . 484 || November . . . . . . . . . 169 lay . . . . . . . . . 469 s December . . . . . . . . - 57 June . . . . . . . . . 483 * * July . . . . . . . . . . 646 || - Total 3833 CHAP. Iv. Of the Island of 2ealand.—Its Position.—Remarks on its attack and the Confederacy in 1801,–Copenhagen, the Capital of Denmark.-Its Localities.—Its Trade and Navigation.—The Transit Trade, Moneys, Weights, and Measures. - - - THE position of the island of Zealand in which Copenhägen, the capital of Denmark stands, is better understood, by inspecting the chart, than by any description. It is placed on the entrance into the Baltic. It is separated on the north from Sweden by the Sound, and from Jutland and Holstein on the west and south by the Great Belt and a number of islands of various sizes. - ** At the entrance point on the north-west of Zealand is the castle of Cronenburg, which is exactly opposite to Helsenburg, on the Swedish coast, and within about a mile of Elsineur. These two opposite forti- fications command the Sound, and all the ships that pass are liable to be interrupted by them. - The Great Belt, on the other side of Zealand, is not so narrow as the Sound, but the islands on all sides, and the circuitous navigation both before it is entered and after having passed it, render the passage by the Sound preferable for ships sailing out of or into the Baltic Sea. Copenhagen is undoubtedly the best sea port, in the island; the harbour is excellent, and will admit ships of large burthen. The 357. affair of 1801, which took place here, and terminated the confederacy of the northern nations, is a proof of its strong but dangerous posi- tion, in case of hostilities with a nation that has superior power. Benmark, though of the three powers the most pacifically inclined, alone sustained the attack, and suffered in the cause, owing merely to, local situation, and not any wish on the part of the British to revenge. the quarrel on Denmark. It happened, on this occasion, as on many. others, that the parties least disposed to quarrel were the most deeply. involved, which affords a good reason for that power in future, acting from its own conviction, and in consequence of its own feelings, with- out permitting itself to be induced or instigated by any other. The coalition to which that memorable event put a final termina-- tion, was in itself so ill founded, and, fraught with such fatal conse- quences to those concerned, if it had proceeded, that we can never mention it without making some remarks; and it will be seen by the exports of all the three powers who were parties to the coalition against England, that they are gainers by hostilities between this country and France; and therefore, if even guided by interest, and if justice were out of the question, they should not be displeased, if they suffer a little inconvenience by an event, from which they gain a great deal. • 4. COPENHAGEN. This city is said to have had its foundation in 1169, and it had alread y, in 1242, arrived to such a degree of consequence as to excite the jea- lousy of the Lubecers, who, in that year, destroyed it ; in 1819, it had so far recovered itself, as to be made a city, when it was again succes- sively attacked and destroyed, in the years 1361, and 1869, by the Hanseatic League. Roschild had been the ancient capital of Den- mark, but that title was transferred to the city. of Copenhagen in the year. 1443, since which time it has continued the capital, and its pri- vileges were further confirmed and completely enlarged, so that in the year 1515, it was made the staple port of all the Danish dominions, since which period it has progressively, gained in trade, and du- ring the last two wars, in which England has been engaged, very much increased in commerce and wealth; so much so, that the population of 358 Copenhagen, in the year 1769, was only reckoned 70,495; in 1799, it had increased to 83,063; and by the latest accounts, to 100,975 souls, including the garrison, containing 14,198 men... . . . & This city has every convenience for carrying on, a considerable com- merce; its harbour is a very commodious one, with a sufficient depth of water for large ships, and good warehouses, alongside of which they generally discharge their cargoes in the city. , ** The trade of Copenhagen consists chiefly in the transit of goods. The island of Zealand, in which it stands, produces nothing in sufficient -quantity for exportation, beyond its own consumption, and scarcely sufficient for that. The export trade from Denmark is trifling, except to their own East and West India possessions, and that chiefly in goods from other parts. * * *, r. - sº The imports, from Great Britain to Copenhagen, consist principally in manufactures of different sorts; woollen cloths of all kinds, printed cottons, and some few other articles are prohibited, but many of these are landed upon what is called transit UPLAG, paying a very small transit duty. f & The principal trade is to and from the East and West Indies, and of late years considerable importations from America, consisting chiefly in East and West India produce, most of which is landed on the transit uplag, every thing being allowed to be landed and sold for exportation; Sweden and other ports in the Baltic, receiving annu- ally great supplies. The East India Company have the sole privilege of trading to China, from whence annually two ships arrive. Pri- vate merchants are allowed to trade to India, on paying the Company 10 per cent. duty; so that the principal trade is carried on by private merchants, the Company having only two or three ships annually to other ports. * a “ * & On account of the trade of Copenhagen, being of the nature of a free port, no tables can be given of the imports and exports from hence; therefore, the only method to judge of it in some measure, and to determine whether it has increased so rapidly as has been stated, is to give the number of shipping which has arrived there at different periods. * & 357. The Number of the Wessels of different Sorts employed in Trade, belonging * * * to Copenhagen only, were l W In 1745. . . . . . . . . . . 103 || In 1780 . . . . . . . .230 1754 . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. .* 1782 . . . . . . .317 1758 . . . . . . . . 146 , I'788 . . . . . . 250 1759. . . . . . 189 , 1792 . . . . . . . 219 1760 . . . . . . . 202 e # –Toll-Inspector, for himself and three boatmen . • , gº. 1 By another Placard, in 1701. To the Director of the Customs o g — four Chamberlains © * > 1. ped paper # Seal-Presser, for stam and his tropble Q / The Translator extorts eight Stivers for each cocket. * . Such of the above fees as are now taken, some of the commissioners, charge in crown money, which is apprehended to be an abuse, as they ought only to be charged in,currënt money. Duties payable at the Sound on * - * Riad. Sti. Ale or Beer, the 8 hhds, at 4} . O 36 Alegar wº º º . Q 36 Alum, the shippound º te ... O 12 Almonds, the 100lb. © . 9 9 Apples, the last of 22 barrels •. • O 12 Apothecaries Drugs, the lispound, valued at 36 rixdollars º . (3 18 Annisced, the 100lb. * O 9 Antimony, the shippound o © Ö 12 Anchor and Locks, the schooks of 60 }: 0 Argol, the shippound © * ... O 6 Arsenic, the shippound e & ... O 12 Ashes, Weed, the last of 12 barrels, or 12 shippound- º O 12 2 barrels or 12 º Pot, the inst of 1 shippound, 1. () tº g & . To the before-mentioned should be added: Laden. In Ball. Light-Money for Ship and Cargo, in, crowns . Rixdoll. 5 3 2 25 Pass, Seal, Writing-Money, and Fees • • , , . 2 12 2 13' Guard-Ship.both Ways, 4 stivers, each time. * * British . Poor, upwards, of 24. stivers. Commission .. Ö. º ... O 24,' O 24 Add 3, stivers on each rixdollar crown, to make it current money, and observe that, in this and, all the following duties, 41 stivers make the rixdollar. i - N. B. All masters are allowed four per cent. out of the duties paid on their cargoes, both upwards and downwards. the principal Articles commonly passing through. tº - r Rird. Sti. Auri Pigmentum, the 100lb. & & O Bacon, the shippound e ... O ; Balks, great, of Oak, the piece ... O 3 T'ir, 4 ditto ... O 6 small, ditto, 20 ditto. . ... O 13 Baize, the single piece O 3 - the double piece & ... O 6 Beef, salted, the last of 12 barrels ... O 36 Books, printed, the 100lb. valued at 36. rixdollars º tº • ... O I 8 Brass or brass-wire; the shippound . 6). 24 wrought, the 100lb. valued at 36 rixdollars. . © . º ... O 18 Brimstone, the last of 12 shippound . 1 O Brandy, French or Spanish, the had. ... O 24, Corn, the barrel • T ... O 6, 366 IRixd. Sti. Brandy, Rhenish, the ohm º ... O 2 Bay-Berries, the 200lb. s ... O Biscuit, or Bread of Wheat, 4 barrels ... O Y. Rye º ... O Butter, the barrel . te ... O Brazil wood, the 500lb. “s ... O 1 Bristles, the shippound, valued at 36 rix- s dollars 2 e • . . . 0 18 Cables, Cordage, or Cable-Yarn, the ship- pound •º º 4- ... O 6 Calicoes, the 8 pieces © • ... O 15 Capers, the pipe, or two hogsheads . 0 18 Cards, for playing or for wool, the 10 - dozen * Yº e ... O 6 Copper, the shippound • º ... O 24 *- wrought, the 100lb. valued at 32 - rixdollars wº • e. ... O 6 Cheese, the shippound * > . . . 0 4 Cork, the 30 bundles . . • ... O 36 'Copperas, Calamin, or Cream of Tartar, the shippound . . © . . . 6 Cotton Wool, the 100lb. . . 0 18 *Cardomulus, Cinnamon, Cloves, or Cochi neal, the 100lb. • • ‘. . O 34 : I' Damask, of silk, the piece G • Linen, the 4 pieces . º — Woollen, the 8 pieces . . . Druggets, the 2 pieces © • , e. Down, the shippound • © e Eels, the last of 12 barrets º e - . Elephants Teeth, the piece " ... ‘e Fish, Cod, the last 12 barrels . . . . ——Stock, the last, 12 shippound, or 1000 fish . wº º º — Salmon, the barrel e * Salted Herrings, the barrel . cº – Red Herrings, the last, of 20 straes, or 20,000 . . º e Feathers, coarse, the shippound . lº Flannels, the 8 pieces of 25 ells each . . Flax, dressed, the shippound . — undressed, as Petersburg, Narva, 12. hhds. Marienburg, all fine sorts, Podo- lia, Rakitzer, and Paternoster, the 4 shippounds . . . —— coarse, half clean, Farken, Rassen, Courland, Prussia, Rassets, Memels, and Marienburg, the 6 shippounds ©- — Tow, the 5 shippounds • . . . Figs, the 18 baskets, 800lb. . . . . | Fernambuck-Wood, the 1000lb . . #| Flounders, dry, the 20,000 tº s, Frieze, the piece * Flour of Wheat, the 200lb. © . º e • ‘barrels Galls, or Gum, the 200lb. . . Gadza, or Gum, the 121b. o te Glass for Windows, English, French, Lubec, and Dantzic, the 8 chests e º — Venice drinking ditto, the chest . . —— Bottles, the ton, 4 hbds. ānd 30 schooks º © * — the 2 pipes e te * — Quart bottles, 100 dozen, 50 rix- dollars º • * tº Grains of Guinea, the 50lb. . . jº Ginger of Guinea, the 100lb. . . * — Green, the 50lb. , , • • Gunpowder, the 100lb. ºn & — Barley or Rye, the last of 12 - o O O O O O O O : : º§.i i Rird. Sti. 12 6 10 cº * *2 18 30 19 12 30 30 3O 10 24, F5 :Corn, Barley, the last of 20 barrels . ~~~~ Beans, Peas, Oats, or Buck-Wheat, the last of 12 barrels º Q to — Malt, the last of 20 barrels . . Rye, the last of 20 barrels . . —Wheat, the last of 20 barrels . . 2 Coriander and Currants, the 200lb. º Casques, the 50 pieces • • - - 1r 2 Cloth of silk, the piece e • - Fine, or Short Cloths, or double dozens, the 2 pieces *e e © O Coarse, or Long Cloths, or dozens, the 4 pieces º •. ... O 9 Canvass or Cambrics, the 4 pieces . - 0 || 5 | Camlet, the 4 pieces : º ... O 10. Camels Hair, the 25lb. . & ... O *Calamancoes, the 8 pieces . - 0 1 0 Campeachy-Wood, the 500lb. º ... O 18 Carraway-Seeds, the 100lb. . . , 9 9 Canary-Seed, the cask. . . . . ... O 6 Chesnuts, the 36 sacks . º . Q 36 Cider, the hogshead º & . . . 0 12 Caviar, the shippound, valued at 36 rix- dollars sº • e • Q 9 Coffee, the 2001b. º º ... O 24 Clock-work, the 100lb. valued at 36 rix. dollars º • * . 0 18 Crooked Wood, or Timber, 25 pieces - Deals of Oak or Fir, above 20 feet, the schook º se • . 1 Q — Carlshamn Deals, under 20 feet ..., 0.24 —— Prussia o © ... O 36 — Common, 10 to 14 feet, the 1000 . . 0 36 Diaper or Drilling, the 20 pieces . . .0 30 Dates, the 100lb. ^ a o ... O 9 Gloves, Prussia or Courland, the 250 pair Leather, the dozen, value 2 rix- dollars • * e. •. Hats, Felt, the cask . . . . &. —- Beaver, the dozen, value 48 rix- dollars s ... º. º ----- Castor, the dozen, value 48 rix- dollars Honey, the hogshead • , , . º {{ops, the shippound © . • Horses, the pair s • © Hair, camels or coneys, the 50lb. . ©. Hemp, the shippound . . g 12 10 10. 9 36 30 36 12 30 -5 2 12 I? 12 24 #2 36 50 367 Hemp, Tow, the 10 shippounds . . . . Haberdashery Ware, the 100lb. valued at 36 rixdollars . e , º Hides, Elks, Harts, Bucks, or Russia, the decker . . . e e — salted, Elks, Harts, Bucks, or Russia, the decker º . — dry, Elks, Harts, Bucks, or Russia, the 5 deckers e . s e Russia, the shippound . . tº. Handspikes, the 500 º g Iron, Wire, or Pans, the 100lb. . ty —— Stoves, Plates, or Pots, the shippound — Bars, Bats, Bolts, Hoops, Anchors, and Guns, the shippound & —— wrought, the 100lb. valued at 24 rixdollars wº º tº —— old, the shippound ºa e Ostermunds, the shippound * Indigo, the 100lb. tº. . º. Isinglass, the 100lb. º º tº, Juniper Berries, the 200lb. & • Kersies, the 8 pieces º © Lace, Silk, or Ferret, the 41b. . • — Thread, Wool, Cotton, or Hair, the 10lb. . . • ** º — Gold and Silver, the pound tº-, Hemons, the 12 chests, or 36,000 © pickled, the pipe, or 2 hhds. Linseed, the last of 24 barrels *. e. Lignum Vitae, the 100lb. o Q Leather, Russia or Scotch, the decker Spanish, Cordovan, Turkey, and Buff, the decker : • w —— Sems, the 10 deckers . . • –– Basanes, the 10 deckers . •. , - Tanned or Sole, the 100lb. tº Alumed or White, the 500 pieces Linen, Calicoes, the 16 pieces . e. Flax, the 20 ditto tº. e the 4 pieces º * *— Tow Linen, Crocus, Dantzic Tow, ditto, the 40 pieces •. . . Hemp, black Tow, the 80 pieces Canvass, the 8 pieces . g -— Damask, the 12 pieces . . º t * - Drilling, the 20 pieces, or 500 arsheens º * - & - from Petersburg, all sorts, 40 pieces, or 2000 arsheens . Lead, the fodder, ton, or 6 shippounds - Shot, the 100lb. © . tº . - Red or White, the 100lb. . o Logwood, the 800lb. © . e Masts, 15 palms and upwards, the piece . —— Small • , , º - for Boats, the schook . - Mustard Seed, the last of 12 barrels e Holland, Silesia, and Westphalia, Rird. Sti. Ö ... O :O() : : i 36 18 9. 6 4. \ - Rird. Sti. Mace, the 50lb. • ' . . . 0 18 Mats, from Petersburg, the 100 ... O 15 Mohair, the 50lb. º • . O 30 Nutmegs, the 50lb. tº ... O 18 Nuts, the last of 20 barrels or sacks O 12 Nails, Holland or Lubec, the centner . O 4. —— Tree-Nails for ships, the 40,000 - 0 36 Oars, great, the schook e . O 12 — Small, the schook ©. es ... O 8 Oil, Olive, of Seville or Portugal, the pipe O 36 —— Rape, Lins. Hemp, the last of 8 aulns O 36 — Train, the last of 8 hogsheads or 12 barrels º, º . . . o 36 Olibanum, the 100lb. . . . . ... O 9 Oranges, the 12 chests, or 3,600 . O 24 Olives, the pipe or 2 hogsheads ge . 0, 18 Paper, the 8 bales or 80 reams . ... O 30. Pins, 50 dozen . ſº. ... O 30. Pitch, great band º • ... O 18 Small tºe © . & . ... O 9 Plates of Tin, the 4 casks or shippound . O 12 Prunes, the 400lb. •. © . ... O 9. Prunellos, the 100lb. 6. ... O 9 Pepper, the 100kb. 6- • < 0 12 Pewter, the shippound ©- ... O 24. Pladding, the 1000 ells or 40 pieces . . . 0 30. Quicksilver, the 50lb. . ... O 36 Rape-seed, the last of 24 barrels . ... O 36 Rashes, the 12 pieces • - -. 0 15, Ribbons of Silk, or Ferrets, the 41b. ... O 1 O. — — Gold or Silver, the 21b. O IO: Rice, the 200lb. . . . • . O 9. Resin, the shippound . . . . ... O 6 aisins, the 400lb. or 36 baskets .. ... O 86. Rhubarb, the 25lb. o & . ... O 9. Rickers, the shippound '*' . 0 12. Saffron, the 21b. * © . ... O 9 Salt, Spanish, French, and Scotch, the last of 18 barrels or 8 bushels º • O 24. — Lyneburg, the last of 12 bushels . O 36. Saltpetre, the shippound ... O 6 Shumac, the 400lb. fe *. ... O 9, Spars, great, the 25 pieces. . . ... O 36, small, the thousand * = - 0 16. . Says, double, the 2 pieces • . Q 9. — single, or English, the 4 pieces. . 0 6 Sail-Cloth, the 8 pieces , as 0 30: Satin, the 2 pieces 6, • ... O 9 Serge, the 12 pieces . . . ... O 15. Soap, White, the 100lb. ... O 9, Green, the last of 12 barrels ... O 36 Shag, with Thread, the 2 pieces . ... O 9- Starch, the 300lb. e - * º O 8 Steel, the 100lb. . e ... O 4 Silk, Sewing, Ferret, wrought Lace, the 41b. 0 10. —— Raw, the 100lb., • ... O 30. — Stuffs, the 100lb. © . ... O 15, with Gold and Silver, the piece 0 18. Skins, Beaver, the 5 deckers o • 0, 24. 368 Tin, the shippound º sº • \ t Pird. Skins, Otter, the piece . . . . . 0 — Russia, dry, Wolf and Fox, the 5 deckers e . •e . . . 0 —— Goat, the 20 deckers •º - . 0 —— Calf, the 10 deckers •. - ... 0. —— Cat and Sheep, the 500 pieces . 0 —— Black Rabbits or Lamb, the 1000 pieces & º •º ... O —— Grey Rabbits or Kid, the 2000 . .0 —— Martens, the 40 º & ... O -— Hare, the bale, valued a 72 rix- dollars • , -" e . 0 Staves, Pipe, Hogshead, and Barrel, the great hundred of 48 schooks - . . 0 Stones, Poland, the 1000 feet of 500 ells 0 Sturgeon, the last of 12 barrels • . 1. Stockings of Silk, thp dozen, or 121b. O w — Kersey, Woollen, or Worsted, for children, the 100 pair sº ... O — Worsted, Florett, and Sayett, the 50 pair jº sº . . 0 —— Woollen, for children, the ... 200 pair g w . . . . 0 Succad, the 50lb. . . . . . . . 0 Sarsaparilla, the 50lb. . . . . . 0 Sugar-Candy or Confectionary, the 100lb. 0 —— Loaves, Powder, or Muscovado, the 200lb. º --> <> ... O Stuffs, Woollen, the 8 pieces . ... O Sword-Blades, the 50 • . 0 —-Hilts, the 50 : -0 - 0 , Sweet-Wood, the 100lb. . . ... O Tallow, the shippound . . . 0 Terras, the last, 6 shippounds, or 12 barrels 0 Tar, great band, the last of 12 barrels O —— small band, the last of 12 barrels . . 0 Thread, white and coloured, the 50lb. . () — Gold and Silver, the pound ... O () 9 ſti. It 6 18 36 1.2 18 18 18 30 36 3.0 3O 12 30 3O 30 30 19 } 18 18 18 19 19 18 6 36 18 9 30 Aº 3 24 Tobacco, the 100lb. . . . . . Treacle, the pipe or 2 hogsheads . © Turpentine, the shippound . . . -> Verdigris, the 100ib. º * 4- Vermillion, the 100lb • . • • T Velvet, fine, the piece • º – with Thread, the 2 pieces . Vinegar of Wine, the hogshead . . . . . Beer, Ale, or Cyder, the 2 hog- sheads • , , , • . . Wax, the shippound . e Wire, Iron or Brass, the shippound º – Steel, the 100lb. º - . Gold and Silver, the pound . Wool, Beaver, the 50lb. º © Spanish, or fine, the 4 shippounds coarse or Scotch, the 6 shippounds . -— Flock, or Cutting Wool, the 2 ship- pounds . . . . . . 4- - Scotch, Shirts, the 50 pieces . - Shifts, the 8 pieces. ... • º Wood Shovels, the 10 schooks <> & Dishes or Trays, the:5 schooks . . — Plates, the 5 schooks • * Nails, the 20,000. . . . . . Wine, Bourdeaux, the ton or 4 hogsheads, at 52 rixdollars. º º • Picardin, Hoogland, Muscat, and Frontinac, the 2 hogsheads . . Spanish or Portuguese, the pipe . -— Italian and Levant, the pipe . . . Rhenish, the ohm --> - . Wainscot-boards, the school: e e Yarn, Cotton, the 50lb. -> & --> - Linen, the shippound or 40 schocks Tow, the 4 shippounds • e — Sail, the shippound . . • - — all sorts of Woollen, the 50lb. . d i i I , St f º cº 3 i 1 36 24, 40 24 36 36 36. The following Articles are forbid to be imported:—Brimstone or Buckram into Copenhagen or the Island of Zealand; Cloth, Corn, Earthen Ware, dried Fish, or Salt Cód; Woollen Stuffs of all kinds, and Kersies; Oil of Linseed, Hemp, and Rape-Seed; Flannel, and Iron in Bars, though prohibited, are allowed an uplag (which is a privilege granted to Copenhagen and Elsineur, where all foreign goods may be landed and exported duty-free within a year) for exportation; Brandy, Sakt, Tobacco, and Wine, may not be bronght into any portin Denmark except Copenhagen 'but admitted any where else. f w ; Wool-Cards are not importable into Zealand, N.B. At present, Swedish vessels, under five lasts, pass the Sound without taking a passport, but are not exempt from the light-house duties. Vessels from 1 to 5 lasts, pay four shillings; from 5 to 103, inclusive, one rixdollar; and from 11 to 19%, inclusive, two rixdollars; whether they be loaded or in ballast, Ships of 20 lasts, and upwards, if loaded, pay four rixdollars; if in ballast, two ſixdollars. The director receives only 16 shillings from vessels of from 10 to 14 lasts, and nothing from those under 10. 2. 369 Corn Measure of different Places reduced to Danish Lasts, for paying the . s Sound" Dues. - Barth * Stettin Colberg • , Warnemünde }* for 7. Demmin • *-i-. • , || Winemünde . . . . Nürgenwarde ... 3 lasts will be reckoned || Lubec, 7 lasts for 9. Stolpe in the Sound as 4 Oesel Treptow . lasts. || Riga Stralsund - ** Konigsburg - - Wolgast ... • t || Dantzic . . . . . The same as the Dutch Grypswald R Elbing lasts. s Wismar 4 lasts reckoned 5 do. Memel Anclam • ‘ # * - Revel * 3Rostock, 5 lasts for 6. s \ Petersburg Note—Under the denomination Corn is understood only wheat, rye, barley, oats, and malt. List of Ships, collectively, which have passed the Sound at different Periods . . . . before 1792, and those of each Nation every Year since. - Elsineur. Years. * * Ships. || Years. t *. * , Ships. Years. - Ships. || 1777 . . . . . . 7559 || 1786 . . . . . . . .9008 1752 . . . . . 6000 1778 . . . . . 8476 1787. • * > . . . . . . 97.47 1768 . . . . 6930 || 1779 . . . . . . . 8272 || 1788 . . . . . 9224 1769 . . . . . . 7486 || 1780 . . . . . . . 8291 || 1789 . . . . . . . 8847 177O . . . . . 7736 || 1781 . . . . . . 8230 || 1790 . . . . . . . . . . 9493. 1771 . . . . . 668O 1782 . . . . . . . 8330 || 1791 . . . . . . . . 10453 1773 . . . . . 7559 1783 . . . . . . 91.63 l?92 . . . . . 121 14 . 1774. . . . . . . . 8084 1784 . . . . . . 10940 $776 . . . . . . . 7472 || 1785 . . . . . #; : Table of Ships of all Nations which passed the Sound the following Years. 1790 1793, 1794, 1795; 1796|1797; 1798|1799||1800 1801. 1802 1803 1804 British . . . . .3788.3478] 3457|2549; 4455.24053313|25993 138/2656. 3957 .4123 3507 |Dutch . . . . 2009) 887| 1019. I 1 — I — I — I — — 634 65 — Danish . . . . [1559 1508; 1658|1629, 2157|2017|1825|1571 1487|1527, 1771; 1889, 1899 Prussians. . . . 698 615 628. 946, 2022:2103}1621|1420, 17532049 2388 2305, 2012 Swedish . . . . 430|2295 2475/2336,25052389|2120,1674|1941|1632 2212. 2195 2154 Russians . . . 6; 53 34; 6 7| — ; 13| 13 J4| 36|| 47 73 - 84 |Bremeners . . 177| 176 175 61| 93 139 96 91| 82] 108 163; , 114 93. Lubecers . . . . 89 88 105 61|, 7O 57 39| 54 6O 103 90 79. , 76 Hamburgers. | 104 75 85| 33} 40 47. 44; 5; 28 73| 52; ' 90 120 Papenburgers — | 86 7| 24; 232, 172 147| 97, 152 231 395 240, 190 Oldenburgers 24; 36 26) 37| 1QO 107: 55 33 39| 4 || 75 92 59 | |Rostocers . . 339| 264 287| 84; 193| 191| 103| 137 278. 362 - 129. 144; 169 Courlanders. 22 304 308|| 41 10 2. — — — — — *sº tºmºmº |Portuguese. . . so 9 46 in 14 1s 12| 2 | 6 s 15 it 35 Americans. . . .44 90 141| 127| 169 81| 120 152 76, 172 156, 192] 160 Spanish . . . . . 42 3 14|| 7 25 — — — — — 14 17 2 | French. . . . . 132 — | – | – | – | – | – | – | – || – 32 2) — º 10525|7953|12113972.895087848|90548998|12130 1 1631. 10579 Total....... º *-*— - y w—w-ºr-r- - **--ºr-sy-sa-i-º-º-º-º-º: 370 CHAP. VI. Of Norway.—Its Eatent and Productions.—Iron, and Copper Mines.— Salt Work.-Fisheries.—Quantity caught and exported in 1790; also in 1802, specifying the Ports from whence and where to.—The Details of the Timber Trade. —Alphabetical List of the principal Norwegian Borts. w NORWAY extends from the Skager Rack, leading to the entrance into the Sound, to the northernmost extremity of the continent on the north-east, and from that eastwards towards the White Sea, is bounded. by Russian Lapland, in the government of Archangel. - The length, following the coast, is not less than 1600 miles, in- cluding the bays and inlets, from Strömstadt in the Skager Rack, to Fisceroe east of Waranger Bay ; but, as the Swedish dominions, laying round the Gulf of Finland, bound it on the land side, it is in no part more than 220 English miles in width, and this. is only at the southern extremity; for all the remaining part is only a narrow line of coast, not above 50 or 60 miles broad, and that is intersected with arms of the sea, creeks, and bays, in the most astonishing manner; and the islands of different sizes are almost without number, aud many without even a name. This coast would be the most delightful in the world, if it were in a temperate latitude; but the Naze of Norway, the most southerly point, lays in the 58th degree of north latitude, and the most northerly point in 71. With so great an extent of coast, and that intersected with innume- rable bays and creeks, in so northern a latitude, the North Sea fishery. is, naturally speaking, its inheritance. • * • * • * * The fisheries, therefore, are to be considered as the principal produc- tion of Norway; for what is found in the seas, may, as properly, be ranked amongst its produce, as if it were found in the bowels of the earth; therefore, fish and timber are the principal produce; * and as. * Norway produces salt, iron, copper, and some tar, but not to be reckoned as forming objects for general exportation. They will be stated, to shew what little progress has been made to produce these articles, in the midst of such easy means, 871 the country is inhabited by a poor race of people, and that but very thinly, and does not lay in the way for commerce, it forms the least interesting or important object of the present inquiry. } The imports into such a country consist of such necessaries, and the few luxuries that a poor people require, and such a northerly lati- tude does not produce ; it will, therefore, be unnecessary to enter much into details, the object in this work being only to point out what may be useful for commercial men. * - -- The narrowness of the country, and its northern latitude, make the rivers an object of no consideration. - - As there is a great sameness in the ports of Norway, from the nature of the country, and but little general trade betwixt thence and Great Britain, we deviate from the general order of the work, and enter into a short detail of each port, in the manner we have done in the Baltic, tion of the export of the latter article in Russia, gave new life to that branch in Norway. For the better information, however, of those, who from curiosity may desire to know the principal ports of export from Norway, we shall give an alphabetical list of them; the propor- tion of trade each has enjoyed will be seen in the exports of fish and wood. None of the towns, one or two excepted, can be said to have more than from 5 to 8000 inhabitants, nevertheless Bergen, which is the capital of the kingdom, is supposed to have a population of 20,000 $ouls. ARENDAHL. The ships arrived here in 1792, were 574, and with those built, 604 sailed: in 1793, 86 vessels belonged to this port ; their exports are fish and wood. - - BERGEN. Held once amongst the first in rank in the Hanseatic League; in the years 1767 and 1768, both inclusive, its exports were 2,758,944 rixdollars; it had already increased to 3,939,385 rix dollars in 1787 and 1788. In 1792, it owned 113 ships; its exportation is fish, wood, and some oil. Its imports, a few luxuries, and some of the necessaries of life. - - - CHRISTIANA. Its population about 10,000; it has some few ships in the Danish West India trade; in 1792, the number of ships arrived 3 B, 2 - - 572 here was 521, and 518 sailed. Its exports are almost entirely confined to wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHRISTIANSAND. Its population about 3500; the ships which ar- rived here, in 1792, were 392, and 370 sailed. 44 vessels, 2723 com- mercial lasts belonged to this port in that year. Its exports are some fish and wood . . . . . - . . . . . . CHRISTIANSUND. Its population about 1500; nine ships belonged to this port in 1792. Its exports are chiefly fish and wood. ... DRon THE IM, is a considerable place of trade, and next to Bergen. In 1758, its exports amounted to 266,557 rixdollars, and its imports 264,697 rixdollars. The number of ships which arrived, in 1792, were 149, and 137 sailed. In 1793, 39 vessels belonged to this port. Its exports are principally wood and some fish. w . . . . . . FARs UND. It exports consist in fish and wood. FLEckIFIoRD. A small trading town: in 1792, arrived at this port 115 ships, and from it sailed 123. It had 46 small and large vessels belonging to it in 1793. Exports fish and wood: FREDERICKSHALD. In 1792, 379 ships arrived here, and 347 sailed. 35 vessels belonged to this port in 1793. Its exports are fish and wood. . . . . . . . - . . 4. , FREDERECKst ADT, has some trade, and that of exporting timber. In 1723, five ships belonged to the town; and, in 1792, 157 ar- rived, and 156 sailed. Holmstr AND. Its exports are chiefly timber. In 1792, 138 vessels arrived here, and 101 sailed. In 1793, 19 vessels belonged to this place. KRAGERöE. Its export is only wood. In 1792, 27 vessels belonged. to this place, in which year 323 arrived, and 280 vessels sailed. - LAURIGEN has ships that export wood, and some little iron. In 1792, 192 vessels arrived, and 210 sailed. In that year 68 vessels be- longed to the place. p - . . . . MANDAHL. Its exports are chiefly wood and some fish. In 1792, 149 vessels arrived here, and 151, sailed. In that year, 23 belonged to the place. . . * Mos, exports wood. Six vessels belonged to the place in 1792, in which year 347 vessels arrived, and 253 sailed., . * * *~ { 373 Oster Rusoe R, chiefly exports wood. In 1792, 455 vessels ar- rived here, and 437 sailed. In that year 61 vessels belonged to this place. . . . . . . . . - . SKEEN, is one of the most ancient towns of Norway; its exports are chiefly wood. . It has formerly exported about 9000 shippounds of iron, also pitch. and star; at present it exports none. In 1792, 784 ships arrived, and 679 sailed. . . . . . . . \ S. \ , , , STAV ANGER. Its population is about 2500. The number of vessels which belonged to this place, in 1792, were 19, and in the year 1795, 21. In 1792, 191 ships arrived, and 183 sailed. Its exports are wood, w - fish, and some iron.….. º. ... ." . .”. “ , ” TöNSBERG. Its export is ºnly wood; it is an ancient place, said to be built in the eighth. century. Present population, 1300. In 1792, 151 vessels arrived, and 160 sailed. 17 vessels that year belonged to the town. - . . . . º w It was before observed, that the chief trade of Norway consisted in --! : . . ….T. . . . . . . ; 4. the exportation of fish and fir timber, which does not require our entering into any length of detail. Although Norway exports little else, yet, there are iron and copper mines, and a salt work, the whole not producing sufficient for their own consumption: they are nevertheless. mentioned, to shew that there are other natural productions in, Nor- way, which have not been, but may be yet attended to. After sketch- ing this, more full details will follow, relative to the fisheries and the timber. - - - - - At Wolloe they have had salt works for a considerable time past. The sea water here has produced one-thirtieth part of clear salt; this they use for their domestic purposes, and some of their fisheries. To give an idea of the quantity of salt which might be made, the follow- ing statement is given, the intermediate years has been sometimes, more or less... . . . . . - . . ... • * Barrels. . . . . . Barrels. For the year 1775 . . . . 129089 || For the year 1787. . . . . 25449; 1779 . . . . . . 181234" || 1790 . . . . 25.1993. 1781 . . . . . 25251 1791 . . . . 2527.7% 1783 . . . . . .31509; ;- 1792 . . . . 22523% 1785 . . . . . . .225413 il, 1793 . . . . . . 247673. 374 Though iron makes no regular article of export from Norway, yet ºthere does not appear any reason why they might not have cultivated this branch as well as Sweden. Wood they have had in sufficient abun- dance, which is proved by the considerable quantities they have lately exported. There are several founderies in, Norway, but they have not been worked with spirit, their produce is therefore but small, since the year mentioned, high as the price has been, they have not much ex- tended their works, and now thereisinot encouragement for it. ... a `... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …, , f : . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; : " : . • , t ** * - ,, ... •' 3 . . ; - Xº ºf . . . . . ; {} } . . " • , ; ~ * : r r \. A. " * ~ * *.* ºr - * - * r * º Produces of the Iron Works in the Year 1792, , , - -- ~~ • - - - - - - , - - - * ... ‘. . : ... ', * 3. . ; ; K. . . . . . . . & . º | Unºt Bar Iron. Cast Iron Forged Iron.: ; , ; ; } {{{Nailsi . . . . #. TOll, • , • * - “. - . ... i ,-, * : • ‘i . . . | shib. . . shib. shi. ship. Numerºº. l. | Bolvig . . . . . ; 3.192 || 2843 647." — j : . . - . . . . . . Barum . . . . 31:02 {2464 1474 Dikkemark . . . ; 1379 872 215 England . . . . . . 1218 922 | 2 Eidifos . . . . . . . . 2340 || 1663 252 Fossum . . . . . . 1469 || Ti51 || 1 152 Froeland . . . . . . .2392 - || 1436 1046 Ulefoss . . . . . . . . . .2990 2480 || 932 Hassel . . . . . . 1678 1909 || 601 ----------------------------- * Tº -t-ºr- *-s-s **** * * * # \ - wº - - - } 221260 or 75 shlb. i. 14550003 to 4 inch.long ... -- - .* Lessoe • * * * ---. 50 q = — ... • — Moss . . . . . . 2201 || 959 || 491 || — | 2405705 Mostmarken . . . . . 1034 || 190 232. – #. — - Qudal . . . . . . "Q037 1954 422 21 || 4981000 Total in 1791 . . . 28607 | 20391 | 8086 || 114 || 4637915 | 1792 . . . 26502 20483 8586 1693 2646900. ‘. : ; ; ; The quantity of refined copper which all the mines of Norway pro- duced in the year 1791, was - . . . . . . . . . . At Roraas - - - - - - - - 2168 shippounds. Lokken - - - - - - - - 190 Quikne - - - - - - - - 110 is . .” Selboe - - - - - - - - 352 ‘. . . . . ; ; ; ; ; #. Fredericksgave - - - - - 350 ~& - -: * * * * - , , , i. Total - - 3170 shippounds. ‘. . And in 1792 - - - - 2986. tº - In all the mines, excepting Frederieksgave, the produce of which is not given up for that year. 375. Small as the quantity is, yet it is mentioned as affording reason. to believe that if the country was well examined, and sufficient en- couragement given, the quantity might be considerably increased. $ . Fishery. * It is the individual benefit arising from the fishery that makes these rocky and barren shores inhabited. It seems to be the great resort of fish; and there is a great affinity betwixt those on this coast and on that of Scotland. - The prineipal fish caught here are cod, ling, haddock, and herrings;. the latter almost may be reckoned natives of the Norwegian coast. But the fishery of herrings has very much fallen off from what it was for- merly, owing to the emigration of the herrings, which have been found. very transitory in their resorts; from hence they have latterly gone on the Swedish coast in the Cattegate. They have what they call the summer herrings, and the spring herrings; betwixt which, however, there is so little difference in shape and colour as scarcely to be dis- tinguished, but a considerable difference in size, the spring herring being twice as big as the summer herrings. Ling is caught in great quantities; it is not used much for food by the inhabitants, but used entirely for exportation, chiefly for ship's pro- visions and long voyages. For this purpose, it is mostly exported from Bergen, where they give the best kind the name of (blankelange.) white ling; the middling sort (skruelange.) or spottedling, from its body being a little spotted, which parts are cut off; and the third and last kind which are refused by the merchants, and are generally sold in the country. • º A fish is caught on this coast, called the brosmer, which is very like the ling, and which is cured in the same manner as a fish called the haberdine. . . . . . . - The cod is (prepared also like the haberdine,) salted and dried. From the liver of this fish vast quantities of oil are produced for home con- sumption, and some for exportation. . . . . . - Salmon is caught in great quantities in the ereeks, rivulets, and, - bays, in the Bailiwicks of Bergen, Drontheim, and Finmark, parti- 376 cularly in that of Christiansund, and the adjacent districts; which is exported to Holland, France, and Italy, some to Denmark; it is partly salted, and partly smoked. z . . . . . . The mackarel fishery has been attempted to be established, and might most successfully be carried on. In the Gulf of Langesand, in particular, in the season, a beautiful fish of that kind resorts, which they call Tomfrueland, or Virgin Land Mackarel. The Swedish boats generally come to this fishery, where they catch considerable quanti- ties, and afterwards sell them to the Norwegians, at Krageroe, Laurigen Hangesand, and other ports. Lobsters are caught in great abundance, from Easter till the middle of summer. *The English are the principal purchasers; next come the Dutch. The boats from both countries buy them of the fishermen, at so low a price as from two to four and five pence each, and which are frequently sold in London and Amsterdam at from two to six and seven shillings each, sometimes far beyond that price. . As the limits of this work will not allow a full detail relative to the fishery of this country, yet, in order to give a collected and narrow view of it, the species of fish, the quantity exported, its value, and the chief ports from whence,—the following table is given. An Account of the Quantity of Fish exported from the principal Ports of - Norway, in the Year 1790. * º . . . * * ; , g ... • . . * * - … - ſquantity. Bergen. Drontheim. Molde. * — *—- "--———i. shlb. 43935. 3044 235 || 454 83 | 84 ' e . * ... " w ia • ' . Christian-le. ...; Official : . . . |Stavanger Value. und. Rixdol. . º Dried Cod, large and small Ling. . . . . . . , - - || 6058) 181 — 55 | — 8# |Salt Herrings . . . . . . [barrels 87.22; 3724 . 9%l 554 — | 11 6 | f Haddocks . . . . . | 924 — - || – || 192 || 3 || Ling . . . . . . . . — 640 — — — || 4 || Mackarel. . . ] — | 1033 - w 6 : . 2; ! Sahmon . . . . . . . . | 122- . . . 1 #| — 14 || -— 12 'Smoked Salmon . . . . [thongs 276 T2 || – — | -- I Lobsters. . . . . . . . . no. # 65000! . . Fish oil . . . . . . . . . barrels' 23444, 2525 | 584 || 729 || 96 || Io, Different sorts of dried fish shlb. 10837 1019 983 5592 | 161 — Ditto of salt fish . . . . [barrels|| 14570 — . . 490 1462 40 . – -- - ,” 37*. The value of the exportation of fish, from the different ports of Nor- way, in the same year, was * , ~ * - Dollars. From Molde . . . exported for 22000 JProm Bergen. . . exported for 958000 || Stavanger . . . . . . . . . . 10000 Christiansund . . . . . 78000 Finmark. . . . . . . . 40000 Drontheim . . . . . . . 75000 •, the South Districts of Norway 20000 The whole amount is, therefore, 1203000 dollars Danish currency. "To the amount of the above exportation is still to be added the an- nual produce of the herring fishery and dried fish, which are carried by land from Norway to Jemteland, Heredalen, and 6ther provinces in Sweden. . . . \ - . . . . * * * * . The dried fish are exported to the Mediterranean sea, Holland, Spain, France, and the Baltic - * * The pickled herrings are exported to the Baltic and to Germany; the train and fish oil to Holland, the Baltic, and Germany ; the roe to France and Spain. . . . r $ . Their fishery made some advance, yet not so rapid as might have been expected, when we consider the war in Europe annoys the principal maritime powers, and that Holland was altogether ex- cluded from the fishery, while England neglected it. In the year 1799, however, 256 cargoes of fish were exported from Norway, ma- king 8951 lasts, or about 17900 tons, principally to France, Spain, the Mediterranean, and the Baltic, to which sea were exported 61 car- goes ; and, strange as it. may appear, near 894 tons of fish were caught and exported by the Norwegians to Great Britain. . . . . Denmark, enjoying the advantages of neutrality during the war, gained great riches, not only by the carrying trade, amongst the belli- gerent powers, but by encouraging her fisheries and supplying the contending nations with that produce. They were uninterruptedly cultivating it to so great an extent, that the rapid increase from 1799 to 1802 is a sufficient proof that they tasted the fruits of their industry, so as to lay the foundation of wealth. In the latter year, we find no less than 411 cargoes, containing about 26500 tons, of fish exported by sea exclusive of the transport by land to Sweden and what was reserved for home consumption. It will , therefore, be interesting to give the complete 3 C *is where to. detail of this fishery, in the ports in Norway, whence exported, and petailed Account of the Fish Trade of Norway and of the Eaportation to foreign Places, in the Year 1802. -* . . - Number Danish. Exportation from Norway. i. * Bergen. . . . . . 326 10558; Stavanger . . . . . 30 | 689% Mandahl • • . . . e. ze & 3 - 63 - Mandal . . . . . . 6. 153; Tarsund . . . . . 14 | 295 To the United Kingdom Of Great Britain and Ire-| land. ** London * * * * * : Tiverpool . . . . . #arwich . . . . . Cork . . . . . . . . . Tifferent ports . . . Prance, Bourdeaux . . . . St. Martin . Port Louis . . Ostend . . . . Marseilles . . . . . Antwerp Croisie . . . . . . . Tifferent ports . . . Holland. H Amsterdam . . . Rotterdam . . Dordrecht TJifferent ports . . . Spain. Bilboa . Biscaya . . . Malaga. . Cadiz . . Barcelona . . . . . Alicant ſº se p te º $ 11 236% 3 7O. 5 || 1:05. I 78 31 762 .3 76 I | 36; I2 392 4. 48 l .31 9. 67; I 29 6 176 18 || 484% 5 159 # 39 1309 2 17; 17 530% 2 46 3 75 I 75 H3 566 2 85 | | f Lubec . Stralsund . Christiansund . . . Fleckifierd tº º Christiansand . . Frederickshald . . Total. Erportation to foreign Countries. Italian States. Leghorn . • * * * Genoa . . . . . . . Naples. • * * * Messina. . . . . . . . Ancona . . . . . Venice . . . . . . Trieste . . . • * * Different ports . . . . Germany. Hamburg . Bremen Wismar Prussia. Embden tº & @, tº East Frereland Stettin . . . . . Colberg . . . . Dantzic . . . . Konigsburg . Elbin. . . . . Russia. St. Petersburg . . . Riga. . . . . . . . Liebau . . . . . . . . º Rostoc . . . . . . {} g s' - | Number Exportation from Norway.] ſ Danish of commercial ships. lasts. 5 190 1 12% 3 130 l 74 4il 13295 f 14 717. 5 || 2153. .5 . 305; 4 137; 1 17. 8 448#. 7 5OH. 9 577. 3 84. 18. 340. T2 371 . 21 || 820. IO: 223 2 57 I 13 I 9i 8 202 14 701 2 i 39 10 || 252 1 i. 49 4 : 109% 1 42 1 29 Number Danish ! Number Danish Sweden. *. * | Denmark, ... * Stockholm . . . . || 7 || 241 Copenhagen . . . . . 28 5983 Norkiöping . . . . 2 50 Altona . . . . . . . ; 17 | 374} {Jddevalla . . . . . 1 38% || St. Croix . . . . . . I 74 Ystadt © & w & • • .* l 14. . : p --sº Baltic . . . . . . . f 38 !- , Total......! 411 13295 3Different ports in the Baltic 7 139 \ --- - Wood. - "We next come to the wood trade of Norway, which was but trifling - in its exports, owing to its quality being always held as very inferior; the small size also made it not much esteemed, while long, large, full grown timber could be got from the Baltic at reasonable prices. In the year 1797 the exportation from all Norway was Destination. . . . . Cargoes. Lasts. | Destination. Cargoes. - Hasts. Batavian Republic . . 156 . . 14662 || Spain *g a I - - 72. Different places . . 15 . . 720 || Portugal - tº -º 2 . . 109. Calais and Dunkirk . . . . 16 . . 777 || Great Britain . . . 63 . . . 2673 French sea ports . . . . 55 . . . .3080 || - . . . . ** — Marseilles ** * * 2 . . 248 |} - 31() 2234. I # - **** *. In consequence of the prohibition to the exportation of timber from Russia, in the close of the year 1798, of which we have already treated, the exportation, in 1799, from Norway, was, * * - TXestination. Cargoes. Tasts, | Destination, * , Cargoes; Tasts. Naples . . 1 . . 84 || England . . . '589 . . . 46553 Spain . . . I 1 - . 608 || Scotland . . 203 . . .9104 France . . 71 . . 3551 || Ireland . . 172 . . . 16565 Batavian Republic . . 20 . . 2176 || t — sº-sº-sº . — . . . . 2 . . 127 || I 169 86574, Embden and other ports 100 . . 77.17 || — —--~~ Of this quantity we find no less than 964 cargoes, being 72222 lasts, were exported to Great Britain and Ireland, and that too in their own shipping. - * - The prohibition to the exportation from Russia, and its subsequent limitation, has been greatly in favour of Norway; it has caused tim- ber to be brought farther from the interior, on account of the advanced price, which could not, from the heavy expense, be brought before, Jº 3 C 2 880 when the priče was reasonable, and larger timber has, in consequence been got, the farther they have advanced into the interior. In order, likewise, to give a complete view of this branch of trade, the follow- ing statement will shew which of the Norwegian ports the wood has been shipped from, and to what foreign ports, for the year 1802. Detailed Account of the Timber Trade from Norway to foreign Places, in - the Year 1802. ^. * Exported from the Ports of ":" ºn || Exported from the Ports of * ºn Noravay. | ships. lasts. || . Norway. ships. lasts. Frederickshald . . . . . 59 || 3591; Christiansand . . . . 239 i 1837 Frederickstadt . . . 75 | 6734 || Mandahl . . . . . . . 67 || 3126 Christiana . . . . . 240 || 25932} . . . Fleckifiord . . . . . 12 || 299 *}rammen . . . . . . . 271 13261 Stavanger . . . . . . . . . 23 877; Holmstrand . . . . 42 8744 Farsund . . . . . I 32 Laurigen . . . . . . . . 24, s 1939 Bergen . . . . . . . . . 31 827 Pangesund . . . . . 3 # 144 Drontheim. . . . . . . . 125, 94.75; Krageröe . . . . . 56 || 37.39% Christiansund . . . . . . . 2 64 Tönsberg . . . . . 17 1466. ' * * - - Oster Rüsver . . . . . 77 || 3885 * Total 1495 96791 Arendahl . . . . . . . . 131 5877 • s. 4 x -—t- —-ºw • * * Erportation to Foreign Countries. tºº. ſuited Kingdom of *t - Plymouth . & 6 } . 3874. reat Britain and Ire- Gr } 2 * cº - land, viz. ' * rangemouth. . . . J. 193. 5 * * Bristol . . . 2 288’ London . . . . . . 190 | FI-176 || Whitby . . l. 1749. Boston . . . . . ... , 4 | 200% Sandwich . 2 || 78. Poole . . . . l 78% Bridlington . º gº . 1 || 51 . Yarmouth . . . } 54; Scarborough . . . . . . 1 49% Newhaven | 64 Newcastle . . ". . . 7 286; Shoreham . . . . 4. 208% Döver . . . . . . . . . 5 252" Weymouth. ... . 4. 305 | England (without other || Southampton . 9. 2.18% destination). . . . . . 404 || 2569] Topsham 4. 3O8. || Perth . . . . . . 2 : 1 16° Bridport 9. 147 Leith . . . . º 6 447; Exeter . . . I 39% Aberdeen. . . . 1 | . . .18 Fishenow . - 1 , | 43 Dundee . . . . . 1. 61 Ramsgate . . . . . I 34 Berwick . . . . 2 I IO; ‘’ Ipswich . - 2 45 Kingsdale . . . . . ] . 143, . Chepstow. . . . . . . 3 || 189 , || Scotland (without other. * Tiverpool'. 4 365; , destination). . . . . . 208 || 9608 full . . . 4, 263% Dublin . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQ 793% Lynn . . . . . 4. 367; Cork . . . . . . 8 || 1205 Falmouth . . . . . 5. 387: Waterford 3 | 310; . Colchester . . . . . . . I 28 Limerick . . • e e 4. 354% Dartmouth . . . . l 72 • Ireland . . . . . . . . 213 || 15416 Portsmouth . . . . . 7 74.1% Isle of Man . . . . . . . 2 | 70; 381 Holland. Amsterdam Dordrecht. . . . Harlingen . . . . . Eam g ‘. * > tº . g 'e Stavern . . . . . Sundry Ports. \ France. . Dunkirk . . o Havre de Grace. St. Martin Nantz . . . . Brest . . . . L'Orient. . . . . . . . . . Cherbourg . . Bourdeaux . Flanders . . . . - : France in general . * Spain. * - Corunna & , & g © . & Malaga . . . . . Cadiz * tº a & ..., 9 - @ 4. Spain * Mediterranean . . _2~ ‘l Number 1. , of ships. Danish commercial lasts. 5 i i 2 * i 3902; 1 15 I5] ; : 133. 123 10979 208} 162 1.58% 1984 105 67. 64 322 203 5812 I I?. 1.49% 74 245; 174% Portugal. St. Ubes . . . . . . Madeira . • * * * Portugal . . . . . . . Germany. Mecklenburg. . . e , Oldenburg . . . . . . . . Prussian States. Embden . . . . . . East. Friesland . . . . . Sweden., Carlshamm, . . . . . . Barbary. Tunis *. . & * * > * . * Denmark. East India Islands . Total Of which to the British Empire g &HAP. VII: . . Number 1. Daidº of commercial ships. lasts. l 89 l 27; 2 813. 1 17. I , 17; ; 12 262. 3 49, 2. 45, 1 || 127 1495 96791. 1 140 tºsº Qf Cömmercial Institutions in Denmark.-Its Bank.-Asiatic Com-- pany.−West India. Company.—Sea Insurance Company.—Transit Trade. —Salvage Company and Regulations.—Past and present State of the Danish Shipping.—Number of Ships built and their Lastage, in 1802–Table of the Trade and Navigation of Denmark in 1803. —Imports and Ewports of Great Britain to and from Denmark and Norway, from 1700 to 1804.—Trade and Navigation of Great Britain with Denmark, in 1800, 1801, and 1802.-General Observations. THE BANK of Copenhagen, was established and chartered in the year 1736, under the name of the Assignation, Exchange, and Loan, 382 Bank; it existed, with various modifications, till the year 1791, when a regulation entirely new was adopted, and all outstanding notes be- longing to the bank were ordered to be called in, and the establish- ment itself to be abolished, which was executed by a commission, to which was annexed another special one, denominated the Administra- tion for the Sinking Fund. In lieu of the Copenhagen Bank above described, another was established under the title of the New Danish North Specie Bank, which received its charter on the 16th of February, 1791. This bank issues notes, and all pieces of Danish currency, regulated according to the ancient Danish coinage, are received by it as cash. s The original funds of this company amounted to 2,400,000 rix- dollars specie; or, according to the proportion between specie and currency, to 3,000,000 rixdollars currency. Persons desirous of ob- taining a loan, or discounting bills, make application to this bank, which likewise receives deposits of silver. The As IATIC Com PANY is a very important trading body at Co- penhagen, having the exclusive trade to China. It was first established in 1616; its last charter is dated 1792, and fixed for the space of 20 - years. The fund of this company, amounting to 2,400,000 rixdollars, is divided into 4800 shares of 500 rixdollars each. In the year 1783, the price of the shares had risen to above 1800, but soon fell again to 500. In 1782, the dividend on each share was 150 ; in the . year 1793, only 50; and in 1798, only 40 rixdollars. The Asiatic Company is governed by four directors, at a salary of 1000 rixdollars each. Three revisers are appointed, whose duty it is to examine all accounts, papers, and books of the company, to deliver their obser- ºvations thereon, to suggest plans, &c. At the general meeting of the company, seven renters are annually selected, (two lawyers, three commercial and two naval men,) and appointed to be arbitrators or lumpires, who are to decide whatever the revisors may have found en- titled to consideration. ~. In 1799, this company sent a ship to China, and her value was as follows: 883 - - S Cost of the ship and inventory - - - 72000 rixdollars. Equipment for sea - - - - - - - 18000 Ready money and cargo - - - - - 5.16800 Total amount - - - 606800 rixdollars. The SEA INSURANCE CoMPANY was established in the year 1726; its present tariff is from the year 1746. This society has its own con- vention, and also that confirmed by the king. No other but this com- pany is permitted to underwrite or insure in the Danish dominions; though individuals may do this on their own account, or are per- mitted to insure their property in foreign countries. Private insu- rances are determined according to the policies; and where these, as well as the inaccurate law on this head, leave an uncertainty, in these cases the tariff and convention of the company are generally resorted to as a guide. But even the convention itself being liable to imperfections, recourse must frequently be had to usage, to foreign insurance regulations, and similar establishments in other countries. The funds of the Copenhagen Insurance Company were, in the year 1798, increased to 600,000 rixdollars, in shares of 1000 each. This company has a number of deputies for the adjustment of averages and sea damage; others for the underwriting policies, &c. &c. DANIs H WEST INDIA CoMPANY chartered in 1671; and the char- ter renewed in 1778. The Danish West India Islands, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, produced together, in the year 1796, 18600. hogsheads of sugar, 11200 barrels of rum, and 48604 pounds of cotton. wool. From the year 1793 to 1796, the said three islands sent to Den- mark yearly from 30 to 40 ships. In 1796, the number of negro slaves in the said islands was 25450. - - . TRANSIT TRADE, or housing of goods in the warehouses of the custom-house, until they are conveyed further. For the first two weeks of their being housed, no charge is made, whence these days are called free-days; but, after that time is expired, a moderate duty is demanded, which is, however, doubled, if the goods are suffered to remain upwards of three months after the expiration of the furteen 384. free-days. This is not a bad regulation, as it allows a reasonable de- lay, but loads with heavy-duty negligence, or useless loss of time in mercantile affairs. - - - * SALv AGE denotes, in the strict sense of the word, the right of saving wrecked goods on the sea-shore, and appropriating the same to the use of the finder, provided no owner makes his claims to them within a year and a day. - l - - ... - It appears that the most ancient Danish laws made some excellent provision in cases of shipwreck, by directing that all wrecked goods which had been saved, should be taken the strictest care of, and that those who had assisted in their preservation, should receive a certain recompense for their labour; heavy penalties were attached to pecu- lation, even to the smallest amount; and the original owner had a right to reclaim the whole within a year and a day. At different times, a variety of modifications were made with respect to the laws on this subject, until the following code was established, which is still in force. 1. According to the first article, in case | assisting, or if a certain proportion is fixed a ship is wrecked or otherwise lost, the crew upon for them to receive for whatever they and all who may actually assist in endea- may be able to save, such an agreement vouring to save the ship and its cargo, are must be abided by and remain in full force. allowed a certain salvage; but no one to be 4. If no living person be found on board entitled to any recompense, unless he has | of the wreck or with the goods, the mayor been actually aiding. The captain has a | (if the ground belong to the king,) or lord of right of saving, with the assistance of his the manor, is bound to save whatever he can mariners, or any other persons, whatever preserve, and deposit the same in safety, may be in his power; and when nothing with an accurate list of all. The owner may more can be saved, they are permitted to || for a year and a day demand its restoration, sell the remainder of the wreck or goods to || on paying a moderate salvage. Goods saved any purchaser, without any impediment in a damaged state “are, if possible, to whatever. • . . . . . . ..] be preserved by direction of the mayor 2. If the captain and crew are unequal to or lord of the manor, at the expense of the task, in that instance all public func- the future claimant; if not of a nature to tionaries, and others along the coast, are be preserved, they are immediately to be bound to assist in saving whatever they may sold to the highest bidder. Persons pilfer- be able to do, in consideration of a mode- ing any of the articles are subject to the rate compensation for their labour; and || same punishment as those are, who cannot when the goods saved are in security, the prove their right to goods in their possession. magistrate of the district, and a number of If no person appears within, a year and a the most respectable men ; or if in a town, day to prove the property of the ship and the mayor and council are to determine the cargo, in that case, it falls to the king or amount of the reward, according to the lord of the manor., - walue of the goods and other circumstances. . 5. If the commander of a vessel find at 3. If the captain has agreed with the sal- sea, or sunk to the bottom, a wreck, or an- vers to allow them a certain sum or portion chor, &c. he is bound to deliver the same of the goods saved, for their exertions in to the person acting in the name of the 385 king, at the first place he arrives at :, the latter will immediately give him, one-third of the value for his labour, and secure it for a year and a day, during which time the ori- ginal proprietor may have it restored, on paying salvage and every expense; if no claimant appear, it falls to the king; pecu- lators incur penalties, (see 4). The same regulations apply to fishermen finding an anchor at sea, either with or without a buoy. Whoever finds a wreck at a con- siderable distance from the shore, without any person on board, and saves it, is enti- tled to one-half of its amount, and the king to the other; provided no owner appear within a year and a day. - 7. If a ship is wrecked and the goods are saved, the captain is intitled to en equitable allowance for freight; the owner however, has the right of relinquishing to him the cargo for the freight. 8. Should the value of the ship or wrecked goods saved, after paying the salvage, hot be equal to pay the wages of the crew, they forfeit all their claim and must stand to the , loss. . . . If a ship is wrecked in its passage to or from the Baltic, the crew, on their arrival at Elsineur, receive relief from the poor-chest of the Sound-toll direction, by applying through the means of the commis- sioner of the ship, or the person who was to have been the agent, in the following proportion: The captain receives mate - - - - - * eommon seaman -- - 4 rixdollars currency. - 2: § lº * a 3.: Of all wrecked goods sold, the duties are to be delivered in immedi- ately, with an accurate list, specifying every particular concerning: them. But should; they be owned. within the space of six months, they are exempt from allºcharges whatever; on the expiration of that: period, the usual duties as in the transit trade must be paid. ar Shipping, Trading Wessels, &c. of Denmark. In the year 1748, the state of the Danish shipping was as follows:: Copenhagen - - - - - - - - - - 145, ships. The other. Danish harbours - - - - - 648. The Dutchies of Schleswig and Holstein – 387 Norway - - - - - - - - - - - 568, * ** Total number. - 1748, 3 D t 386 Wessels belonging to the Danish States above 20 Comm Year 1780. “s Commercial , Ships. lasts. }^ Men. ¥ 2’ Denmark . . . . . . 696 34764 5256 Norway . . . * * 948 57818 73 l I Schleswig . . . . . . 431 2O575 1 535 Holstein . . . . 304 20959 3567 Total . . . 2379 , 1341 17 . 17729 In the Year 1797, the Number of Danish Ships and Vessels were, Commercial Ships. lasts. Men. Dutchy of Schleswig . / 436 17236 3229 ** Holstein tº gº a º 461 3001 || 54.54 Denmark, Copenhagen . . . . 333 22208 } 4455 Asiatic company . . . . . 9 3O32 4. Canonry of Zealand . 38 889 182 Fünen . . . . . . . 97 186O’ 411 Aalburg . . . . . 66 l 160 246 Wyborg . . . . 4. 58 12 Aarhuns . . . . 91 1839 403 Ribe . * * * * * 77 24.50 1022 Norway, Canonry of Christiana . 339 26851 2973 Christiansand • 3.14. 16149 25 1 1 \ Bergen . . . Q 134, 6599 12O5 Dromtheim . 55 2948 469 Total . 2447 #33283 22565 In the Year 1802, not reckoning those under 10 Lasts, were, & * Number of Commercial .* & ships. lastage. Men. / Denmark 683 333O3% 4790 Norway . 990 537.53% 768O Schleswig . 40 l. 19042; 1381 Holstein . ſ 194 13143 2635 Total 2268 1 19942; 16486 ercial Lasts, in the 387 \ The inference to be drawn from the above tables is too evident to require much elucidation. In the space of 22 years, and those the most active in commerce that were ever known, (while England, en- gaged in a most expensive war, has doubled its trade,) Denmark, with all the advantages of peace and neutrality, remains stationary. The decrease is partly accounted for by vessels of a smaller size being excluded from the last account. t - Account of Merchants Ships that have been built in Denmark, Norway, - and Holstein, in the Year 1802. - - - - Places in which they were N* ..., | Places in which they were sº sº built & ships. lasts. - built. - ships. lasts. Corsoer . . . . l 22% Notteróe . e' & © 9 190% A Warburg © e o & } 2 Tönsberg tº e º ºr Q 2 109% Bistrup. . . . I - 17 Norge . e e e 9. 64% Sönderhöe 1 I I k3% 'Altona . l 72 Fanse e Q tº 4. 64% Itzehoe © º º 1 7 Bergen . . . . 5 194 Klostersande . . . . I. 4. Oster Rusder . . . . 3 I49 Steinberghoff. . . . 2 : 62% Arendahl • . . . . 7 211; Eckersund . . . . . . 28 Christiansand • * e . 4 973 Kiel . . . . . . 4. 14.1% Hitteróe . l 3O Flensburg . . . . . 1:2 . . 898% Frederickstadt I . . 22 Eckernferde . . . 2. l.08%. Sandefior . l IOS || Tonningen * * * * * * I 18; §. º I 66% Christiansund. 3: 72 Strandfiorden . . I 10% Nedenaslehn . . . 4. 43; Total; . 81 2886 Krageröe . I 24 || - *-i- a good deal afterwards. All the foreign ships which come into the Danish harbours, as well as their own ships, are measured, and the number branded fore and aft in the ship. An attestation is likewise drawn up and given to the master, of their measurement and number of seamen, which is done by the custom-house officer of any port, but it is not conceived valid. It is at Copenhagen where vessels are measured, if they have not been there before, particularly if they have not on any part the brand to denote that they have previously been in a Danish port; when this is done, an attestation is then given in due form. This is a very good plan, and might be adopted with advantage in every Country, as it would cost little trouble at first, and might save * 3D 2 A Table, shewing the State of the Navigation of Denmark in the Year 1803. d • * * Number | Commerci i Loading imported Loading exported Danish ships arrived. of º by Danish Ships. | in Danish Ships. - ships. - : - Wood, fruit, oats, In the Ports of England . 459 || 39075% |y wine, and brandy. Divers goods, and - - from different {*. mostly ballast. - places. - *a Ireland + 1 16 || 8984 Wood, bark. Ballast. | | Wood, corn, salt, $ Divers goods, Holland . . | 481 29395 Q fish and oil bricks, cheese, and ballast. º Ş Wood, fish, hemp, - Wine, brandy, : • * * W prunes, salt. butter France • . 514 24433 wheat, Sugar, cot– . €1’S • O º . ton, and iron. 8 2 : ; (ballast. * . . . e . F - (Linens, flax, hemp, Salt, tobacco, i Spain . . . . 622 || 43890 |& wood, salt, & divers|{ fruits, liquors, and - * - - | goods. divers goods. Fish, wheat, divers Fruits, olive oil, Italy . . . . 216. 14501 |}. and divers goods. Wood, glasses, cloths, linens, divers goods, and bricks. fish, oil, herrings, oats, butter, cheese, and divers goods. 1. ^ - * - Wine,brandy, fruit, º Germany © tº 731 1942.8 } - .. - | Cora. timber. . . ~ . . . " : H . . . . . - Wine. fish. and di-j\ . 5 5 p A pº s * }•y .0 C) W 5 5 * }. Prussia . . ] 545 15733 vers goods. " -- º: flax, and | -§ Bricks, cloths, salt }; hemp, plank, i - Russia . . . ; 354 | 8938 herrings, oysters, { cables, linens, seed, i - s | | | || fruits. & corn, pitch, & tar. - Gothenburg in R. 13 248. Corn Herrings, iron, and - - - - Sweden . . $ ~ | 3 ** |? deals. - In times of peace it is estimated that Denmark gains by the carry- ing trade nearly four millions of rixdollars. If then we consider the almost exclusive trade she now has in that branch amongst the Eu- te 389 ropean powers, and the considerably higher freights her ships now obtain, (at least treble the sum to what she makes in time of peace); it is wonderful her shipping does not increase. On the state of the commerce of Denmark as it is, many remarks are not necessary, its amount at the present time, compared with the past, proves how slow the progress is that that country makes towards wealth, though better situated even than Holland, for a commercial nation: and on the Atlantic shore of the continent, no country, ei- ther enjoyed such natural advantages, or employed them so well, as the Seven United Provinces. •-, & k - We have already shewn how the nations living on the Baltic Sea, at a very early period, cnjoyed commerce, and carried it on to a great extent; we have explained how the trade to the interior of the conti- ment may be so advantageously and easily carried on by that channel, adverting to the necessity of applying to it under the present circum- Stances. - - - - At all times, Denmark, from its situation, ought to be wealthy. The nature of the government is likewise favourable, as it affords liberty and security, and the taxes are low ; yet still the country advances so slowly, that in comparing it with others, it may be said to go back- wards. If the same persecution is continued over the inhabitants of the Dutch provinces, that has taken place since they fell into the power of France, there is no doubt, that many of them will emigrate to Holstein, and carry with them the true spirit of commerce, which appears to be the only thing wanting, to make that one of the most flourishing countries of Europe. - t The Danes are particularly backward in introducing inventions, ei- ther for the abbreviation of labour, or for increasing its result; but as wealth and all its concomitants are comparative, so long as other na- tions invent or copy inventions, those who refuse to do the same, must necessarily fall more and more behind. - Good roads (and perhaps iron railways) are in a most particular manner wanted in Denmark ; first, because there is a great deal of passing with heavy goods; and next, because they are remarkably bad. .* 390 The facility with which new inventions are now introduced from one country to another, and the means that the inhabitants have of know- ing what will suit their purpose, precludes the necessity of pointing out to the Danes, in what their inferiority lies, particularly as they have so excellent an example set before them by the Kings of Prussia, who, for half a century, have been occupied in attempts to increase the wealth and prosperity of their subjects. • . - When a nation is in the situation of England, superior to others, there may be some difficulty of discovering by what means its prospe- rity can be increased ; but in the case of Denmark, or any other peo- ple, that are behind, there can be no difficulty ; all that is necessary, is to copy, to imitate, and to follow the example of others. r - To be able to do this, however, the government should have a dis- posable sum for the encouragement and protection of new establish- ments; but this is what neither Denmark nor Sweden has, and per- haps, it is one of the principal causes of those two nations being so fan behind others in their progress. . . a’ . It cannot have escaped observation, that though all the northern nations have bank paper, and seem to have paid considerable attention to the subject; yet none of them have been very successful in establish- ing a bank on a good plan, though they have had the example of the Banks of London and Amsterdam, either of which, might be taken as an excellent model; instead of which, attempts have been made to improve and alter the plan, by which means the establishments that have been formed, are of little utility. r - The exportation to Denmark has been rapidly on the increase, even before the last war, but since then, it has totally altered its proportion, owing to the causes already so frequently mentioned, that have driven the trade of the continent to the northern parts of Europe. Our im- ports from that country have not increased with nearly equal rapidity, though still the increase is very great, and particularly so, when we consider the nature of those articles, and the way they are rated in the books of the custom-house. Timber, and the other sorts of produce received from Denmark, are rated as they were when the prices were not half what they are now, while a great part of the goods we send 301 over, consist of articles, some unknown altogether 60 years ago, and others, which have no fixed value at any time, and are rated accord- ing to their real worth. - The increase of importation may be principally considered as an account of the increased quantity, not value; but on the exportation it is value, not quantity. - - The neglect of our timber at home, and the general waste and con- sumption of the produce of other countries, enrich the whole of the north of Europe. The activity of our trade makes us do every thing in the building way for the present purpose, and in the end, costs double what it does in nations whose operations are less rapid, and the works of men more permanent. This is a subject that deserves some atten- tion. Wherever buildings are slight, rents are high in proportion to the money laid out, and a considerable portion of the industry of a country, building in a temporary manner, is employed on repairs. As for the materials, so far as they come from other nations, they are a drain on us. This theory may be the better to be confirmed by a fact. Though England is a manufacturing nation, timber is scarcely a mate- rial on which any of its manufacturers are employed; but it purchases more than all the rest of Europe; and yet, all throughout Europe people have houses and furniture, as well as in England. Formerly we con- sumed much less, even in England, and our waste seems to have gone on nearly in proportion to the general activity of commerce; Table of the Imports and Ewports of Great Britain, to and from Den- mark and Norway, in the following Years. Year. Imported. £xported. || Year. £mported. Exported, i 701 . . ºf 58773 3435 different kinds of dye *-*. 85000 * 20 to 30 . . . e *-*. 740 divers drugs . . . . 109900 * Quills . .* . . . . sack. 20 '640 | Paper . . . . . . . . bales. 977 16205 || Ropes tarred . . . . . lasts. . 125 81 Pears and apples . . casks 617 630 || Rye . . . . . . . - £2250 2636 Pepper • • '• * ~ * **s 1085 || Rouge, common for dye . - 284 || Perfumery * * * º tº-ººse 681 || Ship-timber and pipe-staves pS. 50000 1925 Pitch and resin . . . . shlbs. 319 118 || Steel . . . . . . . . shlb. 600 248 Provisions of different kinds — *-ºs t 2925 || Stones diamonds . . . . . doz. 35000 1540 Prunes . . . . . . . Hos. 1800000 || 1361135 || Ships masts . . . º 278 ºrunolla’s - . . . . . lbs. 100000 * topmasts • . . e. -- ----e. 469 Quicksilver. . . . . . . Ibs. 399 small do. for boats . . — *4 4.80 Raisins of different kinds . . ]bs. 54000 47591 || Spars, &c. . . . . . . . *- 1329 | Root-liquorice . . . . . — 43540 || Tow, hemp . . - . . . last. 10 iQ85 Rice . . . . . . . . — 54.6000 47.672 flax . . . . . . 180 2003 } Saffron . . . . . . Ib. 411 473 || Tobacco of Ukraine bar. 3 2 Saltpetre is e º e º is *-ºse 231400 || Table-services . . • pcs. *-*. 514 Salt . , - a . e. lasts. 8500 284 || Tallow . . . . . , lasts. 200 2102 Silk in stuffs , . . pieces. 247 195 || Wax-lights . . . . chests. 3 *-* Stockings . . . . . — 3780 6698 || Wax . . . . . . . casks 1()0 4920 Silk of different kinds . . . — 1250 || Wheat . . . . . . . lasts. 80000 : 5787 $oap e s o e º e lbs. 105000 90830 || Wool, common . . . . . lasts. 30 9440 Sulphur . . . . . & 370000 211400 * Sugar * * * * . Ibs. 16537976 14026838 Though France has ceased to be a commercial nation, and Syrup . e - . bar. 4000 5529 || instead of furnishing colonial produce to many nations which it Tartar . . º º 180000 787.20 || did till the year 1790, on the continent, not having the means Tobacco º © • - 168000 11747 || of supplying itself, yet it still continues to produce wines and Turpentine tº º ... --— 390 100080 || brandies which are carried away in neutral vessels, and to Verdigrease . . . . e 40640 || import the produce and manufactures of other countries partly Wineger . . . . . . . bar. 4040 4330 || by neutrals, and partly smuggled in through Holland, Ger- "Vitrioi . * ſºmeºw-mº 1280 || many, and Switzerland. The trade, however, is greatly di- Vonnedes . . . . . packs *-ºs 150 || minished, as it has less means of paying, and having itself no Wax-lights . . . . . . --— -º-º-º-º: .” 72 | direct coumunication, the articles it imports come dearer, Wine •-e 5573 || while those it exports must be sold cheaper and in less quan- º o º & bar. tity. 3 E 2 396 \ In endeavouring to shew the quantity of the principal articles ex- ported from all the ports of the Baltic to all places; reckoning upon the average, betwixt the years 1801 and 1803, the following is nearly £Orrect : Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . 66800 Tons Hemp . . . . . . . . . . . 62500 Flax . . . . . . . . . . . . 18700 Tallow . . . . . . . . . . . 34800 GRAIN EXPORTED in 1801 and 1802. Wheat . . . 994609 ºr º 1032941 quarters, Rye . . . 689133 . . 1166537 …~" Barley . . . 193046 to dº 1946.83 Cats . . . 97337 © 9 1682O1 Pease . . . .32129 gº tº 32470 Total . . 2012254 2,5948.32 Timber in masts, yards, spars, balks, deals, battens, staves, oak plank, and wood of all descriptions, too tedious to mention ; as well as many other articles of inferior importance. The number of trading vessels belonging to the states and na- tions around the Baltic, including those of Norway and Holstein, in 1804, was 4134, carrying about 493,417 British tons. The aggregate value of the exports from all the Baltic ports to all places, according to the prime cost price, shipped on board, (upon the average of the exchange) betwixt the years 1801 and 1803, may for the whole of the Baltic trade be reckoned, from . . . . . . . about ºf 1002000 Linens of all kinds, particularly Hemp . . . . . . 25906OO since this trade has partly gone Flax . . . . . . — 1028500 by way of Stettin . . . . . . ºf 1020000 Tallow . . tº Q & 2497.000 All other articles as ashes, bris- Grain . . in 180 I ºf 6762530 tles, butter, and provisions, ca- 1802 8454200. viar, cordage, copper, hemp- * seed, linseed, and their oils, I 52 16730 hides, glue, and horns, leather, — pitch and tar, wax, feathers, Average of the 2 years . 7608365 and sundry other articles to all quarters . . . . . . . . 2186000 Wood of all sorts as before de- -— scribed, including that from st 19522265 Norway . . . . . . . . 1589800 ºs-ºs-ºs-seasº-3 The aggregate of the trade of the Baltic, may then, in great expor- tation years of corn, be reckoned to amount to no less a sum than twenty millions sterling; a sum, greatly beyond that which was ever conjectured. The price is calculated according to the actual 397 average prices paid, and the exchange of those periods actually drawn upon England, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. r When there is no great exportation of grain, the difference in amount in the Baltic trade is considerable, and must of course have some in- fluence upon the exchange on England. - The ordinary quantity of corn exported from the Baltic, at the medium. prices amounts annually to about two millions sterling. But some years it has amounted to the immense sum of eight millions, which is more than the regular produce of all our West India islands put together!!! The share which Great Britain has of the Baltic trade, (not taking grain into the calculation,) amounts to, at least, two-thirds of the whole; consisting of iron, hemp, flax, and tallow, which latter article is: in a still greater proportion; of wood or timber nearly the whole. Without grain, the aggregate trade of the Baltic is then twelve mil- lions sterling; this fact is confirmed on examining the official ac- counts of Great Britain, which, according to the rates fixed at a very remote period, that is, at the end of the seventeenth century, and reckoning some only double the rate then, fixed, (many treble, and even more,) it brings the actual amount, upon the average of the three last years, to near eight millions and a half sterling per annum, at the most moderate rate, but it is near nine millions in the actual cost to the country. The articles of exportation are many of them. new, which, are put at nearly their proper value, whilst the old staple manufactures of the country remain stationary, and they are not now exported in any quantity; so that the Baltic trade is a very losing one to Great Britain ;. it will be shewn still more strikingly, when treating of our resources. We might raise all the articles we take from that quarter amongst our- selves at home, or in our own plantations, and employ the same quan- tity of shipping, and the same number of men. France sets Great Britain an example in this point; being driven out of the Baltic trade, (excepting some little by the Holstein canal,) she wisely produces the raw material, and establishes similar manufactures within herself. She has become independent of any external supplies, exporting her own produce, and manufactures of luxury and inutility, to that quarter; from whence she takes little or nothing back. fº. 398 A statement follows of the trade of Great Britain with the Bakic, from the official accounts, beginning in the year 1701, at various inter- vals, till 1785, and from 1791 to the present period, distinguishing En- gland from Scotland according to the rated value which has been fixed - partly in the year 1696. - - - * , . The share which all countries have in the trade of the Baltic, will partly be judged of by referring to the number of vessels of each passing the Sound. An account of the vessels of different nations which have passed through the Holstein canal does not appear; those being chiefly Prussian and Danish, it must be a natutural con- clusion to every one, from what has been said, that the Dutch and French have the greatest part of the trade that way. The following is the official account of the trade of Great Britain with the Baltic ; by which is meant, all the states and powers surround- ing that sea. Norway is included as forming part of Denmark, to shew in the strongest point of view the increase of the Northern trade; the amount is given at several periods betwixt the years 1700 and 1786, and each year from 1791 till the present, distinguishing England from Scotland. # , . Imported. Exported. Imported. Exported. 17Ol ºf 417245 . 36334346 || 1745 . . . .6868.271 . . .6.304786 1705 . . . 525789 . . . . 264623 || 1750 . . . . . I 195702 . . . 363060 l 7 10 . . 465 161 . 301143 || 1755 . 1202.963 . 36835O 1715 . . . 605565 . 242946 || 1760 . 932229 . . . .3519 II 1720 . . . 583 104 . 432426 1765 . 1416593 . . . . 497.478 1725 . . . 728257 230681 177O . 1435676 & 45 1905 1730 736O79 . . . 2099.75 1775 . . 1247.096 . . 462517 1735 765.178 . . . . 257763 || 1780 - . . 1754839 . . . 547916 1740 77.0709 . . . 28.3860 1785 . 241 1090 . " 7 19483 E N G L A N D. SCOTLAN D. / { Imported. * Exported. Imported. Exported. 1791 . . ºf 2239741 . . ºf 1101.304 . ºf 588520 . ºf 36413 1792 . . . 2383584 . . . 1347.192 . . . . . 451785 . . . . . 51643 1793 . . . . 2810396 . . . 827 157 . . . . 412581 . . . 46278 1794 . 2360900 . . . 1349790 . . . 543627 . . . . . . 4318.1 1795 . 2416314. . . . 17785.74 . . . . 440628 . . . .6937.2 1796 . 3738.526 . 1927294 - . 667208 67289 I 797 . . 2376684 . 1889788 404 176' 4, 1473 1798 . 3148468 . 1792.482 . 678927 585.50 1799 342.53O2 . 1446037 . . 832O49 6173O 1800 4040899 . 24.50733 . . . 625827 36499. 1801 . . 3738497 . 2061346 4067.59 36374 3802 . . 3152O6] . . 30391 16 . 569699. . . 54993 1803 * 3.1422.12 . . 5028756*. 637579 . 398786 1804 tº ". * * 814, 197 . . 44.1848 * Denmark and Prussia have had so considerable an addition to make the difference. 899 The foregoing account shews, in a very distinct and evident manner, how much the French revolution, and the war that followed, have turned the trade into a Northern Channel, both in the exports and im- ports; but particularly the former, which have risen to about ten times what they were previous to that event: and even the interval of peace did not draw commerce back to its former channel, which gives reason to think, that, were the present order to cease, (or rather disorder) com- merce would not, for a long period, return to the situation it was in previous to 1790. . . . The following table shews the aggregate of the trade and navigation of Great Britain with the Baltic, during three of the most remarkable years, selected for that purpose ; viz. when the northern confederacy commenced, and the embargo took place on British shipping in Rus- sia, in 1800;-its termination, and the battle of Copenhagen, in 1801; —and of the general peace in 1802. In 1800 the countries are distin- guished according to the manner in which the official accounts are kept at the custom house; but, in 1801 and 1802, the aggregate only is given. s * -, º Value of exports to the Baſtic. Shipping. Value of w Inwards. Outwards. imports, British Foreign |Total of Bri * *. from manufac-merchán-tish&foreign British. Foreign. British. Foreign. the Baltictures and dise. merchandise - - # - produce. exported. vess. tons. men. vess. tons. men. vess. tons. men. vess.] tons. II, CIM, ef ºf - Denmark . . .241562, 1867.03 353994| 540698. 170 18696. 1330|1126178849. 9994| 343| 55125; 3015 915 169:13 8526 'Russia. . . . .] 2382098; 557374| 467,960 1025335 766. 163464 - 7517| 55| 13114|| 617; 6931652 19: 7701 || 129| 25896; 1180 Sweden . . .] 309.280 297.61 49079 7884() 94; 10308 591 267 3914.1 2249, 62, 8088 422, 185 28055 1592: . Poland. . . , 393041 17802 3.0099 47909 176|| 31124; 1481. 138 25769] 1 185} 75; 117.4% 613 40 10281 494 Prussia. . . . 1340904, 297.185. 497266 794452 555||109371 5190 1365!159817; 7:27.2. 297 54,424; 27 18:17.01 * 9078 1800 . . . 4666887 1088838 1398400. 2487.228 1761.332963| 16109|2951|416690) 21317|1470.294598. 14469|2970 ww. 20870 1801. . . 4138468. 1112969| 995.343 2108.312 |1749,324718, 15435|2511377386] 18812||1333,240545] 12145|2393 440944, 22623 1802 . . . . 37:23057. 1495925, 1598.185) 3094111 |2415|457232; 22911 º 234216; 12370) 14:58.26%;00 is 230||1336 isioi 11043 \ The trade to Germany goes (though not to the same places) ulti- mately through the same channels, and it has for several years, on an average, amounted to above 8,000,000l. Sterling. The whole amount of our exports to the northern countries, or by the channels, cannot be stated, on an average, to be less than 12 millions, which is more than. two-thirds of the exports of this country to the whole of the continent. 400 BOOK WI. CHAP. I. OF GERMANY IN GENERAL. sº Remarks on the Trade and Navigation by the Rivers, Elbe, Weser, and Ems.-Description of the Silesian and German Linens, eaſported by Way of Hamburg and Bremen, alphabetically arranged. THE North of Germany has certain commercial advantages, which many other countries do not possess, among which are principally to be reckoned the great rivers, the Rhine, the Flbe, and the Oder, and next the Weser and Ems, all which flow through and communicate with the greatest part of Germany; the Oder falling into the Baltic, the others into the North Sea, by which they export their produce and manufactures, and serve to convey the produce of other countries in return, which the south of Germany cannot do. The three rivers, the Elbe, the Weser; and the Ems, rise in different provinces of Germany, and, passing through Lower Saxony, all fall into the North Sea nearly at the same point. The Elbe is a river of considerable length, and navigable for a great way, but the other two are neither long nor na- vigable any distance. After having described each of them separately, we shall give a distinct account of the trade of Hamburg, Bremen, and Embden, which are the towns that principally engross the trade of those rivers. * ~ As, however, the produce of all the countries through which they run is nearly the same, as well as the articles they import, we shall give general details; and as the linen manufactures in that #01 quarter are encouraged and improved with great rapidity, and imme- diately concern the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland in a par- ticular manner, we shall give the principal sorts of them at consider- able length, where and how manufactured, and the markets to which they are exported. •k - The articles exported from this country to those ports may be said to be a pretty equal distribution or assortment of East India and West India produce, and of our manufactures at home; for, excepting in the single article of linens, we can scarcely be considered as rivals to them, or dealing in the same sort of commodity. The principal part of our own manufactures, and colonial produce exported to the continent, is by the channel of these three rivers, and consists, at present, of wool- lens, cottons, and iron manufactures almost of every description. . . We must here observe, that, in our own colonial produce exported to that quarter, we participate with other nations, particularly Ame- rica, which country, trades immediately from the islands with coffee, sugar, cotton, and other articles; in payment for their lumber and provisions from the West Indies, they take in return valuable cargoes of linens and manufactured goods from Germany, so that England loses the import on the one hand, and a market for her manufactures on the other. It would not come within the scope of this work to enter into all the details of the various articles exported from this country, or imported into it from Germany, when the Elbe is free, and Hamburg can carry on her trade uninterrupted. Some idea may be formed of it by the alphabetical list of imports into that city, stated at length under the head of Hamburg. - Description of the principal Sorts of Silesian and German Linens, arranged in alphabetical Order, according to the Names they pass by in Germany, and chiefly eaported by way of Hamburg, Bremen, and Embden. . BIELFELD linen is the best sort manufactured in Germany; and, on account of its excellent quality, is preferred both to the Irish and the Dutch limens; it is exported to almost every part of the world, but in particular to America, where it is often sold at from 40 to 45 per cent, profit upon the invoice cost; it is exported again from thence to 3 F 402 the West Indies and Spanish America in considerable quantities. It is made in the city of Bielfeld in Prussia, one house having the prin- eipal trade in this linen; it is from 1 to 13 yards wide, and the lengths of the pieces are from 30 to 60 Bielfeld ells, or from 18% to 373 yards in length.* This place is very famous for fine linen, for which 125 rixdollars have been paid for a piece containing 60 Bielfeld ells un- bleached, which is equal to 221. Sterling for about 37 yards. BLEICHTUche R. This is a coarse kind of linen manufactured in the electorate of Hesse and Cassel; it is about one yard wide, and made up in pieces, containing 35 yards or 50 ells in length. The chief mar- kets for this linen are Portugal, Spain, and the United States of Ame- rica. In the former countries it is used in bleaching; and, in the latter, a part of it is used for the negroes; but a luore considerable part is exported again to the West Indies for making coffee and cotton bags. This linen is sometimes improperly called Bleytucher, but Bleich- tucher is the proper name for it; and each piece is marked at the end with the electoral arms—a red lion. Boc ADIELos, a Silesian manufacture, from 18 to 13 ells wide, and 58 ells or 364 yards long. This linen is folded double, and put up in round pieces, tied with white packthread and three pieces of light blue paper on each end, and in the middle, on one of which, near the end, is a silver plated paper with the superscription Bocadillos. The chief exportation of this kind of linen is made to Spain. x BRETAGNEs, likewise a Silesian manufacture; it is from 18 to 13 ells wide, and is made up in pieces containing 11; Dreslau ells in length, in the middle of the piece is a red paper, cut in the form of a star, with the number, which describes the quality, printed on it. When this Jinen is made, it is in pieces containing 60 ells in length, which, when bleached, are cut into five equal parts. It is always packed up in boxes containing 125 pieces each; two of these boxes are packed up, and sometimes even four, into one large chest made for that purpose, in order to prevent their getting wet, or receiving any damage on board the vessel in which they are exported. Patterns are taken from * According to calculation eight Bielfeld ells are equal to five yards. 403 each box of 125 pieces, which accompanies the chest. The assortment of this linen is made by sworn examiners, properly appointed for that purpose. The greatest part is exported to America, and from thence to the West Indies, where it is used for sheeting and bed-ticks in the better families. * Book linen is called so from its being put up in the form of a book; it is commonly 14 ell in width, and 24 Leipsic ells in length; three pieces of it are usually tied together with a red linen riband. It is a blue-striped and checked kind of linen, manufactured in Bielfeld, and likewise in Saxony; the chief markets for it are America and the West Indies; where, in particular, the checked sort is used for seamen's shirts, and the striped for curtains, trousers, jackets, &c. CAs ERILLos. This sort is made in Silesia, woven of raw yarn, and afterwards bleached ; it is 14 ell wide, and put up in rolls, containing 19, Breslau ells, which is but the third part of a whole piece. Half a roll contains 28% ells; on the end is tacked a bit of red silk, with a number which indicates the quality. This linen is packed up in boxes of 100 rolls of 283 ells in each, or 150 rolls of 90% ells each ; and patterns are taken from each. An assortment of Caserillos, commonly consists of 400 pieces, or rolls of 283 ells each, or 600 of 194. The chief market for this linen is Spain and Portugal. CAVALLINEs, likewise a Silesian manufacture, from 1; to 1; ell wide, and bleached. It is a very dense and strong kind of linen put up in round and long pieces, folded double, containing 58 Breslau ells; after it has been pressed, it is packed up in blue paper, on which is a silver plated paper, with a horse in a leaping posture, or sometimes two horses, one above another, from which it derives its name, given it by the Italians, for which market it is chiefly exported. * CHOLETs, is a raw and unbleached linen, chiefly of Silesian manufac- ture, 1}. Breslau ell wide; it is folded singly in its whole breadth ; each piece contains in length 58 Breslau ells; it is tied round with four slips of light blue paper, four fingers in breadth each. On the slip nearest the end, is a figure representing a silver crown, and a number describing the quality, printed on it. It is packed up in boxes, containing 50 pieces each; patterns are taken from each box, according to which 3 F 2 404 - #3; the purchases and sales are made by the merchants. An assortment commonly consists of four boxes, or 200 pieces, and which have four different numbers. The narrow sorts of this linen are exported to Spain, where it is divided into four different qualities, viz. common, (called by the Spaniards) ordinarias ; middling, entrefinas; finé, finas; superfine, y superiores. The wide sorts are exported to Lisbon; but the narrow to Oporto. The name of Cholets is derived from a place in Anjou, where these linens were first manufactured. CREAs, are made in Saxony and Bohemia, and likewise attempted in Silesia ; they are 18, 1, 13, and 1, Leipsic ells wide, and each piece contains 108 ells in length. The yarn of which this linen is made, is bleached before it is woven. The assortments are chiefly the following: * . . . . 1. Those which are 13 ell wide, are called in Italy, tele corame g; and in England dowlas of 32 inches; and these two countries are the chief markets for it; but considerable exportations of this sort are made from Hamburg, Lubec, and Bremen, direct to America, and to the West Indies, where this sort of linen meets with quick and advan- tageous sales. 2. Those of 14 ell wide, are called in Spain, creas anehas ; and in France, créas larges; they are distinguished according to their quality in density and fineness, as well as to the countries to which the dif- ferent sorts of them are mostly exported. * The common kind, called steeked dowlas, is but ill adapted for the Spanish trade, and the lowest in quality; yet, on account of their fine weft, are finer than the rest. . . * The middling quality is only adapted for the Italian trade. English sleeked dowlas, are of a dense quality; and loom dowlas is an uncommon fine and dense kind of linen. These two sorts are only woven of the best Meissen, Brunswick, and Halberstadt yarn, and solely destined for the English market. * * * * . . . . . . . 3. Those that are 1, ell and 1, ell in width, are of the same qua- lity. The chief markets for this sort of linen, are the upper parts of Italy and Spain; yet it is likewise sent in considerable quantities, to - 405 .* Barbary, and in particular to Algiers and Tunis, by the way of Leg- horn, where it is principally used as winding sheets for the dead. . . . 4. Dowlas #, as they are called in England, is the fourth sort of creas 13 ell wide ; they bear the same distinction with those of 13 ell wide, and both sorts are in pieces of an equal length, except that this sort is commonly made up in half pieces. The creas derive the name of morlaix from the city of Morlaix, in Bretagne. To these creas belong likewise the rough dowlas, from 14 to 14 ell wide, and 103 Leipsic ells in length, which only differ from the common sort of creas, by being woven of raw yarn. They are mostly exported to Portugal, where they are called Pano Ferro. DRUCK linen, a Silesian manufacture, which by some is bleached quite white, and by others only half bleached. It is 14 ell in breadth. By some manufacturers it is left in its full length, as the pieces are made ; by others it is divided into pieces, containing 58 ells each. It is taken off from the bleaching ground, without being dressed up. Many merchants or manufacturers leave the one end of the piece out, to which a piece of paper is fixed, marked with the number of ells it contains. Merchants, who give orders for this linen uncut, ought to notice precisely the length of the piece. The chief market for this sort of linen is England, but much is also exported to America and to the West Indies. * - - t - Ess EN linen is a very strong kind of linen, made near a little place called Essen. It is almost of the same quality as the Osnabruck linen, with which it has the same numbers; as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. LovENT linen is a good, strong, and dense sort of hempen linea, the yarn of which is spun entirely of hemp, and the weſt of hempen tow carefully spun. It is for the most part manufactured in the cities. of Bergholzhausen, Versmolet, and Halle, and in the different parishes in their vicinities. The lengths of the pieces are very different, and contain from 50 to 60, 120 and sometimes 130 double ells. A double ell is what the manufacturers of this linen call a staple measure, con- taining four feet in length; and 100 of these ells are equal to 175. Flemish ells. But most of the pieces are between 100 and 120. The sales are made by 100 staple ells. The width of this linen ought to be 406 one Flemish ell, according to the prescription, with the stamp of the staple office put to it, which contains the Prussian arms, viz. a black eagle, and the letters F. W. R. But many pieces are not of that width, and nevertheless there is a stamp on them. The colour of this linen is indifferent, so that a premium is fixed for that which is the best bleached. There are no certain numbers in the quality of it, al- though there should be, according to the laws of the staple-right. The whole length of the piece is put up in leaves, and one of the inward ends is marked with the running number of the manufacturer on each piece; then both sides are laid up together and tied with black pack- thread. Each piece is commonly marked with a crown on the top, with the name of the manufacturer in it, and a description of the quality. A bale of this linen commonly contains 18, 20, or 24 pieces, wrapped up in 60 or 100 double ells, of coarse Munsterland linen; however, the finest sort is packed up in boxes, containing 12 pieces each. This linen is mostl y sent to Bremen, Hamburg, and Amsterdam. The lowest quality is exported to America and the West Indies, for the use of negro shirts, jackets, trousers, and likewise for cotton and coffee bags. MEYER linen is a good strong kind of hempen linen, made in the principality of Lippe, and is sometimes called Lippish white linen. - - MöBEL linen is manufactured in Silesia, Bohemia, and Saxony. It is of different breadths; the first sort is 14, the second 14, and the third 13 Leipsic ells. This linen is made of dyed yarn, interwoven into it, either striped or checked, and is divided into three different qualities—common, middling, and fine; but the price of it is fixed aecording to the width, colour, and nicety of the pattern ; for if there are several different colours in a piece, then the piece is higher than that which has only one. It is put up in pieces of 72 Leipsic ells. The chief markets for it are Italy, Spain, America, and the West Indies, where it is made use of for all domestic purposes. Under the name of this linen are other sorts, with different descriptions. & 1. Arabias. The width and length is equal to that above described, and there is no other difference between these two sorts, than that the 407 stripes in the Arabias are of a red colour, interwoven with Turkish yarn. The price is fixed according to the fineness of the quality. 2. Bontons are 1; and 13 Leipsic elk wide, and 60 ells long, mostly blue striped and checked, but of the lowest quality. They are com- monly cut into three equal lengths or pieces, either of which contains 20 ells. The chief markets are America and the West Indies, where they are only used for seamen's shirts, cloths, &c. - MUNSTER LAND linen. This is a sort of hempen linen, the breadth of it is equal to that which is called Lovent linen. The best quality of it can only be reckoned equal to the lowest sort of the former. It is mostly made in and about the cities of Lippstadt, Rillberg, Strom- berg, and Paterborn. The worst quality is made in the two latter cities. The chief markets for it are America and the West Indies. *- Osnab Ruck is a very strong and solid kind of hempen linen, manu- factured in the bishoprick of Osnabruck. Its width is Ek Bremen ells, and from 100 to 103 staple or double ells in length. The exact mea- sure of the piece is fixed to each by the staple office. The chief mar- kets for it are America, the West Indies, and Spain. - - - Besides the Osnabruck linen already described, there is another sort of home-made linen manufactured in the county of Hoye ; especially in the districts of Syke and Tedinghausen. The yarn of which it is made is spun of flax, and the weft of flaxen tow; it is put up in pieces, containing 72 double ells, and is about 13 ell wide. The only market for this sort of linen is the city of Bremen, the merchants of which buy it from the farmers, by whom it is made. It is mostly exported to Spain, and sometimes direct to America and the West Indies. The whole produce of linen in the county of Hoye amounts to nearly 150,000 rixdollars per annum. - - MELL linen falls under the very same description; the width, length, and quality are the same, only that this is bleached. It is manufac- tured in the parish of Mell, on which account it bears the name of Mell linen. - " . PADER Bor N is a very coarse linen; the yarn of which it is made is spun from flaxen tow, and is only fit for packing linen, or for wrap- 4:08 pers. It is made up in pieces, containing from 21 to 22 Cologne ells. * - - . . PLATTILES Roy ALEs, a Silesian manufacture, 14, 13, and 13 Bres- lau ells wide, and 58 ells in length. It is a very fine and well bleached sort of linen, put up in the very same manner as the Cholets, only the slips of paper around it are of a violet colour, tied to it with red or white packthread. On the slip near the end of a piece is a silver- paper, with the inscription Plattiles Reales, together with the number describing the quality. This linen is properly destined for the Spanish American and West Indian markets, 2 . . . PLATTILEs SIMPLEs, likewise a Silesian manufacture, 14 ell wide, and 144 ells in length. . The pieces are put up and tied in a round . form with a white packthread, and then inclosed in large sheets of dark-blue paper, and tied again with white thread. A small silver- plated paper is commonly fixed near the end of the sheet, with the inscription, Bocadillos, or Plattiles Simples. Some manufacturers put a crown on it, and others a red paper, with different inscriptions. These plattiles are in particular adapted for the Spanish-trade; they are even exported in considerable quantities to the coast of Guinea, by the way of France. y RAVENSBERG. This sort of linen was first made in the year 1800, and invented by a gentleman of the name of Ebeling, a merchant of the city of Bergholzhausen, and a considerable linen trader. It is made of the best and strongest quality of hempen tow, called Lovent linen, the quality of which is before described. A piece contains 50 Flemish ells in length. The pieces are put up single in their full width, and then committed to the press. It is of three different qua- lities, marked No. 1, 2, and 3; or sometimes it is numbered in, this way, º, ø, and º, and afterwards tied at each end with blue pack- thread. Although it is an imitation of the Russian ravenducks, but inferior in quality, the lowest sorts of those are much finer, evener, and better than the best sort of the Ravensberg linen, because the Russians spin the yarn designed for this purpose of pure hemp, without any intermixture of tow; whilst, in the county of Ravensberg, 409 the yarn of which the linen is made, is but partly spun of pure hemp, the weft being spun of hempen tow. However, the Ravensburg linen is very strong, and much cheaper than the Russian ravenducks. - Rou ANEs. This is woven in the raw yarn, and afterwards bleached } it is partly manufactured in Silesia, and partly in Lausitz; it is two Breslau ells wide, and 84 ells in length, and put up in its full breadth in the form of a book, and tacked together with five tufts of red and green, or blue and green silk. The manufacturers in France fix an- other mark to the pieces, under which the number of the quality is written. Fifty pieces, divided into two numbers, commonly make up an assortment. The market for this linen is the West Indies. + SANGALLETTEN's may be had of any colour; they are from 14 to 11 ell wide, and 18 or 24 Flemish ells in length. This sort of linen is woven of raw yarn, and afterwards bleached; but that which is to be dyed in black is left unbleached; that intended for other colours is something more than half bleached; but that which is to have a rose- colour must be perfectly white. This linen is frequently sent to Ham- burg to be dyed, and has a preference to that which is dyed in Silesia. It is cut in pieces of different lengths; those which contain 224 Breslau ells are mostly exported to Spain, where they call them de 15 varas. It is folded double and inclosed in a paper that has the same colour of the piece which is inclosed within, and which is made for this par- ticular purpose, with a sign on the top of it. Those pieces that con- tain 10 ells in length are sometimes called Hollandillas; it is owing to a distinction made in the tariff of the Spanish duties between Sangalas and Sangaletas: the duties on the first are equal to the Hollandillas, and the latter are frequently called in Spain lustrinas de lino, and there Serve chiefly for the lining of hats. The name of Sangalletten is origi- ºnally derived from St. Gall, in Switzerland, where this sort of linen was first manufactured. *. SCHLE IER, or Silesian lawn, is woven of raw yarn, and made in the manner of cambric. It is mostly manufactured in Silesia, about Hirschberg, and likewise in Saxony, Suabia, and in Switzerland. It is 13 ell wide, and, when first made, 54 Breslau ells in length, which, however, is cut into four different pieces, containing 13; ells each. 3 G 410 The numbers, describing the different qualities, are written on bits of 'paper and tacked on each piece, after which they are inclosed in black paper and tied with white packthread. The different assortments and qualities of these lawns are the same as those mentioned before. The 6-4th raw long lawns are particularly destined for the English market, as well as those bleached in Silesia, and pass by the name of 6–4, Hamburg bleached long lawn. The 7-4 lawns are mostly exported to France for printing. - STEINHAGER linen is a very dense, fine, and well bleached linen, made in the small market town of Steinhagen, in the neighbourhood of the city of Bielfeld. It is put up in pieces, containing 20 Cologne double ells each, and sold by the piece : it is only made in this small & place; O]] account of which it is very scarce, and the price high. . It is - mostly packed up in boxes, and exported to America by the way of Bremen and Hamburg, where there is frequently a great demand for it. w * * w Teck I, ENDURG. This is a very strong and lasting sort of hempen linen, manufactured in the county of Tecklenburg, the materials of which are the same as those of the Lovent linen, and made in the very 'same manner; yet it looks not so fine, on account of its not being calandered, after it has been measured at the staple office. The length of the pieces are very unequal, and contain from 70 to 100 double ells a piece, and sometimes more than that. Its width is the same as that of the Lovent linen. Its quality is distinguished by the name of Upperband, and Underband. Upperband is that which the staple officer judges to be the best quality, and the arms of the country are put on the end of the piece, above the white string with which it is tied, together with the number of elis it contains, and the name of the chief staple officer. The same is done to that which is called Under- - y band, but with this distinction, that these marks are put below the string, which denotes that it is of an inferior quality. Both sorts of this linen are exported to America and the West Indies, in very great quantities, both from Bremen and Hamburg, where it always meets with a ready sale, even when the trade in other kinds of linen is . .3 ... ?? dułł. 411 WAITRENDonP. This is a very fine bleached linen, the quality of which is almost equal to that of Bielfeld; it is made in the city of Wahrendorp, and in the neighbouring market town of Freckenhorst, in great quantities. The yarn of which it is woven is spun in the county ef Ravensburg. It is somewhat looser, and not so well made as the Bielfeld linen, neither is it quite so well bleached. Wahrendorp, and the neighbouring market town, have but an indifferent bleaching ground for their linen, in consequence of which it is frequently sent to Bielfeld to be bleached and prepared for sale; for which reason the Wahrendorp linen is mostly exported from Bielfeld. A piece contains 60 Cologne ells, or 45 Flemish ells; it is commonly sold in whole pieces; the length of the whole piece is first folded double, and made into a square form, after which it is put under a heavy press, and then inclosed in sheets of light-blue paper, and tied with white packthread. The name of the manufacturer, with the measure of each piece, and the quality, is written on a piece of parchment, and tacked to the edge of the linen. It is exported to America and the West Indies, by the way of Bremen and Hamburg. . . . . . . WEBEN. This sort of linen is manufactured in Silesia, Saxony, and Bohemia. It is between 18 and 13 Leipsic ells wide, and 72 ells in length ; some is made of bleached, and some of raw yarn, and bleached afterwards. It is mostly exported to Italy. That which is made of raw yarn, and afterwards bleached, looks finer than the other, yet the quality of it is not so good and lasting as that of the yarn, which has been bleached before weaving. - . WESER linen is a very thin and loose sort of hempen linen, manu- factured in the principality of Lippe, in the neighbourhood of Lemgo, Detmold, Blomberg, Horn, &c. by the name of Weser linen; and it is known in America, likewise, as Munsterland linen. . . . W 412 CHAP. II. Of the River Elbe. — Its Communication with other Rivers and the Inte- rior.— How it might be eatended. —Of Hamburg. — Its Localities. – Sketch of its late and present State. —List ºf Ships arrived there, from all Places, in 1802. — Tolls and Duties payable there. — Colonial Pro- duce imported in several Years. — Linens brought into Hamburg from all Places. —The Bank. — Account of Grain imported and exported.— - British Factory. — Moneys, Weights, and Measures. – Channels by which the Trade of Hamburg is carried on during the Blockade.—Alpha- betical Specification of Goods imported into Hamburg from all Places in 1802. . THE RIVER ELBE. - * THIS fine river, which is of the greatest importance to Germany, - and which may be made so to Europe, from the branches of those rivers which fall into it, may easily be made to communicate with others which have an opposite direction in their course, running to distant parts of Europe. It has its source in Silesia, not far from the Carpathian mountains, from whence spring the Oder and the Vistula, at an inconsiderable distance from each other, and which we have already described. *. - The Elbe runs along Bohemia; the rivers Sazawa and Moldau unite with each other, and run some distance, when they again unite with the Berauna, above Prague, and fall into the Elbe above Melnick. The Elbe begins to be navigable at Leutmeritz, and continues its course, taking in the river Eger, which has its source in Franconia, runs by Dresden and Magdeburg in this distance, receiving the Mulde, Pleis, Elster, Sala, and rivers of less note. The Havel, which com- municates with the Oder, through Potzdam, and Berlin, described, under the head of Stettin, falls into the Elbe, which pursues, its course, and above Hamburg, divides into several branches, forming many islands, the current again uniting below that city; the depth of . water admits the largest merchant-ships from all quarters, and where. 413 their masts have been seen to form almost a forest: after running about a hundred English miles farther, it falls into the German Ocean, forming some islands and many sand banks in the river, as well as its mouth ; its navigation from thence to Hamburg begins to be difficult, even after passing Heligoland island. * The inland commerce from Hamburg, by means of the Elbe, is very considerable, and more extensive than the Rhine or any other river in Europe; but it labours under several restrictions and incon- veniences. All vessels coming from Bohemia and Saxony are obliged to unload their goods at Magdeburg, into Brandenburg vessels, except a few that come from Saxony with earthen ware, from Pirna with mill-stones, and from Bohemia with fruit, which are exempted on account of the danger or difficulty of unloading. Hanoverian vessels are permitted to go no farther than Schnackenburg. This transport of goods has very much decreased from what it was formerly, especially since the Emperor of Germany has tried to assist the trade of Triest, and the King of Prussia that of Stettin. - - ... - Silesia has lately had its goods partly forwarded by way of Stettin; and Saxony has been deterred from sending goods by the Elbe, on ac- count of the extraordinary high Prussian duties on that river. - There is a far greater internal navigation from Hamb urg throughout the continent than is easily imagined; this communication extends by means of the Elbe from the western and northern extremities of the German empire through Prussia to Austria, and even to the very in- terior of Russia, the Black and Caspian Seas. We shall mention first the canals from the Elbe, by means of the Havel and the Spree to the Oder, from thence up the Warta and the Netze, through the canal to the Vistula at Bromburg, whence the route may be taken by two ways, - either up the Vistula and the Bug to the Muchawitz, or by the Frische Haff and Konigsburg up the Pragel, the canal from thence to the Njemen, up that river, and through the Oginsky canal, and both these channels after dividing in the Vistula at Bromburg, are united again by the Pripecz which falls into the Dnieper, so down that river to the Black Sea. The Elbe might be made to communicate with the Danube by 414 . means of the several rivers which have their sources near each other, containing a sufficiency of water, and respectively falling into those rivers; the Sazawa into the Elbe, and the Iglaw which unites with other rivers falling into the Danube above Presburg; likewise the Moldau might unite the Danube considerably higher up, which river again might be connected with the Rhine, either by means of the Necker or the Main, or by both ; by such a communication in the interior of the continent, commerce might be carried on with uninterrupted career, from one extremity of Europe to the other, without the possibility of France molesting its progress, unless it subjugated Germany alto- gether. - . . . . . . . . . If the same spirit prevailed in the empire of Germany as has been shewn by the illustrious monarch of Russia in his dominions, the inte- rior navigation of Germany would not only produce a source of riches to themselves, but give great facility to, and increase commerce in general, A beginning may be said to be made in Hungary; a canal is com- pleted by means of the Theis, which falls into the Danube; this canal was finished in 1803, in which year 337 vessels passed through, carry- ing 287.320 centner, 27050 einer, and 243560 mezen of merchandize, "of different descriptions.” . . . t . It is exceedingly to be regretted that so fine a river as the Elbe, with so many communications, and running through such an extent of country, should in its interior course be cramped and impeded by so many tolls and imposts, and so circumstanced at its mouth as it at present is by the blockade. There appears to be an unbounded jealousy, and unison of unfortunate events, and a jarring of interests to defeat the great advantages nature has given this fine river. It is not however un- likely but that this river at a future period will convey the principal commerce of Europe; the latter part of the first chapter of the first book, will better explain the reason of this suggestion. - * * Many years ago it was projected to unite, by a canal, the Weser and the Elbe, in order to transport goods from Bremen to Stadt, and so to Hamburg; for this purpose a sluice was first built near Stadt, at an exorbitant expense, but when the canal was begun to be dug, from the nature of the soil; it was found to be quite impracticable, so that the sluice re- mains without a canal. - / 415 Cuxhaven is the port of Hamburg, just entering from the North Sea, from whence the packets sailed during the last war to England, but at present they are driven from thence to Husum and Gottenburg. HAMBURG. - - • . . In the first chapter of this book we have already shewn the rise and progress of this city, and the high rank it held in the Hanseatic leag ue, towards the decline of which, it began to gain the principal part of the -- northern trade; after the dissolution of that league, for a series of years, it preserved with almost uninterrupted advantage the chief com- merce of the north of Europe; when in this state, the French revolution laid the foundation for its subsequent commercial opulence and ex- tensive intercourse with Europe and the world, by taking possession of Holland, and banishing trade and navigation from thence. Ham- burg, from its advantageous and convenient situation, both in the ap- proach for its external and facility for its internal commerce, its insti- tutions, form of government, and commercial spirit of the people, drew at once the whole commerce of Europe into its lap. When France over-run Flanders and Holland, commerce was then driven into the Ems, the Weser, and the Elbe. . . . . . . , Hamburg, which had always been called the free imperial Hanse- atic city, under, the protection of the German Empire and other states, bas experienced most strange vicissitudes within the last thirteen years. Till the beginning of the French revolution it had a regular settled trade, which it quietly enjoyed for a series of years. F rom 1789 º till 1792 the French were the means of increasing its trade a little, by many of their operations, on account of their want of credit and the scarcity of grain, and other public wants, partly supplied by means of that city; but no sooner had the French entered Holland, than at once the commerce of Europe. flew to Hamburg, which became the focus and central point, through which the trade of the European continent passed to Great Britain, as well as from thence and other quarters through s it again to the continent. All at once, from a regular secure trade, we find a forest of masts riding in the Elbe; merchants flocking from all nations; the whole business of the north, the east, and the south 416 of Europe, as well as the west, passing through Hamburg; it having the only direct exchange course open, facilitated by the old establish- ment of a Bank on the most secure plan of any in Europe. - & The prodigious influx of commerce all at once pouring into Ham- burg from all quarters, the moment the French entered Holland, was unexampled till 1799, when commercial credit experienced a great 'shock not confined to this city, but which went throughout Europe and the world ; this impaired its trade some little, but there was no other channel : the events in the north in 1800 repeated that shock, owing to the northern confederacy, calculated to strike at the very vitals of Great Britain, by taking possession of Hamburg. This was effected, by the Danes, on the 29th of March 1801, which put a complete stop to every thing, for a short time; and when the Danes were about taking an account, in order to confiscate British property, the battle at Copenhagen once more gave freedom to Hamburg, and the state of Europe was such that necessity constrained the trade, immediately to pass through that city again with increased confidence all the following year, and still more so during the peace ; for, even then, as trade had the last few years got accustomed to the new channels, it was not so suddenly di- verted from thence, as it had been driven thither. The trade of that year, in a period of general peace, when all the old avenues were opened, and commerce might be said to be on a level again, still Hamburg preserved a greater share of the trade than was expected. The war breaking out again betwixt Great Britain and France in 1803, and the French army taking possession of Hanover, violating the in- tegrity of the Germanic body, and the guarantees being passive spec- tators, Great Britain was compelled to declare the rivers Elbe and Weser in a state of blockade ; thus, on the animated Elbe, which used to be covered with the flags of almost all nations, and a general bustle consequent upon great and extended commerce in a narrow compass, there is to be seen nothing but a few dismantled and old ships, and a * few fishing vessels and others which can creep along to Tonningen, and other places upon the Elbe. Such have been the vicissitudes of this great city, and such is its present state; and although all the powers on the continent are more interested in its freedom, and the 417 security of its commerce than Great Britain, yet they remain tame spectators of the aggressions committed on it, we must hope that it will not long remain so ; those powers may now be convinced that Great Britain can carry on her commerce by different channels, of which we shall soon treat generally; and as Hamburg will still continue to be the first commercial city on the continent, we shall give some general remarks upon its trade and local conveniences. We have already de- scribed the Elbe, as being the source from which its wealth and com- merce first sprang, and was produced. Hamburg stands upon the north bank of the Elbe, about a hundred miles from the North Sea, at the south-east extremity of Holstein, something more than half an English mile from Altona. Hamburg is inclosed by ramparts and regular fortifications thrown up round the city, in the form almost of a semicircle, terminating on the banks of the Elbe: through the centre of the city runs the small rivulet Alster, which has its rise a few English miles to the north of Hamburg, form- ing a beautiful sheet of water before it reaches the city, and another within the walls, on the skirt of the south side of which, is a prome- nade, close in the city; upon the ramparts round the town is a beauti- ful parade, likewise a carriage road, pleasantly bordered with trees, from whence is a fine view of the surrounding country, the walls being the height of the tops of the houses. From the political state of Hamburg, and the French being close around them, last year the cannon were all sold and taken away, the shells broken, and the am- munition disposed of, and part of the ramparts cut down ; indeed, if it is to be neglected by the powers guaranteeing its security and in- dependence, the ramparts had much better be levelled, so that it will not become tenable either to friends or foes. The example set by Lubec, in demolishing her ramparts, is praise-worthy, but it would be more so in Hamburg, if those ramparts were demolished, the constitution of the republic would not be injured ; it would still have the same consideration it now holds; protection it has none. When we consider the great improvements which have been made in other places by destroying the ramparts, and the influx of strangers, increase of buildings, and improvements, as well as that riches have augmented, we 3 H 418 may expect, should Hamburg hereafter be properly protected, and secured in her independence, that she must flourish beyond any other. Her ramparts now useless, being levelled, the conveniences would in- crease on one side, docks for shipping and commercial conveniences might be established on the other. Hamburg, standing on the banks of the Elbe, has no docks to re- ceive shipping, only a small inlet, or recess, so that the vessels must all lay in the stream; others again are moored to piles, forming a sort of harbour inclosed from the river, but all perfectly secure. The town is intersected with a number of canals, in which lighters convey the merchandize from the ships to the warehouses, which are mostly at the back of the merchant's houses, the canals running behind them ; the other side forming a similar range of buildings and streets. It must, however, be understood, that, like all old cities and towns, there is not any regular order here, as in one part of Amsterdam. The whole City of Hamburg does not stand equally low; it has gentle rising ground and gentle descent, so as to carry off impurities. In many parts of the town the streets are very narrow, and the houses built in the old fashioned style, with large halls or entrances, in which merchandize is frequently stowed when warehouse room is scarce. Upon the whole, the local convenience of Hamburg for commerce is better than most northern cities, and that of the ships of all sizes getting close up to the city is not one of the least; it is the only one in the north-west part of the continent, or indeed the whole north of Lurope, (Copenhagen and Antwerp excepted,) which enjoys such ad- vantages. - - The following table will shew the number of vessels which arrived at Hamburg, from abroad, and those vessels properly built for inter- mal navigation. - - 419 Ağ Ships that entered the Port of Hamburg. - |- SHIPS. 1794 1795 1796 1797 In all from foreign places . 1890 2107 1919 1860 Of which Americans . . . . . . 2O8 236 1. I () I 16 Arrived from the Elbe, Berlin, Lauenburg, Lüneburg, and Mag- 942 sessºsºmass=sº - *-**** deburg . . . . . . . . * Greenland ships © e 25 18 19 H 9 Ships and Vessels of all Descriptions arriving at Hamburg. 1798 || 1799 | 1800 | 1801 | 1802 | 1803 | 1804 | From foreign places . . . . 2005 | 1960 | 1895 2177 210s | 1615 None, on Inland craft, &c. . . 143 || 174 || 137 - account From Berlin . . . . - 43 4 l 30 of the Lauenburg . . . . . 1 I 8 84 || 79 blockade, | Lüneburg . . . . © & 234 || 200 | 163 its trade || Magdeburg e • * 37 34 44 being in Buxthude * 15 the Da- Hamburg * @ e I 'nish ports Total . . . . 2148 2134 2032 2605 || 2467 | 1947 || – I have already mentioned, that the peace of 1802 did not divert the trade from Hamburg in the manner which might have been supposed; on the contrary, it nearly equalled 1801, which surpassed that of any other year in the zenith of its recent commercial eclat. We shall give 3.Il alphabetical list from whence ships arrived at Hamburg, and the number from each port in 1802. List of Ships arrived at Hamburg, arranged alphabetiglly. g g - g g z g “5 Places from whence s Places from whence ‘s Places from whence: s Places from whence] 's Places from whence !- ſº £- 3-4 - $- r º .# arrived. .# arrived. .# arrived. 3 arrived. | # arrived. E - 5 g E. 8 º -3 º : : 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 7 'Aalburg 10 Bayonne 5 |Boston 1 |Canton in China 1 Christiansund 1 |Aarhuys 4 |Baltimore 53 | Bourdeaux 1 Cape of Good Hope 1 Colchester 3 Abo 2 |Barcelona 3 Von der Bracke 5 |Carlscrona 8 C-penhagen 2 Abuserfiel 1 |Barth 95 |Bremen. 1 | Carlshaven 2 Cuxhaven 4 Ackumerfiel 2 Henserfiel 4 |Bridlington 8 Carolinerfiel !?8 |Dantzic 1 Algeseira 16 ||Bergen 5 |Bristol 1 Cassano, 1 |I)emmen 2 Alicant 6 |Bilboa, 3 |Buenos Ayres 1 (Ceffalonia. 7 ||Dieppe $35 |Amsterdam 1 |Bilbao and Marble-| 2 |Burhave 6 |Cette 2 |Dockum 9 Antwerp head 5 Cadiz 19 |Charlestown 1 |Dort 25 |Archangel 1 |Bombay 1 Calmar 1 Christiania 1 |Dorumerfiel 3 II 2 £20 Table continued. 3 § 3 § - 3 - & Places from whence ... +Places from whence! ... Places from whence; ºr |Places from whence J. Places from whenc s ... j : . . . ; º à * .. à | . . .# arrived. #: arrived, .# arrived. º arrived. -3 arrived. 5. 5 - 5 5 5 2; 2, 2. 2, . __| * | 1 ||Dover 25 Gröenland 44. Hisbon 1 v.d. Peckel 23 Stettin 1 |Droback 3 |Guernsey 25 Liverpool 8 |Pillau 14 |Stockholm 11 Dromtheim 1. Halmstadt 11 Leghorn 4 Plymouth 30 Stralsund 2 Dublin 2: Harlingen 216 London 1 ||Port a-Pierre 1 Sudwesthoren 6 |Dunkirk 8 |Havannah | 1 ||Dover 2 |Porto Cabello 17 Sunderland 14 ||Edam 78 ºffſavre de ‘Grace T2 |Lubec, 1 Port Orotaya 1 Swartsluys . 2 |Eckwarder- 1 Helegoland 1 |Lynn 1 |Port Republicain 2 |St. Domingo Spiecker 1 #Helsingfors 8 |Mackum 1 |Porto Vedra and 1 |St. Jago 3. Elbing 2 |IHever 1 |Madeira Muros 16 St.-Petersburg. 1 Elsineur 6 |Hittland 30 |Malaga 1 Portsmouth 12 St. Thomas 49 |Embden 16, Hockfiel 1 |Marblehead 1. Portsnouth, in 3 |St. Ubes. 29 |Enckhuysen 1 |Honflèur. 4 ||Márierifiel America 4 Teneriff 1 Enckhuserfiel 5 Horumerfiel 1 ||Mersailles 8 || Randers 3. Tettenbüttel. 1 |Essens 83 ||Hull 4 |Medenblick 3 |Rauderveen. 1 Tertens 2 Exon 7 Husum 4 ||Memel r Rendsburg 1 Tondern 10 Faversham 2 Jetting 1 ||Mentone 19 |Riga | 26 Tonningen. 2 Faxoe 2 ºffersey 11 ||Messina 21 Rincopen. 3 Torgau 1 ||Feddewarden 4 Isle de France 2 |Montevido 2 Ripen 13 Triest 20 Fegefack 1 Kadirigfiel || 4 |Muyden 2 Rochelle 4 |Udewalla. 1. Fehndam 1. HŠasko 8 |Nantz 2 |Rönnebeck. 4 || Utrecht 4 ||Flensburg 1 |Kiel 1 |Naples 27 |Rostoc 1 |Vareel 4 |Frederichstadt . 2.Éinderdieck —# --1 ||Neuenfiel | 1 |Rotenspiecker. 3 Vlardingen. 8 |Gallipoly 3 ||Kirkaldy 7 Neuharlingerfiel 42 Rotterdam. 1 Warburg 2 Geffle 15 |Königsburg 1 | Neustadt 24 |Rouen 1 Wells 5- Genoa - 3 |La Guayra || 1 ||Neustadtgödens 9 |Rusterfiel 2 ||Weender 18 Glasgow. -|| -1. La Flotte -and. St. i.111 ||Newcastle 7 Salem 1 Westerwieck. 3 |Greenock - Martin || 7 ||New York 44 Sardam 1 Wilderfang. 26, Gluckstadt. 1 Laficastër || 1 |Niekerk 1 Savannah. 2 Wismar $1 ||Gosport 16 Leer . 5 Norden 1 |Scarborough. || 3 ||Wolgast 8 ||Gothenburg 26 |Leith 1 |Oldenburg 2 Schönhofen 1 Worden 6 Graudiep 2 Lemmer 1 Olufsvig 2 Senegal 10 ||Yarmouth. 1 Grangemouth 1 , |Liebau 2 |Ostend 4. Seville. 1 Ystadt 31 |Grenock .3 |Libourne. . 38. Oporto 1 Smaldiep 3 Zante 4|Gröningen 1 ‘jLieuwarden. 9 Philadelphia. 3 |Steinheuserfiel 1 ||Zirckfee From 215 places were 2108 ships arrived. Berlin . 4. Lauenburg. 84 Luneburg . . 20 Magdeburg 34 Total . 3467 vessels. In the Year 1802, the Whale Fishery from t ºbſ? rº : # 3 .3-> Places from whence. .# º º: 's G. & C++ § 3. 9- fitted out, º j. 5 ° .E. e -:4. 9 Çſº # 5 R. 15 || Hamburg . . . . . 62. 1011 || 3409. 10 Altona . . . . . . . . 21. 304 1536 1.1 . Gluckstadt & º º Aº º 24 346 31 24. 3. Eastern ports . . . . . 8 145. 508 38 | 115 1806 | 8577. ! he Elbe 7948, #21. From the above list of the arrivals of ships at Hamburg, some idea. may be formed of its extensive commerce, being a free port, admitting ships, manufactures, and produce of all countries and nations, without any restraint or restriction. A correct idea of the value of the imports. and exports cannot be given, but an account of them is stated by weight, measure, tale, or package. They have a custom house, where a trifling duty is paid, according to the distance of the port from: whence the merchandize is imported and exported, which is paid at the Werk or Herren-Zoll, at the Baaker or Bürger-Zoll, or at the Admi- ralitäts-Zoll; all which are of the nature of customs, and paid some- times according to the value of the goods, of others by the weight, measure, or package. On goods exported for foreign account, a sepa- rate small duty is paid, called schaumburgher-Zoll. There is a printed. tariff of the Hamburg duties, which are but trifling. In doubtful cases. the merchant can inquire at the respective offices, as it is not allowed: that a published tariff of the Hamburg duties is correct. I have already mentioned a duty or toll paid at Stadt, which, though trifling, is upon the ship as well as the cargo. The captain must give a manifest to a prescribed form. Besides these duties, another is paid to the town of Stadt, which is called a ruder-zoll for ships only, but very trifling; this is paid at Brunshausen cus- tom house. A tariff has been published of these rates, but some doubts have been thrown out of the accuracy of this also, and it is not always abided by. - * I have already stated, that an account could not be given of the value of the imports or exports to and from Hamburg; but an account, however, is kept and published every year of the quantity of each article, by the package, number, or weight, as well as the ports or places from whence they have come, which, though voluminous, we give at the end of this chapter as concise as possible; the nature and, extent of the trade will be seen by it, and by the list of shipping, which is already given. Of the most important, articles, which are sugar and coffee imported, and linens, exported, and from whence, the last were received the following particulars will give some notion. 422 West India Produce and German Linens brought into Hamburg. Quantity. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. Coffee . . . . . . . | Pounds | 1171.4000 42000000 39000000 398.30000 46000000 || Sugar º º is e e º e gººmsºmº ºsmº * 68OOOOOO | 89000000 || 96000000 98000000 Linen from Berlin | Casks " S8, 42 38 37 13 . . . . . . . . . Bales 26OO 218.9 2804 — 2 107 • * * * * * | Chests 19 23 263 258 337 º º e e º e Pieces gºmºsºme — — I — I 80 Do from Lüneburg Casks 88 8O 77 64 — • * * * * * Bales 697 , 422 173 83 4. tº º e º e e Chests 4387 3314 3 115 2030 402 l . . . . . . Pieces 1758 1710 *==s* 332 +ºmºsº | Do from Magdeburg | Casks — — 1 – 2 — e º e º e tº Bales 109 139 277 134 46 © & © & © tº Chests 6 2 7 * — * @ e º e e Pieces 1902O 26000 3903] 18976 18127 The Imports of Sugar and Coffee into Hamburg in the Years 1800 and 1801, eaclusive of what Goods were entered by Orders for Transit. SU G A R. C.A.S.K.S. C H E STS, BAGS. S E R O N S. 18OO, 1801. 18OO. 1801. 1800. 1801. 1 800. 1801. From England . . . . . . . . 26529 |27058 12507 |18178 7952 4223 1948 9 i Portugal . . . . . . . *-is 13 |21048 |36O76 | – | – | – || – America. . . . . . . ... 2961 || 311 1 |21901 |4O163 4894 590 — 443 Spain . . . . . . . . . *sº 2 191 — 8 — êsºsºsºs East and West Indies | 1890 1411 | 1656 | 6ióo 1141 | 407 | 178 36 Holland, France, Co- penhagen, Lubec, & Bremen . . . . . 283 289 69 I 6II | – || 700 27 50 C O FIFE E. ... r CASKS. - B.A. G. S. R A L E S. PO UN DS. 1800. 1801. 1800. 1801. 1800. 1801. 1800. 1801. 47436 |36267 ||O3718195080 13997 |22753 24167 | 6915 423 - *-Ca- The linen trade forms a most important branch in the exports by the Elbe as well as the Weser; for which reason an account of them is already given along with others, under the head of Germany, thus Inuch I must here mention, that the linens chiefly exported by way of Hamburg are from Silesia and Brunswick, and some from Halbertadt, Westphalia, Bremen, &c. from those quarters contiguous to the rivers which run by that city, and the manufacture of its vicinity. Hamburg being a republic, and owing its importance to commerce, it may be supposed that it has every institution and system which can protect and promote trade. It may truly be said, that its late and even its present commercial consequence are owing in a great degree to its bank: so long as this exists unmolested, from the very nature of its institution, whatever may be the political events resulting from the present posture of the continent, Hamburg will never be ruined : destroy her bank, or its credit, then the trade of Hamburg will take wings and direct its flight elsewhere. t Although the principles on which this bank is established are so well known, and being upon the most secure footing, we shall just men- tion the heads, for the satisfaction, in these critical times, of those merchants who are by chance unacquainted with them. This bank was established in the year 1619 as a security bank, or rather a deposit for specie: at the time it is lodged, the precise. amount is fixed, and written into the bank books in the name of the per- son depositing the specie, which is written off again, or transferred from one to another, instead of the specie itself being transferred in every payment; this gives the greatest facility to the commerce of the place. This bank never discounts nor issues out paper, so that for every trans- fer there is actual specie laying in the bank, which can at all times be immediately produced: it must be observed, silver only is received, and in cases of the utmost commercial distress, gold, in no form or shape, is ever received by way of deposit. The wise and prudent regulations it is under must give this bank an inviolable credit. The senate has no control over it; but the city is: responsible; and the burghers have four directors of their own choice. for the due administration of its affairs. 424 The citizens of Hamburg only are allowed to keep an account at the bank, on the opening of which, they must pay 150 marks banco; it has regulated hours for transacting business, and limited sums, below which nothing can be written off, and a trifling fee must be paid for. any sum below a fixed one. - - - The bank is shut every year, from the 31st of December to the 15th of January, to settle its annual accounts; all merchants having their acceptances or payments falling due within this period, must have their funds ready before the closing of the bank, which has an effect both upon the exchange and the discounts at that period. The Exch ANGE is a very old building, and certainly, for a place of the commercial consequence of Hamburg, the meanest one in Eu- rope; the city, or the merchants, have it in contemplation to build a new one, and if a projected plan should be carried into effect, it will do their spirit great credit. * -- * The ExcIIANGE-II ALL, lately instituted by an individual, is one of the first in Europe, and ought to be copied in all great commercial places; it is a large elegant building, with a hall nearly half the size of their present Exchange, from whence branch out reading rooms, where all the newspapers, commercial information, accounts and pub- lications are taken in ; lists of shipping from all quarters, and regular lists, every post, of ships arriving and sailing to and from all parts; in short, it is a place where commercial information, in every shape wanted, may be obtained: it is supported by subscription. The libra- rian and superintendent is Mr. Nemnich, who has given many valuable publications and much useful information to the commercial world. To the credit of Liverpool, it has already two or three institutions of this kind, upon a scale becoming its commercial importance. Amongst the many excellent institutions at Hamburg, is one deser- ving the example of other states and nations; it has granaries gene- ally kept well stocked with grain, from whence, in times of necessity, the poor are supplied at reasonable rates. ... • It has also a traffic in foreign grain, as well as what it receives by the Elbe, and becoming an important article of merchandize, I have given a table of the importation and exportation since the year 1793, and reduced the same into English quarters. - º Grain imported and exported at Hamburg from 1792 to 1805. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. Imported Exported Imported Exported Imported Exported [Imported Exported Imported Exported Imported Exported Imported Exported Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Wheat by 86a . . . . . . * 20897 113505 $108 78.361 38367 49224 16716 135303 4284 1254.22 || 15855 | 111919 4987 1054.09 EHBe and by Lan * * 161983 3237 || || 2011:27 102.158 150979 || 130750 195583 1597 O 201264 15592 | 163348 16842 # 14,7091 25578 Rye by Sea. . . . . . . * * 27751 2719 8137 77.91 5848 52752 16779 38944 16884 10972 44730 8652 83139 11748 Elbe and by Lan ſº 29584 || 4:2535 54229 || 3:3274 88630 || 32361 70224 5869 54.671 14742 || 27730 29,484 23929 58844 f Barley by Sea. . . . . . e 331 14101 105 14458 5628 8568 2068 1669 1627 12999 2898 G009 2940 2751 Elbe and by Land 26701 1.176 27951 2835 11749 3643 16506 13072 28297 1953 231.63 Ž677 || 14238 1953 - Oats e is 86.908 628.4% 112885 | 81695 96337 98731 69489 30828 63126. 8704 || 69120 | 11382 | 72009. 26292 Pease 2604 || 1879 5554 4.399 3517 21.84. 2772 2058 2971 1459 1520 1155 1491 294, Beans 4315 4620 7171 5365 5166 2425 || 7045 5848 8673 5638 97.90 7906 1428 997 Malt * wº 2814 871 4053 1113 5554 1.37 () 7360 1657 5082 1438 4934 1050 837 9 2005 i. Buckwheat 588 136 283 105 262 52 420 — i. 242 84 252 399 84 i Linseed * 1365 't 21 1365 2142 — 2289 4378 4305 4431 || 3874 3948 472 504 Total 365741 263755 424616 || 332819 || 414479 || 382066 407151 255596 391426 203434 367214 204024 360631 231429 1800. 1801, 1802. 1803. 1804. }. Imported Exported Imported Exported Imported Exported Imported Exported Imported [Exported Continuation of —r-— - - same Table. Q: S. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. - Wheat by Sea. . . . . . wº 6237 166215 9450 141634 29956 64785 33988 15204 472 r Elbe and by Land . * | 228312 | 19047 176883 || 13608 || 196378 17020 39732 || 14637 | 89533 58705 Rye by sea tº $ tº º • 2037 26659 || 23541 14332 49665 1235? 53991 210 168 Elbe and by land & * 74896 25 168 | 71736 |, 29526 45643 34°4() 31993 27573 57697 231.89 Barley by sea . . . . cº 97.65 || 25378 $633 24213 4441 3748 2947 || – *== Elbe and by Land . ſº tº 23992 1764 || 34450 3454 16009 || 5260 12988 3864 15:120 3013 Oats . & e º º º 93250 || 48940 91371 49570 89.103 || 15939 70339 21451 44814 4599 Pease . º ge & 15561 13629 || 8085 7938 2541 966 2 Oq.7 766 924. 546 Beans g 1701 892; 2005 1134 4357 2373 4704 2982 3171 1522 Malt tº 101.95 2194 7171 1690 12064 2058 6562 1743 4,893 598 % Buckwheat . . 199 31 31 10 21 — 21. — 31 || – Linseed . • * 892 924 || 2551. 2593 31 63 10 ! — 63 178 Total tº 467037 330841 || 430907 || 2897.02 || 380202 | 739304 188622 || 109430 216886 94.300 426 The British Factory, or the Merchant Adventurer's Company, still retains some of its ancient privileges. Here is a chapel belonging to it, and a chaplain, for whom a house is provided. There are numerous manufactures here, but that of sugar-refining is carried on to a greater extent than at any place in Europe, and, un- questionably, they make the finest quality. They supply Russia, by way of Lubec, and the ports in the Baltic and Germany, where refined sugar is not prohibited ; and some is even exported to other countries. As the great commerce betwixt Great Britain and Germany princi- pally passes through Hamburg, it is unnecessary here to enter into the details of the articles of importation and exportation; this is, during the present situation of Holland, known to every one concerned in trade, shipping, or manufactures; and we shall treat it more fully under one general head: Bremen and Embden participate in the commerce by means of their respective rivers and interior communication. When we come to mention, however, the manner of selling at Ham- burg, the merchandize imported, as well as that purchased for exporta- tion, the customs are so variable and different in the weights, measures, banco or current money, the fixed and fluctuating agio betwixt the two, that to enter into so wide a field, would exceed the bounds of this, work to give the details. - It has been already mentioned, that, in consequence of the blockade of the Elbe, no shipping can get up to or from Hamburg; its present trade to and from the North Sea is therefore carried on chiefly through the Danish ports, and particularly through Tonningen, under the head of which place and Rendsburg the reader will find some remarks, together with others, made on the conveyance of goods from the North Sea to Hamburg; and under the head of Lubec will be found the communication of Hamburg with the Baltic Sea. All these details combined, with the general observations which follow on the trade of the Elbe, Weser, and Ems, will, it is hoped, be found to contain every useful information relative to the trade of Germany. Moneys, Weights, and Measures. THEY keep books and accounts in marks, schillings, and pfennings, reckoning the mark at 16 schillings, each schilling at 12 pfennings. º A rixdollar has 3 marks, 48 schillings, or 576 pfennings. 4:27 -- The exchange dollar, according to which bills of exchange between Hamburg and Am- sterdain are given, is 2 marks, or 32 schillings, or 64 grot Flemish banco. A pound Flemish is divided into 20 schillings, and the schilling into 12 grot or pfennings. or 240 grots the Flemish. 364 Flemish are equal to 10 dollars, or 30 marks banco. Hamburg receives in And pays for the same, more or less, at Hamburg, Amsterdam . 33 stivers banco . . . . . . . . dollar of 2 marks banco. i)itto . . . 109 rixdollars curr. . . . . . . 100 rixdollars banco. Augsburg . . 142 ditto . . . . . . . . . . 100 ditto. Basel . . . 3 livr. n. 1'd'or, at 16 liv. . . . . 100 marks banco. Breslau . . Il. banco . . . . . . . . . 49 schillings Lub. bance. Copenhagen . 124 rixdollars curr. . . . . . . 100 rixdollars banco. Franckfort . 142 r. Exchange . . . . . 100 rixdollars banco. Genoa . . . 1 pezze of 5;l. fuori di banco . . . 76 pfennings Flemish banco. Leipsic 142 rixdollar curr. or in I'd'or, º Naumberg & 5 rixdollars . . . . . . . Lisbon . . . 1 crusado . . . . . . . . . . 44 pfennings Flemish banco. London . . 11. Sterling . . . . . . . . . . . 34 schill. 4 pfennings, Flemish bance: Nürenberg . . 142 rixdollar curr. . . . 100 rixdollars banco. Paris { } ecu. of 3 francs, or 100 fr. pf ; 25 schill Lub, banco 100 rixdollars banco. Bourdeaux 1013 Liv. Tournois . . Venice . . . I duco di banco . . . . . 86 pfennings Flemish. Vienna P. tº - * O º & & º Prague } ... 142 rixdollars curr. . . . . . . i00 rixdollars banco. . The dollar by which bills of exchange of Hamburg on Amsterdam, as also of Amsterdam and Antwerp on Hamburg, is reckoned, is 2 marks, or 32 schillings Lubsch, or 64 pfennings Flemish banco. - - In Hamburg there are different ways of Payment. *M on Eys. 3. Current money is that which circulate 1. Specie money; this consists in specie in the daily expenditure of the town, and is rixdollars, of which 8 pieces are reckoned 20 to 29 per cent, less than banco. to the rough Cologne mark, at 14 loth, 4 4. Light money; this consists of the fol- grains fine. - lowing kinds, at the annexed prices, as Such a rixdollar is taken in at the bank, Old louis-d'or, Brunswick Carl d'ors at at 3 marks, and the owner is allowed an agio 5 rixdollars, or at 15 marks. of 1 per mille; accordingly he gets written Ducats, at 2% rixdollars, at 83 mark guil- down in the books for 1000 rixdollars spe- ders in gold, at 6 marks. - cie, with 3003 mark banco ; but when such Specie banco, and Alberts dollars; as, rixdollars are received of the bank, l ; per || likewise, convention dollars, and louis blanc mille agio is reckoned thereon ; and he who at 4 marks. receives this has written off from his ac- Old rixguilders, new 23 pieces, conven- count, for 1000 rixdol. specie, 3004 marks, tion guilders,and half louis blanc at 2marks. 14 schillings banco. t Single à pieces and quarter convention 2. Banco valuta is money in which the dollars, or half guilders, at I mark. bank books are kept, and the exchange es- The sorts of money, that circulate at timated on every place to which Hamburg Hamburg, are exchanged the following exchanges direct. - way against bamco valuta. * There is no place in Europe where there is a greater variety of specie than in Hamburg, the exchanging of which is a great business, and a profitable one too. & An Englishnran, a couple of years ago, a little puzzled by the variety of coin, and a little nettled at the rate he sold his guineas for the currency of the place, by way of seeing the agility in this branch of traffic at Hanburg, he took a guinea to change frcia one coin to another, till he actually reduced it to eightpence in a very few hours, when he ceased the experiment. *** & 3 I 2 Specie rixdollars are reckoned at 3 marks, m 1 pound has 2 marks, 16 ounces, 32 Ioths, and ducats at 6 marks, on this 1 per cent. || 128 quintins, or 512 pennyweights. more or less, agio is given; according to || 104 lb. in Hamburg is I 12lb. in London which then, 100 marks in specie rixdollars, 102 ditto . . . . . . . 100 in Amsterdam. or in ducats, make 101, more or less, mark | 80 ditto . . . . 89 in Dantzic banco. Sometimes the ducats are reckoned 34 ditto. . . . . . 33 in Copenhag. at 6 marks, 1 per cent, more or less, worse || 86 ditto . . . . 100 in Pernau than banco, and make then in 10} marks in || 8 ditto ; . . . 9 in Revel ducats, more or less, 100 marks banco. . . . 19 ditto . . . . . . 22 in Riga The Uso in Hamburg is on bills of ex- | 38 ditto . . . . . 45 in Russia. change from all parts of Germany, 14 days | - - - ---, --> * . sight, and the day of acceptance is included; • * * M. E. A.S.U. RES.. from France and London, 2,2},and 3months. || 33 Hamburg feet make 31 English feet after date; from Portugal, Spain, Venice, | 83 ditto ells . . . , 52 yds. English as well as other places, the date is variable. | 6 ditto ditto. . . . 5 ells. Brabant. w EIGHTS. - || 23 ditto ditto . . . 21 — Danish. Commercial weight is the shippound of || 142 ditto ditto. . . . 141 — Lubec 2} centner, or 20 lispounds of 14 lb., each, 45. ditto ditto . . . 47 — Pernau, being 280 lb. they have another shippound || 14 ditto ditto . . . 15 — Revel reckoned in the carriage of goods, 320 lb. 22 ditto ditto . . . 23 — Riga that is 20, lispounds of 16 lb. each. — Ac- || 31 ditto ditto. . . . 25. Russia arsh. cording to these weights some goods are 29 ditto ditto . . . . 28 ells Sweden. bought and sold, and many by the pound A Hamburg last of grain will render 83. ‘weight. bushels, Winchester measure We have subjoined an official account of all the imports into Ham- burg, in the year 1802 ; that is to say, the last year previous to the blockade, when Hamburg was one of the greatest commercial places. on the whole of the European continent, though in time of peace, when trade might have been supposed to find its way to other places. From this table, not only the immense extent of the commerce of that city will be seen; but, as the places from which all the articles. come are specifica, it is in itself alone, on that account, a most valua-- ble document. In respect to purchasing, it may almost be termed as commercial dictionary, as it shews, not only from whence articles. come, but, where there are more than one place which furnish the same object, the most advantageous for purchasing at may be as- certained by the quantities; as for example, in the article of glass, we find much more come from France than from England; and as ready money must be paid there, and credit is given in England, it. is well known, that this circumstance will counterbalance a consider- able advantage both in point of price and quality, therefore, France. must be the best to purchase in.. * - The same may be said about linen; a very small quantity of which, . 429; probably for some private or particular purpose, only came from this: country, but nearly all the rest (and the quantity was immense) came from Berlin, Lüneburg, and Magdeburg. . It would fill a large volume to make the commentaries and remarks that might arise out of the inspection of this roll, but the mercantile man will do that best for himself, when, in the course of his transanctions, he has occasion for ------------ - - - - - - --- . -- - any particular inquiry. . . . . . . . . • - The same table might have been given for last year, but though it specifies the articles, they did not come directly to Hamburg. During, the present blockade, the merchandize is received at Hamburg through Holstein, by way of Tonningen principally, and from the following - places ºcollectivel y, Brunsbuttel, Buxtehude, Frederickstadt, Gluck- stadt, Heilingstad t, Husum > Itzehoe, Kiel, b y way of Tauenburg, . from Lubec; by land also from Lubec, Neufeldt, Rendsburg, and Wilster. . - | - - An equal degree of information could therefore not be obtained by giving the list since; besides which circumstance, Hamburg was no. longer so great an emporium as in the year 1802. - In 1802, the year of peace, the trade of Hamburg rivalled, and perhaps equalled 2. that of Amsterdam; so. that it. is In Ot. the war onl yº - that banishes commerce from Holland, but the unfortunate connec- tion it has with France, and its dependence upon that power; for, previous to the revolution, there was not th e smallest comparis on. The total number of ships that arrived at Am sterdam, in 1802, was 2555. t At Hamburg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2108, At Bremen - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1164. Specification of Merchandize imported into: Hamburg, in 1802. from Amsterdam, Antwerp, Bergen, Bourdeaux; - Bristol, Cette, Dantzic, Leghorn, Genoa, Ma-- laga, Marseilles, Rotterdam, and Sardam. Antimony, 121 casks, from Berlin and Triest. Apothecary Goods, 4 cases, and 2.chests, from: Bremen and London. . . Aquavitae, 5 pareels, from Leghorn. Arquebusade, 13 chests, from Lüneburg. . Arrack, 15 casks, 4 pipes, and 1 chest, from * Bremen, Isle of France, London, , and News ..] . York. . º - -/ | Arsenic, 194 casks, from Berlin, Bremen, Hile- neburg, Magdeburg, and Stettin. \, Ashes, 294 casks, from Lubec and 'Friest. Asafoetida, 12 chests, from London, , - S. - Apples, 733 casks. , - - Agricultural implements, 4 chests, from London. Alabaster, 30 chests, from Leghorn. - Alizary, 32 bales, from Leghorn and Triest. . Aloes, 73 casks, 63 chests, and 40 parcels, from || Leghorn and the Cape of Good Hope. | Alum, 471 casks, 25 bags, , and 6 baskets, from #| Carlserona, Hull, Leghorn, Lubec, New- || castle, Teneriff, and Uddewalla, . * Amaril, 12 casks, from Rotterdam and Sardam.. Amber, 1 cask, from Leghorn.... . Aniseed, 98 casks, 19 bales, 50 bags, and 7 bales; from Berlin, . Bourdeaux, Leghorn, London, Magdeburg, Pillau, and Rotterdam. Anchovies, 637 casks, 209, chests, and 84 ankers, 430 • Axes, 3 casks, from Drontheim. Amber, 7 casks, from Stettin and Dantzic. Asses, I, from Hull. . . Almonds, 499 casks, 680 bales, 234 serons, 30 chests, and 13 packs, from Alicant, Bourdeaux, Cette, Genoa, Lisbon, Leghorn, London, Ma- laga, Messina, and Triest. • - Annato, 259 casks, from Bourdeaux, Embden Havre de Grace, and London. - Aqua-fortis, I chest, from Stockholm. Balsam, 5 casks, and 20 chests, from Cadiz, Lis- bon, and London. . Ballast, 3 ship loads, from Dunkirk, London, and Ostend. - Barilla, 100 bales, from Alicant. • Batatas, 7 casks, and 2 chests, from Cadiz, Ma- laga, and Philadelphia. -- - J3rooms, 4 bales, from Rotterdam. - Beds, 3 chests, and 3 beds, from Dunkirk, Havre de Grace, New York, and Stralsund. *~ Bed-covers, 2 packs, from Leghorn and London. iłedsteads, I, from Dunkirk. . Bed-clothes, 6 packs, from Bayonne, Bourdeaux, and Dunkirk. - Beads, 12 casks, 18 bales, and 1 chest, from sterdam, Leghorn, and Triest. • . . Beer, 538 casks, 30 pipes, and 3 chests, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Bristol, Dantzic, Havan- nah, Hull, Leith, London, Lubec, Newcastle, Pillau, Rotterdam, and Yarmouth. - Beer, Ale, 189 casks and 1 chest, from Hull, Leith, and London. - — Porter, 1106 casks, 210 hogsheads, 45 hampers, and 72 bottles, from Colchester, Dublin, Hull, Leith, and London. Biscuit, I cask, from Havre de Grace. Bellows, 6, from Hull. Am- Blues, 4398 casks, from Amsterdam, Luneburg, and Yarmouth. . . . Beans, 797 bags, from sundry German places. Bole, 4 casks, from Bremen. - Borax, 44 chests, 2 casks, and 8 packs, from Am- sterdam, Leghorn, and London. - Bark, 421 casks, and 1 parcel, from Amsterdam, London, New York, and Philadelphia. Bristles, 114 casks, and 1 chest, from Archangel, Embden, and Lubec. . 3 * . . Bottles, 52,096 bottles, from Leith, Newcastle, and Yarmouth. Brandy, 470 pieces, 198 casks, 1095 pipes, 16 chests, 33 hogsheads, and 14 ankers, from Alicant, Amsterdam, Bayonne, Barcelona, Ca- diz, Cette, Copenhagen, Dantzic, Guernsey, Jersey, Leghorn, Marseilles, Plymouth, Rouen, and Yarmouth. W Brown-red, 42 casks, from Amsterd burg, and Stettin. - , Brown-stone, 202 casks, from ditto. f Bronze, 4 chests, and 1 bale, from Havre de Grace and Rouen. . . ... • . . Books, 238 chests, 11 packs, 18 bales, 1 cask, 4 parcels, and 2 coffers, from Amsterdam, Ant- am, Lüne- Coffee, 9520 hogsheads, 29, werp, Bayonne, Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Gothenburg, Leith, Leghorn, London, Luneburgh, Malaga, Marseilles, New York, Philadelphia, Rouen, Stockholm, Stettin, and Triest. Book-binders Ware, 32 chests, from London. Brushes, 33 casks, from Lubec. Butter, 2934 casks. . . . . ; * Bark, Peruvian, 57 chests, 18 casks, and 3 bales, from Bayonne, Cadiz, London, and New York. Beads, Glass, 8 chests, from Cefalonia and 'Triest. . . . . - - . - Beef, cured, 13 chests, and 2 casks, from Arch- angel, and Marseilles. - Barley, 15 cargoes, 80 lasts, and 128 bags, from Dantzic, Memel, Stralsund, and Tonningen. Buttons, 1 chest, from Boston. Baskets, 13 bales, from Rotterdam. Bay, Berries, 27 casks, and 102 bags, from Bre- men, Oporto, and Triest. . Bay, Berry leaves, 999 bags, 39 bales, and 1 cask, from Bourdeaux, Oporto, Sardam, and Triest. Brass, 466 pieces, and 4 casks, from Bremen, Lubec, and Lüneburg. - - Brass, Wire, 800 rings, 11 chests, and I cask, from Leghorn, Lubec, and lüneburg. Black-lead, 900 casks, from Bremen, Malaga, and Rotterdam. . - Buckles, 1 chest, from Liverpool. - Brimstone, 281 casks, 1640 chests, 28 cases, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Leghorn, Malaga, Marseilles, and Triest. i Brimstone, Flour, 27 casks, from Marseilles. ,- Bacon, 967 flitches, and 2 casks, from Embden, Lubec, Oldenburg, and Rincopen. -- Boot-legs, 1 chest, from Antwerp. Birds, Foreign, 2 parrots, from Lisbon. -- Berries, Juniper, 862 bags, from Amsterdam, Bre- men, Leghorn, Lüneburg, Oportó and Triest. Cambrick, 2 bales, from Dunkirk, and Havre de Grace. t Cotton, 2179 bags, 1489 packs, 1815 bales, and 1310 serons, from Aadburg, Baltimore, Bom- bay, Bremen, Cadiz, Charlestown, Glasgow, Gosport, Havannah, Hull, Isle of France, London, &c. - • - Cotton, Yarn, 1467 packs, and 3 chests, from Bristol, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool, London, and Yarmouth. . Cotton, Stuffs, 1144 chests, 128 packs, and 1 coffer, from Boston, Glasgow, Hull, Leith, London, and Lüneburg. - Cabinet Ware, 5 chests, from London. . Cocoa, 5548 bags, 385 casks, 49 serons, 197 bales, and 49 packs, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Dover, Embden, Lisbon, Gosport, Liver- pool, London, Oporto, Porto Wedna and Muros, and St. Thomas. - 289 casks, 6021 bales, 454 packs, 107 mats, 4 chests, 246 bocauds, 92 serons, and 5065 pounds, altogether about 24 millions of pounds, from Amsterdam, Baltimore, Bombay, Boston, Bourdeaux, Bristol, Cadiz, 4 } J º - Cape of Good Hope, Charlestown, Copenhagen, Dublin, Gosport, Grangemouth, Hull, Isle of France, Leith, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Marseilles, Nantz, New York, Plymouth, Port Republicain, St. Domingo, St. Thomas, Yar- mouth, &c. Calicoes, 602 packs, and 22 chests, from Leith and London. - - Camel-hair, 2 bales, from Amsterdam and Leg- horn. r Camphor, 19 chests, 27 casks, and 2 tubs, from the Isle of Frauce, London, and Rot- terdam. - Candy, Sugar, 15 chests, from Bremen. Cinnamon, 161 packs, and 96 chests, from Am- sterdam, Lisbon, London, and Stockholm. Cantharides, or Spanish Flies, 1 chest, from Cette. Capers, 59 casks, and 47 chests, from Bourdeaux, Cette, -Genoa, Leghorn, London, and Marseilles. Cardem, mis, 13 chests, and 3 packs, from Isle of France, and Loudon. - Cassia, 380 chests, 22 casks, and 273 packs, from Boston, Isle of France, London, and Philadel- phia. • - - - Chesnuts, 700 fanegas, 8 bags, and 7 chests, from Bayonne, Bilboa, Bourdeaux, and Lisbon. Cottons, 384 chests, 159 bales, and 135 packs, from Amsterdam, Boston, Glasgow, Hull, Isle of France, Leith, Londºn, &c. - - Cotton Got us, 75 chests, and 18 packs, from Glasgow and London. Champignons, 1 bale, from Bourdeaux. Chocolate, 231 chests, 22 boxes, and 1 cask, from Amsterdam, Bºurdeaux, Bayonne, Genoa, Lis- bon, Leghorn, London, Malaga, and Rotterdam. Cice, ry, 514 casks, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Dockum, Embden, Lüneburg, Magdeburg, and Sardam. Cobalt, 1 chest, from Stockholm. Cochineal, 279 casks, 225 serons, 15 chests, and 10 packs, from Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bour- deaux, Cadiz, London, New York, Philadel- phia, and St. Thomas. * Comfits, 98 chests, and 5 baskets, from Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Cette, Dieppe, Dunkirk, Havannah, London, and Marseilles. Copying Machines, 3, from Bristol, and Lon- don. Currants, 21.59 bags, and 643 casks, from Algezi- ras, Cefalonia, Leghorn, London, Triest, and Zante. - Čream of Tartar, 133 casks, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Leghorn, Malaga, Marseilles, Triest, and Zante. Curcumey, 2315 bags, and 1 cask, from London and Amsterdam. •. Cider, 7 casks, 1 chest, 1 hamper, and 33 bottles, from Dover, Havre de Grace, Hull, and Phi- ladelphia. Colours, 1289 casks, 7 chests, 4 bales, and 8 baskets, from Amsterdam, Havre de Grace, Hull, Leith, London, Newcastle, Riga, Rouen, and Sardam. Casks, empty, 124, from Bergen, London, Ply. mouth, Rostoc, Seville, and St. Petersburg. Carpets, 25 packs, 2 chests, and 3 bundles, from Leith, London, and Malaga. Calamine, 125 casks, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Bristol, and Hull. Cucumbers, 70 casks, I chest, and 6 pots, from Amsterdam, Dieppe, Dunkirk, Sardam, and St. Petersburg. - Currants, 6 pots, from Cette. - Careb, or John’s Bread, 2 casks, from Triest. Cinnabar, 34 casks, and 10 chests, from Lüne- burg and Triest. Combs, I chest, from Lisbon. Cheese, 235,041 cheeses, 1775 chests, 367 casks, and 3 hampers, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Drontheim, Embden, Enkhuysen, Genoa, Hull, Leer, London, and Sardam. — Fig 76 chests, 4 pieces, and 1 cask, from Genoa, Leghorn, Malaga, and Triest. Parmasan, 4 hampers, 70 parcels, and 1 cheese, from Leghorn and Triest. Cellarets, for travelling, empty, 1600, from Am- sterdam. - Cherries, dried, 3 casks, from Magdeburg. Clothes, 63 chests, 66 trunks, 7 bags, 4 bundles, and 13 packs, from Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Dieppe, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool, London, New York, Rouen, Stockholm, 'I'riest, and Wolgast. Cork, 1615 bales, 1116 cwt. 8223 pounds, and 2 chests, from Alicant, Bayonne, Barcelona, Bourdeaux, Cette, Hull, Lisbon, Rotterdam, and St. Thomas. Corks, 81 bales, and 84 bags, from Barcelona, Bourdeaux, Cette, Lisbon, and Oporto. Crabs-eyes, 2 casks, from Berlin. - Chalk, 139 casks, from Amsterdam, Blemen, Embden, and Sardam. Church Utensils, 1 bale, from Leghorn. Cumin, 76 casks, 59 bales, 56 bags, and 13 packs, from Alicant, Bergen, Dunkirk, Leghorn, Mag- deburg, and Triest. - - Copper, 1498 casks, 22,330 pieces, 1067 bars, 2 bales, and 30 shippounds, from Berlin, Bremen, Bristol, Cadiz, Carlscrona, Drontheim, London, Montevido, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. Copper Kettles, 442 kettles, from Drontheim, and Lubec. Copper Nails, I chest, from Gothenburg. Plates, 16 casks, and 1 chest, from Har- fleur. - — Pots, 20 pieces, from ditto. Utensils, 1 chest, from Havre de Grace. Coach-work, 1 bale, and 1 trunk, from London. Candlesticks, 1 chest, from Stockholm. Candles, 3943 chests, and 2170 casks, from Arch- angel, Bergen, London, Lubec, Riga, Stock- holin, and St. Petersburg. - Cords, 3 chests, from London. / 432 cloves, 136 bags, 77 chests, 23 casks, and 5 packs, from London. : China, 153 chests, from Amsterdam, Berlin, Di- eppe, Havre de Grace, Leghorn, Lüneburg, Norden, and Rouen. . . . - Chairs, Arm, 16 pieces, from Bourdeaux. Chairs, 353 pieces, and 9 packs, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Embden, and Groningen. iCordage, 522 packs, and 665 parcels, from Arch- angel, Gothenburg, Newcastle, and St. Pe- tersburg. - ‘Carpets, 5 packs, from Archangel a º nd Leghorn. ‘Cloth, 42 packs, 2 bales, and 5 chests, from Boston, Dover, Leith, Liverpool, London, New- castle, and Rouen. :Carriages, 4 chaises, 49 carriages, 1 phaeton, 1 curricle, and 6 cabriolets, from Hull, Leith, . London, Newcastle, . Rouen, St. Petersburg, and Yarmouth. - *Cordial Water, 4 chests, from Plymouth. - Dates, 3 casks, and 1 chest, from Leghorn and Triest. - . . . . . JDrugs, 954 chests, 263 bags, 263 paeks, 500 casks, 136 bales, 52 colly, and 11 seros, from Amsterdam, Baltimore, Bourdeaux, Bremen, Cape of Good Hope, Cette, Dantzic, Genoa, Leghorn, Liverpool, London, Rotterdam, and Triest. - . . . . . . . . . HDowns, 1 bag, from Olufswig. {}ogs, 47, from London. Butch Pinks, 15 casks, from Bremen and Rot- terdam. . . . : - * Elephants Teeth, 2349 pieces, 3 chests, 41 casks, ! and 15 packs, from Cape of Good'Hope, Ha- vannah, Hull, Isle of France, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Rouen, and Yarmouth. - - Earth, 48 casks, and 4 parcels, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Magdeburg, and Triest. Earth, Pipe, 4 parcels, from Amstel dam and Muyden. . . . . . Earth, Pot, 22 cargoes, 7 parcels, & 14 lasts, from Amsterdam, Bremen, and Rouen. —Sugar-Bakers' Earth, 102 casks, 84 lasts, and 598 muids, from Dieppe, Honfleur, Ro- chelle, Rouen, and Port-a-Petre. Jºssence, 31 chests, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Genoa, Leghorn, and Triest. . . . ‘. East India Goods, 586 packs, 30 chests, and 9 bales, from London and Philadelphia. Earthen-ware, 815 hogsheads, 19 casks, 2428 hampers, 55 chests, and dºcargo, from Bristol, FHull, Liverpool, London, Lubec, Malaga, New- castle, St. Petersburg, and Sunderland. Flowers, 3 chests, froin Lisbon and Leghorn. Flower-roots, 64 cases, from Amsterdam. Feathers, 79 bags, and 44 bales, from Bayonne, Dantzic, Embden, Lübec, and Stettin. Figs, 766 casks, 259 baskets, 466 chests, 204 mats, and 6 packs, from Cadiz, Jersey, Lisbon, Leg- horn, Malaga, and Triest. - Fennel, 41 casks, and 19 bags, from Lüneburg and Magdeburg. - | Flag-cloth, 1 pack, from Sardam. — Fruit preserved in Furs, 64 casks, 37 packs, 7 bales Filtering Stones, 4 stones, from Havre de Grace. Fish, unnamed, 6783 fish, 373 waag, 191 kniepen, 470 casks, and 1003 cwt. from Aalburg, Ber- gen, Bilboa, Drontheim, Embden, Gluckstadt, Hull, Lisbon, Lubec, and Rotterdam. J. , Fishing Tackle, 99 casks, from Embden. Flax, 2709 packs, 50 bales, and 6 mats, from Amsterdam, Archangel, Dantzic, Memel, Pil- lau, and Riga. Flannel, 19 bales, from Bourdeaux Lüneburg. - Flasket Cases, empty, 1150, Fountains, 1, from Rouen. Frize, 4 bales, from Lüneburg. * , , London, and from Amsterdam. Fruit, 33,706 chests, 41 casks, and 2000 pieces, consisting of Lemons, Oranges, &c. from Bour- deaux, Cadiz, Galipoli, Genoa, Lisbon, Leghorn, London, Malaga, &c. . . . . . dried Fruit, 2 bales, 1 cask, and 3 chests, from Havre de Grace and Nantz. - Brandy or Vinegar, 57 chests, from Cette. . . .. , a Flour, 1158 casks, 608 sacks, and 200 pounds, from Archangel, Baltimore, London, Lubec, New York, and Philadelphia. . . . … . . Furniture, 4 parcels, 35 chests, 1 parcels, 2 bales, I trunk, 6 tables, 6 bureaus, looking-glass, and I chest, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Dieppe, Hull, London, Rouen, Sardam, Stettin, Stock- holm, St. Petersburg, and St. Thomas. - Fashionable Goods, 47 chests, from Antwerp, Havre de Grace, and London. Fustian, 10 chests, from Lüneburg. : , and 2 chests, from Amsterdam, Baltimore, Drontheim, Lon- don, New York, and Stockholm. - Flints, 155 hogsheads, from Nantz. * Gall Apples, 14 bags, 23 bales, and 2 casks, from Isle of France, Malaga, and St. Petersburg. - Geneva, 215 pipes, 72 pieces, 52 casks, and 1347 ankers, from Amsterdam, Dantzic; Rotterdam, and Sardam. * - 'Glass, 210 chests, 11 casks, and 457 baskets, from Bremen, Dieppe, Liverpool, London, Lüneburg, Newcastle, Rouen, and Stettin. Glass Bells, i chest, from Havre de Grace. Glass Ware, 15 casks, and 11 chests, from Havre de Grace, London, Newcastle, and Triest. Glasses, 11 chests, 24 casks, and 57 baskets, from Newcastle and Philadelphia. Granada Apples, 4 chests, 3 casks, 8 baskets, and 100 pieces, from Malaga. - Granite Pillars, 1, from Leghorn. Grain, dressed, 1067 bags, 32 casks, and 403 bales, from Amsterdam, Edam, Flensburg, Lüne- burg, Sardām, and Tonningen. . . . . 'Grits, 100 bags, from Dantzic and Lubec. Gums, 162 casks, 161 chests, 52 serons, 4 bales, I bags, and 64,000 pounds, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Ishe of France, Lisbon, Leghorn, London, St. Thomas, and Teneriff. ./ ... º 43 C. U | Handkerchiefs, pocket, 7 c Iron, I 82,955 bars, 467 kniepen, 243 Bayonne, Bourdeaux, Brem and Oldenburg. Hogs, 1, from Leghorn. en, Era bden, Malaga, . hests, 1 pack, and 148 pieces, from Bayonne, Bourdeaux, Glasgow, and Leith. x > Jacks, roasting, 2, from Hull. se 3 bundles, 8 casks, 750 shippounds, 56 lispounds, 22 chests, and 3 parcels, from Abo, Amsterdam, Archangel, Bremen, Carlscrona, Copenhagen, Gefile, Gottenburg, Helsinfors, Lauenburg, Leghorn, Lubec, Lüneburg, Rotterdam, Stock- holm, St. Petersburg, Stralsund, Uddewalla, and Warburg. , - * - Iron Anvils, 7, from Hull and Amsterdam. Ditto Anchors, 18, from Lauenburg, Lubec, and Stockholm. - Ditto Hoops, 80 bundles, from Amsterdam, Tené- - riff, and Yarmouth. - . Ditto Bedsteads, 8 chests, from Baltimore. Ditto Chimney-grates, 2 grates, from London. Ditto Wire, 4 casks, from Teneriff. Ditto Chests, 9 chests. - - Ditto Cannon, 84 pieces, from Elsineur and Stock- holm. Ditto Kettles, 8146 pieces, from Havre de Grace and Rouen. Ditto Nails, 67 casks, 95 chests, and 11 bags, Gloves, 6525 pair, and 1 trunk, from Bourdeaux, and Oluswig. g - Ginger, 485 bags, 48 packs, 53 bales, and 23 casks, from Liverpool and London. - Gunpowder, 72 casks, from Honfleur, Lubec, and Lüneburg. - Gingles, 253 bales, from Leghorn, Malaga, and Oporto. - - - Grapes, 1576 pots, from Malaga. . Hair, 47 bales, and 19 bags, fro and Lüneburg. –2. Horse-hair, 66 packs, Archangel and Dantzic. Hair-cloth, 2 casks, from London. —— Hair-covers, 4 packs, from Archangel. Hemp, 6502 bundles, from Archangel, Lubec, Memel, and St. Petersburg. * Hasle-nuts, 9 casks, Malaga. . . . . • . Hides, 226,472 hides, 530 packs, and 9 bundles, from Aalburg, Arhuys, Buenos Ayres, Cadiz, Cape of Good Hope, Drontheim, London, New York, Porto Cabello, Senegal, and St. Thomas. m Amsterdam and 4 bags, from Herrings, 7654 casks, and 1387 lasts, from Am- sterdam, Archangel, Drontheim, Christiansund, Flensburg, Gothenburg, Grangemouth, Hittland, Rotterdam, and Vlardingen. - Honey, 78 hogsheads, and 12 casks, from Arch- angel, Leer, Lüneburg, Nantz, and Oldenburg. Hops, 555 pockets, and 228 bags, from Amster- dam, Dublin, Hull, Leith, London, Lubec, and Salem. - Hop-mills, 1, from London. w Horns, 12,594 pieces, 22 casks, and 29 wurf, from Bergen, Bremen, Buenos Ayres, Charles- town, Stettin, and Triest. Goat-horus, 27,005 pieces, from Bergen. Stag-horns, 15 casks, and 7 packs, from Bergen, Berlin, and Bremen. - — Ox, 51,712 pieces, from Cadiz, Cape of Good Hope, Lisbon, London, Malaga, Oporto, and Porto. Cabello. Lanthorn-horn, 1 chest, from London. — Horn-plat from Cadiz, and Port-a-Port. — Horn-tips, 176 casks, ‘143,855 pieces, 179 bags, and 1 chest, from Bourdeaux, Buenos Ayres, Cadiz, Copenhagen, Hull, Lisbon, Liver- pool, London, Oporto, Porto Cabello, Seville, Stettin, and Triest. - Hats, 115 chests, 5 casks, and 48 hats, from Ant- werp, Embden, Hull, Leith, London, and Rouen. ! - Straw-hats, 11 chests, and 12 hats, from Leghorn and London. Herbs, 2 casks, from Magdeburg. Fiorses, 259, from Bridlington, Hull, and Lon- don. - - Horse-covers, 1 pack, from St. Petersburg. Hair-powder, 9 casks, and 3 trunks, from Dover and Hull. Hams, 384 hams, 8 casks, and 2 hampers, from and 20 bags, from Genoa and te, 28,130 pieces, and 6 casks, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Calmar, Carlscrona, Gothenburg, Lubec, and Stockholm. Ditto Stoves, 571 pieces, 5 parcels, 4 chests, and 1 cask, from Amsterdam, Bremen, London, Stockholm, and Havre de Grace. - Ditto Pans, 1 cask, from London. Ditto Plates, 373 chests, 24 pieces, and 3 packs, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Drontheim, Gothen- burg, Stockholm, and Uddewalla. Ditto Spades, 112 pieces, from Dronſheim and Honfleur. . - Ditto Pots, 11,542 pieces, from Dieppe, Havre de Grace, Rouen, and Yarmouth. Iron Ware, 1846 casks, 1122 chests, and 107 parcels, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Hull, Leith, London, Newcastle, and Sardam. India-rubber, 29 bags, from Lisbon. Isinglass, 4 chests, and 2 bags, from St. Petersburg. Jalop, 233 bales, 18 bags, 2 chests, and 17 packs, from Bayonne, Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Cette, Charles- town, London, and Philadelphia. - Indigo, 4785 chests, 1753 serons, and 230 casks, from Bayonne, Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Charlestown, Havannah, Isle of France, Liverpool, Philadel- phia, London, &c. Insects, 1 chest, from Lisbon. Instruments, unnamed, 6 chests, and 4 packs, from Dieppe, Havre de Grace, and London. Mathematical Instruments, 16 chests, from London. - Musical Instruments, 21 chests, 10 harps, and 9 forte-piano, from Dieppe, Leith Leghorn, and London. - 3 K 434 £nstruments, Optical Instruments, 3 chests, from London. ... • - Ipecacuana, 11 casks, and 1 chest, from Cadiz, ... Cette, Lisbon, London, and Oporto. Juffts, 677 packs, from Amsterdam, Archangel, Leer, and Lubec. - Jugs, 10 casks, from Bremen. - - -- Incense, 22 chests, 3 casks, and 2 bags, from Leghorn. Kerseymères, 84 chests, 22 packs, from Aalburg, and London. " . Kitchen Utensils, 1 bale, from Bourdeaux. Knives, 4 casks, from Teneriff. - Lead, 11,912 pieces, 42 rolls, 4 casks, and 5 hampers, from Hull, Liverpool, Lubec, Lü- neburg, London, and Magdeburg. Lead, ore, 131 casks, from Malaga. Lead, white, 416 casks, from Amsterdam, Edam, Hull, Liverpool, London, Newcastle, Norden, Rotterdam, and Sardam. - Lemon-juice, 8 pipes, 17 barrels, 76 casks, and 331 baths, from Cadiz, Leghorn, and Messina. Time, 4 lasts, 1 cargo, and 22 casks, from Chris- tiana, Lubec, and Lüneburg. Lavender-flowers, 1 bale, from Bourdeaux. Lamps, 7 chests, fro Rouen. - * Lamp-black, 80 casks, from Newcastle. Land-charts, see Maps. "Leather, 319 packs, 31 chests, 1030 pieces, and 5 bales, from Amsterdam, Bremen, Hull, Leer, London, Lubec, Ostend, and Sardam. -— Sole-leather, 188 pounds, and 200 pieces, from Bremen and Leer. Tinens, 3405 chests, 22,165 pieces, 3528 packs, 174 bales, 115 bags, and 68 casks, from Am- sterdam, Archangel, Berlin, Bremen, Dantzic, Gothenburg, London, Luneburg, tin, Stockholm, and Yarmouth. — painted Linen, 1 bale, from Leghorn. Ri ga, Stet- made up Linen, 5 trunks, and 1 bale, from Havre de Grace, and Port-a-Port. Tignum-quasia, 1 party, from Greenock. Lignum-vitae, 3450 pieces, from Charlestown, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, New York, and Philadelphia. Lemon-peel, 7 bales, London, and Malaga. Lemons, salted, // casks, 19 baths, and 16 bales, and 13 pieces, m Havre de Grace, and 22 casks, from Bremen, — Cuxhaven, 14 casks of silver. | — Havannah, 28,500 From Cadiz, 50 bags of pesos, and 315,930 plasters. a — Charlestown, I chest of gold. pieces of piasters, 31.78 dollars, and 22 reales. - — Lisbon, 3270 piece piasters, and 1 bag pesos. - - — London, 3 chests of gold, 41 bags of pesos, 3 casks of silver, and 3 chests of silver coin. — Oporto, 1200 pieces of piasters. -— St. Thomas, 12,808 piasters. Matsfoot, 12 bales, and 2 pieces, from Malaga. Millet, 26 bags, from Magdeburg. Maps, 2 packs, from Stockholm. Mace-bloom, 21 chests, and 5 casks, from Bombay and London. - Mace-nuts, 32 chests, and 6 casks, from Bombay, Bourdeaux, Havannah, London, Montevido, New York, and Triest. - Macaroni, 108 chests, from Leghorn, Naples, and Rouen. - Mattresses, 1 pack, from St. Thomas. . Magnesia, 13 chests, from Leith and London. Malt, 1107 lasts, and 1 cargo, from Rostoc, from Cadiz, Malaga, and Messina. Lentils, 30 bags, from Dantzic and Lüneburg, Liquiers, 18 chests, from Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bourdeaux, Cette, Leghorn, Malaga, and New York. .. - Lime-stone, 20 lasts, an stadt and Rouen. . Liquorice-juice, 5 chests, from Bayonne. Linen, 4 chests, 5 trunks, and 2 bales, from Cadiz, Cette, Havre de Grace, Leghorn, and Rouen. Monkies, 1, from Lisbon. - Money, in silver and gold, viz d 2 cargoes, from Gluck- Mclong, 200 pieces, 13 chosts, and Stralsund, and Wolgast. - Manna, 9 chests, from Cette, Leghorn, and Triest. - Manchester Goods, 2 chests, from London. Manille, 3360 pieces, from Salem. Marble, 38 chests, and 1 basket, from Antwerp, Copenhagen, and Leghorn. - - Marble-figures, 17 chests, from Leghorn. — Flags, 10,871 pieces. — Table-leafs, 11 -chests. — Tables, 4 pieces. — Work, 119 chests. - - Machines, I chest, and 3 pieces, from London and Rouen. * . Masks, 1 chest, from Leghorn. , * Mastix, 1 cask, from Triest. - Mats, 417,108 pieces, from Archangel, Dantzic, Lauenburg, London, Lubec, Memel, Pillau, Riga, Stettin, and St. Petersburg. Medicines, 5 chests, from Gothenburg, Havre de Grace, and London. . Molasses, 750 casks, and 266 puncheons, Liverpool and London. - Q5 (.haskets, from from Malaga. Minerals, 3 chests, and 4 casks, from London. Myrtle, I chest, from Cette. Muslin, 1157 chests, 50 packs, and 3. trunks from Boston, Glasgow, Hull, Leith, London,.. and Philadelphia. - Mills, 4 pieces, from London. Music, 9 chests, from Cephalonia, Havre de- Grace, Leghorn, Rouen, and Triest. Mother-of-pearl, 2 chests, from London. Madder, 48 casks, from Berlin. . — 1223 casks and Rotterdam, , from Amsterdam, Bremen, 435 ſº 2 Pease, 3832 sacks, 112 lasts, 74 casks, and I cargº, from Amsterdam, Cadiz, Dantzic, Lubec, Mia- laga, Rostoc, and Sardam. - - Paintings and Copperplates, 19 chests, and 3 bales, from Dieppe, Havre de Grace, Lisbon, Leghorn, London, and St. Petersburg. Peaster, 10 casks, from Bremen. Palm twigs, 2 bales, and 2 packs, from Genoa. | Paper, 16,091, packs, 115 chests, 18,831 quia”, and 1433 bales, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Bremen, Cadiz, Hull, London, Luneburg, Rofferdam, and Sardam. - Perfumery, 89 chests, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Havre de Grace, London, and Rouen. Pitch, 2926 barrels, from Carlscrona, Lauenburg, Lubec, Rendburg, Uddewalla, and Westerwick. Pearls, I chest, from Bremen. - Pepper, 5253 bags, 418 packs, 389 bales, and 31 casks, from Amsterdam, Bergen, Isle of France, London, New York, and St. Thomas. Pepper-dust, 204 bags, and 8 packs, from Bremen, and London. Pipes, 10,251 baskets, 643 chests, and 54 barrels, from Amsterdam, Berlin, Bristol, Rotterdam, Sardam and Torgau. -- Pipe-heads, 26 chests, from Lüneburg. Peaches, 37 chests, from Malaga. . Peach-kernels, 1 cask, from Triest. * Plants, 28 chests, 1 basket, and 1 pack, from Bourdeaux, Genoa, and London. - Plums, French, 16,679 chests, and 3338 barrels, from Bourdeaux, Dunkirk, and Marseilles. Ploughs, 5 ploughs, from Leith, and London. Pimento, 1496 bags, 201 casks, and 13 packs, from Leith, Liverpool, London, and Philadelphia. Pistols, 1 pair from Lisbon. - - Pomatum, 4 chests, from Havre de Grace. Pot-ashes, 1792 casks, from Boston, Carlscrona, Dantzic, Lauenburg, Leghorn, Lubec, Lüne- burg, Malaga, New York, St. Petersburg, and Triest. - - Provisions, 62 chests, 4 casks, and 3 baskets, from Amsterdam, Archangel, Bourdeaux, Cette, Leghorn, Marseilles, and New York. Pumps, 3 pieces, and 1 chest, from Malaga, and Rouen. . - - - Pictures, 12 chests, from Antwerp, and Stralsund. Pots, 36 casks, and 6 hampers, from Hull. Quills, 70 casks, 1 bag, 2 packs, and 5 chests, from Aalburg, Archangel, London, Lubec, and Norden. Quicksilver, 7 chests, and 1 cask, from Lüneburg, and Triest. - - Queer-citron, 343 casks, and 7 bałes, Ribands, 2 chests, from Havre de Grace, and Sardam. - - Rushes, 1 mat from Cadiz. Resin, 318 broden, and 7 casks, from Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bremen, and Stockholm. - {{ags, 483 bags, 2 casks, 3 bundles, 21 packs, and 6330 pounds, from Aarhuys, Bergen, Leghorn, Lubec, Randers, Rostoc, and Varek. Mustard, 16 chests, and 45 casks, from Bour- deaux, Dieppe, Hull, London, and Magdeburg. Mill-stones, 35 pieces and 1 party, from Amster- dam, and Myden. - Nankins, 2122 bales, and 50 bundles, from Bos- ton, Canton, in China, Gothenburg, London, . New York, Philadelphia, and Salem. Natural curiosities, 10 chests, and 2 trunks, from Dieppe, and Lisbon. Oysters, 3690 bushels, and 4 casks, from Bergen, Brightlingsea, Faversham, Wells, and Yarmouth. Oats, 1431 lasts, 61 cargoes, 10 parcels, 726 casks, and 5 bags, from Embden, Konigsburg, Lie- bau, Memel, Riga, Rostoc, Stralsund, &c. Ochre, 285 hogsheads, and 49 casks, from Am- sterdam, London, Nantz, and Rotterdam. - Ox-tongues, dried, 2 chests, and 9 packs, from Archangel. • Oil, different kinds, 3089 pipes, 2596 casks, 1266 chests, 246 baths, 475 potss, and 112 hogsheads, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Gallipoli, Genoa, Jer- sey, Lisbon, Leghorn, London, Messina, Naples, Rouen, Seville, Triest, Yarmouth, and Zante. — Cedar, 26 chests, and 7 casks, from Genoa. — Hemp-seed, 1044 casks, from Lube 3 and St. Petersburg. —— Linseed, 51 casks, from Amsterdam, and Stettin. —— Olive, 112 casks, and 1 chest, from Cette, Genoa, Havre de Grace, Lisbon, Leghorn, and Messina. * * - -- —— Vitriol, 423, bottles, and 25 hampers, from Leith, London, and Newcastle. * Turpentine, 467 hogsheads, and 19 casks, from Bayonne, and Bourdeaux. -— Oil-cakes, 1 cargo, 140,043 pieces, from Frederickstadt, Rotterdam, Tonningen, and Worden. ©lives, 678 casks, 13 chests, 65 parcels, and 2 pots, from Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Leghorn, Malaga, Marseilles, and Seville. --- - Opiate, 1 cask, from Triest. - Opium, 4 chests, and 1 cask, from Bombay, Cette, and Triest. - - Qranges, dried, 78 chests, 172 casks, 30 bales, and III bags, from Genoa, Lisbon, Leghorn, Ma- jaga, and Triest. Orange-trees, 4 trees, from Malaga. Orange-bloom, 7 chests, from Genoa. Orange-peel, 1034 bales, 168 bags, 4 packs, and 15 Serons, from Bremen, Cadiz, Leghorn, Ma- laga, Seville, and Triest. - Orchilla, 127 casks, and 11 bags, from Bristol, and London. - Oil, train, 6632 barrels, 383 casks, 1254 quards, 32 ohm. and 1 anker, from Archangel, Bergen, Boston, Christiansund, Hull London, Lubec, Newcastle, and St. Petersburg. - Pumice-stone, 175 casks, from Dantzic, Leghorn, New York, and Triest. - £ears, 46 casks, from Dieppe, Havre de Grace, and Rouen. \ ſº 436 Ravenduck, 2 packs, from St. Petersburg.S. Rice, 12,912 barrels, 913 half barrels, 10,039 bags, and 180 packs, from Baltimore, Boston, Bourdeaux, Bremen, Charlestown, Hull, Leith, Liverpool, London, New York, Savannah, and Triest. - Rhubarb, 282 chests, and 2 casks, from Isle of France, London, Lubec, Philadelphia, and "Priest. - - Rye, 34,899, chetwerts, 281 I lasts, 18 cargoes, 24 bags, 1242 casks, and 176 bushels, from Archangel, Dantzic, Elbing, Flensburg, Memel, Pillau, Riga, Rostoc, Stralsund, Wismar, and Wolgast, Raisins, 38,982 casks, 1972 chests, 352 baskets, 141 pots, 100 packs, 10 mats, and 4 boxes, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Lisbon, Leghorn, Malaga, Sardam, and Triest. Raisin-stalks, 1 cargo, and 13 bales, from Amster- dam, Bremen, and Malaga. Rum, 2991 casks, 399 hogsheads, and 2236 pun- cheons, from Bristol, Dublin, Glasgow, Gre- Irock, Lcith, Liverpool, London, New York, Portsmouth, &c. Roots, 9 bales, and 50 casks, from Bourdeaux, Bremen, and Magdeburg. - Statuary in Alabaster, 13 chests. Starch, 378 casks, from Amsterdam, Berlin, Lon- don, and Lubec. i Shovels, (ballast) 48 shovels, from London. Statuary, 1 chest, from Havre de Grace. Skins, unnamed, 287 packs, 223 casks, 14 chests 277 bundles, 212 bales, and 1163 skins, from Amsterdam, Bergen, Copenhagen, Drontheim, Publin, London, New York, and St. Jago. Bear-skins, 4 bales, and 6 skins, from Baltimore; Bergen, and Stockholm. Goat-skins, 383 packs, and 38 bundles, from Bergen, and Drontheim. - Rabbit-skins, 1 cask, from London. Fox-skins, 2130 pieces, and I cask, from Aalburg, Jersey, and, Olofswig. - Hare-skins, 4 casks, from Archangel, and St. Petersburg. * - —Stag-skins, I bundle, from Drontheim. tº-wºw tº-sº º skins, from Aalburg, Arhuys, and Bergen. Cat-skins, 1 pack, from Archangel, Lamb-skins, 336 bales, 152 paeks, and 1 cask, from Aalburg, Bayonne, Bourdeaux, and Leghorn. - - - —— Qtter-skins, 31 packs; from Bergen, Bu- enos Ayres, and Montevido. - — Deer-skins, 342 packs, and 33 casks, from Charlestown, and London. - ——Seal-skins, 2368 skins, 3 casks, and 139 packs, from Amsterdam, Archangel; Bergen, and Greenland. - Sheep-skins, 2 packs, from Cape of Good Hope. Small arms, 10 chests, from Antwerp. Shot, 131 casks, from Hull, and Newcastle. - ** rºam- —Calf-skins, 76 packs, 127 bundles, and 224 z ..) Soot, 60 casks, from Archangel, and Magdeburg. Salmon, 8 casks, 184 baskets, 12 pieces, and 2. chests, from Amsterdam, Archangel, Bergen, Drontheim, Rotterdam, and Sardam. Sealing-wax, 10 chests, and 1 cask, from Triest. Serge, 1 bale, from Lüneburg. Seed, 735 bags, 144 casks, 561 bales, and 25. chests, from Bourdeaux, Edam, Leghorn, Lü- neburg, Magbeburg, London, New York, and Rotterdam. ... • — Clover-seed, 30 casks, 533 bales, and 26. bags, from Amsterdam, Antwerp, Dieppe, Lon- don, Lüneburg, Rotterdam, and Rouen. —— Grass-seed, 39 packs, and 16 bags, from Leith, and London. —— Linseed, 3226 barrels, from Lauenburg, Lubec, and Lunenburg. f —— Poppy-seed, 6 casks, from Magdeburg. — Cole-Secq, 400 barrels, from Neuensiel. — Truffle-seed, 129 bales, from Havre de Grace, and London. —— Sacks, empty, 1 1,667 sacks, 5 bundles, 19. packs, and 1 party, from Archangel, Tantzic, Elbing, Hull, Leith, London, Pillau, Rostoc, Stettin, and St. Petersburg. . - Sacharum Saturni, 47 casks, and 51 chests, from Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Sardam, and Triest. Safflower, 89 bales, from Leghorn, London, and Malaga. - Saffron, 23 bags, 28 chests, and 9 casks, Alicant, Cadiz, Malaga, Nantz, &c. Sago, 22 bales, 13 chests, 187 casks, 548 bags, and 27 baskets, from Lisbon, London, and Oporto. Salamoniac, 24 casks, and 4 baskets, from Cette; Leith, Leghorn, London, Newcastle, and Rot- terdam. Saltpetre, 2787 bags, and 131 casks, from Bremen, Kaski, and London. w e Salt, 1316 moyens, F26 hogsheads, 20 lasts, 215 tons, 1 cargo, and 86 casks, from Cadiz, Emb- den, Lisbon, Liverpool, Lüneburg, Senegal, St. Jago, and St. Ubes. - Sardels, 6 casks, 16 ankers, and 1 basket, from Genoa, Leghorn, Nantz, and Pillau. - Sarsaparilla, 16 serons, 72 bales, 97 packs, and 6 casks, from Bayonne, Cadiz, Charlestown, Ha- vannah, Lisbon, Porto-Cabello, and Oporto. from |.. Saddles, 25 pieces, from Hull. - Saddlery, 26 chests, and 9 casks, from Bristol, Hull, Leith, and London. Sheep, 1125, from Bilboa. Sea-wort, 16 casks, from Lüneburg. Shellae; 20 chests, from London. Shumac, 1074 bags, 190 bales, and 41 casks from Leghorn, Lubec, Malaga, and Triest. . . Smalt, 13 casks, from Archangel. Sledges, 2 sledges, from Stockholm. Shoes, 4 chests, from Teneriff. Shoe-soles, 1 cask, and 160 dozen, from London, Spunges, 2 bales, from Triest. Swans-wings; 1 cask, from Archangel. Sail-yarn, 1 ack from Antwerp. 437 Sail-cloth, 2468 packs, 344 rolls, 9 chests, and 215 pieces, from Amsterdam, Archangel,Carls- crona, London, Lubec, Riga, Rotterdam, and St. Petersburg. Silk, 478 bales, 15 chests, and 5 packs, from Ali- cant, Genoa, Hull, Isle of France, Leghorn, London, and Luneburg. Silk-stuffs, 2 packs, and 1 chest, from London. Soap, 1415 chests, 75 packs, and 27 blocks, from Archangel, Bayonne, Dover, Grenock, Leghorn, London, Malaga, Marseilles, Naples, Stockholm, St. Petersburg, and Triest. Sea-charts, 1 pack, from Stockholm. Senna, 28 bales, and 5 casks, from Cette, Leghorn, Malaga, and Triest. * Scythes, 6 casks, 77 bundles, and 21.96 pieces, from Drontheim, Lüneburg, and Magdeburg. Serge, 6 packs, from London. Syrop, 490 casks, 85 pipes, and 1 chest, from Am- sterdam, Bourdeaux, Cette, Grenock, and Lon- \ don. - - Silver-plates, 5 chests, from London. Spice, 15 casks, 29 chests, and 11 packs, from Amsterdam, and London. - , Spirits of Wine, 6 pipes, from Cette. Steel, 3153 casks, 131 chests, 202 parcels, 227 pieces, and 37 bundles, from Amsterdam, Bre- men, Copenhagen, Drontheim, Lauenburg, Stockholm, and Uddewalla. -- Stones, 2 partys, 1 cargo, 66 pigces, and 6 lasts, from Bremen, Calmar, and Madeira. Stone-gravel, 7 tons, from London. — Free-stone, 128 pieces, from Bremen. —— Grind-stones, 2 pieces, and 104 chaldrons, from Newcastle. - Sea-coal, 71663 chaldrons, 3430 lasts, 203 tons, and 4 cwt. from Hull, Kirkaldy, Leith, London, Newcastle, Sunderland, and Yarmouth. Sticks, walking, 2 bales, and 4000 sticks, from London. * Y Stuffs, 175 chests, 29 packs, and 3 bales, from Hull, Isle of France, London, and Rouen. Cotton-stuffs, 168 chests, and 48 packs, - from Hull, and London. - Storax, 3 chests, and 4 casks, from Leghorn, and Triest. - r Stockings, 109 chests, 59 packs, and 3550 pair, from Glasgow, Hull, Leith, London, Nantz, and Olofswig. - Succade, 36 chests, from Leghorn, Lüneburg, and Triest. - Sweet-meats, .19 chests, and 9 packs, from Genoa, Leghorn, Malaga, and St. Thomas. - Snuff, 12-chests, 71 casks, and 3 baskets, from Cadiz, Charlestown, Havre de Grace, and l’hi- ladelphia. , Snuff-boxes, 1 chest, from Havre de Grace. ... ºf Skillets, 142 casks, and 2 parecls, from Bremen, Magdeburg, and Rotterdam. Sausages, 1 chest, and 1 cask, from Leghorn, and Malaga, Spelter, 10 casks, and 1 chest, from London. Setwall, I cask, and 1 bale, from Leghorn. Sugar, 24,382 large chests, 26,283 small chests, 39,701 hogsheads, 2004 casks, 3026 bags, 25 packs, 503 mats, 15 Serons, and 4500 pounds, together in weight 76% millions of pounds, from Baltimore, Boston, Bourdeaux, Bristol, Canton, in China, Glasgow, Grenock, Havannah, Hull, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Newcastle, Ply- mouth, St. Thomas, and Yarmouth. Sugar-forms, 3 parcels, and 500 pieces, from Am- sterdam, and ltonnebeck. Trees, 172 packs, 92 baskets, 3 bundles, and 2 chests, from Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bourdeaux, , Dieppe, IIull, Leith, London, Magdeburg, New York, and Rouen. - Tin, 721 blocks, 16 casks, and 193 chests, from Hulk, and London. - Tin-plates, 10 chests, from IIull. Tin-ware, -104 casks, from Hull. . - Tin, 1444 boxes, 55 casks, and 103 chests, from . Cârlshaim, Hull, London, Lubec, Lüneburg, and Magdeburg. . - Thistles, 24 baskets, from Dieppe, and Rouen. Tinsel, l chest, from Cadiz. - - Tortoise, 6 tortoise, from Triest. . Tortoise-shell, 3 casks, 2 chests, and 124 pounds, from Cadiz, Charlestown, London, and St. Themas. , - Tobacco, 1907 casks, 1832 hogsheads, 4317 packs, 1021 bales, 2556 bags, 2734 rolls, 525 baskets, and 542 bundles, from Amsterdam, Baltimore, Berlin, Boston, France, Glasgow, Hull, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, New York, Rotterdam, Sa- vannah, Seville, St. Thomas, and Triest. Tobacco-leaves, 1651 hogsheads, 21,145 rolls, 552 packs, and 8 bales, from Baltimore, Liver- pool, London, Philadelphia, and New York. ——— Sigars, 1820 chests, from Baltimore, Ca. diz, Łondon, and America. ——— Portorico tobacco, 3937 packs, 997 bags, 55,455 rolls, and 19 casks, from Charlestown, . Lisbon, New York, and St. Thomas: Tobacco-stalks, 29.18 bales, 80 hogsheads; 59 . casks, 424 packs, 81 bags, and 66,841 pounds, . from North America, Cadiz, Bourdeaux, Cette, Havre de Grace, and Rouen. - Tobacco, Canaster, 1219 packs, and 7214 petacks. from La Guayrā, Porto Cabello, and St. Thomas, Tallow, 1807 casks, 262 karm. . and 372 serons, from Archangel, Buenos Ayres, Drontheim, Lauenburg, Lubec, and St. Petersburg. Tamarinds, 8 chests, and 1 cask, from Bremen; and London. . . . - . Tapestry, (hangings) 196 bales, and 5 chests, from . IDieppe, Havre do Grace, Lubec, and Rouen: Tapestry-goods, 9 parcels, from London. Turpentine, 70 hogsheads, and 60 casks, from Bourdeaux, Magdeburg, and Triest. - Tea, 9370 chests, and 1 box, from, Boston, Bour- deaux, Canton, Copenhagen, Lisbon, London, , 438 ‘New York, Philadelphia, St. Petersburg, and Stockholm. *** - - "Turmeric, see Curcumey. Tar, 14,499 barrels, from Archangel, Bremen, Carlscrona, Newcastle, and Stockholm. Tapioca, 10 casks, from Cadiz. - Truffles, 1 chest, from Leghorn. 'Tares, 1 cask, from London. Tooth-picks, 2 chests, from Lisbon. Thread, 24 chests, 12 bales, 37 casks, and 13 packs, from Berlin, Embden, Leith, Lüneburg, Norden, and Sardam. * - . *Vinegar, 200 casks, 131 hogsheads, 13 chests, and 8 ankers, from Amsterdam, Bourdeaux, Bremen, Cadiz, Dieppe, Guernsey, London, Malaga, Plymouth, Sardam, and Yarmouth. - Varnish, 16 casks, from London. Vermecelli, 55 chests, from Leghorn, and Mag- deburg. - Velvet, 2 Havre de Grace. 'Vanilla, 79 chests, from Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Genoa, Havannah, and Porto Cabello. 'Verdigrease, 103 casks, 11 chests, and 438 pieces, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Marseilles, and Rouen. Vitriol, 797 casks, from Bourdeaux, Hull, Leg- horn, London, Lüneburg, Magdeburg, New- castle, Sunderland, and Triest. Warming-pans, for beds, 1, from London. Wood, unnamed, 8 cargoes, 1921 pieces, and 4 parcels, from Bremen, Dantzic, Drontheim, Embden, Fegegacko, Lubec, Rendsburg, Rot- terdam, Sardam, and Stettin. Wood, balks, 547 pieces, —— Hoops, 36 cargoes. —— Log-wood, 36,436 pieces, 243 tons, 368 cwt. and 339,200 º —— Brasil-wood 6256 pieces, 31 tons, and 720 pounds. . —— Boards, 11,300 boards, and 1 cargo. —— Fire-wood, 25 fathoms. —— Box-wood, 9517 pieces. Campeachy-wood, 3028 pieces. Cedar-wood, 162 pieces. Deals, 12,028 pieces, and 6 cargoes. Wooden boxes, 80 pieces. — Jºbony, 338 pieces. — Dye-wood, 43,494 pieces, 30 bales, 7500 pounds, 80 casks, 157 packs, and 530 cwt. —— Fernambuck-wood, 14,916 pieces. ... ºsmºsºme & bales, and 1 chest, from Genoa, and —— Yellow wood, 6855 pieces, 53 tons, 106 cwt. - and 147,204 pounds. — Hand spikes, 476 pieces, and 2 gross. –— Japan-wood, 2 tons, 2 casks, and 8 bundles. — Crooked pieces of timber, 37 pieces. — Mahogany, 588 blocks, 78 planks, and 747 pleCeS. - — Masts, 1 piece. f Nicaraga-wood, 3028 pieces, Nut-tree wood, 364 pieces. Olive-tree wood, 10 pieces, Hogshead-bottoms, 198 schook. — Sasafras wood, 46 tons, and 3 bales. —— Shovels, 220 pieces, and 4 bundles. — Spars, 467 pieces. — Staves, unnamed, 47,740 pieces, 374 schools, 238 rings, 7 parcels, and 4 cargoes. - — Hogshead-staves, 170 schook. and 55 pieces, from Stettin. * * - —— Pipe-staves, 172 from ditto. Cask-staves, 485 Schock, from ditto. —— Cask bottoms, 162 schook, and 18 pieces, from ditto. • Sweet wood, 183 bales. Watches and pendulums, 110 chests, and 95 pieces, from Dieppe, Havre de Grace, London, New castle, New York, and Stockholm. - Watch-springs, I chest; from London. Watch-glasses, 3 chests, from Havre de Grace, and Rouen. - - Wax, 143 casks, 29 bales, 135 packs, and 1 chest, from Arcliangel, Berlin, Lauenburg, Lubec, Memel, Stettin, St. Petersburg, and Wolgast. Wax-cloth, 13 chests, and 2 packs, from Dron- theim, and Luneburg. Woad, 420 casks, from Luneburg, and burg. Weed-ashes, 17 casks, from Lauenburg. . Whalebone, 229 packs, 66 chests, 4 casks, 140 bundles, and 45 cwt. from Bergen, Hull, Lis- bon, London, Newcastle, and Triest. Wallnuts, 8 casks, and 5 bags, from Bourdeaux, and Genoa. - ,' - Water, (scented) 25 chests, from Bourdeaux Cette, Dieppe, and Havre de Grace. . . 7% schook, and 134 pieces, iMagde- Weed, dyer's, 15787 boss, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Dieppe, Dover, Rouen, and Triest. - Wine, 2547 pipes, 99 half-pipes, 71 quarter-pipes, 4989 casks, 23,042 hogsheads, 3150 both, 995 pieces, 3333 chests, 91 ankers, and 800 bottles, from Alicant, Amsterdam, Bayonne, Barce- lona, Bourdeaux, Cadiz, Cette, Cape of Good Hope, Lisbon, Leghorn, London, Madeira, Ma- laga, Marseilles, Teneriff, &c. Wine-stone, or tartar, 380 casks, and 52 chests, from Bourdeaux, Cette, Leghorn, London, Mar- seilles, Messina, Rochelle, and Triest. * * Wheat, 2405 lasts, 4066 sacks, 28 cargoes, 7 parcels, 769 barrels, 3668 chetwerts, and 300 quarters, from Archangel, Dantzic, Elbing, London, Pillau, Rostoc, Stettin, Petersburg, Tonningen, and Wismar. • . . Wool, 443 bales, 1154 bags, and 118 packs, from Lisbon, Lüneburg, Amsterdam, Randers, and Tonningen. • Wool, Spanish, 260 bales, and 76 bags, from Bayonne, and Seville. *. - Wool-cards, 1 chest, from Amsterdam. Woollen-goods, 4871 packs, 859 chests, 1569 par- 439. cels, and 48 bales, from Copenhagen, Dover, chests, from Amsterdam, Antwerp, Bergen, Hull, London, and Yarmouth. Luneburg, and Sardam. . -: Worm-seed, 1 chest, from Triest. Yellow, Berries, 167 bags, 36 bales, and 3 casks, Yufts, see Jufts. - from Berlin, Bourdeaux, Leghorn, Rotterdam, Yarn, 273 casks, 362 bales, 17 packs, and 2. and Triest. . . . - . . . == -º-º: CHAP. III. ©f the River. Weser, and other Rivers falling into it.—The Manner in which the Trade of Bremen is carried on during the present Blockade, by Means of the River Jahde. — Of Bremen.—Its Localities.—Its. Trade. —Transit Duties, &c.—List of Ships arrived from all Places in 1802.-Money, Weights, and Measures. THE Fulda, which takes its rise near the Abbey of Fulda, and the Werre, which runs through Wietzenhausen, and has its source consi- derably south of that place; both join at Münden, where the Weser takes its name. - The Aller, which runs through Zell, (where it begins to be navigable,) receives, at Hudemiilen, the Leine, which runs through the city of Hanover, and below Verden falls into the Weser; this last river passing, through Bremen, in its course receives the Hunte, which has its source at a lake south, of Diepholtz and running through Oldenburg, falls into the Weser at Elfleet; this river then takes its course right into the North Sea, betwixt the Elbe and the Ems: having a great number of sand banks and shoals, it is difficult of access and dangerous to navi- gate. * •º Although there are several smaller rivers than those mentioned which, fall into the Weser, and a considerable deal of business done by: means of them, yet none are of any consequence, nor are they navi- gable to a great extent into the interior. - The Werre becomes navigable at Kreutsburg: on this river a great. quantity of earthen-ware is sent from Hesse, from the Thüringer- Forest and Wanfred. Almost all the towns that lay near the Weser are 440 supplied with deals and balks, that are sent down the Werre and We- Ser in floats. f - - - - The Fulda becomes navigable at Hirschfeld, and falls at Münden into the Weser, from whence it is navigated to Cassel with small ves- sels. Cassel is 35 English miles north from Hirschfeld, which con- tains 500 houses, and its principal article of export is linen. The trade beyond the extent of the Weser and those rivers men- tioned which fall into it, is chiefly carried on by land carriage, where the convenience of the Elbe and the Rhine cannot be felt, therefore the trade upon the Weser must always be limited ; the impediment attending the approach to the Weser, from the North Sea, is another obstacle, but of less moment, for ships coming from sea cannot come up to Bremen, but must be unloaded at Bracke or Elfleet; however, they have proper lighters to convey the merchandize to and from thence to the town, when there are no impediments in the river. As the river Weser, like the Elbe, is now blockaded, it is necessary to explain, by what means Bremen now carries on her trade: in this point that city labours under greater inconveniences than Hamburg, if not more danger likewise. - Since the blockade of the Weser, the former trade by that river has been carried on by means of the river Jahde, or rather by a bay or inlet, south-west from the entrance into the Weser; the navigation from the North Sea to it is very intricate and difficult, so that it is only calculated for the smaller sized vessels. The anchor- age ground in the Jahde is very indifferent, and even dangerous in autumn, and when the frost is setting in, there is no harbour for ships to run into or lay up in for security against the floating ice, except being hauled into some of the creeks, or on shore. Small vessels of from 70 to 80 tons burthen, at high water, can go up to Varei, a small straggling town at the south part or extremity of the bay, or the river Jahde, from whence it is about from 1 to 2 English miles, and there load and discharge; but vessels of from 200 to 300 tons, must discharge about ten miles lower down in the river; and those again drawing a greater depth of water, chiefly lay some distance off Eckwarden, a town on the east side of the river, nearly at the entrance 441 in the bay; the roadstead is some distance from it, formed by the land betwixt the Weser and the Jahde. - - As the vessels lay at anchor in this river, they are loaded or dis- charged by lighters, and what they call kahns, both flat bottomed vessels, which pass over the sand banks betwixt the Jahde and the Weser, entirely out of the reach of the British cruisers; the craft em- ployed in transporting merchandize to and from the Weser and Jahde are left dry, upon these banks, long before low water, if they do not make their passage whilst the water continues high. Those are the sand banks which protect this description of craft from the surge of the sea, as they are obliged to go round the point of land betwixt the Jahde and the Weser, and make the long voyage up the latter river before they reach Bremen; this is a danger and risk which merits the consider- ation of the merchant and underwriter. - - - - - BREMEN - - - * , Is one of the oldest cities in the north of Germany; as early as 837 it is mentioned as a city increasing in commerce and riches; and, in 1158, we have already mentioned that it colonized Livonia and foun- ded Riga; it rose in opulence and commerce as society became civi- lized and improved ; it was one of the principal cities of the Hanseatic league; it is now considered as an imperial city in conjunction with Hamburg and Lubec. - - Bremen is situated on the Weser, about 100 or 120 miles from the North Sea; it is a free imperial city, governed by 24 senators and 4 burgo masters, distant from Hamburg and Cuxhaven about 60 miles, in a triangular situation from both. The chief port for unloading vessels bound to Bremen is at a place called Braake, upon the Weser, distant from Bremen 30 miles, where vessels of from 200 to 250 tons burthen can discharge their cargoes into lighters and lay up in tolerable safety. Vessels of larger burthen, of from 4 to 500 tons, are obliged to unload their cargoes into lighters at a distance of about 10 or 15 miles below Braake in the river, (and near to a small village, called Bremer Lehe, in the Hanoverian dominions). When a vessel arrives at Braake, or as near to it as she can come, it is required that the A 3 L 442 captain, mate, or supercargo, proceed immediately to Elsfleet, near where the river Hunte falls into the Weser, subject to the Duke of Oldenburg, and there give in an account of the cargo, that the du- ties may be duly paid before any part of it can be dis- charged. --- All lighters are obliged to stop at Elsfleet in passing up and down the Weser, for the same reasons. The highest duties, payable to the Duke of Oldenburg, do not amount to more than 1 per cent. upon the declared value, at the highest, and upon many articles not near so much. There is also a small transit duty on all goods passing through Bremen for the interior parts of the continent, which, at the highest, is not more than 1 per cent. on the value. ~, The river Weser runs through the city of Bremen, and divides the old from the new town, which is very convenient for trade, and en- ables the merchants to have their goods discharged out of the lighters on the quay, in the centre of the town, or even into their own ware- houses, adjoining the river. - - - Bremen, having the convenience of conveying goods by water some distance towards the interior of Germany, they proceed afterwards by land to those places to which they are designed, either up the Rhine to Bavaria, Saxony, Switzerland, Italy, &c. &c. There is at Bremen a harbour, or dock, at a place called Wagesack, on the Hanoverian side of the Weser, about 12 or 15 miles below the city, and from Braake, the same distance ; but, owing to the shallowness of the river, there is not a sufficient depth of water to admit loaded vessels to go up to it, but where ships in general winter; it is likewise con- venient for such as require repairing. Several ships of considerable burthen are built here every year; and good oak timber is brought down in plenty, and at a reasonable rate. - g In Bremen, there are many opulent commercial houses: the place has always had a regular steady business, and avoided many inconve- niencies, which Hamburg at several times has experienced. By the Weser, Werre, and Fulda, and other rivers of less note, Bremen receives from Saxony, Hess, and Hanover, produce and ma- nufactured goods, linens in particular, a little wood, some grain, and 445 seeds; in return, it supplies those places with the produce of both the In- dies, Portugal, and Spain; and carries on a very considerable forwarding trade, to and from the interior of the continent, in British produce and manufactures, particularly into the lower parts of Germany. This city partakes so much of the trade of Hamburg, that the de- scription of the commerce of that city becomes applicable to that of Bremen; with this difference, that Hamburg, on account of its ex- tensive interior communication, by means of the river Elbe, as well as the superior conveniences in general for trade, carries on a very exten- sive commerce, whilst that of Bremen is more limited, being chiefly confined to the circle of Westphalia. It has no bank, but an ex- change, and several very good institutions, upon the principle of many small commercial republics. • ‘ *~ - The share of the trade of Germany which it enjoys is by no means contemptible. During the period in which Hamburg reaped so much benefit by the French entering Holland, Bremen had the following number of vessels in her port: - - - * f f Year. Vessels. Year. Wessels. 1799 . . . 1024 1802 . . . I 164 1800 . . . . 578 1803 . . . . 901 - 1801 . . . . 637 d 1804 like Hamburg, none on ac- 1798 . . . 964 , count of the blockade. Whilst Hamburg experienced the inconvenience of being occupied by the Danes, in 1801, Bremen escaped all the inconvenience of these times; but it now partakes of that of the blockade, as is already mentioned. All goods and manufactures, as well as the ships of all nations, when its navigation is free, are admitted here. An aCCOunt, however, is kept, in the same manner as at Hamburg, of the imports and exports; and, in order to judge of the foreign trade of Bremen in the same manner, without giving the details, an account is given of the number of ships, and the places from whence they arrived, in the year 1802; at a time one can suppose they might have lost part of their trade in consequence of the peace, by returning into its accus- tomed channel; that this was not the case we have already shewn, . 3 L 2 . * . . . 444 The Number of Wessels, and the Places from whence they arrived at Bremen, - àn the Year 1802. ~ $ ... . º § § ‘5 Places from whence ‘5 Places from whence $—t * !- É arrived. 3. arrived. 5 || 5 º, - || 2: 1 | Aberdeen 11 Charlestown '1 |Altona 12 Dantzic 1 America 1 |Dover 3 Amesford 1 |Edam 42 Amsterdam 1 von der Elbe 27 |Archangel 1 |Elberg 10 | Bayonne 16 |Elbin 19 | Baltimore 63 |Embden 5 |Barcelona 1 von der Ems 2 | Barth | 26 |Enckhuysen 1 | Batavia 2 Essens * : 1 |Benecario 1 |I’ahrsund 1 || Bemsersieł 1 |Frederickstadt 11 || Bergen 2 Gallipoli 2 | Boston 1 Gloucester 37 | Bourdeaux 1 |Gluckstadt 1 Bristol 5 Gothenburg 2 Calmar 1 Greifswalde 1 Campen 2 Greenock 2 (Cette 1 Groningen £ º || $. & ‘5 |Places from whence ‘s Places from whence s Places from whence †- * • *- .# arrived. 3. arrived. 3 arrived. 5 E E d º -3 2. 2. 2, 1 Guadeloupe 3 Lubec 1 Salon 8 |Greenland 9 |Malaga 3 Seville 1 |Guernsey 4 |Memel 26 |Steinheusersiel 97 Hamburg 2 |Morlaix | 5 |Stettin 20 Hull 2 Nantz 10 |Stockholm 5 Jemgum 3 |Naples 11 Stralsund 167 Jeverland 3 Neustadtgodens 1 |Sunderland 1 |Insigny 12 |Newcastle 1 St. Domingo 1 Kempen 4 ||New York 11 St. Petersburg 1 Kinderdieck 8 ||Norden 7 St. Thomas 1 ||Kirkaldy 110 |Ostriesland 1 St. Valery 38 |Konigsberg 1 |Otterndorf 4 Triest 1 || Lamhohn 5 |Philadelphia 1 |Udewalla 48 |Leer 2 Pillau 1 Veendam 1 | Leith 1 |Portorico 20 ||Weender 9 |Liebau 20 |Riga 1 Whitby 13 |Liverpool 10 || Rostoc 5 Windau 3 |Leghorn 15 Rotterdam 2 Wismar 101 |London 1 |Salem 1 Wolgast From 97 places were 1164 Vessels. The merchants of this place, when the Weser was free, fitted out annually several vessels for the Greenland and herring fisheries, in which they were successful, having always a considerable demand, at home, for the produce ; in the year 1803, they fitted out eight ships to Greenland, which brought home fourteen whales, and they produ- ced 1250 butts of oil. The number of vessels which belonged to Bremen, in 1804, were 170, being 17683 corn lasts, or tons in all. about 35400 The custom in the purchase and sale of merchandize here is as va- riable as at Hamburg. - Their books and accounts are kept in rix- dollars and grot, reckoning 72 grot to a rixdollar. Their Exchange course is on Amsterdam, 140 rixdollars, cari d'ors, more or less, London, 601 rixdollars, more or less, for 100.4 sterling, at 2 uso. One rixdollar currency has 2% marks, 6 kopffstücke, 16 Dütchin, 18, Flinriche, 48 schillings, 72 grot, or 360 schwraen. Ducats commonly go here for 23 rixdok- for 100 rixdollars banco. Hamburg, 144 rixdollars, more or less, for 100 rixdollars banco. lars. There are whole, half, and quarter | specie dollars. & - 445 CO PPER COIN. - * * loth, 64 drams, or 256 ort, or pennyweights, Schwaren, of which 5 are reckoned 4 10lb. in Bremen is lllb. in England. pfennings, or 1 grot. g - IO2]b. do. is 1031b. in Amsterdam. FO R E I GN CO 1 N I.N. CIR C U L A T I O N. H. E. R. E., 259 lb. do. is 260lb. in, Embden. Brunswick carl d'ors, old French Louis 34]b. do. is 35lb. in Hamburg. d’or, and Prussian Frederick d'ors, which || 58lb. do. is 631b, in Lisbon. are taken at 5 rixdollars; ducats at 23 rix- 4.11b. do. is 50lb. in Russia. dollars. - - W. \, M EA S U R E. Bills of exchange, payable in Bremen, 68 Bremen ells are 43 yards. English. have eight days grace. 1 I do. are l l ells Brabant. W. E. H. G. HTS - 37 do. are 31 ells Amsterdam. One cnt. has 1161b. 106 do. are 107 ells Hamburg. One shippound has 2% cnt. or 290lb. 20 Bremen feet make 19 feet English. One stone of flax is 201b. +. 7 Bremen cubic feet make 6 cubic feet. One stone of wool or feathers is IOlb. English. - One pound has 2 marks, 16 oinces, 32 CHAP. IV. ) Of the River Ems. – Its short interior Communication. – The Dollart. – Its convenient Situation for the Dutch Trade. — Of Embden.—A Freg Port.—Its Trade.— Establishment for Fisheries.-Number of Vessels arriving.— Increasing Trade, arising from the Blockade of the Rivers Elbe and PFeser. —Its Moneys, ſ/eights, and Measures, THE river Ems has a very limited interior communication, the tide flowing not more than fifteen to twenty miles up it. This river, which takes its rise only in the territory of Munster receives the river Hase a little above Meppin, and the Söste at Leer, and is navigable at no great distance in its current; it then runs by the Dollart, a sort of a bay betwixt Fmbden and the Dutch coast, into the North Sea, in two branches; one called the eastern, the other the western. Ems, forming betwixt them the island of Borcum. This river formerly passed close by Embden, from a cut being made to force the current of the river that way; but, being neglected, it has taken its course by the coast of Groningen. There is, however, a narrow channel from Embden kept clear, in consequence of four sluices in the town, which are opened whilst the ebb tide continues. This river has received a considerable degree of celebrity during the last ten years, not from its extent, but the local advantages, just at its mouth, near Embden, and the political situation of Holland; enjoying 446 a free navigation by its neutrality, and being under the protection of Prussia, and, above all, contiguous to Delfzyl, an excellent entrance into Holland, by a spacious and large canal running through the northern provinces, by the city of Groningen, into the Zuyder Zee, – of course communicating with all Holland and Flanders; the trade of which countries, and some parts of Germany, and France, may be said to be carried on by the mouth of the river Ems. EMBDEN, In East Friesland, so late as 1266, was looked upon as a shelter for pirates. The Hanseatic League suffering from them, Hamburg took possession of this place, it afterwards made some progress; but, in 1433, it was subdued by the Hamburgers again ; from the inconveni- ences the English merchant adventurers experienced about this time, in 1564, they removed hither, but two years after quitted it, to reside at Antwerp: since that period it has gradually advanced in com- merce, and became a part of the Prussian kingdom, which we have already mentioned. In 1751, the King of Prussia declared it a free port, since which time, and by means of the different wars in which Holland was a party, Embden has gained considerable commercial consequence, more particularly as it is so conveniently situated for the Dutch to carry on their commerce with the greatest security in time of war; the duties being a mere trifle for vessels coming to this port they can take their clearance without ever unloading, at little expense, and proceed on their voyage. As Embden has a considerable intercourse, by the canals of East Friesland, with Groningen, Friesland, Holland, Brabant, Flanders, and even France, in time of war with England, and when the blockade of the Texel was in full vigour, from its being a free port, and under neutral protection, its commerce was considerable, as we have stated, but, not arising from the natural course of its own river and trade, it rather be- came the entrepôt betwixt £ngland, Holland, and Germany, and the Baltic, as it now will most likely, although the French interdict the Dutch trading by that channel. Goods, however, can be forwarded from Embden, when there is sufficient water in the Ems, to within a short distance of Munster, at little more than 35s. per ton: from that city, 447 they are then conveyed by land carriage to the interior of the con- tinent, even to Switzerland and Italy, but to Frankfort on the Mayne and other parts of Germany, at a moderate rate; by the same convey- ance the French themselves, have got indigo from the India Sales of London, to dye their blue cloth for their army. - As the establishment and success of fisheries have always given wealth and power, where they have been encouraged and protected, so it may be said to have given rise partly to Embden ; in 1769, a company was established, to which the King of Prussia granted a char- ter the year following, and the stock only amounted to 603900 Dutch current florins, divided into 2745 shares of 220 florins each. The committee for inspecting the affairs of this company reside at Berlin, but the special direction is conducted by three members residing in Embden. The charter of this company a short time ago expired, but it was renewed: they have already increased their boats of late years to 60, which have produced them annually, near 1000 tons of her- rings, and employed the greater part of the lower class of people. In the years 1781 and 1782, a great share of trade went through this place, but the French revolution, and particularly their overrun- ning Holland, gave a new life to it. In 1781, the ships cleared outwards were 1025, and those which entered inwards were onl y 1004. - b --- - The number of ships which sailed from Embden, and properly be- longing to the merchants of that place was, in the year 1784, 273, being 19,289 lasts, or 38,578 tons; vessels for the herring fishery were 43, making 1280 lasts, or 2560 tons, manned with 550 men. and In the same year there was imported, by sea, in 482 ships vessels, Coffee . . . . centr. 8O8 Flax seed . . barrels| 972 Iron . . . . 2400 Pot-ashes . Centr, 1508 French brandy . tº pipes 493 Sail-cloth. . ells 34.300 Corn and grain from the Melasses Cent!’. 1962 Baltic e & last 3419 Leaf tobacco . for rx. 21000 Hemp . 18O Tea . . . . . . Cent]". 1074. , Timber . . . for rz. 37000 Tar, pitch, train oil barrels 2312 Coarse linen . . . ells | 134000 Wine .. c hhds. 1319 Rice . . . . . | cwt. 1690 || Sugar . . . . . CWt. 840 448 The exportation in the same year, was in 568 ships. Butter . . . . . . ſcentr, 4846 Linen & sº. s - pieces I 175 Grain . . . . . . lasts 3277 Clinkers e tº a 1099,000 IHerrings . . . . . barrels 1 1862 Rape-seed oil . . . lasts 377 Honey . . . #e • 196 Knitted Stockings . . . pair | 15800 Cheese . . . . . . . centr. f. 27250 Linen thread . . . . . . centr. 795 f The imports to Embden, from Great Britain, are such as go direct to Holland in times of peace, and to the Elbe and Weser at present. The exports from Embden are now estimated to be annually from 140 to 180,000 quarters of oats to England, about 20,000 quarters of rape seed to England and Holland, 30 to 40,000 quarters of beans to Eng- land and France, 20,000 quarters of barley to Norway and other places, several thousand firkins of butter to London, and vast quan- tities of cheese, before it was prohibited by the French, from Hol- land. Some limens manufactured in Westphalia, are shipped by this channel. tº Merchandize and British manufactures transported through Emb- den, for the interior of Germany, or other places, were lately inter- rupted at Meppin, by the French, but the King of Prussia caused that obstruction soon to be removed, and now it is free. As we have before observed, Embden was a port, free from any restraint to the ships, merchandize, or manufactures of all nations; it is, therefore, difficult to ascertain the importation and exportation at the present time; but some idea may be formed of the state of the trade, when, in 1799, 3402 vessels entered inwards, and 2151 sailed outwards, and it is since stated, that, till the French interrupted the trade in that direction, the harbour could scarcely contain the quan- tity of shipping frequenting it. º No doubt that by this channel the Dutch, Flemings, and even the French, are enabled to carry on their Baltic trade through the canal of Holstein along the coast, and without the reach of the British crui- zers; besides, it is easy for the residents of Embden to purchase Dutch vessels, or to transfer them, and securely navigate them under Prussian colours. In 1804, exclusive of the great increase of the com- 449 merce of Embden, it is stated, in that year, that the vessels belonging to Embden were no less than 500 employed in the carrying trade only. They had a branch of the bank of Berlin established here in 1769, which we have already described under the Institutions of Prussia. Several insurance companies have been established since the year 1772. They have no edifice for an exchange at Embden; their business is transacted in a large hall at a coffee-house. ~ They keep their books and accounts in - W ERG HTS. 'rixdollars, at 54 stivers, each stiver at 10 1 shippound is 3 centner, or 300 lb.; the wittens; also in guilders and Stivers, 20 of the pound at 16 ounces. - latter make 1 of the former; each stiver has 10 21 lb. Embden is 23lb. English. wittens. - | 100lb. ditto . 1023 lb. Hamburg. Guilders at 10 schaf, I schaf at 10 witten || MEASUREs. - currency. 15 Embden ells are 11 yards English. * A 4 29 ditto . 28 Brabant ells. The coins that circulate here areas follow: | 35 ditto . . . 34 ells Amsterdam. 1 specie dollar is 1% dollar currency; 23 || 53 ditto . . . 50 Flemish ells ditto. mean dollars, 33 guilders, 4 marks, 12- 47 ditto . . . 55 ells Hamburg. schillings, 24 flinderkes, 36 schafs, 72 sti- || 73 Embden feet are 71 feet English. vers, 96 grots, 144 seyferts, 288 oerts, or ||. Corn measure is the last of 15 barrels; 4 #20 wittens. verps, or 2 scheffels, make a barrel. The bank of Embden depends on that of | One last in Hamburg make 16, barrels in Berlin. w i Embden, or 66 verps. * * * º *. - * : ~.. CHAP. V. ~ - General Observations on the Blockade of the Rivers Elbe and Weser.—The new Channels of Trade in consequence thereof.-Amount of the Imports and Eaports of Great Britain to and from Germany, from the Year 1700 till 1804. — Likewise of the Trade and Navigation for the Years 1800, 1801, and 1802. – Also similar Particulars of Holland for the same Period.—Remarks on the Dutch Decree, prohibiting any Trade with Great Britain. – Importance of the Trade betwiat the two Countries.—Amount of the Trade with Holland since 1700, and of the Trade and Navigation in 1800, 1801, and 1802. - FROM the description that has been given of these rivers, it is clear that their importance to the German empire is extremely great, and that the freedom of their navigation ought to be maintained at all risks. No- thing is so contrary to the law of nature and of nations, as the conduct of the French in this respect, and modern times afford no example of such an audacious infringement of essential and indisputable rights on the one hand, and of lame and impolitic submission on the other. 3 M - ! 450 The infringements committed by the French are however of too se- rious a nature to be long submitted to : and either the Germans will lose their independence altogether, or else they must rise and vindi- cate their rights, - - The Rhine was altogether a German river till the conquests of Louis XIV. made it partly French ; and by the subjection of Holland, of the Austrian Low Countries, and the Country of Liege, it is now almost entirely French ; but the other three rivers, neither can nor ought to be in any degree French, until the German body is dissolved, and Prussia falls. - -- * - Policy and necessity sometimes make nations submit for a while to situations that, were they to be permanent, would be nothing less than attended with total ruin. Of this species of temporary submission must be considered the acquiescence in the invasion of Hanover, and the interruption of the navigation of the rivers in question. - Though commerce is changeable, and apt to remove its abode, yetit seldom settles in any place without a prospect of uninterrupted security. By degrees, the course of the northern trade, which had been inter- rupted by the blockade of the Elbe and Weser, has opened itself new ways. Although the Sound is free for the English and neutrals, the towns of Stettin, Magdeburg, and Embden have got a considerable share of the former trade of Hamburg. . . To Stettin a great part of the Spanish trade from Hamburg in the linens of Silesia has been removed; and it is said, that the King of Prussia, to promote it, has advanced some millions of dollars, which has enabled several mercantile houses of Stettin to furnish ships direct to Spain. The town of Magdeburg has now become a staple-place for British and colonial produce, which formerly went up the Elbe from Ham- burg; therefore goods that formerly came from Hamburg and Lüne- burg, through the Hanoverian territories, to Brunswick, Frankfort, Cassel, and even to Leipsic and Nüyenburg, are now forwarded from Magdeburg. - - *. From Embden there is an immense transport of merchandise, with Prussian passports, to Munster, the province of Westphalia, and even to Holland; but lately all trade between Holland and Embden has been interrupted, except by the Zuyder Sea. - - We must once more refer, for our sentiments on this subject, to the 451 elose of the first chapter in the first book of this work, and to the numerous observations which will be found dispersed throughout it, by what channels commerce to the Continent can be carried on with secu- rity, so long as matters remain in their present state, and the Elbe and the Weser continue blockaded. . To surn up the whole, Stettin affords an extensive avenue, if Prussia wisely knew how to avail itself of it. The description of Holstein and Schleswig will shew that, so long as they are suffered to remain inde- pendent, they will afford facility to the trade of Hamburg, and from thence to the interior. The means by which Bremen carries on her trade is shewn; and, as to Embden, the late French decreeinterdicting the trade of Holland with Great Britain, will most likely produce the blockade of Holland, and force through the neutral port of Embden, more or less, the trade of that unfortunate country. In consequence of that decree, we have given, a state of the trade of Holland with Great Britain, during the same period we have given that of the other powers, to shew the complete state of the trade and navigation of Great Britain with all the northern nations. - º ºr - In stating the amount of the imports and exports of Great Britain to and from Germany, according to the official accounts from the custom-house books, some observations are necessary; comparing this statement with the remarks made of a similar one for Prussia, from which kingdom the greatest part of the linen manufactured was ex- ported by way of Hamburg. Such share as was exported to England is entered in the customhouse-books under the head of Germany, though it properly belongs to Prussia, the same remark applies to exports. On the other hand, Prussia takes a great part of her dye-woods and colours, and colonial produce from Hamburg, which has been ex- ported even from Great Britain. The trade betwixt us and Germany underwent but little alteration, until four years after the French revo- lution commenced, when, as we observed, this trade changed all at once, like the removal of a great river from its old bed, into that of a IlêW O}}{2. - The following tables together will give a complete account of the German trade for 104 years, and prove, from the immense and sudden increase, that it is through that channel that Britain now supplies nearly the whole continent. 3 M 2 452 { Turope. The second table of the Trade and Navigation of Great Britain with Germany is during three of the most remarkable years in the north of The first when the northern confederacy took place; the second the battle of Copenhagen, and when the Danes took possession of Hamburg; the third a year of peace, which produced but little variation from the preceding years in the trade betwixt Great Bri- tain and Germany. - • t - Amount of the Imports and Eaports of Great Britain to and from Germany, in different Years, betwiat 1700 and 1786; and from 1791, each Year, to the present, distinguishing England from Scotland. * Years. GREAT BRIT AIN. Imported. Exported. Exported. Years. . Imported. 1701. . . ºf 729097 * - . . . . . . - — *~ than f: A W. RAw. - R. E. FITN E D. Total raw & ref. Sug, expo. exported. Quantity. Duty. Quantity. Drawback. Quantity. Bounty. . Quantity. Drawback sº * tº -. . - __``'` and Bounty. `. yº - cwt. of. cwt. st cwt. +. cwt. - st | CW is British Plantation . . . 2976384 2656898 266688 235521 | 376853 807605 || 907337 || 1045127 2069047 Foreign Plantation. . 168274; 23658. 154949 — — — | 154949 || – | 18325 E. India(sale amount) 104067| 92142. 27803 — — 27803 — 76.263 " ; Total.......... 3248726, 2772698. 449440 || 235321 || 376853 | 807605 || 1090089 1043127 2158685 –º. Note.—The sums above stated are the actual payments in the year, and not the computed Amount on the Quantities exported or imported within the period of the account. The temporary duties under the acts 43d and 44th of his majesty, amounting to 7481071.4s. 4d. and the drawbacks thereon to 500 10ſ. 15s. 2d. are not included in the above. - - < In order to shew the total quantity exported, refined sugar is reduced into the denomination of raw, by allowing the proportion of 34 cwt. of raw to every 20 cwt. of refined. . All the tables which precede will serve to convey, not only the idea of the trade and navigation of Great Britain and Ireland in general, but particularize that of the East Indies; likewise the West Indies ; which together form the most considerable portion of our trade. In order to give the official details, which immediately relate to the trade of which this work more particularly treats, after having speci- fied the share of trade which Great Britain has with each power, in the progress of the work. The quantities and other particulars will be found under the head of the respective articles, which are hereafter included under the head of Resources. - 472 Having already given a short sketch of the progress of British com- merce, and when we consider the settlement of a single Flemish weaver in England was a circumstance of the highest importance ; when we find, too, every branch of manufacture or commerce that is known in Europe, more or less encouraged in this country, we will finish, by giving actual statements of our present situation. If there are any facts of doubtful authority advanced, relative to our former commercial situation, concerning which there may be dif- ferent opinions, we are at least certain, that it is now ascertained be- yond a possibility of doubt. Accounts are kept with all possible ac- curacy, and are annually laid before parliament of all our great mer- cantile transactions, and the foregoing tables are either copies or abstracts of those most authentic documents. From the revolution of 1688, it is that we have to trace our manu- facturing, our commercial, and our colonial greatness; likewise to the permanent and firm establishment of freedom amongst us, much is to be attributed, yet, to see the matter in its true light, we must take a review of the trade in its detail. - g The places with which we deal, and the articles in which we deal, at the present time, to and from America, the West Indies, the East In- dies, and Russia, are all branches of commerce almost totally un- known two centuries ago, and even 60 years past still in their infancy. Their aggregate amount is now immense, and far exceeds the whole of our trade at the end of the American war. The new branches are on. the increase, and they already exceed, in amount, the old. The case is precisely similar with regard to the articles of Commerce, amongst which cotton (till very lately unknown) now ranks the first. The year 1802, was the greatest for our foreign commerce, in which year the manufactures and produce exported amounted to 26,990,000l. of which the following is the analysis nearly. Cotton . . . . . . . . ºf 7130006 : - \º iron and cast. 1618000 . Articles unknown to commerce J Refined sugar . . . 1541000 200 years ago, -. Cotton yarn . . . . . 744000 - Hops . . . . . . 6OOOO 473 • Brought forward . . . . . ºf 11043000 . . . . . . . . ("Woollen goods . . . f. 6487000 *. . . -- . . . - - A Linens . . . . . . 89.5000. * . . . . . . W. Tin . . . . . . . 231000 * ----- Pewter and lead . . . . 276OOO Old Staple articles. Brass . . . . . . 408000 Copper . . . . . 669000 Coals . . . . . . 536000 - — ºf 9512000 *sº * £20555000 * Of the remainder, 6435000l. is composed of various articles not de- scribed, and the further complement consists of a number of manu- factures, which, though not entirely new to this country, were almost totally neglected ; we shall, however, suppose them to be original manufactures of the country, yet still the vastness of the change that has taken place will be sufficiently great. - The exports of foreign articles, not either produced or manufac- tured in this country, amounted to 14,418,000l. in 1802. g In 1783, the annual product of the undermentioned manufactures of Great Britain was calculated in the following manner: - Woollen . . . . .616800000 Cotton . . . . . . . .8960000 Leather . . . . . . . IO500000 Lead . . . . . . . . . 1650000 . . . Flax . . . . . . . . . 1750000 Tin . . . . . . . . . 1000000 Hemp . . . . . . . . . 890000 Iron. . . . . . . . . 8700000 Glass . . . . . . . . . 630000 Steel, plating, &c. . . . . 3400000 Paper . . . . . . . 780OOO - - — Porcelain . . . . . 1OOOOOO - * * ‘5131OOOO Silk . . . . . . . . , 3350000 * - * . That iron, glass, and porcelain, was rapidly on the increase; tin - and leather declining; paper, increasing; flax, rather falling; hemp, stationary ; silk, rather increasing. -- -- The following will shew the state and proportional quantities of the manufactures and produce of this country, as exported betwixt the years 1797 and 1804. Those on the advance in quantity exported are marked A ; on the decline D; and stationary S ; taken for the average of seven years. * * → 3 P 474. .. tº K2, sº TFT---------. . . . . . . . . . . . .” -- - - - - * Rank. Article. Qbservations. Hi Rank. } Article. Observations. * X 1 Cottons . . . . . A very rapid. 17 | Fish . . ID rapid. 2 Woollens . . . . . S f || 18 Eelt hats . D | considerable. 3 | "Iron wrought and cast A very rapid. || 19 || Apparel . . S - 4 || Sugar refined: SA rapid. || 20 || Haberdashery D considerable. X 5 | Cotton yarn, . A rapid. 21 ; Leather ID not great. O 6 Linems D not rapid. ' ' 22 || Beer . . . . D great. 7 “Coals . ... . . . S . . . ; 23 || Hops © S 8 . , Wrought copper, S., 24 Bar Iron . . . . A considerable. 9 Wrought brass . S 25 Train Oil , ID great. 10 | Tin . . . . . . . S - 26 || Stationary D not great. O 11 || Hats (beaver) ID considerable. & O 27 Soap D considerable. e ; $ same amount, 28 Pewter. ID rapid. 12 #| Stocking and gas s?|*. §|o ºil. g | *p X 13 Silks , D great. 30 || Candles ID not great. 14 , Salt . D. not great. ** - " . $ the value of these, 15 || Léad A- . S * * * * * * * 31 } Various articles . D would rank iº 16 Steel • . . S | | & tween No. 2; and 3; 3, Besides the above, the various articles to the value of about one- seventh of the whole, which are rapidly on the decline, and of 31 ar- ticles, there are - - a. - advancing 5 * stationary 11, - . - | - declining 15 - 31 The total value of articles exported in 1802, that were unknown to us 200-years ago, amounts to near 20 millions, which is equal to the greatest year of our. trade previous to 1790, and nearly double the whole of our exports in 1782. . . . . . If, then, we add to the 11 millions value of articles entirely new, the amount of exports to places not known, or at least not traded with till the same period, we shall be able to separate the amount of the new branches of trade from those that are of ancient date. - *. Those marked X are from materials which this country.does not produce; , those which have no mark, consequently do not hold quite so high a rank. as they would do, if the raw materials were British 3 * both on account of the price which that raw material costs; and far- ther, because circumstances may deprive us of the means of obtaining it. Thus, for ex- ample, the cotton, and woollen trades—the latter is indisputably the most valuable and the most certain. " . . . Those marked O, are made partly from British, and partly from foreign materials, but for which this country might, if reduced to necessity, produce the materials necessary. 475 ſnew objects of trade as already stated . ºf 11000006 Exports to America . . . . . . . 6000000 . Ditto to the East Indies . . . . . . . $800óöö Ditto to the West Indies . . . . . 3000000 Ditto to Russia . . . . . . . . . 1900000 £24000000 Countries with which we had little commercial . intercourse above 200 years ago. Twenty-four millions of our trade is then either to new places, Ör consists chiefly of articles that have not long been known to the com- mercial world. - - - After this particular detail, the eye naturally fixes itself on the ex- ports in general, the result of which is by no means so surprising, when the new channels of commerce, and the new articles of which it con- sists, are taken into account. ". - - e +. One thing indeed at first appears surprising is, that while the Ame- rican war diminished our trade both in exports and imports, and at least made it go on in a retrograde direction, till it fell to what it had been at 50 years before. The last war occasioned a most unexampled and great increase. r One of not the least consoling circumstancés attendant on this is, that the balance in our favour has greatly augmented, being, in 1802, apparently 13 millions, though it is, in reality, considerably more. The French revolution has ruined its possessions in both the Indies. It has likewise disturbed the peace of the continent, and ruined Hol- land, which, from being once out master in commercial affairs, Call- not now support itself, and is no longer to be considered as our rival. The island of St. Domingo, which was one of the best, and is larger than all our West India possessions, is now estranged from France, probably for ever. Its sugars were cheaper than ours, and in such abundance, that, in the year 1781, the trade to that island alone was very nearly equal to two-thirds of our whole foreign commerce. Is it not then to be wondered that we have got a great augmentation of our West India trade? - - It will be seen, that our imports from the conquered islands, which we afterwards gave up, amounted at one time to four millions a year; that is double the whole of our West India produce, previous to the last war. 3 P 2 476 As commerce does not succeed by accident, nor settle in any place without being solicited earnestly, and treated with the greatest ten- derness and care, so it is necessary that, even when brought to the highest degree of success, every care should be taken to preserve it. As the dangers of mature age are different from those of infancy, so are the dangers of our commerce different from what they were when the Spaniards and Portuguese threatened our destruction, and attack- ed us at every step. Our dangers then proceeded from a desire to op- press us, on the part of enemies, who wished to prevent us from participating in a lucrative commerce, of which they had long known the sweets. Envy is the incitement to the present enemies of Britain: they wish to divide with us, or, if they cannot divide, to destroy; this is the general aim, but how fallacious will be the attempt, even in the case of success. - - . . ." . Is it for a moment to be supposed, that those who now carry on so great a trade with this country, to which they are led by finding it in every respect suitable and advantageous, are to change and carry on a similar one with those who might wish for a share of it, if we should fall? No, certainly. Our trade was very nearly gone in 1782, but who gained by that? Did Russia, Denmark, Sweden, participate 2 Did France or Spain stand in our room P No ; it was a moment of general sufferance, and it will be so again, whenever the day shall come that we are compelled to yield to our enemy. - > . . Now that we have taken a view of all that is essentially necessary, relative to our trade in general, we shall go directly to that part of it with Russia and the Baltic; repeating that this is the moment (when commerce is banished from the southern parts of Europe) to embrace the opportunity of fixing it on those northern countries which seem destined to shine out with vigour, at a time when that portion of the world, once occupied by the greatest warriors and philosophers, is now inhabited by those who are ruled over by a government unfriendly to COImmel'Ce. • - * * We should therefore particularly turn our attention at home: Eng- land is at the summit; Scotland is thriving wonderfully; it is not so with Ireland; the situation of that kingdom is interesting and impor- 477 tant in more respects than one. A great deal might be said. That country is now in the state that this was nearly a century ago. It re- guires the fostering hand of government. Here we want only protec- tion; there they want aid: here the powers of individuals and of the country are fairly developed; there they are only making their ap- pearance. . . . - --- The exports of Ireland are to those of England nearly in the propor- tion of one to ten ; and the balance, instead of being in their fa- vour, is considerably against that country. Of 639,000. tons of ship- ping, employed in the trade of that kingdom, one-eighth is foreign, one- eighth Irish, and three-fourths British. Their trade is nearly in the following proportions: - * - To England. . . . . . . . . . 433,000 tons. Scotland . . . . . . . . . . 94,000. . . . . . Islands. . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 Continent of Europe . . . . . 76,000 America and West Indies . . . 60,000, So that if the trade of Ireland were divided into fifty equal parts;. there would be for England thirty-two, Scotland eight, the continent. of Europe five, and America four. When we consider that the trade of that country is so small that the balance is unfavourable, and that it is principally carried on in British vessels, it is impossible not to conclude that there must be some very. general cause for so great an effect. As the exports of linen amount to five-eighths of the whole, ** provisions, corn, and some trifling articles, the remainder ; it is not easy to conceive any thing on a lower footing than the agricultural. and manufacturing interest of Ireland; and when the situation of that country is viewed generally, it is impossible not to feel a considerable. degree of solicitude for its improvement. The revenues of Ireland, increased from 400,000l., which they, amounted to at the beginning of last century, to about 1,000,000. previous to the late disturbances, and its national debt was 2,400,000l. 478 The expenditure then was not equal to the revenue, except on extra- ordinary occasions; now the case is totally altered. The public debt bears an interest of more than two millions a year; and most of that comes over to England, where the loans have been made; which, added to the balance of trade against the country, and still farther increased by the money drawn out of it by the proprietors of land who live in this, will form a sum superior to the whole amount of exports. - . . To attempt making an exact calculation, on such a subject, would be vanity. If the impossibility of it was not evident, from other causes, the difference that probably exists between the rated value of articles exported and the real value would be sufficient to destroy every pretension to accuracy. It so happens in this case, however, that the leading features are so strong, that nothing like accuracy is wanted, in order to come to a conclusion on the subject. The exports and imports may be supposed to be equally incorrect, as to stated value; and, in that case, the apparent balance and the true will be nearly the same thing. The following statement of the remittances that it may be necessary to make from Ireland is Balance against it . . . . . . . . . . 500,000 Interest of the debt borrowed in England . 1,650,000 Spent by absentees . . . . . . . . . 1,350,000 gº. 3,500,000 This is probably under the mark, but it is only for a few years that it has existed ; and, since it has taken place, the loans made in Eng- land have carried over more than sufficient means of paying the ba- lance. When the time shall come, however, that further loans in Eng- land are not wanted, the country must speedily be exhausted, and the remittances for the interest will literally become impracticable. l The exertions of government cannot then be too prompt and vigorous, to prevent the consequences that must naturally result from such an or- der of things; and, as it fortunately happens, the field for improve- 479 ment is very ample; it will ten-fold repay every shilling laid out in its advancement. . . . . . . . . * The increase of the linen manufacture, the woollen which once flourished there, and improvements in agriculture, for raising flax, hemp, corn, and cattle, in so abundant and fine a country, together with encouraging the fisheries, are the great things to which we are to look for the means of rescuing the sister kingdom from so dangerous a situation. - The proximity of England will prevent other manufactures from flourishing to any considerable degree; that is, such manufactures as already are firmly established here; because, with superior capital, • and the means Of giving longer credit than they can, we certainly shall maintain the superiority which has been thus gained. - It will be a matter of great importance to deliberate well on the manufactures that should be advantageously established in Ireland; because, in making an effort, it is very necessary, that it be made in such a direction as to give encouragement, in place of blunting the energy of the mind, which an unsuccessful trial is certain to do. With nations, as with individuals, it is necessary to be industrious, and with them likewise the great and first object is, to have that in- dustry well-directed, without which nothing can be attained that is worth the searching after... - - The industry and capital of Ireland will find ample scope, without attempting those manufactures for which England is famous. Woollens, cotton, iron, steel, brass, and the great variety of small objects, the ma- nufacturing of which we have got, it will be impossible for the manu- facturers of Ireland to establish, so as to come in competition with us in a foreign market; while, on the other hand, by improving the sta- ples of Ireland, for which the nature of the country is adapted, they will have nothing to fear. from what may be attempted on the part of English manufacturers. * - As many erroneous representations are circulated abroad regarding the precise situation of the debt and finances of the United Kingdom, the following particulars are given, abstracted from the official ac- * counts laid this year before parliament. . . -- - 480 State of the NAT roNAL DEBT and FINANCEs of the United Kingdom, distinguishing Great Britain from Ireland. State of the national debt of GREAT BRITAIN, deducting the dimunition by stock transferred to the commissioners for the reduction of debt, and on account of land-tax redeemed. Tedeemed by the commissioners for the up to the 1st of February, 1805. — º - The public funded debt of Great Britain, as the same stood on the 1st day of February 1805, as laid before the House of Commons, was — ºf 493,127,726 I Total created tº sº. f * $ºº ~gºmºse *sº * =s* Total of the annual interest and expense of management, including the million for the redemption of the national debt, and other sums ap- propriated for that purpose, is” # Payable annually to the commissioners for redu t Management reared on stock expired aunuities &=x, * - r---r * *' * ction of debt purchased by the commissioners, and on Total interest, charge of management, and for the debt unredeemed on the 1st of February, 1805 - "The unfunded debt, and demands ary, 1805, was *sº • gºº •ºmº * $ºmºsº - - outstanding on the 5th of Janu- •ºssºmsº • tº º The public debt of IRELAND funded in Great Britain, as the same stood. on the 5th of January, 1805, was Interest, annuities; and charges of management £ 97.6303 10 1 tºº $ººmsº * fºssº $. "The total amount of the public fanded debt created in Great Britain for account of the EMPER or of GERMANY., as the same stood 1st of February, 1805, was Redeemed by the commissioners for red Annual interest on unredeemed debt &=º Annuities for a term of years Charges of management Interest on stock bought ** *gmº tºº tº-sºº (ºsmº tºmºmº *mºl tºmº . º hºmsºn t gººmsº --- *. * - •. *** tºº, uction of debt £550228 o o Annuity at 1 per cent. 36698l. redeemable with the 1 per cent. Total of annual expense Rºssº tºssº – 89003759 o 0. 3# 24928336 16 7; 68341 14, 10. 7 18094222 6 on 3906? 14 83. 18055154 l l 4% 34460321 19 of 31562901 O O 7502633, 6 8 208572 & 3 23OOOO O 6 57.16 l 8 16506 16 9 460795 8 &=mmºn ** - — ºf 582131385 1 3% reduction of the public debt. • * - * Notwithstanding the sinking fund, this sum must be annually paid for the interest of the debt; it has arisen from an annual sum of one million, originally established in 1786, for the reduction of the principal, and some farther contingent sums applied to the same purpose, 1 per cent. on every new loan made since ; , the interest of the debt paid off, forms the sinking fund, thus: The original surn voted Added farther per annum £ºmºsº ºssº I per cent, on loans since 1792 Interest on the sum paid off — *=s .* - + tºº tºmº •gºsº gººg tºº, *sº = = whole added together, with the IOOOOOO O O 2OOOOO O O 481 t y An Account of the Ordinary Revenues and Ertraordinary Resources consti- tuting the Public Income of GREAT BRITAIN for the Year ending the 5th of January 1805. § *. +--— & Gross Receipt with-Charges of Manage-| g ºv Gross Receipt with-Charges of Manage- Ordinary Revenues. in the Year. ment. *|| Ordinary Revenues. in the Year. °ment. ” Permanent Taxes. - g S. d. e s. d. Permanent Taxes. sf. S. d. ]] lić. *r - - 4. * may Revenue : - tº º 3. Grand Total . g. 6337.3795 2 8 2135176 15 93 Alienation Fines 6933 13 4 1126 6 11 * , f Q : 489 Public Expenditure of GREAT BRITAIN, for the Year ending the 5th - of January, 1805. - - *- HEADS of EXPENDITURE. Sums. - Total. i. r 2’ Interest on the Permanent Debt of Great Britain, Im- £. s. d. 4 £. s. d. perial Loans, and Loans raised for Ireland, Charges of Management, and £68.51201 11s. 0d. to the i. Commissioners for Reduction of the National Debt . . 26044785 16 11 # The Interest on Exchequer Bills e º & . . . 624859 18 10 The Civil List . • º º e • ... • • 1337811 10 9 1 The Civil Government of Scotland . . . . e • 3 797.05 4 13 The other Payments in Anticipation of the Exchequer. - - Receipt, viz. - > * > - * * . . . . . Bounties for Fisheries, Manufactures, Corn, &c. 336524 0 1 1 Pensions on the Hereditary Revenue . . . 27700 0 0 Militia and Deserters Warrants, &c. . . . . 286668 -10 6 - - 2 Purchase of Legal Quays . . . . * e & 76689 12 6 - - | The Navy , . . . . . . . . . . . 11759351 5 5 : 'The Ordnance - © º º º 3550 141. I 11 | The Army • tº - - 15744694, 15 3 Loans, Remittances, and Advances to other Countries: . . 4 Ireland º te • - --> 4- • 3733291 13 4. } Miscellaneous Services . . . . . . . . . . . 1882074 14 83 = –––––––– r 65484298 & 2, } - - Deduct Loan for Ireland (s sº º & tº º 373329; 13 4 — — ===Ir *:6 61751006 11, 10% | - > * This includes the sum of gf346885 9 3% for Interests paid on Imperial Loans. —t T-- —s The Public Funded Debt of IRELAND, as the same stood on the 5th of -- January, 1805, according to the Accounts laid before the House of - Commons, in Irish Currency . . . . . . . . . . $53296356 15 O The Annual Interest . . . . . . . . . & 1884.79 - 2 5 Annuities on Lives and Terms of Years . . . . 136376 14, 2 Charges of Management . . º Q e . . 20731, 4 6+ Annual Charge and Redemption of National Debt, by the 37th Geo. III. * , tº ºn e º & ºr 69885 8 4 One per cent, for Redemption of Debts created - since 1797 . . . . . . . . . . 476082 7 3 Total of Annual Expense . . . $ 2,590,554 17 13 £31562901 is funded in Great Britain, and the Interest payable in London, the remainder payable in Dublin. - t - The Unfunded Debt of Ireland, and Demands outstanding, on the 5th of January, 1805, - was 26 1,172,867 6s. 8d. w * - 3 Q 2 483 An Account of the Ordinary R *- —r- HEADS OF REVENUE. evenue and Extraordinary Resources constituting the Public Income of IRELAND, for the Year ending the 5th of January, 1805. Gross Receipt Charges of Loans paid into the Exchequer, in the year ending the 5th * - o º . 5324709 12 11% within the Year. Management. - Ordinary Revenues. - 36. s, d. l 38. S. d. Customs . . . tº e e 6 gº e e 1883722 2 10% z I Excise o G & © e • • & : ; 1681610 12 #ſ 358054 0 84 Stamps . © & O o o tºo g º © e 3.94537 19 43’ 27344, 4 8% Post Office . . . . . . . . . . . 1 18429 9 8 63696 13 9 Poundage Fees e Q e º © & º- 31965 13 0; *-*ssº-º: Pells Fees . . . . . . . . . 6393 1 11: Duty on Wrought Plate . © © © º 254S 8 7 Casualties . e G O & © e º 3503 12 3% Total Ordinary Revenues . . . £ - Eatraordinary Resources. Public Coal Yards ſº tº º © Sundry Persons, on account of Rice, Indian sold for account of Government . º o Corn, &c. Gain by Exchange on Sums received from Great Britain. Commissioners of the Navy, on Account of advances by Collectors in Ireland, for Seamen's Wages, &c. & Gº From Great Britain, on Account of the Profit on the Lot- teries for 1804 . º & o º o Other Monies paid to the Public . o e - G © Linen Manufacture . e Improvement of Dublin Appropriated Duties for Local Objects. © & e - e p © g Repairs of the Royal Exchange and Commercial Buildings . Lagan Navigation . º e «» • e Presbyterian Ministers . º Q- e o Total, independent of the Loans . . . 36 of January, 1805 • • q- Grand Total . © . £ 4122711 0 6; 900 0 0 - 6561 2 9; 107172 19 7# 60861 10 1 42250 0 () 880 1 1 7% 1068 6 6 10666 7 9 1485 4 6 2885 13 7 8904, 17 6; | 449094 19 1 # 80 3 8 437.4268 4 6 | 449,75 2 93. | 96.98977 17 6; 44017.5 2 G#. The Public Empenditure of IRELAND, for the Year ending the 5th of January, 1805. F- HEADS of EXPENDITURE. Sums. Total. Interest on the Funded Debt, Charges of Annual Issue of £. s. d. The Interest on Exchequer Bills o g e e ** Issues for Purposes appointed by the Parliament of Ireland | t 3667,635 18s. 4d. Charges of Management, inclu- ding £666,829 4s. 5d. on Account of Reduction of National Debt º º o e prior to the Union, &c. . º g ſº º Issues from appropriated Funds for local Purposes . • 951:64. 14. 11%. 1815397 19 10#. 38599 16 7% 4755.16 10 10% . 2511606 3 103 | J; £. S. d. *. Payments in Anticipation of Exchequer Receipts, viz., Civil List Bounties . te e º <> & * * © Militia, Army of Reserve, Deserters Warrants, &c. Ordnance e g © o te º e º Army.—Ordinary Service - «» º o Miscellancous Services 9 & g gº o o Vote of Credit e o 9 *te g g Q 23063 7 50 l 44, 2 4.00000 O 3918420 15 10; 2391.37 2 192062 9 5209244, 9 8% 9760013 5 Oł r— 484 ‘Of the Rules and Regulations for Importation into GREAT BRIT AIN. It was intended to have given the rules and regulations for impor- tation and exportation, and some of the most prominent materials re- lating thereto; but, in the present state of politics, they would be of no utility, as the act of 43 George III, cap. 153, empowers his ma- jesty in council, and in Ireland the lord-lieutenant in council, to grant licences for the importation or the exportation of merchandise from any port or place belonging to any kingdom or state, not in amity with his majesty, in neutral vessels, or in any ship or manner, during the present war, and for six months after the ratification of a definitive treaty of peace, as may seem meet, in their wisdom, from the nature of the petitioner's application; and a great number of such licences having already been granted, and others constantly adding, it is im- possible, for the present, to introduce rules on the above subjects, on which the reader can with certainty depend; for which reason, the author has preferred the total omission of them, to any insertion which might mislead. It is, however, of material importance to the commercial world, to state the British warehousing act, or bonding system, an abstract of which is given. The advantages which will result from this act are too obvious to require any comment, particularly in the present state of Europe. It grants facility to the British merchants, and the foreign merchants will now see that they may send their property to this island, either for security or a market, without restraint, or incurring other than ordinary charges; – upon the whole, it is similar to, or upon the footing of a free port, superior to some, since there is no advalorem duty to be paid. Warehousing Act, 43 Geo.III. Cap. 132. By this act, the undermentioned goods being legally imported, are permitted to be en- ered, landed, and secured in warehouses at the expense of the importers, under the joint locfs of the crown and merchant, as follows, viz. #4 At the Isle of Dogs, in warehouses belonging to the West India dock company without payment of any duties of customs, on the first entry thereof; and on bond to the excise for the duties on such of the articles as are subject thereto, the following articles of West india produce : Cocoa-nuts, Indigo, Coffee, Mahogany, Sugar, Molasses, Cotton-wool, Pimento, Ginger, Rum. At the London docks, in warehouses belonging, to the London dock company, without payment of any duties of customs on the first entry thereof, and on bond to the excise for such articles as are subject thereto; the following articles, not being West India produce, nor imported by the United East India Company: Rice, Brandy, t Tobacco, Geneva, and * ," Wine, other Spirits. - At places to be approved of by the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, on bond being given, with one sufficient surety to be approved of by the collector and comptroller inwards, in double the amount of the duties payable thereon. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brimstone. Mahogany, Tar, , Cork, Pitch, - Timber, Hemp, undressed, Resin, *. Tow, Tron, in bars, Staves, - || Turpentine, Relp, Tallow, Wood. - In warehouses to be approved of by the commissioners of the custons, on a similar bond. Skins,—viz, Indian deer-skins, half-dressed or shaved, and skins of all other sorts not tanned, tawed, or in any way dressed. Oil; spermaceti, head-matter, train-oil, and all other fish oil, and whale fins of British fishing. * In Warehouses to be approved by the Lords' commissioners of his majesty’s treasury, without the duties on the importation thereof being first paid. . ... " Almonds of all sorts, Anchovies, Anniseeds, Balsam Capivi, † Barilla, $ Bees-wax, Bristles undressed, Cantharides, W Carpets, Turkey, Chip-hats, Clover-seed, Cochineal, Cotton-yarn, wool, Currants, Elephant's-teeth, Feathers for beds, Figs, * Ginseng, Gum arabic, Senaga, Jalap, Jesuit's bark, Indigo, Juniper-berries, Linen, plain of all sorts, except Sail-cloth, Manna, Mohair-yarn, Oil of olives, º \ Oil of palm, —- of salad, —- of turpentine, Opium, - Prunes, Quicksilver, Raisins of all sorts, Rhubarb, Saffron, Sena, Silk, raw, — thrown, Waste, Smalts, Straw-hats. The Lords of the treasury may at any time add to the articles before mentioned, on a list of such articles being published by them in the London Gazette, or by his Majesty's order in council, published three times in the London Gazette; the like privileges may be extended to other ports in Great Britain, which, from the nature and extent of the trade there. carried on, the convenience of the situation, and the security of the revenue by the con- struction of docks and warehouses, properly adapted for the reception and safe custody of goods, may be deemed entitled thereto. - - This act contains certain rules and regulations to be observed, which in any doubtful case had better be referred to. 486 CHAP. III. Definition and general Observations relative to the Resources of Great - Britain and Ireland. WE shall find the best way in beginning to treat of the resources, to explain presently the meaning in which that word is used in this work. -. - - A resource, is meant to imply something that is wanted and can be obtained by our own means; as for example, England has occasion for naval stores, which she must either purchase or produce. So long as a great export business enables us to pay easily for those stores, it is a question whether our industry and capital are not more advanta- geously employed than in raising them ourselves; but if that should cease, then if we find we can raise them ourselves, it is a resource. The same may be applied to the article of grain, which we can also raise ; but on the other hand, suppose we should find that we could not procure raw cotton for our manufactures by purchase, we could then have no resource, as this country will not produce cotton. By the inquiry then into the resources, it is supposed that our ex- ports alone are not sufficient, or will soon not be sufficient to enable us, as hitherto, to procure supplies from abroad; we shall then be obliged to search for resources amongst ourselves. Corn, hemp, flax, timber, iron, and fish, are the articles of pro- duce, offering a resource to our national industry;” and to explain the matter further, we cannot find any resource in the articles of brandies, wines, cotton, sugar, coffee, or tea ; those we must import, or we must do without ; that is to say, we must always obtain them as we do now, or in other words, no resource can be derived from them. The employment of the poor is a resource of another species, it does not procure us what we want to have, but it relieves us from a burthen * Perhaps the ine, sort of wool may be obtained at home instead of being imported from Spain; but as this is not a mere matter of mercantile speculation we shall not enter into that subject. - ...” 487 - we wish to avoid; so that though the manner of the thing is different, the effect is the same, and therefore the employment of the poor is a resource. We are now then going upon the supposition that the state of the country will be such, or may become such, that we shall find it. necessary, or at least expedient, to employ those resources which the climate, soil, &c. of the nation furnish us with ; and in examining this we shall take the articles separately. • - It is proper to observe that producing goods ourselves which we have hitherto purchased, has the same effect on national prosperity as if we exported so much more of some other article, and that when we have manufactured and produced as much as we can send abroad, our spare labour and capital must be best employed in producing things that are necessary. - x * - - As the business in writing is to be understood, we shall make a com- parison that will come home to every person's feelings and understand- ing. A man who is obliged to live by industry, employs himself either in making things for others, or in working to supply himself with what he wants: in the present state of society, few men labour directly to supply themselves, but rather to produce something to sell or exchange in order to procure what they want. The division of labour renders this more advantageous; but if, through particular circumstances, a man is not able to employ all his time in working for others, to ex- change or sell, and still has not all he wants, he must employ the remainder of his time in working to produce directly what he wants. \ z : It is in this manner that people employed in agriculture, employ their spare hours in manufacturing cloth for their own use, and that manufacturers cultivate their own gardens, or perhaps a small piece of ground. Thus the manufacturing is a resource to the farmer, and gardening, or cultivating the ground, is a resource to the manufac- £urer. ... • - - The great expense which a variety of circumstances have entailed on this country, but into the nature of which it is not our business to inquire, make it quite evident that we have occasion to employ every 488 resource, even if our exportation business should not fall off; but if it does, then, the necessity will be doubly felt. - ºr The articles of produce which we have mentioned are not, however, all precisely of the same nature and tendency with respect to their effect on national prosperity. Thus, for example, when we produce iron, we are employing labour, all of which might be otherwise em- ployed, but it is not so with flax and hemp, for there a species of people, it will be found, may be employed, who could not be so advan- tageously, if at all, employed on any other material, namely the poor; we therefore derive a greater advantage in that case than in making an equal value of iron. . . . - -- * . . In raising timber there is some sort of a similar advantage, as ground will produce trees that will not pay for cultivating to produce any other sort of crop ; and so far as that is the case, it is a double ad- vantage. - - - " . . . - - In the fisheries again, there is a compound advantage of another sort, not that the people who fish, are not capable perhaps of gaining as much by some other sort of labour, like those who make iron, but be- cause that occupation raises a sort of men who are much wanted for the safety and protection of this country. - Having entered into this explanation, it remains.only to observe that there is no intention to enter into the exploring of the resources, any further than those connected with the northern parts of Europe, in a general mercantile way, combined with the common calculations of profit and loss, and the result of experience: for example, there is nã intention to enter into calculations of what the poor, who now pro- duce nothing, can produce; but to maintain that they can for the most part produce enough for their own maintenance, and to shew that want. of attention to the subject and bad management are the causes of the great expense, rather than bad laws or regulations. We do not pretend to discuss the merits of different works on this impor- tant subject, or to devise new laws, but simply to propose regulations, which will be easily produced, that correspond with the nature of men and things, and which infallibly must produce a good, effect, 439 without, however, endeavouring to estimate and determine the antount of the advantage. & * . Again, in point of the land that will be occupied in raising flax and hemp, we do not need exactly to estimate whether corn may not be rather a more profitable crop to the individual, but as there is plenty of good land to improve, and as there would be a great national ad- vantage, we would recommend the raising of such crops, even if some small bounty in different shapes than have hitherto been adapted were found necessary. It is in the same way we shall view the fisheries, as they afford a national advantage also. tº Three thingsseem essential to render permanent the property of Britain, 1. To diminish the poor's rates. *. • 2. To grow corn at home sufficient for ourselves. 3. To encourage fisheries, growing of timber, flax, and hemp, so as to have naval stores, without depending on powers which may very likely some day be our enemies. . It is a matter of no small astonishment, that Great Britain, so cele- brated for her political wisdom and commercial prudence, which has risen to her power and consequence in the world chiefly by her maritime strength, should grossly have neglected cultivating within herself a great part of her naval stores, the very soul and sinews of her greatness and preservation; particularly after the many salutary ad- monitions* at an early period, and the attempt at monopoly by foreign powers, the armed neutrality in 1780, and the confederacy of the north in 1800. Great Britain makes herself dependent, as it were, upon foreign nations for those very articles on which her existence depends, and neglects those domestic resources which she might so advantage- ously carry into effect, not only to a national, but individual benefit. Hitherto this country has been allured by foreign conquests, com- merce, enterprize, and external resources, to a heighth which, appa- rently, cannot be extended, if maintained; we ought, therefore, to turn our attention to those resources we have so much neglected at home, * Sweden refused to let England have pitch and tar, in 1703, unless it was received in Swedish ships, and at their own price. 3 R. 490 in which will be found an inexhaustible source of wealth, strength, and additional security to our general commerce. - The produce of the soil in England has hitherto been nearly con- fined to raising provisions, out of which has arisen only one con- siderable staple manufacture, that of wool, when we might have made another, equally extensive, of linens, to have supplied other nations; also iron from the bowels of the earth, and fish from our coasts, and various other branches, which would have augmented the industry and riches of the people. . . It is only a few years since the Board of Agriculture was esta- blished in London, with the very limited means allowed by govern- ment of 3000l. per annum. This trifling sum has already been pro- ductive of the greatest advantages to the agriculture of the country, as well in improvements already made, as in pointing out others, that only require the sanction of parliament to be brought into action. The laudable motives recommended to that end I shall state in their own words, as promoting a general view of the inquiries essential for the internal improvements of the kingdom. ^. “ 1. The riches to be obtained from the surface of the national territory. - - -. - ^. • - “ 2. The mineral or subterraneous treasures of which the country is possessed. * .” “3. The wealth to be derived from its streams, rivers, canals, inland navigations, and the fisheries, on its coasts. * - “4. The means of promoting the improvement of the people in re- gard to their health, industry, and morals, founded on a statistical stir- vey, a minute and careful inquiry into the actual state of every paro. chial district in the kingdom, and the circumstances of its inhabitants.” It has, unfortunately for the country, happened that rooted jealousy has always been kept alive betwixt the commercial, and what is termed the landed interest; each having and acting upon distinct and separate maxims, instead of uniting and co-operating for their re- ciprocal and common benefit. The commercial interests have entirely looked to a foreign trade, and never cast a moment's reflection on domestic advantages to raise at home, at a less price, those very arº 491 ticles they are sending a large capital abroad to procure, merely be- cause it is a distant possession; nor have the landed interest ever attempted to supplant the foreign produce, nor act in conjunction, in salutary views, with the mercantile.; but made, as it were, con- tracted municipal laws and regulations for the produce of the soil, which have checked its cultivation and extension at home, and thrown us dependent upon foreign nations, serving only to give a stimulus to their commercial interests. f * - This jealousy has been of great detriment to the country; the landed and commercial interests are so intimately connected and interwoven, that in this nation, of all others, they ought particularly to co- operate with and be reconciled; the latter could maintain its supe- riority, whilst the former would fall. We have a convincing -proof in Flanders; her commerce has fled, and increased in other countries; but her land and her proprietors are left behind ; its reduced value, at the present moment, compared to what it was when her commerce flourished, is as 30 to 9. Upon this subject I cannot express my sen- timents more clearly than in a judicious author's own words, published a considerable time ago. - - . . . . . “As the enlargement of our commerce has thus so vastly increased. “ the value of our lands, as well as of our general riches, it is no less “ certain and self-evident, that any sensible decrease of our commerce “would infallibly sink the value and rents of lands in a similar pro- “ portion. Our cities and manufacturing towns, which do now con- “...sume such immense quantities of the produce of our lands, being: “ then depopulated, our farms would thereby be deserted, and per- “haps even the entire rents might in time scarcely be sufficient to: “ support the numberless poor, then destitute of employment: in “ which lamentable situation, it is no exaggeration to assert, that the “ landed interest would be more sensibly affected than even the mer- “ chants, traders, and manufacturers themselves; as the latter could, “ at the worst, and doubtless would, mostly remove to other coun- “ tries; whilst the former must necessarily stick to their lands, which “ then would find but very few purchasers, and at low rates. The “ bare possibility of so sad a declension ought surely to keep us per- * - 3 R 2 - 492 “petually watchful; more especially as almost every nation in Europe “ is at this time earnestly striving to rival us, either in our staple ma- “nufactures, our fisheries, our plantations, or our naval power.” We have already treated of our trade, navigation, and manufac- tures; their rise, present state, and the source of riches they have been to the nation ; insomuch as to have arrived apparently at their highest state. It is high time, considering the state of our national debt and that of the country, and the frequent attempts of other nations to rival us, that we should turn our attention to those unemployed resources we have at home, resources of a sure and more permanent nature than any of an external kind, which are precarious, which should be aided by government, wisely managed and properly directed at the outset, to combine and cement the landed and commercial interest in the yoke; for there are but few ar- ticles of necessity and of real utility that we cannot raise or manufac- ture in this country; and whilst our merchants are finding foreign vent, our land-owners and manufacturers will at the same time reap the be- nefit, as will the country greater power. It, however, entirely rests with the government and the landed interest; for although it might raise in some commercial minds, at the first, a degree of futile opposition, yet they would soon find their interest in employing their capitals and attention in new objects, attended with greater profit and more secu- rity at home than abroad. In addition to the present produce of our soil in grain, and "the additional quantities we might raise to export, we might raise the greatest part of our naval stores within ourselves, particularly hemp and flax ; by growing which, the landed interest of this country alone might avail themselves of employing the poor, and lessen, if not en- tirely do away the poor's-rates; which would afford the durable advan- tage of increasing the value of the land, and taking off that heavy tax, which they principally pay for supporting the poor. 'These three articles, of grain, hemp, and flax, we have only men- tioned as an instance of what might be done immediately advanta- geous to the landed interest, without eosideration of national advan- tage; but which, as a primary object, particularly when it enriches 493 the individual; and the remaining resources will be treated of, as we must take into view the promoting and extending our fisheries, which will employ our own capital and people, furnish foreign markets with the fish, the oil supplying the place of the import of tallow, for which upwards of a million and a half is yearly paid to foreigners; iron, we can produce for not only our own consumption but expor- tation. In short, we shall dwell upon those means of industry we can exercise, and of those articles we can produce amongst ourselves, (dis- tinct from grain) to shew the resources and means we have in store at home, and the landed and commercial interest uniting, that we can still increase in wealth, power, and independence, by our own domestic industry and resources at home, and by our trade abroad. It is but lately that we escaped the prospect of being driven by force to such an expedient, and it may occur again. -- f The extent of England and Wales together are 37,334,400 acres, with a population of about nine millions of souls. Scotland and Pre- land together are computed to contain the same number of acres as England and Wales. The population of Scotland is 1,600,000, that of Ireland 4,250,000. To the above we may add 470,000 soldiers and sailors. + - By this account, the number of acres in Great Britain and Ire- land may be reckoned at 75,000,000 and a population of 15,200,000. souls. - - - - . . Of the capable improvement of the soil of England only, we cannot. give a more descriptive account than the one stated in 1794, by the Board of Agriculture, for improving the territory of the kingdom; in- stancing one county only, which is the county of Cambridge, not so highly cultivated as that of Warwick. - On different reports given in to the Board, that from the county of Cambridge is by far the most minute; the surveyor having, with great. labour, gone from parish to parish; and, in general, having attained sufficient information, in regard to stock, produce, and population. At the conclusion of this report, he recapitulates the increase of rent which may be expected, by improving the cultivation of 319,300, acres in that county only, and states as follows: º 494 Increased rent - - , - . Total increase, Acres. - Description of land. • per acre." 150000 Waste and unimproved fen . . . . . . . . Io o will make zºo o . 132000 Open and common field arable land . . . . . 8 O 5280O O . 19800 Inferior pasture . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 - 9487 IO . ?500 Upland common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 4123 of 8000 Offen common . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 O 4000 O 2000 Of half yearly meadow land . . . . . . . 8 6 850 o 319300 acres, at an average of 9s. per acre . tº º . w . . . . 146262 o - *. - t ** - - *** *-* *= - - The above increased rent, it is evident, can only arise from increased produce, or decreased expenses, but principally from the former; and it is not unreasonable to say, that the tenant ought to have of increased produce alone, thrice the increased rent; or, in . . the county of Cambridge, deducting smaller sums, to 438,000l. per a]]]] Ul Iſl. * , - - - To prove that this is a low calculation, it is sufficient to remark, that stating the additional produce of 319,300 acres, at 438,000l. is only at the rate of about 11. 7s. per acre, which surely cannot be. called too high an estimate. t That in order to judge what addition this would make to the na-. tional capital, the increased produce ought to be multipled by thirty; hence, the total value, at thirty years purchase, would amount to 13,140,000l. - - That in the view of the additional population, the result is equally satisfactory. According to the common calculation, 10l. at an ave- rage, is sufficient for every human being, men, women, and children: included ; consequently, 438,000l. of additional produce would fur- nish subsistence to 43,800 additional inhabitants. The general result, in regard to Cambridgeshire, is as follows: - Number of acres to be improved, 319000 . . . . . . Addition of rent, at the average of about 9s, per acre . . . st 146,262 Additional produce, at 11. 7s. per acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438,000 Addition to the national capital, at thirty years purchase of the -- \ - . . • 13, 140,000 produce • e e o e s e a e 'e - Probable increase or population, 43800 souls , . * . . . " That for the purpose of calculating the extent to which improve- 4.95 ments may be carried in the kingdom at large, it is necessary to state that, according to the computation of the celebrated Dr. Halley, Cambridgeshire is a seventieth part of England and Wales, conse- quently the above results are to be multiplied by seventy, in order to ascertain the improvable value and population of the southern part of the United Kingdom. The result of that calculation would be as follows: - - - Number of acres to be improved, £22,350,000 - Addition of rent, at the average of about 9s. per acre . . . 10,057,950. Additional produce, at ll. 7s. per acre . . . . . . . 30,173,850: Addition to the national capital, at thirty years purchase of the produce • ? . 905,915,500. Probable increase of population, 3,017,385 souls If there are 22,000,000 acres of land uncultivated in England. only, at least eleven of those would prove good land when cultivated; and that might be done on an average at no expense to government, and with an advance never exceeding 14,000,000l. sterling. The person who attempts to improve waste land should at least have resources of his own to one-third the amount of what it will COSt to bring it to answer; and, supposing three years necessary to bring it to pay for the expenses laid out, government might very safely lend the other two-thirds, by an issue of exchequer bills, such as were issued in 1793. - - Suppose, then, government determined on this measure, and that half a million of acres should be improved every year, then it would be thus: - - - - * & • . & -> * Sum advanced. . Year. Yearly advance. Šum advanced. Year. Yearly advance... . }* 50000() 5GOOO6) 7. 1500000 . . 8500000 2. . . 1000000 . 1500000. 8 I 5002OO . 10000000, 3 I5(){}OOO . . 2500000 9 1500000 . 1 1500000 4. . 1 500000 4000000 : 10 1500000 ... 13000000 5. 1500000 . 5500000 ! { 1000000 . . . 14000000 6 1500000' . i2 500000: ... ... 14500000. 7(300000- After the tenth year the proprietors would pay back again, so that 14,500,000l. would be the greatest sum that would at any time be in. advance; and, as the interest would be regularly, paid, and the secu- rity the most undoubted, no injury could arise to the nation: and, in * 496 twenty-two years, there would be eleven millions cultivated; which would give room for an increased population of three millions of peo- ple: or, as the taxes of the country are to the acres that are cultiva- ted, in the proportion of 1.88. to an acre, the whole thus cultivated would bear a taxation equal to fifteen millions, which is a greater revenue annually, than the whole sum lent would be at any one time. -> How much advantage would there not be in this to the state, even if the first money were never to be repaid P But, as 4!. on an acre remaining on mortgage, would only make 4s. interest at five per cent. it would perhaps be better to leave the reimbursement optional with the landholder; in which case, there would be no advance of money by the nation, as it would be the borrower with one hand, and the lender on the other; as, in 1793, was done with exchequer bills, to assist the commerce of the country. - In the improvement of waste land, a point might be obtained, which in those already cultivated, and the property of individuals, is impracticable. - Where the property is once alienated without any condition stipu- lated, to make any would be contrary to the established right which individuals have over their property; but, in the first alienation of lands, it would be no infringement of any right; and though it would diminish their value, perhaps, a little, it might be a public advan- tage. But when we consider that it is only a loan, and a loan on good security, it is impossible not to see the advantage; and seeing it once, it will be inexcusable not to make the attempt. i In alienating the common lands, it might be made a regulation that one-fourth, or one-third, should be always in corn, more or less, in proportion to the nature of the soil; and this being an original condi- tion of the tenure, could be no injustice. Some such regulation would be advantageous; for not only does the importation of corn al- ready absorb a great part of the balance of trade that would be in our favour; but if it goes on to increase, there will be no means of find- ing money to pay for the quantity we shall want; for, since the year 4792, the first cost of grain imported into this country has not cost it 497 less than betwixt thirty and forty millions sterling, and all that in ready money gone out of the country for ever; whilst during that period, had it been applied to the similar purposes now suggested, it would have improved all the waste land, and planted those with timber not susceptible of cultivation throughout the kingdom ; and at this time we should not only have become exporters of grain, but the strength and resources of the country would have been formidable; whilst, on the other hand, the high price of grain increases the poor's rate, and augments the wages of labour to such a degree, if no new measures are adopted, as will tend greatly to banish manufactures from this country, notwithstanding all the mechanical means of abridging labour that we can devise. - - The growing of timber is an object next to the improving of waste lands in importance, and very similar in its nature ; it makes lands that are unfit for the common purposes of vegetation, produce ; and, like the improvement of land, the returns of it are at a very distant day. sº -- - The land fit for planting, and for planting only, is frequently in the possession of men who are not in the affluent circumstances that are necessary for sinking a sum of money, even though small, for a term beyond the expectation of human individual existence. In such a case it would be well for the state to advance a certain sum, to be re- turned with interest at certain periods. It would be a mortgage, not on the soil, but on the crop ; and as payment could never be evaded, so as to defraud the lender, so likewise it never could become burthen- some to the proprietor of the land who had borrowed it. It follows from this, that as men of money seek for other employ- ments for it than the improving of land, and men without money can do nothing, government should assist in the business. The history of the world in general, and particularly that of Eng- land, shews, that no nation is ever great or distinguished in any particular way, but in consequence of great care, attention, and ex- ertion. Our navy and our external commerce, which have risen together, have been fostered with very great care; but our internal 3 S 498 resources have been left, as it were, to themselves; that is to say, to the care of individuals. - The spirit of commerce is in some measure unfriendly to all those operations, where a great interval of time is wanting before there is a return ; and, in particular, if in the interim, the funds are employed in a way that cannot readily and at any time be realised : now the most beneficial operations, and those that produce the most lasting good effects are of this nature. & - We have no wish here to enter into an argument with Mr. Adam Smith's principle about commerce in every way finding its level: in the great and general principle we do agree ; but there are still some particular considerations; as, for instance, it may find its level at a very late period, previous to which much evil may arise ; or it may find its level by producing some very bad effect: for Mr. Smith does not tell us that in every case it will find its level without doing mis- chief. He only tells us it will find its level. It was thus that Italy found its level in population, and became a desert, in comparison to what it had been, owing to the neglect of agriculture in its grandeur and prosperity. { r - With respect to the fisheries, the cultivation of hemp and flax, and the employment of the poor, the general principles are well enough understood. There the object is not what is to be done, but to point out how it is to be. This, therefore, we must refer to the particular chap- ters, in which each is treated separately; observing, in the gross, that if these subjects are attended to, our imports from foreign countries. will be greatly diminished, and our capacity to bear the burthens laid upon us greatly increased ; so that we shall be enabled to combat the open hostilities of our professed enemies, and to avert the bad conse- quences that may arise from the ill founded jealousies of those from whom we at present draw many articles necessary for the support of our independence. - $º Warmly as an individual may think of plans which he has formed, it ill becomes him to propose them in a positive, dictatorial style, as if they were infallible ; but in this case it is fair to say, that the object is great, that it is desirable; it might even perhaps be said necessary; 499 and that there can at least be no objection to trying the experiment; as it has evidently been demonstrated that the habits and manners of the people will never accomplish it, without the assitance of go- vernment. . gº wºn rr-w - - - -- " - - --> gººmsºmºsº CHAP. IV. Of the Corn Trade. THERE is no object more intimately connected with the prosperity of a country than the sustenance of the people; and corn is the chief article, not only in itself, but is that which by its price regulates all others. - - Sudden rises in the price of provisions have a very hurtful effect on a. manufacturing country, as they augment the wages of labour, which has a tendency to banish manufacturers from a country altogether. As few subjects are more essential, so there are scarcely any more difficult to regulate, on account of the number of interests that are to be conciliated. - - - Corn is the only great, essential article of subsistence that admits of becoming a general object of commerce. Butcher's meat, in the ag- gregate, is an article of importance, not very much inferior; but then it is very different in its nature from corn. Particular circumstances of detail, and those of a very intricate and minute sort, are required in dealing in cattle. Skill is the first thing, and every single beast must be examined ; whereas 20 or 100,000 sacks of wheat may be purchased at once, and may either be kept or sold, in whole or in part, without any detail or difficulty. - As for other articles of subsistence, they are still of less importance; insomuch, that those two alone are equal in value and amount to all the others that are necessary to the sustenance of man; not, however, taking into account a number of small articles of consumption, such as garden stuffs, and fruits of various sorts, which are produced on particular spots, and being of a nature not to bear preserving, are consumed nearly at the time and place where they were produced, and therefore only make a trafficking detail, not upon the great scale. 3 S 2 500 As, excepting fish, nearly all the eatables used by man, are the produce of land, of which, corn not only is the principal, but it has all the qualities necessary for constituting it an article of commerce on the great scale, it therefore regulates the rent of land, the Wages of labour, and the prices of other sorts of provisions. - - To go completely into the corn trade, would require a volume, but this like most other subjects, has been treated on at too great length, and the regulations adopted have been complicated ; they ought to have been more simple, for practicability (for one thing) is necessary for every plan of regulation, and what is complicated is seldom very prac- ticable, or if executed, it is but in an imperfect way. . In the regulation of so great a business it is not necessary to attempt at remedying every evil, but rather to put the matter upon such a foot- ing as that there will be a natural tendency for things to go nearly right; to aim at more is useless; in every thing human, there is error and imperfection ; as in all machines there is friction, and as the fric- tion increases with the weight and power, so will the imperfections of human institutions increase with their importance. As the subject relative to corn has been treated of by many of the most eminent men, and has been investigated by the legislature, and analized in every shape, we shall simply enter into a few remarks aris- ing from commercial notions, more immediately connected with the nature of the work, and make such observations on the quarters we have been treating, that some important information may be derived by the country, in its present circumstances. . As seasons are precarious, even if our cultivation was extended to the utmost of which it is capable in this country, it is a certain fact, admitted by all, that we are not certain of having every year produce adequate to the consumption ; and it is no less a fact, that even a good year's crop is now scarcely sufficient, and a bad one com- pels us to make very considerable importations. This is remarkably evident within the last ten years. . . • . . . . The CauSeS to which this may be attributed are so many and various, ... that neither inclination nor space will allow us to go into them ; but in *:::: . **onder that they may, by more able heads, receive suggestions to be improved upon for the general welfare of the country, we will give Some details. - - . . - 501 So far as regards the grain trade of Europe, and the Baltic being deemed its granary, we shall more immediately confine ourselves to it. It was from thence Britain used to receive her supplies long before the discovery of America. In 1437, King Henry sent to the King of Den- mark to assist him with supplies of grain; in a few years after it be- gan to find its way in such abundance, that King Edward IV, pro- hibited the importation when the price in England was under six shil- lings and eight pence per quarter for wheat, four shillings for rye, and three shillings per quarter for barley. The production of grain in Poland must have been carried to a very great extent at an early period: in the year 1618 that kingdom sent down no less than 1,203,268 quarters of all sorts of grain to Dantzic, from which city in that year 1,367,784 quarters was exported, above a million of quarters of which was rye; the price which it sold in that year at Dantzic was from four shillings and five pence to four shillings and nine pence per quarter, according to the observations made when treating of the corn trade of that city. In the same year the market price of wheat at Windsor was forty-six shillings and eight pence per quarter, the year previous it is found two shillings per quarter higher, and in 1619 thirty-five shillings and four pence per quarter; by these circum- stances we may easily conceive the early importance of the corn trade in the Baltic ; laying so conveniently to Holland, it was soon mono- polized by the merchants of that country, which monopoly it preserved from the earliest period till the commencement of the last war, when England began to import so considerably. The partition of Poland first, and the French revolution next, have not tended more to give a new face to the corn trade than to com- merce in general, which we shall endeavour to shew, because, eventu- ally, if not at present, both will affect the interests of this country, un- less it seize the present opportunity which circumstances have thrown in its way. - .." g * - In consequence of the partition of Poland, the nobles and landed proprietors turned their attention and exertions to agriculture, when they had no longer any share in the government of the country. The wheat which formerly was sent down from Poland, is now so far supe- rior to what it was from the same quarter ten years ago, that it obtains from one-sixth to a quarter more in price than formerly; it is not only 502 that they are improving their system of agriculture, but breaking up fresh lands, which in the Ukraine are rich and luxuriant, centrally situated betwixt the Baltic and the Black Sea ; they have the choice of those two markets owing to the great attention paid by the Russia government to the trade of the latter sea, and the port of Odessa in particular. - - ~ The part of Poland belonging to Austria, and part of the possessions of that empire have the same advantages: Spain can always be sup- plied by both channels, particularly the latter, being placed betwixt the two outlets, so that we must in times of peace lose a part of that carrying trade; Russia, not only by the Black Sea, but by the Baltic, as well as the White or North Sea, from the great natural facilities in that immense empire by rivers, now promoted by canals already formed, and others in execution, will be the means of pouring immense stocks of grain into the western markets; now that the spirit of agriculture has got into the north. We have already given a state of the corn trade of Russia, by which it will be seen, that its exportation has more than trebled in the course of eight years. It is not only in the division of Poland, which is possessed by Russia, Austria, and Prusssia, that agri- culture is improving and extending, but throughout their respective dominions; entirely stimulated by the want and demand from England for the last ten or twelve years in particular. - Of Mecklenburg we have already given a full statement: we find from an unprofitable soil and forest, it has become well cultivated and productive, and consequently rich, within a short period; an ex- ample to this, and all other nations. - - It is at the expense of Britain that the corn countries of the conti- ment have been so richly benefited. From being great exporters, which we were from 1688 to 1765 we directly turn importers; from the year 1771 to 1790, both years inclu- sive, according to Mr. Catherwood's table the balance has been against us in that period £5901969 paid for grain and bounties; but this is a trifling sum compared to what it has cost the country since that period, as the following statement will shew ; likewise the state of the corn trade of this country during the period we have mentioned. 503 A Table; shewing the average Prices ºf middling Wheat, per Statute Quarter; the average Excess of the Eaports of every sort of Corn, Flour, and Meal; the average Imports of the same ; and the whole Bounties paid on the Corn exported and imported, during the Years of the several Averages : - - § . !. É 3 ºrg; * , * . * : ä, ö $ 3 ; : ‘5 ºp ‘à ép 2, 5 ... à 3 : § to § .# 3 bp ºf ºr 2747 || 2349 3 W Matt . . . . . . . — — — || – — 3.175 5O -3 || 3 K Qats . . . . . . . — 594972 || 157988 || – 200 475066 || 391 102 § | Q, Pease . . . . . . — | 2 4 - 4 2 366 || 1064 . 3 × Rye • . . . . . * *mºnºs — 391 I I 21 ; ā- Wheat . . . . . . . * 46325 345 — — 168937 || 101901 º Flour . . . CWts 5602 || - 261 159 203 91623 43143 | Tº y Grits . . . . . . — 7 | – 1248 || 4 || 1636 : ) Qats . . . . . . . *- 93I48 27066 949 1276 108.189 76619 t_ Wheat . . . . . . . — — -— — * 84 --- Such is the immense quantity of grain imported into Great Britain and Ireland in so short a period. The exportation from both islands has been but a mere trifle at any one period, and then at a low price, as may naturally be supposed; it must be inferred that the expor- tation from Ireland has been to England and Scotland. Such immense importations, in quantity and value, originating from want and consequent high prices, excited the attention of the le- gislature, which has, with great solicitude, endeavoured to remedy the evil, by investigating, with indefatigable exertions, the primary cause: The report of the committee of the House of Commons cannot be more emphatically expressed than in their own words. “Your committee recommend the adoption of measures calculated to pro- 3 T 506. - mote the interests of the grower, conceiving that a due encourage- ment to agriculture is the best and most effectual mode of ensuring to the consumer an adequate and regular supply, at a reasonable rate, as well as of obviating those frequent fluctuations in price so injurious both to the grower and the public; and also in future to secure to this country, as far as possible, the advantage of such enormous sums, as your committee find, have exceeded thirty millions in the last thirteen years, which sums, employed in the purchase of corn abroad, cannot fail to have operated as a bounty upon the agriculture of foreign countries, to the detriment of our own; whereas it appears, by the corn returns, that in the course of years, when the regulations were most favourable to the growers, and when the least check was put upon the trade, the export of corn from this kingdom, for more than sixty years in succession, produced annually six or seven hundred thousand pounds, leaving besides, at a regular and moderate price, an ample sufficiency for the home consumption.” .* Paying due respect to the committee, it is much to be feared, reckoning the actual first cost, (principally drawn for at an unfavourable exchange,) and all the charges, and adding the bounties, that that sum is considerably below what it has cost the country during that period. The bounties paid in Great Britain on the importation of grain, &c. amounted, in the undermentioned years, to - * - 1796 . . . .espg884 1801 . . . . * 1420335||1803 . . . .643977 1800 . . . . 44886 1802 . . . . 715328 - Which unquestionably operated as a bounty to the foreigner, they had no other market than Britain, where they could get so high a price, or be so well paid. ... • * - The evil does not only consist in the ready money the nation has actually paid, but the capital with which it has furnished the foreigners to improve their lands, and enable them to enter into competition with us in other markets, if we should be fortunate enough in future to become exporters; but the corn at these periods has been brought to our markets, chiefly in foreign shipping, whilst our own vessels have been laid up; this is a loss to that part of our national capital; this is no inconsider- 507 able sum, of which we may be judged by the following estimate of the importation, during that period, reduced into tons. Years 1791 . Tons 257142 1796 . Tons 379208 - 1801 . Tons 46793& - 179g. . . . 212860 i.797 . . . 183627 | 1802 . . . 249684 1793 . . . . 273629 1798 . . . 244709 | 1803 . . . 169589 1794 . . . 254956 1799 . . . 193890 - 1795 . . . . 160193 | 1800 . . . 422814 * ... Aſ * ** So great were our wants, that we were glad to get the grain in any shipping, navigated in any manner, and paying heavy freights, whilst our own had but a very limited share of this great traffic. - To sum up the whole, or to give a true estimate of the heavy loss to the nation during this period, might be deemed a wanton exaggeration. g On comparing the first table with the report of the committee, supposing it is the medium betwixt the two, less than half the sum, in half the time of that importation of grain has cost the country, would have brought all the waste lands in the kingdom susceptible of cultivation into a proper state ; by which, as we have already shewn, we should not only have kept so much money at home, but have precluded a rival- ship in other nations, by those we have furnished with capital to cope with us in future, although we have superior advantages by our own produce and manufactures. Unfortunately, we have too many refine- ments and restrictions in the corn trade of this country, which is more shackled than in some other. Doctor Adam Smith observes, very justly, that “the laws concerning COIn may every where be compared to the laws concerning religion ; the people feel themselves so much interested in what relates to their subsistence in this life, or to their happiness in a life to come, that government must yield to their pre- judices, and in order to preserve the public tranquillity, establish that system which they approve of.” . . . When treating, in the previous chapter, of what was implied in speak- ing of the resources of the country, we have pointed out the only proba- ble means to be applied at home. If the population of England and Wales, at the revolution, was stated at 7380000; it has been found by the enumeration of 1801 to be 9330000; and that, as Mr. Chalmer says, it was stated to the House of Commons in 1797, that the acts of inclosure and extent of acres were, - ~ . . 3 T 2 508 *- º In Queen Anne's Reign . . . . . 2 Acts . . . . . . . 1439 Acres. * King George I. — . . . . 16 . . . . . 17660 — George II. — . . . 226 — . . . ; 3.18778 — George III. — * @ 6 1532, — e 2804, 197 --~~. A - -- ^ 3142074 Acres. * - tºpºgºsº / - The same gentleman estimates that the total consumption of the present population, is g l For bread corn . . . . . . . . . . . 9330000 quarters. Corn made into drink . . . . . . . . . 4665000 - Corn for cattle, poultry, &c. . . . . . . . , 4665000 The total of home consumption . 18660000 *g If then the consumption of the nation be upon the average, at two Winchester quarters per head, and supposing our crop to be deficient in a moderate degree, the price will be immediately influenced. When an alarm is spread of a deficiency of the crop as it generally is, in round numbers, of one-half, one-third, or a quarter ; it is even, when still less, a serious affliction to the nation, notwithstanding the higher price will diminish the consumption; and therefore we should set about mea- sures to put us above being in want, even in an ordinary year, so that the surplus of a bountiful year should, by some means, be pre- served, to make up the defect of a bad one, otherwise most serious consequences must arise. . The greatest importation into this country was, in the year 1801, as will be seen by the tables already given. In that year we imported into Great Britain 2027515 quarters of grain, 1125704 hundred weight of meal, and 310608 cwt. of rice, still the coun- was greatly distressed for want of bread, and very high prices were paid ; and that importation was not more than one-sixth of the con- sumption. . . . . . . . . . . . From America we received considerable supplies: it is that country which alone can, at present, enter into competition with the Baltic. France, in the year 1764, first allowed exportation of grain, but her agriculture has not sufficiently improved to be brought into questions the acquisition of Flanders will not at all times provide that country with grain, that is the whole of the French territory; of this we had, an instance in 1801 and 1802. - 509 According to the materials, and the best information which could be obtained, the exportation of grain from the Baltic, in the year 1801, appears to have been only 2012254 quarters, whilst, in the year 1802, it was 2594832 to all parts; why it should be greater in the latter than. the former year may be accounted for by the high prices grain sold for in the Baltic, the demand for rye from Holland for the distilleries, and the great purchases of corn made in the interior, which would have gone down by the Black Sea, if the winter had not favoured the carriage on those rivers falling down to the Baltic. Those conveyances and channels, in future, (owing to the general improvement in the coun- try,) will be still more frequented. w * As we have already pointed out by what means we may increase our own domestic growth, and regain the exportation, there are some very important considerations to be taken into question, in which our former sentiments will be confirmed, relative to the co-operation of the landed and commercial interest. If in this point they cannot be se- parated, if the welfare of the country is to be considered in every point of view, we have already partly prepared the mind for the ab- solute necessity of devising some effectual means, not only to produce a sufficient stock for our own consumption, but to create an exportations trade; therefore the following suggestions may be useful to those where power and talents can be called forth to accomplish an object of such, ^ national importance, when, so fit an opportunity presents itself. Rea-- sons have been assigned of the effects which Poland has produced by its partition. We must next advert to the French revolution, and the effects it likewise has produced on the corn trade. The south shores of the Baltic Sea were properly, till 1794, the grana-- ries of Holland; so unfettered was the corn trade, even in that country, , , that it was found the magazine of the world, and those nations fre- quently which exported to Holland had it back again at a higher price. The Dutch were invariably purchasers of grain in the Baltic markets; before winter set in, they imported from thence, in their own. ships chiefly, and others to Holland, and there it was stored up for a market, either for Spain, Portugal, France, or this country, being: ever ready for any market; and, if there was any sudden demand in * .510 other quarters, or sales to be made, then their own ships were ready to transport it. In the midst of dearth or famine, Holland had always a plentiful supply of grain for her own consumption, and *some to sell to other nations, although within her own territory, she does not pro- duee sufficient for herself. Her capital and the freedom of her trade gave Holland these superior advantages; she bought with ready money, was the carrier of the cargo, and sold it on credit; the buyer and the seller always looked to Holland. After the subjugation of that coun- try, Hamburg attempted it a little, as will be seen by a table of the importation and exportation, when treating of that city; but, during the blockade, it can be no longer continued. That trade from the Baltic is now driven away, by the French, and no where can it be so central or secure as in Britain. Nature, or rather Providence, has formed this island an impregnable emporium, where all the world, but particularly those who are driven from the trade of Holland and Hamburg, would readily fly, if we would give them a courteous recep- tion. The world is sensible of our security, as they are convinced of our being free; and where there is security and freedom, commerce will always flourish. Situated as we are, betwixt the Baltic and the southern parts of Europe, and likewise for the trade between Europe and Ame- rica, Britain should become the magazine of the universe. It will then be the wisest and soundest policy to make Britain an entrepôt for grain ; her own interest demands it; and, we trust, to con- vince the landed interest that our suggestions are not speculative, but that they arise from observation and experience. '. The effect of the French revolution, with respect to the corn trade, in driving it from Holland, should be the introducing it into this country; this may prudently be done, in a manner not to hinder our own production, or prevent its exportation, but to promote both: for the foreigners finding that we are no longer such great importers as formerly, will, in the end, produce less grain; and, by being producers ourselves, instead of consumers, we shall cut the sinews of COIſle- * It is said that even in the end of the 15th century, that Holland had generally 700,000 to 1000,000 quarters of foreign grain in store for a market. * * - sº • 511 petition against us; so that we shall be enabled to regulate the corn. trade of Europe. 2 Let all foreign grain be allowed importation at all times into Great Britain, under the king's lock, upon the principle of an entrepôt ; there let it lay the pleasure of the owner for a market. We are better. situated for it than Holland; if any demand should be made from the southern markets, our own ships can be got out from our ports at all seasons of the year, which is not the case in Holland. On this account, in addition to the important one already stated, foreigners. will always prefer this country. & From foreign grain being stored in this manner, would arise a cer- tain advantage to the country. If, whilst our waste lands are getting into cultivation, any failure of our crops should take place, the stock on hand might be brought into the market by the regulations of the present act. Monopoly, which is so much cried down, would not exist in the face of a large unknown stock; and if the price advanced, un- der these circumstances, it would rise from an actual deficiency in the country, to supply which we should then always have a stock in store; for want of such stock, prices frequently rapidly advance here, and the advance is anticipated abroad; so that it costs us enormous prices. unnecessarily created. We speak from fact and our own knowledge, that, was such a prin- ciple adopted, the corn dealers in the north of Europe, and those who have long been in the trade in other quarters, would eheerfully avail themselves of it. Although corn may at present be landed under the king's lock, it is subject to a small duty, to an inconvenience and re- straint, that those in a foreign country will not subject themselves to ; and the consequent heavy expenses and loss in measure, when stored, for want of proper granaries; but, in case of absolute necessity, the foreign corn merchants, particularly in the Baltic, have frequently large supplies coming down from the interior, when they have an old, Harge stock on hand, they wish to divide it, a part at home, and the other abroad, ready for a market; and what place is so eligibly situated as: England 2 Thus we should have a great foreign capital in grain lay- 512 ^-- ing here: if our wants should require their stocks, that part of the capital which our corn merchants at present supply, would come into circulation for other purposes. - / . It would be too great an inducement, and certainly the cause of a more considerable stock coming to this country, if the native ships, from whence the corn grew, were to be, the carriers to England; and, in time of peace, or to countries in amity with this, it ought to be ex- ported in British shipping. Foreigners complain, and perhaps with some reason, of our heavy expenses ; and above all, the great loss of measure in grain; when warehoused in London particularly, they complain to the merchant, the merchant to the factor, and he to the occupier of the granaries under whose care it has been promiscu- ously housed.—The system of the granaries at Dantzic, which we have described, is in Some measure worthy of imitation. To obviate these complaints, as we have a spirit in the nation for making docks, and erecting buildings, encouraged by the warehousing or bonding act; similar establishments might be made in this country, for grain, and were even intended so early as 1623, when King James issued a proclama- tion, upon deliberate advice with the privy council, to allow the mer- chants to erect magazines in the ports of London, Dover, Portsmouth, Southampton, Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth, Ipswich, Lynn, Yarmouth, Hull, Newcastle, Chester, Liverpool and Haverfordwest, besides the ports, all the shire towns of the realm ; * some restrictions, it is true, were imposed in duties and limitation of price in this country; otherwise the principle was good, and admitted a free importation and exportation of foreign grain at all times; but, when our own wants raised the price, to bring it out for home consumption. It is not only from the Baltic that considerable supplies of grain would be sent to such an entrepôt, but from America; their conscious security of the country, although they were seeking for markets, would always induce them, as they now often do, to touch at Cork or Fal- mouth, to learn the state of the European markets, or call for orders. * As barracks are already erected, they might, at a small expense, when not occupied, be appropriated to this purpose, near the great towns where they are principally placed. 5'13' Great numbers of the American merchants, and they are mostly bold and enterprizing, would at once send their produce here for a market, and take our manufactures in return ; and the trade to America, we have already shewn, is nearly as much in our favour as the Baltic is against us. - - * . : The spirit of agriculture is widely extending in America ; the lands there are much more reasonable than in any part of Europe; notwith- . standing the high rate of labour, they will be competitors with the Baltic produce in the European markets. * - It will be demanded by the landed interest, (whose intention has been to exclude a single bushel of foreign corn from being brought into this country,) why we should facilitate the agriculture of foreigners, by making this island an entrepôt, that they might take the first advan- tage of any market? * - • , i. This is answered by suffering foreign corn to be landed and exported here, without any restriction, in proper warehouses, in the manner al- ready stated; but that it should not be sold for home consumption, except under the restrictions of the present or some more judicious act; it would check monopoly and speculation; it would save bounties, and, in years of scarcity, we should have a stock; it would not have the effect which has been advanced, of deterring the farmer from extending his production of grain, because the bounty, by making a sure mar- ket, on the one hand, and the protecting price on the other, would always keep him free from alarm. Besides, in this country, if the cir- culation of our native grain was perfectly free and unrestrained, throughout both islands, it would always give life to the sale of our grain, by doing away the restrictions of one part of the United King- dom with the other, as we have done one district from another. The conveying the surplus of grain in our shipping, the produce of one dis- trict to another that was deficient, or the seat of manufactures, would encourage the coasting trade, consequently be a partial nursery for sea- men, at a time the foreign grain might be laying in the warehouses ; and if we should have defective crops, we could constantly be supplied by foreign grain. The free circulation of our own grain, in Ireland, would discourage the consumption of foreign, till absolutely necessary; and then 3 U - 514 we have it at hand to check an inordinate foreign importation to glut our markets and oppress the farmer, the foreign stock on hand would in some measure tend to prevent it ; thus, at any event, by having the command of the carrying trade, as the Dutch formerly had, we should be enabled to have the control of foreign markets, and be continu- ally looked up to by the producer on one hand, and the consumer on the other; likewise we should find a vent, and secure a market for our native surplus, in years of plenty; in years of bad crops we should have a supply at hand : by these means the price in this country would always be kept free from those great fluctuations we have lately experienced in our corn-market. - * = • . Exclusive of the great advantage of such a system, in encouraging our own growth, some years must in the course of nature be defec- tive.” If we encourage the carrying trade, we shall always avoid the risk of great want; this opinion is confirmed by Dr. A. Smith, who, SayS, - - “ The trade of the merchant carrier of foreign corn, in order to ex- port it again, contributes to the plentiful supply of the home market. It is not indeed the direct purpose of his trade to sell his corn there, but he will generally be willing to do so, and even for a good deal less money than he might expect in a foreign market, because he saves, in this manner, the expense of loading and unloading, of freight, and in- surance. The inhabitants of the country, which, by means of the car- rying trade, becomes the magazine and storehouse for the supply of other countries, can very seldom be in want themselves.” : The reasons assigned, being confirmed by such high authority, will, it is hoped, claim the attention of government; it is an object worthy of consideration, when, as we have stated, the produce in the Baltic, (owing to the attention and great improvement in the countries south of that sea) will annually augment. America too will considerably in- crease and extend this branch of her trade; but we leave the supplies from that country out of question. We shall find that the aggregate of the exportation of corn from the Baltic alone, in ordinary years, * We have already observed, that in Sweden they count only on two or three good crops in ten years, three or four middling, and the remainder almost defective. r- 515 amounts to about two millions sterling; but, in extraordinary years of great demand, and consequently high prices, it has been equal to eight millions sterling in the first cost. - It has been stated, and very justly, that without grânting a bounty to encourage the exportation of our own growth, we cannot enter into foreign markets in competition with other countries. The system of bounties has been generally condemned as impolitic ; the gradual in- crease of price in this country has by degrees certainly been the means of raising the prices above what the foreigners raise grain. This cir- cumstance renders the system of bounties on importation more absurd than it otherwise would be, for the ordinary price of grain here is such as to command a supply. Bread is in general twice the price in Lon- don that it is in Paris; and indeed in the great dearth there, of 1789 and 1790, bread only rose to what it is in London on ordinary occa- sions, that is, to eight pence for the quartern loaf; in 1800, bread, in London, rose to six times its ordinary price in Paris, or nearly three times its highest price, yet we still paid a bounty for importation | | | Nothing could have admitted of such measures, but the absolute dread of a famine. - - - The lowest importation price in England is sufficient to command a supply, therefore there should never be a bounty in this nation, though perhaps there may be policy in having it in other nations to prevent famine, the ordinary prices being so low. This is a very important point indeed, and one which alone de- mands the most serious consideration of the legislature. We have al- ready, when treating of different countries, had in view their respective produce and traffic in corn, to shew their state to our readers in England. We have in this chapter stated the attention and extension they are all giving to the production of grain: these, and a few other re- marks are of no small importance, we therefore trust they may be use- ful to those who have the means to benefit by them. - In taking into consideration the observation which has been made, that we cannot enter into competition in foreign markets, is certainly at present a fact; in order to shew which, from what has been said, we will state, - 2." 3 U 2 '516 That, even at Archangel, the average price of wheat has been, for the last fifteen years, only about twenty-six shillings per quarter; some years it has been about twenty shillings per quarter, but then its quality is very inferior. In other parts of Russia it has been much the same in price, but of better quality, although those supplies were ra- ther higher by way of the Baltic ports. At Dantzic, the Poles reckon that they cannot bring down their wheat to pay them, unless they ob- tain about thirty-two shillings and six-pence per quarter, and nineteen shillings per quarter for rye; and the quality of wheat is such, that the better sorts sell nearly as high in our markets as our own better sorts of wheat. In Mecklenburg they look to a higher rate, on ac- count of its being the nearest market in the Baltic, more in the midst of population, and of course greater consumption and demand at all times from its own neighbourhood. * If then we contrast thosc priccs, as being those at which they can: afford to raise corn, and make a suitable profit, let us see what great encouragement they have had from us; this will appear by the average. prices of England and Wales for the following years: : & Years. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. i s. d. s. d s, d S. d. 1792 42 l i 3O 8 26 9 17 IO 1793 48 l I 35 | 1 31 9 21 3 - 1794 § L 8 37 9 32 IO 22 O e 1795 74 2 48 5 37 8 24, 9 1796 77 1 47 O 3 7 21 Q 1797 53 I 31 II 27 9 16 9 1798 50 3 3O I I 20 19 10 1799, 67 6. 43 9 || 36 O || 27 7 1800 | 113 7 || 76 II | 60 0 | 39 10 18OI 1 18 3 || 79 0 | 67 9 || 36 6 1802 67 5, 43 3 33 I 2O 7 18O3 56 6 36 l I 24, IO 2 I 3 This shews the profit the foreigners have made by us, at the same time our wants, and the great national loss we have sustained, for want of a more extended produce of grain, which will surely shew the neces- sity of immediately setting about the cultivation of waste lands, when 517 we have paid such large sums, that the average price has been so greatly beyond what we ever can raise grain. . . Unless we cultivate our waste lands, and devise some means within, ourselves to provide subsistence adequate to the population, (as a judi- cious author has said,) the population must come down to the sub- sistence. - . . , If abroad they look upon those prices here stated as paying them, and affording a suitable profit, we may easily judge, from the quanti- ties, this country has imported from thence, and the high price we have paid, how much better not only the state of the people, but the coun- tries must be, and how far we have furnished them with means. to cope against us, whilst the higher rents of lands in this country, neces- sarily require a bounty to be granted on that we export, (if we mean to export) even in years of plenty. $ When the price of grain shall be, as it ought throughout the king- dom, on an average, forty-eight shillings per quarter, it may be ex- ported ; but supposing a bounty of five shillings per quarter is allowed, still we can never enter into competition with the northern nations, excepting on any sudden emergency, or any extraordinary demand ; at a time when their navigation is shut by the season; when they will raise their prices in proportion with ours, even then the quantity we could spare would not be any object to this countr ; for, so soon as ever the idea of exportation was afloat, the prices would rise again too high ; so that from the price we have got corn in this country, com- pared to what they can produce it in the Baltic and America, we can- not become exporters, except casually; unless some effectual means are adopted very soon to encourage our own growth, and to make this island an entrepôt, to get the carrying trade, and by that means the commerce of the whole corn trade; so that if our own produce should at any time, by great and sudden exertion, be exported beyond what the country could spare, or our crops prove deficient, we have always. the chance of a foreign stock at home to resort to, at moderate prices, till our own succeeding crops put us beyond want or apprehension. To sum up the whole, the improvement of waste lands, the abolition: of bounties, and making this an entrepôt of grain, are the means by | 518 which we may obtain the object that is so desirable, and by which we can in future, judging by the past, on the average of thirteen years, save above three millions and a half sterling per annum. To consider the corn business in a mercantile and general way, with- out either entering into the details of interior regulations, or examining those general principles which forbid the legislature to interfere in the regulation of trade as much as possible, is our business in this work; and to apply what we have to say to the British islands, without con- sidering whether in other places and other circumstances, a different policy may not be necessary. - & The result of what we have examined, then, is . - 1st. That as Britain does not grow corn enough for itself, a bounty on exports is totally absurd, for that, if it could produce export, it would be doing us a real injury, but the fact is, that it can never operate for any length of time, as the very idea of it would raise the corn above the price allowed. --- . .* 2d. That a bounty on importation is useless and a dead loss to the nation, our prices here being always so much higher than those of other countries that it will cornmand a supply without any bounty. 3d. That the proper regulation of bounties is not, however, suffi- cient; we must find means of growing enough for our own Sup- ply, and this is only to be done by our improving the waste lands. e - *~ 4th. That, as in all our corn traffic with other nations, we sell cheap, and buy dear, it is ruinous on every principle. 5th. That as the quantity of corn consumed in the nation exceeds in va- lue the whole of our exports, on an average price, a very small defi- ciency will do more than consume that balance of trade that has for more than a century been in our favour; that is to say, in precise and plain terms, that if the crops of Britain and Ireland continue insufficient, and we have recourse to a foreign market for 4th only of the corn wanting, it will turn the balance of trade against us. - - fith. That the same operation of improving the waste lands would 5.19. diminish the poor's rate and increase the revenues of the coun- try. . . . 7th. That making this country an entrepôt of grain, for which the present circumstances are favourable, would tend to keep the price steady, it would be an advantage both to the landlord and the farmer, as well as very conducive to the prosperity of the country. - - And lastly, That the high price of grain, which regulates that of all other provisions, tends to undermine and destroy the manufac- - turing wealth and prosperity of this kingdom; and, therefore, that a remedy to its alarming augmentation cannot be too soon nor too eagerly sought after. - - Schedule (A.) shewing the Prices to which the Scale. of - Bounty is to attach on the Eaport of Corn, Ground Corn, Flour or Meal, Malt, &c. and the Prices at which the Exportation is prohibited. WHEAT, if at or under 48s. per quarter, a bounty on exportation of 5s. per quarter. Wheat-flour, 1s. 6d. per cwt. - Wheat meal, Is. 3d. per cwt. If above 54s, per quarter, no exportation allowed. Rye, if at or under...... ......32s, per quarter, a bounty on exportation of 38, per quarter. Rye, meal, or flour, 9 d. per cwt. . . If above 35s. per quarter, no exportation allowed. Pease and beans................. exportable, without bounty, till at or under 35s. per quarter. Barley, beer or big, or ). - - Imalt made of barley, (28s, per quarter, a boanty on exportation of 2s. 6d. per quarter. beer or big, if at or ( Barley, beer or big meal, 10 d. per cwt. under..........................) - - - * * * - If above 31s, per quarter, no exportation allowed. Oats, if at or under............16s. per quarter, a bounty on exportation of 2s. per quarter. *. - Oatmeal, 1s. per cwt. - If above 19s. per quarter, no-exportation allowed. sº Schedule (B.) shewing the Prices according to which High or Low Duties are to take Place on Importation. Beans. Wheat.' ' Rye, Pease, and | Barley, Beer, or Oats. - | *- - Oatmeal. Bigg, \ gº. When imported from the Province of Quebec, or the other British Colonies or Plantations in . . North America. & . . - - - . . . - s, s, d. s. . . . per Quarter | 53 . . . . . 3 High Duty . . Do. . . . F - • * If at, or above ... per Quarter | 53 . . . . . 35 . . . . . but under . & • Do. " || 56 . . . - First Low Duty . . . . . . . . . . . * . If at, or above . . . . . per Quarter 56 . . . . . || 37 . . . . Second Low Duty . . . . . . . . . . If under . | 28 0 . . . . 18 | 28 0 . . . . 18 - - • tº º ... O 3 • ‘’. ..Q. 2 . 31 6 . . . . .21 31 6 . . . . 21 33 0 . . . . .22 - || but under. . 33 • . . . . . 22 ,- . . - - When imported from the province of Quebec, o: ... • the other British colonies or plantations in North} 2 d * . d. America : - ~ * - - - . 3. d. S. S. d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. d. s. d. |If under - per boll of 140 lbs. Avoirdupois, 16 6 6 7|, . . . or 138 lbs. Scotch Troy . . ; ** . 17 * * *| for every boll, | High Duty . . . . . . . . . . If at, or above . . . . . . . per boll 16 6 but under. . . . . . . . . ditto 17 4. . . . . | - First Low Duty. . . . . . . . . . I 0. ‘’’. ‘If at, or above . . . ... . per boll||17.4 .* 8 o . . . . 1 3 | . . . 1, 9 Second Low Duty . . . . . . . . . . 0. * 2 When imported from any other foreign country º . . . . . . per boll|20 High Ditty. . . . . . . . . . . 8-0 If at, or above . . . . . If under . . ... . . . . * * . . . ditto 21 . I 0 2. - First Low Dut ... • a ... ...} : " ' 1-0 If at, or above . . . per boll|21 º: • perioligo f . Second Low Duty. . * : * *. . o 6 f. Importation of wheat, meal, and flour, to be governed as follows: When imported from the province of Quebec, or the other British colonies or plantations in North America, * High duty . . . . . . . per cwt. First low duty . . . . . . . . . . . Second ditto . . . . . . . . . . . When imported from any other foreign country, - High duty. . . . . . . . . . . First low ditto . . . . . . . . Second ditto . . . . . . . . . 1 0 Malt made of wheat; rye ground, or malt made of rye; pease ground, and beans ground;—prohibited. - 6 | If at, or above . . . . When imported from any other Frºntounty, - If under . . . . . per Quarter | 63 . . . . . . 42 . . . . - High Duty . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - If at, or above . ... per Quarter but under . . . . Do. ... • • First Low Duty. . . . . . . . . . 2 6, . . . . per Quarter ...' . . . Second Low Duty . . . . . . . ... O 6 | . . w & . . . e. . | When imported from any other foreign country, - f 4. # * * . Importation of Indian corn or maize to be governed by the price of barley, & as follows: . When imported from the province of Quebec, or the other British colonies or - & plantations in North America, is S. d. High duty . . . . . . . per qr. 22 O 2. First low duty . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 - Second ditto '. . . . . . . . . . 0 3%. - . First low duty . . . . . . . . . . . .] 3 - Second ditto . . . . • * . . . 0 3. . . . . Barley, Indian corn or maize, beer or bigg ground; and malt made of barley, High duty. . . . . . . . . . 22 o' Indian corn or maize, beer or big, and malt made of oats;–prohibited. if y 521 \ * * * ** ** *- r * * r 3 * * * - v " s - ... - . . . . . “. . . . . * w § - • ***. * * * * , ...< ** * **- : *, *, * : *** * ** * * * **** * - f. • * * y - ** - . - - “. . • * * ~ * - , ; } • * * Y s º f's * * - ** * - * - * - r - : ; ; ; § r * | * : . . . . ' ' . * - * r * s *. * . . . . . * w * > * : *. * - * * * * * J. *. ... ". " ... . - - -- * * * * * • * * ~ *- & eº; 5.3 tº 3. “... ' ... " - " * >. -, * ~ *- * - . . ," %, * , . ~ *-* * * * - " -" ~ * * º • **: - w º * * * * - '. * , a w- ... ** 7. : * * * * -- - * | , * * { r - R ; , " 's º * • , ". . . . . . ; .***) f t § - * * - f - - * - - - - w • S.A ... . . ~ - " - •' + . . . . . w - - - - - ? " * ... . .S. K. - …": " " - > * *** **** - * : r t e tº r ... " s s"- \ - * **** * * * 4* * , , , , , - r, ºs -- . . . . ~. y r # - * . Y- ** . . . . " * f *- * - - * - * *... s r. 4-.” ... * * * : * , .* * - ** * t - &. ; , º w * * * : { .* * .5 * - • - - 1 * * * * -º-te * **** * * Of the Fisheries, Oil, and Tallow. 3. * * - * & Cº. º. º.º. . . . . . . tº sº. 3 tº • 3. . ... } Y .*. tº In every couñtrywhere the coasts lay favourably for the fisheries, their encouragement has been found to be an object of high import- ance; it increases the quantity of food, it brings up a hardy race of people, and it is a great source of wealth, by suppl ying such nations as have not themselves the means of catching fish. . . . . . . …To Britain; which is an island circumscribed in extent, and there- fore limited in point of subsistence and population (which depends on the means of subsistence) the encouragement of fisheries is a pecu- łiar object of importance, and ought to be one of particular solicitude. 4ts defence too, in time of war; depending on its naval power, in- creases the importance of that source of wealth; and therefore, in more views than one, the fisheries are fit objects for public bounties. tº Dr. Adam Smith, whoseviews on subjects of political economy have been allowed to be in general good; and who, if in error in any lead- ing principle, it is in wishing governments to interfere as little as pos- - #. sible in trade and commerce, allows: that fisheries are an exception, that their encouragement is a national benefit, and therefore their ex- tension ought to be an object for bounties and encouragement, at the expense of the public. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." º Many great states, and wealthy people, have owed their first rise entirely to fisheries. Marseilles; the city that has continued to prosper longer than any other in Europe, first rose by fisheries, was main- tained by them, and, by commerce, as a respectable independent state, and ally of the Romans; even during the dark ages it main- tained itself in a state of independence; and, in the twelfth century, was a powerful and free republic.” It may be said to have been inde. * That city was, indeed, for a while, in the hands of the Genoese, having been in those º given up by the count of Thoulouse ; but it soon again became independent and tree, * ~ * * * * * * * * * * ' ' ' ' ' ' ' <-- 3 x 522 pendent and free for more than two thousand years; and since it has become a part of France, it still preserves its wealth and opulence. Venice owed its first greatness to the fisheries; Flanders and Hol- land, in modern times, did the same; and the greatest victory the Dutch ever obtained ; their greatest step towards advancement in wealth was, when they discovered a better method of curing herrings than what was produced by their Flemish neighbours; and, from that moment, Holland rose rapidly, and Flanders began to fall. If, at any other time, the fisheries were of importance to England, they must be doubly so now, when Holland is deprived of her great re- source; her energy and incitement to industry having fled with liberty, and the security of property. w } We have just now an opportunity of getting the greatest part of the Dutch trade in fishing, as we have got it in nearly every thing else; and the fishing trade is the most important to get, though not the most easily obtained. .* The great floating capitals of merchants, which are ready to occupy themselves on any branch of trade that seems advantageous, and is. merely moveable, (that is to say, where to buy, sell, or carry, is all the business.) very quickly occupy and seize on every new channel; but it is not so with fishing; merchants will, indeed, vest their capital in pur- chases of fish that are cured, or of oil, or other produce arising from fisheries; but they will not invest their capitals either in fishing or curing, and unless they are caught and cured ready, they cannot be. purchased. - * But without capital, fisheries cannot be extended suddenly, and we, at this time in particular, require to make a great and a sudden effort; but the manner of making it is the question. Joint stock companies, for the purpose of fishing, have seldom, an- swered, and they never can answer any great purpose; neither will any great, complicated, or difficult plan, succeed ; it must be something simple, and that will facilitate and encourage the labour of the poor individual fisherman. * It is into the mode of doing this to the most advantage that we are 523 to inquire; but, before we inquire into particular circumstances, let us take a view of the general nature of the case. In the first place, unless fish can be cured at a reasonable price, the catching them will be to little purpose. The price of salt is the thing that renders that easy or difficult. - ; - Unless the poor fishermen can have boats and other implements, they cannot employ their industry, and these are expensive tools, Manufactures never flourished in this or in any country till a mode has been found out, of the rich furnishing expensive tools to the poor, In furnishing the means to pay for these tools, some certain mode of repayment or security was expected or devised. With immoveable property this matter is simple and easy; but with property that is liable to be lost, destroyed, or carried away, there are difficulties in the nature of the thing, it is then for the intelligence of man to remove or overcome the difficulties. •x • • A government finds it impracticable to enter into the details neces- sary to aid individuals, where there are risks and hazards to run, and where there is room not only for mismanagement, but for fraud, both on the part of the individuals to be assisted, and the agents employed to give the assistance. - g In this case, an intermediate person should be employed, who should secure the government from risk, and find, in his vigilance in looking after the property, a reward for his trouble. - All the attempts hitherto made to aid and increase our fisheries, have been made upon a wrong principle; and one which, from its nature, could not succeed. They ought not to discourage us, or lead to the conclusion, that aid cannot effectually and advantageously be given: past experience ought not to discourage us, unless we find that the difficulties arise from the nature of things, and not from the manner in which the attempt has been made. - … To encourage poor men to work, furnish them with the necessary implements; though boats and nets are not very expensive, they are far too much so for the fishermen who use them to purchase. In all trades where expensive tools are necessary, such as mills, or other machinery, it becomes the business of opulent men to furnish 5 X 2 * 524 them to the poor labourer or journeyman; so ought boats, nets, and other requisites, to be furnished the poor fisherman. In order for the Working man to get the benefit of the machine, he was obliged to become a journeyman; that is, though not a menial servant; a species of servant. This excluded many from those branches of business, and the rich, who had machinery, were the masters of the market, and enjoyed a sort of monopoly. . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantageous as this was to those who had capital, and could afford to erect machinery, it only suited, some persons, who had capital; for; in order to reap benefit from their machines, they were obliged to enter into all the details of manufacture and employ workmen. Mu- tual wants always terminate; in negociation; and, in this case, the men who wished to labour independently, but had no machinery, applied to those who had machinery, for the use of it, at a certain price, for a particular purpose. This was readily agreed to by the man who wished to obtain advantage by the machinery, without en- tering into all the details of the manufacture ; and it became a busi- ness to furnish machinery. Thus, rolling mills, slitting mills, machines --- for grinding, polishing, sawing, &c. &c. were erected and worked for the first customer, in the same manner as a cobler does at his stall. This brought capital and industry to the aid of each other in a way they had never been in before. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It is unnecessary to enter into minute details of the cause of the rise of the decline of fisheries in different nations, which would make a volume; I shall therefore confine myself to the last few years, as the French revolution has given a new turn to this as well as many other branches. The present war may again produce a new order of things, so that we should be upon the alert to seize those opportunities which may arise. . . . º . . . e º 'º The fisheries, at the breaking out of the French revolution, were di- vided betwixt the Dutch, the French, and the English. : Bremen, Ham- burg, and Denmark, had, but a small share; but the latter power was so sensible of its importance, that, in 1785, the King of Den: mark granted a bounty of about 30s. sterling per ton to all vessels in the Greenland, or Iceland Fisheries, on condition of their fitting out \ - &- 525 their ships and selling their cargoes in a Danish port. Foreign built ships were employed, foreigners were encouraged to promote the view, and even foreign manufactures, necessary for the Greenland fishery, were allowed duty free. Hempseed oil was prohibited, or any other which could, in the most distant manner, interfere with the pro- duce of the fisheries, which give the greatest encouragement. The French, in 1788, had no small share of the fish trade; in that year they fitted out to Newfoundland - - - - - 373 ships 41865 tons ... To the islands St. Pierre and Miquellon 59 3581 cº South Fishery - - - - - - - - 13 2982 N-- Greenland - - - - - - - - - 2 . . . . 600 ~ 447 49028 - • . - º * - ar. ... * * . Of these, 430 ships 46909 tons returned; their cargoes produced :14,262,000 livres. The provisions, necessaries, expenses, and outfit icost 8,192,000. The greatest part, if not the whole of this trade the French have lost. * * . . . . > The Dutch fishery to Greenland, after the American war, did not average more than 66 ships each year. Twenty years previously upon the average 150 ships annually; but the North Sea fishery, that upon our own coasts, was carried on to a greater extent by them, particu- larly the herring fishery, which they found, by experience, less hazard- ous and expensive, but more productive, than the other fisheries. : Cân any period then be more favourable, when we command the seas, and when the principal fisheries can be established on our own coast, when the Dutch are no longer our rivals, when the French fisheries are annihilated, when even the Weser and the Elbe are blockaded, so that , Hamburg, Altona, or Bremen, cannot send a ship out, either on their town account, or in their names by Dutch capital. Embden is too insignificant; so that we have only Denmark to rival us. w º e-’. Next to the production of grain, certainly the fisheries require our particular care and attention, not only as an article of food and traf- fic, but as a nursery for producing hardy and robust seamen, read y at all times to man our fleets, and fight our battles. N. 526 The former difficulties, relative to our fisheries, appear, by the pre- sent political state of Europe, to be done away, and if we do not take proper measures to promote them at the present opportunity, (advantages which combined circumstances have given us at this mo- ment,) it is our own faults. &# The Greenland fishery of England has been upon the decline, whilst that of Scotland has been upon the advance the last five years, and the Southern whale fishery is stationary: the great and increasing importation of tallow, the depreciation in the price of whalebone, and the impress of seamen in the time of war, have all tended to cause the falling off in the Greenland fishery. That of the South Sea is en- couraged by high bounties, yet still it has not increased, though it has been prevented from decay. With respect to our home fisheries, to which we mean more particu- larly to confine ourselves, as more connected with the nature of the work, and the quarter we have treated of, the field is wide, and the prospect highly promising, if we only embrace the opportunity, we may nearly get this trade into our own hands. Denmark alone can rival us. The great advancement of the fisheries of Norway, we have fully treated of, to which we must beg leave to refer the reader. No country ever profited in every way, by the general confusion in Europe, more than Denmark, but in her fisheries in particular; a few observations may therefore urge us to follow the example of that king- dom. The year following the breaking out of the French revolution, Norway exported fish of her own catching and curing to different places in Europe, to the amount of about 270,000l. sterling. In 1799, upwards of 17,000 tons was exported; by enjoying neutrality, the belligerent powers being partly shut out of the fisheries, and England neglecting hers, Norway exported, in the year 1802, no less than 26500 tons in 411 ships, when five years before, she did not export half the quantity. - ~ -- The ports from whence, and the countries to which the fish of Nor- way was exported, in 1802, will be seen in referring to Norway. In that year, about 2500 tons appear to have been cleared out for Great Britain and Ireland, which is operating against our own fisheries. *..., º 527 This is a subject of serious reflection to ourselves, when the fisheries of England, Scotland, or Ireland, or that of - Newfoundland, ought to have supplied us instead; but the exportation of British cured fish appears upon the decline; that which we have exported has been at a considerable public expense, and the encouragement by great boun- ties and drawbacks. - 2 * The following is the official value of the fish exported, being the produce of Great Britain, in 1797 . . . . . . 6275144 1801 . . . . . . ºf 236295, 1798 . . . . . . . . . 270490 1802 . . . . . . . . . . 192303. I799. . . . . . . 25 1418 || 1803, ... . . . . . . 1 15025. 1800 . . . . . . 253267 || . It is then an alarming consideration, that our exportation should be so much upon the degline, or that we should import fish at a high price from our neighbour, who had caught them near and upon our own coasts. - * . - We have seen to what an extent Norway has increased her fishery in a short time; the similarity of the coast of Scotland to that of Norway, the inlets, islands, bays, and creeks of that kingdom, should make us turn our attention to it, when she enjoys such natural advan- tages by position and situation for the white herring and the deep. sea fishery, as well as that of Greenland. These natural advantages will be materially improved and facilitated by the canal joining the Clyde and the Frith of Forth, the Criman Canal already navigable, as the grand canal soon will be for the largest ships to pass betwixt Fort George and Inverness, connecting the North Sea and the Atlantic, through Scotland, in two parts. . As so many volumes have been written on the fisheries, and the government of this country has shewn sufficient inclination to encou- rage them, it will be sufficient to point out how that may be done. A bounty offered to a poor man to produce an article he has not the means of producing, is useless. Instead then of giving bounties for fish caught on the coast, let boats be constructed, and let out under the direction of the minister and elders of the parish in Scotland, or, those who manage the poor in England, and let the sum they are to .” 528 - • ** * . . pay be just suffieient for interest, tear and wear, &c.; Being insured against the risk of the sea, the vessel never can remain unaccounted .- - - , , "... & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” for, and the sum paid will be sufficient to replace it, when worn out by regular use. - t * { . . . º . g º - * There are not 200 parishes in Scotland that touch the coast, and probably 200l. in each, on the average, might be sufficient, and put in activity 20,000 people, in this beneficial enterprise; and this sum might properly be applied under the responsibility of each parish, the officers of whom, or those who have the direction, should be bound to r , see to its proper application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " The taking off the duty on salt would be the next thing necessary, and the way to do that, without hurting the revenue materially would be by allowing those who wanted salt to cure fish to have the quan- tity necessary, duty free, on giving a bond on unstampt, paper, to cure the quantity of fish, return the salt, or pay the duty. This would do ten times better than a drawback, which does not prevent the ne- cessity of an advance of money, though it afterwards repays it. . . In fishing and curing fish, the business is to enable people who live on the coast to do it with advantage and with little capital, for men who have capital seek easier employments. - * > ^. To give an example. If nail making, weaving, spinning, and several 2- . S? other branches of business, by which great numbers of poor live, and the country is much enriched, required expensive apparatus, they would never be carried on as they are ; but a. spinning-wheel costs only a few shillings, and the apparatus of a nailor's shop onl y a ſew pounds, and that generally is not his own. It is then necessary to give the fishermen the same advantage. - . . . . . . . Large enterprises which generally end in a job that enriches some, ruins many, and discredits the object undertaken, appear most conge- mial to the nation, most rational for those who have projects to offer only because something may be got by them; but they are not always. the best for the country. º- - . . . . . Nothing here is meant against the South Sea fishery and the Green- land and Newfoundland fisheries; but it is meant to be maintained, that the near, but extended and beneficial fisheries, on our own coasts, would be well worth encouragment, and that this is the way to do it. 529 *:: | * - - The utility of fisheries, for procuring food, and as a nursery for sea- men, has been often mentioned, but Iet us consider the necessity of keeping in the country part of those immense sums that go to Russia for tallow, and we shall see a farther reason for this encouragement. We cannot produce more tallow than we do at present, without grow- ing more butcher's meat, and that is out of the question, (doing it on purpose,) and we cannot diminish the consumption by any other means to a considerable extent, but by increasing the quantity of oil, and reducing its price. . . . . . Taking the subject of fisheries in every view, then, they deserve en- couragement, and this mode appears to be the best, even if the reve- nue should suffer a little, and if some trouble should be given to those who have the care of letting out boats and nets. No good is attained without some evil, and no advantage obtained without trouble and pains; and surely, these regulations are much less complicated or dif- ficult to execute than many of the laws about permits and licences under the excise and customs. . . . . . . As for particular details, pointing out the mode by which they might be the most easily tried, those are ready, but it would be both absurd and improper to intrude on the public, details which come soon enough, when those who have the power of adoption have approved of the principle. * - - Tallow. The quantity of money that goes out of the kingdom for tallow is a matter become of very great importance ; and, either for the manufac- ture of soap, or forgiving light, oil is the only material that can supply its place ; and, no doubt, in the first instance, it would be well to give premiums, and encourage the producing of oil, as there is no possibi- lity of raising a sufficient quantity of tallow within the United King- dom. The manners of the people are such, that the consumption increases far beyond the means of supply that we have within our- selves; and tallow is not one of those articles that can either be created at will, or independent of other more natural produce. It has already been stated that the consumption of butcher's meat * 3 Y 530 - has been carried to a length that endangers our supplies of grain, and the quantity of tallow cannot be increased without the farther aug- mentation of this danger, and that in so prodigious a degree as not to be thought of or attempted, or that even if attempted could be at- tended with any probable success. - - The produce of grass land is far inferior to that of the same extent of land in corn; and the proportion of that produce which consists of tallow is but a small part; so that even if all the corn land of England were converted into grass, the tallow raised would not probably be sufficient to supply the market. From fisheries then alone we must expect a supply of this necessary and great article of consumption. It is not here, however, the intention to exalt any one resource at the expense either of truth or of the general interests of the nation; it is therefore necessary to state, that South America produces tallow in great quantities, and preferable in quality, at least more esteemed by soap-boilers and tallow-chandlers, than that which comes from the north. If we had any direct connection with South America, we could obtain any quantity, but it was only recently discovered, and we can only obtain it by the means of Spain. - When upon this subject, it may not be improper to remark, that England, which is the greatest power by sea, has never pretended to keep the trade of its East India possessions exclusively to itself, nor of its colonies in America, yet Spain, a very feeble power, has suc- ceeded, not only in that, but even in preventing the people of the colonies themselves from fitting out any ships to carry their own produce. - - - It would appear that it is the prosperity of Britain, not its mode of acting (which is very liberal) that creates displeasure and envy among other nations; and that, on the contrary, the poverty of the Spaniards. exempts their selfish and unjust éonduct from the censure that it really merits. ~. South America, in the hands of Spaniards, is of no importance to the commercial world; but if the intercourse with it was in any degree free, as it is to India, or was to British America, it would be found. productive of many general advantages, and produce treble the quan- 53E tity of tallow that Russia exports, at full a quarter of the present * price. 2 - * * * * - From the following table it will appear that our supply of tallow is almost totally from Russia, that it is augmenting rapidly, and that the amount was, in 1799, more than one million sterling, at the price paid in the country. * . Total of Tallow imported into Great Britain, distinguishing the Coun- tries from whence imported into England only, and the aggregate from all Places into Scotland each Year. es ſ | 3: . . § 3 § 3 wº - - tº . w * : gº #5 º *G ‘ā; ed' * +3 f : . ; ; ; ; ; , ; e . j ñ, j = E_ # = | # g 3 .º .# : 3 || 3 Tº ā-, 5 # E | 5 # 3 || 3.5 cº 8 § 3 : 5 .S. # , , ; ; ; ; ; #55 || 333 o ºg Q C sº ºf $ºt -: * º * * o; - - ‘C) - tº #, *º -: - ~ : :- Q p3 i. Gl) # Pr: H 5 : 5 = 3 | * : 3 || 3 ſº P O rt: § § Fº # & Co 3. -- ë #3 e # 3 s F Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. 1786—186535, 6 | 560 980 12659 2/200743. 46579.247322 7|—|260162|1598 1693,3030 1020, 24577 35,2921.16 64364356480 8. 80318858 533| 93 | 10650/1800827OI7] 280283.55045 9|—|212167| 732, 1926|2000 3 1: 15425.3062:23:5645 24481260.126 1790—1914.13: 480 1400|2300 — 16394,6092.2 18079; 37841|255920 I 191429 928 7 — 14725|1996189087; 25775164862 2H124134 643 12008.379| 24379| 130041902|175663. 26.93|201856 j 778|19566O 506 715|4257 Il Il 6204/2246211479| 23529|235008 4 828|164335– - | 10918 222 176299| 25873|202172 5|—|109923. 122 464 958 — 15601|2018|129088 51718|180806 6,6254248924|1920, 151 19– 1158.13683|287483. 43500|330983 7|—|174161| 823. 8240 696 — 18285,3816|205953| 38088,244041. 8|4427355447|2140 14509 584 — | 8022|l 157|386.290. 53621,4399.11. 9| 916,344657|3162 8874 45 — 1 1960,4244373262 76954|450216 |1800. - : ... — 4 15000 |1801 - º; | - * 332000 1809 • I i - º 3. #555000). 1803 - * *, – —— 537000 1804– *sº g - -- * — | ===s* *: **-a- ń. To so great an extent has the importation of tallow increased in this country, and is still increasing, that, upon the average of the five last years, reckoning the actual first cost only in foreign countries, it has amounted to upwards of £1,500,000. By the time it is landed here, adding the freight, insurance, and charges, it has cost the individual consumers of this nation from 60 to 75 pounds per ton, and even higher, within that period. 3 Y 2 532 Therefore, by promoting and establishing the fisheries, we not only procure oil for our consumption, but food likewise for the poor, and riches to the country at large, by the exportation of what we catch and cure. . - - Besides the addition to the food for the people, which is a great ob- ject in every country, but particularly so in an island like Britain, the immense sums that are yearly drawn out of it for tallow might be in a great measure saved, by proper encouragement of her fisheries; and as it has been observed that, in the event of our not being able to ex- tend our exportation, or perhaps even to keep it up at its present rate, we must endeavour to diminish the importation, there is not any thing by which we could do this more effectually, than by encouraging the fisheries. - - # * In consequence of the American war, our fisheries in that quarter were so totally interrupted, and the supplies of oil we received from thence so much diminished, that serious alarms were then entertained that we should become dependent upon some foreign power for oil, as a substitute for tallow ; and in 1775 it was stated, as a serious national object, that the consumption of fish oil, as a substitute for tallow, did not cost the city of London alone a less sum then 4:300,000 sterling at that time. - - * The idea of using tallow, then, instead of oil, appeared a grievance, whilst using tallow instead of oil has now become a national concern of no small magnitude. It has been the cause of neglecting our fisheries, and upwards of two millions per annum ready money going out of the country for tallow. This article alone has been upon the increase, whilst the produce of oil has been nearly stationary for the last fourteen years, as the following account of the importation of whale oil from all quarters will best prove. 533 The quantity of Whale Oil imported into Great Britain, from the fol- lowing and other Places, in the Years were, - º Tons. hild. gal. A Tons. 1787 Greenland. . . . . . . 9905 I 5.1 1792 . . . I 0.739 w South Fishery . . . 2184 1 25 1793 . . . . . 1 1661 - British Colonies . 3447 O 43 Prize . . 247 British West Indies 2 43 1794 . . . . . 10899 States of America . 280 l 36 Prize . . 101 Denmark. 7 O O 1795 . . . . . . . . 10024 France . . . . 22 3 22 Prize . . . . . . . , 166 Ireland . . . 1 I 1 O 1796 . . . . . . . . I 1437 - Prize . . . . . 206 15809 O 31 1797 . . . . . . . . 13599. Prize . . . . . 3 - , 1798 . . . . . . 12132 1788 . . . . . . Tons 15677 1799 . . . . . . . . . . 12990 1789 . . . . . 14127 . Prize . . . . . . 22 I790 . 12539 1800 . . . . . . . . 13236 1791 - 10740 Prize . . . . . 33 Of the above was British produce, and exported according to the official rates in - * , - 18OI . . . ºf 61892 1797 ... ºf 17600 1798 285 10- | 802 1478.68 1799 . . 3 l 334 1803 4, 1228 1800 . . 105770 The manners and the fashion of the people, but above all the great increase of the cotton manufacture are the principal causes of the great and increasing demand for tallow, as it is now so much used in soap- making for home consumption and exportation.” In Germany, they not only use large quantities of fish oil for this purpose, but still larger quantities of hempseed-oil, which they import from Russia, some years equal in quantity to all the whale oil we have imported from all quarters; it might partake of the nature of rape-oil for our cloth ma- nufactures. - - - * Tallow is more generally consumed for lights than oil, which was not the case formerly ; but the introduction of lamps might not only be brought into more general use, but, by the improvement of them, the consumption of oil diminished. * When oil was used formerly, those who used linseys, woolseys, silks, and other cloth- ing, no longer wear them; even the servant girls must have their wash-gowns and fine linen, 534 As the manufactures of soap and candles are the chief consumption of tallow, and oil can be used in both cases, there is not a doubt that, if it was to be had cheap, and in sufficient quantity, it would be used on most occasions, and might save immense sums of money that go from this country, particularly one and a half million at least on tal- low, never to return. s a " - Amongst the effects of luxury, or if the terms may be thought more applicable, the little necessity that is paid to economy, even amongst the lower classes, the use of soft soap has been ahmost entirely laid aside; not that it is less fit for every purpose of washing, but merely because the economy attached to its use has ceased to be an object, and the hard soap looks cleaner, and custom, not reason, has obtained it the preference. - - - Some steps should be taken to encourage the use of soft soap, which is made with oil, for ordinary purposes, and if once the custom of using it were introduced it would never again be abandoned. CHAP. VI. of Wood. — Our domestie Growth. — Supplies from British American Plantations.—Of Pitch and Tar.—Quantity imported. IN our general observations on the resources of the country, it was observed that wood was one of those that required and deserved the encouragement of government. It required the encouragement, be- cause the proprietors of land are frequently in a situation not to ad- mit of their laying out any money on an object, the return for which is beyond the probability of human life, even with the timber that grows up the most rapidly; but with oak, elm, ash, and a variety of other sorts, the return is not to be looked for in less than two or three generations. g * - It was mentioned, as an object of national importance, not of per- sonal advantage; it is therefore one of all others to which govern- 535 ment is the most imperiously called to lend assistance when it is re- quired. -- s It is not meant to be said that the proprietors of land have not any interest in planting trees, but that the interest is too small to Operate, when it cannot be done with ease, and without, much exertion. A rich man will naturally wish to increase the affluence of his posterity, but all proprietors of land are not wealthy, and therefore those that are not must be assisted; and even premiums are not sufficient, in the case where there is real inability, and no return at all. *& In the case of flax, hemp, or fisheries, there is a return; and a pre- mium may serve to counterbalance any small deficiency in profit; but in timber, to him who plants, there is no return at all; and, though profit will accrue, it will be to him that reaps, and not him that sows and plants. .* - It is not by this account to be said that premiums are not proper, and attended with advantage, as productive of a good effect; but that, in some cases, premiums alone will not answer, as it may be im- possible for the proprietors of land, in certain cases, to find the means of planting his lands. - Barren timber is the only sort of produce, the return of which is beyond the span of human life; it is consequently the only one for the cultivation of which there is not a return made to indemnify for the trouble and expense; but Nature, which is wonderful in all her works, has always supplied the first stock of trees herself. Timber is. the only vegetable produce of great utility, that grows up without cultivation and the aid of man; so that all uninhabited countries have been found abounding in wood and forests; but as men no sooner begin to people a country than they begin to consume the forests, it is their business to plant, after they have reduced them below the proper quantity; and perhaps there is no way so easy to account for the ruin and desolation of some countries, as by investigating the natural consequences of letting forests go intirely to decay, which is as thing that, when done, cannot be remedied in sufficient time to pre- vent the destruction of a country: what we have already stated of the Wood in Russia has confirmed this observation. 536 To enter into this examination at length would be foreign to the nature of this work; but it must be allowed that negligence, in this respect, may destroy a country, and that, as new countries have a vi- gour in them which is not to be found in old ones, the abundance or want of timber is probably one of the great causes. * The other produce of the earth being renewable at a short period, and the inducement to its renovation being great, it is not very likely to fall off of itself; and, as to the nature of ground, we do not find that it becomes barren by a course of cultivation, if not very injudi- ciously managed indeed. The minerals of a country may become intirely exhausted, for there is no mode of renovation possible; the timber may fall to decay for a great length of time; but the common produce of land can always, with industry, be kept up, or if it could be supposed to be intirely neglected, yet a year or two would be sufficient to bring it back again. 2 - The produce of mines may, in general, be carried at a moderate expense from one country to another; and, indeed, there are many countries that never had much of that sort of produce; but it is diffe- rent with timber; the quantity wanted is so great, and its weight has such a proportion to its value, that it would not be possible to supply any country intirely with timber for all purposes. - From the tables that follow it will appear that the quantity of tim- ber imported is very considerable; and when it is considered that we are wasting and wearing out our forests at home, it will be allowed that the consumption of the article is very great. - From an opinion given in 1771, by thirty persons, in different coun- ties in England, who were in the timber trade, and gave each their opinion relative to the counties adjacent to their residence, and of the decay or decrease of oak-timber within their knowledge, and it ap- pears to have been very alarming indeed. The youngest of those dealers spoke of fourteen years knowledge only in the county of Essex, and estimated it at three-fourths. Those who recollected for forty or fifty years, spoke of a much greater con- sumption, and some of the almost total destruction of the woods. Making, however, some allowance for the propensity to exaggerate, 537 whatever one either admires, laments, or regrets, which latter feeling must, on this occasion, have been the predominant one; there can be no doubt that, in some places, the destruction was nearly total, and, in others, above one-half on an average; as that is the smallest diminu- tion expected ; that lowest estimate, is only for one county, namely, Cheshire. - - * It is not to be doubted that other timber diminished nearly as much as oak, though none is perhaps so essentially important to this coun- try, none for general use is so long of growing, or bears so high a price. - - -* It would be but proper to compel those who cut down timber, and thereby reap the advantage of the foresight of their fathers, to plant an equal quantity; because such persons ought to continue the ad- vantage to their posterity, and they always can afford to spare the mo- ney; but it is different for those who have barren lands to plant: and to those it is that assistance should be given. - The improvement of waste lands, and the planting of trees, are two objects which, as the returns are slow, a commercial people are not likely to carry to any great extent, or pursue with vigour. The capi- tal acquired by trade, or by other means, in England, will naturally be employed according to the ruling genius of the people, which is for sure employment and regular and quick returns. In treating of Russia, we have already explained the causes which gave rise to the prohibition of exporting timber, — improvident ma- nagement, and the destruction occasioned by the iron mines. That prohibition gave a new turn all at once to the timber trade of the Baltic ; the price, which had been gradually advancing every where in that quarter, at once doubled in the first cost. In the timber trade of Russia alone about three hundred sail of British ships were em- ployed; when that trade ceased, by the prohibition, the other ports in the Baltic were greatly injured, and could not secure that traffic Rus- sia had turned away, because the principal supplies. Originally came from provinces under that dominion. The trade immediately fled to Norway, from whence we received very considerable supplies, at very advanced prices; and such has been the great exportation from that 3 Z * 538 country, that its stock must, in the course of a few years, be exhausted; at least that which is suitable for the British market. Sweden does not export any considerable quantity. The chief supplies, which can be exported from the Baltic, must come from Riga, Memel, and Dant- zic, and they, on a reference to the map, will be found to have their timber from the Russian provinces. Since the total prohibition to the exportation the trade has been opened again, but in a manner too li- mited for our consumption. - Y. In referring to the ports in the Baltic, such as Riga, Petersburg, Me- mel, Dantzic and Stettin, from whence we have received our chief sup- plies, some useful particulars will be found. Of the aggregate export- ation of timber from the Baltic, Great Britain and Ireland take a principal part. It is owing to the exhausted state of the forests, oc- casioned by the prodigious consumption of this island, that the prices of timber have been raised so very high. The official value is given for one year, stating the description of the articles exported, and the aggregate state of the whole subsequently. ~ In the Year 1791, the official Value of Timber imported into Great Britain, ºds, of s. d. .# s. d. Balks . . . . . . . 10296. 3 9 || | Staves. . . . . . . . 57.292 4. Q Battens . . . . . . . 10961 9 O || Timber, fir . . . . . 152494 6 3 Boards . . . . . . 6074 4 || || oak . . . . . . 9501 3, Q, Cedar . . . . . . . 967 14 3 || Ufers. . . . . . . . 2S4O O } {} Deals and deal ends ... IO3066 #7 1 Wainscot-logs . . . . 6350 19 4. Rath-wood . . . . . 99.10 5 4 || Other Wood ... . . . 18376 12. 3, Masts . . . . . . . . 819 19 17 O Oak-plank . . . . . 10666 7 2. ºf 4958 10 17 7 Pine &-- . & 3 g o O. 9 14912. 12 9. 7 —r - -- f ºf || | .#' In 1792 . . . . . . . . 600917 || In 1797 . . . . . . . . 584784. 1793 . . . . . . . . 496690 1798 . . . . . . . . 47 1054 1794 • * * * * * * * 444591, 1799 . . . . . . . . . . 466068 1795 . . . . . . . . 508436 1800 . . . . . . . . . 62988 i 1796 . . . . . . . . . . 72671 I - 53 9 -- In the following Years the undermentioned Articles are rated. 1803. 180 ( , I 802. - Deals 36 84.808 86623 \O6596 Masts . . 3561.38 155778 170864 Fir Timber . 19839 191054 2 19038 ºf 56O785 <8433455 ºf 489428 .* Such is the official rate in the custom-house books; this is greatly below even what the duties produce, which, in the year 1803, was 6630981. 18s. 2d. in England; 72806l. 8s. 9d. in Scotland; the total 731315l. 1s. 11d. for such articles of that description only we have de- scribed, coming chiefly from the Baltic and the north of Europe, (fus- tic, logwood, mahogany, and redwood, are of course excepted,) but to illustrate the whole in a still more striking manner, the following is the duty paid upon all wood imported into Great Britain, distin- guishing England from Scotland, and the total nett amount in the year 1804. - England. Scotland. Total Nett Duties. ºf . s. d £. 8. d. <6. S. d. - Balks tº º 4407 9 i ! 5829 8 1 102.36 8 O Battens © 13277 7 9 1256 8 9 14533 16. 6 Boards, Paling . 2868 9 I 7 I 3 7 2939 12 8 Wainscot . 674 1 I 6 tº-º-º-º: 674 l l 6 ~ |Deals . . . . . . . 244926 12 4 10748 4 I 255674, 16 5 Deal Ends . . . . 8374, 18 O 754 3 O 9129 l O Fustic © & 3649 18 O 204 13 I 3944 I I I JLathwood 9222 12 3 895 19 4 10 1 18 l I 7 Logwood 3098 4 O 204 9 5 3302 13 5 Mahogany $94.85 l 3 8. 38 IO 16 4 || 36296 l'O O Masts 17O38 14 9 605 5 11. 17644 O 8 Oars . . . 1900: 8 4 179 I 6 CO7 () 9 10 Plank, Oak . 18241 17 6 1498 iO O 1967O 7 6 Redwood • e e 2468 18 7 1 I 5 4 3 2584, 2 10 Staves . . 25.343 l O 8 1067 6 10 26410 17 6 || Timber, Fir 20202 19 4 27O44 1 1 0 || 247247 10 4 Oak .. 2O32 7 10 354; 19 1 | 2387 O 9 Ufers . e - 2] 28 8 10 46 2 3 2174, 1 } I Wainscot Logs 898O 3 O 129 15 5 91 10 2 5 sf| 621323 5 4 || 54835 15 9 676.159 5 1 540. The high prices we are paying for timber, in the countries around the J3altic, is not because they conceive us totally dependent upon them for the article, but because their stocks are so greatly diminished as to cause a want amongst themselves, which we have seen by the conduct of Russia: the price consequently is advanced. To this is to be added the heavier expense in bringin g it from remote quarters, distant from inland navigation; so that, if our demand continues, as it has done, for a few years, we shall scarcely receive any but at so high a price that we must of necessity resort elsewhere. It is a happy circumstance for this country, that we have a sufficient supply in our American posses- ..sions, which the interest of individuals will now bring forth: the be- ginning is made, and the importation from thence greatly increasing every year. The high price we pay for what we import from the Baltic, the carrying it to our own ports in their ships, and the duties paid here on foreign timber, and none from our own possessions, are considerations for the merchants and ship owners, which make this an object of material importance. This we shall more particularly describe under the head of Shipping; so that the result is, that we can now supply ourselves cheaper, from our own possessions in America, than we can from the Baltic ; and, for the information of those who are in that trade, more minute particulars are given to turn their atten- tion, and employ their shipping in the British plantation trade. The British colonies in North America, of greatest extent, are Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, which are but thinly inhabited, particularly New Brunswick. They are covered with immense forests of trees, the greater part of which are pine; the sort of wood in most general use. - a’ These provinces, from the straits of Belisle to the Bay, which sepa- rate them from the state of Massachusets, are intersected with bays and inlets of the sea, navigable rivers and branches for small craft, and for rafting and floating down timber. The whole coast, from Casco Bay to the abovementioned straits, is lined with harbours, where vessels of any size may load in safety; some of which are spacious enough to contain all the navy of Great Britain. - Among other navigable rivers we may mention the St. Lawrence, in *. 541 Canada; the St. John, Miramichi, and St. Croix, in New Brunswick; Pictou, La Have, and Annapolis, in Nova Scotia; from all of which quantities of timber have been, and may be exported to Great Britain. In the state of Massachusets, particularly the district known by the name of the province of Main, which includes the country from Casco Bay to the British lines at Passomoquoddy, are many large navigable rivers, and a great extent of country covered with wood. The ports hitherto most frequented in that district are, Wiscasset, Penobscot, Portland, Machiers, and Frenchman's Bay, but there are many more harbours of less repute, where ships of burden may load in safety. The principal ports in Nova Scotia for loading timber, are, Pictou, Guysbourg, and La Have. The former is situated within the Gut of Cunso, south of Prince Edward, formerly St. John's Island, and of course is shut after the frost sets in, and not open in general before April or May. - . . . There has been a considerable quantity of timber exported of late from this river; but the size of the pines is not so large, nor is there so great an extent of interior as in Canada or New Brunswick. - Guysburg is in Chadebucts Bay, without the Gut of Cunso; but, be- ing few settlers in the neighbourhood, there has not been much timber exported from it. La Hawe is a few leagues to the westward of Ha- lifax harbour, and is accessible at all seasons. But the rivers St. John, Miramichi, and St. Croix, in New Brunswick, are navigable, some of them 100 miles, and furnish the greatest quantities of pine, and other timber for the British market. - The great river St. John, at the mouth of which are the city and harbour of that name, empties itself into the north-west side of the Bay of Fundy; the harbour is never frozen. It is from this river that the largest and best pine masts have been procured for the British. navy; and the greatest quantity of timber has been shipped from it to. Great Britain. St. Croix, or Passomoquoddy, has likewise furnish- ed masts for the navy, as well as large quantities of square timber for Britain, and lumber for the West Indies. Miramichi is situated in th Gulf of St. Lawrence, north-west of Prince Edward's island; some masts have also been procured here for the navy; but the intricate 542 navigation, and being frozen up six months in the year, occasioned this branch to be discontinued. From this river, large quantities of square timber and lumber for the Newfoundland and West India markets Jhave been exported. - - Canada is a country of great extent; and the river St. Lawrence navigable for large vessels as far as Montreal. Upper Canada, in par- ticular, is capable of supplying any quantity of timber, and cannot be exhausted for a long time. It has this advantage over the other British provinces, that there is plenty of white oak, of an excellent quality, to be got from it; and, of late, some of this oak has been used for the royal navy; but, thc voyage being longer, frcights are higher than from either of the ports in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia. # From this vast extent of country, covered with wood, a supply of pine and other timber may be drawn, sufficient for the consumption of the British empire for ages. For, although the timber near the na- vigable water, in many parts, is cut down, yet, in the interior, the quantity is almost inexhaustible. It must, however, be allowed that the greater the distance it has to be hauled, the higher the price must be, and the depreciation of money in that country, as well as in Great Britain, must enhance the price of labour, and, in consequence, the cost of the article produced by it. - It is upwards of twenty years since some trading companies in Greenock established houses in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, for the purpose of importing timber from thence, and they have conti- nued in the trade ever since. Others have followed their example, and large quantities of American pine, black birch, and other timber, are imported every year into the Clyde, Liverpool, and other ports; and there are to be seen in the west of Scotland, a number of houses entirely finished with American pine, superior to what is to be met with in other parts of the kingdom, where nothing but Memel timber was used in house finishing.” Some cargoes have lately been imported into Leith, Newcastle, and Hull, where it will soon become in general use. \ * It is now in such repute, that not a single cargo of Memel timber was imported last year into the Clyde. .. 443 Since the year 1789, the royal navy of Britain has been supplied with American pine masts from New Brunswick, some of them as large as 34 and 35 inches diameter at the partners, after being trimmed into 16 squares; but these sizes are rare to be met with, and attended with great risk and expense of felling and hauling : it only shews the great size to which the pine timber of that country grows. The general, sizes procured for government are from 20 to 30 inches diameter; and, notwithstanding the price in the country is near double what they cost twelve years ago, and the expense of navigation more than double, government are supplied with American white pine masts, yards, and, bowsprits for the royal navy, at less than half the price they pay for Riga masts, &c. of the same dimensions; and although it is admitted that the white pine masts are not so strong, nor will they last so long as the Riga, yet they have this great advantage over the latter, that they are not near so heavy, and the difference in price must be a great saving to government and individuals. " - . Although pine is a species of timber most generally used, there. are other sorts of timber imported from North America, black birch, black spruce, elm, ash, maple, &c. . . . .. The price of pine square logs, delivered alongside, in safe harbours, was some years ago from 2 to 2} dollars per ton, of 40 feet, or from 11s. to 14s. per load. Black birch, elm, and other hard wood, from 3 to 4 dollars per ton, or from 178. to,228. per load ; at present, pine. costs 20s. to 22s. 6d. per load, and hard wood from 288. to 30s. per load. White pine lasts for a great number of years, when water is not al- lowed to lodge in it. It is in general free from knots, and very fit for house work. |- ...” - Black spruce is a species of fir, that does not grow to a very large size; it is strong and tough ; it is commonly used for masts and, spars to merchantmen, and sometimes as hand masts for the navy, being stronger and tougher than Norway spars. The roots of the black spruce make good knees for small vessels. * Black birch is a hard wood ; when wrought up, it is scarcely distin- guishable from, and is an excellent substitute for mahogany, particu- larly in small furniture. It has now come into general use, where the 544 quality is known. Of this wood a number of vessels are built in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but it is not found so durable as oak. This is partly owing to not cutting out the sap wood, and not giving it time to season. - - . - ar" A large quantity of black birch is annually imported into the Clyde, and it now finds its way into other parts of the kingdom. - American white ash is found to be of a superior quality to what is brought from the Baltic, and answers well for oars, rafters, capstan bars, &c. . ..". - The freights to and from North America, have lately advanced in proportion with those to other parts: formerly, ships were chartered to carry home timber from North America, at from 40s. to 50s. a load. The common freights now paid from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, are from 75s. to 80s. per load, and from Canada from 80s. to 100s. per load, notwithstanding which timber can be imported from North America, and sold in Great Britain, at a lower price than it can be im- ported from the Baltic. i By encouraging the timber trade from North America, a national benefit arises, which should never be lost sight of, the employment of more than double the number of seamen, and double the tonnage of shipping, that would be required to transport an equal quantity of timber from the Baltic ; for vessels can make two or three voyages to and from Memel, for one that can be made to and from North America. - • - - . To the British colonies in North America, only two voyages can be made in the year. The time generally taken to perform one is from three to four months, including the time to load and unload. ^, The ports into which American timber has been imported are, Green- ock, Port Glasgow, Saltcoats, Irvine, Whitehaven, and Liverpool, on the west coast; and Leith, Newcastle, and Hull, on the east coast. - One observation may be allowed to be made here, which is, to pre- vent an error or a neglect we are likely to fall into, and for which we have condemned others. - Timber in North America is indiscriminately cut down, and little care taken to keep a constant succession: there is an act of parliament 545 prohibiting the cutting of pine timber above 12 or 14 inches diameter, without a licence from the Surveyor General of his Majesty's woods, which ought to be particularly attended to. Timber is now cut for clearing land, and for the purpose of sawing into lumber for the West Indies, and even the British market ; and very frequently it is to be purchased at considerable less rates than those already mentioned. Comparison of the Cost of importing Timber from the Baltic, and from . . . . the British Plantations. If from the Baltic. - | If from the British Plantations. - r aff. s. d - - * £. s. d. First cost of a load of timber 1 15 6 First cost will be about . . I O O Freight . . . . . . 1 15 O Freight . . . . . . . . . 8 16 O Insurance 4 per cent, to return Insurance 8 per cent. to return 2 per cent. for convoy . . O O 8 4 per cent. . . . . . 0 0 7 Customs, fees, and Sound dues 1 10 4 || Duty. - - 5 i 6 4 16 7 After what has been said, it is unnecessary to make any further re- marks on the resource we at present have, first, of supplying ourselves with timber from our own American possessions; and, the next, in time to raise it within ourselves, at a less price than we can get it else- where. - To shew that the trade from America is increasing, the following table is given. Since the last year therein stated, the importation from America has increased, and is increasing considerably, parti- cularly in the year 1804, as the author found, when he visited the prin- cipal ports of Great Britain; but the actual quantity has not been ob- tained in time to be given. - º 546, \ An Account of the Quantity of Foreign Timber, of the following Species, imported into Great Britain, from America and Europe, from the Year 1795, to the Year 1801, both inclusive. 2 Deals and Deal Ends. Masts. Oak Plank. Fir Timber. oak Timber. North of * 4 . s: North of º North of g North of w 2. Years. Europe. American. North of Europe. American. Europe. American Europe. American Europe. American; Cwt. . Cwt, No. . Loads. No. Loads. Loads. Loads. Loads. Loads. Loads. Loads, f 1795 40,501 23 15474 and 9936 382 and 567 || 5177 140 || 140876 1024 1118 1864 *: 1796 .# 50644 74 20028 and 19664 576 and 1753 8692 .362 181410 2497 1489 3015 1797. 38.547 22 10856 and 15807 - 503 and 3293 6561 544 114762 3174, 10:54, 3124 1798 40243 ,177 | 15801 and 7302 | 189 and 633 5490 310 134963 1867 1958 2643 i799 41632 178 17308 and 5133 539 and 801 || 8361 147 "| 140326 1950 838 2983 1800 47000 371 | 20132 and 11698 || 280 and 1293 7988 187 175645 3778 1695 || 3103 + 18891 45419 832 25.329 and 19827 1064 and 2871. 7021 103 147 i 21 6329 | 1890 1872 Notes.—50 Feet in a Load: 120 in Number to each Hundred. - * , | - Masts, from 6 to 8 inches diameter, and from 8 to 12, are numbered ; all above 12 inches, by the Load. ! - All the Masts above 12 inches diameter, at present, pay duty by the Load. - Of Pitch and Tar. Pitch and tar being produced from timber, and from that sort of timber which we import from the North, we shall consider those articles, in this place, rather than treat of them in a separate chapter. Tar from Russia is chiefly, if not intinely, exported from Archangel, which port has been famous for a considerable time past: or rather, soon after the Swedish Pitch and Tar Company, in 1703, endeavoured, to make the English not only pay their own price, but receive it in Swedish shipping, that port, and Stockholm in Sweden, were the principal places from whence Great Britain received her supplies, be- fore the trade became general from America (occasioned by the cause mentioned); when the attempt at monopoly of those articlesin Sweden, by. the government, as well as that of Russia, at Archangel, compelled us. to hit upon some other expedient, and obtain supplies from America. Had both Sweden and Russia left these articles to the regular course of trade, we should not have given the encouragement, at that time, to our possessions in America. . - x It appears that at an early period, the exportation of tar from Arch- --- 547 angel, was as much as 480,000 barrels; in the year 1803, only 140,385 barrels; but the spirit of monopoly we have mentioned, drove away this trade in part to America, which country can supply the European nations at a cheaper rate. * . . . - i- The quantities of pitch and tar wanted in this country will increase in proportion to our shipping; therefore, it must be hoped, that no diminution is likely to take place in the production. - As these articles come from timber, the encouraging the planting of that, is the only way to preserve them within ourselves; but even then, it is a question, which a trial only can decide, whether it will be found to answer the purpose. The trial, however, is still worth mak- ing, and, in the mean time, as the northern nations, going always, on the plan of high prices, raise their demands in proportion to our want of the article, it would be of great advantage to procure from our set- tlements in America, as much as we can. | Pitch and tar, merely considered as articles that draw money out of the country, are not of much importance, and viewing them in that light only, perhaps it would not be of any great advantage to endea- vour to find a supply at home; but as most essential articles of naval stores, they are of a first-rate importance, and even our provinces in America, ought not to be depended upon for supply. Circumstances in future times may cut us off from that resource; we shall not then consider it as a matter merely of profit and loss, but as one nearly con- nected with our national safety, and as such recommend it particularly to the attention of government, whether it should upon trial, be found to be a gaining or a losing enterprise. ! - g To shew the quarters from whence we have received supplies of pitch and tar, as well as the quantity, a table is given of that which has been imported into England from all places; Scotland likewise receiving supplies from the same quarters, the aggregate quantity for that kingdom only is given, and then the whole added together, imported into this island. w & 548 Pitch and Tar imported into Great Britain, particularizing the Places from whence imported into England, and that into Scotland, in toto. f | Denmark, Russia. Sweden. Sates of America other Countries. [Total of England |Total into Scotland. | Years. Pitch. Tar. Pitch.| Tar. Pitch. Tar. Pitch. Tar. Pitch. Tar. Pitch. Tar. Pitch. Tar. º lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. last. lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. lasts. 1786 — | 137 420,2647. 265|2388. 145, 1822 1 18 830, 7] 14 25 1077 1787 -— | 1 || || 927|2557. 378,3605, 447 3465 15 |1753 97.54 27 1555 1788. 141| 261| 384.3244 152|1687| 19, 26.17 — 698 7810 20 S37 | 1789 5 1 13 165||1306. 491|2868 80 2753 3 744. 7044 8 783 - 5 |l 176 12615 69 1245 1791 — | 167| 747|2639| 109|1655, 56 2203 68 || 9,17| 6733 7O | 958 1792; 14 169| 2702365) 387|2870 160 3124 6 | 832 8536 64 1500 10 | 977 good is | 706 - 2 |1790 — 171. 4592535| 483.4566 232 5337 — 2 1793 24; 102 226, 1513. 490.4447. 236. 2929 — 1794 6, 145|| 2:36:5899 4023078. 101| 2141 20 | 74611285 | 15 || 1 | 18 | 1795, 7, 184| 426, 1896. 484|3409 69. 3843 || 3 | | 408 |1017| 98.23 5 361 1796, 8, 117| 330,2781||1307|4906, 317| 3337 | 16 || 138 |1980.11280 25 750 | 1797. 42 201 498|1750 263|2359 29 || 2613 24 37 |1049 6961 43 972 1798 – 168 5s.15005 459,4513 66 1586 27 | 131 || 135||11405 || 33 | 1585 |1799| 4 67 5197264 6747325| 37 2285 | 16 || 290 |1252.17232 13 | 1819 Had not government, in the beginning of last century, paid atten- tion to the business of pitch and tar, Sweden might have still been selling to us at an exhorbitant price the quantities that she might have thought proper to send over; but her avarice and mistaken policy bent the bow till it broke; for, in 1703, Queen Anne solicited in vain for a supply: bribes, intreaties, and every other means failed. But this put the nation on seeking a supply elsewhere, and particu- larly in our North American colonies. Sweden has now nearly lost the trade, and we are intirely free from dependence upon her. The northern nations all follow the same policy with every article, that the Swedes did with the tar, though not to so great an extreme. They have not learned wisdom by experience, nor reduced their demands; but we ought to learn it, and seek for new sources from which we can obtain supplies of every sort of naval stores. This conclusion is in: deed so evident, that it would be useless to insist farther on a subject that is so plainly demonstrated from past experience. .* 549 CHAP. VII. _ ! Of Iron, as an increasing Resource. — A Comparison between the Hanu- facture of it in this Country, and in Russia and Sweden. THIS metal, unquestionably, is the most useful of aſ not only as applying to such a great variety of purposes, but as being capable to be manufactured to a state seven hundred times more valuable tian even gold. It was remarked by an author, even at the beginning of the last century, “ that the same quantity of iron-stone which, when first taken from its natural bed was not worth five shillings, when made into iron and steel, and then into various manufactures for foreign. markets, might in some cases bring home to the value of ten thousand. pounds.” - That iron may by labour be made seven hundred times dearer than standard gold, weight for weight, is no exaggeration. In the making watch springs, six, seven, and eight, will only weigh one grain; the the price is from six-pence to one guinea each; but in the very finest work for the very best watches, reckoning only six to a grain, which is even too little, then, at a guinea each, iron can be made seven hun- dred and fifty-six times dearer than gold. .* - -- It is astonishing that a material, so truly important, should, without any aid or encouragement from government, excepting a duty on fo- reign iron imported, have risen to so high a pitch, whilst others, such. as our linens, have had bounties, premiums, and encouragement, and yet lave uſade bul little advance, whilst the iron manufactures are extending and increasing in general. - There can be no doubt that iron has been made in England at all times: the Romans had iron-works in Gloucestershire, where traces have been found of their forges and utensils. We formerly imported. some from Spain, where, in the year 989, there are accounts of the Moors manufacturing it of a most excellent quality. The first act of parliament in England relative to iron was in 1854, when Edward III. prohibited the exportation, not only of the British made iron, but that which was imported ; on account of the high price. then paid in England for that article. 550 *- Trom that period till about the middle of the 16th century, at one interval, a rage existed, and licenses were granted, for transmuting metals into gold and silver; each applicant conceiving that he had found the philosopher's stone. These bubbles, in King Henry the Sixth-and Edward the Fourth’s time, no doubt were the means of extending the iron founderies in this country, and they must have considerably in- creased in that time. In 1581 (Queen Elizabeth's reign) an act passed that no iron-works were to be established within twenty-two miles of London, nor within fourteen miles of the Thames; only in some parts in Sussex, and no where near the sea; nor was any wood in those districts to be cut down for making iron. In 1585 another act was passed, that no iron-works should be established in Surry, Kent, or Sussex; and no timber, above a certain size, was to be cut down for the purpose of carrying on any iron-works. ^ Notwithstanding several restraints, it was about this time that the importance of this branch of our manufactures began to be felt. In 1630 an act was made prohibiting the importation of foreign wire, wool- cards made thereof, and other articles made of foreign wire. It was only sixty-five years before this period, that we used to import these things. The foreign became prohibited ; and the English wire, made from the native “Osmond iron was found the toughest and best.” There must, however, have been some defect in the making of iron; - - * * - wº - • ...” - \ -- a ſº • ' - - m=w e for, in 1637, a proclamation was issued that pigs and bars of English made iron should be marked, by the king's surveyors, to prevent the sale of bad iron ; and some restrictions were likewise issued relative to cutting wood. In 1715, in Virginia, in America, pig and bar iron were first made; and, in consequence of some regulations relative to naval stores from British America, in 1719, a jealousy was shewn in this country of the iron-works establishing in America, and some restrictive clauses were introduced by parliament unfavourable to the works in the colonies. The proptietors of the iron-mines at home at this period, in conse- quence of the claims of the colonists to establish forges and works, seem to have been a good deal roused, and to have made such repre- & 551. - - *- …" sentations of the iron-trade at home as to give us a pretty correct idea of its state at that period, one which Peter the Great of Russia was likewise pushing in his dominions ;so that with Sweden and Russia the iron-founders in England. had p owerful competitors, with America too. in view. , In the year following, 1720, some further light was thrown on the iron- trade, by a Mr. Wm. Wood, who at that time was the most considerable iron-master in Great Britain; who had the mines on the crown lands of thirty-nine counties, and the largest iron-works in the ki ngdom. for3. making bar-iron, rolling, slitting, and preparing it for several uses; and furnaces for all articles in which cast-iron was then generally used. He states that at this time we used about 30,000 tons of iron annually, of which, for want of cord wood, we were obliged to import about - 20,000 tons; and as there was iron-s tone enough, and no fuel to work: it with, he recommended the planting and raising of copiees on waste. - and other lands. In short, at that period, our iron-masters were much in the same state in England for want of fuel, as the Russian iron- masters now find themselves for their works in that empire. As our true interests began to be seen in giving some protection to: the iron founderies in England, which had risen by individual enter- prize alone, an act of parliament was passed in 1769 for discontinuing, upon the exportation of iron in foreign ships, the drawbacks of such parts of the duties payable thereon, as exceeded the duties payable upon. iron imported in British ships. In this year, the importation of iron. from Russia alone, amounted f{} upwa rds of 34,000 tons. To such anº extent, through the fostering care first given by Peter the Great, had v. the iron mines arrived in Russia, that they materially injured the sale of the Swedish, from whence much less than a century befo re, they used. to i Imp orti nto. R ussia: such are the effe cts. to be prod uced, when go- sº vernments wisely, patronize national objects of improvement and industry. - . . . . - The American war breaking out, that formidable rival to our: iron-trade was at an end; soon after the close of that war, the incre ase. of our. trade, and the exten sion of our manufact ures, created an ad-- ditional consumption of iron in the country, and although we had } 552 powerful competitors in Russia, and in Sweden, yet our founderies were producing an annual increase by manufacturing iron with pit coal instead of wood, as heretofore. Before that method was discovered, only 18000 tons of iron could be produced in these kingdoms; Ireland had already exhausted all her wood for that purpose. * . The use of pit-coal charred had occasionally been tried for making pig and bar iron, and was first used by a person of the name of Dud- ley, in Staffordshire, who then made some good iron by that method; but the prejudice against it was so great, that it was laid aside, from the want of better knowledge at that time in the proper management; nor was it till about forty years ago, that the attempt was again success- fully revived by the respectable company of Colebrook Dale, in Salop, who matured the process, and brought it to perfection. From this epoch we must date the solid establishment of our iron-founderies in this country, which have since increased rapidly. Many people of pro- perty began great schemes of iron-works, in various parts of Great Britain, for making pig and bar iron with pit-coal. It is stated in 1783, that Ireland made but little bar iron, and that her importation had increased one-third in ten years. The average quantity of iron imported into Ireland for three years ending the 25th March, 1773, was . . . From Russia and Sweden . . . . . 3734 tons. Troin Great Britain . . . . . . . 2217 *===mºsºs 5951 tons. Average of three years ending the 25th of March, 1783. From Russia and Sweden . . . . . 4924 tons. From Great Britain . . . . . . . . 3736 8660 tons. - Some founderies were likewise established in Ireland. In the course of nineteen years we find little variation in the quantity of iron imported into Ireland either foreign or British. - 553 For the year ending the 5th of January, 1802. Russian, Swedish, Danish, and foreign iron 4941 tons. British . . . . . . . . . . . . 4512 *sº • 9453 tons. *º-sºº Iron and hardware rated at £138,941. - . Amongst other curious calculations, in the year 1783, iron is esti- mated in what we imported and made from its rough state, through all its various manufactured branches, to be of the value of £8,700,000; greatest part of which may be reckoned labour; indeed it is astonish- ing to see this branch extended to so great an extent in so short a period; not so much in the rough material as the hardware manufac- tures at Birmingham and other places, but particularly at Sheffield, so famous for cutlery, when the first knives made in England, was by one Thomas Mathews, of London, in the year 1563, when we imported the greatest part of our manufactured requisites from Flanders and other countries. -- - . It is, however, only within the last ten years, that the iron foun- deries in these kingdoms have had such a rapid and almost incredible rise; two circumstances have not a little contributed to give us a firm footing in this valuable branch, and that will be seen under the head of Russia; from the government of that country having made a Loan Bañk to accommodate the Russian iron masters, by advancing money on the security of the iron, to compel the English to give them such price as they demanded, and the last, the detention of the British ships and property in the year 1800, which gave a wonderful animation to every capitalist in the iron trade to embark in this lucrative branch; and in every part of the kingdom we now see such establishments, so that we may now bid farewell to Russia iron, excepting the CCND. But the grand increase of iron is in Wales, where, forty years past, no iron was produced, in whose extensive mountains are discovered inexhaustible mines of iron ore, with an unequalled and happy advan- tage of fuel at the same time. When the Irish propositions were be- fore Parliament, about twenty years ago, it was then calculated that Great Britain made about 30,000 tons of bar iron ; but such has been the increase within the last ten years, that Wales alone produces con- - $3 4 B - - 554 siderably beyond that quantity, and where two companies who have establishments in London, at this period produce about 18000 tons of bar iron annually. About seven years ago, the result of an inquiry, instituted by government, was then calculated to be 125 furnaces in Great Britain, supposed to produce 130000 tons of pig iron; this quantity; by those who have the best means of being informed in the trade, is supposed to be doubled, if not near 300000 tons throughout the kingdom, in pig, cast, and bar iron; of the last, from 80 to 100000 tons: the whole quantity is almost incredible, but our surprize may cease when we see the uses to which pig or cast iron is now applied for all do- mesticand other purposes of almost every description. In the neighbour- hood of Leeds, even buildings without wood, but iron in its place, to the very window frames, joists, and rafters; upon which plan a very large building is at this time erecting near Bristol, on the Bath road. Railways, - pipes, and aqueducts are now formed of cast iron, and indeed every purpose, even to the building of bridges, the structures of two of which, one at Colebroke Dale, and the other at Sunderland, are monuments of national genius and enterprize not to be equalled by any description in history. The British made bar iron is manufactured at this time at so low a rate as to be sold on the quay at Bristol at little above £14 per ton; before the present war with France, cargoes of iron in various states were shipped from hence to that country; hoops made of English iron, from its improved manufacture, (which till lately were always made of foreign) are now sent to Portugal, Maderia, the Medi- terranean, as well as British bar iron to Africa, the East Indies, and Ireland, and no doubt it will soon become an article of traffic for America and the whole world, if no casualty nor measures of bur- then are laid upon it, as the duty on foreign iron and the high price extorted for it abroad, act as a bounty, which it is hoped will be con- tinued till our manufacture is completely secured. The export is rapidly on the rise, which will be demonstrated by the following official value, at the custom-house, on the exportation of British bar iron. f 1797 . . ºf 18178 - 1801 . . .680018. 1798 . . 18888 ; : 1802 . . 64969 1799 . . 26902 is03 . . . 53304 1800 . . . 285 lº 555 likewise of British iron, wrought, cast, and manufactured into various articles, in thefollowing years: - 1797 . . ºf 1067691 * 18O1 . . .6 1 4 77 5 1798 . . 1069290 1802 . . 1616204 1799 . . 1488074 - ISO3 . . 12 18038 1800 . . 1570820 Notwithstanding the almost incredibly rapid increase in the produc- tion of our own iron, within the last seven years, it must appear rather astonishing, that we import so much foreign iron; but this will cease, ..when we consider our extended foreign commerce, and the prejudice in favour of using foreign ironyet amongstour ship-builders, anchor-smiths, and throughout the navy, as well as for various other purposes. This has caused the foreign iron trade in Great Britain to stand thus, during the last seven years, being the official value, from the custom-house, of the imports and exports of foreign iron: - Years Imported Exported Balance Years Exported Imported Balance 1797 . ºf 361322 . 83301 . ºf 278021 1801 . ºf 326609 - 53191, . ºf 273418 1798 . . 507840 . 62844 . . . 444996 1802 . . 517269 . 87822 . . 429447 1799 . . . 472732 . 90604 . . 38.2128 1803 . . 425.205 . 4747 1 . . . 377734 1800 . . 374949 - 66775 . . 308174 - - - ! So that, upon an average, we have for the above seven years con- sumed, in Great Britain, about 43,000 tons of foreign iron annually, which, in its absolute first cost to the individuals, and of course, loss to the nation, is upwards of 700,000l. sterling per annum, which we could instantly produce at home, with infinitely greater facility than any other branch of manufacture we have in the kingdom, and at a considerable less price than we are paying for foreign iron; and, al- though it is said, we must have some of the very best sorts of foreign iron for particular purposes in our manufactures, it is well known that we can make as good iron in this country, with charcoal, for those par- ticular purposes, as any we can import; to be sure, it will cost a little more; but, why not encourage our own manufacture? Why should not the navy and every other department, use British made iron, when foreigners already begin, not only to take it, but prefer it. The Swedish iron is indeed of a superior quality, the materials from 4, B 2 - * 556 which it is made being of the best sort, it is manufactured with skill and care, and formed, with an attention very much to be commended, into all the sizes that are most generally wanted in a material applied to such a variety of purposes, and which is not altered in its form, without considerable labour and difficulty. - Of Russia iron there is now only one or two fabrics, which will be imported at all into this country in a short time. It is to the great use of machinery that we owe, in this country, a. superiority; for here, art has completely got the better of natural ad- vantages. The process of making iron, in its first stages, is chiefly che- mical : it is by the action of fire on the materials, and so far the Swedes have still the advantage; but to convert iron from this rude and nearly useless state into malleable bars, is an operation performed by mechanical means, and where great force alone can produce any great effect; nor is it sufficient to have rude machinery badly COI!-- trived and ill executed, there the friction is great, and the effect pro- duced small. It is in this we excel so much, at least in the proportion. of seven to one;” for making iron is a more profitable business in England than in Sweden, notwithstanding the natural advantages en- joyed by that country in respect to the business of making iron. We do not surpass the Swedes in skill in the nature and properties. of iron, but in capital and mechanical means. - º That some of our iron ore is equal to any in the world, there is no doubt; but it varies in every district here as in other countries, yet * * * Making Iron In England. In Sweden. Materials for a ton in decimal parts of its value KO. 2. Fire, smelting, and labour . . . . . . . . 35. 8. Forging and converting into bars of malleable iron 55. - 80. - 90. 90 But this 80 in Sweden, on account of the value of money being four times, as great, anakes it appear that, first, on account of the proportion of 4 to 1, and then of 80 to 55, the real difference is nearly as 7 to 1. This may not be unexceptionably accurate as a calcu- lation, but the basis is right; it states the nature of the case as it really stands, which is what is intended, and what is useful, - - 557 A the experienced and the well informed in this country, say that Eng- lish iron is, by nature, softer than any foreign we have imported, ex- - cept Spanish ; when worked with wood, no iron is so tough as Russia, and the English iron can be made equally as tough ; it certainly is not esteemed so much, when made by cokes of pit coal, but there is a much greater waste of metal in the process; still very great quantities, of excellent quality, are made with pit coal only, and the iron made with wood charcoal is for particular purposes. - Cast iron wares bear, for exportation, no comparison to bar iron and articles made from it; but the internal consumption for rail roads, railings, bridges, rafters for houses, and, in short, every other purpose, in objects every moment presenting themselves to our sight, is such that the quantity may be increased still more; surely, this is the most flattering prospect for the resources of the kingdom, and may be deemed amongst the first, for it is an article added to the capital of the country, produced by the labour of its people only, from that which costs nothing, and is inexhaustible in the bowels of our native soil. - - In the iron trade, the spirit and energy of those who carry it on, is such, that government has not any occasion to interfere with bounties or premiums. The unwise policy of the northern nations in raising the prices, answers every purpose, so that though they have, in reality, according to the wages of labour and value of money, a price equal to three times what we have, they never think of increasing their industry and underselling us, but take always the highest price they can get. When nations act upon the principle of high prices, the consequence is, that others, when the article is such as they can pro- - duce, take as little from them as possible, and endeavour to suppl y themselves; and, as soon as they are able to do so, they import no more from those avaricious unwise people; when, on the contrary, na-. tions, where the value of money is great, can undersell and do so, then others take from them all, they can get, and only manufacture for: themselves enough to supply the deficiency. Thus it is, that if Sweden. and Russia had kept the prices as low as they were 20 years ago, we 558 should take from them all we could, and only make enough at home to supply the deficiency ; but, as it is, we make all we can, and our works are daily increasing, while we take from them only enough to satisfy the demand which we are not yet able to do ourselves. Our iron masters may, however, export that when those countries find we will not purchase any more from them, they will reduce the price, which it is in their power very easily to do ; it will then become the business of the legislature to protect our home manufactures of iron, by a duty that will compensate for the reduction of price that they will make, so soon as they find that they must either do that, or lose the market. . . ~ So firmly is the iron manufacture established in this country, and so greatly extending, that we shall shortly be general exporters; indeed, British bar iron might now be exported to Sweden and Russia at less prices, including freight and insurance, than they insisted upon having a few years back, in the first cost, from us. Last year, the importation of iron into Britain, from Russia, was not a fifth of the preceding year, so that the iron proprietors of Russia will have to lament extorting such high prices from the English, and struggling so hard to have a Loan Bank to enforce. They will be as the Swedes were a century ago with pitch and tar. The following table will shew the countries from whence we imported iron for some years back, describing each of those countries from whence imported into England, and the total quantity from all coun- tries into Scotland. is 559. Bar-Iron imported into GREAT BRITAIN, distinguishing from what Places imported into England, and only the total Quantity into Scotland. - .# . . . # tº t; ; § || 3 Tº 33 E. .#. -3 E. ſ: 5 & & ë 3 § É § 5 || 3 | # sp 5 2 Q ſº {0 Ö 5. O ſº 3 C Years. | Tons. Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons: i , Tons. Tons. Tons: I 1786 | 1218 26029 16834 . . . 50 | 197 44330 || 4235 || 48.565 || 1787 1636 21829 18492 | 18 146 283 || 42407 || 4321 || 46728 1788 || 1337 27816 16877 413 244 174 F. 46863 4633 || 51496 4789 798 25005 || 19903 || 675 69 58 || 46511 4532 || 51043 .1790 175 22440 20466 573 | 104 51 43812 5428 h, 49.340 1791 || 1100 29971 19572 220 76 622 || 51564 5609 || 57.17.3 1792: 705 26892 |. 34.442 | 20 273 11:9. 52453 5240 E. 57693 1793 961 33511 2007.9 . . . 45 180 || 54780 4182 58969 1794, 408 || 21170 | 15816 . . . 64 119 || 37578 4901 || 42479 | 1795 172 26215 | 1817.1 32 | . . . . 239 || 44830 4696 || 49596 1796 962 29083 || 18006 3 | . . . . 220 48276 5001 : 53.277 1797 464 20537 11428 425 | . . . . .279 || 33135 | 3825 36960 1798 302 || 29446 || 15799 || 272 | . . . . 142 45964 5964 51928 1799 || 264 23451 18623 12 | . . . 97 424.79 5852 48.331 1800 * . e. e. e e e • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38000 1801 tº ſº e & ſº ſº • * * | * * * | * > . . . * * * * * * . . . . . 33000 1802 tº º º e e & • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52000 ... 1803 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43000 It would be a pity to quit this subject without observing how much the prosperity of nations depends on wise policy, which is always con- nected with moderation, and paying due attention to circumstances; by due attention, we mean neither negligence on the one hand, nor being too eager to grasp on the other. In the time of Louis XIV. when Colbert was minister, we have seen how France, by being too. tenacious, lost the superiority in the manufacture of watches, glass, paper, and cutlery, and many other articles. Sweden, using similar power about piteh and tar, lost that trade, and the northern powers. follow still the same measures, excluding English manufactures, and keeping up the price of their own. England seized wisely, and with success, the moment to rival France and Sweden; let her do so now with iron, fisheries, and every thing else that the circum- stances will admit, and she will place her prosperity on a basis much more certain and permanent than that on which it now stands. 560 CHAP. VIII. Of Hemp and Flaw. WE cannot well treat of these two articles separately, they are fre- quently applied to the same, as well as to different purposes; their growth is as nearly connected, as well as the uses to which they are respectively applied. That the use of flax has long been known, we need only refer to sacred history, where we find that the use of the distaff and spindle, in those early times, was counted laudable industry. Naturalists say that there are no less than 33 known species of flax; but all seem to agree, that only two of these were formerly used in the flax manufacture, but we believe it confined now only to one, which obtains a degree of fine- ness proportioned to the soil and its cultivation. - Hemp scarcely appears to have been known to the ancients, at least as a strong fibred plant; for Pliny, in lib. 20, cap. 23, of his Natural History, only praises the virtues of its stem, leaves, and roots. We find, however, from some who have written on Roman antiquities, that the hemp, necessary for the use of war, was stored up in two cities of the western empire, Ravenne and Vienne, by the procurators. That its use soon after became general, admits of no doubt. Although we find frequent accounts of seal skins, and other articles, substituted for hempen cables, even in the eighth century; it was not, however, till the sixteenth century, that it became an object of public consideration in England; the first of which we find is the 21st year of Henry VIII. chap. 12. in a petition for regulating rope making at Bridport, in Dor- setshire, which states, “that, whereas the people of that town have, out of time that no man's mind is to the contrary, used to make most part of all the great cables, hawsers, ropes, and all other tackling, as well for your royal ships and navy as for the most part of all other ships - 561 within this realm, by reason whereof your said town was right well maintained, &c.” Then, comes the grievances, viz. “ that the people of the adjacent parts of this town have set up rope-making, and make slight goods, whereby,” says this act, “the prices of the said cables, &c. are greatly enhanced :” a very odd reason, truly, for enhancing a commodity - Curious reasons in these times were given for monopolies foreign to the present matter, but the petitioners succeeded, and gained an ex- clusive privilege. At this period, no cordage is made at that place, except for its own shipping; but its manufactures for fishing lines, twines for nets, the manufacturing of sail cloth, dowlas, ticks, &c. are carried on to some extent, and considerable quantities of flax, and some hemp, is grown in that neighbourhood, and in the adjacent counties. .” '. - - - When (at the early period we have justmentioned,) the people direct- ed their attention to nautical affairs, the use of hemp became indispen- sably necessary, and an object of great importance to government. At that time, the Russian trade was unknown to us, of course we had only supplies within ourselves; for, by an act in the 24th year of Henry VIII. chap. 4, and by another in the 5th year of Queen Elizabeth, chap. 5, the crown was empowered, by a proclamation, to order, that for every 60 acres of land for tillage, one rood should be sown with flaxseed or hempseed, as might be judged proper, “for the better provision of nets, for help and furtherance of fishing, and for eschewing of idleness.” At various subsequent periods, many attempts were made to grow hemp and flax amongst ourselves. After the discovery of the trade to Russia, from 1553 to 1696, the trade was but inconsiderable with that empire; yet, in the 7th and 8th of King William and Queen Mary, an act was passed to encourage the growth of hemp and flax in Ireland, and the importation from thence into England duty free, “On ac- count of the great quantity of money which was sent out of the coun- try:” when, in the year 1699, an act passed, that the commissioners of customs should, in every year, give an account of all the naval stores imported from Russia into England. 4 C 562 Many laws were made, and bounties given, to encourage the growth of hemp and flax from that period till 1776, in the British planta- tions in America, as well as at home ; all which had but little effect in promoting its growth ; although, additional duties were laid on foreign liners, to encourage British manufacture and the growth of these two articles; in 1781, an act was passed, allowing the importa- tion of flax and flaxseed into Great Britain and Ireland, in any ship in amity with his majesty, which act is continued to this day. .* - -- * - A bounty was granted of 41, per ton on all hemp, the growth of Ireland, imported into England, from 24th June, 1793, to 24th June, 1800, which has not been renewed, and the bounty of 4!. per ton on all hemp and flax, the growth of the British plantations in America, imported into England, will cease on the 24th June, 1806. These bounties were granted by government in a manner, which gave but little stimulus, and were found ineffectual; the land owners gave but little encouragement, to urge vigorous measures to second the view; indeed, the land owners, as well as the farmers, were prejudiced against it, from the notion that it impoverished the soil, and wished to grow those articles, where it was not exactly suitable for corn ; but they might be influenced partly from prejudice and the extra trouble of cultivating hemp and flax, although attended with more profit than the production of grain. They do not consider, however, that their people might be employed in preparing hemp and ſlax, when they could not employ their time in other occupations. As interest generally leads men to pursue what is most beneficial, so the boors of Russia, where the soil and climate allow it, prefer the culture of hemp and flax to corn, not only as most profitable, but as 'best suiting their habits and time; it is sown, raised, pulled, put in the water and ready for heckling in a short time, with the advantage of a certain ready money market, when prepared. This is not the case always with grain, which is more precarious in every point. When the Russian has done every thing the season allows him in the out-door business, when he cannot turn himself to any purposes of agriculture --~~ 563 he can heckle his hemp and flax, and prepare it for market in its raw state, or manufacture it. Notwithstanding such an immense quantity of hemp and flax is exported, as well as consumed at home, neither of those articles 3.1°C grown in any great quantities by any individual in general; every boor grows a patch of hemp and flax, and what he does not require for his own domestic purposes, he sells to those people going round to collect it, or bringing it to dealers in the villages, who traffic in the articles of necessity he requires. - To form a data by which we can estimate the national advantage to be derived by growing our own hemp and flax, we shall first state the quantity of both those articles, and yarn produced from flax, im- ported into Great Britain, distinguishing England from Scotland. GREAT BRITAIN. Hemp imported into England. Hemp imported into Scotland. * *i-e - $– “º: º # # re; ă England, - # - ă |Scotland #. T # É : .# $2 T]| # | # | | | Total. i. : i. $-4, : § .# Total .C. ca .# 3 Sp O QD Ç : ** , 24 -3 * o Cº ſh- CD ;I, &p: O - p3 O F = ! Years. . . . Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt, Cwt. 1786 6816 • * * * . . . ; 254483 3375 2646.29 35. 26818 . . . . 26853 291.482 1787 2266 1966 . . . . 340138 || 5204 || 349755 344 29665 37 300.46 37.9801 1788 27'04 3195 88 || 513960 | 1.4853 534802 418 28602 248 29268. 564076 1789 2402 94. . . . . 438853 5657 447008 125 24950 89 25255 47.2263 1790 1575 417 197 541392 6853 550436 58 40802 983 4.1869 592305 1791 815 71.16 705 287.354 34093 || 330083 || 1863 46837 14 48728 || 37.8811 1792 903 6327 . . . . 555646 6607 || 569485 || 1536 43327 | | 12 || 44877 567.188 1793 _338 8006 81 507990 5893 522311 || 1282 30935. . . . 31520 553831 || 1794 349 200 2290 523380 12443 539163 14 43578 & e º 43592 5827.55 ; 1795 • , a e 37 30 529500 || 14756 544325 º tº tº 30297 | . . . . 30297 574622 1796 24 1741 . . . 566562 11580 579907 • * e 38576 | . . , 38578 || 618485 1797 227 | 10423 . . . . 452289 3401 466341 e e e 21:360 474 - 21835 48817.6 . 1798 185 2465 . . . . 587424 762 590838 65 56006 9:23 56994 || 647832. 1799 6116 1461 142 | 664623 2628 || 6747.91 101 77349 146 77596 752387 1800 6 - © • * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553971 || . . . . . . . © º º 42029 || 596000 i. 1801 & © & • e s © º º © tº º ‘. . . . 702393 & 0 & e - e. & 6 º' 38607 || 741,000 1802 © & a • * ~ | * * * * © e ºs . . . . 416450 . . . . . . . . . . . , , , 7.1550 488000 1803 . . . e & e º - O to º e | . . . . 632997 . . . . . . . . . . . 94003 || 727 000 —l \\ - - 4 c 2 564 GREAT BRITAIN. Flar imported into England. | Flaw imported into Scotland. g # England. # Issodawal # - & .3 * * º, - e 5. | " \ § 3.11(i. º c; . >, e 5. | CQtial] Clº ſº re: 3 fº g a . Q - --|| "c 'g 3 rt; • ° l— § º: P- 5 "E § # Total. || 3 || || 5 "S 3 5 Total, º Pl: C’ *I. ſº Q . P- Ö tº R3 - || O º: - . . . . . . . . - .. Years. Cwt. wt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt Cwt. Cwt. Cwt., Cwt, Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. 1786 9823] . . . 9372| 137695 || 1442, 158333 || 1534 62; 29525 54,508 6 85636 244469 1787 26280; 262, 7987| 127326 3078. 164935 || 3170 | . . . 25321 76133 111 || 104.737 269672 1788 5550. 11. 8954. 133997 || 1266 149780 || 4214 | . . . .30843 77.984 47 | 112190 261970 1789 – 8429 534; 7384 67141 188 8007.9 || 422 . . . 19796 || 394.44 51 5914.5 1392.24 4790 45437| . . . 18392 110153 1071. 145055 || 314 15| 40807 || 71000 30 | 112166 257.221 | 1791 16019 115, 11813. 1428O1 | . 1346 tº 2096 || 1654 576. 36715 96.397 | 661 || 136004 || 303700 1792 || 8067 9| 11824. 116894 1002| 137798 || 1972 1] 38064 65485 2 105525 243323 1793 4024; 50 21421, 1396.54 || 230|| 165381 || 1155 1} 35584 || 69077 49 || 105867 27 1248 1794 5271; 26. 33487] 148119 4021, 190925 || 82 . . . . 3961% 1177.05 || 41 | 1574.41 348366 1795 1882| 6850) 3085| 98.171 || 12922 122912 || 1545 15607 170 | 84896 .272 102940 225852 1796 || 17159. 15916 5911; 114214 | 12233 165435 || 48 ºf 5393 32788 || 114002 || 3571 155803 321.238 1797 || 6085 2207 11800. 94149 | 8441| 122684 || 1710 289| 27652 57227 118 86997 209681 1798 || 10571. 14028; 26.202 168082 2831|| 221716 || 3291 9499 30795 || 122960 1724 168271 3899.87 1799 || 26.191 10680 10440| 178620 | 1580. 227513 || 1827 | 15697. 7686 165378 633 191293 || 418736 1800 • - . . . . . . e . . . 256560 || . . . . . . . . . . e tº e . . . . 153440 410000 1801 & • * r e º 'º i e 4 e 1624.8%) iſ . . . . . . . . . . e . . . 108520 27 1000 1802 • * : * ~ ; 3. . . . . . . . 184580 || . o tº a © . . . . 92420 277,000 1803 g & º 175020 || . e o º . . . 118980 29.4000 - | Linen Yarn imported into Great Britain, distinguishing whence imported into England, and the gross Quantity \ 4 - – 3 º 3 | #. º ă ă * * e - ..." & º; - - - * \sº e ; : B | : à | # | 3 || 3 | ##| || = 3 $ # É | 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 | < 3 | jº > PA ſº § tº . . .” $4 * tº , tº Q - - © . - rº, {L/ +-> §. § - H º: .5 *5 ºt w O # £ - - Q4 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1786 —— 3806229| 2039566 3355893]. 19534. 24200. 9245422) 437383 1787] — 4158695|.1850385| 3774822; 34119 31040 8849061 562311] . . . 1788 —– 3653084.1639029| 2923884; 44283|436666 8696946; 739177| 1789 40000 31.76366) 17:48.237, 3658769; 30973, 18525, 8682870 7.35950 1790) — 3971152| 2221640. 2723987. 22331, 4755) 8943865. 1332878 1791 — || 3685448 2486124; 2214593] 1920%. 1266 8406633 1852415 1792. 698 4316963| 2149321. 1744067. 16586 . 844 8228479 1295581 1793. 716, 3659190] 2456767] 2028916, 13543, 1320 8160452 1001483| 1794 — 3455.712|2242411| 7241.75|| 7563 2478 6431339; 1205569 1795), 21948 3510301] 2205885, 1980632) 17:132 — 7735898 94.917.9 {1796 — 297.2921] 2391847 1199958, 2012?] 6584.848; 1329697 #77.97: ...— . .286.3628} 17:45.744: 1573812 15800 1801: 6200785: 1086030 1798) — 397.2059| 2626267, 1522610| 14594}ſo9418; 8.244948 984165 1799 — 4957982. 3354786 1215619. 24289; 1095; 8853771; 1698643 1800ſ — **** - — || -**- —— 40597.65 1801 — — sº-ººººººº- —— —— — – 1554265 1802 —— — e-assº- —— —— —— — 1296060 1803) — — ** -— — —— — 1177476 all Places fram into Scotland. 563 It will be seen that, some years, we have imported upwards of 20000 tons of flax, nearly 38000 tons of hemp, and 4000 tons of raw linen yarn, spun from flax, and about that weight in manufactured linens; of linseed we must go by the value. r - As we have stated the quantity, we shall take the aggregate value of the hemp and flax, and their produce, imported in the raw state, according to the official value, for the following years, 1797 | 1798 || 1799 1800 | 1801 1802 | 1803 | Hemp . . . . . | 4.14794 || 550658 639685 506956 636267 |406066 613494 Flax . . . . . . . 40.1371 || 766 196 || 8284.01 || 804938 530328 529973 || 575 123 | Yarn . . . . . . 359541 || 440679 52.5367 505978 || 423214 || 417829 || 375898. Linseed . . . . . 88452 1024 | 3 || 1051.70 || 131607 | 84.191 || 132759 | | 16877 | . . . . 126415s lis09946 2098603 |1949569 hoiaooo 1486620 |1680892 Of which only ex- - : || - - ported Hemp 6940 || 26302 9065 8O32 6094 || 45919 6898 .*- - - - | - . - - - 4. 1257218 * 1941537 1667906 |1440701 1673994 | Such is the official value which the nation pays for all these articles, and this rate, we have before observed, was fixed at a very early pe- riod; compared with the present, some articles are doubled, some trebled, and, in some instances, quadrupled. - - To the quantity of the raw articles thus imported, we shall add likewise that which came in a manufactured state, which cannot COme in any where with so much propriety as here. The foreign linens consumed in Great Britain alone, may be about 4000 tons in weight on the average, but being estimated in the value of linens, it is not here added ; but the cordage made of hemp, imported into Great Britain, was, in the following years, . - - Year. : , England. Scotland. total. cwt. 1789 . cwt. 1188 . . . ... 349 . . 1532 1790 . . . . . 2184 . . . . . 444 . . 2628 - 1791 . . . . . . 2568 . . . 673. . 324, 1 1792 . . . . . 2078. . . 487 . . 2565 1793 . . . . 30O2 . . . 449 . 345 l. 1794 . 2654. . . 3.19 2973 1795 . . . 5778. 235 . . . . 6013 1796 . . ... 18247 . . . 797 . . . 19044 1797 . . . . . . . . .6144. . . . . . . 446 . . . . 6590 1798 . . . . . 6671 . . . . 1499. . . . 8 I?O. 1799 . . . . , 6623 . . . . . ] 147 . 777 Q. 1800 566 The actual sums, upon the average of the last five years, which this country has paid for hemp and flax, and their produce, will be more clearly seen in the concluding chapter, where the estimated national advantages of raising these raw materials amongst ourselves are shewn. . . . - . . . . . If this should not be attempted in England, it can easily be effec- ted in Ireland, the soil, climate, and situation of that kingdom are peculiarly adapted for such an object; Ireland already raises all the flax she consumes in her manufactures, and having already got into the habit of raising and dressing flax, that of hemp would be the more easily introduced.' w . . . . . - The production of flax has kept pace with the increased state of her linen manufacture. The importation of flaxseed, flax, and hemp, was, on the average of seven years, - From 1764 to 1770, Flaxseed . . 31809 hogsheads. Flax . . . . 15608 cwt. ** Hemp . . . 16243 do. * > From 1771 to 1777, Flaxseed . . 33050 hogsheads - - Flax . . . . 9322 cwt. Hemp . . . 14590 do. Ireland imported in the year 1801, Flax seed . 53855 hogsheads. * flax . . . 5661 cwt. Hemp . . 8269 do. - Hempseed . . 227 hogshcads The importation, both of hemp and flax into Ireland, has consider- ably declined, which is an evident proof of some progress being made in the production of those articles; as the people have partially got into the habit of raising them already. From the suitableness of the soil and climate, this will ultimately occupy and employ the poor, who are in the most wretched and deplorable state, for want of means to employ their industry. The country at present is neglected, and requires some vigilant measures to bring its great resources into activity. * - z The linen manufacture in Ireland is like the cloth manufacture in the West Riding of the county of York, and the county of Gloucester; 567 rather local ; when the producing of hemp and flax might be general throughout the kingdom ; that it is not so in Ireland, even, is notorious. The importation of flaxseed was only into the following ports of Ireland: - - In 1893 Londonderry . . . . 13047 Belfast . . . . . . 6172 Newport . . . . . 466 Coleraine • . . . . Newry . . . . . . 12713. *Cork . . . . . . . 5017 Sligo . . . . . . . 1796. Donaghadee . . . . 30 Strangford . . . . . 288 T)ublin . . . . . . . . 6850 Waterford. . . . . . . }. Dundalk . . . . . 128 wºr----------sº Galway . . . . . . . 24.15 || | 50264 Limerick . . . . . 1344 { * - ººms assassmºm-as- If, then, within the manufacturing district of so small a compass we reckon that the above quantity of seed is sown annually in Ireland; and, in addition, perhaps some of the best seed which may have been saved the year previous from their own growth, we may calculate upon the whole from 60,000 to 70,000 hogsheads of flaxseed are sown. The - hogshead contains more than three bushels, which is sown on an acre; reckoning, therefore, only 60,000 acres of land sown with flax, (which, most probably, is under the fact,) and the produce from 6 to 7 and 8. cwt. per acre; as the domestic consumption is considerable, besides what is used in the manufacture for exportation, it is an evident proof what may be done in that kingdom. º º If, therefore, Ireland confines herself to so small a compass as 60,000 acres, just in her manufacturing neighbourhood, let us compare the extent of that kingdom, to see what advantages it may be productive of to herself, and in a national point of view, by making it general. The province of Ulster has . . . 2,836,837 acres., * Leinster. . . . . 2,642,958. – Munster . . . . 8,289.932. & Connaught . . . 2,272,915, 11,042,642. It must be remarked that the above measure is Irish acres, which, make about 18,000,000 of English statute acres; and it may not be. improper to observe here, that a general error arises in those who know. * It is only very lately that Cork imported any seed. 568 not the difference betwixt the English and Irish measure, as well as the respective rate of money, in judging of the price or rental of land. Betwixt the two countries, the difference of the measure and the rate of money is, that 40s. per acre in Ireland will be equal to about 23s. per acre in England: so that we find the rent of land considerably lower in Ireland than in England, and in England, it is much less than in Scotland. The tythes and poor's rates of England chiefly make the difference. w - 4 - What must tend to forward the object materially of sowing hemp and flax in Ireland, is, that there are no rights of commonage as in England, there are bogs, which only want draining, and waste lands of very considerable extent, dispersed throughout the kingdom, capa- ble of the highest cultivation and most profitable husbandry, adapted for grain, hemp, and flax. \, - Comparing Ireland to England, acre for acre, in natural fertility, perhaps Ireland has the advantage. It is the capital and higher state of cultivation in England which gives her the decided superiority. There is not in all Ireland, where it can be cultivated, such wastes ºlS are to be seen in England.—Look at the northern parts of Y orkshire, and the line from Westmoreland, then Lancashire, down into Derby- shire, an extent of near a hundred miles. , * Hemp requires a different soil from flax; in Ireland it is found pe- culiarly to suit both : this is stated from observation, as well as from the high authority of Mr. Arthur Young, who has given such compre- hensive details of the soil of that kingdom. This gentleman gives the most flattering testimonies of the ease with which bogs might be drained ; and, wherever any proprietors have partially done so, that it has most amply repaid them. No meadows are found equal to those gained by improving a bog, which, when properly drained and culti- vated, the natural vegetation is rich and productive, and of such a particular quality, that even sheep have never been found to rot upon them; but, on the contrary, considerably improved : and, in travelling through Ireland, where the road is made through a bog or swamp, grass and clover may be observed to grow in abundance at the sides of the road, there is a fine, rich, friable soil, when drained, similar to the soil of 569 the Ukraine, where the finest hemp from Russia and Poland is produced. No. island is better watered, has finer rivers, nor could have such easy navigable communication, both externally and internally, as Ire- land; advantages united together of the highest importance, both for its exterior trade and fisheries, as well as the internal improvement. The grand canal runs from Dublin to the Shannon, through the bog of Allen, (one of the greatest in Ireland,) estimated to contain 300,000 acres; and there are many others of less extent scattered over the kingdom; some of which might be drained at a small expense ; but, if the proprietors have not capital sufficient to carry on such extensive improvements, it would be wisdom in government to facilitate the object by advancing the necessary sums, upon mort- gage of the lands, in the shape of exchequer bilis; the interest to be paid regularly every half year to government, or chargeable upon the estate; the whole to be repaid by the proprietors, or redeemed in a certain time, either by the currency of the country, or by payment in produce itself, in a certain quantity annually, of hemp and flax, at fixed rates, for the discharge of interest and capital. By this means the grand national object would soon be accomplished without expense to the public; nothing would contribute so essentially to the prospe- rity of the country and of the individual: it would, first, by reclaiming those bogs, and cultivating the waste land, encourage the growth of hemp and flax, and employ all the wretched poor and industrious of the kingdom, keeping those at home who otherwise emigrate for want of employment; such measures would surely be the means of creating riches and happiness in Ireland. . Tor want of some such encouragement, Ireland is unable to employ its population: the loss to the state, by emigration, and the neglect by not bringing into active effect those dormant resources, is really incalculable; for near sixty years past, an emigration from Ireland has existed of the most athletic and useful hands, and so syste- matically carried on, without any measures of restraint, that what is called a passenger trade, has been like a branch of commerce, for carrying them direct to America. By accounts from thence, from 1803, to July 1804, no less than 27000 Irish had emigrated; what then must have been the emigration altogether from Ireland 2 4 D - 570 This is indeed a national loss of the greatest importance, when men are so much wanted, and a description of men who would not, cer- tainly, leave their native soil, if they could get employment; but they have no means of exercising their industry, nor have they poor's rates to keep them from starvation, as in England. Give the lower class of Irish but the means of labour, and let them once taste the Sweets of their own industry, we shall in time see them follow the laudable example of those in Scotland. * - - - From many reasons, of the soundest and wisest policy, (besides even humanity for which we are so celebrated,) we should prevent emigration, and give employment to the poor, particularly when put- ting into effect a plan of this kind is attended with such immense na- tional advantages. Wherever there is labour in Ireland, the people will flock to it, there are no parish officers as there are in England to check a man in search of labour (if he cannot get it in his own district,) least he should leave a wife and children chargeable to the parish. In Ireland, where they can find labour, a poor man in a day or two con- structs a hut for his wife and children in the neighbourhood of the place where he can be employed ; as it declines in one place, he removes to another where he can find it; his food is simple, and if he can la- bour and purchase milk and potatoes, the family repast is complete. If therefore they are deprived of employ, and cannot have parochial relief, the only alternative is starvation or emigration. In the course of twelve months, in which the author travelled in Russia, Poland, Germany, Holland, Flanders, and France, he resolved to visit (as he did within that period) Ireland, never having been in that kingdom, when, to his surprize, he found greater distress amongst the lower class. than had any where been seen, and this in the midst of greater re- sources than almost any of those other countries enjoy. As we have pointed out the national advantages to be derived by the soil and climate, in creating a spirit of improvement in Ireland, by ameliorating the state of the poor, we will return to those means. which may be adopted to bring into national effect their productive industry, in raising hemp and flax. * * - The low lands might be made to produce the quantity of hemp we consume, therefore those and other swamps and low lands might be 57.1 selected of most suitable soils, that could the soonest be rendered productive with the least expense, which are numerous throughout the kingdom. * + The quality of flax varies according to the nature, and higher or less cultivated state of the soil; that that of Ireland is suitable admits of no doubt; there must be a great variety. Mr. A. Young observes, that “the tracts of desert mountains are very considerable; upon “ these are to be practised the most profitable husbandry in the King's “ dominions; for so I am persuaded the improvement of mountain land “to be. By that expression is not to be understood only very high “lands, all wastes in Ireland, that are not bogs, they call mountain; so “ that you hear of land under that denomination, where even a hillock “is not to be seen. The longest tracts however are adjoining to real “mountains, especially where they slope to a large extent gradually “to the south.” Here then are sufficient means to raise all the flax necessary in Great Britain ; 80,000 acres would raise as much as we import: and when we can raise what we want, either for manufactures or consumption, we need not to propose to become exporters of the raw material of our own growth. * , . Bounties are perhaps the only means for inducing individuals to raise such crops on lands already occupied ; but new lands, granted for cultivation, may have a clause in the title, compelling the propri- etors to raise hemp and flax on certain proportions; nor could this be burthensome, as one-fiftieth portion of good land now laying idle would do the business; and a condition, that only attached to one- fiftieth at a time, could never be felt upon the whole. If a proper board was established of liberal, upright, active, and experienced men, the business would be effected very speedily. This country has al- ways displayed an uncommon backwardness, in availing herself of such useful establishments; even our staple manufactory of woollen arose from a single loom, and was in a manner at first forced upon us. Queen Catharine, in 1509, could not have a salad without sending to the Netherlands for a gardener to raise it; and no country now furnishes garden stuff in greater perfection or plenty, why not then hemp and flax P • - 4D 2 There is a farther consideration to be added to the others, relating to the encouragement which ought to be given to Ireland, and which is of no small importance to us, as a maritime nation, that, by growing the hemp and flax in Ireland, we do not diminish the employment of our shipping, the same quantity of tonnage will be required to be employ ed, as has hitherto been in importing those articles from other quarters, and it may be looked upon as a valuable nursery for sea- - men; besides, our merchants will have the same means of employ- ing their capital with greater security to themselves, and to the na- tional advantage; it will be keeping that balance at home, we are sending abroad, and which Ireland would embrace: it would give a new and pleasant aspect to the face of that country, and it would be adding great resources to the strength and security of the em- pire, not so much in the value as in the importance of the articles. In the first place, in respect to the grand sinews of our navy, we should be independent of all other nations; and, in the next, that we might reckon the advantages to be derived by the raw state of the articles. Ireland, so late as the year 1759, had a surplus in her treasury of 65774!...it may be well for that kingdom that our bounties did not ope- rate in America, at an early period, from what has happened betwixt America and Great Britain; it shews that our true policy is to have our resources as much under our wings as possible. • In the event of government resolving to raise hemp and flax amongst ourselves, certain fixed rules should be made by act of Par- liament at the first: being partly a new branch the most approved - methods and maxims should be adopted. The habit once fixed amongst the people, it will continue and improve; good cordage, and good cloth depend upon the quality and the management of the hemp and flax;" for, in viewing the quality of flax from the different countries, we may discover the state of the soil on which it grows, and the management of it after. The flax in Flanders, the finest in the world, for making cambrics and laces, is not only managed in a certain manner, but the soil is prepared in a particular way, they consequently produce the finest # Mr. Wissett, clerk to the committee of warehouses of the East India Company, has published very useful details relative to the culture of hemp and flax, from which much mseful information may be gained. *. 573 flax ; the Dutch come next ; that from Russia is the coarsest, which arises from indifference to those maxims which the others observe. The bounty given some years ago, by government, on hemp and flax, produced no visible effect in increasing the growth. The manner in which those bounties were directed to be claimed rendered them as ineffectual as those for encouraging our home fisheries. The bounty dn. hemp and flax was onl y claimable in its marketable state, and then aot until actually sold; it followed of course that, when the grower had the misfortune of a failing crop, and needed collateral aid the most, he derived little or none from the bounty; and when he had a good crop, and needed no such assistance, he received it ; and at all times it came too late. This, and authenticating the claims, and the difficulty of obtaining the bounty, owing to the many forms required, gave many of the growers so much disgust, that numbers never claimed the bounty at all. Whatever field or ground is sown with hemp or flax should be certified by the minister and church-war- dens, or elders of the parish, when the occupier should be paid the bounty ; for it is enough that he sustains the loss of his seed and his labour, if the crop should chance to fail. . . . . . . . . . . It is not to Ireland, but to the country at large, that the great be- nefit will arise; in referring to the chapter treating of the Poor, still farther advantages are to be derived. Before the advantages to the empire are summed up, (if we pro- duce all the hemp, and flax we consume.) we must notice one article, the seed of the hemp ; it is an article of * exportation in Russia, in its natural state; when extracted into oil the latter amounts to near 200000l. per annum. In the year 1803, the quantity exported from thence was near 8500 tons. This oil, is pressed by the boors in the most simple manner, in small hand mills, and sent to market. They generally reckon 180lb. of seed to produce 36lb. of clear oil, which is nearly five English gallons; and, in this country, it is generally rec- koned that an acre of hemp will produce betwixt two and three When we come to calculate the small quantity of land, which will give so great a benefit as to produce the quantity of hemp and 574 flax we import, it is quite astonishing that this has not been put into effect; for, reckoning the quantity each acre will produce, on the most moderate calculation, which is five hundred weight per acre, then 112 acres of land would produce 28000 tons of flax, and 160000 acres would produce 40000 tons of hemp, being together 272000 acres; and if the three kingdoms contain about 74000000 acres, and if the acts of Henry and Elizabeth were put in force, or rather extended, that is, two roods for every 60 acres of arable and pasture land, and allowing only half the quantity of land in the three kingdoms to be susceptible of such cultivation, it would make about 300,000 acres, which, in the change of crops, would be nothing to the aggregate quantity of land to raise flax or hemp, which are reckoned the best preparatives for a good crop of wheat. We shall now consider the benefit which the nation would derive from such a plan being carried into execution; let us suppose the greatest quantity of hemp, flax, and linseed, that we have imported, that if they had been grown here, what they would have produced ac- cording to the average first cost paid, the last five years, for them, to which must be added the customs, freight, and insurance paid amongst ourselves. The hempseed would become a new source, the national advantage will then be thus, by producing, instead of import- ing: ** Raw flax for spinning and manufacturing . . . 20000 tons at ºf 65 ºf 1300000 spinning into yarn, for which no labour is reckoned . . . . . . . . 4000 — at , 65 260000 in the weight of linens imported (as if X; the raw material was reckoned) . 4000 — at 65 260000 Hemp rough, including cordage and other ma- nufactures . . . . . . . ; 400000 — at 40 16OOOOG Linseed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336000 quar. at 40S. 672000 Hempseed” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400000 — at 2OS. 400000 * \ W. st 4492000 (*** ***.* A small part of this sum, annually appropriated to bring the waste lands into cultivation, would not only produce us grain to supply our- selves, but hemp and flax ; and, by making a continued change in the crops, 300,000 acres annually appropriated for raising the two last * The duty for importing hempseed from America, in a British ship, is about 7d. per quarter, and from any other place, 13s. 7d.' ' ~re \ 575 articles, out of the 22,000,000 to be cultivated in England only, if we did not encourage the growth in Ireland, would answer every purpose. In the growth of hemp and flax we produce two of the most useful materials, either for the usual comforts of life or for defence ; and the best, we may almost say the only, materials on which the poor, the feeble, and those who are now a burthen on the public, can be em- ployed. A material, also, serving to occupy, profitably and well, many persons who would otherwise be idle, though they are not indigent, for one of the wisest of kings, in the earliest ages, celebrates “the in- dustrious matron, who assorteth her household, whose husband is seated, clothed in linen, amongst honourable men, and who giveth out the cloth, the work of her hands, to the merchant.” It is a mate- rial raised within ourselves, and therefore not liable to be taken. from us by the vicissitudes to which nations, as well as individuals, are liable. CHAP. IX. Of the British Linen Man ufacture. — Of the Quantity exported from Ire- land. – Erposed for Sale in Scotland.—Foreign imported.—Of the Cof- ton Manufacture. J THE linen manufacture was one of the first in ancient times; it is mentioned very early in the Holy Writ, when purple and fine linen was reckoned the highest personal ornament; and the greatest characters. in those ages both wove and spun. Hercules made love to a spinster and assisted in her labours, and Penelope's web is known to every one. It is certain that the linen manufacture came first from Egypt into Phoenicia, and then into Greece and Italy. The woollen may be reckoned chiefly as one to guard the body against the inclemency of the weather: linen has always been reckoned rather a luxury; and, as, society has become more civilized and refined, linen has come more. 576 --- j into general use, not contributing more to the comfort of the body tha to cleanliness and health. . . . * -> In early ages its benefits were known, particularly in warm climates, and a great value set upon fine linen. The celebrated Roman lady, Lullia Paulina, when she was dressed out in jewels, exceeding the value •of £322,000, gave three thousand pounds sterling for a single piece ** of fine linen. s * …” Even at the end of the 11th century, it is mentioned by Helmoldus, that at the small island of Rugen, in the Baltic, linen cloth was used at that time in exchange for every thing, instead of money. He says, “If they got by chance any gold or silver by their piracies, or in war, “ they either bestowed it in ornaments for their wives, or laid it up in “ the treasury of their idol god.” The times are, however, somewhat altered, with respect to the use of linen, but gold and silver have now become the idols. - . . . . . . . . From Italy, the linen manufacture went to France, from thence to Flanders, where it made a stand ; afterwards to Holland ; from Flan- ders we received it, as well as the Germans; and it has spread at a very late period from thence to the east and northern parts of Europe. In encouraging the woollen manufacture, at an early period, some at- tention was paid to that of linen. King Henry III. in the 37th year of his reign, ordered the sheriffs of Wilts and Sussex to buy, for his wardrobe, at Westminster, one thousand ells of fine linen, made in each of their respective counties. 3 ºf When Cardinal Wolsey’s goods werc scized by Henry VIII. amongst other articles were found one thousand pieces of fine Holland linen; a proof that the manufacture was not carried to much perfection in this country ; and, by, the enormous provision of it, that it was not readily to be had: for, in the inventory, we do not find woollen cloth, that being a manufacture established here long before; and probably that could be purchased when wanted. One of the reasons, however, ...that linen makes a smaller figure, as an article of commerce, is, that most of it is home made; that is, if not manufactured in the family, at least in the country.—Garden stuffs cost more than tea and sugar; but there is a great difference between the importance of a refiner of 577 sugar and a man who raises cucumbers and cabbages. The same rea- son makes cotton spinners rise superior to the simple country girl who spins flax at the cottage door. The reign of James I. was the first period for encouraging the linen manufacture by authority; from that time it was left to itself, till 1696, when an act passed which may be said to have been the foundation act for encouraging the manufacture of linens in Ireland. Hemp and flax the growth, and sail-cloth the manufacture, of that kingdom, were all imported into England, duty free; and so far had the ma- nufacturing of sail-cloth increased by this time, that the English manufacture was allowed to be exported duty free. The linea manu- facture in Ireland was farther promoted by the French protestant refu- gees, and a sort of a compact made in 1698, when the English par- liament addressed his majesty to discourage the woollen manufacture in Ireland, and to encourage that of the linen. An act, passed in 1704, by which Irish linens were allowed to be exported from any port in Ireland directly to the British plantations. Sir William Temple, a strenuous advocate at an early period for pro- moting the Irish linen manufacture, foretold the great improvement in 1681; and, with some gallantry, made the following observations: “No “ women are apter to spin linen thread well than the Irish, who, la- “bouring little in any kind with their hands, have their fingers more “ supple and soft than other women of the poor condition amongst us. “And this may certainly be advanced and improved into a great ma- “ nufacture of linen, so as to beat down the trade both of France and “ Holland, and draw much of the money which goes from England “ to those parts upon this occasion into the hands of his majesty's “ subjects of Ireland, without crossing any interest of trade in Eng- “ land; for, beside what has been said of flax and spinning, in Ireland “ its climate is proper for whitening, both by the frequent brooks, “ and also of winds in that country.” * The encouragement given in England to the Irish linen manufacture was most properly seconded by the Irish parliament; and, to promote the linen manufacture, from its first enconragement, in 1696 to 1750, 4 E 578 • which produced an immense increase in the manufacture. it is calculated that no less than half a million sterling was expended, About the year 1691, it was supposed that Ireland did not export in yarn and linens to the amount of six thousand pounds altogether; but the manu- facture rapidly increased, as will appear when we compare the value of linen and yarn exported from Ireland ten years after ; viz. < Yarn. Linens. Total. In 1701 . . . . . . 4 ºt S. d. cf. s. d. 11168 6 6; which produced 21605 15 7% . . 396.16 18 2 Ditto . . 66283 14. 4. ºf 50785 4 8: --- 87889 9 11% 50785 4 8: •. s. s e e º e. e. e. • *. £37104 5 2.É. T206481. . . . . . . . . . 166581 tº • & 3, tº. ©, * , 4 * * I 19700. 286281 . 920200. Then there remain capable of some labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . There were then 1206481 people taken out of the population, who chiefly lived upon the industry of the others; of these, 920200 are fully capable to work and earn more or less, hitherto a heavy bur- then upon the other part of the community; and surely it is not diffi- 592 º cult to devise means to bring their industry. into action, suitable to their ability, strength, and situation. If we were steadily to adopt the resolution of raising our own hemp and flax amongst ourselves, upon our waste lands, the dressing of those articles by some, and the various departments of labour for others, even the most feeble being able to spin the yarn finer or coarser, as in different parts of Lithuania, Ermland, and Germany, where even the women and children assist in every process of sowing, pulling, watering, and dressing the flax, afterwards spinning and weaving, as is to be seen in every cottage and village, yarn might, at any event, be produced, of which we import so considerable a quantity. . . . The raising of hemp and flax throughout the country would give ge- - . neral employment, and if every occupier of land, instead of contri- buting his rates in money, was obliged to contribute by producing so much hemp and flax, upon the principle of the existing act of 24th Henry VIII. and also of 5th Elizabeth, it would furnish the raw ma- terial for the employment of the poor diffused throughout the king- dom, without the expense of c arriage, from one pl ace to another. Sup- posing that 920200 persons, one with another, earned only fivepence halfpenny per day each; and only reckoning that they were employed three hundred days in the year, it would produce £5176125 per annum. There is no article or manufacture so well adapted as hemp and flax for their employment, nor capable of so many different de- grees of labour and perfection , without injuring any other species of our manufactures. Flax alone seems particularly the article which the poor should be occupied in, because one acre will produce as much flax as is sufficient to employ as many hands, as twenty, acres will pro- duce of wool. Flax, too, is capable of being wrought to any state of § £y" fineness or value, from one shillin g a pound to four guineas an ounce, which is sometimes paid for fine thread for making lace in Flanders. There is no article so suitable, or which can be manufactured with so much ease as flax; it has the advantage over the woollen manufacture, and particularly the cotton, which cannot be carried on without me- chanism. About four acres of land, in each parish, in flax, would 593 employ all the poor, only to carry it to the state of weaving, at which time it would be sold or woven at the expense of the parish. Towns and country parishes might have a commutation of labour and land, or produce, and all would go on easily. - The articles with which the British islands should endeavour to sup- ply themselves, and be independen t of the whole world, are corn, hemp, flax, timber, and iron. The articles with which they would find an advantage, though in a secondary degree, but equally within their power, are producing a greater quantity of tallow, of oil, and of fish. . . The immense exports of this country have led us to act with that profusion which is the natural consequence of affluence, and to pur- chase instead of producing; while our consumption has every day been augmenting. The effects of this it is not difficult to foresee, but be- fore we feel them, it will perhaps be too late to apply a remedy. For those articles which we could raise within ourselves we pay annual- ly an immense sum, as will be better seen in the concluding chap- ter; they are all articles for consumption, not for exportation ; and they are articles moreover, with the use of which we cannot dis- pense. .. --- "The articles of flax and hemp would be cultivated with peculiar ad- vantage, as the labour which they would maintain is very different from that of most other great staple articles of produce. Wool, cot- ton, iron, brass, leather, and almost every material which we possess, either of our own growth, or that of other nations, requires machinery or skill to manufacture, or it can only be done in the detail. When any species of produce is once worked up into an article for retail business, it becomes difficult to sell. Thus, for example, iron, while it remains in the bar, leather in the skin, or brass in the ingot, have a marketable and fixed value: when worked into locks, hinges, or utensils of any sort, the metals cease to be, generally speaking, marketable, and so do other materials; but all of them, when in the marketable state, are objects of general commerce. - - - In order to go upon any general plan of employing the poor in labour, several things are necessary: the article produced must be 4 G 594 one, generally marketable; it must require little skill, and not much care; it must be of a nature easily kept account of, and difficult to waste, purloin, or embezzle; and last of all, it must neither require very great strength, nor the aid of much machinery. While it is of this. nature it must be sufficiently light to be transported to the places where the poor are, and to bear the expense of carriage. . Hemp and flax are the articles, in the manufacturing of which, we find all those qualities united, in a degree that they are not in any others. Wool is more valuable, the operations are also more difficult: cotton. requires complicated machinery ; and the metals, without a single ex- ception, require machines, furnaces, and an apparatus quite incom- patible with the employment of the poor, besides the art necessary, and in general their value. - - - Leather, glass, paper, and all the other articles are in a similar situatiou, ... • - * . As to more heavy works, sawing wood, making bricks, polishing. stone, and other things of a like mature, they are not removable at will ;. they are attached to locality, as are all the operations of agriculture 3. so that we find ourselves on all sides drawn back to working up the two great materials, hemp and flax. It is true, that there are some other articles on which the industry of the poor might be em ployed, in working up materials into manufactured goods; but, that can only. be in a very limited way indeed. - By the account already stated, it appears very clearly, that the at- tempt made to provide the poor with materials to labour upon, is too. contemptible to deserve the name, even of a trial. What must other. nations think? What ought we to think ourselves of statements. being gravely laid upon the table of the House of Commons, contain- ing so serious an article of expenditure as five millions in the year, and an attempt to lessen it, by distributing, amongst about a million of per- sons,(some unable to labour indeed, but the greater part able to do some- thing) to diminish the expense, the trifling sum of about 50,000l. or something less than the expenditure of four days?—a sum which if compared with the number of persons relieved, amounts to about one shilling and a halfpenny, for each person 111. If this is not a mockery 595 of the poor, and of those that maintain them, it is difficult to say what it is; and certainly those who seriously present such accounts, are guilty of great disrespect to the members of the British Parliament. That this may be put in another light, not less disgraceful to those concerned, it appears, that the disbursements for law-suits, and ex- penses for the removals of the poor from one parish to another, amount nearly to four times as much as the materials provided, on which to employ their industry. It also appears, that nearly twice the value of the materials is earned by the poor, which is a proof that they do not employ those talents badly, that are put into their hands. One would think that the parish officers followed the system of the task-masters in Egypt, who expected the Israelites to make bricks without straw. - After this statement, can there be a doubt, that if every parish were to raise flax and hemp enough to employ their poor, or in towns and wherever that could not be done, if they were to purchase it there would be an immense saving But to understand this the better, let us try to estimate it. - Many writers have contrasted the cheapness of the maintenance of the poor in Scotland with the expense in England; and as Mr. Rose, in a very late publication, has in some sort mistaken the cause of this, evi- dently from misinformation, it is necessary to say a few words on that: In general, all through Scotland, the voluntary contributions at the church doors are the only funds from which they obtain relief, and those do not on an average amount to 100l. a year in each parish, that is, for the whole of Scotland, not quite 100,000l. a sum that would little more than pay half the law expenses of the English poor, or maintain them above seven days. Mr. Rose attributes this difference, in part, to the better administra- tion of the funds being in the hands of the minister of the parish and the elders, who neither feast at the expense of the poor, nor go much to law; and in this England may copy Scotland, without either shame or difficulty, and with great advantage; but it is probable, that the great number employed on spinning, and the various branches of the linen trade, make a still greater difference than any thing else. The 4 G 2 * 596 poor are nearly all relieved at their own houses, and make out a means of living by their labour upon that material, and well adapted for oc- cupying the feeble, the aged, and indigent; for filling up spare time, in and one word for preventing beggary and the extreme degree of in- digence. - - . Besides physical causes, there is, perhaps, a moral one that produces a considerable effect. By a change of manners and modes of thinking, the lower classes in England think it no disgrace to go to the workhouse to obtain relief. This is quite different in Scotland; and there is, in- deed, some reason for the difference; as all persons in health, contri- bute by force to the maintenance of the poor in England, those who want relief have a right to claim it. It is a general club, a common stock, from which, under particular circumstances, all the members have a right to draw their shares or dividends. In Scotland there is no common stock, and consequently no legal right; and therefore the bashfulness or shame it occasions may be, in some measure, accounted for on this principle. Those who have been in what they call spinning countries or districts, must have had very little observation if they did not remark the superior degree of industry over other districts where there is no such occupation. - . . . With all the differences of cheapness of living, better administration and economy, the difference of expense in two countries, so near each other, cannot be explained but by taking in the linen manufac- ture as one causc. This will be the more evident, that in Wales, which, in many respects, resembles Scotland, but not in spinning, the number of persons relieved is not much under the average of England in general. - - - The number relieved in every hundred is a better criterion than the money paid, as it cannot be deranged by the highness of prices, or cheapness of labour, but fairly tells the proportion between the idle and industrious, which, in the lowest proportion, is as 1 to 14 very nearly, and, in the highest, as 1 to 4}; the average of the whole. country, being as 1 to 84. - - - In Scotland, the number relieved is probably about as 1 to 25, or rather still more favourable, which is a clear proof that two-thirds of 597 people relieved in England must be able to do something, as, in Scot- land, that number is capable of maintaining themselves altogether. At Glasgow and its neighbourhood, which resembles England more than any other part of Scotland does; and where the trade carried on is similar to that in and about Manchester, the poor have for some years back been supported by a rate assessed on the inhabitants, as in England, yet the expense did not amount to two shillings a head upon the population, which is ascertained to be 80000, which would give for the poor of England, if managed in the same way, about 900000l. a year. Supposing, however, that the maintenance of the poor per head costs double in England to what it does about Glasgow, which is a very large allowance, the whole of the poor in England should not cost two millions. There is then a very evident defect somewhere in the political economy of England that creates such an expense for the maintenance of the indigent; for certainly there are not more de- erepid, helpless, or sickly people in England, in proportion, than there are in and about Glasgow. * - - - Want of capital and want of character, occasion many persons to want work, for even the trifling tools and materials necessary in most businesses where people work on their own account, may be termed capital; and to get employment in general, it is necessary to have that capital. Such circumstances occasion many poor people, who can work well enough, to go to the parish, and idleness is an induce- ment to return ; the shame and reluctance are gone, and thus the workhouses are crowded. . . r ~, - The simple remedy would be to have materials always ready, and to allow bread only to those who could work and would not, but to those who worked, it would be well to allow good wholesome victuals, and the remainder of the money earned should go to the poor persons. themselves, except a small allowance to the overseer, to, interest him in forwarding the process of industry. * Of five millions expended, more than three would be saved, and not- only would be saved, but above five millions worth of labour would be. gained completely to the nation, as each person, on an average, would gain him what was necessary for maintenance. 3. 593 To enter into a nice and minute calculation on this business would be to no purpose. It is evident that, as in different counties the pro- portions of those relieved are totally different, yet the law is the same in them all, the law is not the cause of the great expenditure, nor of the great number of poor in some particular counties. Neither can it be the administration; for though that might greatly affect the expense, it could have little effect on the numbers. It must then be some local cause, and that can be nothing else in general but the habits of industry, and facility of employment principally for women and children. . . . . . . . . . . It is not foreign to the purpose here to observe, that, independent of the immediate and proximate cause of poverty, which is in the idleness of persons come to years of maturity, much of it is owing to the manner in which they are brought up in their youth. When children and young persons can find constant occupation, they are from an early age accustomed to industry; so that besides the direct effect produced by providing labour for those who are reduced to poverty, a less pro- portion of the population of a country will be reduced to that situa- tion. It is to those combined causes that we must look for the great effect so visible in the different number of persons who become a bur- then to the community in different parts of the country. If then those who attribute the heavy expense of the poor to a general cause, such as the increase of taxes, of luxury, or of bad laws, would consider how unequal the burthens are, they would certainly search for some local - cause; and what local cause can we find so thoroughly existing, as to produce this great effect, but the manner of living, and the occupa- - • 8.5 tion of the people? • - - * . Two reductions would take place from a general encouragement to a : , species of industry, that would occupy persons of all ages, and in every situation of distress; first, there would be a smaller number reduced to poverty, and, secondly, those who were reduced to it would be able to provide for themselves. ~ * 599 CHAP. XI. British Shipping, and the Means of increasing it. – General observa-- tions relating thereto. — British and Foreign Ships which have entered: inwards, and cleared outwards, in the Ports of Great Britain in 1792. and 1802. AMONGST our general symptoms of increasing prosperity, and the eertain and unequivocal augmentation of trade, it is unfortunate that our shipping interest should be in a state that requires the most serious consideration of the nation; our independence, nay, even our existence as a nation, depends upon the superiority of our navy ; we should. therefore foster and encourage, by every possible way, the means not only to support and preserve, but to extend it. Nature has placed this island in a situation, and given advantages to her, that, in the pre-- sent circumstances of affairs, not only facilitate but demand it. Its importance has of late excited great attention in the public. mind. A nobleman,” as distinguished for his patriotism as for his. knowledge of this subject, a nobleman who has been moderate in politics, and indefatigable in promoting the agricultural and com-- mercial prosperity of his country, has been particularly, successful in: exciting an inquiry into a most important branch of the navigation- act. As that controversy has arisen principally relative to our colo-. nial possessions, we shall only make a few remarks upon general prin- ciples, and then enter into particular ones, relative to the shipping of the north of Europe, which has not yet been given, but deserves consi- deration. - In comparing the state of the shipping of this country in 1791; with 1801, and 1792 with the year 1802, it would appear that the British tonnage has diminished; whilst, on the other hand, according to the aggregate quantity of shipping belonging to the empire, in the three- *- * Lord Sheffield. +. Which two last tables are given at the end of this chapter. 600 last years, according to the accounts already given in the second chapter of this book, it appears to have increased, which is, however, doubtful. From that account there ought to be deducted the number of ships which have been captured, lost,” sold, or broken up; as those captured from the enemy, do not compensate for those they have cap- tured from us; we should then find our precise tonnage, and know the quantity of foreign shipping employed, in proportion to that of our own, in actual existence ; it is feared it would then be seen that our ship- ping has not increased in proportion to the augmented value of our trade : this cannot fail to excite uneasiness, when it is considered with what difficulty we have established principles to promote our shipping, and how many precautions have been used to encourage ship building in this country. We had manufactures long before we had any foreign trade; and again, we had foreign trade for a considerable time before we carried it on in vessels of our own building ; it is, therefore, a cir- cumstance greatly to be lamented, to see the British shipping discou- raged, and that of the foreign we employ in its stead increasing. In order to give a clear idea of the proportion of foreign shipping to our own which we have employed in Great Britain, previous to the American war, during that period, and each year since, the following table is given, of British and foreign ships cleared outwards. Year British | . Foreign Total Year || British Foreign Total 1773 771483 54820 848086 1789 1343800 998.58 1443658 1774 79824() 65273 85.1066 1790 1260828 144132 1404,960 1775 78.3296 64.860 819702 1791 1333106 178051 * 1511157 1776 77.8878 72188 || 725351 1792 1396003 169151 1565154 . | 1777 - || 736234 '83468 7300.35 1793 1101326 1801:21 1281.447 - 1778 657.238 98113 753977 1794 1247398 20967 9 1457.077 . 1772 590911 139124. 711363 1795 1030058 370238 1400296 1780 619469 134515 76.1362 1796 11082.58 454,847 156.3105 1781 547953 1634.10 953638 1797 97.1596 379775 1351371 . 1789 55.2851 208511 9594.19 1798 1163534 34.5132 1508666 1783 7.95669 |s 157969 10552.53 1799 1145314 390612 1535.9% | 1784 846355 113064 1098.903 1800 1269329 654713 1924()42 1785 951855 163393 1236954 1801 1196)557 || 76781.6 1958:373 1786 982.132 116771. 1365138 1802 145.9689 4,35437 18951.16 1787. 1 104711 132243 1443658 1863 1444840 574542 201938.2 . 1788 1243206 121932 1404960 1804 || 1463286 587 849 2051135 * Whenever a ship is lost, captured, or no longer bearing the British flag, she ought in- stantly to be struck off the register roll, so that we might see the precise state of our shipping.—This has not hitherto been done. • *- * ! 601 According to the account just stated, and to shew at one view the exact proportion of foreign shipping employed to the British, the fol- lowing statement will more clearly elucidate. Year British * Foreign Year British Foreign -1665 for 100 tons employed there were . . . 50 tons || 1789 for 100 tons employed there were . . . 8ton 1668 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 ... 1790 4:00 . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . 1700 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1791 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1710 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1792 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 iſ 20 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I793 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 17. 1730 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1794 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1740 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1797 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1750 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1798 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1760 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1799 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ... 1765 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 | 1800 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1770 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1801 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 68 1775 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 || 1802 100 . . . . . . . . . . , 38 1780 . . 400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 | 1803 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1788 100 . - - 10 1804 100 e er 42 This state betwixt the British and foreign shipping, naturally leads - us to inquire into the causes; and they appear to arise from a great number of different circumstances. & - The increase of our national debt has raised the price of every ma- terial employed in ship building, the wages for labour, and the price of every article of life in such a manner, that a ship can neither be built, rigged, nor manned, on such reasonable terms, in this as in any other country. In order to shew this assertion in a stronger point of view, the reader is requested to refer, under the head of Arch- angel, Dantzic, and Stettin, where will be found estimates and re- marks applicable to the present subject. In America, they build cheaper than us; and the northern nations, both build and navigate cheaper than either; they are making too a considerable profit, when our shipping is navigating to a certain loss. - * From the exhausted state of oak in this country, the price is advanced near double since the beginning of the last war, so that we are obliged to - import a considerable part of the materials necessary for building; the heavy duties on which, in addition to the first cost, the freight, in- surance, and charges, and the high price of labour in this country, all constitute so much in the difference betwixt the foreigner, who builds his ship from whence we take the timber; and what the materials cost us to bring thence here for our ship-building; with this difference, and higher wages, we cannot sail on equal terms. t The necessity and policy of suspending the British Navigation Act can be justified in time of war only; then it is a source of profit to foreign na- 4 H 602 tions, at the expense of Britain; but if we are to judge of the prosperity of the country from past experience, that it can support great burthens, it is the shipping which is the fundamental cause of our bearing those burthens; and, therefore, it appears policy to exempt British shipping from taxa- tion, as a source of revenue. We should consider, that though the goods can bear a tax, the carrier may not be able to do so; and when the question is about the nation being its own carrier, matters should be managed with not only great delicacy, but great liberality; for any tax upon our shipping, in addition to the prodigious difference already stated, acts as a premium to foreign shipping, consequently prejudicial to our own. * * .' * It has always been a maxim of nations, and a just one too, that in- dividual prosperity should give way to the welfare of a state; but where both can be materially benefited, then policy demands that we should secure those advantages. The navigation act of this country is the foundation on which the colossal monument of our naval victories, glories, and national power, is built; and although our superiority has been so much exclaimed against by all, a French author, the most conspicuous in the ranks when issuing his splenetic envy against Bri- tain exercising the sovereignty of the seas, has candidly owned, “What nation having the power would not do the same?” - When then our existence, as a great and powerful nation, depends upon our navy, and when our shipping is the nursery for that navy, every protection and facility should be given to promote it; every re- straint or burthen to discourage it should be done away. It is a floating, insecure property of individuals, always precarious and liable to loss; it therefore requires the fostering aid of government, when we have near us, at home, competitors like the northern nations; and across the Atlantic, the Americans, whose enterprizing spirit and vigilance is *. making head in a more formidable manner than we are aware ; but her example is worthy of our imitation. This country has more to fear from America supplanting our shipping, than to apprehend from the shipping of all Europe. It is in the north of this quarter of the globe that the chief materials for ship- building are to be had reasonable, and in abundance; for five or six months in the year they are blocked up. Russia has little or no ship- 603 ping, nor can she, with a limited coast, seven months in the year frozen up : that of Sweden is partially so. The whole tonnage of the latter kingdom is not more than that employed by our East India Com- pany, and not more than half her shipping is employed in foreign trade; that of Denmark may be reckoned in a greater proportion. Notwith- standing both those countries have enjoyed the advantages of neutra- lity, and of course the carrying trade of Europe, still they have made no progress in the increase of shipping : Prussia never can to any great degree. - Upon the whole, take the ports within the Baltic, including those of Norway and Holstein, the whole quantity of tonnage may be rec- koned about 500000 tons. The tonnage of Hamburg and Bremen is not of any extent. The Dutch shipping, if even it should go under Prussian colours, so long as Holland remains subject to France, will experience the sam& limitations nearly as Prussian shipping; so that, taking the aggregate tonnage of the north of Europe, it is not upon the increase; whilst that of America is rapidly on the advance, and will continue so, as long as she can have any carrying trade into, or from Europe, and that, from the nature of things, she will ever have. . To shew the state of the British and foreign shipping employed in the north of Europe, to and from Great Britain, in three of the most remarkable years, (fresh in every one's memory,) the following parti- culars are given of the ships entered inwards and cleared outwards in Great Britain, to and from the Baltic, including Norway. t British. Foreign. . Ships. Tons. Men. Ships. Tons. Men, —- Inwards. . . . . 1761 332963 | 16109 2951 |416690 21817. º, . . . 1470 294598 || 14469 2970 || 395691 22623 {{..., . . . . . ; 1749 324748 15435 | 2511 || 377886 | 18812 1800 18O1 Outwards . . . . 1333 240545 | 12145 || 2393 || 440244 22623 1802 | } Inwards . . . . . 2415 || 457232 22911 - || 1468 || 234216 || 12370 * Outwards . . . . . 1458 262500 13230 }336 || 2 13701 || || 1043 We are accused by foreign powers of monopolizing the Baltic trade exclusively with our own shipping; an accusation unfounded in fact, as the above plainly proves, in the two years of war, and the single year - 4 H.2 . . . . . . . * * ~ I 694, of peace. The contrast, however, is not so striking as to justify such an assertion; the British Navigation Act is peculiarly favourable to the northern powers, because it allows their ships to bring the pro- duce of that country in which they are built, consequently then a year of peace cannot make so very great a difference. * - That the navigation laws of Great Britain are sufficiently liberal, according to the acknowledged system of Europe, is still more evi- dent, when we consider the welfare of our own shipping. The timber trade of Norway seldom employed more than 260 to 300 sail of their own vessels. In the year 1797, only 310 vessels, about 44000 tons, of which 63 vessels, only about 5000 tons, cleared out to Great Britain. The prohibition to the exportation of timber in Russia in the close of the year 1798, induced this country to have recourse to Norway, and in the year 1799, no less than 1169 vessels, making 173140 tons, with timber, was exported from Norway to all places; of which no less, than 964 of these vessels, measuring 145000 tons, were to Great Bri- tain and Ireland. In 1802 they increased to 1495 vessels, making 193582 tons, loaded with timber, from Norway, to all places: of that number no. less than 1140 vessels were loaded to Great Britain and Ireland. Now that we have taken a view of the shipping of the north of Europe, and stated the share they enjoy of our home trade, let us. turn a few moments to the Trans-Atlantic, and see how the Ame- ricans have profited by the wars of the European powers, and the suspension of the British navigation act. It cannot be displayed in a more striking manner than by giving the statement of British and American shipping, entered inwards and cleared outwards, as stated: by Lord Sheffield. • , ; - f : M -1– - - w w Q .* - - |. º - British. Americans. . Ships cleared in - * - -- l Grcat Britain. • . " - - Ships. Tonnage. • Ships. [.. Tonnage. 1790 || 9atwººds . . . 245. 50977. 218 || 3944I s Inwards . . . . . 312" | 64.197 . . . 246 || 45234 | 1792 } Outwards . . . ; 223 ſ 58963 285 # 59414 | ~! Inwards. . . . . . 197 || 42035. 313 || 64085, 1799 |$9twards. . . . || 3 || 1426. 334 78683 " |& Inwards . . . . 42 9796 || 343 | 75225 1soo || Qutwards . . . 63 14381 567 112596 - Inwards . . . . . 77 ; 27 144 550 | 124014. -*-ºr--ºr---- Then look to America, behold her situation, and the flattering pros- pects she has in view ; prospects, indeed, which call forth all our wisdom, energy, and good management. We should look at home, to adopt those measures which can secure the extension of our own shipping. In no more than ten years, the shipping of America has in- creased equal to the whole aggregate tonnage of the northern states of the continent of Europe.* - - The Americans are an active, enterprizing, spirited, and commer- eial people; the, political situation of Europe has given them advan- tages throughout the world, to enrich themselves, and to create a power that Europe may soon feel ; their neutrality enables them to enter into competition with us in every market on the globe, on their own ac- count, whilst we are obliged to employ them as carriers on ours. They have timber very reasonable, and most other stores, within them- selves; labour alone is dear, but that by no means counterba- lances the other advantages in favour of America. * - As we have shewn the state of the two quarters which can interfere with British shipping, so long as the war continues, we ought to adopt a system in our commerce, wisely adapted to the circumstances of the times. A few observations relative to the suspension of the navigation-act may be allowed. It is for- tunate for this country that our impregnable situation, and conse- quent security, in the new order of Europe, will always command a preference, as a depôt for the world. We should wisely promote and encourage it, and turn those advantages to ourselves to which the political situation of Europe and the world now invites us. There can be no doubt that a freight given to a neutral vessel in which British capital is employed, or rather in which British shipping could have been employed, is so much taken away from British shipping; but it may so happen, that this business could not be * See Lord Sheffield's pamphlet, page 18. 1800 Amount of American tonnage . 939000 tons. . . 56340 men 1790 Ditto . . . . . . . . . 450000 . . . 27000. ºsses sº-v- - , * Increase in the course of ten years 489000 tons . . 29340 men. 606 done but by a neutral. But this may be no national loss; it will, and does daily happen, that we can enter into business, by means of a neutral vessel, which we could not otherwise do, and without dis- advantage; the very cargo which is brought here in a neutral ship is, perhaps, exported in a British; in this instance it is an encouragement to Our shipping. - In time of war, neutral shipping may thus be employed advantage- ously to the nation, as well as our own. The foundation is laid; the warehousing-act allows all foreign produce to be deposited in any port in the kingdom, which has conveniences and security for it; particular care should be taken to make the charges moderate, and the facilities great; we shall then command the trade of Europe, and other quar- ters of the world. Situated as this island is, foreigners, even our ene- mies, will lodge their property in it in other names: if we give encou- ragement to this plan, it will secure to us the advantage in the export trade, and the freights given to our own shipping, where they can be employed; and foreigners, when they can, will give a preference to British vessels in the articles they will send to our entrepôt. American vessels, too, will deposit their cargoes here for a favour- able European market, and take our manufactures and produce in preference to that country, where they might otherwise have taken their cargo. Our linen manufacture, in particular, would be greatly benefited by it, and many other branches of our manufactures, in which we are attempted to be supplanted by foreign nations; we should often have the advantage of exporting cargoes in our own ship- ping which we do not at present; for no consideration ought ever to induce us to sacrifice the carrying-trade, or the employment of our own shipping, but imperious necessity absolutely render it im- possible. - * - - It will be alleged by many, that making this island an enterpót, will diminish our carrying-trade, and of course injure our shipping-in- terest; but history gives us the most incontrovertible proof, that it tends, on the contrary, to encourage the shipping of the country where- ever an entrepôt is established. In our own times, we have a proof of this in Holland, before she became subjugated by France, ... " 607 In the course of this work, an attention to the British shipping in- terest has always been noticed, and had in view, where any observa- tions could be brought forth to forward it. I shall therefore pro- ceed to a few summary remarks relative to the subject, when treating of our resources in the preceding chapters. If we encourage our fisheries, and put them upon a proper esta- blishment, we shall raise hands, and at all times have them ready for our defence: a certain number of apprentices might annually be ta- ken from the poor maintained throughout the country, and distribu- ted amongst our shipping and in the fisheries; let them, and the whole of our sailors, be enrolled, to come forth when called for, or substitutes in their place; the practice of crimping, so disgracefully carried on, and hurtful to the shipping interest, would be suppressed. It would be even an advantage to the shipping entering inwards, or clearing outwards, to pay a certain rate, if they did not find men in proportion to their tonnage, but let all seafaring men be protected from impress, many who are now deterred from going to sea, on that account, would, if it were done away, most cheerfully enter into a seafaring life. We should then have hands in plenty, and hearts in readiness to fight our battles, whenever our country called for their services; the commerce of the country would experience less interruption, and the navy a regular supply of hands. - *… " A fund raised for the maintenance of the widows and children of sailors, who should enregister themselves as ready to serve his majesty, when wanted, would prevent impressing, — would render the service volun- tary, and more agreeable, and would provide for the offspring of those - who fell in fighting the battles of their country. —This fund would re- quire to be administered in a manner to give little trouble to those as- sisted ; but the details are unnecessary, till the principle is approved. A great encouragement will be given to the shipping of the country, when grain is fixed at an average price throughout both islands; the surplus of one part of either island, will be conveyed to the other which is deficient; the great inland navigation of the country to the ship- ping ports will promote it, at little expense. The coasting trade will encourage the increase of seamen ; the vessels employed in it are 608 small, and generally navigated, at a moderate rate, by boys, and worn-out seamen ; this plan will be a nursery for the former, and a provision for the latter. # • 3. If we were to raise the hemp and flax in Ireland that we import into this country, we should require the same quantity of tonnage and number of hands that we employ in bringing it from the North; these materials would in time come at a less price, and therefore our shipping would essentially benefit by it. Though last, not least, is the wood trade, which might, six years ago, when its exportation from Russia was stopped, have been turned to a great national advantage. The Swedish government, as we have before observed, wished to make us take their tar, in their own ships; our government defeated the object of the Swedes, by having recourse to the British-American plantations. We ought instantly to have availed ourselves, and seconded the effort, relative to wood, by laying a higher duty on timber coming from the north of Europe, so as to have operated as a bounty to encourage the importation from the British plantations: we should then have imported all the lumber we require in our own ships; by that means have created a nursery for seamen nearly equal to that of the Newcastle coal-trade; in place of which we now receive supplies in foreign ships. - However, by referring to the chapter treating of Wood, circum- stances, it will be seen, have so singularly arisen, that individuals will now find it their interest to import timber from our American plan- tations, in preference to the north of Europe. . The lumber trade may be considered as a branch of consequence to our shipping interest; because the cargo is of small amount, while it employs a great quantity of shipping, and but little capital; it is therefore an object of national importance;— a ship which loads a cargo of 50000l. value of manufactures and valuable goods, may be worth only 5000l. and of 500 tons burthen. The amount of 50000l. in wood would employ 100 such ships, and, of course, 100 times the amount of capital in shipping, and a proportionate number of hands. This is an object which merits the particular attention of the British government, and the consideration of the ship-owners. The prohibition to ... • - f: 2 . 3 - - , *& - ‘. . • , . ** * - ‘. º J. -- - - - * *; -* * * *. #3 ** , * - ºr ~ *… * * - :* ... *. g - § #, , a. - . . . * * # * , - s § - : ; . - *3. * * * * > *4 - * * * -- $; the exportation of timber from Russia was not only putting so many Bri. * g ë * ~ rº s, A : ..?. - ſº", 1 " . • ‘’ - . . . . tº : tish ships and sailors out of employ, but was the means of throwing a vast number of foreign ships into it, and driving that trade to Norway and Sweden, the vessels of which kingdoms brought their lumber to our ports, and had their freights back chiefly in ready money; — a farther elucida- tion of this is seen when treating of Norway. To shew it in clearer colours, the following is an account of the number of foreign ships which entered into Great Britain in 1803: .. • Ships. Tons. - Men. Denmark and Norway, 1100 . . 1978.70 . . 1057 iſ Sweden . . . . . 287 . . 48611 . . . 2148 Prussia . . . . . . 86 . . 18242 . . 812 Total........ 1473 264.723 13531 - As these foreign ships have been employed chiefly in the wood trade, we can safely estimate that the same quantity of British tonnage might have been employed, and the same number of men, to our own plantations, which, and other freights, would produce about a million annually, distributed amongst the ship owners of this country. - This is an object which merits immediate attention: if it were carried into effect, we should not at present have a ship laid up, nor, in peace, an idle hand. We shall be driven to the expedient by necessity, we ought therefore, in time, to adopt it from policy; for very little encouragement will put us in a proper way. If circumstances, times, and seasons, are to be embraced, betwixt friendly states, to carry any particular plan into execution, there cannot be umbrage in following the example of a friend- ly power. There never was so good a season, nor so fit an opportunity, as the present. In short, we should not let a single opportunity escape us to promote the shipping interests of this country; our existence as a nation depends upon it; our national foe is sensible of it. The short peace, or truce, we had, shewed their inveteracy to our navigation sys- tem to such an extent, that a single British ship was not admitted, in time of peace, into a French port, unless she was loaded with naval stores. The new concession of French packets to convey passengers from France, instead of British, as heretofore, may in the end turn out, like Peter the Great's boat, which gave rise to the naval power of Russia, .* 4 I -- ..ºf 610 An Account of the Number of Vessels, their Tonnage, and Number of Men, that entered Inwards and cleared Outwards in GREAT BRITAIN, dis- tinguishing the principal Ports, in the following Years. In the Year ending the 5th of January, 1792: INWARDS. | OUTWARDS. Tºº- British. Foreign. British. Foreign. f * Ports. Ships. Tons. Men. Ships. | Tons. | Men. Ships. Tons. Men. Ships. Tons | Men. London º e 2489: 451 188! 25814. 1186 152243 7.193. 1708; 310724. 20580 501 87.791; 4678 Liverpool * * 1858 226018; 1.4864 243 41166, 207 Öl 1926; 231277; 1619.2 212; 41213; 20.94 Hull . º tº e 514, 117767 61.45 113 15800 1115 337 610 42|| 3668 47 5618 46() Bristol . e 497 64453. 3754 98 21 183} , 10.5° 444 59886| 40 16 9.5 207,57; 1027 _j Newcastle . . . 187 31306| 1924 34 2280 23') 538 92080 51.18 29 1952 171 Sunderland ... . . . 770; 113860} 6001 9| 53.3 55 912; 119195| 6377 6|| 313 31 Glasgow and Greenock 436 - 42011| 2.538 18| 3197; 16. , 361; 37.837. 2255 17| 31.77|| 146 Leith 216 30739| 1625 19| 2700 168 72 10443 581 8; 1228 71 Other Ports e tº e. 5063. 509803. 3640.5 715. 64.97%. 5970} 7593. 641260 41.395 223| 13,590 1423 Total . . . 12030. 1587.6451 99.070; 2477.304074, 18019 w 15637.44100212. 1138||175556; 10101 J In the Year ending the 5th of January, 1802: London . . . . . . 1878] 446773. 26263. 3097.409520, 20287| 1452, 371711] 24539. 3420456495. 23801 Tiverpool . . . . . 1319|| 184724. 12890 646,144684. 7050, 1645; 220541 16860 686|157 ifiQ# 7529 Hull . . . . . . . 237 4.3397 2704 196|| 23197; 1332 246 49339|| 3097 256. 24302 1878 Bristol . . . . . . 331 42855 28:12 134; 25.633. 1364 268 34.533. 2613 119| 23255] 1248 Newcastle . . . 222 34.425, 1958 275] 25.975) 1521 562 100838 3265 350) 33477; 1936 Sunderland . . . . . 59 9.254. 459 22, 2085 138 7% 1 1054 560 45. 4061 226 Glasgow and Greenock 312 381.67| 2694 59| 11897 620, 346 42063. 3403 70 13462 717 Leith e 157 21330. 1136 132, 14796 788 90 11793 767 38|| 4.552 240 Other Ports ge e 5832 557695 &#: 936 12268; 7420 5601 3.03749 30200 642) 881.54|| 4839 Total . . . . 10347; 1378620) 88035. 5497,7801.55 40520 10282. 1345621. 87304 5626 www. 42414 State of the Shipping in the East India Company’s Service, July, 1804. Tons. Abroad . . . . Regular Ships . . . . 68 . . . . . . 69.277 . At Home . . . . . ditto . . . . . 4 . . . . . . 3269 . Building . . . . . ditto . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . 4800 . Repairing . . . . . ditto . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . 2693 . Regular Ships . . . . . 81 . . . . . . 80039 . Extra Ships . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 13891 . Ships employed in the East India Trade 106 . . . . . . 93930 . Gº-sº the 30th of Men. . 8 126 o 403 . 8529 . 1277 . 9806 611 CHAP. XII. Conclusion. —Importance of the Sulject to all Ranks of Society.— Reca. pitulation of what is to be done, the Manner of doing it, and the Ne- cessity of doing it soon. t i HAVING now laid before the reader the most important documents that can be procured, relative to the subject, in order to ascertain the present state of Great Britain, and its trade, as connected with the continent of Europe at this time; taking also a view of what has pas- sed, and the means by which things have been brought to their present situation, it only remains to form a general conclusion. . It must appear abundantly evident to every one, that unless our exports to the continent of Europe are continued to their present ex- tent, the internal manufactures, and the East and West India pro- duce, will be diminished in their sale; indeed, the latter will become of little farther value to us than merely for our home consumption. Every person to whom the mercantile prosperity of this country is dear, in whatever line he may be, will either be directly or indirectly affected by the decrease of this trade, and that in the most sensible and disagreeable manner. But the evil is by no means confined to the mercantile and manufacturing interests ; for, as we have seen that our landed property increased in value with our mercantile prosperity, it will not ultimately feel a less shock; on the contrary, it will, though the last, be the most severely felt; for the origin of all other sorts of wealth is such, that the proprietor may transport them to another country, or change the application; or, even if he does not, he finds some mitigation in his sufferings, from the diminished value of the produce of the earth. . The industrious man may be at a loss, and will be so, no doubt; but, as numbers will go away, and necessity will compel others to change their occupation, the industry of a country will bring itself to a level. As to merchants themselves, with their capitals, they may suffer; but speculation is their business; and, to find the most bene- 4 I 2 • * * 612 ficial employment for it, and alter their conduct and residence, if necessary, is the very essence of their nature. And let us not amuse ourselves with thinking that nature will ever change.—No 1 men will act according to their situation, and, as that changes, they may ap- pear to change; but that is only apparent, and, so far from being real, it is a proof that they remain essentially the same. They continue to make the best of their situation, and that is remaining to act from the same principle. * When capital found its best employment in Italy and Flanders, it centred in Italy and Flanders; when it found a better employment in Portugal and Holland (for the Portuguese ruined the Italians, and the Dutch supplanted the Flemings), it was most abundant in those latter countries; but it has left them and gone to other places; and it would return again, if it could find its former advantage. The proprietor of land alone can neither sell his property to ad- * vantage, nor carry it with him into another country: he must abide by the fate of his own, and therefore he is most of all concerned in its prosperity. * & ‘. . - Extensive as the operation of this effect is thus described to be, yet still we have not traced, its furthest bounds. If the revenue depart- ment of the country had remained upon a moderate scale, and we had not increased our public expenditure in the full proportion to our means of supporting it; to return to poverty would be the extent of the evil of the decay of commerce; we might then have found a remedy in economy, but, as matters are, we can have no such resource; for pri- vate economy makes public poverty in a situation like ours, and then 3. derangement of finances would take place, that would terminate in a total change in the présent order of things. - One of the most profound thinking men of the present age,” gave it as his decided opinion, as his maxim in cases of importance, “that, & 6 with regard to a general state of things growing out of events and “causes already known in the gross, there is no piety in the fraud that “covers its true nature or disguises danger, because nothing but erro- “neous resolutions can arise from false representations. Those measures .* * Mr. Burke, 613 “which, in common cases, might be available, in more serious ones, are “ of no utility. That the effort may be in a proportion to the exigence, “ it is fit that it should be known ; known in its quality, in its extent, “ and in all the circumstances which attend it.” Upon this principle of action, the truth and validity of which are not to be disputed or held in doubt, it is, that we speak plainly and distinctly of the conse- quences which would result from neglecting our national prosperity. In this affair there is one great consolation, that at present the case, with respect to this nation, is a suppositious one, and we hope will remain so; but this hope is founded on the expectation that a general effort will be made for that purpose. As it is however within the range of human possibilities that external causes, over which we can have no control, may deprive us in a great degree of the only channels that now remain ; we find a necessity of looking out for the sole means we shall then have for preventing the evil from having its full effect. g It will be too late however to apply to our internal resources, after the external ones are gone. There will be too long an interval, during which we may lose the means of executing our intentions, we ought therefore now to prepare for every event. The matter is far too im- portant to leave any thing to chance. Those who feel our present situation may think this an useless pre- caution, but let such persons beasked what would have been the event, if Lord Nelson had not been successful at Copenhagen in 1801, and as would have infallibly been the case, if the powers of the north had proceeded to actual hostilities; we should at any rate have lost the whole of our trade to Germany, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden ; and even the Elbe, the Weser, and the Ems, would have been shut against us. At the same time, our expenses would have been great y increased: yet we escaped all this by a sort of miracle ; at least we may fairly be said to have escaped it, contrary to the natural course of things. Our seamen were brave, and Lord Nelson was more than. brave; he acted with the most amazing address on the most critical occasion, joining the promptitude natural to his profession with all the talents necessary for negotiation. To such a union of uncommon - - & 614 T circumstances did Britain owe her escape from a great danger. But granting all that, which indeed may well be granted, for it cannot be denied, it may be supposed, perhaps, a similar thing can never again occur: it is to be hoped, indeed, that it never will. But, when we recollect that the battle of Copenhagen took place in less than two years after the Russians had fought on our side in Holland, what cer- tainty can there be, that such a change may not again take place. If the prosperity of England were held by no better tenure, the affairs of the country would indeed be in a situation to create dismay. In or- der, however, to prevent such jealousies as those in which the armed 'neutrality originated, we have plainly demonstrated to the northern na- tions that the victory of Copenhagen was full as much for the advan- tage of the northern powers as for ours. They had mistaken their true interest, and were saved from the evil consequences that would have been the result, contrary to their own inclination. While we do not disguise, but try to impress upon the government and individuals of this nation, the importance of continental com- merce, we have been no less eager to shew the nations of the north that to them its preservation is still more essential; and that, if by any circumstance whatever, we are deprived of that trade, the evil may in a great measure be remedied, by cultivating those resources which we have within ourselves. . - The only part of our imports that we could produce, with any sort of advantage, at home, consist of the articles brought from those northern nations; it is therefore peculiarly fortunate, that if the dis- aster does come by their means, it is at their expense that it will find a remedy.* . -, - Hitherto the arduous and successful wars in which Great Britain has been lately engaged, her 'foreign possessions, foreign commerce, and external resources, have absorbed her sole attention; whilst she has neglected those at home, and suffered them to lie inactive. # The government of the United States of America, though but young in experience, and certainly with much less to apprehend from war, take every means to encourage the production, within itself, of all the articles necessary for carrying it on. They have been very successful, and things are in that situation, that if they really were to go to war, they would not be at any loss on that account. 615 If, with a prodigious establishment and heavy burthens, our com- merce should be lifeless, we have the happy prospect of its being compensated ; that is, by bringing into action those national resources, within ourselves, which we have been pointing out with care and at- tention. - - - - The objects then recommended for attention and encou ragement, and for facilitating this object, are arranged under the following. heads: x 1. The removal of every inconveniency and obstacle that is in the way of commerce to the continent of Europe, by the Baltic Sea, by Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen, and Embden. *. 2. By taking effectual means of convincing the Northern powers, that they are more interested in keeping up a good correspondence than ourselves; and that whatever injures the commerce of Great Bri- tain, must, in the end, fall heavy upon them. This fact, plainly stated, would be better, and more advantageous to all parties, than that stern and severe diplomatic style, which has for its basis a sort of ima- ginary dignity, that leads to menace, rather than persuasion, which sets as great a value on small objects as great, measuring them by a point of honour, and not by the real importance. - 3. By guarding against the evil consequences of an interruption to. the commerce of the continent of Europe, by way of the Baltic Sea, &c. by cultivating our internal resources, not Only in order to decrease: our imports, and augment our wealth by means within our own power, but that we may, in case of war with them, not depend on foreign aid for those articles, which are essentially necessary for carrying Tā. º it on. & . - s In regard to the first object, there are manythings wanted, which individual merchants cannot do, and which government ought to look to. The inconveniences and difficulties in the way of trade. in new channels are always great, but sometimes they are remoyed by degrees, sometimes by a general contribution, such as where there are regulated companies; but in this case, the current of trade is turned into new it be procured &- ** s sº ehannels so suddenly, that much is wanted, that cannot in the usual way, Individual merchants cannot do whº is necessary; º º' ... ºf 616 there can be no general contribution for public purposes, as in the case of regulated companies; the government, therefore, ought to see to it, by sending over agents with sufficient means to procure faci- lities, and by instructing the ambassadors to assist with their influ- ence. - e ‘ - There is no doubt, that, in the course of time, if trade continues in its present channels, Holstein and the country through which it passes, will offer more commodious means; but, in the interim, there will be great loss, arising from interruption, and from trade being less than it otherwise would be ; for it will not be denied, that all the difficulties in the way of any branch of commerce lessen its amount. Whether the expenses might not be reimbursed, by some duty on the goods or not, may be a secondary consideration. The first is to procure the necessary facilities and accommodation ; the expense would be but trifling, and the advantage great. This being done in the first instance, and care taken to make their true interest manifest to the courts of the North, nothing more could remain for the British government to do in the way of favouring that commerce; for the distribution in the interior must be left to indivi- dual intelligence and enterprise as usual; but what is here pointed out, ought to be done immediately and without delay. & - These things being done, the cultivation of our interior resources is what remains as the great object of attention, which we shall briefly recapitulate. - - .. Considering the small extent of the United Kingdom, its great popu- lation, its great and extended commerce and possessions, its unrivalled fleets and powerful armies, it will appear astonishing to foreigners, that we have suffered our internal riches and resources to lie so long dormant. We have only 74 millions of acres in the United Kingdom, :*: of which about 30 million acres susceptible of improvement, are yet lying waste. *Supposing only the half of these lands to be cultivated, they will, with other resources that may be brought into activity, se- cure to the nation upwards of 20 millions annually, by producing articles of the first necessity for our food, clothing, and carrying on * &ºb ** ºxº~ * 617 our domestic and external commerce, and mai ntaining our distant possessions. - w \ A capital of a moderate nature, judiciously applied, would, in a few years, bring this quantity of land into cultivation, and, at the same time, be a permanent source of revenue to government, whilst it would be of the greatest individual advantage, upon an easy and simple Prin- ciple, without risk of loss, or danger of miscarriage, in the execution. Grain has not cost the nation, in the last ten years, less than 3,500,000l. per annum, the amount of which would, in that time, have cultivated half of the waste lands in the kingdom ; and the capital with interest would have been refunded and have remained in the country. - • * , - Hemp and flax, rough and manufactured, the former in cordage and other articles, the latter into yarn and linens, produce about six millions and a half sterling. . . - One million seven hundred thousand pounds we annually pay for tallow, an article capable of being supplied from the produce of the fisheries, (by oil,) if they were established and encouraged upon a good plan followed up with national energy. The produce of the fisheries, exclusive of our domestic advantages would give us a balance of one million sterling from abroad ; besides the profit our shipping would derive from the freight, and the nation, from the nursery for SČ3.II 16XY). - - - For timber we are annually paying to foreigners about one million and a half sterling per annum, imported in their own ships; all which might be brought from our own plantations in America; employ our own shipping, promote the nursery for seamen, and throw the freight amongst the individuals of the nation. - - Iron is an article we have, on the average of the last seven years, imported to the amount of 700000l. Sterling, which we can abundantly produce at home, from our inexhaustible mines of ore, and having plenty of coal, yet we still allow other nations to pour in upon us their produce, at higher prices than we now manufacture it. - - - The poor in England and Wales receiving parochial relief are nearly one-eighth part of the population. In eighteen years, the poor's rates 4 K - 618 have doubled, and are now risen to 5200000l. per annum, whilst there are articles of industry, the produce of which, arising from their la- bour, would exceed the sum above stated. It is found, by experience, that all raw materials, purchased hitherto for their employment, have been nearly doubled by their labour. We have shewn how, in place of being a burthen and expense to the nation, the poor would add a little to the general stock of productive labour, without costing any expense to the community; and this by a mode, simple in principle, and easy in practice. The official or rated Value of the undermentioned Articles, imported into Great Britain, from all Parts, for five Years, and the average rated Amount thereof, likewise the estimated Walue, in the first Cost, we have actually paid to other Countries. - - Estimated first .” Rated Value Cost thel ARTICLES. 1700 | S()() 180i 1802 1803 |A clºse of ... ." - / Five Years. Five Years. F. : .* st'. sf'. ef. e º af. Corn & © 10977()2 2675046 3032.278 1159670 935657 178007'O 3500000 Flax, Rough e 8284.01 80-1938 530328 529973 57.5123 653.75% 1300000 Hemp, Tough . 6306.20 49892.4 630173 3601.47 606596 545292 1600000 From . . . . 382128 308.174. 273418 429.447 377734 354180 7OOOOO Łinen 1321875 1234009 1 107.937 1614,981 1374076 1330575 2500000 Linseed 105470 131697 84.191 132752 116877 114137 500000 T. 10 w . 497768 4.50854 358406 604805 58.3641 499095 17 OOOOO Tar . 166311. 9958O 92.096 86567 187176 | 126526 * 300000 Wood • 466068 62.9881 566785 43.3455 4894.98 . 515923 1500000 Yarn linen . 52.5367 50:5978 423:214 4.17829. 375398 || 4.49557. 500000 60214.10 68.39081 7393726 5369626 56:217 (96 || 6368607 14100000 In return, the nations from whence we have chiefly received the above produce, viz. Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Denmark, according to the average of the same period, have not taken more than for about 1200000l. in British produce and manufactures, and about 1300000l. in East and West India produce, and of every sort of merchandize; to- gether not above 2500000l. * Supposing that we raised or created the raw materials and established the manufactures of the above articles, within ourselves, reckoning the price according to the average first cost of the last five years, which we have paid to foreign nations (the duty, freight, insurance, and charges not being considered, because they circulate chiefly at home,) then the national advantage would be: . * Pitch is included in the estimated, though not in the rated, value. 619 - TO BE RAISED AT HOME ANNUALLY INSTEAD OF BEING IM Port E.D. Corn - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ºf 3500000 Flax, 20000 tons, rough, at 65l. per ton ge tº º of 1300000 4000 tons, spun into linen yarn, not reckoning the la- bour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260000 4000 tons weight in various kinds of linen . . . . 260000 . . - — 1890000 Linseed from the above flax, 336000 quarers, at 40s. per quarter . . . 672000 Hemp, 40000 tons of all sorts, wrought or unwrought, at the average of 40l. per ton . . . . . . . . . . . 1600000 Hempseed, 400000 quarters, at 20s. per quarter . . . . . . . 400000 Linens, estimated to be imported for . . . . . . . . . 3000000 Deduct the value already estimated for flax, and over- estimate of linens . . . . . . . . . . . 500000 — 2500000 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7OOOOO Total value of what we can actually produce at home; that we now - import from abroad (excepting Hempseed, which we do not import) 1 1192000 - TO BE CREATE D. Oil.—Of tallow we have imported 1700000l. from which deduct 4000007. the value of the hempseed only, as above stated, then remains to be produced by our fisheries, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . 1300000 Fish to be caught and cured for exportation, besides home consumption 1000000 By the cultivation of waste lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5000000 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73OOOOO - TO BE SAVE D. Freights paid at the lowest to foreign ships, for wood and other articles in which British shipping might be employed . . . . . . . . 1000000 Poor's rates to be saved by the labour of the poor . . . . . . . 5200000 - - - 62OOOOO By bringing the national resources and industry into effect, there might annuall be raised, created, and saved, within the nation, nearly the sum of . . . . ºf 24692000 *º tºº Timber is not reckoned; the time required before it can become a resource, would be considerable, but in the end might be estimated at . . . . . . . . . , | Fursund, its exports, 372. Jellin canal, in Russia, 65. Jºinow, canal of, part of the communication-between the Oder and Elbe, 268. - Jºsheries of Sweden, 303.− Norway, 375 to 379.— Bounty granted by the King of Denmark to ships in the Greenland and Zealand fisheries, 524. — Frederickstadt, 337. – Gluckstadt, ib. — Altona, ib. and 420.- Hamburg, 420.-Eastern parts of the Elbe, ib. - Embden, 447. — France in 1788, 525. — Holland, ib.—Their import- || ance to a nation, particularly to Britain, 521. — Deserve the encouragement and bounties of go- vernment, ib. — Dr. Smith's opinion, ib.-Se- veral nations, have owed their greatness to fish- eries, 522. — We may now get the greatest part of the Dutch fishing trade, ib.--Fishermen should Flair, raised in Russia, 81. - Flaw, exported from Russia in 1793 and 1802, 84. —Exported from Archangel, from 1795 to 1804, 99. —From Archangel to Britain, from 1795 to # be assisted by government with implements, 523. -—Observations on the fisheries, for the last few years, 524. — There can be no opportunity, so favourable as the present, for our becoming com- plete masters of the fishing trade, ib. — Value of fisheries as a nursery of seamen, ib. —The Green- land fishery of England on the decline; 526. — That of Scotland on the increase, ib. — The southern whale fishery stationary, it is kept up by high bounties, ib/— Denmark our only rival, ib. — The exportation of British cured fish on the decline, 527. — Official value of British fish, ex- ported from 1797 to 1803, ib. — Advantageous, situation of Scotland for the fishery, ib. — Faci- lities by its canals, connecting the North Sea and the Atlantic, ib. — Providing and letting out boats to the poor fishermen would be better than bounties, ib.-Taking off the duty on salt, 528. — The price of tallow would be reduced by in- creasing the quantity of oil, 533. Flanders,woollen manufactures, and fairs or markets established here, about 960. 1804, 100. — From Archangel to France, in 1802, 101. — From Archangel, in 1804, ib. — From the Baltic, in 1802, 11.1. — Mode of warehousing at Petersburg, 115. — Exported, from Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — From Petersburg to Britain, from 1789 to. 1805, 123. — Exported from Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — Fröm Petersburg to Britain, from 1789 to 1805, 123, 124. — Riga, its qualities, denominations, and packages, 139,-Exported from Riga, from 1790 to 1804. 146, 151. — From Riga to Britain, from 1790, to 1804, 147, 151. — From Pernau, 161. —. From Liebau, its denominations, 165. — From Memel, 221,227. —From Konigsburg, with a . description of its sorts, 234,236.--From Elbing, its quality, 241. — Aggregate quantity of flax. exported from the Baltic, 394. --- Culture and, trade of hemp and flax in Britain and Ireland, 560, et seq. (see Hemp.) —Table of importa- tions into England, from all places, from 1786, 564. — Scotland, ditto, ib. — Rated, and esti- mated value for five years, imported into Great. Britain, ib. — Yarn imported into England and Scotland, from 1786, 564. — Seed imported into. different parts of Ireland, 567. — Amount to be. gained by the nation raising its own flax and lin- seed, at home, instead of importing, 619. (See Hemp.) - Fleckifford, its trade and shipping, 372. I'lensburg, its situation, population, trade, and, shipping, 337. Forests, in Russia, 75. (see Russia and Wood.) Poster, the Right Hon. John, his promotion of the linen manufacture of Ireland, 216. 632 France, her war-like spirit drove industry to the north previous to the 16th century, and the same cause may now produce the same effect, 3. — Circumstances are now still more favourable for the northern countries, 25. —Consequences.} of the French revolution to commerce, 53. — Im- ports from Archängel in 1802, 101.—Imports from Petersburg, from 1772 to 1805, 125. —Ships passed the Sound, from 1790, 369. —Wood im- ported from Holland, 381. — Its Baltic trade before the Revolution, 395. —Consequences of the 'Revolution, 475. — Consequences to the corn trade, 501. — By her tenaciousness in the time of . Louis XIV. lost several of her manufac- tures, 559. — Her trade to the Baltic carried on through the Holstein canal, under Prussian co- lours, by way of Embden, 355. - ifrederick the Great established boards, for purposes of national prosperity, which raised and improved the kingdom of Prussia, 621. . Frederick Iſilliam, canal of, connecting the Oder | with the Spree, part of the communication be- tween the Oder and Elbe, 268. . . . Frederickstadt, in Norway, its trade and shipping, ; Frederickstadt, in Schleswig, its situation, popula- tion, and Greenland fishery, 337. - . . . . JFrederickshald, its trade and shipping, 372. Fredericksham, its imports and exports, 153. , Friedland, in Silesia, its exports of linen, 218. Frische Haff, a lake in Prussia, 213. * Fulda, a river running into the Weser, 439. Geffe, its situation, trade, and exports, 316. - Genoa owed its greatness to fisheries, 522. . . * George III. act of the 43, for procuring returns respecting the expense and maintenance of the poor, 589. - - = - : «Germany, state of, in th Its rivers, 400. --German linens alphabetically' , described, 401. — Imports to and exports from | ;Britain, 452. — Its trade and navigation with the time of the Romans, 4.— ; s Gothenburg, its situation, 314. --Sliould the coin- munication south of the Cattegate be cut off, mails may be conveyed through hence, by Ystadt and Stralsund, 314. — Its manufactures, 315.- Exports, imports, and shipping, ib. — Greenland company, 316,-Its fishery, state and export of herrings, 303, 315. . - Gottingen, its quota of contribution to the Hanse- | Hamburg made a bishopric by Charlemagne, in *Great Britain, ib. and 467, 468. - Its trade. carried on by means of the rivers Elbe, 412, et | — Ems, 445, et seq.- seq. – Weser, 439, et seq. Oder, 268, et seq. . . *German-merchants, first regulations: for them in Lon- don, 10. - - - “Gilge Canal, in Prussia, 228. Glass exported from Britain, 474. — Comparison, relative to the exportation from England and France. #| | “Gluckstadt, its situation, port, and Greenland fish- ery, 337. - -- . Gold and Silcer exported from:Russia to China, 67. —'To Petersburg, 1 17, 132, 134. — To Riga, j:43.-Produced in Russia, 72.-In Sweden, 299. — Norway, 374. - - Goslar, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic - \ confederacy, 18. Greenland Fishery, of Frederickstadt, Gustavus Adolphus, atic confederacy, 18. Grain. (see Corn.) . . . . . Grangemouth, imports from Petersburg, from 1789 to 1805, 124.—From Riga, from 1790 to 1803,149. Great Britain, (see England.) *. - Great Haff, a lake in Prussia, 213. 337. —Of Gluckstadt, ib, and 420. —Of Altona, ib. and 420. — Of Hamburg, 420. —Of Holland, 525. — Of the Eastern Ports of the Elbe, ib. — Eng- land, 526. (see Fisheries.) . . . . - Griefenburg, in Silesia, its exports of linen, 218. Gromingen, its quota of contribution to the Hanse- atic confederacy, 19. . Grypeswald, its quota of contribution to the Hanse- atic confederacy, 18. — Its situation and trade, 392. . . • ? his proclamation to the re- gency of Pomerania, allowing the warehousing of English goods during the war, 8th of May, 1805, 3.19. - . -- H. . . Halerdashery exported from Britain, 474. Haffs or lakes in Prussia, 213. Habberstadt, a bishopric founded by Charlemagne - in 1776, 6. . . . . . º - 1789, 6. — Pillaged by the Danes, 8.--Ta- ken by the Sclavonians, 10. — Its treaty with Henry, duke of Brabant, 15. — Its quota of con- tribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. — Became more flourishing than ever after the dis- solution of , the confederacy, 29. — Its great transit trade had a momentary suspension from the blockade of the Elbe and Weser, but on new channels being resorted to, again flourished, 54. — Mode of drawing on at Petersburg, 137. — Exchange at Riga, on, 145.- At Liebau, on, 164. — At Konigsburg, on, 232. — At Dantzic, on, 261. — At Stettin, on, 273. — At Berlin, on, 282. — At Lubec, on, 295. — At Stockholm, on, 314.—Copenhagen, 361.- Bremen, 444. — Embden, 427. — Amsterdam, ib. —Travelling from Husum to Hamburg, 342. – Conveyance of merchandize between Hamburg and Tonningen, 347. —Ships passed the Sound, from 1790, 369. — Elbe, its river described, 412, et seq. (see Elbe.) — Its internal navigation throughout the continent, 413. —Its advantage from the French revolution, 4iš. — A free imperial.city under the protection of the German empire, ib.-Its vicissitudes since the French revolution, ib.-- Cuxhavén, its port, ib. — Its situation and forti- 633 fication, 417. – These fortifications nugatory, and ought to be destroyed, ib. —Intersected by a || : * , - - - - ... • -- : * ~ * . • . . . . . . . - º . . . ; H number of canals, 418. —Ships arrived at Ham- burg from 1794 to 1804, 419.-Its whale-fishery, 420. — Customs, 421. — Imports of West India produce, and German linens, 422,--Bank of,423. – Its principles and regulations, ib. – Its ex- change and exchange hall, 424. — Its public granaries, whence in time of dearth the poor are supplied at reasonable rates, ib. — Grain im- | ported into and exported from Hamburg from 1792 to 1805, 425. — British factory, at, 426. — Consequences of the blockade, 54 and 426. – During the blockade of the Elbe, the trade from the North Sea, chiefly carried on through Tonnin- gen, and other Danish ports, 426. — Money, weights, and measures, ib.—Its modes of payment, ib. --- Specification of merchandize imported into Hamburg in 1802, 429. - * Hamelin, its quota of contribution confederacy, 18. , Hanover, its quota of to the Hanseatic contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. --- Its unprotected state not- | withstanding powers guarantee its independence, 54. --- Consequences of its being occupied by the French, ib. . . . . . Hanseatic league or confederacy, its establishment, purpose, and regulations, 11. --- Renewed and divided into four classes, 12, 19, (see Danes, Denmark, and Lubec.) - º Hans-tains, receive privileges from Henry III. 15. ---They block up the ports of Norway, and com- pel the king to renew their privileges, ib. --- Their consequence in the time of Edward II. and III. 16. ---They were among the first who used can- non at sea, ih. --- Their war with Waldemar III. king of Denmark, ib. ---Their covenant to scour the seas of pirates, whereby they became the only traffickers on the Baltic, 17. --- Become sove- reigns of the northern seas, and general carriers for that part of Europe, ib. --- Enter into an al- | liance with the king of Norway, take Copenha- gen, destroy the whole fleet of Denmark, and compel the Danes to make peace, and grant them great privileges, ib. --- Names of the cities and their quota of contribution, 18. --- Other cities joined with them in alliance, 19.---Their 'four counting houses, ib. --- Sometimes arbitrary in the exercise of their power, ib. --- At the summit of their power, and treat as sovereign with sove- reign, 20. --- Triumph over queen Margaret of Denmark, and rescue the world from the barba- .#ians who desolated Europe, ib. --- Their com- mercial disputes with England in the fourteenth _century, 20. ---They seize a ship from Newcas- the sailing up the Baltic, iſ. --- Fit out a fleet of 260 ships, 22. --- Fail in a second attempt on Co- penhagen, ib. --- Complain to the king of England, for seizing a Stettin ship, ib. --- Their decline; obliged to sue for peace with ‘Denmark, ib. --- Henry IV. renewed their privileges, il, --- Their contest with the grand master, 23. ---joined by Sweden, ib. --- Their emporium moved to Revei, and afterwards to Nārya, if. --- Dubec and seve- - ral other towns and ships destroyed by Denmark. ib. --- Other advantages taken by Denmark, 24. --- Fourteen towns cut off from the league, which, with the loss of an engagement at sea, hastens their decline, ib. --- Details and observations of their progress and decay, 25. et seq. ---Their pri- vileges in England taken away by Edward VI. 28. --- Restored by Mary, iD. --> Finally taken away by Elizabeth, ib. --- Six of their shipstaken or destroyed by Elizabeth, 29. . . . Hapsál, its trade, imports, and exports, 157. Harderwick, its quota of contribution to the Hanse- atic confederacy, 19. - Hats, beaver and felt; exported from Britain, 474. Heldersham, a bishopric. founded by Charlemagne in 796, 6. - Hemp raised in Russia, 81. --- Exported from Rus- sia in 1793 and 1802, 83. --- From Archangel for ten years, 99. --- From Archangel to Britain for ten years, 100. --- From Archangel to France in 1802, 101. --- From Archangel in 1804, ib. --- From the Baltic in 1802, 111. --- Mode of ware- housing at St Petersburg, 115. --- Exported from Petersburg from 1787 to 1804, 121 122. --- From Petersburg to Great Britain, from 1789 to 1805, 123, 124. --- From Petersburg to France, from 1772 to 1805, 125. --- From Petersburg to Ame- rica, from 1783 to 1805, 126. --- From Peters- burg in 1804, 127. --- Riga, its quality, denomi- nations, and packages, 140. ---Exported from Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 146, 151. --- From Riga to Great Britain, from 1790 to 1804, 147, . 150. --- From Pernau, 1804, 161.--- From Lie- bau, 1303, 165, --- From Memel, 221, 227. --- From Konigsburg, 232, 234. --- Aggregate quan- tity exported from the Baltic. — Advantages in the culture of hemp and flax in Britain and Ireland, 560. et seq. --- History of the hemp trade, iff. --- Acts of Henry VIII: Elizabeth, William and Mary, respecting it, 560, 561. --- Act passed in 1781, allowing the importation of flax and flaxseed, 562. --- Bounty of 4!. atom on hemp imported from Ireland, now ceases, 562. --- Ditto, from the British plantations, will cease 24th June 1806, ib. ---There bounties of little service, ib. --- The Russians prefer the culture of flax to corn, ib. --- The culture there is in small quantities, every individual boor raising a patch of hemp or flax which he can always sell for ready money, 563. --- Hemp imported into En- gland and Scotland, from 1786 to 1803, 563. ---. Official value of hemp, flax, yarn, and linseed, imported, from 1797 to 1803, 565. --- Cordage imported into England and Scotland, from 1789 to 1800, i5. --- The linen manufactory of Ireland only local, 567. --- Advantages to Ireland were the culture of hemp and flax general, ib. --- The soil of Ireland well suited to it, particularly the 4 M 634 bogs when drained, 568. --- Government should assist in this great object, 569. --- The poor in Ireland, with great resources, have not the means of exercising their industry, 570. --- We have sufficient waste ground to raise all the hemp and flax we consume, ib. — Mr. Arthur Young quoted on this subject, 568, 571. — Means pro- posed to effect this, 571. —Particular advan- tages that would accrue from its culture in Ire- land, 572. --- Mr. Wissett's useful publication respecting the culture of hemp and flax, 572. ---. Of the oil produced, from hempseed, the large sum foreigners pay to Russia, which we | might easily raise ourselves, 573. --- Were the acts of Henry and Elizabeth put in force, or extended, so that two roods were set apart for this culture, out of every sixty acres, it would give 300000 acres, 574. --- Calculation of the benefit that would arise, The culture and manufacture of it would em ploy the poor, and diminish the poor's rates, 592. (see Poor's Rates.) ---The culture of hemp and flax in Ireland would employ as much of our shipping as its importation from the North, 608. ---The official rated value, average rated amount and estimated value, in first cost of flax and hemp imported from all parts, from 1799 to 1803, 618. --- Amount to be gained by the na- tion, by raising hemp and flax at home, instead of importing, 619. . . . – Hempseed and Linseed exported from Russia, in 1793 and 1802, 8S.–From Archangel, from 1795 to 1804, 99. – From Archangel, in 1804, 101. — From the Baltic, in 1802, #11. – From Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — From Petersburg to Britain, from 1789 to 1805, 123, 124. — From Petersburg to France from 1772 to 1805, 125. — From Petersburg to Ame- rica, from 1783 to 1805, 126. — From Peters- burg, in 1804, 127. — From Riga, from 1790 to 1804, [46, 151. — From Riga to Britain, from 1790 to 1804, 147, 151. – From Pernau, 1804, #61. — From Liebau, 1803, 165. — From Me- mel, 221, 227. — From Konigsburg, 234, 236. — its produce in oil in Russia, 533, 573. — The quantity seed yields into oil, 573. — Its produce and amount, if raised in England, 574, 619. — Oil supplying the place of tallow in part, 533, 619, (see Hemp, Flax, Linseed, and Oil.) 1793 and 1802, 88. — From Archangel, from || 1795 to 1804, 100. —From Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — From Petersburg to Britain, from 1789 to #805, #23, #24. — From Petersburg to France, from 1772 to 1805, 125. —From Petersburg to America, from 1783 to 1805, 126. — From Petersburg, in 1804, 127. The large sums other nations pay Russia for , hempseed oil might be turned to a national re- source in Britain, 574. —Its estimated amountin Great Britain, 619, ib. (see Fisheries, Tallow, and Resources.) Henry III. grants privileges to the merchants of the Hans Towns; residing at the Steelyard, in Lon- don, 15. — His order to the sheriffs of Wilts and . and Sussex, to buy, for his wardrobe, 1000 ells fine linen, 576. . . . Henry VI. renewed the privileges of the merchants of the Hans Towns, 22. Henry VIII. engaged their aid to place a king on the throne of Denmark, but they were de- feated by the combined fleets of Sweden and Denmark, 24. — Acts for encouraging the cul- ture of flax and hemp, 560, 561. - Henry, duke of Brabant, his treaty with Hamburg, 15. Herschburg, a town in Silesia, its exports of linen, 217. - • * Herring Fishery, the annual resort to the Isle of empseed and linseed oil, exported from Russia, in Usedom, 13. — It contributes greatly to enrich the Danes, 14. — Deserts the Baltic, 22, (see Fisheries.) Hercorden, its quota of contribution to the Hanse- atic confederacy, 19. Hides exported from Russia in general, 91. —From Archangel, 99. – From Petersburg, from 1787 1805, 121, 122. — From the Black Sea, 1802, Hildisheim, its quota of contribution to seatic confederacy, 18. • * Holland can never resume her former commercial and freedom, while under the control of France. -—The Dutch drew the Indian commerce to themselves, 27. — Dutch ships passed the Sound, from 1790, 369. —Wood imported from Nor- way, 381. – Imports and exports from Britain, from 1700 to 1786, and from 1791 to the pre- sent period, 453. — Holland owed its greatness to fisheries, 522. — Dutch fishery, 525. — Its trade, with the Baltic, through the Holstein canal, and by means of Embden and the Ems, 355. — Its ships under Prussian colours, disadvantage, ib. — French decree, interdicting trade with Great Britain, ib. & - Holmstrand, its trade and shipping, 372. Holtenau, rules at the custom-house there, Fees at the custom-house, 355. Hops exported from Britain, 474. Holstein and Schleswig ports and rivers, 336, (see Altona, Gluckstadt, Husum, Keil, Rendsburg.) —Conveyance of goods through Holstein, 347. — Regulations of road money and customs, .348. the H an- — Canal, 350, 351, (see Canals.) •, Hull, Imports from Archangel, in 1804, 101. – Imports from Petersburg, from 1789, to 1805, 123. — Riga, 149,-Shipping arrived and sailed, 1792 and 1802, (see Shipping.) - - Humfe, a river running into the Weser, 439. Husum, its situation, 336. — One of the present sta- tions for English packets, ib. — Its former trade of oysters, ib.- Details respecting the packets, 635 and the inconveniences of landing or embarking here, ib. — Travelling from Husum to Hamburg, 342. — Attention to the sea-banks, 340. — Use- ful information for travellers going to, or coming from the continent to England, ib. - - I Jahde, a river communicating with the Weser, by a canal, 440. — At present useful to Bremen du- ring the blockade. — The channel of trade of Bremen, since the blockade of the Weser, ib. James I. his proclamation, in 1623, for erecting magazines for corn in England, 512. Jamsa, a river in Russia, 62. - Jane of France, her sarcastic observations on the splendour of the citizens wives of Bruges, 15. Jasiolda, a river in Russia, 64. Ilmen, a lake in Russia, 60. 2- - Imports, by the Easterlings, into England, 23. Arensburg, 158. — The Baltic, 11 I, 394. — The Baltic from Britain, 398. — The ports from the Black Sea, and Sea of Azoph, 175. — Britain from all parts, 1787 to 1805, 464.—Britain from Prussia, 282. — Britain from Denmark, 391. — Britain from Embden, 448. — Britain from Ger- many, 452. — Britain from Holland, 453. — Britain from the West Indies, from 1801 to 1804, 469, and 470. --- Copenhagen from Great Britain, 358. — Dantzic, 264, 266. — Denmark, 386. — Denmark from Britain, 391. – Embden from Britain, 448. --- France from Petersburg, from 1772 to 1805, 125. — Fredericksham, 153. — Germany from Britain, 452. — Gothenburg, 315. — Hapsal, 158. — Holland from Britain, 453. — Ireland, from 1803 and 1804, 465. — Konigsburg, 235. 236. — Liebau, ió4. --- Memel, 226. --- Narva, #55. — Odessa, 175. — Pernau, 160. —Into Pe- tersburg, 1 17, 128. — Prussia from Great Bri- rtain, 282. — Prussian Pomerania, 278. – Revel, 157. - Riga, 142, 152. — Stettin 275. — Swe- den, 329. — Turkey from Britain, 187. — Wy- burg, 153. - Ireland has not improved so rapidly as England || and Scotland, 464. — Its imports and exports, for 1803 and 1804, 465. — Number of vessels •entered from, and cleared out for different coun- tries, in 1804, 468. — Its exports as one to ten of England, 477. — Remarks on its revenues and national debt, trade, and manufactures, ib. et seq. Public funded debt of Ireland, 1805, 482. – Heads of revenue and expenditure, for 1804, 483. – Its population, 493. – Importation and exportation of corn to and from Ireland, from 1799 to 1803, 505. — Its importation of iron in ‘1773 and 1783, and 1801, 552. — Act of Wil- łiam and Mary to encourage the growth of hemp and flax in Ireland, 561. – Particularly adapted for the culture of hemp and flax, 566. — Its linen manufacture local, ib. — Importation of flaxseed, specifying the ports, 567. —Calculation of the advantage, were the culture general, ib. — Drained bogs particularly suited to it, 568. — Government should assist in this great object, 569. — The poor of Ireland have not the means ... of improving their resources, ib. — Alarming emigration from Ireland, ib. — The particular advantages which would accrue from the general culture of hemp and flax in Ireland, 572. — The Irish linen manufacture, 575, et seq. — Act of 1704, allowing Irish linens to be exported di- rect to the British plantations, 577. --- Sir Wil- liam Temple's observations on Ireland’s advan- tages for the linen manufacture, ib. — The Irish linen manufacture encouraged, from 1696, ib. --- Half a million expended on it from that time to 1750, ib. —Comparative exportation, from 1696 to 1751, 578. — Do. from 1750 to 1779, ib. — Do. from 1786 to 1805, 571. India, the discovery of the pâssage by the Cape of Good Hope, its effects on commerce, 26. Invoices, Proforma, of goods bought and shipped at ºt. § Sº, pp Petersburg, 134. — At Dantzic, 260. — At Stockholm, 313. * . Iron, sent from Siberia to Petersburg by internal communication, 67.—Russian iron mines, works, produce, manufactories, and exports, 71, et seq. — Exported from Archangel, for ten years, 99. — From Archangel to Britain, for ten years, 100. — From Archangel, in 1804, ib. — From the Baltic, in 1802, i15. — From Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — From Peters- burg to Great Britain, from 1789 to 1805, 123. From . Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 146, 151. — From Riga to Britain, from 1790 to 1804, 147, 151. — From the Black Sea, 1802, 175. — Swe- den, its mines and manufactures, 299. – Ex- ported from Stockholm, 312. — From Gothen- burg, 315. — From Gefle, 317. – From different ports in Norway, 371. — Of Norway, produce of the iron-works of Norway, 374. — Aggregate quantity exported from the Baltic. — England wrought and cast exported from Britain, 474. — The most useful of metals, 549. — The im- mense value to which it can be manufactured, ib. — Made in England in time of the Romans, ib.- Prohibited to be exported by act of Ed- ward III. ib. — The rage for the philosopher's stone, encouraged the iron foundries in the time of Henry VI. and Edward IV. 550. — Acts of Queen Elizabeth, preventing iron-works from being established near London; or within Kent, Surry, and Sussex, ib. — Importation of foreign wire prohibited by act of 1630, ib. — Proclama- tion of 1637, to prevent the sale of bad iron, ib. Pig and bar iron first made in Virginia, ib. — Mr. Wood's statements respecting the iron trade, in 1720, 561. — Act of Parliament of 1769, for 4 M 2 - - 636 discontinuing drawbacks, ib. -- Great increase of our iron manufactures since the American war, 552. — Pit-coal charied for making iron, | first used by Mr. Dudley, in Staffordshire, the process matured by the company of Colebrook- dale, 552. —Importation into Ireland, in 1773 and 1783, and 1802, ib. — Immense value of manufactured iron in 1783, 553. — Incredible rise of our iron foundries within ten years, 553. --- Much promoted by the behaviour of Russia, ib. --- Grand increase in Wales, ib. --- Iron ma- nufactured in Britain, 554. --- Railways and iron bridges, ib. --- Official value on the exportation of British bar iron, from 1797 to 1803, ib. --- Do. of British iron manufactured, 555. --- Offi- cial value of imports and exports of foreign iron, from 1797 to 1803, ib. --- Annual consumption of foreign iron in Britain, and its cost. ---Swedish iron of superior quality, Great Britain has the advan- tage in capital and mechanical means, 556. --- General observations on the iron trade, 557. --- Bounties or premiums not required, ib. --- Bar iron imported into Great Britain, from 1786 to 1803, 589. ---The official, average, rated amount and estimated value in first cost of iron import- ed from all parts, from 1799 to 1803, 61. --- Amount to be gained by the nation by manufac- turing our own iron, instead of importing, 619. Italy, imports from Petersburg, in 1804, 127. Julin, in the Isle of Wollin, a renowned city and great mart, 10. – Destroyed by the Danes, 11. Twan, a lake in Russia, 66. - . Iwanhoff canal in Russia, 66. K Rama, a river in Russia, 62. Ramiishinski canal in Russia, 66. — River in Russia, āb. 62. Raspija, a river in Russia, 61. Ken, a river in Russia, 63. - - JCell, its situation and bay, population and trade, 344. Rings canal in Russia, 65. Roestroma, a river in Russia, 62. Ronigshnrg, founded in 1255, 15. — Its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. — A channel for the south-east trade, 54. — Its situation, 228. — The Gilge canal gives it the advantages of the river Memel, ib. — Pro- duce brought from Poland, 229. — Ships in 1804, 230. — Pillau, its ports, ib. — British ships cleared from 1796 to 1804, 231. --- Ships of all nations, in 1768, ib. — Vessels passed from the Black Sea to it. — Exchange on Amsterdam, Hamburg, and London, 232. — Bank at Berlin's comptoir, at Konigsburg, ib. — Course of ex- change and price of specie, 1803, 233. --- Mo- ney and weights, ib. — Exports from 1795 to 1803, 234. -- Imports from 1795 to 1803, 235. --- Exports in 1804, 236. --- Imports in 1804, i5. --- Exchange with Berlin, 282. | - Kraftoke canal, 240. Jºragerøe, its trade and shipping, 372. - . . Kubenski, a lake in Russia,60.—Canal in Russia, 65. Rur, a river in Russia, 62. Rymmene, the river divides Russia and Sweden, 60. L Liebau, the principal port of Ladoga, a lake in Russia, 60.-A canal in Russia,63. Lakes, in Russia, 55. - In Prussia, 213. – In Swe- den, 298, 304. • . Landed Interest and commercial, respectively consi- dered, they ought to promote each other, 490. Lapland, first noticed in history in 1199. — Three English ships fitted out to discover a north-east passage to India and China, under Sir Hugh Willoughby, put in here in 1553, two of which were frozen in, and every soul perished, 57. Laſche, a lake in Russia, 60. Lavenna, a river in Russia, 64. Lauriger, its trade and shipping, 372. Lausitz, in Silesia, its exports of linen, 219. Lead, exported from Britain, 474. — Produced in Russia, 72. — In Sweden, 301. – Exported from Prussia, 214. -- - - - Leather, imported from Siberia to Petersburg, 67. — Exported from Russia, 91. — From the Bal- tic, 111. — From Petersburg to America, from 1783 to 1805, 126. — From Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 146, 151. — From Riga to Great Britain, from 1790 to 1804, 147, 151. — From Pernau, 1804, 161. — From Liebau, 1803, 165. — From the Black Sea, 1802. 176. --- From Ko- nigsburg, 234, 236.--- From Britain, 474. Lee, Edward, Esq. his defence of the Turkey mer- chant, in answer to Mr. Eton, 182. . Leith, imports from Archangel, in 1804, 101. --- From Petersburg, from 1789 to 1805, 124. --- From Riga, from 1803, 149. --- Ships arrived at Hamburg, from, 424. --- At Bremen, 444. --- Ships arrived and sailed in 1792 and in 1802, (see Shipping.) - - Lemgow, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. Courland, 16 1. --- Its harbour, roads, 162. --- Its trade, 163. --- Its exchange with London, Amsterdam, and IIamburg, 164. --- Its weights and measures, ifi. --- Its imports and exports, ib. Linen manufactures of Russia, 84. --- Its different sorts, names, fabricants, and other particulars, 85. ---Exported from Russia to Great Britain, 87. --- Total exportation from Russia, in 1793 and 1802, ib. --- Linen cloth exported from Archangel, from 1795 to 1804, 99. --- From Archangel to Britain, from 1795 to 1804, 100. --- From Archangel to France, in 1802, 101. --- From Archangel, in 1804, ib. --- By way of the Baltic, in 1802, 112. --- Warehoused at Peters- burg, 115. --- Exported from Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. --- Exported from Pe- - - 63. - tersburg to Great Britain, from 1789 to 1805, rica, from 1783 to 1805, 126. --- From Peters- burg, in 1804, 127. --- From the Black Sea, 1802, 175. --- Comparison of the linen manu- ||. factures of Russia, and the woollen manufactºire. of England, in respect of the Russian trade, 206. --- Irish linen superior to any in the world, 216. --- Of Prussia, 215. (see Prussia,) --- Silesia, its exports, 216. --- Ch linen, yarn from Konigsburg, 234, 236. --- From Ermland, 237. --- From Elbing 241. --- Ham- || burg. ---Bremen. --- Of Dantzic, 256. --- Ex- ported from Dantzic, from 1793 to 1805, 263, 265. --- Exported from Stettin, from 1798 to 1803, 274. --- From Gothenburg, in 1804, 315. --- Alphabetical list and description of Ger- | man and Silesia linen, specified as under, 401. Bielfield, Bleichtucher, Bocadillos, Bretagnes, Book, CaSerillos, Cavallenes, Cholets, Dowlas, Druck, Essen, Lovent, Meyer, Möbel, Mell, Munsterland, Osnabruck, Paderborn, . Plattiłęs Royales, Plattiles Simples, Ravensberg, Rouanes, Sangallettens, Schlecer, or Silesia lawn, Stein- hager, Tecklenburg, Wahrendorp, Weben, We- ser. ---German linen imported to Hamburg, 422. --- Linens exported from-Britain, 474. --- Yarn imported into Britain, 564. --- Resources || in the linen manufacture, 575. --- Antiquity of the linen manufacture, i5. --- ſits history, ib. --- Lullia Paulina, a Roman lady, gave a sum equal to 3000l. Sterling for a single piece of linen, 576. || --- Henry III. ordered the sheriffs of Wilts and Sussex to buy, for his wardrobe, one thousand || ells fine linen, ib.----Cardinal Wolsey’s goods be- || | ling seized, there were found one thousand pieces fine Holland linen, it. ----A proof that the ma- | nufacture was not then carried to much extent, ib. --- Its great importation inexcusable, 585. --- Remarks on the subject, i. et seq.--- Of the use of machinery, 586. --- The linen manufacture first encouraged by authority, in the reign of || James I. 577. --- Act passed in 1696, for encou- || raging the manufacture, of linens in Ireland, ib. --- Linen manufacture of Ireland farther promo- ted by the French protestant refugees, and a | compact made; in 1698, to-discourage the wool- | len manufacture in Ireland, and encourage the Hinen, ib. --- Act passed in 1704, by which Irish | linens were allowed to be exported direct to the British plantations, ib. — Sir William Temple's prophetic observation on the improvement of the Irish linen manufacture, ib. --- From 1696 to 1750, half a million beneficially expended to * promote this manufacture, ih. ----Linen and yarn | exported from Ireland, from 1701 to 1751, 578. --- From 1750 to 1779. ---. In 1780, in | consequence of the able report of the board of || 123, 124, from Petersburg to France, from | 1772 to 1805, 125.--- From Petersburg to Ame- | - lief places, for their ma- || nufacture and their exports, 217. --- Export of # - - | 583. --- The decline of the linen manufacture of | London, burnt by the Danes, in 837,8. trade; many judicious acts of parliament were: made to grant bounties, and encourage the Irish. linen manufacture, b. --- The Right Honourable John Foster the guardian of the linen trade of Ireland, ib. --- Linen exported from Ireland, from 1786 to 1805, 579. --- Details of the linen manufacture of Scotland, 579 to 584, (see Scot- land.) ---The linen manufacture almost neglect- ed in England, 582. --- The reason, iff. --- Offi- cial value of British manufactured linens, ex-- ported from 1797 to 1803, ib. --- Do. from 1801 to 1803, distinguishing British and Irish limens,. Britain may be attributed to the unprecedented rise of the cotton, 583. --- The official rated va-- lue, average rated amount and estimated value" in first cost, of finan and linen yarn imported. from all parts, from 1799 to 1803, 618. --- Amount to be gained by the nation by manufac-- turing our own liren in place of importing,619. Linseed, (see Hemp, Hempseed, and Linseed.) - Linseed Oil, (see Hempseed and Einseed Oil, Hemp. and Oil.) - - Lipstad, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic- confederacy, 19, ... - ~. Lisbon, in alliance with the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. . Liverpool, imports from Archangel in 1800, 101. ---. From Petersburg, from 1789 to t305, 123. ! ---. From Riga, from 1790 to 1803, 149. --- Ships arrived from, at Hamburg, 420. ---- At Bremen, 444. --- Ships arrived and sailed, 1792: and 1802, (see Shipping.) • . . - * * * * * ---. In al-- liance with the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. --- A counting house of the Hanseatic confederacy in Steelyard, Thames-street, ib.---Imports from Atch-- angel, in 1804, 101. --- From Petersburg, from. 1789, to 1805, 123. --- Table of exchange at: Petersburg, upon, from 1786 to 1805, 134. ---- Mode of drawing on at Petersburg, L37. ---- At Riga, 145. --- Imports from Riga, 149. Exchange at Liebau on, 164. --- At Konigs-- burg, 232. --- At Dantzic, 261. --- At Stettin, 273. --- At Berlin, 282. --- At Stockholm, 314. --- At Copenhagen, 360.--- At Hamburg,. 327. At Bremen, 444. r + Lotent, linen, 405. - Lubec, founded in I 140, TT. ---Its rapid prosperity, . ib.— The head of the Hanseatic League, 12. ---- Consumed by fire, in 1209, 14. --- Besieged and pillaged Stralsund in 1273, 15. ---Its quota of contribution, to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. ---The port and all the ships in it burnt by Den-- mark, 23. ---- Declared with the Hanseatic League, 30. --- Imports from Petersburg in 1804, . H27. --- Its advantageous situation and harbour, 291. ---Is situated on the river Trave, 291. ---- Stecknitz canal, from hence to Lauenburg on. the Elbe, 292. --- Road betwixt hence and Ham- burg, 293,--- Might be ably improved by ans 638 iron railway, ib. —Numerous tolls betwixt Ham- burg and Lubec, ib. — Its exports, 293. — Ships arrived at, and sailed thence, from 1792 to 1803, 294. —Money, exchange, weights, and measures, 295. — Lubec ships passed the Sound, from 1790, 369. Julia Paulina, a celebrated Roman lady, gave a sum equal to £3000 sterling for one piece of fine linen, 576. Lunenburg, its quota of Čontribution to the Han- seatic confederacy, 18. - T.utchossa, a river in Russia, 61. - M. IMagdeburg, its first charter in 940, 9.- Its second charter in 972, ib. — Its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18.- Its exchange with Berlin, 282. – Now become a staple place for British and colonial produce, 450. d Maloes, St. in alliance with the Hanseatic confe- deracy, 19. - - Malta, its high importance to Great Britain, not only to preserve our Indian, the Levant, the "Turkey, but even our continental trade, 167, 168, 172. — Ought never to be surrendered but with Gleal Britain, ib. Mandahl, its trade and shipping, 372. Mauufactures.—Of Denmark, 330. —Of Elbing, 240. — Of Germany, 400. — Of Ireland, 577. — Of Prussia, 214. — Of Russia, 70. — Of Scotland, 579 – Of Silesia, 215. — Of Sweden, 311. -— Estimate of the annual produce of ma- nufactures in Britain, 472. — Table of those exported from Britain, stating whether increasing, decreasing, or stationary, 474. (see Linen Ma- nufacture, Woollen Manufacture, and Cotton Manufacture.) - Margaret, Queen of Denmark, compelled to sur- render to the Hanseatic league, 20. Maria canal, in Russia, 63. s Marine Society of Sweden, 324. Mary, Queen of England, restores the privileges of the merchants of the Hans Towns in Eng- land, 29. - - Massachusets, a source for the importation of tim- ber, 540. - Masts and Spars, facility which will be given by the Beresinski canal, 56—Exported from Russia, their cost and expense, and general observations, 78.- Method of those exported from Riga in examin- ing by the brackers, 141. — Means of getting them by Riga, , during winter, ib. — Exported from Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 146, 151. — Exported from Riga to Great Britain, from 1790 to 1804, 147, 151. — Description of those exported from New Brunswick to Eng- land, 542. – Imported to Great Britain from Europe and America, from 1795 to 1801, 546. ‘, : Measures, (see Money, Weights, and Measures.) Mecklenburg, its situation and trade, 285. – Im- provements in agriculture, high state of culti- vation, and exports of corn, 286. — Its landed proprietors rich, and farmers independent, ib. — Its improvement forwarded by means of the Hol- stein canal, ib. —Is the Egypt of the Baltic, ib. — Rostoc, (see Rostoc.) — Wismar, (see Wis- mar.) - Memel, or Njemen, a river in Prussia, 213. —Its course, 220. Memel, a city of Prussia, on the Memel, its timber trade, 220. — Frontier town next Russia. ib. -— Saw mills, 221. — Ships here loaded with timber, and its value, ib.-Other produce brought hither, ib. — Its hemp and flax, ib. --Brack established here, 222.- A whimsical blunder lost Memel the French linseed trade, ib. – Why it has not the general trade like Konigsburg, ib. — Its brisk transit trade to Russia, ib. — Floats of timber dispersed in the Haff, 223. — River Dange running through the town, i b. —Shipping be- longing to it, ib. — Total of exports of Memel, in 1802, ib. — Its situation on the Courish Haff, harbour, and anchorage, ib. — Ships arrived there in various years, from 1707 to to 1804, ih. — Exchange, 224. — Money, weights, and mea- sures, ib. — Price of articles of exportation from Memel, 225. — Imports into Memel, from 1797 to 1804, 226. — Exports for the same time, 227. Mersailles, in alliance with the Hanseatic confede- racy, 19.- Its prosperity arose from fisheries, 521. — Maintained its independence for near 2000 years, ib. - . Messina, in alliance with the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. Meyer linen, 406. Minden, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. - Mines in Russia, 73. – In Sweden, 299. – In Den- mark, 334. — In Norway, 374. — In England, 617. - Mjeha, a river in Russia, 61. Möbel linen, 406. Mologa, a river in Russia, 62. 2. - Money. The first sterling money coined in England was by the Easterlings, in the reign of Henry III. 15. - Money, weights, and measures, in Russia, 137. — Traffic in money at Riga, 143, 145. — At Pernau, 160. — At Liebau, 164. — At Con- stantinople, 186. — At Smyrna, ib. — At Me- mel, 224. — At Konigsburg, 233. — At Elbing, 240.- At Dantzic, 261. — At Stettin, 273. — At Rostoc, 289. — At Wismar, 290. — At Lu- bec, 295. — At Stockholm, 314. — At Stras- lund, 320. — At Copenhagen, 360. — At Ham- burg, 427. — At Bremen, 444. — At Embden, 449. . Mos, its trade and shipping, 372. Mosco, the capital of Russia, 114. 639 * l Mosha, a river in Russia, 63. - || Mull linen, 407. . . . . . - -- . . . . Munster, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic || confederacy, 19. Munsterland linen, 407. - Naples, in alliance with the Hanseatic confederacy,19. ` Narca, bec omes the emporium of the Hans Towns, 23, - Its trade, imports, and exports, 154. #. National Delt and Finances of Great Britain, 480, 481, 482. — Ditto of Ireland, 482, 483. – Ditto of Russia. — Ditto of Sweden, 327. || – Ditto of Denmark, 389. - ' ' . Navigation Act, its suspension, 601. — It particu- larly favours the Northern Powers, 604. — Ob- servations on its suspension, 605. — Its policy and expediency fully considered, 593. — Advan- tage to the neutral nations, ib. , * : Nelson, Lord, remarks on his attack of Copenha- gen, 613. – His admirable address on the occa- sion, ib. -- Neutral vessels, (see shipping.) New Brunswick, a new source for supplying Britain with timber, 540. º - - Newcastle, imports fro m Archangel in 1804, 101,– || From Petersburg, from 1789 to 1805, 123. — From Riga, from 1790 to 1803, 149. —Ships ar- | rived and sailed in 1792 and 1802, (see shipping.) New Channels of Trade.—So long as Hanover is connected with Britain, and Holland with France, the commerce of the Elbe will be liable to inter- || ruption, 53. – The Rhine at the command of France, i5. — The French having violated the guarantee of the German Empire, by occupying Hanover, the British were compelled to blockade the Elbe and Weser, 54.—Which made the new channels necessary to be resörted to, ib. —Sum- mary of these new channels, ib. — To Turkey, by the Baltic, 167, 181. – To Riga, 184. — || To Memel, ib. — To Konigsburg, ib. — The cost || by this conveyance compared with that by the -r Méditerranean, 185. — To Austria, by Dantzic || and the Vistula, 244. — To Germany, by Stet- tin, being connected with the Elbe by different canals, 267, and with the Vistula, by the Brom- berg canal, 268. — To Hamburg by Lubec, by land, and by water on the Stecknitz canal, 292. — To Kiel, by land to Hamburg, 344. — To Tonningen, by water, over the Sands and up the Elbe, 346. – From Tonningen to Hamburg, by different routes, by rivers and canals, 347. — A new road by land, from Tonningento Hamburg, ib. — The expense by both conveyances, ib. — . The expense attending the conveyance of goods || at different periods, from Tonningen to Hamburg, by different routes, ib. — To Hamburg, (see Rendsburg, Tonningen, and Bixtehude.)—To Bremen, (see the Weser, and the trade carried on during the blockade by means of the river Jahde, 441. —The river Jahde described, and || method of conveying goods, ib. — To Embden, Northern Nations. Oats, (see Côrn.)" from thence by the Ems, by way of Munster and Meppin, 446. — By the Ems to Holland, the Dutch and great part of the French trade carried on by this channel, 448. Newfoundland Fishery, (see Fisheries.) Neva, a river in Russia, 60. Nevesta, a river in Russia, 64. Nimeguen, its quota of contribution to the Han- seatic confederacy, 18. : Njemen, or Memel, a river in Russia and Prussia, 64, 213. - W. . Normans joined the Danes in their inroads through Europe, 7. – Under Rolla they took Rouen, and established themselves in Normandy, 8. Norova, a river in Russia, 61. North Canal, in Russia, 63. - The channels through which we must now supply the continent, 2. — Their jealousy of Great Britain unfounded, 3. — The balance in their favour is immense, ifi...— The - war-like spirit of France and Spain advantageous. to them, ib. --The loss they would sustain in quarrelling with England, 62, 458. —The rela- tive interests of the Northern Nations and Britain. considered, ib. — Britain, from her own resour- ces, can be independent of them, ib. — The ad- vantage they have over us of the greater value of money, 455. – But of which they do not take sufficient advantage, i5. —They injure them-- selves by taking too high prices, 456, 557. —. The distinction to be observed betwixt the British, trade through the Northern Nations, and the trade with themselves. – The aggregate amount: of the trade, and the balance it is against: England. —The trade and navigation of Great Britain with Russia, 208. —. With Prussia, 284. – With Sweden, 329. – With Denmark, 301. — With Germany, 452. —With Holland, 453. - . . . . . . . Norway, its ports blocked up by the Hanseatic league, and the King compelled to renew their privileges, 15. — Its extent and productions, 370. —Its Ports, alphabetically arranged, 371. — Salt-works, 373. – Iron-works, 374. — Fish- eries, 375. --— Wood trade, 379. — Shipping, (see: Denmark.), - - - - Nova Scotia, a new source for supplying Britain. with timber, 540. *- Novogorod, a counting house of the Hanseatic con- federacy kept here, 19. – Narva and Revel, its . ports during the Hanseatic confederacy, ib. * Wº º 'º' 2 . L” Oder, a river of Prussia, by Stettin, 268:- Canals, from thence to the Elbe, 55,268. — Its course, 268. —Canal joining the Vistula, by the Warte- and Netze, ib. — Has great trade up to Silesia, in linseed, and from thence in linens, i5, - Its. disemboguement into the Baltic, ib., 540 Odessa, its situation, ió8.— Founded in 1795, 169. — Its state in 1799, ib. — Activity in promoting its buildings, ib.--Its shipping and population || in 1803 and 1804, 170. — Made an entrepôt by an ukase of the Emperor Alexander, of March 5, 1804, ib. — Its privileges for a transit trade, by ukase, March 5, 1804, ib. —List of goods. allowed transit, 171. — Its imports and ex- ports, for 1795, 1796, and 1797, 175. —Its | superiority as a port to Cherson and Taganroc, 177. — Insurances to Turkey, ib.-General ob- || servations respecting it, 172, et seq. 'Oger, a river in Russia, 61. . - Oginsky, a canal in Russia, 220. Oil, (see Hempseed and Linseed Oil.) - :Oil, train, exported from Archangel, from 1795 to 1804, 99. — From Archangel to Britain, from ū795 to 1804, '99. – From Archangel in 1804, 102. — From Petersburg to America, from 1783 to 1805, 126. — From Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 146, 151. —From Britain, 474. — The quantity of whale oil imported into Britain, from all places, 1787 to 1800, 533. – Ditto exported, from 1797 to 1803 (see Fisheries.) — To suppl y the place of tallow, 531. – Loidoñers compláin of being obliged to use tallow as a substitute for oil, whilst oil is become so to tallow, 532. iOleron, Isle of, its Richard I. - - - Omega, a lake, and a river in Russia, 60. Orel, a canal in Russia, 66. . . . . . 772, 6. – Its quota of contribution to the Han- seatic-confederacy, 19. Osnabruck linen, 407. # . Ostend, in alliance with the Hanseatic confederacy, . 19. - - - - - &Oster Rustjer, its trade and shipping, 373. - p. Packets, stationed between Stralsund and Ystadt, 322. – From Harwich to Husum, details respect- | ing them, and information for travellers, 338. £aderborn, a bishopric founded by Charlemagne in 784, 6. £aderborn Linen, 407. : . Papenburg ships passed the Sound from 1790, 369. Paul, Emperor of Russia, his ukase for establishing the aid bank of Russia, 190. * * . . . Reipus, a lake in Russia, 60. Pernau, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. — its trade, imports, exports, and exchange, 159. Fernau, a river in Russia,.6i. peter the Great, established boards for purposes of national prosperity, which raised the Russian Empire, 621. . $t. Petersburg, built at once to become the capital; of the empire, founded by Peter the Great, in 1703.---Its regularity and/elegance, 114,--The maritime laws promulgated by f Emperor Alexander's ukase, in 1804, respecting the exchange, and other improvements, ib.---Great part of the commerce removed from Archangel in 1713, ib.---The foreign factories established here, in 1721, ih.---Its situation, 115.---Ware- houses, ib.---Cronstadt, the port of Petersburg, 116.---State of the trade of St. Petersburg and Cronstadt, in 1800, 117,---Gold and silver im- ported in 1800 and 1804, 117 and 132.---Cus- . toms collected at Petersburg, in 1800, 118.--> Ships arrived, sailed, and remaining at Peters- burg and Cronstadt, for several years, from the commencement of last century to 1805, ib. and 132.---. Estimate of the quantity of goods afi- nually brought down to Petersburg, 119.---Ag- gregate of the exports from Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804.---Account of the principal pro- duce of Russia exported from Petersburg, from 1758 to 1804.---Exports from Petersburg to the principal ports of Britain and to Ireland, from 1789 to 1805.---Account of goods exported in British ships from Petersburg, 1804, 122, 123, and 124.---Ditto in American ships, 125.---Ex- ports from Petersburg to France, from 1772 to 1805, i25,---Exports from Petersburg to Ame- rica, from 1783 to 1804, 126.---Exports in 1804 to different countries, 127. --- Imports in 1803, 128.---imports and exports by the principal merchants at Petersburg, in 1894, 130.---Value of the goods imported and ex- - * • * - ported, in 1804, 132.---Amount of the duties -Osnaburg, a bishopric founded by Charlemagne in and taxes received by the custom-house, in 1804, ib.---Proforma invoices of goods bought and shipped at Petersburg, 134.--Table of ex- change at Petersburg on London, each month in every year, from 1788 to 1865, 135.---Gehe- ral table of exports and imports from 1742 to 1804, with the gold and silver imported, and the customs, from 1786 to 1804,136.---Mode of drawing on London, Hamburg, Amsterdam, and Vienna, 137. - - , , - - - t Pillau, the port of Konigsburg and Elbing, 236, (see * * * Pitch, see Tar. Konigsburg); and of Elbing, 239, (see Elbing.) ' Platilles Royales, linen, 408. . . . . . . Platilles Simples, linen, 408. - . . . Plauen, canal of, part of the communication be- tween the Elbe and Oder, 268. . . . . Poor's Rates.---Remarks on this burthen, and its causes, 587,---Its impolicy, 589.--- Amount of poors’ rates in the reign of Charles II. and in i776 and 1786, ib ---Returns of the expense and maintenance of the poor, in consequence of the act of 43 Geo. III.---The result, 590.---The cul- ture and manufacture of hemp and flax would give the poor employment; preventive of these, evils, 592.---Remarks on the subject, ib. et seq. and on their present management and employ- ment, 595.---Of the poor in Scotland; their small expense, ib.---The Right Hon. George Rose's rea- 641 sons for this, ib.---Remarks on his observations, ib.---Reasons for there being fewer paupers in Scotland than in England, ib.---Farther remarks, 596, et seq.---Estimate of the money that might be saved to the nation by an amelioration of the system, 619. Population of Altona, 337.---Bergen, 371,---Chris- tiana, ib.---Christiansand, 372.---Christiansund, āb.---Elsineur, 361.---England and Wales, 493, 507.---Flensburg, ib.---Frederickstadt in Schles- wig, ib.---Ireland, ib.---Keil, 343.---Odessa, 170. Rendsburg, 345.---Russia, 47.---Scotland, 493,--- Stavanger, 373.---Tonningen, ib.---Tönsberg, ib. Poland.---Consequence of its partition to the corn trade, and the general interests of Great Britain, 50 l. • - Portugal.---Imports from Petersburg, in 1804, 127. Portuguese ships passed the Sound, from 1790, 369.---Wood imported from Norway, 381. Pregel, a river in Prussia, 213. Pripecz, a river in Russia, 61. Proforma Invoices.---(see Invoices.) - Prussia.---Its imports from Petersburg in 1804, 127. Its situation and extent on the shores of the Baltic, 213.---Lakes or Haffs, in Prussia, 213.--- . Its rivers, ih.---Produce and manufactures, 214. Its linen manufacture, 215.---Silesia, its exports, 216.---Linens, alphabetical list of, 401, (see Linen Manufacture).---Chief places for their ma- nufacture, 217.---Hirschburg, its exports, ib. Landshut, its exports, 218.---Griefenburg, its exports, ib.---Friedland, its exports, ib.---Schweid- nitz, its exports, ib.---Lausitz, its exports, 219. ---Memel, 220, (see Memel.)---Konigsburg, 228, | (see Konigsburg.)---Braunsburg, 237, (see Brauns- burg.)---Elbing, 238, (see Elbing,) Dantzic, 242, (see Dantzic.)---Stettin 266, (see Stettin)---Prus- sian Pomerania, 276, (see Prussian Pomerania.)--- Is ignorant of the elements of commerce, 277.--- Society for trade and navigation, ib.---Assurance company, 280.---The bank, ib.---Provincial banks, ib.---Money traffic and exchange, 281.---Table of the courses of exchange, 282.---'Trade and navigation betwixt Great Britain and Prussia, ib. Imports and exports of Great Britain from Prus- sia, from 1701, 283, 284.---Prussian ships passed the Sound since 1790, 369.---Its impolicy in neglecting present advantages in consequence of the blockade of the Elbe and Weser, 451.---Can never have much shipping, 603. - Prussian Pomerania.---Its port and trade, 276. Psiol, a river in Russia, 61. - R. <: Radzevell, Prince, the great benefit he receives from his forests, which his father would not suffer to be cut, 200.---They are now the source whence Memel is supplied, ib. Railways, iron, 554. - & Rank of the different powers of Europe, in 1504,460. Jºavensberg linen, 408. Rendsburg, its situation, population, shipping, na- vigation, and trade, 345.---Its recent improve- ment and increase, ib.---Duties, ib. -- Resources of Britain.---Meaning of the word as used in this work, 486.---General remarks on them, ib. ---In what they consist, 489,---Their great im- portance, ib. — Improvement of waste lands and cultivation of grain, 493, 499, et scq. (see Corn).-- Raising timber, 497, 535, (see Wood). —The fisheries, 521, et seq. (see Fisheries). — Pitch and tar, 546, et seq. (see Tar). — Iron, 549, et scq. (see Iron). — Hemp and Flax, 560, et seq. (see Hemp). — The linen manufacture, 575. — (see Linen Manufactures). — To diminish the poor's rates, 587, (see Poor's Rates). — Recapitulation, remarks, and proposal for the above purposes, 611, et seq. (see Conclusion.) º Revel. — Its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. — Becomes the emporium of the Hanse Towns till removed to Narva, 23. — Its trade, imports and exports, 155. Revenues. – Of Russia, 57. — Of Britain; their difference for the last hundred years, 461. —- Ditto for the land, 483. . Rhine, being at the command of France, will be lost to the general purposes of mercantile convey- ance, 53. * Riga. — Its origin and progress, 138. — Its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. — Its commercial importance at the foundation of Petersburg, — A channel for the south east trade, 54. — Communication with the Black Sea by means of the Beresinski canal, 63. — Now the second city of Russia, 138. — Its treaty with Henry VII. of England, in 1481, ib. — Naviga- tion by the Düna, ib. — Its traffic, 139. — The river Düna described, 138. – Season, for the barks ascending and descending, 138. — Ob- structions in the rivers, 139, 142. — Linseed re- gulations for that in sowing, 139. — Regulation of the brack, ib. — Hemp and flax ; its quality, denominations and package, ib. — Linseed, 140. Corn, ib. —Its system of magazinage, ib.-Wood, and the conveyance of masts from the forests, 141. —Cost and loss to individuals and the state by the prohibition.—Necessary precautions, ib.— The warehouses, 141. — Situation and harbour, 142. — Salt trading vessels which come down the river, 142. — Ships arrived at Riga at dif- ferent periods from 1703 to 1804, 142. –Im- ports from England for several years, 143. — Imports and exports, 142. —Traffic in money and bills, 143. — Exchange with Amsterdam, Hamburg, and London, 145. - Money, weights, and measures, ib. — Exports from Riga, from 1799 to 1803, 146, 148. — From Riga to Great Britain, from 1790 to 1803, 147, 148, 149, 150. year 1804, 481. – Ditto of Ire- — Exports from Riga, in 1804, 151. — Imports 'K. to Riga, in 1804, 152, e' 4. Nº 642 Riga canal, 65. Rivers, of Russia, 59.--of Prussia, 218. --Vis- tula, 243. --- Oder, 268. --- Of Holstein, 336. --- Ropes, (see Cordage.) - - • || JRose, the right hon. George, reason assigned by him for the cheapness of maintaining the poor Elbe, 412.---Weser,439.--- Fulda, i5. --- Werre, £5. ---Aller, ‘ib.--- Jahde, 440. --- Ems, 445. --- In Canada, 548. --- In Massachusets, ib.---. In New Brunswick, ib. - - - - * in Scotland, 595. Rostoc, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. --- Imports from Petersburg in || 1804, 127. --- Now chief city of Mecklenburg, 288. --- Its local situation, ib. --- Its shipping, ib. Its exports, ib. --- Its imports, 289. --- Ships ar- riving at and sailing from Rostoc, ib. --- Money || and weights, ib. and 290. --- Course of exchange || with Amsterdam, Hamburg, and London, ib.--- || Ships passed the Sound from 1790, 369. Rotorost, a river in-Russia, 62. Rouen in alliance with the Hanseatic confederacy, 39. • Rouen linen, 409. . . . . - Tugen, isle of, its situation and trade, 321. Rugenwalde, its situation and trade, 277. Rules and regulations for importation into Britain, sº p 3. 484. Ruremond, its quota of contribution to the Hanse- atic confederacy, 18. - - * . . . Russia onee tributary to Poland, 10. --- Now the greatest empire in the world, 30. --- Possesses the most considerable ports in the Baltic. The armed neutrality, 31.--- Dissatisfied with England, she refuses to renew a treaty of commerce, from 1786 till 1793, 32. --- Enters into a convention with his Britannic majesty in 1801, ib. --- Copy of that convention, and its additional articles, 33, et seq --- Accession by the king of Denmark, 44. --- Accession by the king of Sweden, 47. --- Rus- | t –Z with England, sia, the great promoter of the armed neutrality, 52. --- it would be impolitic in Russia to quarrel 37. 7t). within these two centuries, 55. --- Progress of * * *- - - population and improvement in Russia, 56.---| Especially since the accession of the empress || Catharine, ib. --- its vast energy, 57. --- Estimate of its population, ib. ---Prs revenues, ib. ---Origin of its commerce, ib. --- Richard Chancellor first opened a direct trade between Russia and En- | gland, 58. --- The establishment of the English || Russia company, 58. --- Extent of Russia, 59.--- | Its divisions and produce, ib.—Boundaries of Eu- ropean Russia, i5. --- Ditto of Asiatic Russia, ib. ---Its lakes, 60.---fts rivers, iff.--Its canals, 62.--- (see Canals.)---Value of merchandize exported by the communication from the frontiers of Siberia and from China,67.--Statement for eleven years of the trade by the canal of Vishney Volotshok,68. by || | --- Nature of the barks and conveyance ~. Risen into civilization || {{ | sledgeways, 69. --- Produce and manufactures, 70. --- Iron-mines, iron-works, and manufac- tories, 71. --- Statement of the exportation of iron, 74. --- Gold, silver, and copper mines, 73. --- Wood and forests, 75. --- Table of the first cost and expenses of masts, spars, and timber, 78. ---Timber exported, 79. --- Hemp and flax and their exports, 80. --- Linen manufactures and their exports, 84. ---Export of hempseed, and flaxseed, and oils, 88. ---Tallow, hides, salt beef, '* * * glue and bones, and their exports, iff. --- Grain, and its exports, 92. --- Information to English- men going to Russia, 106. --- Progressive in- crease of trade by the Baltic, 108. --- Coasting trade of Russia, 1 1 0. --- State of its trade by the Baltic, in 1802, 109, 111. --- Money, weights, and measures of Russia, 137. --- Russian frontier trade, 166. --- Trade with Turkey, 177. --- It is the interest of Russia to promote the trade be- tween England and Tarkey, 183. --- Banks of Russia, 188. --- The loan, or Lombard bank, iff. ---The assignation bank, ib.---The loan bank for the nobility and towns, 189. --- State of the imperial loan bank in 1794, ib. --- The old bank, 190. --- Discount office, 192. --- College of com- merce, 194. --- Brackers, 195. --- Exchange be- tween Russia and other countries, with remarks, 196, et seq. (see Petersburg.) --- Ships arrived in and sailed from Russia in 1892, 201. --- Obser- vations on the Russian trade, 292.- Coasting trade of the empire in 1802, 203. – Ships of different nations arrived in Russia in 1802, 204. —Trade of the Russian empire in 1802, 205. — Transit trade of Russia, ib. — Total imports and exports, 206. — Observations on the trade betwixt Britain and Russia, with a comparison betwixt the staple manufactures of wooliens of the former, and linens of the latter, 206. — Va- lue of imports and exports of Great Britain to and from - Russia, from 1700 to 1786, 207. — British produce and manufactures exported from England and Scotland to Russia, from 1786 to 1804, ib. — Merchandize imported into England and Scotland from Russia, from 1786 to 1804, 208: -'Trade and navigation of Great Britain with Russia in 1800; 1801, and 1802, ib. — Ge- neral remarks on the Russian trade, 209. — New duties on the importation of articles into Russia, 210. — Russian ships passed the Sound, from Comparison between the Russian and British iron manufacture, 552, (see Iron.) — St. Petersburg and Cronstadt; 113, (see Pe- tersburg.) — Riga, 138, (see Riga.) → Frederick- sham, 153, (see Fredericksham.) – Wyburg, ib. (see Wyburg.) — Narva, 154, (see Narva.) — Revel, #55, (see Revel.) — Hapsal, 157, (see Hapsal.) — Arensburg, 1.58, (see Arensburg.)— Courland, 161, (see Courland.)—Windau, ib. (See Windau.) — Liebau, ib. (see Riebau.) — Black Sea, 167, (see Black Sea.) — Odessa, 168, (see 643 Odessa.) — Our principal supply of tallow' is, from Russia, 53.1 : #ussia Company, its establishment, 58. Rye, (see Corn.). S. - Sailcloth, made in Russia, 85. --- Exported from Russia, in 1802, 87. --- From Archangel from 1795 to 1804, 99. --- From Archangel to Bri- tain, from 1795 to 1804, 100. --- From Arch- . angel to France, in 1802, 101. --- From all Rus- sia, by the Baltic, in 1802, 112.--- From Peters- burg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. --- From Petersburg to Britain, from 1789 to 1805, 123, 124. — From Pernau, 1804, 161. — From Lie- bau, 1803, 165. --- From the Black Sea, 1802, 176. --- From Lubec, 293. --- Allowed to be im- ported from Ireland duty free into England, 579, et seq. ---The manufacture promoted by various acts, ib. --- Exported from Britain in con- siderable quantities, ib. --- Observations there- on, ib. - - g Salt, imported from Friburg and Petersburg, 67. The duty on salt in England, ought to be taken off for curing fish, 528. --- Mode proposed for this purpose, ib. ---Exported from Britain, 474. Salt Works, at Wolloe, in Norway, 373. º Salvage Society, for diving and salvage, of Sweden, 324. --- Danish laws and regulations respecting, 384. ' v. - Samara, a river in Russia, on the Black Sea, 61.--- Sangalletems, linen, 409. - Sawony, conquered by Charlemagne, 5. Schleswig, 331. (see Holstein.) Schleier, or Silesia lawn, 409 - Schweidnitz, a town in Silesia, its exports of linen, 2 8. - Sclavonians, converted to christianity in the twelfth century, 6. . . . . Scotland, Imports from Petersburg,from 1789 to 1805, 124,---British produce and manufactures exported from Scotland to Russia, from 1786 to 1804,207.-- Merchandize imported into Scotland from Russia, from 1786 to 1804,208.---Exports to and imports from Prussia, since the year 1701, 283.---Wood imported from Norway, 379. --- Aggregate im- ports to and exports from the Baltic, 398. --- Imports to and exports from Germany, 452.--- Imports to and from Holland, 453. --- Scotland. has improved nearly in the same proportion as England, 463,---Number of ships, their ton- nage and men, entered from, and cleared out for different countries in 1803 and 1804, 467.--- Its population, 493.---Its fishery on the advance, 526. --- Its favourable situation for establishing fisheries, now much improved, by its canals con- necting the two seas, 526, et seq., (see Fisheries.) --- Duties paid on timber imported in 1804, 539. ! --- Its great importation of timber from America, 541. --- Iron imported from all places from 1786 . - to 1803, 559.---Hemp imported from ditto, in 1786 to 1803, 563. --- Flax ditto, 564. ---Linen yarn, ditto, 504,---Pitch and tar imported from all places. --- Cordage ditto, from 1789 to 1800, 565. --- Of the poor in Scotland, their small expense comparatively with England, 595, --- Reasons for this, ib. et seq. --- Scotland has not the advantage of the soil, climate, and popu- lation of Ireland, but excels it in industry, and application, 579. --- Its linen manufacture at a low ebb, in 1725, 580. ---Its convention of bo- roughs petition the King, ib. --- A. board of trus- tees appointed in 1727. --- With small pecuniary aid they produced the happiest effects, ib. --- Linen stamped for sale in Scotland, in 1728, 1729, 1730, ib. --- Bounties in Scotland never exceeded 3000l. for promoting the linen manufac- ture and fisheries, ib. --- its progressive improve- ment in Scotland, ib.—Establishment of the Bri- tish linen company, and its good effects, 581.--- Linen exported from Scotland, from 1785 to . 1804, ib. --- Linen manufactures of Scotland particularly adapted to the West India market, ib. - Sea Insurance Company, of Copenhagen, 383. Sebastipol, an exclusive dock and port for the impe- rial navy of Russia, 171. - - Selisharowſia, a river in Russia, 62. Seville, in alliance with the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. . . Seura, a river in Russia, 62. Sheffield, Lord, his patriotic attention to British shipping, and the agricultural and commercial interests of the country, 599. --- His pamphlet quoted, and his moderation in politics, 604. Sheksna, a river in Russia, 62. Ship-building. Ships built and sailed from Archangel, 99. --- Estimate of the expense at Archangel, 103. --- Dantzic, 234. ---Stettin, 274, 275. --- Ships built in Denmark and Norway, 387. --- Schleswig and Holstein, ib. ---The British em- pire, 465. --- Observations relative to the dear- ness of building in England, to other places, 560. . - - - Ships, Arandahl, arrived at and sailed from, 371. ---Arensberg, al rived at and sailed from, 158.--- Baltic, arrived at and sailed from, 394.---Black Sea, arrived at and sailed from, 176.---Bremen, arrived at, 443, 444.---Britain, arrived at and sailed from, 466. --- Christiana, arrived at and sailed from, 372.---Christiansund, arrived at and sailed from, 372. --- Copenhagen, arrived at and sailed from, 359, 360. --- Dantzic, arrived at and sailed from, 258. --- I enmark, sailed from, 388. --- Drontheim, arrived at and sailed from, 372.---Embden, arrived at and sailed from, 447. --- Fleckifiord, arrived at and sailed from, 372. ---Frederickshald, arrived at and sailed from ib. ---Frederickstadt, arrived at and sailed from, ib. --- Fredericksham, arrived at and sailed from, 4 N 2 .* - *- 644 sailed from, 338. --- Gothenburg, arrived at and sailed from, 315.---Hamburg, arrived at, 419 421. --- Hapsal, arrived at, 158. --- Holmstrand, arrived at and sailed from, 372. ---Holstein ca- nal, passed the, 355.--- Ireland, arrived at and sailed from, 467. --- Konigsburg, cleared out at, 234. --- Kragaroe, arrived at and sailed from, 372. ---Laurigen, arrived at and sailed from, ib. Liebau, arrived at, 164. --- Lubec, arrived at and sailed from, 394. --- Mendahl, arrived at and sailed from, Norwegian ports, arrived at and sailed from, 371, 372, 373. --- Odessa, arrived at, 169. --- Oster Ruséer, arrived at and sailed from, 372. — Petersburg and Cronstadt, arrived at and sailed from, 118, 133. — Pernau, arrived at and sailed from, 161. — Revel, arrived at and sailed from, 159. — Riga, arrived at, 142. — | Rostoc, arrived at and sailed from, 289. — Russia, arrived in.--Skeen, arrived at and sail- ed from, 372. — Sound, passed the, 369, - Stavanger, arrived at and sailed from, 379. – Stettin, arrived at and sailed from, 274, 275.- Tonningen, sailed from, through the Holstein canal, 347. — Tonsberg, arrived at and sailed from, 372. — Windau, arrived at, 161. — Wis- mar, arrived at and sailed from, 290. —Wy- burg, arrived at and sailed from, 154. Shipping belonging to Abo, 321. – Baltic, including Norway, 394.—Bergen, 371.-Bremen, 443. — British empire and division belonging thereto, 465. —Calmer, 321.--Carlscrona, 32 I.—Carlshamm, ib. — Christiansund, 372. — Dantzic, 257. — Denmark and Norway,386, 388. — Drontheim, 372. — Embden, 447. — Fieckifiord, 372. — Flensburg, 337. — Frederickstadt, in Schleswig, 337. — Frederickstadt, 372. — Frederickshald, 372. — Gefle, 321. — Gothenburg, 321. — Hamburg, 429. — Helsengsfers, 321. — Holm- strand, 372. — Konigsburg, 234. —— Kragaröe, 372. – Laurengen, 372. — Liebau, 164. — Mandahl, 372. — Memel, 223. — Moss, 372. — Norrkoping, 321.-Oster Rusoer, 472.-Prussian Pomerania,276. –Rostoc, 288. — Russia, 1 1 0.- Schleswig, and Holstein, 386. — Stavanger, 372. —Stettin, 270.--Stockholm, 321.—Sweden, 321. —Tonsberg, 372. — Uddevalla, 321. – Wester- wick, ib.-Wisby, ib.—Wismar, 290.-Of the Bri- tish shipping, and the means of increasingit, 599.— It requires the most serious consideration, ib. — Lord Sheffield's palaiotic attention to this subject, ib. —The tonnage diminished, from 1791 to 1802, ib. — But for the three last years it appears to have increased, 600. — It is not easy to ascer- tain the exact tonnage, ib. — The reason, ib. — Foreign shipping employed has increased, ib. — Statement of British and foreign shipping, from 272. --- Memel, arrived at, 223, 224. ---Mos, arrived at, and sailed from, 372. --- Narva, arrived at and sailed from, 155. 153. --- Gefle, sailed from, 317. ---Gluckstadt || 1773 to 1804, 600. — The proportions shewn, 601. – Remarks on this subject, ib. —Of the suspension of the navigation act, ib. — Our ship- ping demands every protection of government, 602. — America our most formidable rival in. this respect, ib. — We have little to fear from either Russia, Sweden, Prussia, Holland, or the Baltic, 603. — Ships entered inwards and clear- ed outwards in Great Britain, to and from the Baltic, including Norway, for 1800— 1 — 2, 603. — The British navigation act favourable to the northern powers, 604. — Shipping employed in the timber trade of the North, ib. — State- ment of British and American shipping cleared in Britain, for 1792, 1800, ib. — Remarks on this statement, 605. — American tonnage in 1790 and 1800, ib. — Observations on the sus- pension of the navigation act, ib. — And on the warehousing act, 606. — Making Great Britain an entrepôt would encourage our shipping, ib. — Sailars ought to be enrolled and protected from impress, ib. — Plan for this purpose, ib. — Re- marks on promotion of our shipping arising out of the preceding resources, in respect of corn, hemp, flax, and wºod, ih. — Foreign ships which entered in Britain, in 1803, 609. — Which might be supplied by our own, ib. — Every exertion should be made to forward this plan, ib. — The inveteracy of the French to our navigation system, ib. — Danger of the conces- sion of conveying passengers in French packets, ib. — Comparative state of British and foreign vessels, their tonnage and men, cleared outwards ând inwards in 1792 and 1802, 610. — State of shipping in the East India company's service, 30th July, 1804, ib. (see Ships.) - Silesia, its linen manufactures, 215, et seq. (see Prussia.) — Alphabetical list and description of its linen, 40 l., (see Linen manufacture.) - Silks exported from Britain, 474. - Silver, (see Gold.) . Sjamanshus, or marine society in Sweden, an excel lent institution, 324. • . Sjas canal in Russia, 63. *. Skeen, its trade and shipping, 373. Smith, Dr. Adam, quoted on the subject of corn, 498, 514. — On the subject of fisheries, 521. Smyrna, trade with Russia by the Black Sea, 178. — Trade with Great Britain, 185. — Imports and exports to and from Great Britain, ib. -- Money, weights, and measures, 186. . Soap, exported from Britain, 474. Society for diving and salvage in Sweden, 325. — In Denmark, 384. - Söest, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. * * Soola, a river in Russia, 61. Sosha, a river in Russia, 61. Sound, first account of the toll for passing it, 16, 18. — Imports from Petersburg, 127. – Elsi- neur the place for receiving the toll, 361. – Re- marks on this toll, ill. — Its amount, 363. — Duties payable on merchandize and shipping passing the Sound, 365. – Ships passed the Sound in different years, from 1752 to 1792, 369.—Ditto specifying those of different nations, from 1790 to 1805, ib. South-Sea Fishery, (see Fisheries.) Spain, imports from Petersburg, 127. — Its ships passed the Sound from 1790, 369. — Wood im- ported from Norway, 381. – Imports fish from Norway, ib. — Grain from the Black Sea. —Talfow. from South America, remarks thereon, 530. — Although a feeble power, still keeps pos- session of its antient colonies, ib. Stadt, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. . . . Staple towns in Sweden, distinction betwixt old and new, or land towns, 310. . • . % Stargard, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. - Stationary exported from Britain, 474. , Stacen, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. . . . . Statanger, its trade, shipping, Stecknitz canal, from Lubec to the Elbe, (see Lubec.) Steel exported from Britain, 474. - Stettin, the ancient and present capital of Pome- , rania, 11, 266. – Its quota of contribution to and population, | Stolpe, its situation and trade, g76. 322, (see Sweden and Companies.) Stockings exported from Britain, 474. Stralsund founded in 1209, 14. — confederacy, 18. — Its villages destroyed by the Dănes, 23. — Proclamation of the King of Swe- housed, 313. — Its situation and harbour, 3.18. 1805, for making it a free port for warehousing and measures, ib. - Stroemsholm canal in Sweden, 304. From the British West Indies only, do. ib. — Sukhona, a river in Russia, 60. . and silver mines, ib. — Tar; the trade of this ed from different ports, ib. — Wood, il Baltic, and North Sea, 308. — Its policy, ib. -- burg.)--- Gefle, 316, (see Gefle.) ---Swedish Po- 313. — Proforma invoices, ib.--Monéy, weights, and measures, 314. — Its public institutions, - Besieged and pillaged by the citizens of Lubec, in 1273, 15. — Its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic den in 1805, allowing English goods to be ware- — Its trade, ib. — Proclamation of 8th May,.. English goods, 319. — Packet boats between Stralsund and Ystadt, 320,-Money, weights, Sugar, imported into Hamburg, 437. – Into Great Britain, from all quarters, in 1804, 470. — Raw imported into and refined, exported from Great Britain, in 1804, distinguishing, British plantation, foreign plantation, and East India, with the duties, drawbacks, and bounties, , Sweden, The king's accession to the convention be-- tween Great Britain and Tèussia, 47.-lt would be injurious to Sweden to quarrel with England, , 52. — Imports from Petersburg, in 1804, 127. . — Its boundaries and seas, 297. — Observations, , on a country, like Sweden, , where industry is indispensable, some branches of trade must be assisted by government, 298. —Iron mines, 299. — State of the iron founderies in 1748 and at iſ present, ib. — An office established by govern- ment, in 1740, for lending money on the ore at 4 per cent, which still continues, ib. — Register of founderies, ib.-Copper mińes, 300. – Gold : might have remained exclusively with Sweden, but for her spirit of monopoly and tenaciousness, . 301, and 559. — Quantity produced and export- ib. — Corn, 302. — Imports and exports of grain, in 1802, ib. — Herring fishery, 303. — Manufactures, ib. . — Commercial and political observations on Sweden, ib. — Canals described, 304. — Obser- vations on making a canal to join betwixt the Old staple towns, 210. – New staple towns, dis- .. tinction between, ib. — Stockholm, 311, (see Stockholm.) – Gothenburg, 314, (see Gothen- er the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. — An extensive channel of trade into the interior of Germany by the Oder, and the canals communicating with || the Elbe, also the Vistula, 54. — Its situation and harbour, 266. — Its trade, ib, and 271. – Formerly the staple of several articles, still of linseed, 267. — Its shipping, ib. and 270. — A secure port for carrying on trade with the inte- rior and northern parts of Germany, by the O- der and Elbe, with which it is connected by three canals, ib. — Its canals, 268. — Course of the Oder, ib. — Hamburg carries away much of its || natural trade, ib. — Swinemunde the port of Stettin, 269. — Route by water and land from Stettin to Berlin, ib. —Stettin may be considered the port of Berlin, 270. — A ship built here in 1804, its measurement and expense, 271. — Its exchange with Amsterdam, Hamburg, and Lon- || don, 273. — Its money, weights, and measures, ib. —Its exports, , from 1798 to 1803, 274. — || Its imports for the same period, 275. — Its ex- ports to France and Italy, from 1797 to 1804, 276. — Has received great part of the trade of || Hamburg, 450.- An extensive avenue for trade, 451. — Its, brack upon a bad footing, ib. — Tim- ber to be selected here by a judge, ib. — Conveyance by land from Stettin to Berlin, ib. Stockholm, its situation and harbour. 311. – Its manufactures, ib. — Exports in 1803 and 1804, 312. - Its exchange built, and tolls to defray it, Bank, 322. --- Loan bank, ib. --- East India company, 323. --- West India company, ib. --- merania, 318, (see Swedish Pomerania.) --- Ship- ping, aggrégate quantity belonging to, .321. --- l, College of commerce, 324. --- College of trade, 646 ib. --- Sjomanshus, or marine society, ib. --- So- ciety for diving and salvage, ib. --- Its regulations, 325. --- Exchange, 326. --- National debt, 327. --- State of commerce, in 1781, 328. --- State of the imports and -exports between Britain and Sweden, from 1700 to 1804, ib. --- Swedish ships passed the Sound since 1790, 369. --- Trade and navigation of Great Britain with Sweden, 1800, 1801, 1802. --- Comparison between the Rus- sian and British iron manufacture, 555, (see Iron.) --- Swedish iron better than any other, ib. --- But Britain has the advantage in machi- nery, 556. Swedish Pomerania, (see Stralsund, Grypswald, Wolgast, 3.18. * , Swid, a river in Russia, 60. Swine, a river in Prussia, 269. Swinemunde, the port of Stettin, 269, (see Stettin.) --- Its situation and trade, 278. Swir canal in Russia, 63. Suspension of the navigation act, (see Navigation Act.) Szczara, a river in Russia and Prussia, 64. Tables of merchandize drawn by Russia from Siberia and China by internal navigation, 67.---Wessels and || merchandize passed through the canal of Vishney Volotshok, from 1787 to 1797, 68. --- Iron ship- ped from Russia in 1793, 74. --- Estimation of Russia old and new sable iron in the British mar- kets, ib. --- First cost attending the transport of Russia wood, 77. --- Wood ready for shipping in Russia in 1798, and contracted for 1799 and 1800. --- State of the export of timber from Rus- sia in 1793, ib. --- Denomination and value of the itimber in the preceding table, 89. — Ilemp ship- ped from Russia, in 1793, 83. — Flax ditto, 84. Łinen sent for sale to Petersburg in 1797, 85. — Denominations of Russia linen, ib. — Linen ex- ported from Russia to Britain for five years, 83. — The whole exportation of hempen and flaxen linen from the empire in 1799, 87. — Value ex- ported in 1802, ib. — Hempseed and linseed ex- ported in 1793, 88. – Hempseed and linseed oil | ditto, ib. — Tallow exported from different quar- | ters in Russia, in 1792, 90. — Tallow exported from Russia in 1793, 91. — Ditto, in 1802, ib. — | Produce of neat cattle exported from Russia in 1793 and 1802, ib. —Corn exported from Rus- | sian ports in the Baltic betwixt 1771 and 1773, 92. — From the whole empire in 1793, ib. — | Ditto in 1809, 93. — Statement of the trade of | the whole year in 1796, 94. — Coasting vessels in || the White Sea, in 1802, 96. — Imports and ex- ports of Russia at Archangel, from 1724, 98. — Principal articles exported from Archangel from 1795, 99. – Ditto from Archangel to Britain, from 1795, 100, − Ditto to France, 1802, 101. JExports from Archangel, in 1804, ib. — Goods remaining at Archangel at the end of spring, 1804, 102. — Prices of grain at Archangel from 1789 to 1803, ib. — Russian ports in the Baltic, and the period of the year when they are shut up by the frosts, 106. — Baltic trade with Bri- tain and all other nations, 108. — Comparison of the trade of Russia in the Baltic, in 1797 and 1802, 109. — Wessels of different nations arrived in the Russian ports in the Baltic in 1802, ib. — - Coasting-trade of the Baltic for 1802, 110. — State of the trade of Russia by the Baltic in 1802, 1 11. – State of the trade of St. Petersburg and Cronstadt in 1800, 117. – Importation of gold and silver, ib. — Customs collected at Petersburg in 1800, 118. — Ships arrived, sailed, and re- maining at Cronstadt, ib. — Estimate of the quantity of goods annually brought to Peters- burg, 119. — Aggregate of the articles exported from Petersburg, the number of British and other vessels, from 1787, i24, 122. — Account of the principal produce of Russia exported from Peters- burg to Britain from 1755, 122°. — Exports from Petersburg from the principal ports of Bri- tain, and in toto to Ireland, from 1789, 123, 124. — Arconnt of goods exported in British ships from Petersburg, 1804, 124°, 125°. — Exported in American ships, 125°.-Exports from Peters- burg to France from 1792 to 1805, 125. – Ditto from Petersburg to America, from 1783, 126. — Ditto to different countries in 1804, 127. — Goods imported into Petersburg in 1803, 128. — Imports and exports by the principal mer- chants at Petersburg in 1804, 130. — Value of imports and exports at Petersburg in 1804, 132. — Duties and taxes received by the custom-house in 1804, ib. — Gold and silver exported in 1804, ib. — Vessels arrived at and sailed from Peters- burg and Cronstadt in different years, from 17:03 to 1787, 133. — Ditto in 1804, and wintered, from 1804 to 1805, ib. — Exchange of Peters- burg on London, from 1787, 135. – Imports and exports at Petersburg from 1742, 136. — Money, weights, and measures, of Russia, 137. — Ships arrived at Riga at different periods, from 1703 to 1804, 142.-Importations at Riga from Eng- land from 1796 to 1803, 143. — Importation . and exportation to and from each different country at Riga, for 1803, ih. — Dutch ducats and dollars exported at Riga, from 1766 to 1771, 143. – Ditto, from 1783 to 1793, 144. — Ex- change, money, weights, and measures, of Riga, +45. — Exports from Riga, from 1790 to 1803, 146. – Ditto to Britain and Ireland, 147. — Ditto reduced to rubles, 148. – Ditto to Britain in 1803, 149. — Ditto 1804, to all countries, 151. — Imports at Riga in 1804, i52. — Exports, imports, &c. of Fredericksham, from 791 to T801, 153. – Ditto of Wyburg, from 1795 to 1804, 154. – Ditto of Narva, from 1789 to 1804, 155. – Ditto of Revel, from 1793 to 1804, * 157. – Ditto of Pernau, from 1788 to 1804, 160. * of Memel, ib. — Prices of articles of exportation at Memel, 225. — Imports into Memel, from 1797 to 1804; 226.-- Exports ditto, 227. — * Ditto in 1804, 161. – Ditto of Courland in 1796 and 1797, ib. — Ditto of Liebau in 1796, 1797, and i803. — Articles imported into and exported from Liebau in 1803, 165. –Goods allowed transito at Odessa, 171. — Russia trade from the Black Sea, and Sea of Azoph, from 1736 to 1802, 172. – Ports in the Black Sea and Sea of Azoph, their share of the trade from 1793 to 1797, 175. — State of the trade of Rus- sia on the Black Sea and Sea of Azoph in 1802, ib. — Ships of the nations arrived and Sailed, and the number belonging to each trading on the Black Sea to Russia in 1802, 176. — Russian coasting trade on the Black Sea in 1802, ib. — Imports into Turkey from Britain, 185.-Money, weights, and measures, at Constantinople, 186. Imports and exports to and from Turkey and Britain, from 1799 to 1804, 187. – Ditto dif- ferent years, from 1708, ib. — State of the trade and navigation of England with Turkey in 1800, 1801, 1802, 188. – Russian produce and manu- factures on which advances are-made by the bill- discount-office of Russia, and the terms, 193.− Bill stamps.on Russia, 199. — Ships arrived in and sailed from the Russian empire in 1802,201. —State of the coasting trade of the empire in 1802, 203. — Ships of different nations arrived in the Russian empire in 1803, 204.- View of the trade of the Russian empire for 1802, 205. —Transit trade, ib. — Total imports and ex- ports of Russia, from 1742 to 1802, 206. — Ar- ticles of export from. Britain to Russia, ib.:- Linens from 1790 to 1799 imported into Britain from Russia, 207. — Woollens exported from Britain to Russia for the same period, ib. — Total from, each five years, 1700 till, 1785, ib. — Wa- lue of British and foreign-produce and manufac- ** * tures exported from England and Scotland- to Russia, from 1786 to 1804, ib. — imports from Russia to England, and Scotland, from 1786 to 1804, 208.- Trade and navigation between Great Britain and Russia during the important years of 1800, 1801, 1802, 208. – New regula- tion of duties into Russia by ukase of 29th March #805, 210. —Value of Prussian manufactures in 1799, 214. -- Estimated, quantity of produce brought down to Memel, 22]. - Ships, arrived at Memel, in different years from 1767 to 1804, 222, 224. —Ships and their stations in 1804, 224. — Exchange, money, weights, and measures, Fstimate of produce brought from Poland to Konigsburg annually, 229.--British ships cleared from Konigsburg, from 1796, 231. — Exchange, money, weights, and measures, of Konigsburg, 232. - Exports from Konigsburg to Britain, and importation and exportation of Great Britain, sing ““o ... tº a * &Y J ºr ºf - vessels passing from 1784 to 1803, 355. — Ves- sels belonging to Copenhagen, from 1745, to other places, and ships cleared at from 1795, 234. – Imports and ships arrived for same year, 235. – Imports, and exports in 1804, 236. — Exports to France, Spain, and Portugal, from i 795, ib. — Exports and imports from and inte. Elbing, from 1797, 241. — Polish vessels which came down the Vistula in 1765, 246. — State- ment of the corn trade at different periods at Dantzic, from 1649, 251. – Exports of corn from Dantzic, from 1770 to 1893, 252. –Im- ports from 1797 to 1804, ib.-Prices at Dant- zic, from 1797, to 1804, 253. Duties, on ex- portation of grain at Dantzic, ib. - Bracking of staves and oak plank at Dantzic, 255. --State of the shipping at Dantzic, at different periods, from 1752,258. – English, and other ships trad- ing thither at different periods, 259. – Money, weights, and measures, of Dantzic, 261.-- Ex- ports from Dantzic, from 1793- to 1803, distin- guishing those to Britain, 263. —Imports into Dantzic, from 1793 to 1803, 264. — Exports. to France, Spain, and Portugal, from 1795, 265. — Exports from Dantzic in 1804, ib. — Imports ditto, 266. — Money and exchange of Stettin, 273. – Exports and imports of Stettin, from 1797, 275. – Exports to France and Italy ditto,. 276. —Exportation and importation of Prussia. to and from Britain, from 1701,283.−Trade" and navigation of Great Britain with Prussia, 284.— Exports from Isubec from 1794 to 1798, 293. – Shipping of Lubec,. 294. — Money. weights, and measures, 295. – Grain imported. and exported to and from Sweden in 1802, 302. — Exports from Stockholm in 1803 and 1804, 312. — Money, weights, and measures, 314.— Exports from Gothenburg for several years, 3.16. —State of commerce of Sweden in 1801, 328, . — Imports and exports of Britain to and from Sweden, from 1701, 329. —Trade and naviga- tion of Britain with Sweden, in 1800, 1801, and 1802, it. — Duties at Petersburg on goods, pas- through the Holstein canal, 354. —List of 1797, 357. — Vessels arrived at and sailed from . Copenhagen in F793, £b. — Ditto, 1803, 358. —- Pit-coal consumed at Copenhagen for three-years, . ib. — Money, weights, and measures, ib. — Du- ties payable at the Sound, 365. — Ships passed the Sound, from 1752 to 1792, 369, -– Ditto, from 1790 to 1804, specifying their nations, ib., Produce of the iron works of Norway for 1792, 374. — Fish exported from Norway in 1790, 376. – Detail of fish exported in 1802, 378. —- Wood exported in 1797; and 1799, 379. — De-- tail of wood exported in 1802, 380. —Danish shipping in 1797, 1800, 1802. — Ships built: in Denmark, Norway, and Holstein, in 1802, 387. – Navigation of Denmark in 1893, 388. – Imports and exports of Britain to and from. | × . 648 Denmark and Norway, from 1701, 391. — Trade and navigation of Great Britain with Denmark for 1800, 1801, and 1802, 392. — Imports and exports into and from the ports of the Baltic in 1789, specifying the countries and cargoes, 394. – Imports and exports of France to and from the Baltic in 1789 and 1790, 395. --- Aggregate exports from the Baltic, from 1801 to 1803, 396. — Official account of trade of Great Bri- | tain with the Baltic from 1701, 398. — Aggre- gate trade of Britain with the Baltic in 1800, 1801, 1802, 399. —Ships arrived at Hamburg from 1794 to 1804, 419. — Ships arrived in 1802 specified alphabetically from whence, ib- Whale fishery of the Elbe in 1802, 420. — West India produce and German linens brought into Hamburg from 1794 to 1798, 422. — Importa- tion of sugar and coffee into Hamburg in 1800 and 1801, ib. — Grain exported and imported at Hamburg from 1792 to 1803,425. — Exchange at Hamburg 427. – Specification of merchan- dize exported in 1802, 429. — Vessels arrived at Bremen in 1802, specifying the parts whence, 444. — Exchange, money, weights, and mea- sures, ib. —Shipping and imports of Embden in 1784, 447. — Exports ditto, 448. — Money, weights, and measures, 449. — Imports and ex- ports of Britain to and from Germany, from 1701, 452. — Trade and navigation of Britain with Germany for 1800, 1801, 1802, ib.-Imports and exports of Britain to and from Holland, from 1701, 453— Trade and navigation to and from Holland for 1800, 1801, 1802, ib. – Imports and exports into and from Britain for nineteen years, ending January 1805, distinguish- ing those from India and China; the value of British produce and manufactures exported from those of the nations, with the difference of the official and declared value for the last seven years, 464. — Imports into and exports from fireland, for 1803 and 1804, 465. —Wessels, with their tonnage, and men belonging to the British empire in 1802, 1803, and 1804, ib. — Vessels entered outwards and inwards in England in 1803, with their tonnage and men, 466. — Ditto in Scotland, ditto, 467. — Wessels entered in- wards and cleared outwards in Ireland from and to all parts in 1804, with their tonnage and men, .468. — Annual estimate of the costs and charges and sale amount of the East India Company’s sales in England, from 1799 to 1804, 469. – Im- ports into Britain of West India produce for 1801, 1802, 1803, with the first cost and charges years, ib. --- West India produce imported in 1804,470. — of the East India trade for same Raw sugar imported into and refined sugar ex- ported from Great Britain, distinguishing British flantation, foreign plantation, and East India, with the duties, drawbacks, and bounties, 471. —Articles of exportation of Great Britain, stat- ing whether increasing, decreasing, or stationary, 474. — National debt and finances of Britain, 480. --Ordinary and extraordinary revenue of Britain for 1804, 481. — Public expenditure of Britain for 1804, 482. — Public funded debt of Ireland, January 1805, ib. — Ordinary and ex- traordinary revenue and expenditure of Ireland for 1804, 483. — Average prices of wheat, aver- age excess of exports of corn of all sorts and im- ports of the same, and of the bounties every five years, from 1688 to 1799, and every year since, 507.--Importation of grain into Great Britain, from 1791 to 1803, 504. — Account of grain import- ed to and exported from Ireland, from 1799 to 1803. — Average prices in England and Wales, from 1792 to 1803, 516. —Schedule shewing the prices to which the scale of bounty is to attach on the exportation of corn, &c. 519. — Ditto, shewing the prices according to which the high or low duties are to take place on importa- tion, 520. —Tallow imported into Britain in 1799, 531. —Whale oil exported from 1787, 583. —Official value of timber imported in 1791, 538. — Duty paid on wood imported in 1804.—. Foreign timber imported into Britain from Ame- rica and Europe, from 1795 to 1801, 546. — Pitch and tar exported into England and Scot- land, from 1786 to 1801, 548. — Bar iron im- ported into England and Scotland, from different countries, from 1786 to 1803, 559. — Hemp imported into England-and Scotland, from 1786, 563. — Flax ditto, 564. —Linen yarn ditto, iè. — Aggregate value of hemp and flax, and their produce, imported from 1797 to 1803, 565.- Hemp cordage imported into England and Scot- land, from 1789 to 1800, ib.—Linen exported from Ireland in different years, from 1701 to 1779, 578. – Ditto from 1786 to 1805, 579. — Particular statement from 1801 to 1804, ib. — Exported from Scotland from 1785 to 1804, 581. — Comparison of British and Irish linen export- ed from Great Britain, 1801, 1802, and 1803, 583. —Cotton imported and exported, raw and manufactured, from 1797 to 1803, 584. — Fo- reign linen inaported and exported, ib. — Poor's rates in England and Wales, in 1776 and 1786, 589. — Statement of the application, &c. 591. — British and foreign ships cleared outwards, from 1773, 600. — Ditto outwards and inwards in 1800, 1801, 1802, 603. — British and Ameri- can ships cleared and entered in 1790, 1792, 1799, 1800, 604. — Foreign ships entered into Britain in 1803, 609. —Vessels, their tonnage and men, entered inwards and cleared outwards in Great, Britain, distinguishing the parts in 1792 and 1802, 610. —Shipping in East India company’s service, July, 1804, it. — Rated value and first cost of esti- mated resources, 618. --- Amount of raising and producing different articles within ourselves, 619. Taganroc, a port in the Sea of Azoph, less favour- Sº , a p ph, able than Odessa, 177. —Convenient for the trade of the South-east interior of Russia, 178. 649. Tallow, imported from Siberia to Petersburg, 67. — Russia, its exports, 88 to 91. —Exported from Archangel for ten years, 99 — From Arch- angel to Britain for ten years, 100. — From : Archangel in 1804, 101. – From all the Rus- sian ports in the Baltic, in 1802, 111.—Ware- - housed at Petersburg, 115. — Exported from Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — From Petersburg to Great Britain from 1752 to * 1805, 123*. — From Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 156, 15 I.—From Riga to Great Britain, from 1790, to 1804, 147, 151. — From the Black Sea, 1802, 175.- From Memel, 221, 227. — From Konigsburg, 234,236.---From Lubec, 293. — From Gothenburg, 315. ---The great importa- * raging the fisheries, 529. --- Any quantity could be obtained from South America, but this is | only to be done through Spain, 530. --- Our supply of tallow is almost totally from Russia, 551.-Its importation greatly increased ib.—To- tal of tallow imported into Great Britain from all places, since 1786, ib. --- Oil might be made a great substitute for tallow, both in soap and in the use of candles, 533. --- Reckoned a hardship in 1775, to use tallow as a substitute for oil, 532. --- The reverse now a disadvantage, ib.---The official average rated amount, and estimated value in first cost of tallow imported from all parts, from i799 to 1804, 618.-Resources to be created by hempseed and fish oil, and the cultivation of waste lands, in lieu of tallow imported, 619. Tar and Pitch, exported from Archangel for ten years, 99.-Prom Archangel to Britain for ten years, 100.- From Archangel to France, in 1802, 101. — From Archangel in 1804, ifi...— From Russia by the Baltic, in 1802, 111.-From Petersburg, from 1787 to 1804, 121, 122. — From Petersburg to Britain, from 1789 to 1805, 123, 124. — From Petersburg to France, from 1772 to 1805, 125. — From Petersburg to Ame. `rica, from 1783 to 1805, 126. — From Peters- || burg, in 1804, 127. — From the Black Sea, 1802, 175. — Of Sweden, 301. — Exported from Stockholm, 312. – From Gefle, 317. . . From different ports in Norway, 371. – Of Bri- tish importation from Russia, Sweden, America, and other countries, 546. — We ought to endea- vour to produce these articles at home, so as not to be dependent even on our own colonies, 547. — Imported into Great Britain, from 1786 to 1799, 548. —The official average rated amount, and estimated value of tar in first cost, and pitch imported from all parts, from 1799 to 1803, 618. — Money Sº, it from our own wood, 619. Techlenburg linen, 410. Temple, Sir William, his predictive remark of the future improvement of the Irish linen manufac- - ture, 577. that might be saved by extracting, tion of tallow can only be reduced by encou- || | iTöenshurg, its trade, shipping, and #Terek, a river in Russia, 62. . . . Thorn, built by the German knights of Prussia, in 1209, 15. — Its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. - Tichwen canal in Russia'63. Tin exported from Britain, 474. Timber, (see Wood.) . . pepulation, 373. Tonningen became the port of Hamburg, on Britain blockading the Elbe and Weser, 54, 345, 426.-- Its population and accommodation for trade, 345. — Navigation from the North Sea, 346. – Ships arrived and sailed, from 1796 to 1861, 347. — Custom-house duties, ib. — Conveyance of goods through Holstein to Hamburg, ib.-, Buoy and beacon duties payable at Tonningen to and from the North Sea, 353. – Custom-house fees at Tonningen, ib. — its great trade, from being the port of Hamburg, ib. - Torona, a river in Russia, 61. - Trade, board of, their report respecting the Irish linen manufacture, 578. - Transit Trade. --- Qf Russia, 205. --- Memel, 220. Konigsburg, 228. --- Elbing, 240. --- Denmark, 383. --- Stralsund, 24. ---Stettin, 266. ---Odessa, 170. --- Hamburg, 4 ſs. --- Embden, 446. ---Bre- men, 440.---Encouraged in England by the Ware- housing Act, or Bonding System, 43 Geo. III. 484. ---Its policy pointed out in England, 606. • Travemünde, its suburbs destroyed by Denmark, 23. Travellers. ---Information to those visiting the con- tinent by the way of Husum and Hamburg, 338. et seq. – Going to Russia; , prºcautions before departure from England, 106. - Treptow, its situation and trade, 277. • * Trollhätte canal in Sweden, 305. --- Details respect- ing it, ib. (see Canal.) s' Tschagadosh, a river in Russia, 63.− Twer, a town in Russia, 63. Twerza, a river in Russia, 62. Turkey, its trade with Russia by the Black Sea, 177 to 180. --- 'I'rade with England, 181. --- Establish- ment of the Turkey company, ib. (see Turkey Com- pany). --- Imports and exports to and from Turkey to Britain, 185, 187.---Moneys, weights, and mea- sures, at Constantinople, 186. --- General ex- ports from Britain, 187. --- Amount of the trade of Great Britain into Turkey, 1700 to 1786, and in 1791 to 1804. ---State of the navigation and trade of England with Turkey, in 1801, 1802, 1803, 188. ". - Turkey Company, 181. --> Its origin, charter, rules and regulations, ib. — The Irish, by act of 1780, admitted to this trade, ib. --- Mr. Eton’s attack on the company answered, by Edward Lee, Esq. --- Remarks on their endeavours to promote the trade, 182. --- Distinction made betwixt joint stock, and regulated companies, ib. — General observations, ib. - Vassilievitch Ivan, formed the harbour of Arch- gº 4 O 650: angel, about the year 1553; but, in the year. 1586, it had scarcely become a town, 57. ---Pro- ... moted a trade with England, 58. Uckermunde, its situation and trade, 277, Venloo, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic league, 19, • . . . . - Verden, a bishopric founded by Charlemagne, in 786, 6. - . . . . . Verroi canal, in Russia, 65. . Vienna, mode of drawing on Vienna at Petersburg, 137. --- Exchange at Berlin, 282. Vistula, a river in Prussia, &c. 213. --- Its course, 244. - - TVishney Volotshok canal, in Russia, 63. --- Unites the Caspian and Baltic seas, in a navigation of 1434 miles, ib. --- Its course, ib. --- Merchandize which has passed through for eleven years, 65. Ukase, for building the exchange at Petersburg, 114. --- Of the Emperor Alexander in favour of Odessa and Sebastipol, 170, 171. --- Of Paul I. establishing the Aid Bank, 196. Ulla, a river in Russia, rising to join the Düna and the Dnieper, 661. Unna, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. Volkhoff, a river in Russia, 63. Ural, a river in Russia, 62. - Usedom, Isle of, a place of rendezvous for herring- fishers, 12. . -- - W. Waga, a river in Russia, 63. Wahrendorp linen, 411. - Warberg, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. . - Warehousing Act, 43 Geo. III. c. 130, 484, 606. Warehousing English goods in Swedish Pomerania, by the proclamation of Gustavus Adolphus, 3 : 0. - Warnemunde, destroyed by Denmark, 23. –The port of Rostoc, 288. Waste Lands, improvement of, 493. – Statement of the Board of Agriculture on that subject, ib. — Report for the County of Cambridge given as a specimen, ib. —Calculation on it, 494. — Acres uncultivated, and which might be improved, 494, 495. — Government should lend money for the purpose, 495. – Estimate of the advance, ib. Observations on the advantages, ib.-Conditions || proposed on the alienation of commons, 496. — To raise corn and plant timber, ib. and 497. — Planting will not be carried on to a sufficient extent without the interference and assistance of government, ib. — It is an object more of na- tional importance than personal advantage, 534. Observations on the subject, ib. — Raising hemp and flax, 560, et seq. — Of draining the bogs in Ireland for this purpose, 568. — This particular- ly requires the aid of government, ib. — Esti- mated annual income of the improvement, 619, : Weben linen, 4r1, . . . . . . Weights, (see Money, Weights, and Measures.) Welikoluki canal, in Russia, 65. . Werre, a river running into the Weser, 439. . . Wesel, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 18. . . . . . . . . Weser, its course and rivers falling into it, 439. — Impediments to its trade, 440, − During its present blockade, the trade carried on by the river Jahde, ib. — Mode of transport from the Weser to the Jahde, 441. — Remarks on its blockade, 449. . . Weser linen, 4 l 1. - - - West Indies. – Importation of colonial produce into Britain, for, 1801, 1802, and 1803, 469. — Ditto for 1804, 470. —Sugar imported and ex- ported for several years, 471. # I {West India Company, of Sweden, 323. Wetluga, a river in Russia, 62. Wheat, (see Corn.) .* Žhite Sea, its trade, 92, (see Archangel) - William and Mary, act of, to encourage the growth of hemp and flax in Ireland, 56} Willoughby, Sir Hugh, commander of an expedition to discover a north east passage to India, put into Lapland, where two of his ships were frozen up, and every soul perished, 57. . - iPindau. — Its trade, imports and exports, 161. IVisby, become the emporium of trade in the northern parts, and its mercantile code, 13. H. Its present trade, 317. . . . . . Wismar. — Its quota of contribution to the Han- seatic confederacy, 18. — Its port and suburbs: destroyed by the Danes, 23.—Its harbour, trade, shipping, exports, money, and weights, 290... Pissett, Mr. his useful publication, on the culture of hemp and flax, 57.2. * f!'ittilind, a Saxon Prince; his battles with Charle- magne, 5. - Wolga, a river in Russia, the noblest in Europe, 62. —Joins the Caspian and Baltic, with the Neva and the canal of Vishney, Volotshok,62, 63,- Rivers falling into it, 62. - ſ/olloe, its salt works, 373, Woloksa, a river in Russia, 63. Wolsey, Cardinal, among his goods were found one thousand pieces of fine. Holland linen, 576. Wood, Russian, and its exports, 75. — Exported from Archangel, for ten years, 99. – From Arch- angel to Britain, for ten years, 100.- From Archangel, in 1804, 101.—From all the ports of Russia in the Baltic, in 1802, 1.1 1. – From Peters- burg, from 1787 to 1805, 121, 122. – From Petersburg to Great Britain from 1789 to 1805, 123, 124. — From Petersburg to France, from 1772 to 1805, 125. --Riga, 141. – Remarks on the mast and wood trade of Riga, it. — A table, of the loss to individuals, and the consequence of the prohibition in 1798,ib. —Exported from Riga, from 1790 to 1804, 146, 151, --- From Riga to 6 Quantity imported into Great Britain from Ame- rica and Europe, from 1795 to 1801, 546. — Comparison of the cost of importing timber from the Baltic, and from the British plantations, 545. — Account of foreign timber imported into Great Britain, from America and Europe, from 1795 to 1801, 546. — The wood trade should employ and increase our shipping, 608. — The official rated value, average rated amount, and esti- mated value in first cost of wood imported from łł, parts, from 1799 to 1803, 618. — Estimate of what might be saved by raising wood, instead of importing, 619. •, -> Woollen Manufactures, established in Flanders about 960, 18. — Comparison between the woollen manufactures of England, and the linen manu- facture of Russia, in the Russian trade, 206. — Woollens exported from England- to Russia, 207. — Woollens exported, 474. - Worskla, a river in Russia, 61. JWyburg, its imports and exports, 153. Wytegra, a river, in Russia, 63. Y. 60. Yugg, a river in Russia, Yufts, exported from Russia. <>} Z. Zealand, 356, (see Copenhagen and Elsineur.) Zereck-Zee, fortified in 851, 8. Zutphen, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic confederacy, 19. _* Zwool, its quota of contribution to the Hanseatic Britain, from 1790 to 1804, 147, 151. – From the Black Sea, 1802, 175. – From. Memel, 220, 227. — From Konigsburg, 234, 236. — From Elbing, 241. — Dantzic, 253, et seq. — Exported from Dantzic, from 1793, to 1805, 263, 265. — From Stettin, from 1798 to 1803, 274. — From Stockholm, in 1803 and 1804, 312. — From Gothenburg, 315. — From. Gefle, 317. – Nor--|| way, 379. — Exported from Norway, 372, 379. — General observations respecting, 534. — A material national resource of Britain, 534. — It requires the encouragement of government, who should lend money on mortgage to plant waste lands, 535. – Impolicy of suffering the wood of a country to go to decay, ib. -- Alarming decay. of oak timber in Britain, 536. --'Those who cut || down timber should be compelled, to plant an equal quantity, 537. —The impolicy of Russia drove the British timber trade to Norway, 537. Official value of timber imported into Britain, from 1792 to 1803, 538. — Duties paid for wood exported in 1804, 539. — The British co- lonies in North America, a good resource and convenient, 541.--Some details of these places, particularly Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, it: et seq. — Masts for the navy from New Brunswick, 443. — Sorts of timber pro- duced in America, b. - Freight to... and from North America, 444. — The importation from America would much encourage the navy, ib. — Amount of customs of wood imported into Eng- land and Scotland, in 1804, 539. — Ports into which American timber, has been imported, 543. | confederacy, 19. THE END: TºRRATA, P. 59, I. 6, after continent, add of Europe. ‘85, l. 1, for exportation, read manufacture, t 117, in the table, for imports read exports, and for exports read imports, 177, I. 15, after #3", add note, Paras, 486; l. 5, for presently, read precisely, Marchant, Printer, Greville-street, Holborn. Non * ºne W J -º- * j % Zeſ - º E & º, ſº º f : - sº, e. gº º M ſº º A. º Sº