HS
527
H74
Bleduje
Anti-Masonic Convention
Address
1830

The Library of
UNIVERSITATIS
Q
SIGILLUM·
DEO
BRUNENSIS
SPERAMUR
Brown
University

ཨི ཏི ཏ
THE
ADDRESS
OF THE
NATIONAL ANTI-MASONIC CONVENTION,
Held in Philadelphia, September 11, 1830,
TO THE
People of the United States.
+
4
爨
​
PHILADELPHIA.
1830
་ མ་ .
527
CH
*
To The People of the United States.
FELLOW CITIZENS:
It is the privilege of freemen to consult together, openly and
peaceably, on all subjects interesting to their common welfare.
And so long as the opinion of a majority shall prevail, enlighten-
ed and frequent consultation, among them, will furnish the most
efficacious and acceptable means of expelling wrongs, and remov-
ing fears. W Trongs the most cruel and criminal have been com-
mitted, and fears the most agitating and well founded, exist
among us. To confer together, and to address you, upon these
evils, and the most wholesome means to be adopted for their sup-
pression, we have been delegated to assemble here, by a portion
of your countrymen, respectable for their intelligence, and dedi-
cated, in heart and life, to the free constitutions and laws of our
country. In executing the momentous duties assigned us, we
would proceed, in the ingenuous and free spirit of men, who earn-
estly seek the good of all.
Facts numerous and authentic, demonstrate the existence, in this
community, of crimes and dangers, which, upon their first distinct
disclosure to honest inquiry, excite equal surprise and solicitude;
and which cannot be reflected upon, by any mind embued with
genuine self-respect, and a just regard for human rights, without
the deepest abhorrence and alarm.
Freemasonry is the source of these crimes and dangers.
In 1826, William Morgan, your free fellow citizen, was, by
highly exalted members of the masonic fraternity, with unlawful
violence, seized,-secretly transported through the country more
than one hundred miles, to a fortress of the United States, then
in charge of freemasons, who had prepared it for his reception,
there imprisoned, several days and nights, against his utmost ef
forts to escape,-and after suffering the most unmanly insults, and
the most inhuman abuse, he was privately murdered. Previously
to his seizure, numerous meetings of freemasons, in lodges and
otherwise, were held for the purposes of contriving and adopting
the most certain means of carrying into effect, their unlawful ob-
jects upon him. These meetings were attended, and the designs
of them approved, by several hundred of the most respectable and
intelligent of the masonic brethren. They included legislators,
the Printer
4
judges, sheriffs, clergymen, generals, physicians, and lawyers.
And they proceeded in discharge of, what they deemed, their
masonic duties.
William Morgan was a royal arch mason. And the cause of
all this unlawful violence against his liberty and life, was, his de-
termination to publish the secrets of the order. These secrets are
now published, partly from manuscripts prepared by him, but
more extensively from the deliberate testimony of many worthy
men, who had been initiated further into the dark mysteries of
the brotherhood, than he had. The precise motive, which im-
pelled Morgan to the determination of publishing, we do not know.
As the act was one of conformity to his highest obligations, and
therefore, of distinguished honour, we believe the motive to have
been good. There is no room to doubt, that other members of
the institution, being aware of the solemn fate, to which freema-
sonry had consigned him, for disobedience to its laws, felt them-
selves driven, by the fearful responsibility of membership, most
carefully to weigh its objects, means, and tendency; and finding
these, upon mature examination, to be wholly unjustifiable and
dangerous, they were impelled, by good will to man, by allegiance
to our government, and by the natural desire of self-approbation,
to proclaim its character, and renounce its authority.
To assist in publishing the secrets of freemasonry, a printer
was employed. Against him, the malice of the fraternity was
conspicuously displayed. While the manuscripts of Morgan, with
all the printed sheets, were supposed to be in the printing office, it
was fired in the night, by a masonic incendiary, with such ingenious.
preparations as were well calculated to insure its speedy destruc-
tion, with that of all its contents. The office was a wooden build-
ing, of which the siding immediately under the stairs leading to
the printing apartment, was smeared over with spirits of turpen-
tine. And cotton balls, and straw filled with the same combusti-
ble substance, were scattered around its foundations. The fire
was discovered almost as soon as applied, and happily extinguish-
ed. But the reckless determination of the incendiary, and his
coadjutors, is farther confirmed, by considering, that a family of
ten persons occupied the lower part of the building; while the
printer's assistants, six in number, always slept in the upper rooms.
The incendiary is known, and was subsequently a principal in the
murder of Morgan.
Other evidences of malice against the printer have been mani-
fested. On one occasion, large numbers of masonic ruffians,
armed with clubs, assembled under different leaders, in the night
time, in the vicinity of the printing office, with the declared pur-
pose of obtaining the intended publication, by violence; from
which they were prevented only, by the formidable preparations
to defend it, made by the printer. On another occasion, a ma-
sonic constable accompanied and abetted, by a crowd of his bre-
thren, under a false pretence of having a criminal process, for

R
5
that purpose, arrested him,-carried him to a neighbouring vil-
lage, there illegally confined him in a lodge room,-assaulted
him, and threatened him with the fate of Morgan. By the as-
sistance of friends, and the exertion of his own active intrepidity,
the printer at length escaped. It is a remarkable circumstance
evincing extensive concert and premeditation, that, on the day of
this arrest, all the magistrates of the town, where it took place,
were summoned into another town as witnesses, and could not
be applied to, for any interposition of the civil authority, to pre-
serve the public peace, or to protect the rights of the intended
victim. For these offences, the constable and several others were
indicted, and convicted.
The scene of these occurrences was the western part of the
state of New York.
Where the people are intelligent and free, such enormities as
those, to which we have referred, could not be committed, with-
out producing excitement. Every unperverted feeling, and every
upright voice, anxiously claimed the impartial and prompt appli-
cation to them, of the appointed powers of our criminal jurispru-
dence. Then began to draw on, that dark eclipse, upon the
vaunted lights of freemasonry, which, to the public eye, is rapidly
becoming total, and through the eternal shadows of which, no-
thing will be discernible hereafter, but blood.
In this alarming emergency, the agents of government seemed
paralyzed. Our public institutions and provisions for the pre-
servation of tranquillity, and the repression of crime, seemed
nugatory. And without the use of other means than the law, and
its official ministers, the most daring and brutal inroads, upon
our dearest rights, would have passed off, without effort to un-
derstand their origin, punish their instruments, or provide against
their recurrence. No arts were left untried by freemasons to
baffle the pursuit of truth, and defeat the administration of justice.
The lion's grip of the order was upon our courts, and loyalty to
that, displaced fealty to the state.

all masons
A large proportion of the constables, justices of the peace,
lawyers, judges, sheriffs, and jurymen, of the counties where
these acts were performed, were members of the society, and had
taken oaths binding them, in terms, to conceal each other's
crimes. The high sheriffs were all masons, and at that time,
summoned as grand jurors, at their discretion, any such men as
had the common qualifications. In the counties of Genesee and
Niagara, where the fraternity were most afraid of criminal pro-
secutions, majorities of freemasons are known to have been cor-
ruptly returned as grand-jurors. And these sheriffs of the counties.
were both indicted, subsequently, as parties to the conspiracy for
the abduction of Morgan. One of them was tried and convicted,
and the trial of the other has not yet taken place.
Perceiving that the public functionaries, whose duty it is to
initiate proceedings in criminal cases, were totally inactive,
362209
6
through cowardice or corruption, the people, who are both the
proprietors and beneficiaries of every department of government,
undertook to inquire and present for themselves, in relation to
these offences; with the determination, however, to use, as far as
possible, the constituted authorities, and in no case, to overstep
the rights reserved to them. They proceeded, in the generous
spirit of men, to whose enlightened views, the general safety af-
fords enough of motive and reward, for the most arduous exer-
tion. They called public meetings, at which honest and intelli-
gent committees were raised, to ascertain acts, and aid the pub-
lic functionaries. And these committees entered with patriotic
alacrity, upon the performance of some of the most difficult and
responsible duties of freemen. Without any emolument, at great
expense of time and money, in defiance of the most malignant,
persevering, and ingenious counteraction of freemasons, they sus-
pended their private concerns, and gave themselves up to all the
labours of a complicated investigation. In these proceedings they
could obtain no testimony, which was not voluntary, they derived
no assistance from office, their motives were most venomously
slandered, their conduct belied, and their lives endangered. Still
they went on fearlessly, disinterestedly, sagaciously, and success-
fully. The outrages had extended over six counties. It was a
singular spectacle, indicative of the safety, and prophetic of the
perpetuity, of our free institutions, to see private citizens tra-
versing these counties, inquiring anxiously and cautiously, but
severely, impartially, and persistingly, into all the circumstances
of crimes the most revolting, for the sole purpose of opening the
way, most likely to be effectual, for their judicial exposure and
punishment.
Whatever could be done by good and wise men, without special
lawful authority, was performed by these committees. They as-
certained the principal facts respecting the kidnapping and mur-
der, both as to the persons directly concerned in them, and their
motives and principles of action; and thus laid a sure foundation,
not for the lawful conviction and condemnation of those who are
most guilty; that has hitherto been rendered impossible, by the
felon sympathies and powerful interposition of freemasonry,-but
for the universal and endless execration of their crimes and of the
institution in which they originated.
Bills of indictment have been found for several of. the minor
offences; and convictions have followed in a few cases-upon the
confession of the culprits in some, and after protracted trials, in
others. But most of those who have been indicted have been
acquitted. In the conduct of these trials, the influence of free-
masonry has been constantly apparent; and the whole force of it
has been exerted to exile truth and justice from their most conse-
crated altars.
A faithful and able state officer, whose special duty it was
made, by law, to institute inquiries into these offences, officially

mount of to Minepor

reported, in respect to the proceedings of which he had the charge,
"Difficulties which never occurred in any other prosecution,
have been met at every step. Witnesses have been secreted; they
have been sent off into Canada, and into different states of the
Union. They have been apprized of process being issued to
compel their attendance, and have been thereby enabled to evade
its service. In one instance, after a party implicated had been
arrested and brought into this state, (New York,) he was decoyed
from the custody of the individual having him in charge, and
finally escaped. These occurrences have been so numerous and
various as to forbid the belief, that they are the result of indivi-
dual effort alone; and they have evinced the concert of so many
agents as to indicate an extensive combination to screen from
punishment, those charged with a participation in the offences
upon William Morgan.
The services of this officer continued for but one year. By other
prosecuting officers, and the committees to which we have before
alluded, many other important facts have been ascertained. All the
persons engaged, in these outrages, were royal arch masons, at
the time of their perpetration, or made so immediately after.
Many masons called as witnesses, have notoriously committed
perjury. Others have excused themselves from testifying, by
alleging that they could not do so, without criminating them-
selves. Even since the time has elapsed, beyond which no prose-
cution can be lawfully instituted, for any participation in them,
not amounting to a capital offence, some witnesses have contu-
maciously refused to be sworn at all; and others, having taken
the requisite oath, have repeatedly refused to answer questions
decided to be lawful, through the alleged fear of self-crimina-
tion, and that, after being warned from the bench, that they
would be guilty of perjury, if they persisted in it, and were not
actually implicated in the murder. And yet, all the convicts,
and these witnesses more infamous than the convicts, are held up,
by the exalted and influential of the fraternity, as heroes of fidelity
to their duty, and victims to the prejudices of their fellow citizens.
And they are still retained, as worthy and cherished members of
the order.
Morgan's blood was shed without any pretence that he had in-
fringed the laws of the land, and with little or no private malice,
on the part of those by whom he fell. The persons most deeply
implicated in the guilt of his fall were industrious, intelligent,
and reputable citizens, bound to life and to society by all the usual
ties. They did not proceed hastily, nor adopt their ultimate de-
cision, without manifest and painful reluctance. Before they took
his life, they deliberated earnestly, frequently, and long, upon
their masonic obligations. These obligations they thought bind-
ng. He had certainly and essentially violated them.
The una-
nimous result of all their deliberations was, that he must die.
And in the understanding of all masonic exposition, as well as of
8
common sense, if the obligations were binding, they were right, in
their decision.
A brave man had determined to reveal the secrets of freema-
sonry; and as he could not be prevented otherwise, his life was
taken, in conformity with masonic laws. Having gone thus far,
in transgression, the titular dignitaries of the order had less re-
luctance in going further. Accordingly, by banter, ridicule,
and misrepresentation, they endeavoured to repress all inquiry
into their conduct. Finding themselves not wholly successful in
this, they prepared, as well as they could, for the exigencies of
that judicial investigation, which they were not able to avoid.
The most prominent of the criminals fled. One of them con-
fessing himself stained with the murder, and claiming assistance
from a masonic body, in the city of New York, received it, and
was effectually aided to escape to a foreign country. Some con-
fessed themselves guilty of subordinate offences, to prevent the
examination of witnesses, whom they knew able to establish, in
detail, the foulest. Able standing counsel were employed, by the
fraternity, to defend the criminals. Those who were convicted,
were subjects of the deepest masonic sympathy, and received fre-
quent aids, from organized bodies of their brethren.
While these various acts identified the institution at large, with
the well known criminals, and exhibited the true principles of the
association, high individual masons, and high bodies of the fra-
ternity, were guilty of the grossest arts of deception to mislead
the public, and save the institution. Thompson and Ganson, who
were active conspirators in the abduction of Morgan, and the out-
rages accompanying it, signed a notice offering a reward of one
hundred dollars for the conviction of the offender, who set fire to
the printing office! The grand royal arch chapter of the state of
New York, resolved that individually and as a body, they disclaim-
ed all knowledge or approbation of the abduction of William
Morgan. In this grand masonic body upwards of one hundred
and ten chapters were represented, and Eli Bruce and John Whit-
ney were members of it, both of whom were afterwards indicted,
and convicted of the very offence specified in the resolution! And
several committees of lodges, chapters, and encampments, in
public addresses, pretended to surrender their charters, in avowed.
pursuance of public opinion, while in secret, individuals em-
ployed on these committees, at the time, and afterwards, exerted
every influence in their control to sustain the institution.
What, then, are the extraordinary principles of a society, which
requires and justifies such extraordinary acts?
In all human governments, the principles set forth and adopted,
under the sanctions of an oath, are regarded as most essential.
With the loyal, no others are permitted to cancel these. And
as they are expressed with the greatest attainable perspicuity,
the obvious import of the terms in which they are conveyed, is
always that, in which they are to be received. An oath is taken
9
under the strongest possible sanction, is intended to be used for
the highest purposes, and the form of it is adopted by the su-
preme authority. Hence, the duties which it prescribes are of
most imperative obligation.
When good men join the masonic society, and inconsiderately
swear to obey its injunctions, without knowing what they are, as
every mason does, they imagine there must, of course, be a reser-
vation in favour of all civil and social duties. But this is a total
mistake. The first oath, and many others in the series, fatally
precludes it. It is a part of the language of the oaths, that the
specific engagements contained in them, shall all be performed,
"without any mental reservation, equivocation, or self-evasion
of mind whatever." And any brother who does not so perform
them, voluntarily subjects himself to the penalty of death
What duties do the masonic oaths impose?e Entere
The entered apprentice swears, "I will always hail, ever con-
ceal, and never reveal, any part. . of the secrets... of freemasonry
which I have received, am about to receive, or may hereafter be
instructed in, &c."

•
The fellow craft swears, "I will support the constitution of the
grand lodge.... and conform to all the by-laws, rules, and
regulations of this or any other lodge of which I may become a
member. I will obey all regular signs and summons given,
handed, sent, or thrown to me, by the hand of a brother fellow
craft mason, &c."
The master mason swears, "I will not give the grand hailing
sign of distress, except I am in real distress. . . and should I ever
see that sign given, or the word accompanying it, and the person
who gave it appearing to be in distress, I will fly to his relief, at
the risk of my life, should there be a greater probability of saving
his life than of losing my own.... I will not speak evil of a brother
mason neither behind his back, nor before his face, but will ap-
prise him of all approaching danger, if in my power... a mas-
ter mason's secrets given to me in charge as such, and I knowing
them to be such, shall remain as secure and inviolable in my breast
as in his own, when communicated to me, murder and treason
excepted, and they left at my own election, &c.'
The mark master swears, "I will support the constitution of
the general grand royal arch chapter of the United States: also,
the grand royal arch chapter of this state, &c."
The royal arch mason swears, "I will aid and assist a compa-
nion royal arch mason, when engaged in any difficulty, and espouse
his cause, so far as to extricate him from the same, if in my pow-
er, whether he be right or wrong. I will promote a companion
royal arch mason's political preferment, in preference to another
of equal qualifications. A companion royal arch mason's secrets,
given me in charge as such, and I knowing them to be such, shall
remain as secure and inviolable, in my breast as in his own, mur-
der and treason not excepted, &c."
2
惠
​entur
10
Tomm
incement of initation
From the first obligation of the thrice illustrious knight of the
cross, the candidate under oath receives the following injunctions:
"To the end of your life, you will not, in consideration of gain,
interest, or honour, nor with good or bad design, ever take any,
the least step or measure, or be instrumental in any such object,
to betray any secret appertaining to the order and degree known
among masons as the thrice illustrious order of the cross: should
you know another to violate any essential point of this obligation,
you will use your most decided endeavours, by the blessing of
God, to bring such person to the strictest and most condign
punishment, agreeably to the rules and usages of our ancient fra-
ternity, and this by pointing him out to the world as an unworthy
vagabond, by opposing his interest, by deranging his business,
by transferring his character after him wherever he may go, and
posing him to the contempt of the whole fraternity, and the
world, but of our illustrious order more especially, during his
whole natural life: nothing herein going to prevent yourself, or
any other, when elected to the dignity of thrice illustrious, from
retaining the ritual of the order. Should any thrice illustrious
knight, or acting officer of any council, which may have them in
hand, ever require your aid, in any emergency, in defence of the
recovery of the said charge, you swear cheerfully to exercise all
assistance in his favour, which the nature of the time and place
will admit, even to the sacrifice of life, liberty and property, &c."
From the second obligation of the same degree, the member re-
ceives the following injunctions, "You promise to lead a life as
upright and just, in relation to all mankind, as you are capable
of; but in matters of difference, to prefer the interest of a com-
panion of the order, of a companion's friend, for whom he pleads,
to any mere man of the world. You promise never to engage in
mean party strife, nor conspiracies against the government or re-
ligion of your country, whereby your reputation may suffer, nor
ever to associate with dishonourable men, for a moment, except
it be to secure the interest of such person, his family, or friends,
to a companion, whose necessities may require this degradation
at your hands, &c." From the third obligation of the same de-
gree, the member swears, "To put confidence unlimited in every
illustrious brother of the cross-never to permit my political
principles to come counter to his, if forbearance and brotherly
kindness can operate to prevent it-to look on his enemies as my
enemies, &c.”
In the initiation of a candidate as an elected knight of Nine, he
goes through the form of murdering a traitor, and swears, "I will
revenge the assassination of our worthy master, Hiram Abiff, not
only on the murderers, but also, on all who may betray the secrets
of this degree, &c."
In the degree of knights adepts of the eagle of the sun, there
is an exposition of masonic emblems. One of these emblems is
that of a man peeping, of which the exposition is this: "The man

11
peeping, and who was discovered, and seized, and conducted to
death, is an emblem of those who come to be initiated into our
secret mysteries through a motive of curiosity, and if so indis-
creet as to divulge their obligations, we are bound to cause their
death, and take vengeance on the treason by the destruction of
the traitor, &c."
In the degree of knights of Kadosh, the candidate swears "to*
follow at all times, and in all points, every matter that he is or-
dered, and prescribed by the illustrious knights and grand com-
mander, without any restrictions," and especially, "to sacrifice
the traitors of masonry."
Such are some of the principles expressed in their own lan-
guage, which are adopted in the masonic degrees alluded to, and
imposed upon the members, under circumstances most indecent,
prophane and frightful. God is deliberately called upon to take
notice of the engagements contained in these extracts, and his
vengeance invoked, by the member upon himself, if they are not
observed: and the member pledges his life to the society, to be
sacrificed in the most barbarous forms, if he violates them.
More detestable principles cannot be imagined. They were
never embodied for any purposes of mere speculation. No human
mind is so constituted as to derive satisfaction in their contem-
plation. They excite to crime, and were intended for the shel-
ter and protection of practical iniquity. Those who make them
their rules of action, are enemies of the human race.
To these principles Morgan was a traitor, and they required
his blood. The best men of the fraternity, who knew of the
treachery, in the strength of their infatuated allegiance, became
voluntary agents, in effecting the requisition. After the treachery
was ascertained, and the fraternity began to move against the
traitor, we see how cunningly adapted the whole masonic machi-
nery is, to the accomplishment of their object with entire impu-
nity. The proof of the authenticity of the revelations of seceding
masons, in which the whole machinery is described, in detail,
arising from the disinterested and reluctant testimony of a thou-
sand original witnesses, is not greater than that arising from the
wonderful and exclusive fitness of the machinery to produce the
results we have witnessed. Revealed freemasonry is a stupen-
dous mirror, which reflects, in all their horrors, the exact features
of that vast spirit of crime, with which this nation is now wrest-
ling, for all that makes life desirable.
The grosser parts of this machinery, are the secrecy, the pri-
vate signs, pass words, tokens, grips, and ciphers; the subtler
parts are the obligations: and the former are valuable only as
they are capable of being employed to give effect to the latter.
The obligations, it will be seen, compelled such as acknowledged
them, to passive obedience,-to warn each other of all approach-
ing danger,-to conceal each other's crimes, even the most ag-
gravated, to extricate each other from difficulty, right or wrong,

grose pate
12
-to support each other's reputation in all cases,-to oppose the
interest and blast the character of unfaithful brethren,-to sacri-
fice the traitors of freemasonry,-to give each other dishonest
preferences, in matters of difference, over the uninitiated,-and
to advance each others political preferment in opposition to an-
other.
The practical efficacy of these obligations we have seen,-in
all the outrages committed to suppress Morgan's publication, in-
cluding his abduction and murder,-in the violence upon the
printer, and the attempt to burn his office,-in the corruption of
courts, sheriffs, and juries,—in the perjuries of witnesses,-
in the libels upon honest individuals, courts, and juries,-
in the unlawful spiriting away of witnesses,-in the rescue of
persons implicated, who were in the custody of law,-in the
giving of intelligence to those who were in danger of being
arrested as parties, or summoned as witnesses, in time for
their escape,—in the universal and persevering denial of facts,
by adhering masons,--in the appropriation of money, by the
brethren, individually, and collectively, in aid of the convicts and
other criminals,-in the employment of standing counsel, by the
fraternity, for the implicated,--in the abuse of legal forms, coun-
ty jails, and a fortress of the United States to the worst purposes
of tyranny, the arbitrary imprisonment of a fellow citizen,-in
the good fellowship and sympathy of the society with the con-
victs,—in the contumacious refusal to be sworn in court, by some
witnesses, who knew the worst, and to answer by others, after
being sworn, to lawful questions, when the refusal necessarily
implied perjury, or participation in murder,—and in the political
promotion of such numbers of the brethren, as is utterly incon-
sistent with the equal rights of others.
Can the well informed friends of freedom tolerate a society thus
characterized? Is it consistent with the theory or practice of our
most valued establishments, with any authority underived from
itself, or any safety, but that of its adhering members? It exer-
cises the highest powers of government, raises and appropriates
money, makes and executes laws extending to life itself, which
each of its subjects in the sacred form of oaths voluntarily aban-
dons to its authority. It is a government of high priests, and
kings, and illustrious knights, and grand commanders. And every
person, who maintains connexion with it, in effect, renounces all
allegiance to other governments, by swearing to perform acts en-
tirely inconsistent with such allegiance, without any mental reser-
vation whatever. In war, in peace, in all the business of life, every
obligated mason, is bound to prefer a brother mason to other per-
sons, and masonic duties, to other duties.
Are the masonic obligations binding? The united voice of all
moral and political philosophy replies in the negative. The ob-
ligations of morality are incurred anterior to all others: they are
imposed by authority absolute, and supreme, and can never be
remitted. Political obligations are a branch of moral, and par-
13
take of the same early and divine origin. We have seen, that
the masonic obligations are opposed to these, and they are self-
assumed: all self-assumed obligations are posterior, and have no
force in opposition to these. The nature of all obligation, as ap-
plicable to the mind, implies intelligence and free will: no autho-
rity can impose it, where either of these is wanting. One of them
is always wanting, and sometimes both, in the oaths of freema-
sonry. No greater absurdity can be imagined than that an im-
moral engagement is rendered obligatory, by calling upon God
to witness it, and to punish its nonperformance. It supposes that
ignorance, vice and presumption, by adopting the form of an oath,
may, at will, employ the authority of the Supreme Being, against
his own most sacred and unchanging laws.
Do the oaths of freemasonry disqualify for civil trusts? Where-
ever they are regarded as obligatory they do. They are incon-
sistent with fidelity to the constitution, under which all our civil
trusts are held, and to the support of which they oblige us. All
foreigners, even the most enlightened, though they may be per-
fectly honest, and capable, though they may reside with us to
their life's end, and be practical converts to the truth and beauty
of our systems, are disqualified, by being the subjects of other
governments. By stronger reasons, adhering freemasons are
disqualified; for there is no government so adverse to ours, as
theirs is, and none which punishes defection from allegiance with
less ceremony, or severer penalties. Is it a circumstance in fa-
vour of freemasonry, that it encourages and supports its subjects
in the secret usurpation of public offices and honours, to increase
its reputation, power and influence? No man dare take upon
himself the obligations of freemasonry in public. Or if a being
should be found hardy enough so to brave the most honoured
decencies and duties of life, it is not credible, that, in all free
judgment, it would not amount to a universal civil disqualification.
Shall secrecy make it otherwise? Shall that which is always the
incontestible badge of shame or guilt, when used to cover a stand-
ing pursuit, and permanent relations, recommend those who wear
it to the confidence of open hearted integrity, and in a government
of which the first principles are publicity, accountability, and
jealousy of power?
The masonic institution makes it the duty of those who own
its authority, in all cases where other circumstances, in their pre-
possessed opinion, are equal, to prefer the interests of a brother
to those of any other citizen. This preference is the great pur-
pose of its whole organization, the most distinct impress of its
entire character. It provides the most crafty and effectual means
to make this preference available. These means are intended to
be kept wholly concealed from all those whose equal interests and
rights it proscribes: and the more certainly to secure this object,
it makes high pretensions of promoting the greatest of our earthly
blessings, science, charity and religion. All authentic disclosures
of its history show it to be selfish, circumventive and hypocritical,
14
och ator's
and are little else than pregnant proofs of its dishonour. Every
man who has taken its obligations and considers them binding,
by the clearest intimations of civil prudence and moral rectitude,
is disqualified for offices of power and honour, out of its own un-
hallowed precincts.
Supposing only a part of the degrees to which we have alluded
have been taken, such men cannot safely be our generals, for they
are bound, even in behalf of a foreign enemy, if he be a mason,
to give him notice of all approaching danger, and to stay the
uplifted sword of their country's battle. They cannot safely be our
negociators for peace, against the negociator of a foreign enemy,
if he be a mason, for they are bound to look on his enemies as their
enemies, and his friends as their friends. They cannot safely be our
legislators, for masonry expressly permits them to engage in mean
party strife, and conspiracies against the government, if they can
do so without loss of reputation, and to degrade themselves, by
associating with dishonourable men, for the purpose of securing
their interest, and that of their friends, to a brother, whose ne-
cessities may require it. They cannot safely be our executive
officers, for they are bound to aid a brother so as to relieve him
from any difficulty, if in their power, whether he be right or
wrong. They cannot safely be our judges, or jurymen, because
they are bound to give a brother notice of all approaching danger,
and even fly to his relief, upon his giving them the masonic sign
of distress, if there is a greater probability of saving his life than
of losing their own, and because they are bound to an unlawful
partiality, in all matters of difference between their brethren and
the uninitiated. Our laws intend, that all inquiries and deter-
minations, by grand jurors, shall be without fear, favour, partiality
or hope of reward, and that all trials, by petit jurors and judges
shall be decided, by the evidence and the law applicable thereto,
and by nothing else. Freemasonry binds her votaries to other,
and avowedly partial, grounds of decision. Who can describe the
sum of injuries and wrongs corruptly inflicted upon the world,
through the medium of such offices, by such principles? In the
great freehold of our government, to confer such offices upon such
men, by those who never have assumed the principles, or have
cast them off, would be a self-sacrifice equally reproachful and
disastrous.
To contrive the true theory of free government, is the proudest
evidence of human intelligence: to institute such a government,
the most glorious achievement of human wisdom: and to sustain
it, with unfailing constancy, the greatest monument of human
virtue. Our government is the inestimable purchase of the pro-
found reflection, painful labours, disinterested exertions, and
searching trials, of all past ages. It is free. We believe it to be
the best that ever existed, because, more than any other, it cor-
responds with the rights, and encourages the duties of all, over
whom it is extended; and thus, more than any other, seeks and

15
:
promotes the improvement and happiness of its subjects. But
our government cannot be continued, without the active, strenu-
ous, and constant, maintenance of principles directly opposed to
those of freemasonry.
The first and most prominent injunction of free masonry is
secrecy. Any violation of this it punishes with infamy and death.
Secrecy is the shutting up of the mind from communion with
other minds. And so far as it prevails, in relation to any social
good, it is selfish, sour, ignorant and restless. Left absolutely
alone, like a plant separated from the earth and the air, we should
soon wither and die. And it would be no matter how soon, for
if it were possible to keep us in such a state, we should be good
for nothing. Our faculties are not at all adapted to it. Hermits
are always the most miserable of men. Ascetic and secluded as-
sociations have never been wise, or good, or happy. Neither is
freemasonry, which inculcates their worst principles, not in me-
lancholy seclusion from the world, but in the heart of it, the more
successfully to prey upon it.
A virtuous mind cannot delightjin secrecy. Its joy is in com-
munion. We are made social by nature. Our best affections and
our highest faculties equally indicate it. For they can neither be
expanded into useful action, nor carry with them their appro-
priate rewards, without society. As social beings, if we discover
useful facts, or important truths, we desire to communicate them
to all, who are susceptible of benefits from their application. As
all the principles of science, charity, and religion, are susceptible
of beneficial application to the whole human race, good men and good
governments will impose no artificial restriction, upon their uni-
versal diffusion. On the contrary, they will strenuously exert
themselves to promote it. And there is no human praise, which
imparts so much of the ineffable joy, that will accompany the final
well done divinely pronounced upon the virtuous, as that which is
the honest fruit of such exertions.
But secrecy is not more hostile to the spreading of useful facts
and truths, than it is to their discovery. Free inquiry, free dis-
cussion, free communication, are essential requisites to the mosta,
valuable knowledge. In the arts and sciences, in ethics and
theology, all liberal minds acknowledge their indispensable im-
portance. In the political conduct of life, their importance is,
if possible, still more manifest. They are the living foundations of
our government, which would be speedily dissolved in blood with-
out them. No man has ever yet sufficiently valued them: for they
alone can safely be relied upon, to open and illuminate all the
paths, in which the majestic power of public opinion displays
itself. But free masonry is opposed to free inquiry, free dis-
cussion, and free communication. Its great fear is publicity,
its best virtue, silence. It professes to have inestimable trea-
sures of social benefits, which it refuses to disclose to any but
the small number of its devoted followers. In reference to all
others, instead of employing, to communicate them, the various
12
16
languages, in which all the patriotism and piety, the joys and sor-
rows, the useful discoveries and honourable designs, the undying
thoughts and unfading hopes of the whole human family have
been expressed, it conceals them, by substituting barbarous signs
and uncouth ciphers. It first enslaves the mind by the chain of
secrecy, then debases it by injurious ceremonies and vile prin-
ciples, and finally insults it by mock titles and simulated virtues.
It is incompetent to the support of any valuable object. There is
no real duty, no honest enjoyment, no benevolent purpose, which
cannot better be accomplished without it. It is a fit system for
the outlaws of humanity and hope, hating the world, and making
war upon it. With a misanthropic caution it excludes all the
helpless and infirm from its communion, and with the stimulated
ingenuity of experienced and impenitent guilt, it provides against
detection and exposure. Its existence in our country is the great-
est anomaly of modern times; and it is to be accounted for only,
by the unsuspecting confidence in their fellow citizens, natural to
men conscious of their liberty. Aware of this trait in the cha-
racter of our people, designing members of the fraternity, and
those who are weak enough to find pleasure in its fantastic fri-
volities and bloated titles, have lengthened its cords till they now
probably embrace more than a hundred thousand of our country-
men.
Of this number, we cannot doubt, that a large proportion cherish.
no part of the spirit of the institution. Invited to join it, by its
lofty pretensions, in early life they entered its threshhold. And,
although disgusted at every step, for the purpose of understand-
ing an institution, which they had once consented to enter, they
suffered themselves to be raised to the second or third degree.
Nothing could induce them to go further. Such were most of
the masons, whose illustrious names have been so often abusively
and boastfully arrayed, to shield the institution from the consuming
reprobation now every where provoked against it, in unprejudiced
minds, by its full and accurate exposure. These men in the bot-
tom of their souls have all renounced it.
But there are other members of very different character, who
adhere to it, with a tenacity exactly proportioned to their estimate
of its adaptation to their evil designs. Washington represented
it as capable of being employed for the basest purposes, and never
visited a lodge, but once or twice, in the last thirty years of his life.
We live in an age of singular interest, and are the depositaries
of immeasureable responsibilities. Our ancestors voluntarily left
their native seats-broke up the strong and amiable ties of local
association-tore themselves from all their kindred, in spite of
the absorbing and ingrained affections of consanguinity, and plant-
ed themselves, in the most secluded and dangerous wastes of na-
ture. All the privations and sufferings of this course, they heroic-
ally met and endured, to preserve the highest rights of the mind.
In these are to be found all the springs of liberty, civil and reli-

17
gious. And they constitute the only incorruptible wealth of the
created, and uncreated, universe. By asserting them and preserv-
ing them with unparalleled and holy fortitude, our ancestors laid
a sure foundation for a most unsullied and constantly increasing
fame. All social action is commendable, or the reverse, as it ad-
vances or opposes these rights. Falsehood, injustice, cruelty,
oppression, murder, treason, and every other imaginable crime,
implies hostility to them, and is therefore to be resisted and sub-
dued.
These are the great truths, taught by our early history. And
profoundly impressed upon the minds of our citizens, they cannot
be eradicated. One of the important inferences from them is,
that individuals are not the property of government, but govern-
ment the property of individuals, who have a right to modify,
change, or abolish it, as a majority of those, who constitute it
may think most conducive to the common welfare. In support
of this inference, our revolutionary war was waged, and our civil
constitutions adopted. And these glorious events, while they have
sent us forward, with unparalleled vigour and celerity in the road
of improvement, have opened new prospects and awakened high-
er hopes, in the great family of nations. Following our example,
the people are, every where, gradually understanding and claim-
ing their rights. The arrogant pretenders to arbitrary power are
sinking into comparative disesteem. And the only just govern-
ment of human origin, that of public opinion, is universally rais-
ing on high, and spreading abroad, the welcome and protecting
ensigns of her supremacy.
To this government freemasonry is wholly opposed. It requires
unresisting submission to its own authority in contempt of public
opinion-the claims of conscience-and the rights of private judg-
ment. It would dam up the majestic current of improving
thoughts, among all its subjects throughout the earth, by restrict-
ing beneficial communication. In attempting to do this, it has
stained our country with a brother's blood, tempted many of our
influential citizens into the most degrading forms of falsehood, and
burst away, with its powers undiminished, its vengeance provoked,
and its pollutions manifest, from the strong arm of distributive
justice.
It is one of the striking evidences of the wisdom of the framers
of our constitution, and a bright presage of its perpetuity, that it
is fit for all emergencies. It contains provisions, which are abun-
dantly adequate to the subversion of freemasonry. Perfectly con-
vinced, that such a subversion must be effected or our liberties
wrested from us, let us inquire, what are these provisions?
They cannot be found in our state legislatures, or in that of the
union. The great object of legislation among us is to secure the
rights, and promote the improvement of the people. To do this,
the powers to legislate are defined and delegated. And these
powers must not be transcended, or legislation would become
3
*
18
usurpation. Against such usurpation suitable checks are contriv
ed, and the people entertain a conservative jealousy.
All valuable discoveries, and beneficent exertions, originate
with individuals. To perfect these, and apply them to practical
improvement, men must be free. They must be permitted to as-
sociate as they please. To prevent them from meeting together
and communicating, according to their own inclinations, either
secretly or openly, by legislation, would be, to shut out the most
useful labours and the purest enjoyments of life. But for every
encroachment upon the rights of others, men must be answerable
to some competent tribunal, or all, for which governments are in-
stituted, would be insecure. Such a tribunal cannot be a legisla-
ture.
The means of overthrowing freemasonry cannot be found in any,
or in all, of our executive authorities. These are discreetly restrain-
ed within limits entirely too narrow for such an effect.
They cannot be found in our judicial establishments. To these
we are accustomed to look as the sacred shield of right, the invio-
lable refuge of innocence, and the steadfast avenger of guilt. They
are the most trusted of our governmental departments. The
qualities intended to be combined in them of knowledge, disinte-
restedness and firmness; the powers and duties, with which they
are invested, to inquire, to deliberate, and to determine; and the
means placed in their hands, to enforce their determinations, upon
all the wide range of precious interests committed to their care,
make them the most venerable and august of human institutions.
They come up, in the estimation of good men, and in the holiest
attributes of earthly power, next to the sovereign people them-
selves. But against freemasonry, the most alarming experience
proves their ministry to be unavailing. The same jealousy of
delegated authority, which our spirit of liberty applies to legisla-
tive and executive functions, it also applies, in some degree, to
those of our courts of justice. The disabilities imposed by the
people, to prevent oppression, upon every branch of power, carved
out of the great aggregate of the national power, constitute the
true reason, why all the branches referred to, are insufficient to
exterminate the evils of freemasonry. But it does not, therefore,
follow, that no sufficient means exist. They do exist. They be-
long to this nation by titles, which we deem forever indefeasible.
They are derived directly from the Most High. They have been
in our possession, from the commencement of our history, though
sometimes defended by blood. They consist, in the just exercise
of the rights reserved by the people to themselves, as the great
constituent, supervising proprietors of the republic.
In the first address of Mr. Jefferson, as president of the United
States, he denominates "the right of election by the people a mild
and safe corrective of abuses, which are lopped by the sword of
revolution, where peaceable remedies are unprovided." This is
19
the only adequate corrective of freemasonry-that prolific source
of the worst abuses. And to this we must resort.
The abuses of which we complain involve the highest crimes,
of which man can be guilty, because they indicate the deepest
malice, and the most fatal aim. They bespeak the most imminent
danger, because they have proceeded from a conspiracy more
numerous and better organized for mischief, than any other de-
tailed in the records of man, and yet, though exposed, maintain-
ing itself in all its monstrous power. That murder has been com-
mitted is now acknowledged by all.
That it has been so com-
mitted, and the malefactors have acted under such authority, and
have been so aided and comforted, as to carry the guilt of treason,
cannot be doubted. Protection from these crimes, is the first duty
of government, and the object for which it is invested with its
highest powers. But protection cannot be secured, by the ordi-
nary means. Shall it therefore be abandoned. Shall we forego,
in behalf of freemasonry, or through fear of it, the primary pur-
pose of civil organization? If we are true to ourselves it is certain
we need not forego it, we can practically enforce it: for the rights
of election remain. In these may be found full means—not of
punishing the criminals,-but of precluding any repetition of
their crimes,-of giving us that security against them, which is
better than punishment, which is, indeed, the only proper object
of all human punishment. The use of these means we advocate.
Our adversaries reprobate it, and represent it as oppressive and
persecuting.
The exercise of the elective franchise is as much a function of
our government as any one performed by legislatures, executive
magistrates, or judges. And the honest, intelligent, and fearless
use of it, by all to whom it pertains, is as much a duty, in every
case, as a similar use of other functions is, in any case, by those
to whom they pertain. Such a use of the elective function is the
duty most imperious, because it is the great corrective, in the last
resort, of all other functions.
To say that the powers of government should not be applied to
the masonic outrages at all, would be so preposterous, as justly
to excite suspicion of being implicated in them. Besides, it is
now too late for any persons to say this with consistency; for since
the inadequacy of all judicial application to them has been appa-
rent, even adhering freemasons say, it was not improper to
appeal to the courts: "punish the guilty." But if it was proper
to appeal to the courts in the first place, and that appeal has been
rendered nugatory, by the criminal interference of freemasonry,
the reason for appealing to the powers of government against
the outrages, is immeasurably strengthened, not diminished.
There is, therefore, no impropriety in resorting to the elective
franchise to correct the evils of freemasonry. It invades no man's
rights. It gives no man reason to complain. It is no more dis-
reputable than it is to resort to a legislature, or a court of law,
1
!
20
for the correction of any evil, which they were instituted to re-
dress. Would it be tolerated, for a moment, to stigmatize as
oppression and persecution, a resort to our legislatures, for the
passage of a law to promote the public security, or to our judi-
cial tribunals, for the punishment of crime? Neither can it be
thus to stigmatize a resort to the elective franchise, for the abo-
lition of freemasonry, which is fatal to all security, and the very
charnel house of crime.
If freemasonry ought to be abolished, it should certainly be so
abolished as to prevent its restoration. No means of doing this
can be conceived so competent as those furnished by the ballot
boxes. These means are commended to our adoption, by the most
urgent considerations, by their mildness, their safety, their suffi-
ciency, and the tested insufficiency of all others. They are the
means provided, by the most venerated of our political fathers.
Who shall disparage them? Whoever is opposed to freemasonry
and really desires its extinction, must use them, or confess himself
a slave or tyrant. To extinguish it, by violence, would be tyranny,
if it were possible. To extinguish it, by the expression of honest
convictions against it, would not be tyranny, but it cannot be ac-
complished unless a majority unite in such expression, and wheth-
er they do or not, cannot be ascertained, without a general vote.
To desire its extinction, and do nothing to effect it, must pro-
ceed from indolence, fear, or the imagined force of assumed obli-
gations in its favour, either of which amounts to a degrading
slavery. To such slavery who is willing to submit? In truth none,
who are not opposed to using every other means against it, are
opposed to using our elective rights against it; and those who are
opposed to using our elective rights against it, uniformly use their
elective rights in its favour. The higher freemasons are expressly
sworn to do it. Thus they adopt a conduct, which they stigma-
tize in us, as oppressive and persecuting, and which is so, when
adopted secretly, by virtue of unlawful obligations, and in favour
of a class of citizens, who associate for securing to themselves
unequal privileges.
Anti-masons would defend their rights, the laws of their country,
and the most sacred treasures of liberty, from a fearful assault.
Seeking to preserve and perpetuate all the blessings intended to
be secured by our government, they would proceed in the spirit
of strict conformity with its provisions. And they invite all who
appreciate these blessings, to join them. They have no secret
purposes to accomplish-no selfish objects to promote-no time,
nor means to cast away, in idle ostentation, or for useless noto-
riety. They know the country is in danger; and they come forth
from their retirements to shield it. On their farms, in their
shops, at their counters, in their offices, and at their desks, they
have heard the wail of the bereaved widow and orphans, and,
feeling the sympathies of humanity, they have inquired how they
became so. The answer to this inquiry, and the history con-
21
nected with it, gave them their distinctive appellation, and com-
pelled them publicly and openly to unite, for defending the most
essential objects of society. Attached to their government, by
conviction, habit, duty, and hope, they cannot patiently see its
walls of protection overthrown, its principles undermined, or its
power derided. In their minds, no names of human majesty are
so dignified as that of freeman, no earthly interests so valuable as
those of the nation, and no course of action so sure to be com-
mendable as that, which invites public scrutiny, and is held to a
just accountability. Murder and treason they cannot help regard-
ing with abhorrence, however disguised; and will resist, whoever
may perpetrate or abet them. Their chosen weapon of resistance
is the right of suffrage, a weapon of equal power in every free-
man's hand, and which is so tempered, as they trust, in the ar-
mory of patriotism, that neither the keen nor solid of freemason-
ry may resist its edge.
Fellow citizens, are we called to be anti-masons by the best feel-
ings of our nature? Are our objects the highest that can affect
the civil character? Are our means the most approved and in-
dispensable? Unite with us-not for our sakes, but your own.—
Aid us in working out the redemption of our country from free-
masonry. We are misrepresented and calumniated, as the chief
public means of defeating the cause we have espoused. Examine
by whom, and inquire into their motives. Be not deceived. If
individuals among us are in fault, through ignorance, or passion,
or interest, or profligacy, refuse them your confidence. But do
not, therefore, betray your rights, and those of your country; nor
let those beguile you into their support, who prefer secrecy to
publicity, and freemasonry to republicanism. We are for practi-
cal, peaceable, and most necessary reform-not for the destruc-
tion, but the establishment of right. Freedom, in every benefi-
cial sense, is the soul of anti-masonry.
Further revelations of the ceremonies and principles of free-
masonry are not required; for these are perfectly exposed; and
the exposition is so confirmed, as to be incapable of material
modification. It will go down to all posterity among the un-
doubted records of imposture and guilt. But we cannot suppress
our anxiety to commend our cause to the decided confidence, and
active support, of all the nominal members of the fraternity.
Among such, there are many, who have long possessed, and who
still possess, our high esteem; and to whom we are attached, by
the bonds of the most inseparable and holy brotherhood, those of
a common nature, common wants, and a common destiny. We
earnestly invite them to come out, with us, in defence of our com-
mon interests. Our course has been adopted after diligent in-
quiry into facts, and an honest comparison of freemasonry with
the first principles of civil order; and we have no misgivings.
We respectfully suggest to them similar inquiry and comparison.
In proportion as men do this, we find our numbers increasing,
22
and, knowing the inquisitive character of the people of the United
States, it is scarcely more in our power than it is in our wish, to
exclude the anticipation of success. We know freemasonry can-
not meet with their deliberate approval. When it was least sus-
pected of evil, and highest in its harlequin attractions-when that
holiness to the Lord, which is inscribed upon its gaudy garniture,
and that charity with which its dark chambers are labelled, had
not been publicly detected as wholly counterfeit-we know it was
not a subject of their complacent regard. Shall the crimes with
which it is now ineffaceably branded, and the pertinacity with
which it justifies them, pass without their condemnation and re-
buke? Shall that abuse of their confidence, which first brought
their names into connexion with the mountebank retainers of the
order, be an argument for sustaining the mountebanks, when their
party coloured garments are seen dripping with the blood of in-
nocence, and we perceive their power to strike away all the
pledges of our common safety?
We know that the private opinions of such members concur
with ours.
We beseech them to concur with us in giving, to
those opinions, a public and decided expression; for that will
make them effectual to the only end we have at heart, the over-
throw of freemasonry. We want not, and we expect not, the aid
of the sinister, or the dissolute; of the slaves of office, of preju-
dice, of vice, or of faction. But we anxiously covet the associa-
tion of all, who are willing, on all occasions, and at all times,
through evil report, and through good report, to contend for the
great interests of truth, and justice, and freedom, and that secu-
rity intended to be conferred, upon these interests, by our laws
and constitutions. With such we are proud to labour, and, if
need be, willing to suffer: for we shall not labour and suffer in
vain. But we perceive, on all sides, the presages of our success:
in the unspeakable importance of our cause; in the intelligence
and self-respect of our fellow citizens; in the peaceable and just
means, with which alone, we mean to promote it; in the favour-
ing sympathies of the enlightened and wise of every name and
clime; and in the undergoing, insuppressive, and inspiring hope,
with which we may seek, for it, the protection of that Great Be-
ing, in whose hands are all the allotments of nations, and whose
law is that of perfect liberty.
LIST OF DELEGATES.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Henry Gassett, Boston, Mass.
Abner Phelps,
do.
Amasa Walker,
do.
Stephen Oliver, Lynn, Essex co.

23
Pliny Merrick, Worcester, Worcester co.
Nathan Adams, Medford, Middlesex co.
Alpheus Bigelow, Jr. Weston, Middlesex co.
Nahman Harding.
Joshua Longley, Hawley, Franklin co.
Moses Thacher, North Wrentham, Norfolk co.
Joseph Morton, Milton.
Micah H. Ruggles, Fall River, Bristol.
Samuel B. Barlow, East Granville, Hampdon county.
Gardner Burbank, Worcester, Worcester county.
Joseph Goffe, Milbury,
Lovett Peters, Westborough,
do.
do.
Nathan Lazell, Jr. Bridgewater, Plymouth co.
CONNECTICUT.
Nathaniel Terry, Hartford City.
Zalmon Storrs, Mansfield Centre, Tolland co.
Calvin Barber, Simsbury, Hartford co.
John M. Holley, Salisbury, Furnace Village, Litchfield county.
Jonathan Nichols, Thompson, Windham co.
Elisha Stearns, Tolland, Tolland co.
Henry Perkins, New Salem, New London co.
Noble D. Strong, Hartford city.
NEW YORK.
Bates Cooke, Lewistown, Niagara co.
Henry Dana Ward, City of New York.
Samuel St. John,
do.
Frederick Whittlesey, Rochester, Monroe co.
Francis Granger, Canandaigua, Ontario co.
Henry W. Taylor,
Samuel M. Hopkins, Albany.
George W. Stanton, do.
do.
Robert S. Rose, Geneva, Ontario co.
Thomas Lawyer, Schoharie co.
John Bogardus, New Palts, Ulster co.
William H. Seward, Auburn, Cayuga co.
Elias Manchester, Scipio,
do.
Samuel N. Sweet, Adams, Jefferson co.
John Williams, Cazenovia, Madison co.
Myron Holley, Lyons, Wayne co.
Edward Bancroft, Martinsburg, Lewis co.
Joseph Case, Petersburg, Rensellaer co.
Caleb Green, Mechanicsville, Saratoga co.
John L. Curtenius, Glenn's Falls, Warren co.
Vincent Whitney, Binghampton, Broome co.
John Ellis, Dryden, Tomkins co.
Alexander Sheldon, Charleston, Montgomery co.
Herbert A. Read, Le Roy, Genesee co.
John C. Morris, Butternuts, Otsego co.
William Williams, Utica, Oneida co.

Samuel P. Lyman,
W. H. Maynard,
do. do.
do.
do.
George H. Broughton, Lockport, Niagara co.
Charles Starr, New York City.
David Barnard.
Lebbeus Armstrong, Northampton, Montgomery county,
Thomas C. Green.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Amos Ellmaker, Lancaster City.
John Clarke, Philadelphia City.
24

James Patterson, Jr. Mount Joy, Lancaster county.
David Potts, Jr. Pottstown, Montgomery county.
William Rutherford, near Harrisburg, Dauphin county.
Daniel Rhoads, Reading, Berks county.
Michael Fackenthall, Jr. Monroe, Bucks county.
Ner Middleswarth, Beavertown, Union county.
Ebenezer Greenough, Sunbury, Northumberland county.
George Walker, Woodburn, Susquehanna county.
John Kauffelt, Wrightsville, York county.
Thaddeus Stevens, Gettysburg, Adams county.
William Brown, Brown's Mills, Mifflin county.
William W. Irwin, Pittsburg.
William Miles, Union Mills, Erie county.
Joseph Ritner, Washington, Washington county.
Horatio G. Jones, Roxborough, Philadelphia county.
Peter Knepply, Frysburgh, Lehigh county.

William Line, Carlisle.
James Todd, Uniontown, Fayette county.
Charles Ogle, Somerset, Somerset county.
Harmar Denny, Pittsburg.
Samuel Davis, Haverford, Delaware county.
Levis Passmore, Darby, Delaware county.
Nathaniel B. Boileau, Hatborough, Montgomery county.
Alexander Plummer, Northampton county.
Samuel Leidy, Lower Saucon county.
Samuel Parke, Lancaster City.
VERMONT.
William Slade, Middlebury, Addison county,
Augustine Clarke, Danville, Caledonia county.
Josiah Rising, Rupert, Bennington county.
Alvah Sabin, Georgia, Franklin county.
Samuel C. Loveland, Reading, Windsor county.
Martin Flint, Randolph, Orange county.
Walter Paine, Jr. Providence.
RHODE ISLAND.
John Hall, North Kingston, Washington county.
Robert Hanna, Cadiz, Harrison co.
OHIO.
Frederick Wadsworth, Edinburg, Portage co.
Thomas M. Kelley, Cleaveland, Cuyahoga co.
Thomas Boyd, Melmore, Seneca co.
Isaac Gillert, Painesville, Geauga co.

Ebenezer Currier.
Daniel Gillett.
NEW JERSEY.
James Vanderpool, Newark, Essex co.
Ellison Conger,
do.
G. P. M'Culloch, Morristown, Morris co.
John Alling, Newark, Essex co.
David Schench, New Brunswick.
Abner Morse, Chester, Morris co.
Abraham Brittin.
Samuel W. Dexter, Dexter, Washtenaw co.
MICHIGAN.

MARYLAND.
DELAWARE.
Ezra Slifer, Boonsborough, Washington co.
Caleb Kirk, Wilmington, New Castle co.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 03872 1836
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
DATE DUE
APR 2 4 1998
PR
R 0 8 1998
APR 3 0 2004