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§

EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS
1899–1901
BY
D.sgandall-MACIVER, M.A., AND A. C. MACE
With a Chapter by
F. L.L. GRIFFITH, M.A., F.S.A.
STECIAL EXTRA PUBLICATION OF
sociºl
THE EGYPT ExPLoRATION ÉüND.
*22/
.5 2
• F-32./
V Q. 3,
I,() NI) () N :
Pit in TED lix G II, BERT AND it iwi NGTon, Li MITED,
sT. John’s House, cI.KRRENWFLD, E.C.
24
3/99
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, .
ºtegiõent. -
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.S.A.
Uice-prestbents.
SIR E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D.
GENERAL LoRD GRENFELL, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.
PROF. G. MASPERo, D.C.L. (France).
PROF. AD. ERMAN, Ph.D. (Germany).
JosLAH MULLENs, Esq. (Australia).
THE REv. PROF. A. H. SAYCE, M.A., LL.D. M. CHARLES HENTSCH (Switzerland).
THE Hon. CHAs. L. HUTCHINson (U.S.A.).
f) Oil. Cteagutető.
H. A. GRUEBER, Esq., F.S.A.
F. C. FostFR, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).
Thon. 5ecretary.
J. S. CoTToN, Esq., M.A.
(ISønlbetº of Qommittee,
T. H. BAYLIs, Esq., M.A., K.C., W.D.
Miss M. BRodrick, Ph.D. (for Boston).
MAJoR E. B. CASSATT, B.A.
SoMERs CLARKE, Esq., F.S.A.
W. E. CRUM, Esq., M.A.
Louis DYER, Esq., M.A. (for Chicago).
ARTHUR John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
F. L.L. GRIFFITH, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
T. FARMER HALL, Esq. .
F. G. KENyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
MRs. McCLURE. i -
THE REv. W. MACGREGOR, M.A.
A. S. MURRAY, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
THE MARQUESS of NorthAMPTON.
FRANCIs WM. PERCIvaL, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., DIR.S.A.
MRs. CoRNELIUS STEvenson, Sc.D. (for
Philadelphia).
HERBERT THoMPson, Esq.
MRS, TIRARD.
THE REv. H. G. ToMKINs, M.A.
EMANUEL M. UNDERDown, Esq., K.C.
E. Towry WHYTE, Esq., F.S.A.
MAJoR-GENERAL SIR CHARLEs W. WILSON,
K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
CONTENTs
OF PART I
CHAPTER I.
INTRopUCTORY TO EI, AMRAH.
PAGE
Description of site . e te e ... 1
The excavators' quarters . e e ... 1
Previous digging on the site . o ... 2
Character and extent of the cemeteries 2–3
Methods of work e * gº o . 4
Mr. Anthony Wilkin e ſº e . 4
CHAPTER II.
CHARACTER AND Evolution of THE ARCIIAIC
ToMBs.
Principles of reſorence adopted for do-
scribing objects. -
Class 1, Round shallow graves .
Class 2, Oblong and oval graves gº , 8.
Class 3, Graves with a rock-recess but no
coffin tº c e o © . 9
Class 4, Graves with a rock-recess and a
coffin 10
Class 5, Pot-burials . 10
Classes 6, 7, 8 and 9, Brick graves in four
stages of development . . 11
Orientation of graves 14
CHAPTER III.
CATALOGUE of PRE-DYNASTIC GRAVES, with
THEIR CONTENTs, CLASSES 1, 2 AND 3.
16
17
Earlier than sequence-date 41 .
Earlier than sequence-date 46 .
PAGE
Earlier than sequence-date 51 . 18
Earlier than sequence-date 56 . 19
From sequence-dates 56–64 20
Between sequence-dates 40–64 in general . 22
Graves of ill-defined stage in the period 23
Between sequence-dates 60–70 . 24
CHAPTER IV.
CATALOGUE OF PROTo-DYNASTIC ToMBs, with
THEIR CONTENTs.
Class 4 25
Class 5 . 25
Class 6 26
Class 7 28
Class 8 . 29
Class 9 . 30
CHAPTER v.
ACCESSORIES AND DETAILS or construction IN
THE ARCHAIC ToMBs.
Reed mats . . . . . . 81
Trays made of twigs. ſº 31
Fencing and partitions of wood 32
Wooden lining of brick graves . 33
Wooden roofs . * 34
Brick roofs e g 34
Walls of the brick tombs . g 35
Nature of the brick tombs as buildings 35
vi * - CONTENTS
CHAPTER VI.
SoME RICH ToMBs AT EI, AMRAH.
Tomb a 23 . © g © ſº *:
,, a 88 o .' & e * . 36
, a 96 . . . . . . . 37
, b 62 . . . . . . 37
, b 91 . . . . . . 89
CHAPTER VII.
OBJECTs of NEw KINDs Found AT EL AMRAII.
\
Ivory-handled dagger . o o . 40
Copper dagger without handle. Q . 40
Copper knife . . . • . * Q . 40
Copper chisel . . o wº tº . 40
Breccia celt . . o & e tº . 40
Model axe of ivory © . tº tº . 41
Clay and pottery animals . o . . 41
Pottery model of a boat . tº gº . 41
Pottery dolls . . . g & o . 41
Model of a house . o * o . 42
Baskets . . . & tº e . . 42
Box with charcoal drawings . . . . 42
Remarkable specimens of pottery . . . 42
CHAPTER VIII.
GENERAL classes of objects Found AT EL
AMRAH.
|
Worked flints, described by Mr. H. Balfour 44
Objects of copper . • e . . . 46
Slates
Pottery
Stone vases e
Objects of ivory and bone.
Beads
Minerals . & tº o te
Shells, described by Mr. E. A. Smith.
Skull-types
CHAPTER IX.
Discussion or TIII: LENGTH OF DURATION OF
Til I, I’lti-DYNAST1c PERIOD
CHAPTER X.
GRAVES or sºvº.RAL PERIons ExCAVATED
ABYDos, 1899–1900.
Two small Prehistoric cemeteries
Plundered Middle Empire graves . Q
Some graves of the XVIIIth and later
Dynasties . © o
Two statuettes of the Middle Empire from
El Amrah .
CHAL’T]]|R XI.
A TEMPLE OF USERTESEN III., NEAR
ABYDos .
IPAGE
46
47
48
48
48
49
49
50
A’l"
53
55
55.
56
CONTENTS OF PART II
CHAPTER XII.
THE SITE.
PAGE
Introductory . o º g e , 63
Position of cemetery. e & . . (53
Date of cemetery 63
The tombs 64
Stonework in tombs e . 65
The bricks Q te tº g © . 65
Plundering of tombs. e g tº . 65
CHAPTER XIII.
ToMBs of Til I, XIIITII—-XVIITII DYNASTIES,
The “Pan-grave” people . 67
The pits . e © © e tº , 69
Objects found . Q º o g , 69
CHAPTER XIV.
ToMBs of THE XVIIITH DYNASTY AND TEMPLE
of AAHMEs I.
70
a. XVIIIth Dynasty tombs &
Details of tombs . . 70
Objects found . e . 71
(a) Stone . . . © e . 71
(b) Metal . . . . . . 71
* - PAGE
(c) Ebony and wood . . . . . 72
(d) Ivory 72
(e) Glazed pottery . 72
(f) Pottery. 72
(g) Scarabs, &c. . g ſº º , 75
b. Pyramid and Temple of Aahmes I.
- . 75
CHAPTER XV.
ToMBs of THE XIXTH-XXXTH DYNASTIES.
a. XIXth Dynasty tombs. ſº . 77
b. XXth—XXVth Dynasty tombs . 77
(a) Two undated tombs g 77
(b) Undated tombs and objects . . 78
o, XXVth—XXXth Dynasty tombs. 80
CHAPTER XVI.
DESCRIPTION of PLATEs . 82
CHAPTER XVII.
THE INSCRIPTIONs . . . tº . 93
By F. Ll. Griffith.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Catalogue of ToMBs 97
PI, ATE
II.
III.
IV.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
|XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
Typical Tombs
LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WEHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED
40°4′ -- - - - - - - - -
Sketch Map of the District
View of the Valley .
The Site, with Men at Work
The Excavators' Quarters.
Courtyard filled with Pottery
25 &
Selected Graves
8, 11, 12, 25, 26, 27,
2? . . . . 11, 12, 13, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33,
Evolution of the form of Tomb 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 26, 29, 30, 31,
. 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 31, 36,
PAGE
1
1
1
1
1, 2
29, 34
34, 39
32, 39
37, 43
Dagger, Cylinder and roughly worked Flints from bottom of Graves. 18, 23, 39, 40,
Groups from Individual Tombs
Contents of Tomb B 62
20, 21, 37,
Clay Animals and Dolls • . o • 16, 17,
Various Objects • 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 40,
Basket-work and Woodwork . tº º • . 31, 32, 33,
Various Objects º tº e
New Types of Pottery, Classes R and L
99 93. , B, P and D
New Examples of Pottery, Class C - ©
New Types and Characteristic Forms of Stone Wases.
Marks on the Pottery . . . . .
Roughly worked Flints from filling of Graves .
99 29 99 top Surface
Contrasted Skulls º ſº . . © e © 0. ©
Temple of Usertesen III., near Abydos . & e ſº o ... • .
2? 92 & { } º e C º 57,
2? y
Objects of Middle and New Empire
General Plan of Mastabas • ©
Temple and Tomb Plans, XVIIIth Dynasty
. . 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 36, 40, 41, 42,
18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28,
11, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27,
. . . . 16, 17,
13, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28,
64,
- - 44, 45
13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 36, 37, 40, 44,
47, 48
38, 44
36, 41
42, 45
34, 42
44, 48
29, 30
42, 43
36,43
39, 48
44, 45
44, 46
49
47, 57
58, 59
55, 56
82
76, 82
LIST OF PIATES.
PLATE
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
Sandstone Statue of Sa-dep-ahu
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
L.
LI
LII.
LIII.
LIV.
LW.
. LVI.
LVII.-LX.
Tomb Plans, XVIIIth–XXth Dynasty
.., XIXth–XXIst Dynasty
XXVth–XXXth Dynasty
Stele of Neferhotep .
Views of Tombs, &c.
Inscriptions, Abydos e e e
Stones, &c., from Temple of Aahmes
22
Inscriptions and Pot Marks
Inscriptions . © º
Sarcophagi Inscriptions, &c.
Stone Sarcophagi
Shrine, Statuettes, &c. . ſe • • e
Glaze Kohl-pots, &c., XVIIIth—XIXth Dynasty
|Ushabtiu ū gº e
Inscriptions, &c., Abydos
Inscriptions on Ushabtiu, &c.
29 Cartonnage, &c. O º
Tomb Groups, &c., XIIIth—XVIIth Dynasty
9 y XIVth—XVIIIth Dynasty
92 XIIth—XXth Dynasty
92 XVIIIth Dynasty
?? . 92 27
22 - 22 »
- XVIIIth—XIXth Dynasty .
92 &c., XVIIIth—XXXth Dynasty
Scarabs, &c. . O . . . w e e
Pottery, XIIth—XVIIIth Dynasty
22 XVIIIth Dynast
Canopic Wases ſº c
Index of Private Names
22
PAGE
64, 70, 77, 83
64, 77, 78, 83
64, 65, 80, 84
64, 65, 80, 84
64, 84
77, 80, 81, 84
71, 78, 79, 84
76, 84
65, 71, 84
71, 81, 84
71, 78, 85
77, 79, 80, 81, 85
85
64, 71, 83, 85
72, 75, 79, 81, 86
64, 65, 71, 72, 78, 79, 86
- 72, 77, 79, 86
79, 87
72, 80, 81, 87.
69, 87
69, 71, 72, 88
72, 79, 88
71, 72, 78
71, 72, 89
72, 89
72, 77, 90
72, 75, 90
71, 72, 77, 91
71, 77, 79, 81, 91
69, 71, 75, 89, 91
68, 69, 92
72, 92
78, 82
92
ERRATA.
Page 43, col. 2, line 24, for Palentologia read Paletnologia.
Page 72, col. 2, line 8, for dish of tomb of 29 (xlviii.) read dish
of tomb 29 (xlviii.). *
Page 70, col. 2, line 23, for loſt side of pl. xxxi, read right side
of pl. xxxi.
IPART I
THE ARCHAIC PERIODS AND THE
TWELFTH DYNASTY
1? Y
D. RANDALL-MACIVER, M.A.
(LAycock STUDENT of EGYPTor.ogy AT worcestER colległº, oxford)
WITH PLATES l—XX||
EL AMRAEL AND AIBYDOS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
THE village of El Amrah lies six miles to the
south-east of the Royal Tombs of Abydos. A
wide valley (pl. i. 1), scored with numerous
shallow channels that tell of heavy rain-
storms, opens about half a mile to the north of
the village itself and leads up to the cliffs of the
desert plateau. It is on a small piece of table-
land immediately bounding this valley on its.
northern side that the ancient cemeteries are
situated which will be described in the follow-
ing chapters. A quadrangular plot (pl. i. 2),
extending three hundred yards along the road
which skirts the cultivated land, and rather
less than six hundred yards inwards from this
road towards the western cliffs, comprises the
whole area in which the work lay. Another
three hundred yards to the north stands a
picturesque group of whitewashed Shekhs'
tombs, at the head of the dyke which forms
the boundary between the provinces of Girgeh
and of Keneh. In plate i. is given a sketch
map, adapted from the Government survey, which
shows the position of El Amrah in relation to
the neighbouring places.
It was the middle of December, 1900, when
Mr. Anthony Wilkin and I arrived upon the
site of our future work. The first thing
requisite was to have some place in which to
live. So, having decided upon the exact point
at which the excavations should commence,
we chose a position for our house in the wide
valley already referred to, immediately under
its northern bank; thus securing a shelter from
the high winds that blew incessantly for many
weeks in January and February. Here we
were within five minutes' walk of any part of
the prehistoric burying ground, the existence
of which was sufficiently attested by numerous
broken potsherds and half-filled graves left by
the modern plunderers who had already visited
the spot. - .
In spite of the not unnatural objections of
the local authorities, who fail to understand
that explorers prefer a new house built on
clean desert sand to the insanitary filth of
a native village, the building (pl. i. 3) was
successfully completed in six days. It con-
sisted of a very large living-room, three bed-
rooms, and a narrow store-room running nearly
its whole length, which opened into one of the
bedrooms by a door fitted with strong fasten-
ings. In front was a large courtyard, at
opposite corners of which were placed the
kitchen and a small room for the two night-
guards whom the village supplies. Before
many weeks had elapsed this courtyard (pl. i. 4)
B
2 . . . s EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
was almost completely filled with such of the
more bulky and less valuable antiquities as the
store-room failed to accommodate.
The men, to the number of between thirty
and forty, were placed in a small house which
they built for themselves about a hundred
yards in front of our own. Nearly all of them
were old hands drawn from the neighböurhood
of Guft (Koptos); but a small gang of lads
from the village of Shekh Ali near Abadiyeh,
who had been trained by myself for two years
exclusively in this class of work, were the most
skilful of the entire body.
A well, sunk in the middle of the valley at
a sufficient distance from the high road, yielded
excellent water filtered through the gravel at
a depth of about fifteen feet, and did not run
dry by the beginning of April. Digging was
begun on December 22nd at the north-western
corner of the area which had been selected.
The ground presented the appearance of
having been thoroughly worked over. Many
acres were pitted with deep holes and littered
with the rubbish which had been thrown out.
In fact, the site of El Amrah had already been |
exploited no less than four times. M. de
Morgan first signalized the existence of a
prehistoric cemetery there, and he himself
opened a few graves in 1896. Further, at
his instigation, M. Amélineau sent a gang of
fifty men under native overseers to dig there
for a fortnight; and later the fellahin, whom
these desultory operations had set upon the
track of valuable antiquities, rifled a large
number of graves. The accounts published by
the two archaeologists (De Morgan, Ieecherches
sur les Origines de l'Egypte, 1896 and 1897;
Amélineau, Nouvelles Fouilles d'Abydos, 1895-6)
are so meagre that it was impossible to judge
how much had been done and how much still
remained to do. We hoped, however, that the
site would prove to be less exhausted than it at
first appeared; and it soon became evident that
these hopes were to be more than justified.
It would seem that the native plunderers had
been more attracted by the numerous graves of
the XIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties than by those
of the pre-dynastic and proto-dynastic period. .
Hundreds of tombs of the Middle or earlier
New Empire, lying between our own ground
and the line of the boundary dyke, had been
opened by them, as well as a considerable
number belonging to the same periods which
were interposed between the pre-dynastic graves
in the tract which we appropriated. It is likely
on the other hand that the earlier graves did not
so readily yield objects of considerable market
value, and the Arabs may well have supposed
that those sections which contained them had
been almost completely cleared. It needs some
little experience of these early cemeteries to
realize how closely the graves are packed
together, generally with only a space of a few
inches between each, and even a careful ex-
cavator may easily overlook some ; indeed, it is
almost certain that he will do so unless special
precautions are taken.
As our object was to deal only with the
earlier period, we left untouched almost the
whole region north of a little divide, which
runs up from the high road at about half the
distance from the dyke to the wide valley. In
that part, as has been said, there are numerous
graves, apparently of the XVIIIth and perhaps
also of the XIIth Dynasty, some of which
may still repay working at a future date,
though it is not likely that many have
escaped being sacked in ancient or in modern
times. Starting only a few yards north of this
divide, and at the extreme western edge of the
burying ground, we worked southwards and
eastwards. -
In from three weeks to a month over two
hundred graves had been noted in full detail;
besides a small number of others which were
cleared but not noted, as they contained nothing
of more value than a skeleton and a single pot.
This proved to be the entire extent of a small
INTRODUCTORY. - 8
but highly interesting cemetery on the western
side. Its precise size is difficult to state, as so
manyof the graves had already been worked. As,
however, almost all these were reopened, and in
many cases with good results, such as contained
pottery or objects of interest were registered in
our notes.
for graves which had already been depleted, as
well as for some XVIIIth Dynasty encroach-
ments, it is improbable that the cemetery ever
included more than 600 graves. Its range
was from the very beginning of the pre-historic
down to the opening of the “late pre-historic "
period, and the graves from it are recorded with
their respective numbers under the letter a.
On its eastern side this cemetery a had been
cut into at the time of the XVIIIth Dynasty;
and when it had been ascertained that no more |
early graves remained there which we had
not opened, operations were transferred to a
spot several hundred yards further to the east,
where broken pottery showed that there existed
at any rate a certain number of graves of the
latest pre-historic period. This eastern ceme-
tery, the graves of which are noted under the
letter b, proved to be of considerable size and
importance, and kept us fully occupied for the
remainder of the season. When its limits
were determined it was seen that it was of
very comprehensive character. On its western
border, that is to say about 250 yards from the
castern limit of a, there were graves of the very
earliest pre-historic period. Its eastern ex-
tremity was within a few yards of the high-
road, and it was at this point that a class of
graves was brought to light which were the
most interesting of any that occurred upon the
site. They were oblong brick constructions of
various dimensions (pl. iv. 5-8); which, from
their intrinsic character, and from the objects
they contained, can be safely dated to the Ist
and, perhaps, to the IInd Dynasty. A con-
tinuous and unbroken line connected them with
the burials of the pre-dynastic period, so that
With all due allowance therefore |
cemetery b includes every stage and variety of
tomb, from the beginning of the pre-dynastic
down to the full proto-dynastic period which is
contemporary with the Royal Tombs of Abydos.
In its arrangement, cemetery b was less
symmetrical than might have been expected.
The earliest graves, it is true, were in its western
corner, while the eastern side was monopolized
by the latest. But the middle space between
the two included all the intermediate steps of
the pre-historic without any graduated chrono-
logical disposition; so that we were disappointed
in our expectation of finding the graves arranged
in consecutive plots corresponding to their exact
relative antiquity. It looks as though the
pre-historic sexton had anticipated modern
methods so far as to stake out the limits of his
burial ground, and then to dig the graves
without paying very particular attention to the
order in which he put them.
The total number of graves in cemetery b
was about 400, which may be considered nearly
to represent its whole original extent. It
formed a rough right angle open on the south
side; and between the arms of the right angle
were a considerable number of shallow graves
of the XIIth to XVth Dynasties, which we
worked in so far as it was necessary to deter-
mine whether there were earlier graves among
them. These Middle Empire burials, which
were very poor in character, had encroached
to some extent on the early cemetery; but as
the graves were mere surface trenches they had
not usually penetrated to the level of the earlier
interment, which in this part was generally
five or six feet down. In fact, it was by no
means uncommon after working through a rough
surface grave of the Middle Empire to find an
untouched prehistoric burial beneath it.
A little experimental digging disclosed brick
graves of the proto-dynastic time north of the
divide which formed the limit of our systematic
work; but it is clear from their relative position
that these formed part of a third cemetery,
4. EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
which is probably too much destroyed to repay
digging. -
The space of about 250 yards which separated
cemeteries a and b from one another we left
untouched; it was full of XVIIIth Dynasty
graves (shallow pits with chambers), which
had apparently been thoroughly rifled by
modern plunderers.
A word may be inserted with regard to our
methods of work. They were those which have
become traditional with Professor Petrie's school,
and are based on the principle that all results
are untrustworthy or even useless which are
not obtained by the personal observation of the
excavator. A staff of workmen, of whom nine-
tenths were highly trained, while the remainder
were intelligent enough to learn their business
speedily when put into partnership with those
of more experience, did all the actual digging.
They were stationed in a plot marked out for
them, and though allowed to use their dis-
cretion as to picking likely spots within this
closely-limited area, they were never allowed to
go outside it. One or other of us, generally
both, remained unintermittently on the ground,
save for an hour or so in the early morning,
when only the top surface was being dug; so
that we were free to devote this interval to draw-
ing, photography, and arrangement. Until they
reached the level of the interment the men
might work without reference to us; though,
if any peculiar features were met with in
digging through the upper surface, these had
at once to be reported before the digging
proceeded. A strict inquisition was always
held upon objects which were stated to have
been found in the upper levels, such finds of
course only occurring where the graves had
been previously plundered. Arrived at the
level of the interment, the workman was
expected to clear off all superflous sand and
rubbish, and to leave the tomb furniture and
the skeleton lying unencumbered exactly in the
places in which they were found. The graves
then appeared as they are shown in pls. ii.
and iii. Any disarrangement could be readily
detected, and dismissal was the penalty for
repeatedly moving objects, as also for un-
justifiable damage or breaking.
When a grave had been thus far cleared the
archaeologist himself descended into it, after
roughly sketching the relative position of the
body and of the principal objects as seen from
the top. With his own hands he then removed
the pottery and other objects, as well as the
skull and bones, and carefully noted them in his
register, with a diagrammatic drawing of all
but the most commonplace graves.
It has been said that in these early cemeteries
the graves are so thickly packed that it is
difficult to be certain that a cemetery has been
thoroughly exhausted. Consequently we used
to peg out a small patch, and, even when it
appeared to be finished, keep the men at work
inside it. It was not until the entire gang of
thirty or forty diggers had failed for a whole
day to find a single grave within such a small
plot, or at the most had lighted upon a single
worthless interment, that they were allowed to
move on to the next section. It may be con-
sidered that by this means the whole ground
which we worked was completely exhausted;
and in more than one instance we were
rewarded by finding a valuable object in a
grave which had been passed over in the
previous search.
The excavations had been successfully con-
cluded, the antiquities.packed and despatched,
and the house destroyed, when we left El Amrah
at the very beginning of April. Mr. Wilkin,
who was then in perfect health, had planned an
expedition to the neighbouring oasis of El-
Khargeh, which, in company with two friends,
he shortly afterwards carried out. It was
either there, or, as seems more probable, on
his return to Cairo, that he contracted dysentery
of so violent a character that the efforts of the
INTRODUCTORY. - . 5
most experienced physicians were unable to
save him, and he died in the nursing home at
Cairo in the third week of May. His death will
be most deeply felt by his numerous friends,
and will be deplored by that wider public to
whom his literary abilities were beginning to
mako him known. A short sketch of his life
will be found in the Archaeological Report for
the year 1901.
The reader will understand that though, for
reasons of practical convenience, Mr. Wilkin's
name has been omitted from the title page of
this volume, yet in the account of El-Amrah
I am writing the record of work which is fully
as much his as my own. Indeed this part of
the volume is especially indebted to his talents,
inasmuch as the great majority of the illustra-
tions are from his camera or pencil. Egypt-
ologists and anthropologists alike will feel that
they have lost a gifted fellow-worker, whose
achievements gave promise of a brilliant
future. .
6 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
CHAPTER II.
EVOLUTION AND GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE TOMBS AT EL AMRAH.
A Few lines are needed to explain to the reader
the principle of the numerous references to
types and to dating of objects which will be
made in this and the following chapters.
Tt would not be possible, if it were desirable,
to publish an illustration of every object found
in these earliest cemeteries.
small material is so great that the cost of figur-
ing it would be excessive, while the repetition
of identical illustrations in several memoirs
would in any case be irksome, if not misleading.
Accordingly in the section of this volume which
deals with El Amrah the same principle has
been followed which was initiated in Diospolis
Parva. That is to say, Naqada and Ballas
(Petrie and Quibell, 1896) is taken as the
standard work of reference, and all objects of
well-known types are referred to by the letters
and numbers under which they are there
illustrated. In that very complete publication
were figured all the characteristic products of
the period which is now known to be partly
pre-dynastic and partly proto-dynastic. Tn
particular the foundations were laid for a
complete classification of all the types of |
pottery and stone vases. Subsequent excava-
tions have amplified and added to the series,
and many new forms are to be seen in Diospolis
Parva (Petrie, 1901). But the original num-
bering of the pottery and stone vases was
purposely made elastic, so as to leave room
to include whatever new kinds might be
discovered later, and from this point of view
the two volumes constitute a single whole.
When therefore reference is made to pottery
The quantity of
and to stone vases-which are not illustrated in
our plates, the letters and numbers quoted are
those under which they may be found in Naqada
and Ballas and in Diospolis Parva. Only a
very few of the innumerable varieties of earthen-
ware pots are actually represented in the present
volume, as the illustrations are confined to types
which were not previously known. Similarly,
though some photographs are given in pl. xvi.
of characteristic stone vases, these are only
representative specimens, and do not include all
the kinds found; in order to ascertain which the
reader must refer, by the letter and number
given in each case, to the corpus of stone vases
contained in the two volumes named.
Again, it has been found possible by carefully
recording all the combinations of objects found in
the many hundreds of graves brought to light
at Naqada, Abadiyeh, and Hou, to work out a
complete gradation of all the products of this
early culture. The system by which Prof.
Petrie did this, and the results which he
achieved, are set out in Diospolis Parva. Here
it may be said briefly that the entire period was
distributed on a conventional plan over a scale
numbered from 30 to 80; 30 representing the
beginning and 80 the close of the term, so far as
its close had yet been ascertained. This system
was termed “sequence-dating,” and is invalu-
able for recording the comparative stages to
which graves and their contents belong. In
the following pages frequent reference is
made to it, and the letters S.D. are used to
denote “sequence-dating”; the accompanying
numerals, whatever they may be between 30
EVOLUTION
OF TOMBS AT EL AMRAH. 7
and 80, marking the relative chronological
point according to this conventional system.
The wide range and the varied character of
the two cemeteries excavated at El Amrah give full detail. • *-
them what is, perhaps, their principal interest.
All stages of the early period are thero repre-
sented, from the earliest beginnings of the
* New
Egyptian dynasties. This characteristic of the
site made it possible to trace many small de-
tails of change and development, and we were
the better able to do this as previous experience
had already familiarized us with the more
ordinary features of these graves. Particular
attention was paid to the evolution of the form
of the tomb, and this chapter contains the
results of the observations made on that point.
Tombs as studied at El Amrah may be
divided into the following classes:— -
1. Round shallow graves.
2. Oblong or roughly oval graves averaging
5–6 feet in depth. - -
3. Graves with a recess which was cut in
the rock. -
4. Graves with a rock-recess and with a
coffin.
5. Pot-burials.
6. Plain quadrangular brick graves.
7. Brick graves with a recess at one end
formed by a single partition.
8. Brick graves in which the recess is
further divided into two compart-
ments.
9. Brick graves with recesses at both ends.
This arrangement shows a complete logical
evolution, but it is only partly chronological.
Class 1 is the earliest, but Classes 2 and 3 are
very nearly contemporary with it, and are quite
Classes 6–9 |
are probably to some extent, at least, contem-
earliest in the entire series. They would seem
to have lasted down to s.l. 48, and perhaps
contemporary with one another.
porary with one another, though clearly sub-
sequent to Classes 1–3. Again, Classes 4 and 5
Race” down to the time when its
culture merges into that of the first two ||
accommodate the body and the sparse tomb
*
are, on the whole, intermediate between those
of 1–3 and those of 6–9, but may overlap at
| either end with one group or the other.
The various forms may now be described in
CLASS 1.-Round SHALLow GRAVEs.
The average depth of these is three or four
feet, and they are only just wide enough to
furniture. The body, which is laid in the
contracted position characteristic of the whole
period, is wrapped in a leathery substance
resembling goatskin, and again enclosed in a
reed-matting. Two undoubted cases occurred
in which the limbs had been disarticulated
before burial. Of this practice, which is dis-
tinctly exceptional, an example is shown in
pl. iv. 1, where as many of the bones have
| been drawn as may suffice to indicate their
abnormal position. It is not always easy to
distinguish between instances in which the
bones have been disarranged by ancient or even .
contemporaneous plundering, and those in which
the body was partially or completely broken up
when originally interred. Such cases of dis-
articulated burial, however, as are cited in the
present memoir are taken from graves which
| had certainly never been plundered. In this
| connection it may be stated that there was no
indication of any practice suggestive of canni-
balism, so that “cut-up" burials are most
reasonably explained by the theory of secondary
interment. -
Double burials occurred twice, and a triple
burial occurred once, in the round graves. The
tomb-furniture was small in quantity, but was
occasionally of some value, as may be seen from
grave b 127, which contained no fewer than
four of the rare white-lined red pots.
The graves of Class 1 are certainly the
8 - . EL AMRAH AND AIBYDOS.
even a little later, in the “sequence datings”;
but their flourishing time was from S.D. 30–38,
after which they were replaced by the types
described as Class 2 and Class 3.
CLASs 2.—OBLONG OR Roughly OvaL GRAVES.
(a) Unroofed graves, oblong or roughly oval
in shape (pl. ii. 1, v.1, &c.), and averaging five
to six feet in depth, are the most numerous of
any kind. Together with those which are to
be described in Class 3, they may be considered
to be the most typical and characteristic forms
of the pre-dynastic period. e
The body is wrapped in a skin and a reed
mat. Most commonly there is a triple layer of
coverings, viz. cloth next to the body, then skin
or leather, outside which is a wide mat. The
body is first laid on the mat, which is then
folded over until its two edges meet, thus
enclosing the body and frequently a great part
of the tomb furniture.
There are some variations of detail which are
interesting. Thus in several cases the body
was not only wrapped up in the way described,
but was also laid on twigs' lashed together so as
to form a sort of tray. A peculiar example
(pl. iv. 2) was that in which such a tray was
placed, not under, but over the body. This
grave, which deserves a special notice, is fully
described in chap. v. Once, instead of the
twig-work tray, a wooden bier, made in a
single piece like a “ dug-out,” was put under
the reed mat. The bier was 5 ft. long by 2 ft.
7 in. outside breadth, with side pieces 4 in.
high; the uniform thickness of the wood was
1 in. *
Disarticulated burials occur, but are even
rarer than in Class 1. There are occasional
cases of double or multiple interments. -
The graves included in Class 2a vary con-
siderably in dimensions. The smallest are only
just wide enough and long enough to accommo-
date the contracted body and one or two pots;
| “late” ware (L40) at the two ends.
the richer tombs, on the other hand, are con-
siderably larger (cf. pl. v. 6). The type begins
at least as early as S.D. 35, and continues in use
throughout the whole period, until near the
beginning of the Ist Dynasty, when it is
superseded at the precise time when the coffin
comes into vogue. *
(b) Roofed graves are uncommon in the pre-
dynastic, though, as will shortly be shown, they
are quite characteristic of the proto-dynastic
period. At a stage corresponding to about 60
in the “sequence-datings,” when a considerable
amount of space was needed to accommodate
the quantity of large pots which were buried
with the dead person, oblong graves such as
those which have been described attained to
very large dimensions. They might then be
roofed over with boughs, but this was only
occasionally done, and there are not more than
four undoubted instances of the practice at
I'l Amrah.
Two of these may be described as typical.
The first (b 154) was a plain large tomb,
8 ft. long by 6 ft. wide, and 7 ft. deep; and
contained twenty-one pots, mostly of consider-
able size, ranged on ledges round three of its
sides. The other (b. 221) was of very similar
dimensions, viz. 8 ft. long by 43 ft. wide, and
7 ft. deep. It contained no less than twenty
of the large ash-jars (types R 80, R 81) placed
in two rows, one above the other, along one
side of the tomb ; besides seven wavy-handled
jars (types W 43, 41, 25), three ash-jars, a
polished-red bowl (P 22), and a vessel of the
The roof .
had been made of boughs plastered with mud;
and, as there was no trace of any supports, it
was probably laid on the top after the interior
had been simply filled up with sand almost to
the level of the natural desert. Inside the
grave there were planks enclosing the central
space, and rising to a height of 20 in. from the
floor. On parts of these planks there were
vestiges ‘of cord. The exact purpose of this
EVOLUTION OF TOMBS AT EL AMRAH. 9
internal construction was not quite apparent.
It was not a lining to the tomb, as it did not
approach the sides, nor yet did it appear to be
a coffin. It was probably in the nature of a
retaining fence, like those to be described in
the following section, intended to keep the
central part from being choked with rubbish.
CLASs 3.—GRAVEs witH A RECESs which
wAs CUT IN THE Rock.
When a number of objects were to be
deposited, and some of them were as bulky as
the large jars filled with ashes, it was only
natural to devise some plan for methodically
arranging the contents of the grave. Thus
there arose a tendency, even when the graves
were of the plain oval or oblong kind, to range
the larger pots in a row along one side, leaving
the other side free to accommodate the body
and the smaller articles of personal use which
immediately accompanied it. In pl. iv. 3 and
in pl. v. 2 may be seen a development of this
idea, in pursuance of which a number of pots
are placed on a distinct ledge at a slightly
higher level than the space which contains the
actual burial. On this principle is evolved a
fresh type of tomb, in which there is a more
or less distinct recess cut back into the rock to
receive the body; while the larger objects are
placed just outside the recess, in what, but for
its small size, might be aptly characterized as
the “pit” of the tomb. -
This evolution takes place quite early, and
the recessed graves are, generally speaking,
contemporary with the plain oval and oblong.
They are well established by s.D. 40, but tend
to become commoner in the middle and later
prehistoric period; and though it could not be
said that at El Amrah they ever quite superseded
the plain graves, yet in the cemetery lettered
as U at Hou (referred to in Diospolis Parva) the
recess was the peculiar characteristic of all the
latest graves. .
\
When the recess is only very slightly stepped
back and is cut in rather soft rock, it is apt to
become obliterated in the process of excava-
tion, and for this reason Class 3 may sometimes
come to be confounded with Class 2. In the
most characteristic cases, however, the recess is
cut back to a width about equal to that of the
pit, and it can then easily be distinguished. A
very typical instance was b 157, in which the
well or pit of the tomb was 4 ft. long by 3 ft.
wide and 3 ft. deep ; while the recess was 8 ft.
long by 2 ft. 6 ins, broad and 2 ft. high, with
1 ft. depth of rock overhanging it.
In pl. iv. 4 is seen a more perfected form,
which merits particular attention. The recess
is here fenced off by a partition of twigs, made
into a sort of wattle-work. This was observed
several times. At first only one or two upright
sticks were found in a position which warranted
the inference that a wattle fence had existed,
but did not enable the point to be established
with complete certainty. The policy, however,
of offering a substantial reward for fragile
woodwork which was not broken or displaced,
enabled us to recover exact details with regard
to the construction of these and of various other
very delicate pieces of reed and basket work.
Such objects crumble almost at a touch and
would be destroyed by the slightest carelessness
of the workman, or even by the unfortunate
springing up of a high wind. We were able
to note three unquestionable cases (b 135, b 186,
b 216), in which the wattle-work was clearly
visible. In another instance (b 37) only parts
of the vertical posts had survived. In b 48, and
in two or three other graves, there were traces
of wood which could fairly be inferred to have
formed part of a similar construction. - -
In the best preserved arrangement of the
kind, which is that 'shown in pl. iv. 4, the
uprights were unbarked sticks of an inch to
two inches in diameter, and the cross-pieces were
similar, but a little less substantial. The height
of the upright sticks was about twelve inches.
10 - EL
AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
CLAss 4.—GRAVEs witH A RECEss cuT IN THE
Rock AND witH A CoFFIN.
The distinguishing characteristic of this class
is the employment of a coffin, which may be
either of wood, of half-baked clay, or of fully-
baked red pottery, with or without a lid. There
is a resemblance to Class 3 in so far that an
essential feature is the recess cut back in the
rock; but the form has so far developed that
the pit is now wholly subordinated to the
recess, and is nothing more than an empty
entrance to the true grave. The body is in a
coffin, which occupies almost the whole recess,
and the scanty pottery is placed beside the
coffin, while any small objects of personal use
are put with the body itself.
A tomb of this class is well illustrated in
pl. ii. 2 (grave b 4). The pit was 5 ft. deep,
4 ft. long, and 2 ft. wide to the opening of the
recess. The coffin, which filled the recess, was
of pottery and oval in shape, 27 in. long by
24 in... wide. The body was in the invariable
contracted position; no objects accompanied it,
but a very rough pot of the type L 38ſ (see
pl. xiii.) was laid beside the coffin.
Nineteen graves of this kind occurred at
El Amrah; the examples which contained any
objects of interest are fully entered in the
inventory (p. 25). They may be differentiated
into two subdivisions, viz. (a) graves in which
the recess was not separated from the pit by
any partition, (b) those in which the recess was
partitioned off from the pit by a brick wall,
which narrowed as it rose, so as to present a
roughly semicircular front.
This entire class is certainly very late in the
series. It was entirely confined to the stretch
of ground lying exactly between the normal
prehistoric and the brick graves which are
considered under Classes 6–9. The tomb
furniture confirms the view which is suggested
both by the local position and by the structure of
these graves: namely, that they are transitional
between the late pre-dynastic and the earliest
proto-dynastic period. This much can be
stated without particular reference to the
“sequence-datings.”
The material for sequence-datings is un-
fortunately somewhat scanty for Class 4. The
wealth of pottery and artistic products which
characterizes the typical prehistoric grave has
disappeared; and the equipment of the dead is
almost confined to one or two rough and
unshapely pots. The latter, however, such as
they are, may be of great assistance for dating
purposes. Almost all of them are approximations
to or derivatives from one or two forms, such as
L 38, I, 72 and L 33, which are known to be
very late in the prehistoric series. Four
representative examples are shown in pl. xiii.,
numbered as L 33d, e, f, and g. The pots are
so roughly made as sometimes to oscillate
between two or three forms of this series, but
in character they are quite homogeneous.
Further, L 53 with its subordinate types occurs
several times; and a single specimen of L 76,
a rough bowl shaped like R 34a, the stone
vases S4b, S 17d and those shown in pl. xvi.
2 and 6, complete the catalogue of dating
objects. g
This collocation justifies the assignment of
small pit-graves with recess and coffin to a
time not earlier than S.D. 70, and extending in
all probability down to s.I. 80. The upper
limit would attach them to the latest stage of
the pre-dynastic, and the lower limit would
assign them to the Ist Dynasty. .
CLAss 5.—PoT BURIALs.
Large pots were occasionally used for inter-
ring the body in the late pre-dynastic or in
the proto-dynastic period. Their more precise
dating has hitherto been a matter of doubt, but
El Amrah seems to supply the desired link in
the rare occurrence of coffins which are merely
sunk in the soil without any form of tomb. Of
EVOLUTION OF TOMBS AT EL AMRAEI. * g . 11
this practice there were five examples. One
was an oval clay coffin sunk three feet.
below the surface, and containing the body
of a child. The second was the burial of an
adult in a clay coffin sunk five feet below
the surface, accompanied by the pots L 34d,
I, 53d, and an L bowl shaped like R 34a. The
third was similar to the second, but sunk to a
depth of only two feet, and unaccompanied by
objects. The fourth was an oblong coffin of
red baked pottery, lying a little below the
surface of the ground, and containing a skull
and some bones but no objects; it is a doubtful
case, as the coffin had been plundered, and
might therefore have been removed from some
adjoining brick grave. The fifth is the most
satisfactory as a connecting link. It was a
round clay coffin, very similar to the burial-
pots both in shape and dimensions, placed three
feet below the surface, and covered over with
bricks. It contained the body of a not quite
adult male, without any accompanying objects.
The large pot, which was used to contain
the body in ten cases noted on this site, may
therefore be regarded as a variety of such a
method of interment. It is merely the substitu-
tion of a cheap ready-made receptacle for the
more elaborate cist or coffin. g
A typical example of the kind is shown in
pl. ii. 8, in which the pot, as often happens, had
been broken at the top by plunderers, in order
to ascertain whether it contained objects of
value. Whenever these burials have not been
disturbed, so far as my own experience goes, the
pot is always inverted over the body, and is
never turned with the mouth upwards. Its
dimensions vary considerably, but the diameter
at the mouth is always sufficient to enclose a
body which is laid in a violently contracted
position. In one of the few graves which were
opened north of the divide a rough pot of the
unusual shape of B 3c (see pl. xiv.) had been
employed; but the normal form is that of a
plain red basin, with a well-marked, but not
projecting rim, made of thick red ware and
well baked. (For the method by which such
pots were manufactured see an article by
Mr. J. Garstang in Man, March, 1902.) In a
unique case (grave b 32) the bones were covered
with a black substance resembling pitch. This
was the only instance at El Amrah of anything
approaching to an artificial treatment of the
body. . - . . . .
Burials of this fifth class seldom include any
objects. None of those which were discovered
at El Amrah were accompanied even by a
single pot. At Abydos, however (1899–1900),
in an untouched grave of cemetery X (see p.
54) the pot W 85 was with the body under
the inverted burial-pot, while two specimens of
L 36a and one of L 38a were immediately out-
side it (cf. p. 55, graves x 60, x 72). .
Pot-burials then may be considered to belong
to a definitely late stage, and to be roughly
contemporary with those of Class 4, though it
is possible that they may begin a little earlier;
it is almost certain, however, that they also
continue later than the period s.D. 70-80.
Classes 6-9 are composed of graves wholly
different from those which have been described
above. They are all four-sided constructions of
brick, which vary only in the degree of elabora-
tion exhibited in them. Plans of such are given
in pl. iv. 5, 6, 7, 8. Their general appearance
may be understood from pl. ii. 4, 5, 6, and from
pl. iii.; while details of the most important
are given below in Chap. IV. Tombs of
this kind were described by M. de Morgan
(Recherches, 1897, p. 138) as existing at
Kawamil, El Amrah and elsewhere. The same
writer pointed out the resemblance between
them and the private tombs surrounding that
of the king who was buried at Naqada. Since
the publication of his volume, however, a large
amount of new information has been acquired
with which our results may be more usefully
collated. Brick buildings of the El Amrah
12 • . * EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
type occurred frequently in connection with the
Royal Tombs at Abydos; and it is with the
results obtained on that site by Prof. Petrie
that this section should be compared.
The essential character in Classes 6–9 is that
of a four-sided enclosure of brick, sunk a few
feet below the desert surface. There is a con-
siderable difference in the dimensions of the
various examples, which are larger or smaller
according to the importance of the burial. The
smallest was a child's grave only 2 ft. long,
and the largest was the great tomb shown in
pl. iii. 6, and pl. iv. 8. There were various
intermediate sizes (see pl. iv. and cf. Ch. IV.).
Roofs were made for all of them in either of
two ways, viz. with bricks or with boughs.
The brick roof was the usual covering of the
smaller graves, and was sometimes supported
by piles of other bricks from the floor
on the inside. A more elaborate construction
was that of the grave shown unopened in
pl. iii. 5, where the walls were made of bricks
overlapping one another on the cantilever
principle, so as gradually to bring the sides
together in what would have formed a false
arch if the projecting edges of the bricks had
been trimmed (see p. 34 for full "description).
The larger graves, as well as a certain number
of the smaller, were roofed with unbarked
boughs of two to four inches diameter, which
were laid across the width of the aperture. A
layer of twigs or of reeds was subsequently
placed on the boughs; and the whole was then
covered with several inches of plastered mud.
In pl. ii. 4 is shown a characteristic example.
The grave is lying open with the body un-
disturbed, and on the left side of the picture
can be seen the ends of the boughs which had
spanned it. -
A feature common to these graves and to thos
of Class 4 is the use of a coffin, though this is
not invariable. Nine examples out of a total of
forty did not contain coffins, but only such a
reed mat as occurs in the familiar graves of
earlier types. The coffins were either of clay or
of wood. In two instances, viz. b 33 (pl. ii. 5)
and b 50, there seemed to be a wooden lining
to the sides; but on so small a scale it was not
very easy to distinguish between a coffin which
might be placed in a grave so as almost to fill
it, and a wooden lining which would be prac-
tically identical with a coffin in its dimensions.
(Cf. p. 38). -
The usual contents of the brick graves may
be seen from the inventory pp. 26-30. In this
place it is only necessary to refer briefly to the
pottery and stone vases as evidence of dating.
The pottery, comprising only a small number of
varieties, was all of definitely late character.
Far the commonest form was L 38, which
occurred in almost every grave. Bowls such as
L 12 and L 17, of salmon colour and with wide
divisions between the burnishing lines, were
hardly less constant; and I, 58 with its various
sub-types was often found. Of the other pots
several bear the closest typological relation to
the specimens which have been named, and all
are of forms which are definitely ascribed to the
same stage in the period. The earliest point at
which these combinations of pottery can occur
is S.D. 70, and the upper limit is thus exactly
fixed. But, in the absence till this year of
tombs known to bridge the interval between
the late prehistoric and the early proto-dynastic,
it has not hitherto been possible to define the
latest range of some of the pottery in question.
It may be considered certain that such combina-
tions as occurred in the brick graves are not
earlier than S.D. 70; but it must be remembered
that the lower limit cannot be so precisely
determined and may well fall considerably after
that point.
A great deal of light is thrown on this part of
the question by the discoveries lately made at
Abydos. If our inventory, see pp. 26-30, be
compared with plates xli. and xlii. of the
Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty (Petrie,
1900), it will be seen that virtually all the
EvoluTION OF TOMBS AT EL AMRAH.
13
types of pottery that characterize these graves
at El Amrah were found also on the neighbour-
ing site, where they are well dated. Judging
then in the first instance by the sole evidence of
pottery, it may be said that the El Amrah
tombs of Classes 6–9 are as late as the Ist
Dynasty, and that there is no evidence for
putting them earlier. -
The stone vases confirm this view, and fix
the limits more closely. The forms which occur
are S 10, 2, 4c, 8, 17a, 17e, 26, 30, 31, 40a,
40c, 46, 47, 50, 55, 130, as well as the new
types given in our pl. xvi. 3, 4, 7, 8, and the
handled vases H 35 and H 63b. In pl. vii. 3
is shown a group from a single tomb, and
pl. xvi. 10–13 gives four specimens typical of
those which have been enumerated. |
Types identical with or bearing the closest
resemblance to almost all of those which have
been entered in the above list were found in the
royal tombs at Abydos (see The Royal Tombs
of the Earliest Dynasties, Petrie, 1901). It is
true that one or two of them, e.g. S 10 and
S 130, have a long range and begin quite early;
but on the other hand several, notably S 17e,
do not appear at all until the full proto-dynastic
time. At El Amrah of course the graves
were comparatively poor, whereas at Abydos
enormous numbers of stone vases and bowls
accompanied each of the kings who was interred;
but it is very important to observe that the
El Amrah forms coincide precisely with those
in the répertoire of Abydos. Perhaps there is a
shade of difference to be noted in the bowls, in-
asmuch as at El Amrah the forms described as
S 46 and S 55 are not recurved at the rim, like
the majority of the bowls from the Royal Tombs,
a feature which might point to the former being
a trifle the earlier; but this argument cannot
be laboured, since recurved bowls, e.g. S 130,
were also found on our site. The evidence
of the stone vases therefore definitely assigns
graves of Classes 6–9 to the Ist Dynasty,
without excluding the possibility that they
may have extended a short way into the IInd
Dynasty. - -
The last piece of evidence as regards the
brick graves is that, in the largest and probably
the latest of them, viz. b 91 (pl. iii. 6, and pl.
iv. 8), was found an inscribed steatite cylinder,
(p. 39, pl. vi. 6). No inscribed cylinders have
hitherto been noted from pre-dynastic graves.
The nearest approach to anything of the kind
was an ivory cylinder with an ornamental pattern
found at Hou in 1898-99 (see Diospolis Parva,
pl. x., Petrie, 1901). It was incised with a
pattern which is rather an ornamental design
than an inscription; and the tomb from which
it came is dated s.D. 65–76, the lower limit of
which may well be proto-dynastic. So that
| the occurrence of a well-inscribed cylinder dates
the elaborate grave b 91 to the Ist or, perhaps,
to the IInd Dynasty. - g
The entire group of brick graves may be
sub-divided according to the details of their
construction; only it must be noted that such
a classification will be typological rather than
chronological, since several, if not all, of the
varieties are probably contemporary with one
another. With this reservation they may be
described as:— -
CLASS 6.-Plain four-sided enclosures of
brick without any recesses or sub-
sidiary chambers (pl. iv. 5).
CLAss 7.—Similar enclosures in which a
small dividing wall is built at one end,
so as to bar off a section of the entire .
length and form a chamber for the
reception of vases or offerings (pl. iv.6).
CLAss 8.—Resembling Class 7 except that
the development has been carried one
stage further, the chamber being itself
divided into two parts by a small
cross-wall at right angles to the first
partition (pl. iv. 7).
CLASS 9.—Graves with recesses at both
ends (pl. iv. 8).
14 © . EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
The general orientation of the pre-dynastic
graves was from North (magnetic) to South,
but most of them varied a few points to the
East or to the West of the true axial line.
The very great majority, in fact, lay actually
N.N.W. and S.S.E.; this being a line which
brought them parallel with the edge of the
low table-land that bounds the cultivation in
this place. Only about a dozen graves were
oriented East and West. The position of the
body was always that which is known as the
“embryonic” or “contracted”; i.e. the arms
and legs were sharply bent, so that in extreme
cases the hands came against the face, and the
thighs against the elbows. The body was
normally laid with the head to the South and
on its right side with the face to the East.
There were, however, some twenty cases in
which it was laid on its left side with the face
to the West. In a few instances, though the
grave was cut in the usual direction, the body
was laid with the head to the North and the
feet to the South. The illustrations in pls.
ii.-v. are not arranged according to any system
of orientation. *
The proto-dynastic graves were oriented in
practically the same direction as those which
preceded them, that is to say, North (N.N.W.)
and South (S.S.E.). The position of the body,
however, differed slightly from that which was
most usual in the earlier time. As in the latter
it was always in the contracted attitude, but it
lay almost invariably on its left instead of on its
right side, and so faced to the West instead of
to the East.
15
CHAPTER III.
CATALOGUE OF ALL THE IMPORTANT PRE-DYNASTIC TOMBS AT EL AMRAH.
THE two following chapters contain an epito-
mized description of all the important tombs
found at El Amrah and of their contents. The
present chapter is devoted to the pre-dynastic,
the next to the proto-dynastic period. The
pre-dynastic graves are here grouped according
to their relative antiquity, on the principle of
“sequence-dating” referred to on p. 6. For
the Ist Dynasty, however, and for the transi-
tion period which immediately precedes it, the
“sequence-datings” are not yet so completely
correlated ; so that in Chap. IV. the type of
tomb construction has been taken as the basis
of arrangement. ..
In the present chapter the groups are
purposely made comprehensive, and are not
minutely sub-divided; but the reader who
wishes to determine the exact place of any
grave within these divisions, can do so by
merely comparing the entries of pottery and
objects given in this list with the tables of
“sequence datings” given in Diospolis Parva.
In assigning the graves to their respective
groups, the latest possible date has always
been taken as fixing the limit of each example.
Thus, for instance, among those which are
classed as before S.D. 46, some may go back,
and probably do actually go back, before
s.D 41; but as they cannot be proved with
certainty to be so early they have been deposed
to the later group, where they are approxi-
mately placed as being certainly not later,
though they may be a good deal earlier, than
S.D. 46. e
Only tombs which contained objects or com-
binations of some interest are entered here.
Those which yielded nothing more valuable
than a few common and well-known pots, or
perhaps one slate palette, do not merit any
special description. Such cumulative results as
have been derived from them are mentioned in
various passages of this volume. .
In these catalogues the construction of each
grave is described by a reference to the classifi-
cation of graves made in the last chapter.
Slates and other objects are noted according
to the numbers given to each type in the
corpus of various objects published in Naqada.
and Ballas, which has been continued in a
supplementary form in Diospolis Parva. Such
an entry therefore as “slate of type 37,” or
“slate of type 96,” means that the type in
question can be seen by referring to the plates
of slates in Naqada and Ballas; or if the number
should not occur in that volume then it will be
found in the supplementary list, i.e. in Diospolis
Parva. In the same way ivories, stone vases,
pottery, etc., are all recorded by the numbers
which they bear in those plates of Naqada and
Diospolis which deal with ivories, stone vases,
pottery, or whatever kind of object may be in
question. The letters given to the classes of
pottery should perhaps be explained. They
are as follows: P for “Polished Red,” B for
“Black-topped Red,” C for “Cross-lined (i.e.
white-ornamented) Red," F for “Fancy forms,”
W for “Wavy-handled,” D for “Decorated,”
R for “Rough-faced,” L for “Late ” ware.
16 - . EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
PRE-DYNASTIC GRAVES.
GRaves Before sid. 41.
a 18. Grave of Class 2a. Body that of child,
probably 3, half-grown. Fragments of
basket-work near head. Pots P53, B 11b,
B 78, D 83.
a 23. Grave of Class 2a (see pl. v. 1). Body
6. Stand of 4 clay cows (pl. ix. 1 and 3).
Bâton of clay painted in red stripes with
imitation mace-head of clay (pl. xii. 1).
Small red pottery box, four-sided, 9 in. x
6 in. Leg bones of small animal. Pots B
35a, B 53b, B 57b, large B (in fragments),
C 55 (pl. xv. 10).
a 41. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?. Red pot-
tery box, 9 in. x 6 in, with charcoal
drawings on it (pl. xii. 10–13). Small
clay doll, with curly hair and curly beard.
Slate of type 98. Pots B 25h, B 26a,
B 26c (two), B 77a, B 79a (two), F 14.
a 57. Grave of Class 8. Body ?. Frag-
ments of basket and of female doll. Ivory
bracelet. Pots P 11d, P 26b, P 56b, Bla,
B 75b, B 77a, B 79a.
a 58. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Flint
lance, type Naq. 66. String of steatite
beads at neck. Pieces of thin folded
copper. Pots B 74 or 78 (broken), and
two C pots which were slight variants of
C 44. -
a 67. Grave of Class 1, but 6 feet deep.
Body ?? Two rings of copper. Small
chain of copper. Jawbone of small animal.
Clay male doll (broken).
a 72. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Four
- clay cows, their clay stand lying near them.
Clay doll. Pots B 11a, B 19b, B 26a,
fragments of B 56 or 58, and of another
B (21 P), fragments of R 80 and of a C pot
(lattice pattern). - s
a 82. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?, less con-
tracted than usual. Basket-work. Car-
melian and steatite beads. Slate of type 37.
Pots B 11c, B 61, B 75 b, and fragments
of two more B.
a 85*. Grave of Class 2a. Body 2. Plaque
of selenite measuring 5 in. × 3 in., and
# in. to # in. thick. Alabaster bowl 4 in.
diameter. Fragments of malachite. String
of steatite beads at head. Pots B 11d,
B 22c, B 25c, B 63a, R. 11d.
a 88. Grave of Class 3. Body ?.
slate, ivory,
(pl. vii. 2).
R 91b.
a 90. Grave of Class 2a. Dody & . Diorite
mace (pl. x. 6). Head of curly-haired
clay doll. Limestone mace painted with
black spots (pl. x. 6). Pots B 21c, B 25c,
B 27b, .B 29b, C 20 (pl. xv. 14), C 75d
(pl. xv. 20), C shape of 14, but with waved
pattern (cf. pl. xv. 10a).
a 94. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?. Red
paste doll (pl. xii. 7). Large shell. Pots
P 80 (pl. xiv.), B 11f, B 15, B 24c, B 63b,
B 72b, F 27 (in red polished ware).
b 88. Grave of Class 2a, with ledge for pots.
t Body ?. Slate of type 42. Ivory spoon.
Two beads of garnet and one of carnelian.
Limestone vase of type H 7. Pots P 41c,
P 93d, B 53b, B 58a, B 74b, D of shape
47 and pattern 45, D 67 c, R. 23b, R. 34a,
R 81 (three). s
b 117. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Pieces of
Set of
and limestone ornaments
Bones of small animal. Pot
charcoal. Copper needle. Several inches
of rope. Pots P 1 le (pl. xiv.), B 22h,
B 25c.
b 127. Grave of Class 1 (pl. iv. 1). Body ?,
dismembered before burial. Pots P 11c,
P 13, C 19, C 30, C 66 (pl. xv. 15, 7, 5),
and another C pot. -
b 136. Grave of Class 1. Three bodies, viz.
two 6 and one Q. Six small clay animals
CATALOGUE OF PRE-DYNASTIC TOMBS. 17
(pl. ix.4a, 4b). Head of a small animal.
Pots B 35, C 39 (pl. xv. 16).
b 144. Grave of Class 2a (pl. iv. 2). Elabo-
rate arrangement of latticed twig covering
the body 3. Clay model of mace-head
painted in stripes. Remains of basket con-
taining red haematite. Basalt vase, type
H 72. Pots P (of shape C 45), B 27g, C.
b 163. Grave of Class 2a. Body child, with
twig work underneath it. Two clay
animals (pl. ix. 5). Three clay cones
spotted with white (pl. ix. 7). Two small
quadrangular clay boxes.
saucers. Two small baskets.
B 180, B 64c.
b 184. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Clay
cow (pl. ix. 2). Two small spherical
and one small oval basket. Pot C of
shape P 15b, ornamented merely with a
few white bars on the rim.
b 202. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Model
Two small clay
Pots B 18a,
adze of wood, 8 inches long (pl. x. 3).
Fragments of clay male doll, with grotesque
Punch-like head. Bottom of small spiral
basket. Pot B 22d and fragments of
another B. e
b 212. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Pottery
bull, cow, and calf (pl. ix. 6, 9, 10).
Pots P 68a, B 22e, B 22f, C 30c (pl. xv.
GRAVES BEFoRE s.D. 46.
a 33. Grave of Class 2a. Double burial.
Basalt pot 3 in. high, broken at top and
with one handle gone, of type H 69. Pots
B 63a, B 72c, B 740, an old B which had
been broken and the rim ground down
before it was put in grave, R. 23a, R 80,
R. 93a.
a 45. Grave of Class 2a. Body 2. Three
small ivories of type Naq. 19. Slate of
type 98. Pots B 19a, B 26b, B 57b,
B 62b.
a 55. Grave of Class 1. Body 2. Two slate
pendants of type Naq. pl. lxii. 43. Minia-
ture turtle-slate (2 in. long) of type nearly
18. Ivory comb of type Naq. 55. Pieces
of resin. Carnelian and calcite beads.
Pot B 76a.
a 56. Grave of Class 3 (pl. v. 8). Body 3.
Two small quadrangular red pottery boxes.
Two fine red pottery dolls (pl. ix. 11) both
male. Four clay kine on a stand. Clay
boat in fragments (pl. ix. 8). Bones of a
small animal. Pots B 11a, 11ſ, B 23b,
B 71b, B 78b, B 79b, R. 22, R 80, F42a.
a 59. Grave of Class 2a. Body 2. Three
ivories of type Naq. 19. Pots P 22b
(coarse), B 1a, B 74b, B 78c.
a 66. Grave of Class 3. Body 3. Small red
pottery box, 5 in. x 5 in. Flint lance of
type Naq. 66. Two limestone pegs (cf.
pl. vii. 2 centre). Pieces of red haematite.
Limestone vase of type H 70. Pots P 16,
B 11ſ, B 26b, B 37b (two), B 69a, B 69b,
B 75b, F 42a. Presembling F 30 (small).
a 89. Grave of Class 3. Body 2. Slate of
type 90. One limestone and one ivory
peg (cf. pl. vii. 2, centre and bottom).
Pots P 22, B 35d, B 49, B 74a (two),
R. 22a. - -
a 116. Grave of Class 3. Body 2. Shape-
less slate palette. Lump of resin. Frag-
ments of wood. Pieces of malachite. Nine
small ovoid carnelian pendants among
fingers. Pots P 16a, P 23a, B 76, F 11b,
R 16, R 81. &
a 118. Grave of Class 2a, with ledge for pots
(pl. v. 2). Body ? young. Five mud
sticks, 4 in. to 5 in long (perhaps ill-made
dolls). Small limestone vase, 1% in. high,
of type H 37 (not 27 as erroneously entered
on the plan in pl. v.). Two slates of type
C
r
18 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
40. Malachite. Necklace and bracelets
of carnelian, lapis-lazuli, calcite, steatite,
and green glaze beads. Some seeds. Pots
I? 40b, B 89b, B 53a, D 7a, D of shape 36
(the pattern being all spirals), D 63a,
R. 69c, R. 69d, R 81 (three).
a 127. Grave of Class 2a. Plundered, only
one or two bones left. Twig tray under
the reed mat. Basket work. Pots P la
(two), P 11d (two), B 25h, B 35a (two),
B 74b. *
a 139. Grave of Class 3 (pl. v. 9). Body ?.
Slate of type 35. Slate of type 41. Bones
of small animal. Broken ostrich - egg.
Copper pin. Ivory armlets. Bracelets of
small green glaze beads. Necklace of
beads, viz. lapis-lazuli, calcite, garnet,
green glaze, and one or two coated with
gold-foil. Pots P 11b, P 22, B11ſ, B 53b,
Pot all black (shape P 47a), D 7a (two),
D 41b, R. 23a, R. 23b (two), R 65c, R 67.
a 140. Grave of Class 3. Body 2. Three
small shells hung as pendants from neck.
Pots P 57, B 68b, R. 23c, R. 24, R 34b,
R 42b, R. 45, R. 69c, R. 71b (two), W 3.
b 27. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3, young.
Bones disarranged by plunderers. Flint
knife lying in two halves (pl. x. 8). Mala-
chite.
Pots P 22, B 75b, B 76, F 15, F 19a in
red ware (two), R. 69c.
b 28. Grave of Class 3. Body ?. Copper
finger-ring (plain broad strip folded over).
Malachite. Carnelian and shell beads.
Pots P 14, P 16, P 22, P 54, B 35c, B 58c
(two), B 68a, R. 23b, R 67, R 81 (two),
R 92.
b 37. Grave of Class 3. Body 2. Traces of
upright wooden posts. Slate of type 43.
|Malachite. Round marbles, viz. three
black, one brown, and one white. Pots
P 11b, P 16 (two), P 22, P 57a, P 93d,
Carnelian and limestone beads.
D 7a, D 17b, D 43, R. 11, R. 23a, R. 42b,
R. 69c, R 80 (two), R 81 (two).
b 220. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?, accom-
panied by that of an (unborn ?) infant.
Ivory earring of type Naq. 37. Slate
pendants of type Naq. pl. lxiv. 89. Ivory
tag (cf. pl. vii. 2, bottom). Basalt vase of
type H 61. Pots P 22, B 78c, and a
broken B. .
GRAVES BEFORE S.D. 51.
a 12. Grave of Class 3. Body child. Slate
of type between 40 and 56. By head were
4 large carnelian, 1 green glaze, 2 steatite
beads, and a few large beads covered with
gold foil. Pots P 4, D 17a, R. 22, R. 28,
R 67, R. 71b.
a 92. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?. Two
ivory pegs of the type Naq. 1. A slate
peg like the ivories, but unornamented.
Three limestone pegs (cf. pl. vii. centre).
Rough limestone pot about 3 in. high,
studded with beads (pl. x. 6, left top).
Pots B 74b, B 78b.
a 121. Grave of Class 2a. Body not adult.
Basket. Pots B 44b, B 74a, R. 22, R. 100
(pl.xiii.), R 91c. -
a 122. Grave of Class 3. Body ?. Fish-
shaped slate. Necklace of green glaze and
some gold-covered beads. Two shells.
Seeds. Fragments of basket containing
malachite, resin, and a dark mineral (pro-
bably iron ore). Pots P 22, P 22b, P 23a,
P 42, P 57a, B 53a, B 66a, D 17a (two),
D 67c, R. 23a, R. 24, R. 45b, R 67, R. 69a,
R. 69b, R 81 (two).
b 23. Grave of Class 2. Body ?. Palette of
curiously spotted slate (pl. x. 4). Pots
P 40b, R. 22a, R 51, R 81. .
b 68. Grave of Class 2a. Body of child. Slate *
pendant of type Naq. pl. lxiv. 89. Two
CATALOGUE OF PRE-DYNASTIC TOMBS. * 19
limestone pegs. Small stone vase, only
2 in. high, of type H 65. Pots P 13b,
P 21, B 71b, B 75b. .
b 119. Grave of Class 3. Body ?. Slate of
type between 37 and 45. Stone vase of
type H 27. String of green glaze,
carnelian, garnet, and calcite beads on
head. Pots P 14, P 26a, B 53a, D 51,
R 42b, R 68a, R 80 (six).
b 132. Grave of Class 2a (pl. v. 4).
burial, viz. 3 and two children.
Four clay cows. Pots P 1 (or 2), P 2a,
P.11a (two), B 18a (broken), B 18b (two),
B 18q, B 21a (two), B 26b, B 62a.
GRAVES BEFORE S.D. 56.
a 16. Grave of Class 2a. Body 2. Slate of
type 98. Slate of a new type (pl. x. 7).
Two slates of type 63a. String of carne-
lian and calcite beads along the arms.
Ivory comb of type 67. Stone vase of
type S 4c. Pots B 26c, B 58c, B of shape
F 14, broken B (either 77a or 78a).
a 19. Grave of Class 3. Body 3. Stone vase
of type H 71. Two round stones, respec-
tively 4% in. and 2% in. diameter, not bored,
so possibly were pestles or pounders. Pots
P 57b, P 58b, B 11e, B 26c, F 15.
a 75. Grave of Class 3. Body not adult but
probably d. Several small round balls of
black haematite and several small white
pebbles with them. Malachite. Pots P 22,
B 49 (two), B 68b.
a 95. Grave of Class 2a or 3, which had been
opened in recent years, but incompletely
cleared. There remained in it, three
basalt vases of types S 1b (unpatterned),
H 62 (flat bottomed), and that shown in
Pl. xvi. 1; 6 large shells; a broken.
rhomboid slate, the pot B 15; a lump of
ore (probably iron ore). -
Triple ||
Basket.
a 96. Grave of Class 2a (pl. v. 6). Body & ,
which had been dismembered before inter-
ment. Contents (pl. vii. 1) were: Breccia
celt; Limestone mace; Diorite mace;
marble mace; Breccia peg; Slender rod or
pin of ivory; Five flint lances. Seven
round marbles; Slate of type 42; Slate of
type 79; Lapis-lazuli, green glaze, carne-
lian, and gold-coated beads. Leg bone of
small animal. Pots P 17, P47b (two),
P 93a, P 93d, B 11a, B 13a, B 38c, D 7b
(mottled), -D 67c, R. 23a (four), R. 69b,
R 81, R 92, L 44, and the new type F 1
(pl. xiv.). t
b 21. Grave of Class 8, partially plundered.
Body 2. Bone harpoon (pl. xii. 4). Pots
P 22, B 53a, B of type between 55 and
74a, D of shape 47 but pattern 45, D63a,
R 23a, R 67, R 81 (three).
b 22. Grave of Class 3. Body 2. Slate of
type 37. Armlets of green glaze and shell
beads. Pots B 11e (two), B 25e, B 38d,
B 47, B 58a, F of type between 12 and 14,
R 23a, R 92. -
b 35. Grave of Class 3. Plundered, and no
bones remaining. Flint knife (pl. x. 11,
left). Resin. Malachite. Five round
discs of roughly baked pottery (i.e. bases
on which to manufacture pots P). Pots
P 22, P 57a (two), B 53a, broken B,
broken D, D 67c, W 3, R1c, R67, R 69c,
R 81 (four). - -
b 78. Grave of Class 2a. Body 2. Slate of
type 91. One ivory and two slate
pendants of type Naq. lxiv. 89. Three
ivory tags of type Naq. 19. Pots B 11a,
B 62a, B63a, F 15, R 80.
b 107. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Flint
lance-head. Shapeless slate palette. Resin.
Several marbles. Head and bones of small
animal. Malachite. Pots P 22, P 23b,
P40c, B 53b (two), D 62, D 49 (pl. xiv.),
20 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
W 19, F 15, R. 23b, R 51, R 59c, R. 74,
R 81 (four), R 91.
b 139. Grave of Class 3. Body 3. Four(?)
clay animals, apparently cows, which had
crumbled to pieces; it was clear that some
of these were painted in white with black
stripes, others in white with red stripes,
viz. one stripe horizontally down the back
and three vertically on each flank. Pieces
of a plain wooden rod # inch in diameter
lying parallel to the trunk of the body
from the fore-arm to the thigh. Lumps of
resin. Bones of an animal larger than the
goat. Pots P 16 (two), P 23a, P 58a,
B 11g, B 56, B 57a, B 57b, B 58a, F 27,
R 23c, R34a, R82a, R 91c, R 50 (pl. xiii.).
b 143. Grave of Class 1 (pl. v. 5). Two
bodies, viz. a 3 and a 2. Slate of type
96a, in two halves. Flint lance. Pots
B 74b, F 15.
b 151. Grave of Class 2a. Two bodies, viz.
adult 9 and child. Basalt vase (pl. xvi.,
photo 4). Slate of type between 44 and
45. Calcite, haematite, steatite, and pottery
beads, with agate pendant, all of which
belonged to the child. Remains of small
basket. Pots D 4c, R 67, R 80 (three),
R. 54 (pl. xiii.). : .
b 166. Grave of Class 2b, which may be as
late as S.D. 60. Plundered and bones gone,
but a skull of 3 in the filling of the grave.
Pots P 22a, P 23b, B 37b, B 42b, B 53b,
R. 22a (two), R 23a (two), R 28c, R. 24,
R 81 (four), R 91c, D 68c (pl. xiv.),
fragments of W of type similar to Wa
(pl. xiv.). *
b 215. Grave of Class 2a (pl. v. 7). Body too
damaged to be sexed. Slate of type 13.
Slate of type 96a. Ivory comb of type 67.
Large shell. Pots P58a, B 15, fragments
of other B, F 15, Black pot incised with
white pattern (see pl. v. 7).
GRAVES BETWEEN S.D. 56 AND 64.
a 131. Large grave of Class 2a. Plundered.
A head in the rubbish of the grave 2 ft.
from ground. Copper dagger 6 in. long
(pl. x. 5) in the middle of the grave on
floor level. Beside the dagger and on the
same bottom level were Pots P 22, P 22b,
P40 (broken), B 11e, B 24c, B 53b, W 23,
W 25, R. 23c, R 75; and a few inches above
it four flints apparently worked (pl. x. 5).
No other objects of any kind.
b 17. Grave of Class 2a. Double burial, viz.
6 and 2. On the man's face was jawbone
of a small animal (goat or gazelle).
Woman's head surrounded by green glaze,
gold-covered and lapis-lazuli beads. At
vertex of this head was an abortive boring
as if for trephining. Pots P22b (two),
P23e, D 67c, D 67c (small), W 43, R. 24,
R 45b (two), R 81 (four), R 82a, and a
broken R.
b 62. Large grave of Class 2a, roughly oval
in shape and measuring 6 ft. by 4 ft. to
5 ft. and 6 ft. deep. Had been plundered,
so that many of the objects (see below)
were found at various depths in the
filling. Sex ; , bones disarranged but
not removed. On floor of tomb and
clearly in position were, slate (pl. viii. 2)
with sign analogous to the emblem of the
god Min; the slates shown in pl. viii. 1
(top and bottom), and pl. viii. 3 (bottom);
two miniature red pots (pl. viii. 4, centre
and left centre); Breccia vase (pl. viii. 4,
bottom right); horned head of a small
animal; Pots P 14, P 22e, P.23e, P40e,
P41c, P 82b, B 53b, W 25, D shape 50
but pattern 59b, R. 24, R. 69a, It 76, R 80,
It 81.
In filling of the grave at various depths
were found a number of shells bored for
stringing; 7 gold covered beads; 8 large
green glaze, 6 large garnet, and some tiny
CATALOGUE OF PRE-DYNASTIC TOMBS.
21
lapis lazuli beads; 2 plain ivory combs;
3 wire copper anklets or bracelets; an
ivory spoon; 2 ivory hairpins; 2 miniature
hanging vases of limestone, each about
1 inch high (pl. viii. 4, centre, below the
spoon); marble vase with bottom made of a
disc of lapis-lazuli (pl. viii. 4, right centre);
pieces of a small stone vase of type H 27;
pieces of a fish-shaped slate palette (pl. viii.
3, top. Miniature slate about 2 inches
long; two rubber pebbles; malachite,
resin.
There were no other objects. The whole
contents of the tomb are illustrated in
pl. viii. g
b 65. Grave of Class 2a, partially plundered.
Double burial, viz. 3 lying intact, and
some disarranged, bones of another body
beside him. With the undisturbed body
were : Copper needle, and slate of type
110a. Pots P broken (some sort of bowl),
B 53b, W 25, L 53a, R 81. With the dis-
turbed body were: two heads of horned
animals; slate of type 56; large shell;
Pots P 23, F 31c, R. 21b (two), R22a, R23c,
R 67, R 81 (two). From the rubbish of
the tomb were: Slate of type 96a; fore-
leg of goat or gazelle; Pots IP 11b, P 22,
B 53b, R. 26. &
b 87. Grave of Class 3. Body 2. Partially |
plundered, and fore-arms removed. Several
gold-covered beads on the cheek. Basalt
vase of type H 34. Basalt vase of type
H 63b. Slate broken anciently and ground
down; its original type would have been
between 70 and 75. Head of a horned
animal. Pots B 53a, W 25, R. 23b, R. 69a,
R 69b, R. 71b, R 81 (two). -
b 154, Grave of Class 2b, with ledges for
pottery. Plundered out. Skull of 2 in
filling. In position were Pots P 16, P40c,
P 41a, P93d, B 39a, D of shape 4a but
pattern 41b with waves added, W 14, W 19
(four), W 25, R24, R. 45b, R 67, R. 69c,
R 81 (five). From the filling P 11d
(two). - -
b 189, Grave of Class 2a. Head and bones
disarranged by plunderers. Objects all in
position, viz., large slate with doubled
birds' heads (pl. x.9), 14% inches long;
shapeless slate ; small copper implement,
2} x # inch, curved at one end; ostrich
egg; some beads; plain ivory hair-pin ;
Malachite; resin; stone vases H 34, H 35,
and a miniature vase without handles,
shaped like H 34; horned head of small
animal; pots P 11d, P 22, P 23e, P40e,
P 41a, P46f, P 82a, P 98, B 53b, W 42
(two), R23a, R. 45b, R 80 (three), L 58c
(three). & -
b 210. Grave of Class 3. Plundered out.
Head 2. Fragments of ostrich shell.
Copper bracelet or anklet. Beads of shell
and of carnelian, with a glazed pendant.
Pots P22, W 41, W 43, R 23c, R 67c, R 76,
R 80.
b 222, Grave of Class 2a. Body 2. String
of beads at head, viz., quartzite, green
glaze, amethyst, haematite, and carnelian.
Slate of type 45. Malachite. Resin.
Pots P 22, B 39b, B 53b, W 25, R. 23c,
R 67, R 76, R80 (five), L 12b, L44.
b 232. Grave of Class 2a. Plundered. Some
bones 3, and of a small animal. Breccia
vase H 21. Pots P21b, P 36b, P. 38, B 53a,
F 31d, R. 3a, R. 24, R 67 (two), R 80 (two),
R 81 (three), R 93a, L 44a, L 53.
b 235. Grave of Class 2a. Plundered. Some
leg bones 3. Bones of an ox. Bones of
small horned animal. Cylindrical piece of
copper. Fragment of wood which had
probably been handle of some implement.
Stone pot H 40. Pots P 11b, P 93d, B 38c,
(two), B 53b, W 25, R. 21 (six), R 23c (two),
R 66, R. 69c, R 80 (two), R81 (two).
22
EL AMRAEI AND ABYDOS.
GRAVES BETWEEN S.D. 40 AND 64, HARDLY To
BE MORE PRECISELY DATED.
a 3. Grave of Class 2a. ? (?) with yellowed,
i.e. discoloured, hair on head. Head of a
small animal. Three small gold, one green
glaze, and two carnelian beads. Pots
P 22b, P 40c, D 67c, R. 23c (two), R 67,
R 80 (two), R 81 (four).
Grave which had been opened in recent
years. Contained no bones, and only
broken pots, which could be recognized
as P40, D 67c, R. 38. With these were
pieces of a curious pottery box, which, on
a 4.
being fitted together, proved to be in the
form of a house with doors and windows
(pl. x. 1 and 2). The period must be
between S.D. 44 and 64. *
Grave of Class 2a. Plundered out;
tibiae and fragments of arm-bones re-
mained. Head of a small animal (probably
goat), which was cut away at the back
so as to resemble the bucrania at . Hou
(cf. Diospolis Parva, s. v. “bucrania")
a 6.
but was not painted. Pots P 22 (two),
P40e, D 67c, Wa (pl. xiv.), R 22b, R. 23,
R 68, R. 69b, R. 69d, R. 75, R 81 (two).
a 76. Grave of Class 3. Plundered out; leg
bones remained. Stone vase H 30. Pottery
imitation of the stone vase H 27. Pots,
P bowl of shape of I, 7b, P 11b, P 16,
P 22b, P 40e, B 38c, D 38 (pl. xiv.), R 92,
with a sharp collar (which characterizes
only the latest forms of R pots), L 16,
L 44. .
a 87. Grave of Class 2a. Plundered out ;
head remained. Slate made in rough
imitation of a duck or goose (cf. types 20,
21, 27), with the leg pointing backwards
instead of forwards.
top. Pots B 11e, B 72a, and B 88a
sharply curved in below the centre.
Three limestone pegs |
(cf. pl. vii. 2, centre), perforated at the
a 124. Grave of Class 3. Body ?. Rubber
pebble, but no slate to accompany it.
Bones of small animal. Armlet of carnelian
and green glaze beads. Pots P 22c, P 23b,
P 58a, B 37a, B 42b, B 68b.
b 40. Grave of Class 3. 2, young. Slate of
type 82. Necklace of lapis-lazuli, shell,
and carnelian beads, with some tubular
gold-covered beads. Pots P 57, B 53a,
D 17b, D 67c, R 1c, R. 24 (two), R 45a,
R 67, R 81 (three).
b 43. Grave of Class 2a. Body & . Slate
palette. 22 marbles along the arm. Flint
knife and rough flints (see group of contents
of this grave in pl. vii. 4). Pots P 11d,
P 23c, R. 22a, R. 23a, B 53a, W 19 (two),
R 80 (two).
b 46. Grave of Class 2a, with ledge for pots.
Body 3. Malachite. Slate of type be-
tween 35 and 40. In position, viz., some
at head and arms, some at feet, were the
stones and flint flakes shown in pl. vii. 6.
Basalt vase H 33. Pots P 40e, P 42,
B 53b, B 58a, D 61, D 62 in fragments,
D 67c, W 43, R. 69c, R 81, R 92.
b 68. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?. Slate
of type 63a. Three large shells. Ivory
model axe (pl. xii. 8). Pot B 18b.
b 106. Grave of Class 3. Body child. Large
date stones. Tesin. Quantities of mala-
chite. Garnet, green glaze, lapis lazuli,
and tubular gold-covered beads. Bone
harpoon (cf. pl. xii. 4). Pots P 22, P 22c,
P 40c, D 50b (pl. xiv.), R3a, R23b, R23c,
R 24, R 67, R. 69c, R 80 (two).
b 199. Grave of Class 1 or 2a. Bones dis-
disordered, but rather by plunderers than
owing to re-interment; they appeared to
be 2. A pair of hollow horns (cf. pl. vii.
2, top left). Pots P 22a, B 740, R. 69d,
R 91c. Broken slate of type 96a with a
mark incised at one end, viz. X.
CATALOGUE OF PRE-DYNASTIC TOMBS. 23
b 225, Grave of Class 3. Body ?, just
adult. Basalt vase H 27. Pots P 22b,
P 40e, P 95b, D shape 19 with boat
pattern, D 41, L 7b, and the magnificent
wavy-handled decorated pot D 46 (see
pl. xiv.). Period is between s.D. 46 and
63, but probably nearer to the carlier than
to the later limit.
b 230. Grave of Class 3. Plundered and
contained no bones. Carnelian, green
glaze, lapis-lazuli, and garnet beads. I’ots
P 11b, P 11d, P 22 or 23 (broken), another
P bowl, P 40e, B39a, B 53b, D shape of
33b with wave pattern, D 36a with boat
pattern as well as plant, D 63a, D 67c,
D 68 (two), R. 69c, R 69d, L. 53a. Ivory-
handled copper dagger with blade 7 in.
long (pl. vi. 1 and 2), broken in half and
with the handle still attached.
PREDYNASTIC GRAVEs of ILL-DEFINED STAGE IN
THE PERIOD.
a 26. Grave of Class 3. Body child. Slate
of type 82. Broken slate of type from 91
to 98. Four ivory armlets. Two lime-
stone pendants at the throat (earrings?) of
type very similar to Naq. pl. lxii. 149.
Green glaze and carnelian beads. Pots
P 23a, P 58a, B 57b.
a 62. Grave of Class 8. Body 2. String of
beads on the head, viz. carnelian and green
glaze, with a small shell as pendant. A
shapeless slate palette. Two large shells.
Pots P 93a, D between 7a and 7c, R. 17a,
R 22 (two), R 23b, R 23c, R. 71b, R 81
(two). +
a 73. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?, young.
Slate of type 13. Pair of tusks about 10 in.
long (cf. pl. vii. 2, top left), perforated with
a hole at each end.
(two).
Pots B 11e, B 72b
a 74. Grave of Class 2a. Body of child laid
on twig tray as well as in the usual reed
mat. Female doll in red pottery. Four
bone bracelets. Part of small spirally-
coiled basket. A set of miniature slates,
viz. a tortoise, a bird, and a tiny triangular
slate perforated with two suspension-holes
on the long side. String of pottery and
steatite beads by the jaw. Pots P 47b,
B 11e, B 21c, B 25e.
a 86. Grave of Class 1. Triple burial, viz.
an adult 3, and two children. By the
man were pots P 68a, B 26b. By head of
one of the children an ivory comb of type
67, and a limestone peg of shape Naq.
lxii. 19, with pattern of Naq. pl. lxiv.
96. . - *
a 91. Grave of Class 2a (pl. v. 3). Body 2.
Slate in form of a tortoise with a head at
each end. Two tusks (cf. pl. vii. 2, top
left). Two plain limestone pegs (cf. pl. vii.
2, centre). Five large carnelian beads.
Alabaster vase S 4a. Pot F 17a.
a 102. Grave of Class 2a. Sex impossible to
judge from the broken bones. Slate of
type 98. Diorite mace-head (pl. x. 6, right
centre), with a fragment of wood still
remaining in the perforation. Part of a
basket. Three lumps of resin. Pots
B 35c, B 58a, B 98, F 51b.
a 104. Grave of Class 2a, unusually shallow.
Two bodies, viz. a 3 and another of
uncertain sex. With the man were a pair
of copper tweezers, about 2 in. long, and
Pot B 78d (pl. xiv.). Between the two
heads was a flint which might have been a
broken lance-head. From filling of grave
came half a rhomboid slate palette.
a 112. Grave of Class 2a. ?, Pots B 58c,
B 74b, R 80, R 41b (pl. xiii.).
a 113. Grave of Class 2a.
Some márbles.
2. Head absent.
Piece of ivory comb of
24 . EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
type 67. Scapula of a crocodile. Large
shell. Pots B 11ſ, B 180.
a 117. Grave of Class 2a. Body young. Half
the head of a clay doll. Malachite. Pots
P 22, P 40e, P 98b, R. 23b, R. 69d, R 92,
L 16a (rough-faced). Black pot of shape
P 94c, -
a 120. Grave of Class 3. 2. Plain ivory
comb of type 55. Small limestone box (cf.
pl. x. 6, top left). Slate roughly made but
similar in form to 48, with two well-
marked fins on back.
B 58, B 71a, R. 45a.
a 129. Grave of Class 2a. Child. Necklace
of shell, carnelian, steatite, and calcite
beads. Ivory finger-ring. Large tubular
carnelian bead. Shell armlet on each arm.
Small shapeless slate. Pots P 1a, R. 57a,
R 69d. Lump of mud shaped to resemble
a gourd.
b 49. Grave of Class 2a. Body ?. Carnelian
beads. Tortoise-shaped slate. Fish-shaped
slate. Several ivory pendants. A large
ivory finger-ring. Fragment of an ivory
comb. Pots B 1a, B 57b, R 80, R 81.
b 75. Grave of Class 2a. Body 2 (?). Along
the forearm were three ivory tags of type
39. Pots P 16, P 54b, B 78b, F 15, R 65c.
b 236. Grave of Class 2a. Plundered, only a
few bones left. Slate which no doubt
had been of type 75, but the birds' heads
had been broken off anciently and ground
down, leaving only the comb-like indenta-
tions at top of slate. Three stone vases,
viz. H. 23, H 32, H 34.
GRAVES BETWEEN S.D. 60 AND 70.
a 126. Grave of Class 8, with remains of
wood as fence to the recess. Plundered,
but head and most of the bones of 2 re-
mained. Pots P 40e, P 84b (pl. xiv.),
D 61, R 80 (two). •
Pots B 11c, B 57b,
Q
a 143. Grave of Class 3. Body young, bones
unossified. Pots P 22b, P 40e (small),
B 53b, D 3c (pl. xiv.), D 69b, (pl. xiv.),
R 23c, R 65c, It 80 (five).
b 32. Grave of Class 2a. Body adult (sex 2).
Pots L 39 (six), L 53f, a broken L, a
broken L bowl (salmon-coloured, with wide
burnishing). All these pots had the sharp
collar which is characteristic of late forms.
It is evident that the range of L 39 must
be extended beyond what has hitherto been
assigned to it, as indeed might be suspected
from the fact that it is apparently a deri-
vative and not a prototype of L 38.
This tomb was in immediate proximity to
the pot-burials and the burials in clay coffins.
b 104. Grave of Class 2a. Body 3. Lapis
lazuli, green glaze and gold-coated beads.
Pots P 11d, D 51b (pl. xiv.), L 44.
b 224. Grave of Class 2, large. Plundered.
Humerus (sex 2). Horn of a small animal.
ivory spoon. Stone vase H 35, and similar
vase in pottery to imitate stone. Pots P.
23e, P40e (three), B 53b, WS (pl. xiv.),
W 25, R. 23c, R 67, R 80 (four), L 44.
b 227. Grave of Class 3. Plundered. Head
6, in rubbish. Fine flint knife (broken,
pl. x. 11) in rubbish. Pots P 22, P 82a,
W 41, R. 23c, R 67, R 80, L 44.
b 233. Grave of Class 2.
of a child in the filling. Skull of a small
animal (goat 2). I’ieces of ivory hairpin.
A fish-shaped slate. A large marble.
Some shells pierced for suspension. One
large shell. Steatite and calcite beads.
Small copper spoon with silver bowl.
Oval-sectioned slate vase (pl. xvi. 9).
Stone vase H 34. Seven tiny rough pots
which are diminutive forms of familiar
rough-faced (R) pots, and were no doubt put
in as appropriate to the child. Other pots
were P 31b, P 40e, P bowl, P 95b, B 53a,
R 24, R 42c, R. 75, R 80, R 81, L 44a.
I’lundered. Iłomes
25
CIHAPTEER IV.
CATALOGUE OF ALL THE IMPORTANT PROTO-DYNASTIC . TOMBS AT EL AMRAH.
PROTO-DYNASTIC GRAVES.
GRAVEs or CLAss 4.
GRAVEs of Class 4 were extremely poor. Only
one contained any objects of value. Several
more, however, are entered in this inventory as
good examples of the type.
b 4. Grave of Class 4a (pl. ii. 2). Depth of
pit of the grave 5 ft., length 4 ft., breadth
to the side of the coffin 1 ft. 10 in. Recess
entirely filled by the oval pottery coffin,
which measured 27 in. × 24. Body 2.
Outside the coffin, at the head end, was |
one pot, viz. L 38g (pl. xiii.).
Grave of Class 4a. Depth of pit 6 ft.,
length 4 ft. 6 in., width 3 ft. 6 in. to recess.
Filling the recess was the oval coffin of
badly-baked clay. The coffin, 33 in. x 21 in.
and 14 in. high, was about $ in. thick, and
had been furnished with a lid, which had
broken and fallen inside. Body 2. No
objects.
b 7.
b 9. Grave of Class 4a. Depth of pit 8 ft.,
length 5 ft. 6 in., width to recess 3 ft. 9 in.
Oval clay coffin 32 in. x 21 in. and 15 in.
high and # in. thick. Body 2. Beside
the coffin at head end were two pots of
type I, 33g (pl. xiii.).
b 10. Grave of Class 4b. (See group from it
in pl. vii. 5). The recess set in 2 ft., it was
bricked off from the pit by a rough wall
one brick thick, which was 3 ft. 8 in. long ×
3 ft. 2 in. high. In the recess was an
oblong red pottery cist with lid. Cist
contained: body 3 ; four alabaster vases,
viz. pl. xvi. 2, pl. xvi. 6, S 4b, and an
alabaster saucer; a bone spoon (pl. xii. 5),
and the pot L 33g (pl. xiii.).
b 99. Grave of Class 4a. Pit 6 ft. 6 in. deep,
width to recess 8 ft. The recess itself set
back 3 ft, and was 3 ft. 4 in. high; contained
remains of what was evidently a wooden
coffin, the wood of which was charred.
Body 3 rather old. At head of coffin,
inside the recess, were two pots of type
L 33d (pl. xiii.), and two of type between
L 38 and L 38g (pl. xiii.). -
b 145. Grave of Class 4b. Depth of pit 6 ft.
6 in., length 6 ft., width 3 ft. 6 in. Recess,
including the rough wall of a single brick
thickness, set back 2 ft. 6 in. In the recess
was oblong clay coffin containing body 3
and an alabaster vase of type S 17d. Out-
side the coffin, at head end, was Pot L 38.
GRAVEs of CLAss 5.
Graves of Class 5 were very poor, generally
containing no objects. One or two are given
here as typical examples, showing the stages of
transition from the use of a pottery coffin to
that of the true Pot-burial.
b 148. Oblong clay coffin set 5 ft. below the
surface without any brickwork. Contained
body ? in the invariable contracted
position. Pots L 33d (Pl. xiii.), L 53d,
L bowl of shape R 34a. -
26
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
b 126. Round clay coffin very similar both in
dimensions and in shape to the pottery
vessels used for the true Pot-burial. The
coffin was sunk to about 3 ft. below the
surface and covered over with bricks.
Contained body 3, not quite adult, in very
contracted position. No objects.
b 2. An oval clay coffin and a Pot-burial
together, in what could only be regarded as
a single grave, 8 ft. 6 in. deep, without
brickwork. . The coffin was oval, made of
clay, 30 in. long; it contained the body of
a 3 in very contracted position. At its
south (head) end the coffin was almost
touching the large round pot of well-baked
red ware, 20 in. diameter (for type cf.
pl. ii. 3), which was inverted over a
youthful body, belonging to a person about
three-quarters grown. The body under
the pot had been huddled up and placed
face down, but not dismembered; the bones
and head were covered with a substance
which seemed to be bituminous. Possibly
pitch had been poured over the body and
been left to set on the bones.
There were no objects accompanying
either the coffin or the pot.
b 175. The large pot shown in pl. ii. 3, which
is the typical form used in these Pot-
burials. Had been broken at top by
plunderers and only two or three bones
and pieces of bones remained.
b 98. Large pot (type pl. ii. 3) inverted over
the body of a 3. Body lying in the
regular violently-contracted position and
not dismembered. Remains of reed mat
lying on and over the bones. No pots or
objects with the burial.
b 182. Large pot (type pl. ii. 8) sunk two
feet, which is about the usual depth below
the surface. It was inverted over the body
of a 3, which was young but adult. Body
violently contracted, but not more than in
the most extreme cases found in graves of
Classes 1–4; it was not dismembered.
No pots or objects.
GRAVES OF CLASS 6.
b 8. The brick construction (pl. ii. 6) was
5 ft. long by 3 ft. broad externally. Con-
tained oblong-oval pottery coffin 3 ft. long
by 1 ft. 8 in. broad, 10 in. deep and 1 in.
thick. Body 2 (P). Pots L 38g and a
rough unbaked saucer.
The brickwork rose to 1 ft. 6 in. from
the ground, and the top of it was 2 ft. 6 in.
below the surface. Bricks measured 10 in.
by 5 in. by 3 in.
b 33. This brick tomb was lined with wood
(pl. ii. 5). Interior dimensions (including
thickness of the wood) were : length
4 ft. 2 in., breadth 2 ft. 9 in., height from
floor to lower edge of roof 2 ft., height
from floor to surface of ground 6 ft. 6 in.
Walls were two “stretchers ” thick all
round, i.e. 10 in. to 11 in. Roof of boughs,
twigs, and mud, about 5 in. thick, and
placed at some distance below surface.
Body 3 ; bones of small animal; ala-
baster vase S 17a, do. S 40a, broken
alabaster vase, slate bowl S 40c. Pots
L 2b, L 36c (two), L 38 (three), L 53g.
b 54. (Pl. iii. 3). Interior dimensions of
brick grave were: length, 3 feet 4 inches,
breadth 2 ft. 7 in., height 1 ft. 10 in.
Height from floor to surface of ground,
4 ft. 10 in. Body child, about three-
quarter grown, and probably 2, in oblong
wooden coffin, 2 ft. 6 in. long and 2 ft.
wide. Four alabaster vases, an alabaster
bowl, a slate bracelet, and an ivory brace-
let, both on right wrist (see entire group
in pl. vii. 3). Pots L 38, L 33ſ.
b 57. (Pl. iv. 5). Interior dimensions of
brick work were: length 3 ft. 9 in., breadth
CATALOGUE OF PROTO. DYNASTIC TOMBS. 27
2 ft. 6 in., height 2 ft. Height from floor
to surface of ground, 4 ft. Roof of boughs
and mud. No coffin, but a tray of two
layers of twigs under the body (sex 2),
which was covered with a reed mat. Pots
L 12b, I, 38. f
b 58. I’recisely similar to 57 in dimensions and
character. The body, however, was in this
case placed (without coffin) not on twigs but
on a layer of bark. As in the last grave,
the body was covered with reed mat. 2.
A few small green glaze beads. Pots
L 38 (two).
b 59. Interior dimensions were : length 5 ft.,
breadth 2 ft. 10 in., height 2 ft. 6 in.
Roof of boughs, reeds, and mud, 2 ft. 3 in.
below surface of ground. Grave plundered
out; no traces of coffin, but remains of
reed mat on floor. Body 2. Pot L 38
and a round unbaked pan, 11 in. diameter,
7 in. high, and 1 in. thick.
b 69. Interior dimensions were: length 4 ft.,
breadth 2 ft. 6 in., height 1 ft. 9 in.
Height from floor to surface of ground,
only 3 ft. 2 in. Plundered, and only
head, arms, and half the trunk remained
(pl. iii. 1). Sex probably Q. No coffin,
but body wrapped in cloth, and laid on a
reed mat. Pot L 33 f.
b 80. Interior dimensions were: length 3 ft.
10 in., breadth 2 ft. 6 in., height 2 ft. to
under edge of roof. Height from floor to
surface of ground, 4 ft. Body (3 2)
wrapped in cloth and reed mat and laid in
oblong clay coffin. In the coffin were:
copper implement (Pl. xii. 9) mounted in
the cloven fore-leg of a small animal; small
basket; pots L 12b, L 38. e
b 81. Interior dimensions were: length 4 ft.,
breadth 3 ft., height 1 ft. 9 in. to under
edge of roof. Height from floor to surface
of ground, 3 ft. 6 in. Normal roof of
wood and mud. No coffin. Body 3,
wrapped in cloth and reed mat. Pots
L 12b, L 38, L 38 (higher shouldered than
usual and with a sharp collar).
b 94. Tiny grave only 2 ft. long. Plundered
out and no bones left, but must have
belonged to a child. Shell bracelet, frag-
ments of stone bowl. .
b 96. Interior dimensions, 3 ft. 6 in. by
2 ft. 3 in. The top was practically level
with surface of ground and was roofed,
not in the usual manner with boughs and
mud, but with bricks over the aperture.
Body ?, rather young. No coffin. Neck-
lace of shells. Pots L 2, L 38g (two), L of
similar type, and a peculiar pot of B class,
but quite thin, which is numbered B 2b
(pl. xiv.).
b 97. Grave of dimensions similar to those
described. Contained oblong clay coffin
fitting close to the sides all round. It was
roofed with bricks, which were supported
on other bricks piled up in the coffin.
Body ?, rather young, on top of which
was a small infant. With the adult were
three tortoise-shell bracelets, a necklace of
tiny blue glaze beads, and fragments of a
pot of Class L 38 (pl. xiii.)
b 115. Interior dimensions, 3 ft. 6 in. by
2 ft. 2 in. and 2 ft. deep. Height from
floor to surface of ground, 5 ft. Normal
roof of wood and mud. Oblong wooden
coffin. Body had been disturbed after
burial. d. Wooden beads. Shallow ala-
baster dish. Pots L 196, L 36b (two).
b 131. Grave of usual dimensions (which vary
from about 4 ft. x 3 ft. to 3% ft. x 23 ft.),
with normal roof of wood and mud at 2 ft.
to 8 ft. below surface of ground. Oblong
wooden coffin. Body 3, disturbed after
burial and some of the bones disarranged.
Jaw of small animal. Alabaster vase of
new type (pl. xvi. 4). Pots L 37, L'38
and L 44c (pl. xiii.) - .
28
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
b 133. Grave of usual dimensions. Normal
roof of wood and mud. Oblong clay coffin.
2. Pots L17c, L 33d, L 53b.
b 137. A very unusual grave, shown un-
opened in Pl. iii. 5. Its exterior measure-
ments were: greatest length 8 ft. 2 in.,
least length 6 ft. 9 in., average outside
breadth 4 ft. 8 in., greatest outside breadth
about 6 ft. 6 in., height 4 ft. 3 in. The
photograph shows the irregularity of the
projecting bricks, which will explain the
variation of these dimensions (cf. full
description, inf. p. 34). Interior measure-
ments were: length 5 ft. 4 in., breadth
3 ft. 4 in., least height 2 ft. 7 in., greatest
height 8 ft. 8 in. The varying height on
the inside is due to the peculiar construc-
tion of the roof, which was built on the
cantilever principle, with courses of bricks
overlapping one another until the aperture
was spanned.
Inside the grave was a wooden coffin,
occupying about two thirds of the space,
and containing body ? with flat alabaster
dish lying on the head. Outside the coffin,
between it and the side of the grave, were
pots L12b, c, L 38a (four), and the alabaster
bowl S 40.
b 140. Grave of usual character and dimen-
Pots L 87 and L 53e.
were Pots L 17a and L 38 (three).
b 146. Grave like the last.
sions of this class. Normal roof of boughs
and mud. Oblong clay coffin, which,
judging from pieces of plank inside it, had
been furnished with a wooden lid. Sex (?).
With the body inside the coffin were lime-
stone vase S 17d, alabaster vase S 47,
Outside the coffin
coffin. Normal roof of boughs and mud.
Body 3. Pots L 37 and L 53e inside, pot
L 88 (two) outside the coffin. ~~
b 172. Similar grave. Oblong clay coffin
with clay lid. Normal roof. Body young,
Oblong clay |
bones unossified. Pots R 28 (two), L 12b,
L 42b and L 53c or 53e.
b 173. Similar grave of usual character and
dimensions. Normal roof. No coffin, but
body (young, unossified) laid on reed mat.
Stone vase H 35. Pots L 17a, L 19c,
L 33d (pl. xiii.).
b 178. Grave of usual dimensions, but with a
roof of bricks on the cantilever principle
(cf. b 137). Oval-oblong clay coffin with
lid. Body ?. Pots L 38 (three) outside
the coffin at head end.
b 180. Grave of usual dimensions but sunk to
an exceptional depth, the top of the roof
being 4 ft. below the surface of the ground.
Normal roof (i.e. boughs, twigs, and mud).
Oblong clay coffin. Body ?. Inside the
coffin were four alabasters, viz. S 1 c,
(pl. xvi., photo 10), S 4c (pl. xvi., photo
13), S 8, S 40c, and pots L 38 (two).
Outside coffin the bowl L 16a.
b 185. Grave of usual character and dimen-
sions. Normal roof, the top of which was
3 ft. below the surface. Remains of
wooden coffin. Body 3. Alabaster vase
H 63b, limestone vase S 46. Pots L 7a
(two), L 7b, L 7c, L 12 or 17 (broken),
L 33c, very small, L 37, L 37b, L 38 (two).
GRAVES OF CLASS 7.
b 14 is the typical example of graves of
Class 7, drawn in pl. iv. 6. Plundered out
in recent years and containing no objects.
Height of walls, 2 ft. 4 in. Height from
floor to surface of ground, 5 ft. 8 in. Walls
one brick thick (i.e. about 6 in. including
the mortaring). No roof left.
b 50. Total inside length 4 ft. 8 in. ; length of
tomb excluding the recess 3 ft. 5 in., width
2 ft. 9 in., height from floor to lower edge
CATALOGUE OF PROTO-DYNASTIC TOMBS. s 29
of roof 2 ft. 7 in. Height from floor to
surface of ground, 4 ft. 8 in. Normal roof
(boughs, twigs, and mud). The tomb was
lined with wood, so there was no coffin.
Body ? ; with it were: slate bracelet,
wire-copper anklet, alabaster vase, S 2,
Pots L 17b, L 38, L 38a. In the recess
were Pots 17b, L 38; the former containing
some small seeds, bones of a small bird,
and pieces of charcoal.
b 55. Grave in which the partition of the
recess was not carried quite across. Total
inside length 4 ft. 6 in. viz., length of grave
to recess 3 ft. 9 in., brick partition 3 in.,
length of recess 6 in. Width of grave 2 ft.
5 in., the partition, however, was only 20 in.
long, thus leaving 9 in. width unbarred.
Height from floor to roof, 2 ft. Height
from floor to surface of ground, 5 ft. 6 in.
Normal roof. No coffin or lining, but
body lying on sheepskin and reed mat.
Body probably 2, rather young; with it
were blue glaze beads (up the arm), three
alabasters, viz., S 17d—17e, S 31, S55, Pot
L 42b (flat-bottomed). In the recess were
Pots L 17a (two), L 38 (two), and the
whole recess was filled to a depth of about
3 inches from the floor with ashes.
b 142. (Pl. iii. 4.) Total inside length 7 ft.,
viz., length of grave 4 ft., brick partition
6 in., recess 2 ft. 6 in. Width, 2 ft. 11 in.
Height from floor to underside of roof, 2 ft.
Height from floor to surface of ground,
5 ft. 9 in. Normal roof. Oblong wooden
coffin. Body 3, wrapped in cloth. In the
grave a slate dish of type S 130, three stone
vases of type S 31, Pots L 53e (two) and an
L bowl. In the recess were Pots L 33d
(two), L 53ſ, L 63.
b 177. A good example of the usual form of
roof (see pl. ii. 4). Peculiar in having the
little recess made not properly in the grave
but in the coffin. The coffin, which fitted
close against the brickwork of the grave,
measured 3 ft. 7 in, in length, viz., 2 ft.
11 in. for receptacle of the body, 1 in. of
partition and 7 in. of recess; it was made
of clay. Height of coffin, 18 in. Height
from floor to surface of ground, about 4 ft.
7 in. Body ?, with tortoiseshell bracelet
and slate bracelet. The recess contained
Pot L. 33d (pl. xiii.) and charcoal and
grain. -
GRAVEs of CLASS 8.
b 15. This is the typical form of graves of
Class 8, which is drawn in pl. iv. 7. Its
height was 2 ft, 3 in., and its top very
nearly level with the surface of the ground.
It had been opened by excavators or plun-
derers very lately and nothing remained
in it. -
b 12. A slight variation from the typical form,
inasmuch as the part which is ordinarily open
recess was here solid brick, with only two
small niches, each 8 in. wide, cut back into
it. Thickness of all the walls 11 in. (i.e.
one brick's depth, as usual); interior length
of the grave proper (beginning from N.W.
end wall) 8 ft. 7 in., after which came 1 ft.
4 in. thickness of solid brick before reach-
ing the S.E. end wall. Inside breadth of
grave, 2 ft. 3 in. One of the niches opened
immediately from the eastern side wall, and *
was separated by 4 in. brick partition from
the other, between which again and the
western side wall was solid brickwork 7 in.
thick. Height from floor to under side of
roof, 1 ft. 6 in. Height from floor to surface
of ground about 4 ft. 6 in. Normal roof.
No coffin. Body 2. Small string of carne-
lian and green glaze beads at neck. Two
small caps or lids 2 in. diameter × 1 in. high,
one being of ivory and the other of slate;
slate tray 4 in. long; alabaster vase S 30
30
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
Pots L 38, R 46, R type of 57e, but
flatter. -
b 70. A typical grave of this class (pl. iii. 2).
Oblong clay coffin, perforated with 4 holes
at the corners an inch from the top of the
coffin. Normal roof. Body 3. Pots L 38
(two), and L. 14b (pl. xiii.) in the grave
outside the coffin. In one division of the
recess Pots L 17a and L 38; in the
other Pots L 38, L 58k (pl. xiii.) and
alabaster vase S 31, as well as bones of the
usual small animal. In both divisions of
the recess was a deposit of several inches of
charcoal dust, mixed with the light friable
matter which is often found in the jars in
these early graves and may have been the
dregs of beer. Some grains, probably of
corn, among the charcoal. p
CLASS 9.
b 91. Grave of the most advanced type which
was found at El Amrah. A plan of it is
given in pl. iv. 8 and a photograph in
pl. iii. 6. It is fully described on p. 39.
b 13. A smaller grave of the same class but
without a staircase. Ground plan as in
b 91, with double recess at S end and
single recess at N.E. corner. Total interior
length 9 ft. 7 in., i.e. 6 ft. 11 in. to the
double recess, then 11 in. partition wall
and 1 ft. 9 in. recess. Width 4 ft. 7 in.
Interior length of northern recess 2 ft. 5 in. ;
interior width of ditto 1 ft. 5 in. The
tomb had been lately rifled, but in it were
found a copper chisel (pl. x. 10) and frag-
ments of stone bowls made of marble, of
slate, and of alabaster respectively.
31
CHAPTER V.
ACCESSORIES AND DETAILS OF TOMB CONSTRUCTION AT EL AMRAH.
REED MATs. – It has been remarked in
Chapter II, that the body in these early tombs
is commonly wrapped first in cloth and then in
the skin of an animal, which is apparently a
goat. Thus enveloped, the body is laid on a
reed mat, which is then folded over it, any
surplus being made into neat rolls at the side.
Sometimes the mat is found almost intact; but
more often it has broken into innumerable
pieces, which are found lying on the body, and
often still adhering to the head and bones, or to
the earthenware pots. The manufacture of
these mats is interesting, since every fragment
of evidence which bears on the arts and in-
dustries of a primitive people has a distinct
value.
In pl. xi. 5 and 6 are given photographs
illustrating the character of the fabric. The
material is not straw or grass, but thin stiff
reeds.
make a substantial sheet, three or four feet long,
and generally a little wider, not unlike the husar
or grass mats which are in everyday use in
The strands are connected in
The stems of the reeds
modern Egypt.
either of two ways.
which form the “warp " may be pierced, and
other reeds inserted transversely through the
split so as to form a “woof,” if it is permissible
to apply the terminology of weaving. This
may be well seen in pl. xi. 6. Or, again, several
strands may be gathered up into a sheaf, which
is tied with a fibrous string; the string being
then carried on to include the next sheaf. This
is illustrated in pl. xi. 5. The form of the
knots depends on whether a single or a double
These are fastened together so as to
string is used. If there is only a single string
then it is passed over each little sheaf, brought
round underneath it and again carried over the
top to catch the next (see pl. v. 4). . . . .
Less commonly the reverse knot is used,
starting under the sheaf and passing over, to
return again underneath it. When a double
string is used the tie is made by a simple criss-
cross or plait (pl. xi. 5). Piercing and tying
may be used simultaneously in different parts
of the same piece, as appears from Tomb b 144
(see below). -
The reed mat is especially characteristic of
the pre-dynastic graves, and naturally tends to
disappear when the coffin is employed. Still it
is found in place of the coffin, and even used
with it, in some of the proto-dynastic burials
(cf. p. 27). The kind of reed used in these
later graves seems to be identical with that
found in the earlier; but it sometimes looks
more like the natural product. It seemed as if
in the earlier graves the reeds might have been
deliberately crushed or beaten so as to separate
the fibres, but this cannot be affirmed with
certainty. -
TRAYS MADE OF Twigs or STICKS.–Closely
connected with the use of the reed mat is that
of the tray or bier of sticks. The manufacture
of these is very similar in principle to that of
the mats, but twigs are used in place of reeds.
A typical example is one which is drawn in
pl. iv. 2; though in that case the placing of
the body underneath instead of on the top of
the twig lattice-work is peculiar. Ordinarily
the body is actually laid upon the twig tray,
32 - EL AMRAH AND AIBYDOS.
which was found comparatively complete in
several instances.
- In a 74, which was a child's grave, the tray
was from 2 ft. to 2 ft. 6 in. long, and made of
sticks of about the thickness of an ordinary
pencil. At the head end, across the width of
the tray, was a piece of wood about 2 ft. long
and 3 in. wide; while another piece, 2 in. wide,
ran up the middle perpendicular to it. Frag-
ments of similar dimensions found a little higher
up in the grave suggested that at the feet there
had been a stout cross-piece corresponding to
that which was found in position at the head.
There were also fragments of wood, round in
section, and about 2 in. in diameter, which, as
they were much stouter than the other sticks
were probably attached transversely so as to
support them. The whole construction would
thus have resembled a stretcher of thin twigs,
with substantial pieces for supports or for
handles. The reed mat which enveloped the
body was tied over the cross-piece at the head
end of the grave. -
Similar to this was the use in a proto-dynastic
grave (b. 57) of a tray composed of two layers
of twigs about 3 inch in diameter on which the
reed mat was laid and tied down at intervals.
No supporting pieces were found here. In yet
another case the sticks seem to have been used
rather to strengthen the reed mat than to form
an independent construction; they were en-
closed between two layers of mat, the whole
being 2% in. thick in section.
A peculiar and elaborate arrangement was
that which has been referred to as occurring in
tomb b 144. Here there were several layers of
twig-work; the uppermost is shown in pl. xi. 1,
a lower one in pl. iv. 2. The body, which
(judging from the humerus, as skull and pelvis
Were broken) was that of a man, lay on the
floor of the tomb beneath a complex disposition
of various fabrics, consisting of no less than five
layers:–(a) At the top were rows of sticks
lying S. and N., i.e. longitudinally to the grave,
crossed at wider intervals by rows of similar
sticks running W. and E. They were lashed
together with vegetable fibre, the ends of which
were bound round the post which appears in
the photograph (cf. plan, pl. iv. 2, the post
nearest to the hands). There was a piece of
wood a little further towards the foot end,
which almost certainly represented another post
(drawn in plan; not in the photo). No posts
were found on the west side corresponding to
this pair on the east, but, of course, they might
have perished. The total length of this top
layer was 2 ft. 6 in., the total breadth 2 ft. 2 in.
(3) Under this twig lattice, and attached to it,
were two thicknesses of mat, lying transversely
to one another. (y) The third stratum was
another course of twigs, the longitudinal rows
being above the others, but the diameter of
the twigs identical in each. This stage is
depicted in pl. iv. 2; it differed from the
topmost layer (a) in having the transverse rows
much closer together. (6) Next came two
thicknesses of reed mat lying transversely to
one another. (e) Immediately under the reed
mat was a covering of leather laid all over the
body in several thicknesses, and tied in places
with string. Below this, which corresponds
to the normal wrapping of leather or skin, was
the body, wrapped in cloth.
In pl. xi. 4 are shown specimens of the twig-
work, the mat, and the leather from this grave.
FENCING AND PARTITIONS of WooDwork.-
The wattle fence sometimes used to close the
rock-recess graves of Class 3 is very similar in
character to the twig-constructions which have
just been described. The most perfect example
of it occurred in the grave b 135 (see pl. iv.).
The uprights were sticks, from an inch to two
inches in diameter and 12 inches high. The
cross-pieces were of the same kind but a little
thinner. The reed-mat, which was very perfect
in parts, was made of strands tied together in
the manner which has been described, the
intervals between the tyings being about two
DETAILS OF TOMB CONSTRUCTION. * 33
inches. It covered the body and was laid
against and partly over the wattle partition.
In b 186 the uprights were placed closer
together, and only two cross-pieces were found
in place. The cross-pieces in this case were a
little thicker than the uprights and were 5 in.
to 6 in. apart.
In b 204 was a peculiar arrangement of wood
and planks, which seems to be due to the same
idea of protecting the body against rubbish
falling in (cf. grave b 221, p. 8). It could not
be called a coffin, though perhaps it may be
regarded as a stage in the transition towards
the use of a coffin. The grave was of Class 2,
a plain pit 6 ft. deep. Planks # inch thick and
5 feet long were set up vertically from the floor
of the grave on each of the long sides, to a
height of 20 inches from the floor. On the
inside of these planks were wooden uprights
13 in. to 2 in. thick, of which four were still in
place on one side, while the casts of two others
could be seen. The intervals between these
varied from 5 in. to 8 in. The planks, which
were between the uprights and the side of the
grave, had evidently been leaned back against
them and formed a barrier. On some of the
uprights there remained pieces of cord, which
had probably been used for fastening down the
reed mat that went right across the grave. The
mat passed under some and over others of the
pots standing between the planks and the walls
of the grave. -
WooDEN LINING of BRICK GRAVEs.—The pre-
dynastic graves were never lined with planks;
the wooden construction described in the last
paragraph was certainly not a lining tô the sides.
In the proto-dynastic graves, on the other hand,
it was sometimes a real difficulty to distinguish
between a wooden coffin fitting closely to the
sides of a small grave, and an actual lining to
the walls. In such a case as b 142 (pl. iii. 4),
there could be no doubt that the planks formed
a coffin, as there was a clear gap all round
between them and the sides. There were two
instances, however, in which the woodwork
seemed to have been designedly made for the
walls. These were b 33 and b 50; the former
of which is shown in pl. ii. 5, where the planks
resting against the left wall can clearly be
detected in the picture. • -
The interior length of b 33 was 4 ft. 2 in. and
the breadth 2 ft. 9 in., including the thickness
of the wood, which was # inch. The planks of
which the lining was formed were 3% inches
wide, and were laid horizontally, not vertically.
The side planks, at any rate, were bolted
together with wooden dowels 14 inch wide.
(For specimens of such planks, showing the
dowel-holes, see pl. xi. 8).
Almost precisely similar in character was b 50,
8 ft. 5 in. long by 2 ft. 9 in. broad on the inside,
including the planking. In this tomb, however,
there were four vertical posts placed against the
eastern long wall and separating it from the
woodwork. They were unbarked boughs, vary-
ing from 1 inch to 3 inches in diameter, and
standing at intervals which varied from 2% inches
to 4 inches. It is very likely that similar up-
rights had originally been placed along the
whole length of the wall; but the woodwork
had broken away too much to allow of this
being determined. They would seem to have
been intended for supports to which the planks
might be fastened. In this instance, as in the
last, the planks were laid horizontally; their
width was 3 in. to 4% in., and those which
formed part of the floor had a rim about 1 inch
high where they met the side walls.
It was impossible to tell from the appearance
of wood so old as this whether it had been cut
with a flint or with a copper implement.
Copper was of course well-known by this time
(see Catalogue of Tombs, passim), but probably
flint would have been more useful for the
purpose. g •
For the practice of lining brick tombs with
wood, cf. Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty,
pp. 9, 15 (Petrie, 1900). -
D
34 . EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
. WooDEN Roofs. – The normal method of
roofing the proto-dynastic brick graves has been
already described. In Tomb b 177 the rough
unbarked boughs were actually in position
across the grave when it was opened (see
pl. ii. 4). More frequently they had broken or
caved in, leaving only fragments of wood above
the aperture; though the ends of the boughs
could always be seen at the sides of the grave.
The boughs or boles varied in number and in
size according to the requirements of the space
to be roofed. They averaged 3 in. to 4 in. in
diameter, and were laid across the width, not
the length, of the tomb. On them was placed a
layer of reeds of the same kind as those used for
manufacturing the reed mats. The whole was
completed with a stratum of several inches of
mud beaten down hard. . In pl. xi. 7 can be
seen fragments taken from one of these roofs.
On the right of the picture are sections of the
unbarked boughs, one of them with the reed
work adhering to its upper side; on the left
are pieces of the hard mud, with the reed-work
firmly imbedded in it. .
The roofing of the large unbricked tombs of
the pre-dynastic period, described as Class 2b
(p. 8), is exactly similar. - -
BRICK Roofs.-The brick graves were com-
monly roofed with wood and mud as described
in the last paragraph. Sometimes, however,
they were roofed with bricks. The builder,
who was ignorant of the principle of the arch,
had then to devise some method of supporting
the weight. In very small graves this was done
by merely piling up other bricks from the floor;
but so clumsy an expedient was not satisfactory,
and could not generally be used when it was
necessary to span an aperture of some width.
It was a very natural idea under these circum-
stances to adopt the cantilever principle, and
this was done in two instances. The grave
b 137 (cf. p. 28) affords an admirable example
of the process. The top of the roof was only
just below the surface of the ground. The hard
gravel and sand were first cleared from all
round the structure right down to its base; so
that it could be observed in detail before being
partially destroyed for the sake of its contents.
In this condition it is shown in pl. iii. 5.
It can be seen that the tomb is very irregu-
larly built on the outside. On the south wall
(front in picture) the bricks projected in places
some 5 in. Out of the average vertical plane,
and on the north side others projected 12 in.
Thus whereas the greatest outside length was
8 ft. 2 in., the least length was 17 in. less.
Similarly, on the west side, the wall was
strengthened with stepped courses of bricks
projecting about 14 in. beyond the average
plane, and on the east side there were irregular
extra courses projecting 10 in. Excluding
these variations the average outside width was
4 ft. 8 in. It is evident that the symmetry of
the exterior was a matter of very small interest
to the builder, whose intention was only to bed
the brick building firmly into the natural rock
and sand around it. -
Considerable care had, however, been ex-
pended on the interior. The interior dimen-
sions being 5 ft. 4} in. by 3 ft. 4 in., it was
necessary, taking the smallest width, to span a
space of 3 ft. 4 in. Accordingly, at 2 ft. 7 in.
from the floor, began the process of bringing
the walls to approach one another so as to form
the roof. This was done by letting each suc-
cessive course overlap that beneath it by a few
inches (viz. half the length of a “header”).
After six courses constructed in this way, the
side walls had been brought to meet one another
at a height of 8 ft. 8 in. from the floor. The
side walls being the first to be completed, their
roofing courses occupied 2 ft. 2; in. of the length
of the tomb. The end walls were then brought
in to meet the partially completed roof, and
spanned the remaining space of 1 ft. 7 in, at each
end with only five overlapping courses. When
the roof had thus been completed, a covering of
several inches of mud was beaten down on to it.
DETAILS OF TOMB CONSTRUCTION.
35
WALLs of THE BRICK ToMBs.—The walls of
the brick tombs were never very substantial.
Sometimes they were only one “stretcher”
thick, i.e. about 6 in. including the mortar.
Sometimes they were double this thickness, and
in that case the bond was usually three courses
of “stretchers,” followed by one of “headers.”
Bricks average from 9 in. by 4% in. by 2% in.
to 10 in. by 5 in. by 3 in. The walls were
plastered with mortar on the inside.
NATURE of THE BRICK ToMBs As BUILDINGs.
—If it is asked whether these tombs of Classes
6–9 are to be regarded, properly speaking, as
structures, the answer must be that their
character is essentially transitional. The build-
ing, being always beneath the surface of the
ground, is not at first regarded as independent.
i3
The same care is not shown as would be if the
intention were to make a free-standing mastaba.
The building in the simpler tombs is weak, and
even when more elaborated it may be quite
irregular on the exterior. Nevertheless, with
increasing complexity in design, more attention
is given to the details of brick-laying, and the
building comes to be regarded more as an end
in itself. The man who made such a tomb as
b 91 had evidently advanced to the stage at
which his thoughts were directed more to
the construction of an underground edifice
than to the mere lining of an oblong space
with brickwork. Here, then, it is possible
to observe the genesis of the conception
which was to find its later fulfilment in the
mastaba. º, -
36 EL AMR AEI AND ABYDOS.
CEIAPTEER VI.
REMARKs ON SOME RICH TOMBS AT EL AMRAH.
ONE or two of the tombs which have been
epitomized in the Catalogue require a more
detailed notice, being of peculiar interest from
the nature of their contents.
a 23 was an exceptionally rich tomb for the
very early period (S.D. not later than 40) at
which it occurred. In pl. v. 1 is shown a sketch
of it when opened, for which I am indebted
to the kindness of Mrs. A. A. Quibell. In con-
struction it was a plain oval grave, of Class
2a. The man who was buried in it was lying
on his right side wrapped in a reed mat, and
close beside his right hand was the clay staff
painted with red stripes which is figured in
pl. xii. 1. The head of this staff was also of
painted clay; and from the pattern it seems
likely that similar objects in stone found at
Naqada and described in the account of those
excavations as spinning tops were really model
maces (see Naqada and Ballas, p. 85, and ibid.,
pl. vii. 8–7). Between this and the outside of
the grave lay the leg bones of a small animal.
Similar bones, which frequently occur in these
tombs, were identified by an anatomist as being
those of a goat, not of a gazelle ; the horned
head of the same animal is often found. Next
to the handle of the staff was a clay platter, to
which were affixed three clay models of cows,
while a fourth had broken off and was found in
the rubbish (pl. ix. 1). This was the first
instance at El Amrah of the occurrence of such
clay animals, though a considerable number
were brought to light from the graves subse-
quently opened. * * -
At the foot end of the grave was a fine
specimen of the red pottery ornamented with
patterns in white; the designs were both on the
outside and on the inside, which is unusual
(pl. xv. 10). By the left shoulder was a small
block of wood 5 inclies long, and on the right
side of the head was a piece of leather the use
of which could not be determined. Close by
the head was an oblong box of red pottery.
Several similar boxes were found in subsequent
graves, the most remarkable being one which
was covered with charcoal drawings (pl. xii.
10–13); they were generally furnished with
lids fitting on to an inside rim, and in no
instance contained anything.
The drawing shows two black-topped red pots,
a small one at the head and a large one half
way down the grave; another was in position
behind the large pot, and a fourth was in frag-
ments.
a 88 was a grave of Class 3, interesting for
the remarkable outfit of small objects of personal
use placed with the woman who was buried in
it. These are shown in pl. vii. 2, arranged in
exactly the relative positions which they
occupied in the grave. The woman was lying
on her right side, her two arms were sharply
bent and the hands brought up almost to the
face. The two slate objects at the top of the
picture were just in front of the lower jaw;
the ivories, limestone pegs, and ivory tags which
follow lay just above the left hand, and along
the left arm almost to the elbow. It is very
difficult to suggest any explanation of the
meaning of this outfit. Possibly it formed the
complete paraphermalia of a witch-doctor.
SOME RICEI TOMBS AT EL AMRAH. - 37
Individually all the articles belonging to it are
well known and frequently occur in other
graves, but the combination seen in the present
case is quite peculiar (s. D. 36–39). &
a 96 is drawn in pl. v. 6 with all the objects
in position as they were found. The contents,
with the exception of the pottery, are shown in
pl. vii. 1, and an inventory of the whole is given
in the Catalogue of Tombs (p. 19). This,
which was the richest grave which we found in
the whole season, had escaped previous diggers
by a singular piece of good fortune. In some
one of the recent excavations or plunderings,
referred to in the first chapter, the next grave
had been opened and the workers had actually
been within two or three inches of this. It was
indeed doubtful whether the missing tibia had
not been inadvertently pulled in to the neigh-
bouring grave, although it had not revealed the
proximity of the burial to which it really
belonged.
The interment was one of the unusual kind in
which the body was dismembered before burial.
The position of the bones is shown in the draw-
ing. That they had not been seriously disturbed
was proved by the fact that they were still
covered with the ſleecy skin of an animal
(sheep?) which had been laid over them.
Further, it was evident that the objects were
all in their original position. The man who was
equipped with this splendid tomb-furniture
must have been a great chief in his time. We
can only wish that he had seen fit to notch on
one of the weapons of his armoury the number
of enemies whom he had killed in war.
b 62 is a very important grave, the contents
of which are fully illustrated on pl. viii. and
inventoried in the Catalogue of Tombs (p. 20).
It was an oval-oblong in shape, of the Class
which has been described as 2a, measuring
6 ft. x 4 to 5 ft. and 6 ft. deep, oriented N.W.
and S.E. The grave had been partially
plundered at a date contemporaneous with the
interment, so that a certain number of the
objects belonging to it were found in the filling
at various depths. The following, however,
lay on the floor of the tomb, clearly at their
original level, and almost if not quite in their
original relative positions — *
(a) On the west side of the grave th
skeleton of a woman, the bones of which were
disarranged, but not so much as to leave any
doubt that it had been buried in the usual
contracted position. The head was on the
north, a haunch-bone south of it at the natural
distance; other bones were heaped between the
haunch-bone and the head. The lower jaw was
in place, but turned upside down; a displaced
tibia was lying in front of the face. g
(8) North of the skull and within an inch or
two of it was the slate shown in pl. viii. 2; an
inch or two north of this again was the slate
shown in pl. viii. 3 (bottom), and a little east of
this, almost in the N.E. corner of the grave lay
the slates figured in pl. viii. 1 (top and bottom),
the smaller one being on the top of the other.
By the side of these last were the two miniature
red pots shown in pl. viii. 4 (centre and left
centre). - . . . . -
(y) Ranged round the east side of the grave
from north to south was the pottery shown in
pl. viii. The pots R 24 and D 67c were on the
other side of the grave with the body itself.
(3) On the south side of the grave, a little
east of where the feet would have lain, was the
head of a small horned animal. . . .
(e) In the S.W. corner of the grave was the
breccia vase shown in pl. viii. 4 (bottom right).
The slate figured in pl. viii. 2 is without
question one of the most important objects
found at El Amrah. It is 11% inches long, of a
type well known in the pre-dynastic period (cf.
Naqada and Ballas, pl. xlix. 65), and dated to
the middle stages of that period (see Diospolis
Parva, pl. iii.) Its peculiar interest consists in
the fact that it bears in well cut relief the .
compound sign which appears in the illustration.
The exact significance of this carving is a
38 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
matter still subjudice. At the moment that I |
found the slate I considered that the sign in
relief was of genuinely hieroglyphic character,
and proposed to read it as 8-r, which is the
ordinary word for “prince” in the Egyptian
language. A celebrated Egyptologist, to whom
a drawing of it was shown, immediately and
independently suggested the same reading;
and, after having seen the original, he still
maintains his opinion. In that case the slate
in question would supply the earliest example
hitherto known of the use of true hieroglyphs.
The pottery dates the tomb to within the limits
S.D. 58–63; and the stone vases, which
considered independently would allow it to
range between 60–68, fix the point, when they
are taken in combination with the pottery, to
S.D. 60–63. As the Ist Dynasty appears at
some point between S.D. 70- and s.D. 80, Menes
being probably about halfway between these
two figures, it is evident that this inscribed slate
belongs to a stage appreciably before Menes.
But this interpretation of the sign is not
generally accepted. It was at once questioned |
by Prof. Petrie, who considers that the slate
exhibits nothing more than an emblem such as
may be seen on the standards of the pre-historic
ships (see Naqada and Ballas, pl. lxvi., &c.).
Mr. Griffith, too, considers that the sign is not
composed of true hieroglyphs, and suggests that
the nearest resemblance to it is to be found in
the early forms of the emblem of the God Min
(cf. Koptos, pl. iii., Petrie, 1896). Under these
circumstances it seems best to qualify the con-
tention that the slate constitutes the first
example of the use of the historical hieroglyphs,
and to describe it less definitely as bearing a
sign analogous to the emblem of the god Min.
Even so it is an object of unique interest, for it
is the earliest instance of a slate which is
ornamented with a carving as distinguished
from a mere roughly incised drawing, and so it
is in a sense the ancestor of the famous proto-
dynastic palettes. . . .
The contents of this grave are valuable from
another point of view, as bearing on the applica-
tion of the “sequence-datings.” The system
expressed by these datings (cf. p. 6) has been
used throughout this account, and has proved
to work out perfectly harmoniously with the
exception of only one particular. The exception
| is that the slates which represent animals and
fishes do not seem to admit of such precise
delimitation as the author of Diospolis Parva
suggests. The general development of the non-
zoomorphic forms, beginning with the rhomb and
ending with bordered oblongs, is unquestionable,
but the same confidence cannot be reposed in
the succession of the zoomorphic slates. This
, seems, in fact, to be an instance of the facility
with which careless workmanship may be mis-
taken for degeneration of type. Several of the
tombs at El Amrah tended to show that there
was no distinguishable difference in period
between well-formed and ill-formed fish-palettes
or bird-palettes, and such a view is confirmed
by the contents of b 62. *
The slate which bears the emblem is of a
well-defined form, placed in Diospolis Parva
(pl. iii.) between the limits S.D. 58 and S.D. 60.
The pottery and stone vases, as was remarked
above, put the tomb between the limits s.D. 60
–63, so that the latest period assigned to this
slate agrees perfectly with that of the other
dating objects. The slate of pl. viii. 3 (bottom)
is not precisely matched by any of the examples
shown in Diospolis Pan'va (pl. iii.), so that too
much stress must not be laid upon it, but
certainly the nearest equivalent to it is to be
found in the double-bird palette put down at S.D.
40–346. Of the other slates which appear in
pl. viii. the bird at the bottom of 1 should occur
according to the sequence-date given to it mid-
way between S.D. 40 and S.D. 50, while the
tortoise figured just above it is assigned to
between s.1). 43 and S.D. 49. But these alloca-
tions are quite inconsistent with the dating
assigned to the tomb on the evidence of the
SOME RICH TOMBS AT EI, AMRAH. 39
pottery and stone vases; and taken by them-
selves the slates in question would place the
tomb at far too early a stage in the period. It
is probable then that good and bad zoomorphs
are contemporary with one another, and have
the same range in time. It may, of course, be
argued that the examples hero cited wore heir-
looms which had been kept and handed down
for many generations. But, on the one hand,
it seems unreasonable to suppose that the woman
who was buried with so rich an equipment
would not have been provided with a new set of
these easily-manufactured accessories of the
toilet. And, on the other hand, for how long a
time can it be supposed that heirlooms of so
fragile a character would be preserved P. The
tortoise-palette and the bird-palette are, accord-
ing to the sequence-dating, at least 11 or 12
units earlier than the rest of the tomb. If such
units are each equivalent to about one genera-
tion, as has sometimes been suggested, it would
be necessary to believe that these fragile articles
had been treasured up undamaged for over 300
years before they were buried This reflection
suggests the problem,-What was the length
of the pre-dynastic period —which will be
discussed in Chapter X.
Before leaving this subject one more remark
will not be out of place. There is nothing in
these pages to encourage those who profess
to disbelieve in the principle of sequence-dating.
The Catalogue of Tombs from El Amrah amply
vindicates the soundness of the general system,
and the above paragraph is designed only to
eliminate a trifling error in a single small
department of the whole. - .
b 91 was the largest tomb on the site, sunk
5 ft. below the ground and roofed with boughs
and mud. Its plan is given in pl. iv. 8, and a
photograph of it is shown in pl. iii. 6. Typo-
logically it is the latest development of the
proto-dynastic brick tomb which occurred at
El Amrah, and is dated by its form as well as
by its contents to the middle of the Ist Dynasty,
or perhaps to the beginning of the IInd
Dynasty. Unfortunately it had been completely
plundered within the last few years, though it
repaid opening, as from it came the half of an
inscribed steatite cylinder, the inscription from
which is reproduced (from an impression) in
pl. vi. The modern plunderers had done their
work so carelessly that they had failed to
discover the staircase 23 ft. 6 in. long, which
gave entrance on the western side. The con-
tents of the tomb, however, had been removed,
with the exception of the half, cylinder of
steatite referred to, a wooden cylinder (inscribed,
but in too bad a condition to reproduce), and
some pots and broken stone vases. The three
stone vases which were perfect enough to be
drawn are shown in pl. xvi. 3, 7, 8; fragments
of others showed that there had been an alabaster
of type S 1, a small breccia bowl, a shallow
alabaster bowl, a deep striped alabaster bowl
with recurved rim, two slate bowls (one with a
strongly recurved rim and one without), and a
limestone vase, the shape of which could not be
judged. The pots, all of which were broken,
were L 17, L 38 (several), L 53h, and the type
given in Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty, pl.
xxxix. 1. Pieces of ivory (from a box P) and a
fragment of copper were also found. In the
recess at the N.E. corner were the bones of a cow. .
The dimensions of the tomb, which was 19 ft.
long × 7 ft. 6 in. wide, and 5 ft. deep, as well as
its elaborate construction, show that it must
have belonged to a person of importance, but
the history of it is of course lost, unless the
inscription on the cylinder should eventually
supply a clue.
40 º - EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
CEHABTER VII.
OBJECTS OF NEW KINDS FOUND AT EL AMRAH.
THE Ivory-HANDLED DAGGER, figured in pl. vi.,
is a unique and very interesting weapon, which
was found in the plundered grave b 230 (see
p. 23). It had been broken in two, and the
upper half of the copper blade was encrusted on
to the ivory hilt, as it is shown in the photo-
graphs. The length of the blade is 0.13 metre,
the broken part of the blade is 0°128 metre
long, and the whole blade would be about
0.175 metre long. The triangular butt is
inserted to a depth of about 0.047 metro into
the haft, and is secured close to its end with a
single rivet. This weapon is now in the Cairo
Museum (Journal, No. 35,158), and may be
compared for style and technique with a gold-
handled flint dagger lately acquired by the
Museum, which is shaped like the flint lances in
pl. vii. 1. Almost identical with the example
shown in pl. vi. is— *
THE CoPPER DAGGER witHouT HANDLE,
figured in pl. x. 5. This came from the plun-
dered grave a 131 (see p. 20). The blade is
0.15 metre long, with triangular butt like the
other. The same rivet-hole may be noticed
close to the end, and the semi-circular mark left
by the ivory claws of the hilt is plainly per-
ceptible even in the photograph. These two
daggers are of more primitive type than the one
which was found at Naqada and is now in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (see Naqada and
Ballas, pl. lxv. 3); which has a longer and more
slender blade, a more rounded butt and two
rivet-holes for the attachment. The unhilted
dagger from El Amrah (cf. De Morgan,
. Recherches, 1896, p. 201) is of very simple
form, and may be almost exactly matched from
Cyprus (see Cyprus Mus. Cat., pl. iii. 505);
the midrib of earlier flint work is represented
by the strong ridge running down the centre of
the blade, and the whole is simply a reproduc-
tion in metal of such flint weapons as are
figured in Naqada and Ballas (cf. especially
Naqada and Ballas, pl. lxxii. 51).
CoPPER KNIFE. — The exact purpose for
which another copper implement, figured in
pl. xii. 9, was used is doubtful. I’ossibly, as
has been suggested, it may have been a flaying-
knife for skinning deer and other animals. It
came from the proto-dynastic grave b 80 (see
p. 27), and was hafted into a cloven piece of
bone, which was apparently the unworked fore-
leg of a small animal. It was lying in front of
the face (i.e. just above the hands) of the
person with whom it was buried, and was
covered with cloth, which might, however, have
adhered to it from the wrappings of the body.
CoPPER CHISEL.-The chisel from grave b 18
shown in pl. x. 10 is of very primitive and
simple type, a plain bar bent with use in
levering.
A BRECCIA CELT (pl. vii. 1, top left) is unique.
It came from the fine grave a 96 (see pp. 19, 87).
Ground celts of any kind are extremely rare in
Egypt. Only a single example was found at
Naqada (Naqada and Ballas, p. 28 and pl.
lxxii. 59), where hundreds of graves were
| opened. Occasionally specimens come into the
hands of dealers through native plundering,
and it is very likely that work of this character
was almost confined to certain districts not yet
NEW OBJECTS FROM EL AMRAH. - 41
identified. For illustrations and remarks on
the subject, see De Morgan (Recherches, 1896,
pp. 98, 99). The shaping of this axe and the
two perforations for hafting at the butt are
quite peculiar. It is certainly a much more
highly elaborated instrument than the plain
copper axe found at Abadiyeh (Diospolis Parva,
pl. vii.). *
MoDEL AXE of Ivory.— From grave b 63,
in which it was buried with the body of a
woman, came the curious model axe of ivory
figured in pl. xii. 8. It could hardly be sup-
posed that so fragile an instrument would be
put to any serious use, and yet the edge is
noticeably worn down.
THE CLAY AND Pottery ANIMALs, to which
pl. ix. is devoted, are a very interesting product
of this site. In pl. ix. 1 is figured a charac-
teristic group from grave a 23, consisting of
four kine moulded in clay and affixed to an
oval clay stand. One of the four is shown on a
larger scale in pl. ix. 3. Similar groups of
animals were found several times (cf. Catalogue
of Tombs), and ordinarily they were rude
representations of cows, though in one case they
more resembled eland. Most of them were of
unbaked mud, which was so friable that it was
only with the greatest difficulty that they could
be removed from the grave. Nearly always
they were broken into several pieces by the
sand and stones thrown in when the grave was
originally filled; and sometimes the mud had
not been allowed to harden before they were
put in, so that their own weight had made them
sag and break apart. After being carried down
to the house they were thoroughly soaked in
paraffin-wax and half-baked in the oven, which
rendered them strong enough to be packed. A
single ox (from grave b 184) which did not
form part of a group, is shown in pl. ix. 2. A
bull, cow and calf, in strong red pottery, were
found in grave b 212 (pl. ix. 6, 9, 10).
In pl. ix. 5 is figured one of a pair of clay
animals painted with white spots, which may
grave b 136).
perhaps be toads, unless they are tortoises (from
grave b 163). In pl. ix.4a, 4b are two repre- .
sentatives of a group of six small clay animals,
very roughly made, which look like pigs (from
e No suggestion can be hazarded as
to the identity of the creatures represented by
two Inud cones painted with white spots, one of
which is shown in pl. ix. 7 (from grave b 163).
PoTTERY MoDEL of A BoAT.—In pl. ix. 8 is
shown all that could be recovered of the model
of a boat which was found in fragments in grave
a 56 (cf. p. 17). The original dimensions could
not be ascertained exactly; but when perfect
the boat would probably have been not less
than 18 inches, and might have been as much as
24 inches long. It was flat-bottomed, measured
about 7 inches in the beam, and was sharp-
prowed. It was made of unbaked clay and of a
buff colour, with a red rim painted round the
outside of the gunwale. Among its fragments
was the object shown in the plate, shaped like a
crescent and painted white. This was probably
a rest for the mast or for steering-oars. In
another grave (a 15) were found three very
rough little clay models of boats about three
inches long. .
Pottery DoILs.-Both male and female dolls
were found. In pl. ix. 11 are given the two
finest examples, both of which were found in
a 56. They are made of a red pottery with
curly black hair moulded in clay, and they
wear the peculiar covering, of which Von
Luschan has discussed the ethnological signifi-
cance in Globus (April 4th, 1901). The same
two characteristics may be seen in the doll
which is figured in three aspects in pl. xii. 7.
In this case the figure was in red paste, and the
lines depicting the dress were not moulded in
the outline itself, but were painted on in black.
The other lines of the painting, which are laid
on in black on a white ground, seem to signify
some accessory of dress. The short curly hair
and the “sheath” are two of the essential
characteristics of the figures represented on the
42 • EL AMRAH AND ABYDos.
proto-dynastic slates (figured in Proc. Soc,
Bibl. Arch., May–June, 1900), and this fact
tells distinctly in favour of the view that
the latter are portraits of natives and not of
foreigners.
THE MODEL or A House, shown in pl.x. 1
and 2, gives us the first definite idea of the
domestic life of these prehistoric Egyptians. It
was found in the grave a 4 (see p. 22), which is
between S.D. 44 and s. d. 64, that is to say it
belongs to the definitely pre-dynastic period.
It obviously represents a fairly substantial
building, appropriate to people who, as their
culture testifies, had risen to a grade far above
savagery. The door and the windows seem to
have been made of logs and beams of wood.
The form of the house itself, which slopes back
from the base and is recurved at the top,
suggests that it was built of wattle and mud.
No roof was found belonging to it, but, if it is
permissible to judge from the analogy of the
graves, it is likely that it was covered over
with boughs on which were put layers of twigs
and beaten mud. Some idea of the dimensions
of the dwelling may be obtained from the size
of the doorway. The lower beam of the door
is 4 in. from the ground, so that the original
house might perhaps have been 25 ft. long by
18 ft. wide. ... .
BASKETs were found in many of the pre-
dynastic graves. Nearly spherical baskets,
averaging about three inches in diameter
(pl. xi. 2), were used to contain malachite, and
were closed with small lids (pl. xi. 2, bottom
left). They were spirally coiled, and on some
of them could be seen traces of a sort of step
pattern, such as appears on modern Soudanese
basketwork. - .
Oval basketwork platters, such as that of
which fragments are shown in pl. xi. 3, were
used to stand pots upon ; just as we nowadays
put mats under our plates and dishes.
Box witH CHARCOAL DRawings, – In pl.
xii. 10–13 are shown four curious drawings,
which were made in charcoal on the sides and
ends of a red pottery box, 9 in. long by 6 in.
broad. This box was found in grave a 41
(p. 16), which is dated by its contents to
between S.D. 36 and S.D. 41. The first repre-
sentation (xii. 10) is that of a hippopotamus.
Next (xii. 11) is a boat with a crocodile under-
neath it. The third (xii. 12) is an unknown
object. Lastly (xii. 13) there is a picture of
six long-necked animals (probably giraffes)
walking in line towards the right of the picture;
their bodies, which are drawn diagrammatically,
resemble palings. Below them is a row of
black triangles, perhaps typifying the desert.
REMARKABLE SPECIMENS OF POTTERY. — The
pot numbered as D 46 in pl. xiv. is an extra-
ordinarily fine specimen of the “decorated"
class. Not only does it, exhibit such compara-
tively familiar patterns as the boat, the ostriches,
the water-plant, and the lattice borrowed from
wicker-work, but it also shows human figures
in action. Figures are very rarely represented
on the pottery (though one is diagrammatically
treated in D 50b, which is next to D 46 in
pl. xiv.). In the present case the persons
depicted seem to be dancing and playing the
castanets. ... •
In addition to the usual horizontally-pierced
holes for suspension, this pot has finely-made
wavy handles. - . .
Wa and WB in the same plate are interesting.
Both have been treated with colour, WB being
splashed over with red in imitation of the
markings on stone; while Wa has merely two
or three vertical red streaks running down the
front, and the slightest hint of a lattice pattern,
which was begun at the base but immediately
discontinued. Wa is a ledge-handled rather
than a wavy-handled pot, there is no undulation
in the simple sporgenza which appears on each
side. This makes it a distinctly peculiar pot,
and suggests that it is typologically the ancestor
of the ordinary wavy-handled examples. Pot-
tery found on the neolithic site of El Argeh in
NEW OBJECTS FROM EL AMRAEI. 43
centre.
Spain has similar ledge-handles. An example
from the Sirets' excavations is in the Ashmolean
at Oxford. -
F 1 and F 2 in pl. xiv. resemble one another
to some extent. Both are made of black clay
and are fluted, F 1 horizontally, F 2 vertically.
They are fantastic pots, the shapes of which are
imitated from the “decorated” types.
F 99 is one of four broken pots which were
found among the rubbish outside some of the
graves of Cemetery a, which had been opened
in recent years. From the part of the ground
in which they occurred they are almost certainly
of pre-dynastic date, but the type is quite new
as such ; they have perforated circular lids, and
bear pot-marks. • *
In the plate of white ornamented red pottery
(pl. xv.) two specimens should especially be
noticed, viz. no. 16 and no. 17. The first of
these has two quite peculiar features: firstly,
it is decorated with triangles filled with white
spots; and secondly, it has a spiral in the
The triangles with white spots suggest
a close typological relation with the well-known
“black incised ” ware (see e.g. Naqada and
Ballas, pl. xxx.); while the spiral, otherwise
unknown until the appearance of the “decorated”
ware, appears here on a pot of the class which
disappears about s.0. 84. It is possible, more-
over, in the treatment of the triangular pattern,
to trace a resemblance between the style of this
pot and that of the so-called “Aegean” ware of
the Ist Dynasty (see Royal Tombs of the
Earliest Dynasties, II, pl. liv., Petrie, 1901).
No. 17 in pl. xv. shows antelopes or similar
animals caught in nooses pegged out on the
ground. . . . • &
At the side of pl. v. 7 is shown a specimen of
the “black incised ” ware above mentioned. It
is the only piece which was found on the site,
a fact which sufficiently attests its valuable
character as a foreign product. To the list of
places where it occurs, mentioned in Naqada
and Ballas, viz. Spain, Bosnia, and Hissarlik,
may now be added Crete (Knossos) and Sardinia.
Fine specimens from a cave in the latter island
may be seen in the Museo Kircheriano at Rome.
Cf. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xxi., p. 96;
Bulletino di Palentologia Italiana, anno xxiv.
1898, tav. xviii.; Monumenti Antichi, vol. xi., etc.
44 & EL AMRAH AND ARY DOS.
'CEIAPTER VIII.
GENERAL CLASSES OF OBJECTS FOUND AT EL AMRAH.
THE existence of a purely Neolithic period is
not attested by any finds from Egyptian
cemeteries. Even at the very beginning of the
period represented by the pre-dynastic tombs,
copper was known and used (cf. inf). Flint
implements, however, were not superseded by
the rare metal imported from Cyprus or Sinai,
and to what unique perfection the Egyptians
of this time had attained in their manufacture
is shown by the technique of the wonderful flint
knives and bangles found at Naqada, Hou, and
elsewhere. In respect of the alternative use of
copper and of flint, the culture of these pre-
dynastic Egyptians was analogous to that for
which Italian archaeologists have invented the
term epoca eneolitica. As a barbarous compound
of derivatives from two different languages, the
term Eneolithic does not recommend itself;
while its assonance with the word Neolithic
is apt to be misleading. It is certainly pre-
ferable to write, as English authors have
recently done in another connection, of a
Chalcolithic period, meaning by this a time in
which copper or bronze (as the case may be) is
used in conjunction with flint. It may be said
that according to this terminology the ancient
Egyptians must be described as having lived in
a Chalcolithic age from the beginning to the
end of their history; but that need not
constitute an objection to the momenclature,
which is convenient as well as accurate.
The Chalcolithic age then begins with our
first knowledge of the people who buried their
dead in such tombs as have been described in
this and the similar preceding memoirs (Naqada
and Ballas, and Diospolis Parva). Flint is the
predominating material for the manufacture of
implements; and roughly worked specimens
occur in many graves, while in a few of the
richer may be found such fine examples as are
shown in pl. viii. and pl. xii. Of such highly
finished lances and knives little need here be
said; their workmanship has been fully
described by Mr. Spurrell in Naqada and
Ballas. But ulterior questions of great interest
are involved in the dating of the roughly-
worked implements. Accordingly, we devoted
especial care to collecting the latter, and to
differentiating carefully between such as were
found on the ground-level, where they were
evidently placed with intention beside the body,
and such as occurred higher up in the filling of
the grave. All the specimens shown in pl. vi.
and those in pl. vii. 4 and 6 were found in
position beside the body. Those in pl. xviii.,
on the other hand, were found at various depths
in the filling; while in pl. xix. are figured other
roughly-worked flints collected from the desert
surface. Mr. H. Balfour, who has examined the
entire series, kindly contributes the following
note upon them :—
WoRKED FLINTs.-‘‘The flint implements
“collected at El Amrah have been conveniently
“separated into three main groups, denoting the
“positions in which they were found, in order
“to distinguish those which were intentionally
“placed in the graves, as an accompaniment to
“the interment, from those whose association
“with the graves is merely accidental. The
“first group consists of those implements which
“were found on the grave bottoms, and which
“have evidently been carefully deposited in
ORIDINARY OBJECTS AT EL AMRAH. 45
“this position; the second group contains those
“implements and artificial flakes of flint which
“were found amongst the mass of material
“forming the filling-in of the graves. These
“have evidently been dug in unintentionally,
“and their presence in the grave-hollows can
“only be regarded as accidental, having no
“purposeful connection with the interment.
“They were probably derived from the soil and
“top surface in the vicinity of the graves. The
“third group comprises the worked flints which
“were found lying about on the surface in the
“vicinity of the burial ground.
“To take the First Group first. The very
“remarkable flint knives, lance-heads and other
“implements of high-class workmanship, associ-
“ated with the pre-dynastic burials, need hardly
“be referred to here, as they have been treated
“of at length elsewhere. That they represent
“the highest phase in the art of working flint
“reached by man in any period or region
“cannot be doubted. Fig. 11 in pl. x. shows
“some examples in which the exquisite parallel
“‘ripple'-flaking, which specially characterizes
“the flint-working of this people, constitutes a
“triumph of manipulative skill, the flaked
“hollows running from the one edge meeting
“those from the other in a mid-rib, as it were,
“along the centre of the blade-surface.
“shows a blade (from cemetery b, grave 27) of
“very fine finish, unfortunately broken across.
“It is formed from a fine long flake, slightly
“curved, triangular in section, carefully trimmed
“along the edges, worked to a point at one end
“and a rounded butt at the other. The surfaces
“are very well flaked towards the base on the
“angular surface, and all over the flat surface,
“in parallel “ripples.' Knives of this form (e.g.
“one from b 43) sometimes exhibit along the
“ridge a distinct zig-zag flaking, similar to the
“ornamental zig-zags worked so beautifully.
“upon the handles of the finer flint daggers from
“Denmark, and, as in the latter, apparently
“intended to produce a decorative effect.
Fig. 8
“In addition to the implements of fine work-
“manship, a number of rougher, in many
“instances very rough, flint implements and
“flakes were found in situ with the interments.
“Several of these are shown on pl. vi. Nos.
“11—21 are an associated group of flints from
“cemetery a, grave 99. Of these, Nos. 11, 14, 18,
“19 and 20 are mere flakes without secondary
“chipping, though No. 20 is very much worn
“along one edge, apparently from long use.
“Nos. 12 and 16 are flakes chipped into form
“to serve as “scrapers,” No. 16 being quite well
“and regularly formed. 15 is a flake with a
“serrated edge, forming a saw of a type very
“prevalent among the pre-dynastic finds. 13
“and 14 are two rough nodules, the latter
“doubtfully worked. 21 is a well-shaped,
“pointed instrument made from a flake, one
“edge being carefully flaked along.
“The remaining flints shown in pl. vi. were
“also found directly associated with various
“interments, and are all of a somewhat rough
“character, betraying no particular skill in their
“manufacture. Several are simple flakes, some
“of which show marks of use (e.g. 26, 27, 28,
“34, 47). 32 is a pointed flake, much worn
“away into hollows by use. 48 is very much
“worn, quite rounded in fact, along one edge,
“the other edge remaining sharp, much after
“ the fashion of No. 20.
“It is evident that many of the purposely
“buried flints were of little value, being very
“rude tools at the best, and often used-up
“implements; and, unless we consider that the
“furnishing of the dead with implements no .
“longer of use to the living was sometimes
“deliberate, and practised on the score of
“economy, we may fairly assume that these
“rough tools were among the actual belongings
“of the occupant of the grave when alive, and
“were buried with the dead as such.
“Pl. xviii. is devoted to flints of the Second
“Group, viz. those found amongst the mass of
| “rubble, &c., used for filling in the graves, and
46 - ORDINARY OBJECTS AT EL AMRAH.
“whose presence there is accidental. None of
“these present any high degree of finish, the
“bulk being very rough, examples of flint
“working, unworked flakes and “wasters.' No.
“9 is a flake-knife worked along one edge. 24
“is a fine delicate flake, well chipped into a
“‘duck-bill' scraper, whose edges are still per-
“fectly keen. The figure, unfortunately, does
“not do it justice. 42 is a flake with semi-
“circular hollow in one edge; this hollow is,
“however, not artificially formed, but is an
“accidental result produced in striking off the
“flake from the core... 45 is a flake worked
“roughly into a spear-head form with a tang.
“64 looks like a similar attempt at a tanged
“spear-head, but the shape is almost undoubtedly
“accidental. 51 is worked to a definite point,
“perhaps for boring. 53 is a saw-edged flake,
“rather well made.
“for special remark.
“The Third Group of flints, viz. those picked
“up upon the surface of the ground in the
“vicinity of the graves, is illustrated in pl. xix.
“These also are for the most part very rough
“implements, flakes and “wasters, but in several
“the working is more or less careful. No. 15
“is well worked on both sides to a good, rounded
“cutting edge. Many of the larger implements |
“resemble closely typical haches of the River-
“drift finds in Western Europe, being distinctly
“of palaeolithic type. This is especially notice-
“able in the case of numbers 46, 62, 63, 64, the
“last of which is a fine ovate blade of good and
“regular shape of a very familiar palaeolithic
“form. 63 is made from a large flake roughly
“worked. 49 is a smaller ovate implement of
“the fine orange-coloured flint, so characteristic
“in Egypt, worked round the edges on both
“faces, leaving much of the original weathered
“outside surface of the nodule from which it
“was made. 63 is a heavy worked block of
“flint, probably unfinished. 70 is a roughly-
“shaped...ovate implement, worked in large
“flaking on both sides.” . . .
The remainder do not call
| and S.D. 61.
| times.
COPPER OBJECTS.—Copper is not infrequent
in the pre-dynastic graves. It occurs actually
at the very beginning of the whole period, viz.,
in grave a 58, where the association with white
ornamented red pots would place it at about
S.D. 34. . -
If the graves are reviewed according to the
grouping adopted in the Catalogue (chaps. 3, 4),
the following results will appear –Before s.D.
41 copper is found three times (thin sheet,
needle, rings and chain), and before S.D. 46
twice more (sheet finger-ring, pin). In the
other graves before S.D. 56 it does not occur.
Between S.D. 56 and S.D. 64 it appears in six
graves, and now not merely in small pieces, but
worked up into articles of some size (e.g. the
dagger of a 131, and the anklets and bracelets
of b 62 and b 210). The ivory-handled dagger
of b 280 comes at some point between S.D. 48
The spoon with copper stem and
silver bowl. (b 233) is between S.D. 60 and s.D.
66. In proto-dynastic times, copper was in
common use (see Royal Tombs, l’art I. and
Part II.), although in the comparatively poor
graves of that period at El Amrah it is only
found three times (anklet in b 50, flaying-knife
in b 80, fragment in b 91).
SLATE.-Articles made of slate were of very
frequent occurrence in the pre-dynastic tombs;
but in those of the proto-dynastic period this
material was only used for bowls and dishes,
and in two instances for a bracelet. Forty-two
pre-dynastic graves in cemetery a, and forty-six
in cemetery b, contained slates of one kind or
another. Most usually they were the familiar
palettes, which are supposed to have been used
for face-paint; the green stain of the malachite
was still visible on many of them, and the
smooth pebbles used for grinding it were
generally found in the grave. The commonest
form of palette was that in the form of a fish,
sometimes made admirably life-like, and some-
times almost shapeless; this occurred thirty-one
Almost equally frequent was the plain
EL AMRAH AND AIBYDOS.
47
rhomb, which was found twenty-seven times;
tortoises and birds were much rarer. Two
peculiar types are shown in pl.xx., where No. 7
is an elaborate slate ornament studded with two .
rows of shell beads, while No. 10 is a variant
with four heads of the not uncommon double-
honded bird.
Besides the palettes, other slate objects were
found, but much more rarely. Ornaments of
the kind numbered in Naqada and Ballas
(plates of slates) as 28–33 occurred four times.
Small pendants shaped like double-headed birds
were also found four times, and would seem to
have been attached to the wrists (cf. pl. vii. 2).
The use of slates in general seems to have
been almost confined to the women and children.
Of the eighty-eight graves in which they were
found only three (a 96, a 102, b 43) belonged
to men, and even in one of these (a 102) the
sex is not absolutely certain. Allowing that
one or two of those graves, in which the condition
of the bones did not allow of determining the
sex, may have belonged to men, it is clear,
nevertheless, that palettes and other slates must
have been regarded as essentially feminine
property. s . . * *
With regard to the material itself, it could be
obtained near at hand, for it seems that there is
a fairly extensive ridge of slate east of Esneh.
PoTTERY.—The pottery found included repre-
sentatives of all the eight classes which are
figured and described in Naqada and Ballas
and in Diospolis Parva. These are:—
1. The Black-topped Pottery (B) with the
haematitic facing, which owes its
peculiar appearance to the process of
burying the pot mouth downwards in
the ashes while it was being baked,
so that the haematite was chemically
reduced to black magnetic oxide
(Diospolis Parva, p. 13). * ,
2. The Polished Red Pottery (P), haema-
titic like the last, and differing from
it only in consequence of the different
process observed in the burning, the
air in this case not being cut off from
any part of the surface. . . . . .
3. Cross-lined Pottery (C), which is also
haematitic red ware, but is decorated
with patterns painted in white gypsum
in a style similar to that still preserved
in the modern pottery of the Kabyles
of Algeria. -
4. Black Incised Pottery; wholly different
from any of the other classes. It is
of foreign importation and very rare
(cf. p. 43). º . . .
5. Wavy-handled Pottery (W). This is
a drab ware characterized by ledge
handles (cf. p. 42), and is similar
to that which is found on pre-
Jewish sites in Palestine. ' The earlier
examples have strongly undulated
handles; a peculiarity which is lost
in the later forms, which become mere
cylinders. These latest representatives
of the wavy-handled pots did not
occur at El Amrah. . . .
6. Decorated Pottery (D), the material of
which resembles that of Class 5. The
characteristic which distinguishes it is
the ornamentation with designs and
figures painted in a reddish colour.
7. Rough Pottery (R), including many
forms of coarse pots. -
8. Late Pottery (L), which replaces the
Rough Pottery in the later tombs.
It is smoother faced, and in some
cases exhibits forms evolved from
the Rough Ware. • .
Such types of pottery belonging to these
| various classes as have not yet been noted
from other sites are figured in our plates
xiii., xiv. and xv. From the Catalogue of
48 - ORDINARY OBJECTS AT EL AMRAH.
Tombs it can be seen how the potter's
art has degenerated by the time of the Ist
Dynasty, when only a few clumsy forms
survive, which make a poor substitute for the
rich répertoire of the pre-dynastic period.
STONE WASEs.-Wases carved out of hard stone
are among the most characteristic and beautiful
objects found in these graves. Alabaster is the
most common material, but basalt is frequent,
especially in the earlier stages of the period;
limestone, slate, breccia, and marble are also
used. The characteristic types are shown in
the photographs of pl. xvi., and the new kinds
are given in the line-drawings of the same
plate. Among the latter may be remarked
No. 2, which is a marvel of fine stone-cutting,
the upper part being detached and fitted to the
base with the most perfect accuracy. Of the
photographs No. 4 is interesting as showing
the method adopted for repairing a broken
vessel, by boring holes in the two pieces and
then tying the edges together; while No. 9
represents a very beautiful specimen, oval in
section and of unusual form. It is very
noticeable how in the transition to the proto-
dynastic period the graceful types of twy-eared
hanging vases are replaced by heavier models
without handles. - &
Ivory AND BONE, especially the former, were
favourite materials for the manufacture of
ornaments. Hair-pins, combs, and bracelets of
ivory were often worn by the women (cf. pl.
vii. 4, pl. xii. 2, 3). The hair-pins were
generally ornamented at the top with a lattice
pattern incised in black line, and were some-
times surmounted by a carving of a bird. The
combs were either plain, with teeth on one or
both sides, or they also were finished off in the
form of a bird. The finer examples carved
into the shape of deer and other animals
(Naqada and Ballas, pl. lxiii.) did not occur.
The bracelets were quite plain and un-
ornamented. Tags, such as those that are
shown in pl. vii. 2, notched and grooved near
the top and incised with diagonal lines,
suggestive of a leather or string whipping,
were found several times—always with women.
A single ornament of the type Naq. pl. lxii. 37
was found in ivory, and a pair of similar form
in limestone. These may have been earrings;
they lay on the throat. In several graves
occurred a pair of tusks such as those shown in
pl. vii. 2. One or both of these may be
hollowed out, and they are perforated at the
butt for suspension. They may have formed
part of a sorcerer's outfit, or they may have
been used in the dance like the ivory wands
known in the historical periods.
Two bone harpoons were found and two
ivory spoons. A curious spoon with curved
handle, perhaps imitated from the fore-leg of
an animal, is shown in pl. vii. 5. The ivory
axe of pl. xii 8. is unique. The haft of the
dagger in pl. vi. is of ivory, and that of the
flaying-knife in pl. xii. 9 is of natural bone.
In the large proto-dynastic tomb b 91 were
found fragments of ivory, which had probably
formed part of a box. -
It is evident that ivory was easily to be
obtained in Egypt at this time; and the
elephant, whether native or not, was well
known to the people. Slate palettes were made
in the form of the elephant (Naqada and Ballas,
pp. 26, 43), and there is an admirable incised
drawing of him on the palette figured in
Diospolis l’arva, pl. xii. 43. Rude drawings of
the animal occur on the rougher pots, and he is
represented among the ensigns of the ships on
the “Decorated” Pottery.
BEADS (cf. Naqada and Ballas, p. 10, and
Diospolis Parva, p. 27) are fairly frequent in
graves of both periods. Carnelian is just twice
as common as any other material used. Green
or blue glaze, steatite, and calcite (quartzite 7)
occur, the one as often as the other. Glazed
stone, shell, and clay are rarer; haematite,
limestone, amethyst, garnet, and lapis-lazuli
occur. Of these last it is worth noting that
OR DINARY OBJECTS AT EL AMRAH. 49
lapis-lazuli is known to be native to Egypt, but
garnet is not, though it is found in Abyssinia.
Of various specimens examined, a pendant was
chrysoprase, a bead possibly anorthite (of the
felspar group), others perhaps diopside.
The occurrence of gold-covered beads in
several graves is interesting; the gold is laid
in the form of thin foil over a core of baked
clay.
Beads, which are essentially the ornaments of
women and children, were very rarely found
with men, and when they occurred in a man's
grave they were always of the most valuable
materials (cf. grave a 96). Often they were
worn as necklaces or bracelets, but sometimes
they were merely laid in the grave as strings,
and not actually passed round the neck or the
wrist.
MINERALs.-Reference has already been made
to the occurrence of gold, silver, and copper in
these graves. A lump which was found in one
of them, and provisionally classed as galena,
has been identified by an expert as iron oxide.
Malachite and haematite occur frequently. In
one grave was found a piece of emery.
SHELLs.-The shells found in the graves,
generally strung into necklaces, were kindly
identified by Mr. E. A. Smith, the South
Kensington expert. Except for one or two
which belong to the Nile mud, they are all
marine varieties, and are practically all native
not to the Mediterranean but to the Red Sea.
Their names are as follows:—
. Cypraea erosa, Linn. \
,, moneta, Linn.
. Strombus fasciatus, Born.
Clanculus pharaonis, Linn.
Conus ceylonensis, Hwass.
Natica maroceana, Chemnitz.
. Polinices mamilla, Linn.
. Mamilla melanostoma, Lamk.
. Nerita crassilabrum, Smith.
10. ,, polita, Linn.
11. Cerithium sp.
12. Cardium edule, Linn. 2 }
} All Red Sea forms.
Identification uncer-
tain. Both are Medi-
13. Columbella rustica, Lamk. terranean species.
14. Cleopatra bulimoides, Olivier.
. Aecheria sp.
. Unioniloticus, Caillaud.
17. Conus 2 sp.? .
. Mitra sp.?
SKULL TYPEs—At the foot of pl. xix. are
inserted the vault and the full-face views of two
male skulls, both of the pre-dynastic period.
These are intended to show the strong contrasts
of racial types which may occur even so early.
The skull numbered b 1066 is a typical pre-
dynastic, though an extreme example; it has a
cephalic index of 631 and a height index of
713. That which is numbered as b 211 is an
exceptional specimen, with a cephalic index of
785 and a height index of 675. The discussion
} Nilotic forms.
} Probably Red Sea.
of these, as of all the other cranial and skeletal
remains from El Amrah, is reserved for a special
publication. - g
E
50 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
CHAPTER Ix.
whAT WAS THE DURATION OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC PERIOD,
As our information with regard to the pre-
dynastic culture becomes year by year more
complete, a few of the problems connected with
it are actually solved, and others are brought
within the field of reasonable conjecture and
discussion. Amongst the latter may be placed
the question of the length of time occupied
by the development of this civilization. How
many years, or how many generations or cen-
turies, were needed for the early Chalcolithic.
culture to evolve, before the institution or the
introduction of the earliest dynasties?
Data on which to found any suggestions have
hitherto been almost non-existent. The variety
of artistic products, the rise and degeneration
of which can be traced in minute detail, has led
Professor Petrie to suggest that the pre-dynastic
culture before Menes extended over a period
which was not less than 1000, and might be as
much as 2000 years in length (Diospolis Parva,
p. 28). But of course an argument of this
kind, as its author would readily admit, is a
pis aller, legitimate only when no direct evi-
dence is available. It must always be open to
two obvious objections. The first of these is
that it would be almost impossible, reviewing
the history of culture in various parts of the
world, to fix even approximately the length of
time necessary for the evolution of any sort of
civilization. The second is that, even if a
canon could be established for certain peoples
or nations, there is no reason to suppose that it
would be applicable to a civilization so unique
as that of pre-dynastic Egypt. There is nothing,
so far as present knowledge goes, with which
this can in its entirety be compared; no com-
plete parallel to it can be found either in the
Nile Valley or elsewhere. The difficulty, how-
ever, has been to find any satisfactory substitute
for the argument which has been criticized. In
this chapter I propose to offer a new one, based
on calculations of the number of burials con-
tained in various cemeteries which have been
exhausted to the very last grave.
The Cemetery a at El Amrah had been
excavated to a considerable extent before this
year (p. 2). We fully noted 223 graves from
it, including many which had been opened by
the previous diggers, but insufficiently cleared.
It may be estimated that another 200 would
more than suffice to account for all the re-
mainder, viz. such as had been so depleted by
the previous diggers as not to be worth recording
by us. Another point, however, must be taken
into consideration, viz. that burials of the time
of the XVIIIth Dynasty had encroached on the
eastern side of the cemetery so as to destroy a
certain number of graves of its latest period.
The latter could hardly have numbered 200,
but for the sake of argument let it be conceded
that there may have been as many as this. The
entire extent of the original cemetery would
then be fixed at 600 graves, which would in
that case have included almost every stage of
the pre-dynastic culture.
Cemetery b affords a more satisfactory basis
for calculations, as it had been comparatively
little damaged in ancient or modern times.
The total number of graves here was about 400.
Another 100 (probably less) would make up the
tale of all that had been destroyed by plunderers
in modern times, or by trespassers in times more
DURATION OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC PERIOD, 51
remote. Five hundred graves, then, would be
the full size of Cemetery a, which began with
the very opening of the pre-dynastic period
and continued far into the Ist Dynasty. Surely
so small a number cannot represent a very long
period. Nor can it be urged that the practice
of occasionally interring two or even three
bodies in the same grave appreciably affects the
figures; for, if the two cemeteries a and b are
considered together, the total excess of the
burials over the graves themselves is only forty-
one, of which seventeen belong to Cemetery a,
and the remainder to Cemetery b.
The evidence of El Amrah may be supple-
mented by that derived from four other ceme-
teries worked in the two preceding years.
At Abydos (1899-1900) I excavated two small
pre-historic cemeteries, which were noted under
the letters q and X respectively (see next chap.).
Both had been partially rifled a short time
before, but fully half the graves remained
unopened in each. The new graves which I
worked in q amounted to 85, and those in X to
83, making 90 interments in the former case
and 88 in the latter. The original number of
burials in each of these two cemeteries can
hardly, therefore, have exceeded 180. As ºf
ranges from S.D. 30 to s.1). 50, and X from S.D.
60 to s.1). 80, each embraces a little less than
half of the entire period.
The Cemeteries R and U at Hou (cf. Diospolis
Parva) had never been touched in modern days,
nor had they been interfered with in historical
times. The range of R was from s.l.). 50 to s.I.
80, and it contained a little over 200 burials.
The graves in U, on the other hand, covered the
entire period from the very earliest beginnings
of the pre-dynastic culture down to the stages
which merge in the Ist Dynasty, if not actually
down to the Ist Dynasty itself. I recorded just
400 graves from U, and allowing for the fact that
some of the poorest graves were not registered,
yet the total number cannot have exceeded 500,
and might well have been less.
From a comparison of these figures, it will
appear that the entire pre-dynastic period from
the dawn of the Chalcolithic age down to the
beginning of the Ist Dynasty is normally
represented by something like 500 interments.
The large cemeteries b at El Amrah and U at
Hou, which are the best evidence on the subject,
give an even lower figure, if allowance is made
for the inclusion in each of them of a certain
number of burials which properly belong to the
Ist Dynasty. Cemetery a at El Amrah, which
is indifferent evidence, would give at best a
slightly higher figure. The other three, viz.
q, and X at Abydos, and R at Hou, though
representing only a part of the period, yield
results which harmonize well with those ob-
tained from the cemeteries of more compre-
hensive character. * ,
Admitting that the population was probably
sparse and the villages small, yet it is difficult to
suppose that in a period of from 1000 to 2000
years there should not have been more than 500
persons, including children, to be buried.
As regards the size of the villages, there is
little direct evidence; but it is noteworthy that
the remains of the pre-historic dwellings, on
every site where they have been observed,
extend over a not inconsiderable area. More.
over, certain inferences may legitimately be
drawn from the state of civilization revealed by
the arts and industries of the time. The great
variety of artistic products suggests considerable
sub-division of labour, while the demand for
what can only be described as articles of luxury
indicates the possession of an amount of wealth
not likely to be found among mere nomads living
by isolated families like the Bedouins of to-day.
Nomads, indeed, these people cannot have been,
or they would not have continued to bury in the
same places throughout their whole existence.
And that they dwelt in something more than
isolated family houses may be inferred from the
complexity of their industrial life, as well as
from the visible remains of their settlements.
52 - EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
But if we suppose them to have lived in
communities, then, however small these com-
munities might be, it is only natural to conclude
that at least one or two persons, infants if not
adults, would die every year. At the present
day the death rate for a small Egyptian village
certainly exceeds the figure of one in four years,
which is all that it would amount to if 2000
years were assigned as the duration of the
period in question.
A good many children died; for in the El
Amrah cemeteries the infants and young persons |
numbered almost one-fifth of the whole. Many
again died when only just adult; this was
especially the case with the women, who, in all
six of the cemeteries except b, considerably
outnumbered the men. The figure of 500
would soon be reached, including as it does
infants, children and young mothers. The
annual death-rate of modern Egypt, as shown
by the official returns for the ten years 1891-
1900, attains the figure of 37.2 per 1000.
There is only one way in which this argument
in favour of considerably reducing the supposed
length of the pre-dynastic period can satis-
factorily be met. That is by demonstrating that
in other periods, the duration of which is well-
established, the number of burials is no less
unexpectedly low. Can this be shown 2 At
the present moment no quite satisfactory
evidence on the point exists, nor can it ever be
very easy to obtain.
It is quite possible to exhaust a pre-historic
cemetery, because the graves are all close
together within a small plot of ground; but it
would be very difficult to be sure of having
exhausted the larger area necessary to contain
several cemeteries of the well-defined historical
periods. On a small scale, however, El Amrah
itself comes very near to supplying such an
example as is needed; for in cemetery b there
were burials of the Ist Dynasty, which, according
to Manetho, reigned for 263 years. The latest
tomb at El Amrah, b. 91, falls certainly well
within the Ist Dynasty, and might even be
attributed to the beginning of the IInd
Dynasty. There was an unbroken line of
burials in b leading through the late pre-
dynastic down to the time which b 91 represented.
If, therefore, a section of these could be classed
as definitely belonging to the Ist Dynasty,
and the point at which b 91 occurs could be
fixed, there would be all the factors required
for deciding how many burials correspond to a
given length of time. That is always supposing
Manetho to have been correct in his statement
of the duration of the dynasty.
Now it is possible to define with some degree
of exactness the number of burials in b which
are attributable to the Ist Dynasty. They
may be any or all of those which are associated
with tombs of classes 4–8; but can hardly be
any of the others, which are dated some units
earlier by their contents. The number of
interments in those classes was 78, viz. 23 men,
34 women, 11 children, and 10 which, owing to
their damaged condition, could not be accurately
sexed. A few graves had been opened by the
previous diggers, and with due allowance for
these the total might rise to 100, but hardly
higher. That is to say, if b 91 is to be assigned
to the end of the Ist Dynasty, or the beginning
of the IInd, it would follow that there were
at most 100 interments in a period of 260 years.
On the same scale, then, the length of the pre-
dynastic period would exceed 1000 years. But
if on the other hand b 91 belongs, as it well may,
to the middle rather than to the end of the
Ist Dynasty, there will be no reason for
saying that the pre-dynastic period was longer
than 500 years. -
At present nothing more precise can be stated
on the subject. It is sufficient in this place to
have suggested that the problem is capable of
solution by arguments based on direct observa-
tion; and that the evidence at present available
tends to show the pre-dynastic period to have
been shorter than has generally been supposed.
53
CHAPTER X.
NOTES ON GRAVES OF SEVERAL PERIODS EXCAVATED AT ABYDos 1899-1900.
FROM the excavations at El Amrah we pass to
those conducted at and near Abydos. The
present chapter contains notes on various small
pieces of work done in the season 1899-1900,
which do not require a detailed description;
and the following chapter is devoted to the
account of a unique XIIth Dynasty temple,
the clearing of which occupied me during the
greater part of the season 1899-1900.
PREHISTORIC CEMETERIES $ AND X.—In the
last chapter incidental allusion has been made
to q and X, two small prehistoric cemeteries at
Abydos, which lie about half a mile to the
south of the valley leading from the “Temple
of Osiris” to the Royal Tombs at Umm-el-
Qa'ab. These had been partially worked before
our arrival at Abydos; but some experimental
digging showed that about half the tombs had
not been opened, and that enough still remained
to be valuable for certain special purposes.
l’rom the archaeologist's standpoint the tombs
cpntained little that was new or interesting.
They yielded a small quantity of objects, typical
of the period, which have supplemented the
collections of several museums; but the graves
in general were of so poor a character that a
brief inventory of the contents of about a score
of them will fulfil all the requirements of
publication. -
For the anthropologist, however, 4 and x
possess a unique value. Each of them was
limited to a well-defined part of the prehistoric
period, q, containing only graves of the first ||
half and x only graves of the second half of
that entire period. The middle stages were
quite unrepresented, so that by a remarkable
piece of good fortune the exact material was
supplied which was needed for differentiating
the skulls of the later from those of the earlier
period. The anthropological results of this
work I have published in a special craniological
study (The Earliest Inhabitants of Abydos,
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1901). Here a brief
note on the archaeological aspect of some of the
tombs will suffice.
In both cemeteries the graves were oriented
approximately north and south, and the bodies
were laid on their left side with the heads at
the south end. The position of the body was
contracted as usual, and there were only two
possible instances of dismemberment before
burial, both occurring in the early cemetery.
CEMETERY ºb.
q, 3, Ivory rings on right hand. An amulet
of greenish stone. An egg about the size
of a swan's egg. Pots P 1a, B 22c (three).
# 6, Body . Ivory comb of double-headed
bird type. Slate of type 98. Pots F 15,
B 25e.
$ 7. Two bodies, viz. an adult 2 and an
infant. Several ivory bracelets. Small
ivory tags. Slate of type 98. Well-
shaped fish slate. Alabaster vase of type
S 4c. Pots P 1a (with pointed end),
B 25c, B 26b, B 54b, B 57b.
$ 8. Body of an infant. One large and two
small calcite beads. A large shell. Slate
of type 98. Pots F 15, B 25e.
54 - EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
$ 22. Body ?. Two diminutive red pots, one
of which contained malachite and the other
a leafy substance. Bones of small animal.
Pots P 11a, P 11b, B 22b, B 25f.
q. 23. Tomb oriented E and W. Body 3,
lying on its left side with head at W end.
Clay figure of an animal (hippopotamus 2)
at foot of grave. Pots P 1a, P 11d, P 61,
B 18b. g
$ 29. Double burial, both 3. With one body
was tiny pottery head of an animal and
little cones of red pottery. Bones of a
small animal. Pots B 18b, B 25f, B 27b.
$ 31. Body 3. Two small figures of animals
in red pottery, by the hands. Pot B 27f.
$ 44. Body of a young person, lying as usual
. in contracted position, hands with the head
at S. Necklace of green and blue and
yellow glass beads. Pot B 18b. This
was a shallow round grave of typical early
prehistoric kind. There was no suspicion
of any mixture with a later period, nor
were there any graves of other date in the
immediate vicinity. e
4, 60. Body child. Necklace of small shell
beads with carnelian pendant.
type 98. Diminutive polished red pot.
Pots P 63, B 22c, and a new type of C,
viz. a shallow tray 5 in. long with a tree-
pattern.
$ 74. Plundered anciently. Body & . Pots
C 75b, C 79a, and a broken B (type like
22b or 25f). -
CEMETERY X.
x 3, Double burial, 2 and child. With the
latter were a large number of green glaze |
beads wound in several strings round the
head. Also, on the wrist a bracelet of
ivory amulets (of the fish-tail shape seen in
Diospolis Parva, pl. iv., at period s.D. 60
and after), with a perforated carnelian
Slate of |
pebble. Pots P of type L 17a (coarse),
P 23c and P 46b (both coarse), W 53,
R 23a (two).
Large round pot (cf. pp. 10, 11, 25, 26)
inverted over ? body, and over the pot
W 85. Outside the round pot but inside
the grave were three pots, viz. L 36a (two)
and L 38.
X 22. Body 3 young. Long flint flake.
Ivory harpoon. No pots.
x 23. Body ?, head absent. A slab of white
stone, 5 in. long and bored for suspension,
took the place of the usual slate palette;
its rubber-pebble was with it. One large
shell. A serrated flint implement 2 in.
long. Pots P 23c (coarse), 1° 40c, D 4e,
ornamented with figures of ostriches, R. 23c
(two), R 76.
X 31. Child. Necklace of agate pebbles with
carnelian pendant; two bull's-head amulets
(type in Diospolis Parva, pl. iv., Amulets,
top left). -
X 41. Large round pot (cf. grave X 8) inverted
over body ?. Necklace of carnelian and
a few green glaze beads. No other
accompaniments.
x 45. Similar large round pot inverted over
the body of a child and over the pot D 21.
X 50. Oblong coffin of unbaked clay, memºr.
ing 40 in. × 20 in., with remains of a lid.
It was simply sunk in the ground 30 in.
below the surface. Contained body ? and
pots W 71a, L 36b (two).
x 51. Oblong clay coffin, similar to that de-
scribed in last grave, but perforated with
round holes at the bottom corners. Sunk
40 in. below surface. Contained body
of child, with eight ivory and eight shell
bracelets on the arms and a copper ring
On one finger. A string of beads, viz.
green glaze, black glaze, carnelian and a
single garnet. Between the legs were four
GRAVES ExCAVATED AT ABYDos 1899-1900. 55
large tubular carnelian beads and a bull's
head amulet in carnelian. Oval slate
palette. Pots W 71a, W 85, L 12d, L
17e, L 36b. -
x 57. Similar oblong clay coffin, perforated
with round holes at side. Contained body
3 and pots W 71a (two), L 36b.
x 60. The typical large round basin of the
pot-burials, but broken and the bones (?
young) scattered outside. Was accompanied
by pots W 61, W 62, L 69.
x72. Similar large pot, also broken, and the
bones left outside it. With it were an
oblong slate palette and the pot L 33c.
X 74. An oblong bricked grave (of kind
called Class 6 at El Amrah). Plundered.
Some bones in contracted position. Pots
L 30, L 36b, W 71a.
For the above list the coffins and pot-burials
have been especially selected, as these examples
have an important bearing on the dating of
such stylcs (cf. pp. 10 and 11).
At the close of the season 1899-1900, having
finished the excavation of cemeteries q and X,
and of the XIIth Dynasty temple, which is to
be described in the next chapter, I opened a
few pit-tombs and others of the later Dynasties
close to the Shunet-ez-Zebib, in a part of the
ground slightly to the north of Mr. Mace's
work. The greater number dated originally
from the Middle Empire, but had been subse-
quently plundered and re-used. From one of
these came the broken limestone figures shown
in pl. xxii. (1-10, 13-18). The .pit was 19 ft.
deep, 8 ft. 4 in. long, and 3 ft. 4 in. wide,
giving entrance to four burial chambers, viz.
two on the north and two on the south side.
In the upper southern chamber were found six
heads and various fragments of statuettes, and
in the filling of the grave were a number of
others, all broken. Nothing else occurred by
which to date them. A foot or two away from
this pit and possibly in connection with it was
a small quadrangular chapel 7 ft. wide (N to S)
by 6 ft. 3 in. long (E to W), contained by brick
walls 35 in. to 40 in. thick. On its western
side, facing the entrance, a small stone, offering-
table, 26 in. long, was inserted in the wall.
The entrance itself was on the eastern side,
23 in. wide, and in iſ/were found fragments of
three limestone statuettes, while outside it were
several more. The entire collection from pit
and chapel no doubt formed a single deposit,
and perhaps represented the cast-away work of
some sculptor's school. The figures vary
greatly in fineness of execution, some being
remarkably well carved and still partially
| covered with gold-leaf, while others are of very
rough workmanship. The most interesting
examples are shown in the illustration.
Another pit, 20 ft. deep, 3 ft. 3 in. wide, and
6 ft. 6 in. long, opened into four chambers, two
on the north and two on the south side. Each
of these contained some small objects of the
XIIth or of the XIIth to XVth Dynasties.
The deposit in the lower northern chamber was
of some value, consisting of a blue marble kohl
pot with steatite top, a small bowl of blue
marble, a copper mirror with cloth covering
and plain ivory handle, two amethyst and two
green glaze scarabs, a small round silver plaque
and pendant, several small silver models of
hawks, two thin silver bangles, and strings of
tubular and very small discoid green glaze
beads. With them were the bones and head of
{l, WOIOl{LI1,
From a pit tomb of the XVIIIth Dynasty
came a double-spouted wooden kohl pot about
8 in. high. It was carved on one side with an
ape climbing up a lotus plant, on the other
side with an offering figure, whose head was
surmounted by lotus flowers. -
Some tombs of the late New Empire were of
different construction. They were shallow,
with brick sides and barrel-vaulting of brick.
From them came some very degraded canopic
jars in painted ware and some painted pottery
56 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
ushabti-figures. It was in a grave of this class
also that the three bronzes shown in pl. xxii.
22, 23, 24 were found. The double-pronged
spear is not of a recognizable Egyptian type,
and may be considered to be a foreign importa-
tion. The curved and ornamented pieces of
bronze which accompany it (Nos. 22 and 24)
are not fibulae; they may be hasps of some
kind. - -
The sphinx figured in pl. xxii. 21 was found
in the course of making some trial diggings in
the “Temple of Osiris,” at Abydos. It is a
fine piece of Middle Empire work.
The two statuettes of seated figures in pl.
xxii. (11 and 19, 12 and 20) come from a grave
at El Amrah, which was interpolated among
those of the pre-dynastic period. They are of
limestone, 64 in. high from the base of the
pedestal to the top of the head. One (No. 11
and 19) is inscribed with the name Karen,
the other is nameless. There were no objects
by which to date them, but the position of the
grave in relation to others of the XIIth to XVth
Dynasties, which had similarly encroached on
the prehistoric cemetery (ante, p. 3), makes it
probable that they belong to the Middle Empire
rather than to the XVIIIth Dynasty. This
attribution is further confirmed by the style of
the workmanship. - <-
From another interpolated grave of the same
period at I'l Amrah came a headless limestone
statuette of a standing figure 74 in. high. It
was inscribed with the name of one Aba, a
doctor. -
. 57
CHAPTER XI.
A TEMPLE OF USERTESEN |||. NEAR . ABYDOS.
ABOUT a mile and a half to the south-east of
the Royal Tombs of Abydos, and half a mile to
the north-west of the great sand-piled pyramid
which forms so prominent a landmark close to
the cultivation, stands the temple of Usertesen
(Senwosret) III. shown in pl. xx. It was
completely buried under the sand, and the only
evidence of its existence was a limestone slab
protruding a few inches from the level surface.
of the ground at the point marked in the plan
as Q. Here in January, 1900, I set a few men
to work, expecting to uncover a small chapel
built in connection with some Middle Empire
tombs, which are situated close to the desert
cliffs a few hundrod yards to the south-west.
A little digging revealed a stone doorway at
Q, with brick walls extending out from it on
either side. The men were set to trench, in
order to find the furthest limits of these walls;
and it soon appeared that the supposed chapel
was a large building, contained by substantial
brick walls, and occupying a very considerable
area. Piece by piece all this was cleared and
planned. It proved to be a temple built by
Usertesen III., which was still standing in the
reign of his successor Amenemhat III., but was
apparently destroyed during, if not before, the
XVIIIth Dynasty. The brick walls were intact
to a height varying from three to six feet from
their foundations; and though it was evident
that the monarchs of the New Empire had used
this temple as a quarry for their own buildings,
yet much of the stone paving of the main central
area remained.
The principal front, 212 feet long, faces
towards the cultivation and the Nile. Its
aspect would thus be east if the desert edge ran
as usual parallel to the river, but is actually
N.N.E. On this side was the main entrance,
which led by a sloping brick causeway to the
stone fore-court marked as E, continuing by a
slightly narrower stone gangway across the
pavement. &
The colonnaded court E (see view on pl.
xxi. 3) was comparatively perfect. It had been
enclosed by a single portico of fourteen proto-
Doric columns, making a front of eight columns,
with a depth of four. The bases of all seven
on the right-hand side of the entrance were
intact; but on the left-hand side only two
remained, and the places of the missing five
are shown by the white unhatched circles in the
plan. The columns were sixteen-sided and
fluted; the average diameter of the shafts was
28% in., and that of the circular bases supporting
them was 49 inches. The depth of the fluting
varied considerably even on sides of the same
column, but the average was about #th inch.
Each of the columns of the front faced precisely
true towards its neighbour, but the three which
formed the depth of the court were placed less
symmetrically on their pedestals. The intervals
between them all, however, were carefully
judged and varied only to one inch. In pl.
xxi. 5 is shown a typical example of one of
these columns. . . -
On the right of the colonnaded court, at the
point marked as Q, was a stone doorway, only
wide enough to admit one person, and probably
intended for the use of some temple-servant.
On the left of the court, at the points marked
with asterisks, were found two mutilated
58 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
statues of red sandstone, which afford the chief
evidence for the dating of the temple. They
were inscribed (pl. xxi. 1) with the name and
titles of Usertesen (Senwosret) III., Kha-kau-ra,
and with the figures of Nile-gods apparently
drawing tight the cords attached to the symbol
of union. Above the heads of the latter were
the conventional formulae; “I have given to
thee all provisions; ” “I have given to thee all
offerings,” “I have given to thee all life and
wealth,” “I have given to thee all health.”
These statues, as being too heavy to remove, and
too damaged to be of great value, were covered
up again and left in situ. In pl. xxi. 1 is
shown a photograph of one of them, the
measuring stick beside it is 6 ft. 8 ins. long.
The name of king Kha-kau-ra was found again
on a fragment of stone in another part of the
temple. •
Beyond this court the central area was much
destroyed. At the point F, however, was the
round base of a column, and near it was a vacant
socket which had probably contained an Osiris-
pillar. The stone pavement on this side of the
second hall was preserved at its original level,
but in the centre and on the south-western side
all the upper layers had been removed. Of the
sanctuary and other structures behind the
second hall nothing remained, though a con-
siderable amount of the original pavement was
visible on the right of the temple axis. The
various levels of the stone pavement as at
present existing are shown by different kinds
of hatching in the plan, and can be readily
understoodd if the plan be compared with the
section beside it. - .
The elaborate system of conduits or drains
formed a peculiar feature in the arrangements
of the temple. The principal of these ran round
almost the whole of the central area between the
stone platform and the interior brick walls
which enclosed it. It was constructed of slabs
of stone 27 ins, wide, in which was cut a
channel 7 in, wide and 14 in. deep. At the
sanctuary end, it was supported on a shelf built
in the walk G (see section), and elsewhere it
rested on a plain brick substructure. On the
right side of the stone platform short branch
drains, 20 in. wide, with channels 5 in. wide,
led down to it with a fall of about 3 in. from
the pavement. This detail is illustrated by the
photograph pl. xxi. 6, as well as by the plan
(in which can be seen a branch-drain running
down from F, and another a little further to
the south). Part of the water which flowed
through this principal conduit was led off by a
continuation of it passing through the wall C to
the exterior front wall A. At this point a
channelled stone (outside width 10 in., inside
width 4 in.), inserted vertically into the wall A
on the left of the entrance, conducted the out-
flow to the ground with a fall of about two feet.
A similar outlet on the right of the entrance
was fed, not by the main conduit, but by
the flow from a small groove cut in the pave-
ment at the side of one of the columns forming
the front of the court. Another groove in the
pavement behind the furthest right-hand pillar
emptied itself into that part of the conduit
which was supplied by the short branch drains;
this appears in the plan (halfway between F and
Q). Between the walls S and T on the right-
hand side of the plan, and between the walls I,
and K on the left-hand side of it, may be seen
drains which conducted water in a similar
manner through the exterior side-walls. These
appeared to be independent ; but it is probable
that they were originally connected with a
conduit system, of which a few stones still
remained between the brick wall of the central
area and the rows of brick chambers on the
right and left (see plan to south of letter Q and
to north of letter P).
On either side of the central stone area were
the series of small brick chambers, M M M,
N N N, R. R. R. The purpose of these is some-
what obscure ; but, as they do not all connect
with one another or with any corridor, it is to
TEMPLE OF USERTESEN III. NEAR, ABYDOS. 59
be supposed that some of them at least were
store-rooms which were built up and closed
on the completion of the temple. Their side
walls rose to a height of 70 in. from the founda-
tions, which brought them practically to the
same level as that of the central stone pave-
ment ; but at 50 in. to 55 in. from the founda-
tion most of them were floored with brick. Of
those on the southern side three in the series
lettered N were distinguished by having a
square stone base in the centre, at the founda-
tion-level, in which was cut a square socket,
evidently intended for the reception of a
wooden column. In these there were also
found fragments of a blue plaster ceiling
painted with yellow stars. It is possible that
the most southern of these pillared chambers
had an entrance like the other two ; the point
could not be determined. In two of the corres-
ponding narrow chambers on the north side
there were also stone blocks, but they were
not socketed for the insertion of wooden posts.
On the northern side also was a narrow
corridor between the main front wall and the
chambers. It was about two feet below the
brick flooring of the chambers, ran parallel to
the main wall, and was protected by four stone |
jambs at W. It was presumably connected
with the small entrance-gate at Z. Analogous
to this is the curious construction outside the
southern chambers at P, where an entrance
seems to have been made from the corridor
between H and G after the wall G had been
completed..
The parts of the building which have
now been described constituted the whole of
the temple properly so called. They were
enclosed within four strong brick walls, L, G,
S, D, of which the latter, which was the main
front wall, was enormously thick. This wall, D,
was 75 in. high (from its foundations), built
without any perceptible batter, but stepped
back (cf. point D in the section) at 35 in. and at
57 in. from its base. The upper of these two
steps was used to support a brick floor one
course thick, which was laid at that height
between the walls D and C, as also between L
and K. tº .
Finally the entire temple was surrounded by
ſour enclosing walls, K, H, T, B, to which A was
added in order to give extra depth to the front.
Of these, H was a strong rear-wall with a con-
siderable batter inside and out, and T, which
resembled it, was breached to admit a small
door with wooden, threshold (Z). The wall K
was originally much weaker than either of
these, but was afterwards strengthened, when
the brick floor of the corridor had been put in,
by the addition of numerous buttresses; a thin
wall was then built covering the buttresses,
and the intervening space filled in so as to form
a solid mass equal in thickness to the other
boundary walls. C is a thin retaining-wall,
terraced back in seven steps. (see photo in
pl. xxi. 2). B and A were thin and weakly
built; they had a heavy batter on the outside
and were supported on the inside by numerous
brick buttresses (pl. xxi. 4).
All the walls were plastered on the outside,
thus supplying the necessary indication of the
original ground-level, which rose slightly the
whole way from the entrance to the back of the
temple (cf. in the section the line joining A-B
with that joining G-H). *
A search for foundation-deposits brought
nothing to light, and very few objects of any
kind were found. Except for the two statues
referred to above, and two stone cartouches,
one of Kha-kau-ra and the other of Maat-en-
Ra (Amenemhat III.), there was nothing of
more importance than fragments of one or
two painted hieroglyphs and sherds of pottery
of well-known XIIth Dynasty forms, amongst
which should be noted bowls of the “pan-tomb”
class such as were found at Hou (Diospolis Parva,
pl. xl.).
Some semicircular pieces of pottery, five
inches long, perforated and grooved, were found
60 - - EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
in the narrow corridor opening at W, and
were perhaps blocks for reeving curtain
strings. . •
On the top of the pavement in the central
area were one or two sherds of XVIIIth
Dynasty painted ware, the occurrence of which
is connected with the fact that an XVIIIth
or XIXth Dynasty cemetery had encroached
within the rear wall of the temple, no doubt
after its demolition. Similarly a blue marble
kohl-pot, two small bronze knives, a scarab
with continuous scroll-pattern and a fragment
of a private stele of XIIth Dynasty style
belonged to another set of intrusive burials.
These have no connection with the temple, but
their presence suggests that the building may
have been destroyed very shortly after it was
erected. The period of the temple is limited
by the statues and the stone cartouches to
the reigns of Usertesen (Senwosret) III. and
Amenemhat III., and there is no evidence of any
earlier or later use.
MUSEUMS To WHICH THE MORE IMPORTANT OBJECTS HAVE BEEN
PRESENTED.
Cairo. Ivory-handled copper dagger (pl. vi. 1, 2). Com-
plete contents of tomb a 96, except three of the flint
lances. Pottery animals (pl. ix. 6, 9, 10). Pottery
doll (pl. ix. 11). -
British Museum. Model of house (pl. x. 1). Inscribed
slate (pl. viii. 2). Decorated pot (pl. xiv. D 46). Clay
cows (pl. ix. 1). Clay wand (pl. xii. 1). -
Ashmolean, Oxford. Copper dagger (pl. x. 5). Contents
of tomb b 62, with exception of the inscribed slate
and of the common pottery. Two clay animals,
perhaps eland. Clay animals shown in pl. ix. 4, 5.
Pottery doll (pl. ix. 11). Pots F 1 ; F 2; C 39; and
D. R. M.
pl.xii. 10–13. Basket (pl. xi. 2).
(pl. vi.).
Pitt-Rivers, Oaford. Set of ornaments in pl. vii. 2. Two
fine flint knives (viz. pl. x. 8 and one from b 43).
Model axe in ivory (pl. xii. 8). Pot C 96b.
Ethnological, Cambridge. Flint knives from b 113 and
b 227. Copper chisel from b 54 (pl. x. 10). Clay
cow (pl. ix. 2); and another clay animal. Model adze
(pl. x. 3). Clay mace from b 143. -
Bristol. A large collection of stone vases. Flint lance
from a 96. TXiorite mace. Copper spoon with silver
bowl. Copper bracelot. Clay animals.
Inscribed cylinder
Abydos
Amélineau, M.
Amenemhat III.
Baskets
Beads
Boat, model of .
Brick-built graves
Burial, method of
Burials, disarticulated
,, double
Celts
Cemeteries, description of
Cemeteries, sizo of .
Chalcolithic age
Clay models
Coffins
Copper e
Cylinder, inscribed .
Daggers .
Dating
De Morgan
Dolls
Drawings
Dynasty, Ist
Dynasty, IInd .
Fencing of graves
Flint implements
Garnets
Garstang, Mr. J.
Glass
Gold
Hou
61
INDEX TO PART I
1, 12, 51, 53–60
2
57
. 42
48, 49
e e . 41
3, 26–30, 33, 35
- . 7, 8
7
7
. 40
2, 3, 53
2, 3, 50, 52
. . 44
tº e 36, 41
10, 25, 26, 33, 54, 55
33, 40, 46
39
e e tº . 40
6, 12, 13, 15, 39, 51, 52
. 2, 11, 41
41
e o . 42
. 12, 13, 39, 52
13
Ivory
Lapis-lazuli
Mats, reed
Min, emblem of
Middle Empire
Minerals .
Methods of excavation
New Empire graves
Orientation of graves
40, 41, 48
49
31
& {º . 38
2, 3, 55, 57–60
49
4
. 3, 55, 56
14, 53
|House, model of
. 9, 32, 33
44, 45
49
11
54
49
9, 51
42
Petrie, Mr. W. M. F.
Pottery, classes of
,, remarkable specimens of . *
. 10, 11, 26, 54, 55
Pot-burials
Pre-dynastic period, length of .
Roofing of tombs
Shells
Skulls
Slates
Statues
Statuettes
Stone vases
Tombs, evolution of form
,, catalogue of predynastic
,, catalogue of proto-dynastic .
Trays of twigs .
Usertesen III., temple of
Walls of brick tombs
,, of temple
Wilkin, Mr. A.
Wooden bier g
Wooden lining of graves .
12, 38, 50
15, 47.
42, 43
50–52
8, 34
. 49
49, 53
36, 37, 46
. 58
55, 56
13, 48
5–14
15–24
25–30
31, 32
57, 60
35
, 59
. 4, 5
8
33
PART II
THE
MIDDLE AND TELE NEW EMPIRE
BY
ARTHUR. C. MACE
WITH PLATES XX|||—-LX
THE
MIDDLE AND THE NEW EMPIRE.
CEIAPTER XII.
INTRODUCTORY.
INTRODUCTORY.-The excavations described in
the following chapters were mainly carried out in
the season of 1899-1900, but were supplemented
by some additional work in the following year.
The majority of tho objects figured in tho
plates come from cemetery D, but a few late
objects from Professor Petrie's work have been
added, as they belong more naturally to this
volume than to those on the work of the Ist
Dynasty. The inscriptions are dealt with by
Mr. Griffith in Chapter XVII.
My thanks are due in the first instance to
Professor Petrie for much help, both on the site
and in England. Mr. Percy Newberry very
kindly gave up a good deal of his valuable time
to the unattractive work of sorting and identi-
fying several thousands of ushabtis; he also
copied the inscription on the statue of Sa-dep
ahu. Among other kind friends who assisted
in the preparation of the plates, particular
mention should be made of Mrs. Petrie, Miss
Murray, Mrs. Quibell, and Miss Lawes.
A valuable note by Mr. J. L. Myres on a
class of foreign pottery found in the XVIIIth
Dynasty tombs has been included in Chapter
XIV.
PoSITION OF CEMETERY.—Lying westward
from the Shumet-ez-Zebib, and north of the great
watercourse which, dividing the necropolis of
Abydos into two parts, forms a natural road
from the Osiris temple enclosure to the royal
tombs at Umm-el-Qaab, cemetery D marks
the furthest point from the cultivation reached
by the Egyptians in historic times. The dis-
tance from the Shumeh to the edge of the
cemetery is about five hundred yards, and
of this district the first half was worked by
Mr. Garstang for the Egyptian Research Ac-
count, and was called cemetery E.; the further
portion, with which we are now concerned, was
differentiated by the letter D. -
DATE of CEMETERY.—From the earliest
times Abydos was a favourite place of burial.
Egyptians from other parts of the country, as
well as the actual inhabitants of the place, had
their tombs constructed there, and naturally
each tried to secure a place as near the Osiris
enclosure as possible. About the XIth Dynasty,
in all probability, the old burial ground began
to be inconveniently crowded, and it was found
necessary to extend its boundaries. It was
with this in view that a boundary stela (pl.
64 . g - EL AMRAH AND ABYTDOS.
xxix.) was set up at the extreme edge of what
we have called cemetery D. This stela, which
was probably one of four, was erected at the
order of an unknown king, possibly of the
XIth or early XIIth Dynasty, whose cartouches
were defaced and usurped by Neferhotep of the
XIIIth Dynasty. It seems to have later come
to be regarded as an object of veneration.
Immediately in front of it, on the ground level,
there stood a small sandstone table of offerings;
afterwards, when this had been covered by the
drifting sand, a limestone shrine (xxxvii.) con-
taining the figures of Maat-men-ra-m-heb and his
wife Urt-nefert was deposited against the face of
the stela, and a second table of offerings added.
At the side and behind the stela were found a
granite ushabti of Amen-m-ant (xxxix.), two
unbaked pottery ushabtis, and two small stelae,
one giving the name Hor-mes. g
The history then of this part of the cemetery
was as follows:—It first came into use towards
the close of the Middle Kingdom, between
which time and the XVIIIth Dynasty it was
appropriated by the poorer class, whose pits
are scattered about over the whole extent. In
the XVIIIth Dynasty some of the important
officials of the district, seizing the more imposing
positions on the ridge at the far end of the
cemetery, proceeded to construct most elaborate
tombs for themselves there, the position nearest
to the Neferhotep stela being most in favour.
In the XIXth and XXth Dynasties further
large tombs were added. From the XXth
Dynasty to the XXVth there were but two or
three tombs of importance, the majority of the
inhabitants finding it cheaper to make use of
old graves than to construct. new ones for them-
selves. We have, however, the fine mastabas
of Pisebkhanu (XXIst Dynasty) and of Ast-n-
kheb (XXVth Dynasty). Subsequent to the
XXVth Dynasty the people of the district
again began to vie with one another in the
grandeur of their tombs, and we meet with
some very elaborate structures.
added over the real one.
THE ToMBs.—The mastabas of the XVIIIth
Dynasty, as we have noted above, were exceed-
ingly elaborate. In some cases they were
regular miniature temples, consisting of a
pillared forecourt, one or more outer courts, an
inner court containing the pit, and a narrow
arched passage connecting with the immer court
by means of three doors (xxiv. 2 and xxv. 4).
This last was the place of offerings, and in it
was deposited the statue.
A simpler form of
mastaba was also in use at this time, which had
but one court, one corner of which was walled
off to form an inner chamber (xxv. 6). In the
mastabas of the XIXth and XXth Dynasties
the forecourt either drops out of use or gives
place to a walled-in enclosure, while the passage
at the back of the inner court is converted into
three chambers, each with its separate door : in
some cases we have a further innovation in the
shape of a mass of brickwork built on to the
end of the mastaba, either solid as in Nos. 1
and 4 of pl. xxvi., or enclosing a small isolated
chamber as in No. 5.
In the tomb of Pisebkhanu, of the XXIst
Dynasty, there is but slight variation from the
XXth Dynasty plan, but in the XXVth we
meet with some striking developments. If we
examine the tomb of Ast-m-kheb on pl. xxvii.
we may see at once what a complete change
had taken place. In the earlier tombs it was
the custom to sink a pit to the required depth,
and then to quarry out one or more chambers
from the bed-rock; here the size of the chamber
was calculated before the work began, a hole
sufficiently large for the pit and chamber was
excavated, and then the complete tomb was
built up inside the hole. The pit was arched
over half its length, and a dummy chamber was
Round the whole
was erected a low retaining wall. The custom
of half-arching the pits seems to have been
universal at this time, while we get another
instance of a dummy chamber in D 57 (pl.
xxviii.).
INTRODUCTION To
THE SECOND PART. g 65.
The most interesting of the new ideas of
construction is found in the introduction of the
dome tomb, of which an example is given in
pl. xxviii. (D 47). IIere we have two arched
underground chambers, each with its own pit,
surmounted by a square building which con-
tained a dummy chamber, rectangular at the
bottom, but rising gradually to a dome. The
sides of the square are built at a slight angle,
and may very likely have been extended to
form a pyramid over the dome. This style of
building, which was probably brought into
Egypt by the Ethiopians, has, with slight
modifications, remained in use ever since.
Tomb D 47, before the pyramidal casing was
added, must have presented very much the
appearance of an Arab JJ'eli.
Occasionally we meet with very complex
structures, in which the dome building, still the
important part of the tomb, is placed in the
innermost of two or more courts, and is further
complicated by the addition of extra chambers
and of stairways (xxviii., D 57). In D 15
(xxvii.) we have a very elaborate roofed-in
stairway running round the outside of the two
pits, and connecting with pit A at the bottom
by means of an arched doorway. *
With regard to orientation the mastabas
follow no rule, but face in the direction which
was most suitable and easy of approach. The
depth of the pit, of whatever period, was deter-
mined in a large measure by the nature of the
ground. For about fifteen to eighteen feet it
was necessary to cut through the hard marl, and
then a soft sand stratum was reached. The
chambers were in almost all cases constructed
in this sand stratum, at the level of which the
bricking of the pits usually came to an end.
This made the work in several cases extremely
dangerous, the sand drifting out when the pits
were cleared, and leaving nothing to support
the brickwork. -
STONEwork IN ToMBs.—As we have stated,
the place of the statue, in the XVIIIth Dynasty
at all events, was in the passage behind the pit
chamber. The seated statue of Sa-dep-ahu
(xxxii.) was found in position opposite the
central doorway. Of the other stonework none
was found in position; the stela of Pisebkhanu
indeed being half way down the pit. In the
XIXth–XXIst Dynasty mastabas, however,
the position of the stelae is indicated pretty
clearly by the niches in the walls of the offering
chambers.
THE BRICKS.—But very little dating evidence
could be gained by brick measurements.
Taking an average measurement from the
bricks of several tombs of one date, the figures
work out as follows:– -
Length. Width. Thickness.
XVIIIth Dyn. 14 6 4
XIXth–XXth Dyn. 12# 5% 3
XXIst Dyn. 16 7+ 3}
XXVth–XXXth Dyn. 12% 64 3
the reckoning being in inches. There is thus
no regular increase or decrease in size during
this period, and bricks from tombs of precisely
the same date frequently varied by more than
an inch. In the Upper Egypt of to-day there
is no fixed standard of size, each man making
his mould to suit his own convenience, and
we know from the photograph at the top of
pl. xxxix. that the mould of the Egyptian of
the XVIIIth Dynasty was precisely similar to
that used to-day by the fellah. The custom
of mixing pebbles and fragments of pottery
with the mud was in use right through this
period. - -
PLUNDERING OF ToMBs. – Throughout the
whole of cemetery D not a single burial was
found intact; several of the pits had been re-
used twice, and plundered each time. Where
the pits were close together, as on the ridge
overlooking the valley, the chambers were
plundered one from another to such an extent
that it was possible to go through the chambers
of four or five pits without coming to the
surface. That the plunderers sometimes worked
- F
66 - EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
in ignorance is evident from the presence of
aimless passages, cut out for a length of six or
seven feet and then abandoned. . Owing to this
wholesale plundering it was sometimes a little
difficult to settle which tomb an object belonged
to. This was especially the case with regard to
the ushabtis, which were scattered all over the
chambers, and thrown from one chamber to
another.
A certain amount of work had also been
done in this cemetery in modern times, both
by Mariette and by Amélineau.
67
CHAPTER XIII.
TOMBS OF THE XIIITH-XVIITH DYNASTIES.
THE “PAN-GRAVE." PEOPLE.—The excavations
of the Egypt Exploration Fund at Hu in the
season of 1898-9 brought to light a cemetery
of shallow graves, which proved clearly the
presence in Egypt, at a time shortly subsequent
to the XIIth Dynasty, of a number of people of
the same race-stock as the pre-historic Egyptians.
The burials were in contracted position, and the
graves furnished a class of objects quite foreign
to the ordinary Egyptian grave-deposits of the
period, the most noticeable being the cross-
hatched black-topped pottery. From the shape
of the graves this type of burial came to be
known by the name of “Pan-grave.” In the
course of the same season another cemetery was
found, intermediate in date between the XIIth
and XVIIIth Dynasties, which, though Egyptian
in general character, yet contained pottery and
other objects of the “Pan-grave" people. The
graves in this cemetery were shallow but
rectangular in shape. Again, at Abydos, in
the course of the last two seasons, a number of
pit-tombs of the same period have been cleared
which also contain specimens of this “Pan-
grave” black-topped pottery. In these three
cemeteries we seem to have the history of the
invasion, or more probably the immigration, of
a foreign people, and of their gradual fusion
with the original inhabitants.
How them are we to account for this re-
appearance of the pre-historic Egyptian after
so long a gap P The most natural supposition
at first sight would be that the pre-historic
people had in certain parts of the country kept
quite aloof from the invaders, and had pre-
served their own customs and manner of living
right down to the XIIth Dynasty. On further
examination, however, this view is found to be
quite untenable. The very nature of the
country itself, the necessarily close connection
in which the inhabitants of a narrow strip of
land like the Nile valley must live, make such a
condition of things, if not impossible, at any
rate extremely unlikely. Apart from this,
which is merely negative evidence, recent work
on the early dynasties at Abydos and elsewhere
has shown that the fusion of the dynastic
Egyptians with the earlier inhabitants was very
complete; even if it does not point, as some
hold, to the conclusion that the proto-dynastic
Egyptians were in no sense a different race, but
rather a natural development from the pre-
historic. We can now trace a complete series
of tomb plans, from the shallow holes of the
early pre-historic, through the staircase pits of
the Ist Dynasty, the more elaborate construc-
tions of the royal tombs at Abydos and the
mastabas of the IIIrd Dynasty at Mehesna, right
through to the pyramids of the IVth Dynasty.
The majority of the pottery forms of the Old
Kingdom can also be traced by natural develop-
ment from the later forms of pre-historic
pottery. -
The two most marked characteristics of both
the pre-historic and “Pan-grave” peoples,
black-topped pottery and contracted burials,
are in the former case, so far as we know, non-
existent, and in the latter extremely rare in
the period between the Ist and XIIth Dynasties.
In Professor Petrie's “sequence dating” black-
68 . EL AMRAH AND A BYDOS.
topped pottery practically drops out. at about
sixty, one of the later pre-historic cemeteries at
Hu not furnishing a single example; while the
contracted burial, though not unknown even
in the VIth Dynasty, yet is then always found
in the poorer graves, and is clearly the excep-
tion rather than the rule. That the “Pan-
grave” manner of burial and style of burial-
deposit are a reintroduction rather than a
survival of old customs is further evident from
the fact that they conform much more nearly to
the early than to the later pre-historic graves.
Are we to see then in this invasion a further
outbreak of restlessness on the part of the people
who some three thousand years before had
dispossessed the palaeolithic inhabitants of the
Nile valley, or a return to their native country
on the part of the descendants of pre-historic
Egyptians, who for one reason or another had
left Egypt some time previous to the union of
the country under one supreme head 2 In other
words, were the people whom we know as pre-
historic indigenous to Egypt or not ? External
evidence does not help us much. We have
striking pottery connections on the one side
with the modern Kabyles, and on the other
with Palestine, but it is quite as likely that
shapes and patterns of the pots in question had
their origin in Egypt as that they originated in
some other country, either east or west, and
were brought in. The evidence gained from
the excavations of the last two or three years,
however, seems to point more and more to the
conclusion that it was in the Nile valley itself
that the rise and development of the pre-historic
Egyptians took place. In the earliest ceme-
teries of all (thirty in “sequence dating”) there
were none of the finer objects which are usually
associated with pre-historic burials. The graves
were poor and simple, and contained usually
but a single specimen of black-topped pottery
(Diospolis Parva 51). It would seem then
more probable that the pottery connections we
have mentioned are due to emigration from
Egypt rather than to immigration into it. We
know from the presence of foreign pottery in
Egypt in the earliest times (e.g. black incised
in pre-historic graves, and the so-called Aegean
pottery from the royal tombs at Umm-el-Qa'ab)
that a good deal of trade with other countries
went on, and so we may infer that partly in
pursuit of this trade, and partly perhaps owing
to the incoming of the dynastic Egyptians, a
considerable number of the early inhabitants
separated themselves from their country and
scattered, some going east and some west.
It is not impossible them that the “Pan-
grave” people, so far from being invaders, were
but returning as settlers to a native land which
had forgotten them, and which they too had
forgotten. Coming as they did towards the
close of the Middle Kingdom, they may be
the first waves of the eastern flood which
was, under the IIyksos, to inundate the entire
country.
This much we know for certain, that at the
close of the Middle Kingdom a considerable
foreign element closely akin to the pre-historic
people was introduced into Egypt, and it is
only reasonable to suppose that in a greater or
less degree it left its mark on the life and
customs of the original inhabitants. Of this
influence we may detect traces in the pottery of
the period. Peculiarities both of construction
and of ornamentation which were common in
pre-historic times, but hitherto unknown in
dynastic Egypt, now again come into use. We
can see a few examples of this in pl. liv.
(a) No. 27. Cf. Naqada xxvi. 51a and b;
Cp. also Diospolis xxxiv. 52, with Naqada
xxvi. 51a.
(b) No. 22. The use of a perforated lid, cp.
Diospolis xiv. 67, xix. 59a and b, and
Naqada xxxv. 75.
(c) No. 33. Cp. Naqada xxvi. 45 and
Diospolis xiv. 46,
all of which peculiarities are fairly common in
pre-historic times.
TOMBS OF THE XIIITH-XVIITH DYNASTIES. 69
Another connection which may be noted is
the reappearance of black incised pottery
(liv. 13). This style of ornamentation is
comparatively rare in pre-historic graves, and
belongs to an imported class of pottery which
occurs in many parts of the Mediterranean
coast, but it is significant that, if we except one
or two sporadic examples in the IIIrd Dynasty
(see DE MoRGAN, Recherches sur les Origines,
pl. xi.; Dendereh, xxi.), we find no trace of it in
Egypt in the period which intervened between
the pre-historic and the “Pan-grave” peoples.
The frequent use of lions as a decorative
motive may very probably be due to the same
influence. In pre-historic art the lion is very
common; it occurs with other animals in
the hunting scenes engraved on the handles
of flint knives, and it is used to form the
pieces of a game. Of the fondness of the
XIIth to XVIIIth Dynasty Egyptian for the
lion, we have two examples in the present
publication, one in ivory (pl. xliii.), the other
in glazed pottery (pl. liii.). Compare also the
finely carved ivory lion in Diospolis xxvi., at
the top right-hand corner of the plate.
Before leaving the question of the “Pan-
grave" people we may state that the specimens
of 'black-topped pottery which are found in
Egyptian pits are of a finer and more delicate
variety than those which occurred in the real
“Pan-graves” at Hu. .
THE PITs.-The pits of this period in the
D cemetery at Abydos were from twelve to
fifteen feet deep, with a chamber opening from
either end; occasionally an extra chamber was
cut out at a higher level. They were usually
bricked to a depth of two or three feet, in this
point differing from the later pits, which were
bricked almost to their entire depth. The
direction of all that were cleared was the same,
as nearly as possible north and south. The
chambers were roughly cut, from six to seven
feet long, and but little wider than the pit.
OBJECTs Found.—As was the case throughout
the entire cemetery all the pits had been
plundered anciently, and so nothing was found
in its original position. Wands, as usually in
this period, were among the most favourite
articles of tomb furniture. Three are figured
in the plates, one in ebony in the centre of
pl. xliii. bearing the name of a hitherto
unknown king, Seb-ka-y; and two broken ones
in tomb group 79 of pl. xliv. o
Of the Hyksos kings we have the curiously
blundered scarab of Shesha (liii. 2); and we
may note that in the same tomb there were
found fragments of black-topped “Pan-grave”
pottery. . -
The pottery we have already noticed to a
certain extent. The majority of the forms
(pl. liv.) are of the usual intermediate type, and
taken apart from the objects with which they
were found might be assigned equally well either
to XIIth Dynasty or to early XVIIIth: This
similarity of type is very noticeable, far more
so than that between the pottery before and
after any other of the gaps in the history. Very
few, if any, of the pots found in the XIIth
Dynasty graves could with any degree of
probability be assigned to the VIth, while, as
we see here, almost all the earlier XVIIIth
Dynasty shapes could without the slightest
hesitation be accepted as XIIth. The “scrabble”
pattern and the decoration of white spots, which
until recently were considered hall-marks of the
XIIth Dynasty, are quite common in the
earlier XVIIIth graves. Too much stress must
not be laid on this similarity, but at the same
time it does lend some small support to the
theory that the lapse of time between the
XIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties was shorter than
was originally believed. tº 9
For the rest, the more common objects found
in these pits were kohl-pots and vases of
serpentine, alabaster and blue marble; beads of
glazed pottery, carnelian, amethyst, garnet, and
shell; and in almost every instance strips of
ivory from inlay work. * * -
70 t EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
CEHABTER XIV.
ToMBs of THE xviiith DYNASTY AND TEMPLE OF AAHMEs l.
a. XVIIITH DYNASTY ToMBs.--To the XVIIIth
Dynasty belong the finest of the objects found
in this cemetery; finest that is to say from an
artistic point of view, as some of the later
finds, though less valuable in themselves, have
a greater historical importance. The tombs
must originally have been extremely rich,
judging from the number of things which have
survived the repeated plunderings which the
cemetery has undergone. They were evidently
constructed for the accommodation of several
people, as in one tomb, No. 9, there occurred
the names of four different people, all of about
the same date.
One striking point in connection with the
priestly orders at Abydos is brought out by an
examination of the inscribed objects, and that
is the favour in which Anhur, the god of the
Thinite Nome, continued to be held, right down
to the XXXth Dynasty. Not only was his the
favourite priesthood in which to hold office,
but a large proportion of the personal names
seem to have been formed with some compound
of the god's name. *
DETAILs of ToMBs.—The tombs are of two
classes—(a) elaborate mastabas, and (b) plain
pits without any construction above ground at
all. - *
(a) The general character of the first of these
two classes we have already noticed in Chapter
XII. ; we propose here to discuss some of the
minor details of construction. -
The height of the walls as they stand to-day
varies from a single brick to between four and
five feet, and in the offering chambers and
probability were roofless.
over the doorways we can in several instances
detect traces of the spring of an arch. Allowing
eighteen inches or two feet for the rise of the
arch, we may estimate that the original height
of the building was slightly over six feet, just
high enough to allow visitors to walk without
stooping. The doors and inner chambers, as
we have said, in most cases gave evidence of
having been arched : the outer courts in all
The pillars in the
forecourt were of plain brick like the rest of the
tomb, and were clearly built more for ornament
than to support any heavy weight.
The pits, which are as a rule skew to the
general direction of the walls, were probably
the first part of the tomb to be built, the outer
walls being added afterwards in as nearly
parallel a direction as the nature of the ground
and the proximity of other tombs allowed.
The majority of the pits have a considerable
batter, and are bricked to within four or five
feet of their depth; at the bottom of the pit, at
either end, a marrow door gives entrance to a
chamber, or series of chambers, which opened
one from another. This door had in some
cases been blocked by a large slab of stone
which was let down from above, and was kept
in position by two grooved stone blocks which
were built in just outside the door (see xxv. 3).
Tomb No. 50 contained one of these slabs,
forty-eight inches in height, with a rounded
top and a rope-hole bored for convenience in
lowering. The chambers are for the most part
regularly cut, with accurate corners, and were
from four to five feet high. But little attention
TOMBS OF THE XVIIIth DYNASTY AND TEMPLE OF AAHMES I. 71
was paid to direction, and there was apparently
no attempt to bring the burial chamber under-
neath the place of offerings. The sarcophagi
were placed either directly on the floor of the
chamber, or were sunk below the surface.
(b) The second class of tombs—plain pits
without any surface construction—differed from
the mastaba pits in one point only: instead of
opening one from another, the chambers were
excavated at different levels, one below another.
These tombs were found close together, some-
what apart from the rest of the cemetery.
Though they had not escaped the original
plunderers, they had never been re-used or
plundered a second time, and so still contained
many of their finer objects.
OBJECTs Found.—Nothing of any historical
importance was found belonging to this period,
the objects being all of the usual type of grave
furniture. The more interesting are noted
below, placed under headings according to the
material of which they were made.
(a) Stone.—Under this head the most striking
object found was the squatting statue of the
prince Sa-dep-ahu (xxxii.).
is of sandstone, is inscribed on the front and
right sides. The inscription on the front, in
horizontal lines, begins with the usual in-
vocations, and then proceeds to expatiate on
the virtues of the deceased ; that on the side
sets forth his name and titles, and describes the
pleasures which he is to enjoy in the next
world. The limestone door-jamb, figured in
plate xxxiv., is dedicated to this same prince.
To this dynasty also belongs the limestone
shrine (xxxvii.), which was found immediately
in front of the Neferhotep stela. In it were
carved the figures of Maat-men-ra-m-heb and
his wife Urt-nefert, and on the two sides, back
and top, were engraved the figures of eighteen
relations and dependants.
We may also note the limestone lintel of
tomb 9 (xxxi.), showing a priest of Anhur,
Pepenanhur by name, making offerings to his
The statue, which
father Min and his mother Ryaa; and the
exquisitely carved limestone statuette head of
tomb 8 (xxxvii.).
Alabaster vessels were common, the favourite
forms being the “pilgrim bottle,” and the
globular vase with a small foot (for an example,
see 116 on plate xlvi.). Serpentine vases also
occur, but were comparatively rare.
Among other classes of stone vases which
were introduced in this dynasty we may mention
one in particular which became very popular,
namely that in which blackened limestone was
used in combination with a yellow incised
decoration. This type we find, as a rule, in
kohl-pots and toilette articles, and may repre-
sent, as Professor Petrie suggests, an imitation
of ebony with gold inlay. There are several
examples of it in the plates, such as the two
kohl-pots supported by monkeys in tomb 116
(xlvi.), the kohl-pots of tomb 59 (li), the larger
vase of tomb 108 (xliv.), and the button of
tomb 116 (liii.). .
Of stone ushabtis the most interesting is that
of Sen-nefer, at the top of plate xxxix. The
limestone figure of the servant was placed in a
pottery coffin similar in shape to that in which
his master was lying, and with him in the
coffin were buried the tools with which he was
to carry on his work in the next world—two
hoes, a yoke and baskets, and a brick-mould,
this last being exactly of the shape which the
fellah uses to-day. To this date also belong
the ushabtis of Hu-ma-y (xxxix. 51) in lime-
stone, and of Amen-m-ant (xxxix.) in granite.
For the inscription on this latter, see xxxiii. 4.
(b) Metal.—Of gold and silver there were
found a number of earrings and finger-rings,
of the types shown in plate liii., and in tomb 17
of plate 1, ; also the pectoral and ring of tomb
53 in plate xliv.
In bronze the favourite object was the lotus-
handled vase (xliv. 33, xlvi. 116, and xlvii. 115):
a larger vase with papyrus-shaped handle is
shown on plate lii., tomb 35. In tomb 118
72 - EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
(xlvi.), we have a vase of the tubular shape,
which is so well known in pottery, and in 116
(xlvi.) and 115 (xlvii.) two large flat dishes.
Perhaps the finest piece of work in bronze is
the mirror of tomb 77 (li.), the handle of which
is decorated with a design of plait-work and
snakes. Smaller objects, such as axe and spear-
heads, razors, cutting-out ‘knives, tweezers,
arrow-heads, and fish-hooks appear in most of
the tomb groups.
(c) Ebony and Wood.—Of the objects which
come under this head the finest is the palette of
Anhur-mes, a scribe of the time of Thothmes III.
The palette is of the usual type, with holes for
red and black paint and a hollow for the brushes:
it has a line of inscription down either side, and
a cartouche of the king across the top (xl. 9,
and xlix. 9). Another interesting piece is the
triple kohl-pot with climbing monkey of tomb
116 (xlvi.); two of the three bronze kohl-sticks
shown in the photograph were found in position.
Among other objects we may notice the carved
chair legs of tomb 48 (l), the ushabti of Pedu-
n-neb-taui (xxxix.), the curious worm-eaten
fragment with alternate ivory and ebony pegs,
possibly part of a musical instrument (xlii.,
bottom of plate), and a small object of unknown
use inscribed with the name of the scribe
Mer-maat (xlvii. 99).
(d) Ivory.—Several fine objects of ivory were
found, the most striking perhaps being the
stained ivory lotus flowers and rosettes of
tomb 4 (xlix.). The pieces were probably all
meant to fit together into one scheme of orna-
mentation, but as only a small portion of the
original number remained, it is impossible to
say what the complete object was. There were
marks on the backs of several of the pieces
(xi. 14), and these may have served as guides
to the arrangement of the whole group.
Several interesting pieces come from tomb
115 (xlvii.), in the shape of lotus-column kohl-
pots. One consisted of three columns supported
on a stand, of which the two outer columns
were the receptacles for kohl, while the centre
one served as a carrier for the stick. We should
note also the vases of tomb 108 (xliv.), the
spoon with handle formed by a lotus flower and
bud of 53 (xliv.); the pair of wands of 116
(xlvi.), of the type which began shortly after
the XIIth Dynasty and lasted into middle
XVIIIth, and the dish of tomb of 29 (xlviii.).
(e) Glazed Pottery.—As usually in XVIIIth
Dynasty tombs a number of fine objects in
glazed pottery were found, the most artistic
being the lotiform cups of tombs 116 and 115
(xlvi. and xlvii), and the kohl-pots of tombs 10
and 116 (xxxviii.). In tomb 99 (li.) we have
a fairly complete draught-board, with eight men
of the tall conical shape, and seven of the squat
reel-shaped type. Of glazed pottery figures we
have the finely-modelled statuette of Isis and
Horus (li. 77), and the elaborately worked
figure of Bes (xlv. 14 12).
(f) Pottery.—The common forms of pottery
from the graves of this period are figured in
pl. lv. These are all of the usual type, and we
need not discuss them further here.
There occurred, however, in this cemetery a
group of pottery which stands quite by itself,
and which needs special attention, namely:-
(1) The steatopygous figure vase of tomb 8
(l.). &
(2) The broken figure vase of tomb 29
(xlviii.).
(3) The calf vase of tomb 29 (xlviii.).
(4) The hedgehog vase of tomb 11 (l.).
These are discussed by Mr. J. L. Myres in
the following section:— - -
“No. 1 is in human form, and represents an
excessively stout and somewhat steatopygous
female. The pose may be compared with that
of the dwarf Khnem-hotep, figured in Perrot
Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art i., fig. 1453-4, and with
the female figure from Abydos (1900: E 178:
Ashmolean), but the arms are set somewhat
akimbo here, and are detached from the sides.
TOMBS OF THE XVIIITH DYNASTY AND TEMPLE OF AAHMES I. 73
“The face in full view has a negroid look,
but the profile shows a well-formed nose and
little prognathism; and the swollen lips seem
due rather to superabundant fatness than to
a negro strain in the model. Steatopygia,
moreover, by itself cannot be held to prove
negro origin, unless a negro clement is to be
admitted throughout the early populations of
the Mediterranean. Apart from its obesity, in
fact, the figure would seem to portray the
fleshy Egyptian type, which is not uncommon
among representations of slaves and low-caste
natives. Cf. Perrot Chipiez, l.c., i., fig. 448, the
Ashmolean figure, and Petrie's Racial Types.
“The figure is smoothly modelled, and the
polished surface is of good quality and well
preserved. Round the neck is a single neck-
lace, with long club-shaped pendants, rendered
in dull white paint. A loose girdle, like that
worn by Egyptian dancing-girls and waitresses
(L. D. iii. 42; Erman, l.c. pp. 250, 255, 405;
Ashm., E 178), is drawn, in the same paint,
round the greatest circumſerence of the hips,
and descends in front to sustain a sort of pad
which covers the groin.
emphasized by a disc of the white paint on each.
“No. 2, of which the upper part only is
preserved, is also in human form, and represents
a young Egyptian woman, nude and apparently
erect. The clay is light coloured. The only
traces of paint are a close-fitting double neck-
lace, and a slender double collar in lustreless
black, which falls low in front and terminates
in three long ends, which hang down between
the breasts, returning outwards to the armpits.
“No. 3. Unlike the tails of most Egyptian
representations of cattle, which terminate in a
long compact tassel, the tail ends here in two
wisps of hair, which rejoin at the end so as to
form a long narrow loop, like the eye of a
packing-needle.
“The surface of this vase was originally
covered with fine pale slip, with patches of red
paint, but the stresses of the modelling and
The breasts also are
subsequent exposure have caused it to flake
rather badly. The fabric is that of the better
preserved lion from Abydos (1900: D 9 : Ash-
molean), and like that of the frog vase (Abydos,
1900: E 178: Ashmolean).
“No. 4 is apparently intended to represent
a hedgehog. The body is almost globular; the
legs minute, and barely long enough to keep
the vase from rolling. The anterior end is
flattened to form a sort of face, with an acutely
conical muzzle in the centre, and two concave
discs, with central puncture, for ears. The
eyes are modelled on the upper surface of the
muzzle. Eyes, ears, feet, and relief fillets are
enhanced with dense black paint, cf. the Ash-
molean figure E 178 (above). This facial area
is bordered by a pair of narrow fillets in relief,
which run up, one on each side, from between
the forelegs, and are continued vertically
upwards on to the neck, where they end in
obscure leaf-like forms which embrace the rim.
Each of these fillets bears on its outward side
two scrolled tendrils, which are recurved over
the surface of the body. At the posterior end
a similar fillet in relief runs up from a
cross-hatched painted band between the hind-
legs into the locality of the tail, where it
divides into two branches, which spread over
the hind-quarters. These branches, like the
anterior fillets, are treated quite phytomor-
phically, each with a lateral tendril, scrolled
inwards to meet that from the other side, and
a trifoliated terminal which recalls a fleur-de-
lys, and is recurved outwards and downwards.
The ground idea of these tendrils may perhaps
have been to indicate the shoulder-blades, ears,
and hindquarters of the animal respectively,
but the rendering is almost wholly plant-like
in its effect. - -
“The close similarity of fabric between vases
1 and 4 makes it necessary to consider them
as members of the same ceramic group; and in
spite of the difference of material which is
exhibited by No. 2, the similarity of its
74 . - EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
technique brings it, as an imitation at all
events, into the same category of style.
“The highly burnished red or brown-faced
fabric, to which Nos. 1 and 4 belong, is
usually regarded as alien to New Empire
Egypt; and is discussed in detail by F. von
Bissing, Jahrb. d’Inst. xiii., p. 28 f. Its
range is limited. It occurs already mature
in Egyptian groups of XVIIIth Dynasty date,
and is fairly common in Cyprus during the
period of. Mycenaean influences; but has no
local antecedents in either area. In the
Palestinian area, on the other hand, though
its best qualities are uncommon (having been
manufactured, in all probability, for export),
it can be traced in a larger variety of forms
than elsewhere, and here alone seems to run
back into indigenous red-faced fabrics of earlier
date (e.g. Petrie, Tell-el-Hesy, pl. vi., figs.
78-96), from which also are descended what
I have described elsewhere as the “base-ring”
fabrics (= Petrie's ‘IPhoenician' pottery, l.c. pl.
vii., viii.), which extend, like the red-faced
fabric now under review, to Mycenaean Cyprus
and XVIIIth Dynasty Egypt.
“Though not of Egyptian origin, however,
the red-faced fabric became naturalized in Egypt
from the XVIIIth Dynasty onward, and survives
to the present day. (In Cyprus, similarly, a
wheel-made red-faced technique had a great
vogue in sub-Mycenaean times.) The fabric
of these vases therefore can only give us a
terminus a quo for the date of their manu-
facture. Of ceramic form, modelled vessels
such as these necessarily show little trace; but
the necks of Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, and the handle
of No. 1 point in the same direction. All
these are thoroughly non-Egyptian. The neck
of No. 1 comes close to a characteristic neck of
the red-faced fabric, described by von Bissing,
cf. Birch, Ancient Pottery, 1858, fig. 23-4, and
(for the neck) fig. 28; and (especially in regard
to the ‘set’ of the handle) to Petrie Tell-el-
Hesy, pl. vi. 87, 88, 94. The swollen lip of
No. 1 brings it into relation with a large proto-
Palestinian group (Petrie’s “Amorite' pottery);
and that of No. 3, slightly more cylindrical,
with a thinner and more expanded rim, goes
far in the direction of the regular neck of the
vases of Mycenaean style from Cyprus and from
Ialysos, in Rhodes, i.e. it belongs to a phase
in which there has already been contact with
Aegean ceramic.
“In the case of No. 3, further indications
are apparent of an influence closely akin to
Mycenaean. The rendering of its form is not on
Egyptian canons, and the inference to a foreign
tradition seems inevitable. Now at present
nothing of the kind is known, either from the
Syrian coast, or from Mesopotamia, or from
Cyprus; while, on the other hand, the attitude
of the animal and certain points of its
detailed anatomy are closely in accord with
Mycenaean practice. For the attitude, compare
in the first place the ivory calf from Mycenae,
Ephemeris, 1888, pl. ix. 13 (= Perrot Chipiez,
Histoire de l’Art, vi., fig. 401), which has the
Egyptian displacement of the hind legs, and,
in confirmation of this, the representation, on
a crystal ring from Mycenae in Mr. Evans'
collection, Journ. Hell. Stud. xxi., p. 156,
fig., 34; the attitude of the golden stags,
Schliemann, Mycenae, fig. 265 (= Perrot Chipiez,
vi., fig. 404: Schuchhardt, Schliemann's Eacava-
tions, fig, 184); and that of the oxen on
engraved gems, Perrot Chipiez, pl. xvi. and
figs, 426, 428,
“For the flat, broad muzzle, which is charac-
teristic of the Mycenaean rendering, see the
silver ox-head from shaft grave iv. (MIycenae,
fig. 337, 338, Schuchhardt, fig. 248, cf. fig. 249,
184 (= Perrot, vi., fig. 398, cf. 399; and
J. H. S. xxi., p. 156, fig. 34, cf. the stags,
Perrot, fig. 404.
“For the displacement of the nostrils, see
(in addition to the preceding) the well-known
bull-fresco (Tiryus, pl. xiii.), the bulls on the
Waphio cups (Schuchhardt, l.c. p. 350), the stele
TOMBs of THE XVIIIriſ DYNASTY AND TEMPLE OF AAHMES I. 75
from Mycenae (Perrot Chipiez, l.c. vi., fig. 364)
and the gems (l.c. pl. xvi.), cf. fig. 403.
“For the leaf-like treatment of the end of
the tail, see J. H. S. xxi., p. 182, fig. 55 (goat);
p. 156, fig. 34, Perrot, fig. 426, *.*.*, 428," ".
431,” Myk. Vasen, 423 (= Perrot, fig. 495),
and perhaps also the forked tail of the
Tirynthian fresco bull, though this may be due
to re-drawing. Compare also the plumed tail
of late Mycenaean horses, Tiryns, pl. xvi., xix.,
fig. 20. -
“No. 4 has a different history. Askoid
vases have, of course, a wide range in the
Levantine world, e.g. Ilios, fig. 238, 240,
and occur in Egypt from pre-dynastic times
onward; Abydos 1900: E 178: Ashm. is a
human askoid in the red ware. The present
example presents, however, several peculiarities
which have a more limited range. The skilful
modelling of the globular body, and of the
scrolled fillets, is quite remote from Egyptian
clay-technique of any period, and equally
remote from that of the ungraceful Cypriote
askoids. It suggests, rather, some of the
askoid types from the Cycladic tombs of pre-
Mycenaean date, and in these, also, the
same abrupt flat-topped rim recurs in several
varieties. The posterior scroll-work also finds
a close parallel in the phytomorph on the vase
from Kamāraes, in Crete (Proc. Soc. Antiq., 2nd
series, xv., pl. ii. 13), and on others, unpublished
as yet, from Knossos.
but rarely in Mycenaean art (Perrot Chipiez,
l.c. vi., fig. 491), and is always drawn with
long hog's legs, not with mere stumps as here.
The head, however, as here, is drawn abnor-
mally small, and in one instance (‘Edmuepis
'Apxatokoyuki), 1896, pl. i.) with the same
acute muzzle as in No. 4; and the long legs of
the Mycenaean hedgehogs may well be due to
the fact that they are painted, not modelled,
representations.
“Taking all indications together, therefore,
the group of vases under review would seem to
The hedgehog occurs .
belong to the period of the XVIIIth Dynasty,
and to have been made, (1) probably in Egypt,
and certainly so in the case of No. 2; (2) in a
fabric recently introduced from the Palestinian
area; (3) under the influence of Aegean models
and artistic and ceramic conventions.”
(g) Scarabs, etc.—Four large stone heart
scarabs were found, one of Tetafi, and another
with name erased in tomb 120 (xxxviii. and
liii. 14 and 15), one of the scribe Sa-anhur in
tomb 100 (xxxviii. and liii. 16), and one of
Heru-s-mes in tomb 48 (1.).
Smaller scarabs occurred in great numbers,
as many as thirty coming from one tomb. Of
name scarabs we have a fine specimen in
carnelian of queen Aahmes (liii. 7), three in
glaze of Thothmes I. (liii. 8, and 2 and 3 of
group 102), one in glaze of Hatshepsut (1 of
group 116), and a great number in glaze of
Thothmes III. (4 and 5 of group 102, 2 and 3
of group 116, and 1 and 2 of group 119): also
a bead in blue glass bearing the name of
Amenhotep I. (1 of group, 102). A glazed
pottery ring (liii. 9) gives the name Aat-mert-
mut, possibly that of a queen. Besides the
ordinary scarabs there were commonly found
scaraboids, cowroids, and plaques, both plain
and with duck or other animal backs. -
b. PYRAMID, AND TEMPLE OF AAHMEs I.-
About a mile and a half south of the temple
of Seti stand the remains of a pyramid, a
mound some thirty feet high. This pyramid
was originally cased with stone, the interior
being filled up with sand and rubbish, but the
stonework has almost entirely disappeared, and
nothing now remains but a mass of shifting
sand. A clearance on the east side brought to
light the two lowest courses of stone, and from
them the angle of the pyramid could be roughly
estimated as about sixty degrees. Fragments
of XVIIIth Dynasty pottery were present in
the lowest level of the filling, and so we may
infer that it was to this dynasty that the
pyramid belonged. On the east side a large
76
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
semicircular mass of brickwork had been erected,
presumably built on to the face to conceal the
entrance; this was cut through and the face of
the mound searched, but without result. We
then determined to sink a pit outside the north
face and excavate a tunnel to the middle,
hoping to come on a stone-lined chamber. The
tunnel began in a fairly hard stratum of soil,
but as the work advanced it became necessary
to build up the sides and roof as we went on ;
till at last, when we had almost reached the
middle and found no trace of a chamber, it be-,
came too dangerous to work, and it was decided
to leave further attempts to another season.
Immediately east of the pyramid, and evi-
dently in connection with it, lay a small brick
temple of Aahmes I. (xxiv.). Unfortunately
but very little detail could be recovered: one
corner had been taken under cultivation for an
Arab garden, the stonework had shared the
fate of the pyramid casing, and the site had
further suffered from a desultory pitting over
at the hands of the Mission Amélineau. -
The bricks used in the construction were
16% inches long, 7% wide, and 5% thick, and in
most cases they were stamped with the name
of the king (xxxii.). -
The principal gateway of the temple was on
the east, and led into a narrow forecourt. On
either side of the entrance there was a large
pit, unworkable owing to the depth of water;
it is possible that an entrance passage to the
pyramid might be found at the bottom of one
of these pits. From the forecourt a second
gateway gave entrance into the principal court
of the building; this was apparently brick-
paved, as no traces of stone were found.
Dividing this court from the inner court was a
line of roughly-hewn stone ſoundation blocks,
presumably to support pillars. The stone pave-
ment, of which traces were found in the inner
court, was some fifteen inches above the level
of the foundation blocks, and between the two
there was a layer of sand and limestone chips.
Fragments of ceiling found in the inner court
showed a decoration of yellow stars on a blue
ground. Against the west wall were four brick
granaries. At the north end of the inner court
was found a limestone coffer which contained a
broken stela (xxxii.) representing Akhenaten (?),
Aalames I., and Amenhotep T., and two other
fragments of stone on which were the cartouches
of Aahmes I., Aahmes Nefertari, Amenhotep I,
and Thothmes III. On either side of the two
courts were narrow passages.
Of the north annex but very little could be
made out. The south annex had a separate
entrance and seems to have consisted of a series
of chambers. The present height of the walls
varies from a single brick to about four feet.
This temple had evidently been built on the
site of a prehistoric encampment, as below the
foundations there was a deposit of from one to
three feet of sand, containing charcoal, pottery
whorls, and several specimens of rough and
black-topped pots. These last are quite distinct
from the pre-historic burial pottery: some were
evidently cooking-pots, and the finer variety
had in most cases been broken anciently and
most carefully mended.
77
CHAPTER XV.
ToMBs of THE xixth-xxxth DYNASTIES.
a XIXth Dynasty Towns—Three tombs can
be dated pretty certainly to this dynasty—
Nos. 14b, 44, and 51. The former, a mastaba of
somewhat curious construction (see xxv. 1, and
for description Chapter XVI.), was the tomb of
the priest of Amen Pa-ab-mer, and contained a
number of glazed pottery ushabtis, a fine glazed
pottery “tat” amulet, and a clay statuette base,
all inscribed with his name; also a pair of model
boats in unbaked clay, on one of which were
painted the figures of Thoth, Isis, Khepera, and
Shu (li.). - -
Tomb 44 had been very much plundered
and re-used, but three objects remained which
probably belonged to the original burial. These
were a wooden ushabti figure, dedicated to a
scribe Pa-nehem (xl. 5), and two inscribed strips
of wood, possibly from a box, which belonged to
a scribe of the name of Amen-m-apt (xl. 7 and
15). This tomb also contained a tiny ivory
penholder (?), inscribed with the name of the
Wazir Pa-ser, and dated by a cartouche of
Rameses II. (xl. 12), but it is more likely that
this belonged to the neighbouring tomb 51,
which contained a limestone ushabti of the same
. Iſlan.
Tomb 51 contained the limestone ushabti
figure just mentioned, two painted wooden
ushabtis of Kha-m-ua and Sep-neferrespectively,
which are probably of the same date, and a
number of glaze rings and carnelian and bone
earrings. - - -
Less certainly dated but belonging either to
this dynasty or the next are:— * -
Tomb 19, containing a broken stela which
was dedicated to a prince named Ptah......
(xxxv. 3), a clay boat and statuette stand (lii.),
a dog's head in glaze, and a finely-worked
horse's head in red glass (lii). -
Tomb 6, which contained a stela representing
the owner of the tomb Kha-m-uas with his sister
and their ten children (xxx.), three painted
glaze plaques from a draught-board (xlix.), and
some glaze rings, one bearing the name of Mut-
nejemt, wife of Horemheb.
b. XXTH-XXWTH DYNASTY ToMBs.—(a)
| Two dated tombs. In this period two important
mastabas of definite date were found, and
it would perhaps be well to give some details
of these before going on to discuss the larger
number of less accurately dated tombs. .
The first was the tomb of a hitherto un-
known prince of the XXIst Dynasty named
Pisebkhanu, son of Men-kheper-ra. The plan
of the mastaba (xxvi. 2) differs slightly from
those of the preceding dynasty: it consists of a
large chamber which contained the pit, a
smaller chamber connecting with the pit cham-
ber by a single entrance, and a tiny place of
offerings constructed in the thickness of the
wall which divided the two chambers. . It is
curious that there seems to have been no
doorway in the outer wall. The pit, which was
bricked to within 108 inches from the bottom,
was 25 feet deep, the doorway at the bottom
being blocked with a slab of stone in the
manner we have described on page 70. The
chambers, five in number, were all on the south
side of the pit. The two large ones were plain,
but the three narrow chambers which opened
78
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
from them were lined and paved with stone.
Very little of the original tomb furniture re-
mained ; a fine stela (xxxi. and xxxiv. 8) and
a stamped brick were found half way down the
pit, and in the chambers a number of glazed
pottery ushabtis (xxxix.), all inscribed with the
name Pisebkhanu. The original position of the
stela is indicated pretty clearly by the niche in
the small offering chamber.
The second dated tomb was that of a new
princess named Ast-n-kheb, the daughter of
Shabaka, first king of the XXVth Dynasty.
The construction of this tomb has been already
referred to (p. 64). The burial chamber was
stone-lined, and had an arched roof, as had
also the dummy chamber which was built above
it. Plunderers had made their way first into
the dummy chamber, and had then cut a hole
through the stonework into the real chamber.
There were found—in the pit four broken
alabaster canopic vases and several fragments
of a wooden coffin, one of which gave us the
name; in the chamber the upper part of the
mummy of a woman, presumably that of the
princess herself, and the bones of several small
animals: scattered in the pit and chamber were
thirty-seven small inscribed ushabtis, and three
hundred uninscribed (xxxix.), all in bright
blue glaze. - *
(b) Umdated tombs and objects.—The series of
large mastabas which face the valley at the
south end of the cemetery—14 E, 38, 24, 28,
32, 35 and 37—probably belong to the beginning
of this XXth to XXVth Dynasty period, but
they, like the XVIIIth Dynasty pits, had been
much re-used, and there was no accurate dating
evidence for any single object found in them.
They are all very similar in character, the main
essentials being a large open court, a pit and
three small arched chambers; though of course
slight variations were made and extra details
added to suit the convenience and taste of the
various owners of the tombs. The constructions
at the back of the chambers of 1, 4 and 5 in
were red, yellow, black, blue and white.
pl. xxvi. are curious ; at first sight it seemed
likely that they concealed the serdab of the
tomb, but a careful search revealed nothing.
That of No. 5 contained a small chamber, but
the others were solid masses of brickwork. The
pits and burial chambers were very similar to
those of the earlier mastabas, the only difference
being that the chambers were as a rule more
numerous and less carefully worked. The
floors of the chambers were covered with bones,
canopic jars and ushabtis, etc., scattered about
in all directions by the plunderers, who
frequently threw the last-mentioned from one
tomb to another.
The commonest objects in these tombs were
the pottery canopic jars and the ushabtis. The
former (lvi.) were all of much the same class,
of dull reddish pottery, with a band of white
or red paint down one side, on which the
inscription was painted in yellow characters;
some of the pots had an additional coloured
pattern round the top. The heads were more
elaborately treated. They were usually painted
all over with a groundwork of a single colour,
over which a system of decoration in other
colours was added: the colours employed
A.
few of these jars were filled with ushabtis, and
that this was not the result of an accident, or
the deliberate work of plunderers, is evident
from the fact that the ushabtis in question
always bore the same name as the jar in which
they were found, and were moreover much
cleaner and fresher than the others which were
lying scattered. No stone canopic jars were
found in this group of tombs.
The ushabtis were of various kinds—large
and small glazed pottery, painted pottery,
unbaked clay and wood—and range from the
XXth Dynasty to the XXVth. The painted
pottery figures were certainly contemporaneous
with the canopic vases just described. They
were painted in much the same style, generally
with a yellow band down the front to contain
TOMBS OF THE XIXTH-XXXTH DYNASTIES. - 79
the inscription. As a rule they were clumsy,
with turned-up pointed ends instead of feet, and
very exaggerated kilts, but the heads and wigs
were occasionally carefully worked. This class
probably belongs to the XXth Dynasty. With
them we may associate the wooden ushabtis,
which wore long and thin, roughly carved, with
ink inscriptions. Unbaked clay and glazed
pottery figures occurred in all sizes, from five
inches down to mere shapeless pieces of clay
less than an inch long. The ushabtis of glazed
pottery found in the tomb of Pisebkhanu have
a curious notch in the back, made before baking
(xxxix.); this may be a common practice in
the XXIst Dynasty, as the other ushabtis found
with that peculiarity would agree very well
with that date. By the XXVth Dynasty the
ushabtis, of the poorer burials at any rate, had
reached the lowest point of degradation; those
of Ast-n-kheb even (xxxix.) are small and
poor in workmanship, though covered with a
fine dark blue glaze. In the XXVIth Dynasty,
ushabti-making underwent its great change,
and from that time to the establishment of
the Ptolemies and the disuse of ushabtis, the
figures all have the same characteristic—the
pillar down the back. In the last figure of
the group at the bottom of pl. xxxix. we
have a representation of the ushabti at the
very close of its career. -
Heart scarabs both in glaze and stone were
very common in this group of tombs, porphyry
and red jasper being the favourite materials for
the latter. Of other small objects, the commonest
were pectorals, both in wood and glazed pottery;
pendant Bes figures; rings in glaze and stone ;
and rounded Hathor amulets of the type shown
in pl. xlv. 28. A small fragment of stone
coming from this last tomb (28) gave the name
Usertesen-senb, and that of his mother the
princess Nub-m-an, probably the daughter of
Rameses II. - . . -
Tombs 58 and 63 are probably of the XXIInd
Dynasty. The former contained the remains
of three wooden statuettes, with inscriptions on
the bases which gave the names of the “lady of
the house " Shepses-ta-pert, her father Hor-si-
ast, and her grandfather Amen-m-ant (xxxv. 5).
In the latter were found a Hathor cow amulet,
vulture and “tat” amulets, and two feather
amulets in gold, and a number of rosettes in
silver (lii.); also three unbaked clay statuettes
on stands, which give the name of the owner of
the tomb Ast-n-kheb (xli. 1 and 6). Similar
tablets were found in tombs 13 and 19
(xl. 8, 10 and 13). They are common in tombs
of this period, and in some cases at any rate
were used as stands for Anubis statuettes.
They have usually one of the points of the
compass marked on the end, from which we
may infer that four were placed in each tomb.
The stela of Zed-anhur-auf-ankh (xxxi.) and
the pyramidion on pl. xxxviii. belong to the
earlier part of this period, the former possibly
to the XXIInd Dynasty. To a later dynasty,
probably the XXVth, we must assign the two
important stelae on the left side of pl. xxxi.
They represent the “royal daughter and sister”
Pa-apt-ta-mer (good name Mer-s-n-abdu), and
the “chief captain.” Hat-pa-gath-serer (good
name Ar-pa-ankh-qen-qen-f) adoring Ra and
Osiris respectively. The foreign nature of the
names, and peculiar details of the dress, notably
the head-dress, suggest that these two stelae
may have belonged to the Ethiopian invaders.
The spear-heads and wooden genii of tomb 98
(lii,) are late, belonging possibly to the XXVth
Dynasty. Another set of genii, similar in style
but modelled in wax, were found in tomb 99 A.
The stone canopic jars which we found in
this period were invariably of limestone, and
were usually dummies. In one tomb two sets
were found, in both of which three jars were
dummies, the human head in each case being
the exception. In the tombs subsequent to the
XXVth Dynasty both limestone and alabaster
occurred; none were dummies, and the heads
in most cases were decorated with black paint.
80
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
c. XXVTH–XXXTH DYNASTY TOMBS.-The
tombs of this period were of interesting con-
struction, but contained very little of value;
like the earlier tombs they had without exception
been plundered. -
No. 57, the tomb of a Wazir named Nes-p-
mete (?), was the most elaborate, and it certainly
belongs to the earlier part of the period. The
central and important part of the tomb (see
plate xxviii.) was constructed on the “dome-
tomb" plan, but with certain modifications and
additions. We have two half-arched pits but
only one burial chamber under the dome, the
second and smaller pit having a chamber opening
from it to the side. The principal chamber is
arched and has a dummy chamber, also arched,
above it; the secondary chamber has a straight
roof cut from the bed-rock. At the bottom of
the pits two arched doors from the larger and
one from the smaller lead into a rough irregular
passage, left between the pit walls and the
rock. Above, this passage is enclosed by a
brick wall, but below the wall it contracts, and
at the bottom it is but thirty inches wide. At
one corner we have the beginning of a brick
staircase, which probably led down to the
bottom of the passage. On the south side
this space between the enclosing wall and pit
wall was afterwards taken advantage of for
the construction of a small arched chamber
(xxviii. 8). Round the main building a re-
taining, wall was erected, and a second large
court was added in front. A staircase, of which
five steps remain, leads up on to the retaining
wall on the south side, and apparently was
continued up to the doorway. The present
height of this staircase is thirty-six inches, so
that if we carry on the elevation at the same
angle we arrive at a height of somewhere about
ten feet for the walls. Presumably the doorway
was arched, and a passage above it led from the
top of the staircase into the dome. The outside
walls of the main construction were built at an
angle, and were probably extended to form a
small pyramid over the dome; but as the angle
varies, becoming more acute as the walls get
higher, it gives us no satisfactory evidence as to
the original height of the building. All the
walls were mud-plastered, and the floor of the
inner court was covered with a rough mud
pavement. º
This must have been an important burial,
but unfortunately very little remained. In the
large chamber we found a decayed wooden box
containing a set of alabaster canopic jars, a
large lapis-lazuli scarab, two or three pieces of
gold leaf from the finger-tips of the mummy,
and fragments of cartonnage which gave the
names of the JVazir himself, and of two of his
family, Nesi-khonsu and Shepses-ta . . . (xlii.).
From the pit we have the end of a limestone
sarcophagus, on which were represented two
apes adoring Ra and Atum (xxx.), and the
remains of a large number of wreaths of
sycomore leaves. Scattered in the secondary
pit and chamber were found three fragments of
a limestone stela, dedicated to the Wazir (xxxv.
7), a piece of cartonnage which gave the name
Aru, several glaze ushabtis with a long hieratic
inscription to Ta-kha-au-n-bast, and a fragment
of a wooden coffin, giving the same name. Two
photographs of this tomb, one taken from the
north showing the pits, the other a general view
from the south, are given in plate xxx.
No. 15, belonging to a Wazir named Nekht,
was also an important tomb, but unluckily the
walls have been denuded down to such an
extent that the greater part of the surface
construction has disappeared. The entrance to
the tomb (see pl. xxvii.) was on the south-east
side, and opened on to a large court. A second
doorway led to a smaller court, which contained
two half-arched pits. Round the outside of
these pits there was a covered winding stair-
case, which connected with pit A at the bottom
by means of an arched doorway (see photograph
in pl. xxx.). The roof of this staircase was a
rough vault, constructed on a somewhat curious
TOMBS OF THE XIXTII—XXXTH DYNASTIES. 81
system, with overlapping side-built bricks
(photograph in pl. xxx.). The pits were
connected at the bottom by an arched door
(bricked up): cach gave entrance to a single
chamber, with brick sides, but an ordinary
bed-rock roof. 13eyond the pits we scem to
have the remains of a dome structure, but the
ground was so badly worn that but very few
details could be recovered. The small chamber
D, at the far end of the tomb, was certainly
older than the rest of the construction; it was
built below the ground level, and both the
enclosing wall and dome wall were continued
above it. E, C and F were XIIth to XVIIIth
Dynasty pits, which have no connection with
the tomb, and G was a shallow XVIIIth to
XIXth Dynasty grave. In the first court a
small mastalla or platform was built on to the
inner wall; it had an approach of three steps,
and a small recess was left at the top. -
The wall between the two pit-chambers had
been broken through, and scattered in them.
and in the filling of the pits were found:—a
quantity of cartonnage (xlii.) and a few frag-
ments of papyrus, which gave the names of the
Wazir, his mother Ta-kharu, and his brother (?)
Ankh-pef; the remains of an inscribed wooden
box, dedicated to a man whose own name
was missing, but whose father's name was
Auf-aa (xxxiii. 6); a set of limestone canopic
jars; and a number of small glazed beads
and amulets. -
From tomb No. 7 we have a stone sarco-
phagus lid (xxxv. 2), a stela (xxxiii. 3), and
a limestone statuette (inscription xli. 9, 10, 11,
12, 13) which give the genealogy:—
Khenty-m-hotep
Nesy-min
Nesy-hor = Mut-hotep
Khenty-m-hotep.
This tomb had been much re-used, as there
came from it also the base of a granite
statuette, inscribed with the name Min-mes,
and a fragment of cartonnage which gave the
name Ruru. e g
Other objects in the plates belonging to this
period are: the broken stela of a priest named
Ruru (xxxv. 4) from tomb 11, a plaster cast
of Isis (xxxviii.) from 16 D, and the genii and
winged scarab from 47 (lii,).
82 EL AMRAIH AND ABY DOS.
CHAPTEER XVI.
D E S C R | P T | O N OF P L A T E S.
(The names of the Museums to which the various objects havo been sent are given in brackets.)
PL. XXIII.-General Plan of mastallas.
The dates of the mastabas represented on the
plan are as follows:—
57. XXVth–XXXth Dyn., built over a
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn, pit (x.).
13. XVIIIth Dyn, with intrusive XXVth–
XXXth Dyn. “dome tomb” over pit.
10. XVIIIth Dyn.
7. XXVth–XXXth Dyn.
8. XVIIIth Dyn.
47. XXVth—XXXth Dyn., “dome tomb.”
19. XIXth Dyn.
6. XIXth–XXth Dyn., with two chambers
of another mastaba already excavated;
probably of earlier date.
XXVth Dyn.
15, XXVth—XXXth Dyn., built over three
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. pits (E, C, F)
and a shallow XIXth–XXth Dyn.
grave (G).
4. XVIIIth Dyn.
9. XVIIIth Dyn.
48. XVIIIth Dyn.
58. XIXth—XXth Dyn.
11. XVIIIth Dyn.
34. XIIIth–XVIIIth Dyn. (?).
37. XIXth—XXth Dyn.
35. XIXth—XXth Dyn.
32. XIXth—XXth Dyn.
28. XXth Dyn.
24. XXth Dyn.
38. XIXth–XXth Dyn.
3.
14. XVIIIth–XXth Dyn.
22. XXIst Dyn. * .
15. XXVth–XXXth Dyn., “dome tomb.”
The ground in the immediate neighbourhood
of the Nefer-hotep stela had been so much used
and re-used that it was impossible to recover
the plans of the original mastabas. The dates
of the pits and smaller constructions are as
follows:—
17. A and B, XVIIIth Dyn., pits; C,
XXVth–XXXth Dyn., “dome tomb”
(?).
16. A, arched chamber, XXVth–XXXth
Dyn., over B, XVIIIth Dyn., pit;
C, XXVth Dyn., “dome tomb";
D, E, G, XXVth–XXXth Dyn.,
arched chambers; F, XVIIIth Dyn.,
pit.
44. XIXth Dyn.
51. XIXth Dyn.
50. XVIIIth Dyn. (?).
33. XIXth Dyn. .
29. XVIIIth Dyn., mastaba; B, XXVth–
XXXth 1) yn., “domo tomb"; C, late
surface construction ; D, XVIIIth
Dyn., pit.
PL. XXIV.-1. Plan of temple of Aahmes I.
(see p. 75).
2. Plan of tomb 10. In this and in the
following plates underground chambers are
shown by dotted lines. Two brick pillar-bases
DESCRIPTION OF PILATES. 83
were found in position in the forecourt; these
were stuccoed white, presumably to imitate
limestone. The forecourt was brick paved.
This mastaba, unlike all the others, has an
entrance at either end, that at the back opening
from a small outer chamber. The detached wall
at the side of this chamber is curious; it has no
connection with any other tomb, and seems to
belong to this construction. XVIIIth Dyn.
3. Plan of tomb 9. The three doors leading
from the big chamber were arched, and from
the analogy of other tombs the small chamber
was probably arched also. XVIIIth Dyn.
4. Underground chambers of tomb 9. The
large chamber was divided into two parts by a
couple of square pillars of natural rock. In
the small side chamber a plain limestone sar-
cophagus was let into the floor, the lid being
flush with the ground.
5. Section of underground chambers of
tomb 9.
Pi. XXV.-1. I’lan of tomb 14. This plan
really consists of three separate tombs, but
they are so closely connected that they are
represented as one construction. Pit E is the
earliest part of the building and belongs to the
XVIIIth Dynasty. Other remains of this, the
original mastaba, are seen in the long side
walls, the broken cross wall at G, and the
entrance at H, which was a sloping brick-
paved passage. In the XIXth Dynasty a
second mastaba (A, B, and C) was added,
which consisted of an outer enclosing wall, and
a low inner construction, comprising a pit
chamber and three other small chambers, built
on to the outer wall. In A there was a shallow
grave of later date, containing the remains of
wooden coffins and the bones of two small
children.
again made use of, and another mastaba, skew
to the original direction and partly cutting
away the old mastaba walls, was constructed
round it.
In the XXth Dynasty pit E was |
2. Underground chambers of pit B.
3. Underground chambers of pit E. The
entrance into the chambers from the pit was
originally blocked by a stone in the manner
described on page 70. From the second
chamber an aimless plunderer's tunnel had been
excavated. The walls and floor of the third
chamber were cased with stone.
4. Plan of tomb 8, consisting of four open
courts, a pit, and an arched chamber with three
arched doorways. A, B, and D were shallow
burials, probably contemporaneous with the
mastaba. The hatched outline in F represents
a pavement, one brick high ; probably the
place of offerings: in this chamber the lime-
stone statuette head in pl. xxxvii. was found.
XVIIIth Dyn.
5. Pit and chambers of tomb 8. In this
tomb, contrary to the usual custom, the wall of
the pit was carried some distance above the
desert level, and a second wall at a lower level
was added round it. Another peculiarity was
that the chambers at either end of the pit were
connected by a third chamber which ran parallel
to the pit wall. &
6. Plan of tomb 11, consisting of a large
open court, a pit, and an inner chamber which
was probably arched. XVIIIth Dyn.
7. Underground chambers of tomb 11.
PL. XXVI—(See pages 64, 77, and 78.)
1. Plan of tomb 24. In front of the entrance
there was a brick platform or pavement, seven
inches high. The three inner chambers were
arched, and had each a recess cut in the back
wall. XXth Dyn. . .
2 and 3. Plan and underground chambers of
the tomb of Pisebkhanu. XXIst Dyn. (see
p. 77). -
4. Plan of tomb 32. The small inner cham-
ber had a niche cut in the back wall, and was
probably arched: the solid construction behind
this chamber was built at a small angle,
XXth
Dyn.
84 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
5. Plan of tomb 28. XXth Dyn.
6. Plan of tomb 53. XVIIIth—XXth Dyn.
The long, narrow chamber behind the pit was
arched.
7. Plan of tomb 38. XXth Dyn.
. PL. XXVII.-1–4. Plan and sections of
tomb of Ast-n-Kheb (see pp. 64 and 78).
5–7. Plans and sections of tomb
XXVIth--XXXth Dyn. (see p. 80).
15.
l’L. XXVIII.-Plans and sections of tombs
47 and 57; the former being a dome-tomb of
the ordinary simple type, while the latter shows
the same style of construction in an elaborated
form (see p. 65, and for tomb 57 p. 80). The
pit in the first court of tomb 57 belongs to the
XIIth–XVIIIth Dyn, period, and has no
connection with the main building.
PL. XXIX.--Stela of Neferhotep (see p. 64,
and for translation Chap. xvii.). The stela was
of red granite, with extremely roughly and
lightly cut inscription. The margin between
the inscription and the edge of the stone was
3# inches round the curve at the top, 4} inches
at the sides, and 19 inches at the bottom. The
curved edge of the stone came 2% inches lower
than the band above the inscription. (Cairo.)
PL. XXX.-At the top two views of tomb 57
(p. 80). Below two photographs of the stair-
case in tomb 15, one showing the doorway into
the pit, the other the construction of the arched
roof (p. 81). - -
On the right a limestone stela (tomb 6),
showing Kha-m-uas seated with his sister Ast.
In front of them their two sons and grandson
are making offerings, while in the register
below their seven daughters are represented.
It is worth noting that while the boys are
called “his son,” “his grandson,” the female
portion of the family are known in each case as
“her daughter.” (Bristol.) XIXth—XXth
Dyn.
Below, the lower end of a limestone
sarcophagus (tomb 57), showing two
adoring. XXVth–XXXth Dyn.
apes
l’I, XXXI.—On left side :
1. Limestone stela of Zed-anhur-auf-ankh
from tomb 7. (Connecticut.) XXIInd Dyn.
2. Limestone stela of Pisebkhamu from
tomb 22 (see p. 65). XXIst Dyn. For in-
scription see xxxiv. 8. (British Museum.)
On right side :
1. Limestone stela of Pa-apt-ta-mer from
tomb 48 (see p. 79). XXVth Dyn.
2. Limestone stela of Ha-pa-gath-serer from
tomb 8 (see p. 79). XXVth Dyn. (Chicago.)
3. Limestone lintel from tomb 9, showing
Pepen-anhur offering to his father and mother(?)
Min and Ryaa. (Chicago.) XVIIIth Dyn.
PI. XXXII.-On the left side a limestone
stela, bearing the cartouches of Aalimes 1.,
Aahmes Nefertari, and Amenhotep I. The
cartouches of the principal figure, who is re-
presented making offerings to Amen Ra, have
been erased : probably they were those of
Akhenaten. (Manchester.)
Below, a brick stamped with the name of
Aahmes I. (Manchester.)
On the right two broken limestone slabs, one
showing the king in the crown of Upper Egypt,
the other in the crown of Lower Egypt.
(New York and Manchester.)
These four pieces were all found in the
temple of Aahmes I. g
Underneath, three views of the squatting
statue of Sa-dep-ahu from tomb 9. (New
York.) The statue is of sandstone : the hands
and face are coloured red, and the inscription
was originally filled in with blue (see p. 71,
and for inscriptions xxxiii. 1 and 2). XVIIIth
Dyn. - -
PL. XXXIII-1 and 2. Inscription from
the squatting statue of Sa-dep-ahu (photographs
in pl.xxxii.), see also xxxiv. 1. XVIIIth Dyn.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. - 85
3. Inscription on a limestone stela of Khent-
khety-m-hotep (Khenty-m-hotep?) from tomb 7
(p. 81). See also pls. xxxv. 2 and xli. 9, 10,
11, 12, 13. (Connecticut.) XXVth—XXXth
Dyn.
4. From a granite ushabti of Amen-m-ant:
found close to the Nefer-hotep stela. See also
pls. xxxix. and xlv. (British Museum.)
XVIIIth Dyn.
5. From an alabaster canopic jar of a priest
of Anhur, named Neb. Tomb 9. (Bolton.)
XVIIIth Dyn.
6. Stuccoed box of
from tomb 15. (Dundee.)
Dyn. -
7–45. Marks on offering jars from Umm-el-
Qa'ab. XVIIIth—XXIInd Dyn. -
e e g º e is , son of Auf-aa,
XXVth—XXXth
PL. XXXIV.-1. Inscription from limestone
door-jamb of Sa-dep-ahu, from tomb 9. See
also xxxiii. 1 and 2. (New York.) XVIIIth
Dyn. -
2. lbrokon limestono steln of Qab, from
tomb 14. It was found near the surface, and
was probably thrown out from a neighbouring
tomb. XIIIth—XIVth Dyn.
3, 5, 6 and 7. Pieces of a long inscription
found by Prof. Petrie in the tomb of Unnefer,
the high priest of Osiris (see double statue on
pl. xxxvii.). It appears to name the dates of
special offerings being made. The high
numbers, up to the forty-seventh year, refer to
the reign of Rameses II. XIXth.Dyn.
4. Limestone table of offerings of Ai-m-aat-
ab, from tomb 62.
xliv.)
8. Inscription from limestone stela of Piseb-
khanu (see pl. xxxi.). XXIst Dyn.
PI. XXXV.-1. Inscription on limestone
coffin of a prophet of Nekht-hor-heb. XXXth
Dyn. y -,
2. Inscription from limestone coffin of Khent-
khety-m-hotep (Khenty-m-hotep 7) (see p. 81
XIIIth—XVth Dyn. (Cp. |
and cf. stela xxxiii. 8, and statue xli. 9, 10, 11,
12, 13). Tomb 7. (Connecticut.) XXVth–
XXXth Dyn. -
3. Broken stela showing the prince Ptah ......
adoring Ra, from tomb 19. XIXth–XXth
Dyn. (For other objects from tomb see lii.)
4. Inscription from a broken stela of Ruru,
tomb 11. XXVth—XXXth Dyn.
5. Inscription on base of a wooden statuette
of Shepset-ta-pert, from tomb 58. XXIInd
Dyn. - -
6. Broken stela from tomb 109. XVIIIth
Dyn. *
7. Broken limëstone stela of the wagin'
Nes-p-mete, from tomb 57 (p. 80). Cf. xlii.
XXVth–XXXth Dyn.
8. Piece of a stela from tomb 14, naming
Aahmes I. XVIIIth Dyn.
PI. XXXVI.-1. Inscription on very fine
limestone coffin of Hun, prophet of the temple
of Rameses II. at Abydos. (Cairo.) For
photograph see pl. xxxvii. XXXth Dyn,
2. Inscription on limestone coffin of Des-
nekht. XXXth Dyn.
3. Inscription on limestone coffin of Tshemmin.
XXXth Dyn. -
The four coffins, xxxv. 1, xxxvi. 1, 2, 3, are
from Prof. Petrie's work, and were all found
together in the subterranean chambers of a
great square tomb, covered in with a domed
roof. The funeral furniture found with these
is shown on pl. lii., fig. 1.
PL. XXXVII.--Top row. Front, back, and
two side views of limestone shrine (see p. 64),
found in front of the Nefer-hotep stela.
(Boston.) XVIIIth Dyn.
Second row. View of top of above shrine.
Front and back views of granite statues of
Unnefer and Mery, found by Prof. Petrie,
(Cairo.) XVIIIth Dyn.
Marble sarcophagus lid : for inscription see
| xxxvi. 1. (Cairo), XXXth Dyn.
86 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
Bottom Row. Plaster cast from tomb 16 D.
(Boston.), XXVIth—XXXth Dyn.
Limestone statuette head from tomb 8 (see
p. 83). XVIIIth Dyn. (British Museum.)
Head from a broken marble sarcophagus lid.
XXXth Dyn. Both this figure and the com-
plete lid immediately above it are from Prof.
Petrie's work (see p. 85).
PL. XXXVIII. — Limestone
XXth—XXIInd Dyn.
Limestone stela, with cartouche of Amen-
hotep II. (From Prof. Petrie's work.) XVIIIth
Dyn.
Tomb 100. Alabaster vase and saucer and
limestone heart-scarab of Si-anhur.
ticut.) XVIIIth Dyn.
Glaze kohl-pot, with animal figures in relief,
from tomb 10. (Boston.) XVIIIth Dyn.
Glaze kohl-pot, with open-work animals, from
tomb 116. For other objects from this tomb
see xlvi. (Cairo.) XVIIIth Dyn.
Two groups of bronze model tools, found by
Prof. Petrie with the ushabti figures on Heq-
reshu hill. XVIIIth Dyn.
Two large stone heart scarabs from tomb 120.
From the larger of the two the name has been
erased; the other, which is bound with a bronze
rim, gives the name Tetafi. XVIIIth Dyn.
Upper part of a limestone stela from tomb 31,
giving the names of Hor-senb-ti and his father
Ren-senb. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn.
pyramidion.
(Connec-
PL. XXXIX.-Of the ushabti figures in this
plate, Nos. 2 (see xli. 7), 3 and 4 in the first
row, 3, 4, and 6 in the second row, and 1 (see
xli. 8) in the third row, were all found by Prof.
Petrie on the Heq-reshu hill, close to the royal
tombs at Umm el Qa'ab (see Itoyal Tombs, I.).
XVIIIth Dyn. - -
No. 1 in the first row, which bears the name.
Sen-nefer, is of limestone, and was found lying
in a pottery model coffin, together with a
number of model tools of the same material
(see p. 71). XVIIIth Dyn. (Cairo.)
In the second row :—No. 1, from tomb 51, is
of limestone, and bears the name Paser (see 77
and cp. xl. 12). XIXth Dyn. (Glasgow.)
No. 2, from tomb 16 B, is also of limestone,
and bears the name Hu-ma-y (for inscription
see xli. 8). XVIIIth Dyn. (Manchester.)
No. 5, of granite, bears the name Amen-m-ant,
and was found close to the Nefer-hotep stela
(cp. xlv.). (British Museum.) XVIIIth Dyn.
In the third row:—No. 2, from tomb 17 B,
is of wood, and was dedicated to Pedu-n-neb-
taui. (Connecticut.) XVIIIth Dyn.
Nos. 3–7 are of glaze and are all definitely
dated (see p. 79): the first, that of Pa-ab-mer
from tomb 14 B, belonging to the XIXth Dyn.;
the second and third, from the tomb of Piseb-
khanu (22), to the XXIst Dyn.; the fourth,
from the tomb of Ast-n-kheb (3), to the XXVth
Dyn.; and the fifth from a tomb of the XXXth
Dyn.
PL. XL.—1, 2, 3. Beads, amulets and seals
from cemetery G (Prof. Petrie). WIth Dyn.
4. Mark from a broken pot of the black-
topped “Pan-grave” type. XIIIth—XVth
Dyn.
5. Inscription from a wooden ushabti of Pa-
nehem (see p. 77); from tomb 44. (Liverpool.)
XIXth Dyn.
6. Copper model bag, inscribed “Meriten
Khnumu nel . . . . ,” found near the ushabtis
in Heq-reshu hill. (British Museum.) XVIIIth
Dyn. -
7, 15. Inscriptions on two flat strips of wood,
possibly from a box, giving the name Amen-m-
apt, from tomb 44 (see p. 77). XIXth Dyn.
(Liverpool.) -
8, 10. Inscriptions on back and front of two
clay tablets of Nes-ka-shuti (see p. 79), from
tomb 13. Cp. 13 of this plate, and xli. 1 and 6.
(Chicago.) XXth—XXIInd Dyn.
9. Palette of the scribe Anhur-mes, from
DESCRIPTION
OF PLATES. 87
tomb 9 (see p. 7 2, and for photograph, xlix.).
XVIIIth Dyn. (Bolton.)
11. Inscription from a small broken lime-
stone statuette of Thembu, from tomb 113.
XVIIIth Dyn. .
12. Inscription from a small ivory object,
giving the name of the trazir Pa-ser and the
cartouche of Rameses II., from tomb 44 (see
page 77). XIXth Dyn. (Liverpool.)
13. Clay tablet or statuette stand, similar to
xl. 8, 10, xli. 1 and 6, from tomb 19 (for photo-
graph see lii.). XXth—XXIInd Dyn.
14. Marks on backs of stained ivory lotuses
shown on pl. xlix, from tomb 4 (see p. 72).
XVIIIth Dyn.
PL. XLI.-1 and 6. Clay tablets of Ast-n-
Khebt, from tomb 63 (see p. 79, and cp. xl. 8,
10 and 13). XXIInd Dyn. *
2. Inscription on clay statuette base, giving
name Pa-ab-mer, from tomb 14. XIXth Dyn.
(Chicago.)
3. Glazed pottery “tat” amulet from the
same tomb (see p. 77, and for photograph,
pl. li.). XIXth Dyn. (Chicago.)
4. Fragment of wooden coffin, found lying
near the surface, belonging to the daughter
of an unknown king, Mery-Amen Hor-si-ast.
XXIInd Dyn. (?).
5. Blue glazed ushabti of Huy, priest of
Sekhet. Found on IIe/-Teshu hill (see pl.
xxxix.). XVIIIth Dyn. (Boston.)
7. Bronze ushabti, cast and chased, with fine
inscription for the royal scribe Any. Found on
IIeſſ-reshu hill (see pl.xxxix.). XVIIIth Dyn.
(British Museum.) -
8. Blue glazed ushabti of Thay. Found on
Iſeq-reshu hill. XVIIIth Dyn. (Boston.)
9–13. Inscriptions on the base and back of
a small limestone statuette, dedicated to Khenty-
m-hotep, or as his name occurs elsewhere,
Khent-Khety-m-hotep, from tomb 7 (see p. 81,
and cp. xxxiii. 3 and xxxv. 2). XXVth—
XXXth Dyn. (Connecticut.)
PL. XLII. — Cartonnage from tomb 15,
giving the names of the wazir Nekht, his mother
Ta-kharu, and his brother (?) Ankh-pef (see
page 80). XXVth–XXXth Dyn.
Cartonnage from tomb 57, giving names of a
wazir Nes-p-mete, Nesi-khonsu and Shepses-
(see p. 80, and cp. xxxv. 7). XXVth–
XXXth Dyn. -
Part of a musical instrument (?) in wood,
badly worm-eaten, with alternate ivory and
ebony pegs, from tomb 44. XIXth Dyn.
(Liverpool.)
PL. XLIII.--Tomb 78. Small limestone stela,
giving the names of Sebek-hotep and his wife
Neferu-ptah. In the centre a large ankh, the
circle of which has been hollowed out, and a hole
cut right through the stone. XIIIth—XVIIth
Dyn. (Glasgow.) -
Tomb 92. Alabaster kohl-pot and vase; base
of a blue marble statuette, giving name Iu-f-
senb; broken limestone doll, represented with
a girdle and a double bracelet of beads on the
left arm. XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. (Pittsburg.)
Small ivory crocodile from a plundered tomb.
XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. .
Tomb 94. Scribe's palette in wood ; lime-
stone figure of girl playing a harp; fragment
of black-topped “Pan * pottery; blue marble
kohl-pot ; alabaster kohl-pot lid; plaster mask;
carnelian beads with a few glaze amulets.
XIIIth –XVIIth Dyn. (Brussels.)
Tomb 78. Jackal-headed ebony wand, covered
with rudely carved hunting scenes, and in-
scribed with the name of a hitherto unknown
king, Seb-ka-y (see p. 69). XIIIth—XIVth
Dyn. (Cairo.) Below, an enlarged photograph
of the inscription. -
Tomb 84. Ivory lion. Cp. pottery rattle
liv. 32. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. (Greenock.)
Tomb 81. Copper double bracelet, silver
disc, two silver bracelets, and five silver clasps;
carnelian, amethyst, and garnet beads. XIIth—
XIIIth Dyn. (Liverpool.)
88 - - ‘EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
Tomb 88. Two hollow bronze cylinders,
from axe-handle or stick; small limestone kohl-
pot; broken limestone statuette; alabaster
kohl-pot and ring-stand, made in one piece.
XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. (New York.)
Pi. XLIV.--Tomb 79. Glaze beads and
amulets: pieces of two ivory wands, both with
incised animals; in the middle of the larger
one a space was left for the name, but this was
never added; broken clay doll; small stone
vase (cp. pottery rattle liv. 35). XIIIth—
XVIIth Dyn. Beads from this tomb, of which
a great quantity were found, were distributed
to Liverpool, Manchester, Boston, Brussels,
Cambridge, Dewsbury, Dublin, Dundee, Iºdin-
burgh, Greenock, Pittsburgh, and Sydney.
Tomb 62. Ebony tray, giving the name
Aim-aat-ab; fragment of ivory inlay from a
box; ivory shell (cp. table of offerings in pl.
xxxiv. 4). XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. (Boston.)
Tomb 108. Broken glazed pottery handle,
giving the name Kha-n-res (P); blue glaze
bracelet; blackened limestone kohl-pot, sup-
ported by cynocephalus, with incised decoration
filled in with yellow ; below, large vase of
similar ware (see p. 71); two small ivory
vases. XVIIIth Dyn. (Cambridge.)
Tomb 33. Alabaster vase; two bronze
spear-heads; ebony and bronze kohl-sticks;
“girdle tie" amulet in red jasper; painted
glazed pottery dish; pottery canopic vase (one
of a set of four); bronze vase with lotus handle.
XIXth–XXth Dyn. (New York.)
Tomb 16 B. Alabaster vase
XVIIIth Dyn. (Manchester.)
Below, two pottery canopic jars. The larger
one on the right is from tomb 25, and bears the
name Senb-hema-n-f. The body of the pot was
painted in red and yellow streaks to imitate the
graining of wood; the inscription and wig were
in blue. Two were found in the tomb, and,
as usually in pre-XVIIIth canopics, both had
human heads. XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. The
and dish.
second jar is of the usual XXth Dyn, style (see
pl. lvi.). -
Tomb 53. Ivory spoon with lotus and bud
handle; gold ring and pectoral, the latter
inscribed with an uraeus. , XIXth–XXth Dyn.
(Ashmolean.)
PL. XLV.--Tomb 37. Ivory disc, engraved
with the figure of a crested horse; ivory comb;
glaze heart amulet, with figure of Isis (?) in
black paint; ivory cap and model column, from
a kohl-vase of the type given in xlvii., tomb
115. (Glasgow.) XXth Dyn.
A group of silver hawks, bracelet, &c. (not
from cemetery D). XIIth Dyn.
Tomb 1. Model axe, hoes and chisels in
bronze. These were found in a shallow grave,
with a number of glaze ushabti figures.
(Dewsbury.) XXth Dyn.
Tomb 28. Glaze Hathor amulet; knob of blue,
yellow, white and black glass; glaze figure of
Bes, devouring snakes (on back signs f § §) ;
large glaze plaque bead, giving the name of
“the prophet of Amen...pa-ankh; five glaze
deity pendants; glaze scarab. (Pittsburg.)
XXth Dyn. -
Granite ushabti of Amen-m-ant (for inscrip-
tion see xxxiii. 4), and a smaller ushabti in
unbaked clay; found together just behind the
Nefer-hotep stela. (British Museum.) XIXth
Dyn. -
Back and front view of a finely-worked figure
of Bes, in glaze, with paste inlay on tongue,
navel, and forehead. (New York.) NVIIIth
|Dyn. -
Group of the late XVIIIth Dyn. foreign type
of pottery.
PL. XLVI.-The two upper photographs show
the contents of tomb 116—two glazed pottery
pendants ; two bronze rivets ; tortoiseshell
comb ; ebony spoon; bronze fish-hook and
tweezers; two ivory wands; ivory double kohl-
tube; glaze and carnelian beads and amulets:
IDESCRIPTION OF PLATES. te 89
the outside string, with panther head and
pendants, is strung in accordance with a similar
necklace found actually in position by Dr.
Reisner at El Ahaiwah ; three alabaster vases
and an alabaster dish ; bronze kohl-stick and
model adze; bronze jug with lotus handle;
triple kohl-pot in ebony with climbing monkey;
in the tubes three bronze kohl-sticks, two of
which were actually found in position; small
blue glaze vase; glaze lotus vase; bronze axe-
head; bronze razor; two blackened limestone
cynocephalus kohl-pots (see p. 71); bronze
dish. XVIIIth Dyn. .
For scarabs and small objects from this tomb
see pl. liii., for glaze kohl-pot pl.xxxviii., and for
pottery pl. lv. (Lotus vase, British Museum;
rest of group, Pittsburgh.) -
Tomb 102. Bronze cutting-out knife; bronze
fish-hooks; bronze cutting instrument; ebony
kohl-stick; gold rings; silver ring with scarab
attached; glaze scarabs, plaques and cowroids;
glaze, jasper, carnelian, shell, gold, silver and
glass beads, XVIIIth Dyn.
For drawings of scarabs, &c., see pl. liii.; for
pottery see pl. lv.
Tomb 118. Two glaze scarabs, one set in
gold; bronze hook and model spear-head;
bronze vase. XVIIIth Dyn. (Greenock.)
PL. XLVII-Tomb 115 (two groups). Tor-
toiseshell turtle-shaped dish; ivory vase with
lid; double ivory lotus-column kohl-tube, with
bronze stick (see p. 72); two semi-circular
bronze frames: as we see from the upper of the
two specimens, these were originally filled with
wood, the edge of the wood fitting into the
hollow of the rim, but for what purpose they
were used we are at present unable to say;
small ivory vase, with lid; bronze jug, with
lotus handle; glazed pottery lotus vase; ala-
baster mortar and limestone pestle; alabaster
handled vase; large bronze dish, with rings for
handle ; serpentine handled vase. , XVIIIth
Dyn. . . . . . , $ r • *
Tomb 113. Sandstone hone; two blackened
limestone kohl-pots (one with lid) with yellow
incised decoration (see p. 71); bronze tweezers
and cutting instrument; small wooden foot;
alabaster kohl-pot (cp. xl. 11). XVIIIth Dyn.
(Brussels.) . .
Tomb 76. Blackened limestone kohl-pot with
yellow incised decoration. XVIIIth Dyn. (New
York). . . . .
Tomb 110. Bronze spear-head and green
jasper scarab (liii. 3). XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn.
(Ashmolean.) -
Tomb 111. Glazed pottery dish ; three
scarabs (two with cartouches of Thothmes III.),
two plaques (one with duckback, cf. liii. 6), and
one cowroid in glaze; double wooden kohl-tube,
with ivory swivel lid and wooden stick, the
latter fitting into a groove between the tubes,
and keeping the lid in place. XVIIIth Dyn.
(Pittsburgh.) . .
Tomb 99 (cp. draught-board in pl. li.).
Object of unknown use in ebony, giving the
name of “the scribe Mermaat”; pear-shaped
glaze ornament (not pierced); plaster mask;
ebony and bronze kohl-stick; two scarabs, one
of them set on a silver ring and bearing the
cartouche of Thothmes III. ; silver pomegranate
ear-ring(?). XVIIIth Dyn. (New York.)
PL. XLVIII. — Tomb 29 (two groups).
Twelve flint arrow-heads: these, with the four
ivory arrow-heads just below, are practically
identical with the specimens found at Umm el
Qa'ab in Ist Dynasty tombs: possibly they were
taken from there by the owner of this tomb;
ivory turtle-shaped dish; haematite model head-
rest; heart amulet in red jasper, and two
carnelian beads; ivory lotus column, possibly
from a kohl-vase of the kind figured in
pl. xlvii.; gold dummy amulet-holder; upper
part of a human vase, and gazelle vase in
pottery (described by Mr. J. L. Myres in Chap.
xiv.); ivory comb; fragment of decorated ivory
from inlay; eight glaze draughtsmen; two
90 tº EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
pieces of an ivory object of unknown use; ivory
mirror handle; glaze seal; glaze Isis and
Horus, Bes, and papyrus sceptre amulets;
pottery doll; two glaze sacred eye amulets;
five alabaster vases. (Ashmolean.) XVIIIth
Dyn.
Tomb 119. Bronze tweezers; three alabaster
vases; clay doll; blackened limestone cyno-
cephalus kohl-pot, with yellow incised decora-
tion; two lead net-sinkers. XVIIIth Dyn.
(Pittsburgh.) -
Tomb 105. Blackened limestone kohl-pot,
with yellow incised decoration; glaze pear-
shaped pendant; limestone doll; glaze beads;
glaze scarab. XVIIIth Dyn. (Bolton.)
PL. XLIX.—Tomb 9. Wooden palette of
the scribe Anhur-mes (for drawing see xl. 9);
pottery crouching lion: this, both from the
surface of the pottery, which is very similar to
that of the two figures in the preceding plate,
and from its general treatment seems to belong
to the group discussed by Mr. J. L. Myres in
Chap. xiv.; double Phoenician pot; wooden
beard from a coffin; crowned hawk in glaze;
alabaster vase; bronze cutting-out knife and
spear-head, the latter possibly belonging to a
later burial; gold and red jasper rings; glaze
plaque with cartouche of Thothmes III. ; ebony
kohl-stick in the form of a hand; bronze
tweezers. (Boston.) XVIIIth Dyn. (Cp.
xxxiii. 1, 2 and 5, xxxiv. 1, xxxi. 1.)
Tomb 4. Stained ivory lotus flowers and
buds, and rosettes; scraps of ivory and ebony
inlay; a number of agate marbles. Of the
ivory, the outside pieces are in red and white,
the centre bud is in green, and the lower
centre piece in red; these pieces must all have
fitted together into one scheme of decoration,
the figures on the back (xl. 14) probably
showing the order in which they were to be
placed. In the centre of each of the rosettes |
there was a small gold pin.
(Ashmolean.)
XVIIIth Dyn.
Tomb 6 (cp. xxx). Upper part of limestone
ushabti; two unbaked clay ushabtis; glaze
scarab ; red jasper shell and glaze rings; stone
scarab, uninscribed ; glass beads and amulets;
ebony and ivory eye, from a coffin; fragment
of glazed pottery, with paste inlay; three
inscribed plaques in glazed pottery from a
draught-board (see p. 77, and cp. stela, plate
xxx.). XIXth Dyn. (Bristol.)
PL. L.-Tomb 11 (three groups). Three views
of pottery vase in the form of a hedgehog (see
section by Mr. J. L. Myres in Chap. xiv.);
blackened limestone vase, with yellow incised
decoration; pottery doll; three glaze scarabs;
small glaze Isis and Horus; blackened lime-
stone cynocephalus kohl-pot ; ivory kohl-stick,
with uraeus top ; pieces of two glazed pottery
vases, with ornamentation in black paint ; two
alabaster vases. XVIIIth Dyn. (Hedgehog
pot, Ashmolean, rest S. Helens.)
Tomb 48 (two groups). Two finely-carved
wooden legs from a chair; upper part of a
limestone ushabti of Hemt-neter ; two bronze
implements; of these six were found in the
tomb ; they are too thin to have been used as
weapons, and have all, moreover, a slight
curve ; possibly they were used to strengthen
the framework of the chair of which the legs
are shown above ; glaze plaque; carved lion's
head in wood, probably from the chair above-
mentioned; stone heart scarab of Heru-S-mes.
XVIIIth Dyn. (Dundee.)
Tomb 17 (two groups). Three glaze scarabs,
two giving the name of Thothmes III. ; two
silver pomegranate car-rings; two gold rings;
fine bronze ring ; bronze ring with glaze scarab
attached; carved wooden chair leg; five-fold
wooden kohl tube; serpentine vase; bronze
tube, from an axe handle; two pottery vases;
alabaster vase and dish. XVIIIth Dyn. (Con-
necticut.)
Tomb 8. Two views of a female-figure vase,
with finely burnished red surface. See section
DESCRIPTION
OF PLATES. 91
by Mr. J. L. Myres in Chap. xiv. XVIIIth
Dyn. (Ashmolean.)
PL. L.I.—Tomb 99 (cp. group in pl. xlvii.).
Remains of a draughtboard in glazed pottery.
The squares were originally inlaid in wood, the
width of which is shown by the bronze hooks to
have been about half an inch. XVIIIth Dyn.
Tomb 77 (two groups). Blue glazed pottery
figure of Isis and Horus; bronze kohl-stick;
alabaster vase ; model column in ivory; bronze
mirror, with snake and plait pattern on the
handle; hollow wooden sheath (?) for some kind
of instrument; bronze knife. XVIIIth Dyn.
Tomb 14 (see p. 83, and cp. glaze figure of
Bes on pl. xlv.). Two model boats in clay, on
one of which are painted the figures of Thoth,
Isis, Khepera and Shu; clay statuette base,
inscribed with the name of Pa-ab-mer (inscrip-
tion xli. 2); glazed pottery “tat” amulet,
inscribed with the same name (xli. 3); glazed
pottery ushabti, also giving the name; model
wooden chair leg; upper part of a clay statuette
of Sekhet (?); two glaze sacred eye amulets;
glaze cat; two tiny glaze figures of Bes, and a
glaze scarab; two alabaster saucers. XIXth
Dyn. (Chicago.)
Tomb 59. Three glaze scarabs, one bearing
the name of Thothmes III. ; two blackened
limestone kohl-pots; small wooden kohl-pot ;
alabaster saucer. XVIIIth Dyn. (Ashmolean.)
Tomb 8 (cp. statuette head in pl. xxxvii.,
and steatopygous figure vase in pl. 1.). Alabas-
ter vase ; broken pottery uraeus; upper part
of a grotesque pottery figure; glaze frog; glaze
button; stone eye from a wooden coffin; glaze
hawk's head from inlay; sacred eye amulet;
three glaze scarabs, one with cartouche of
Amenhotep II. ; plaque with cartouche of
Thothmes IV. XVIIIth Dyn. (Liverpool.)
Tomb 117. Large ivory bracelet; wooden
kohl-tube; two ribbed pieces of black glaze,
originally glued on to blue cartonnage; five
glaze scarabs, one bearing the name of Thothmes
III. ; stone pendant: two glaze and one stone
amulet. XVIIIth Dyn. (Dundee.)
PL, LII-Glazed pottery canopic vase, amu-
lets, &c. Found by Prof. Petrie, together with
four inscribed stone coffins, in a square dome-
roofed tomb (see p. 85, and cp. xxxv. 1, xxxvi.
1, 2, 3, and xxxvii.). XXXth Dyn.
Tomb 19 B. Clay model boat, and inscribed
tablet (see p. 79); at the bottom of the plate a
horse's head in red glass and a dog's head (?) in
glaze (cp. xxxv. 3). XIXth—XXth Dyn.
Tomb 63. Hathor cow, vulture, “tat” and
feather amulets in gold; silver rosettes and
electrum beads (see p. 79 and cf. xli. 1 and 6).
XXIInd Dyn. (Berlin.)
Tomb 47. Winged scarab and set of the four
genii of the dead in glaze; two scarabs and
other amulets in stone. XXVIth—XXXth Dyn.
(New York.) -
Tomb 98. Set of wooden genii of the dead;
small wooden hawk; glaze “tat” amulet; four
bronze spear-heads (see p. 79). XXIInd—
XXVth Dyn. . .
Tomb 35. Bronze vase.
XIXth-xxth
Dynasty. (Dewsbury.) º
PL, LIII-Group of scarabs and small objects
from tomb 102. XVIIIth Dyn. For photo-
graph of the objects in this tomb see pl. xlvi.,
and for pottery lv. • .
Group of scarabs, &c., from tomb 116.
(Pittsburgh.) XVIIIth Dyn. For pottery
from this tomb see pl. lv., and for larger objects
xlvi. • -
Group of scarabs from tomb 119. (Pitts-
burgh.) XVIIIth Dyn. For larger objects
from this tomb, see pl. xlviii., and for pottery
lv. 57, 65, 66. - w
Scarabs from various tombs, of which the
dates are as follows:— :
1. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn.
2. A blundered scarab of Shesha.
XVIth Dyn.
XIIIth—
92 - EI, AMRAH AN ID Al3 Y DOS.
3. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Cf. xlvii.
4 and 5. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn.
6. Plaque with duck back. XVIIIth Dyn.
Cf. xlvii. -
7. Carnelian scarab of Queen Aahmes.
XVIIIth Dyn. -
8. Scarab of Thothmes I. XVIIIth Dyn.
9. Ring giving name of Aat-mert-mut.
-> XVIIIth Dyn. ©
10. XVIIIth Dyn. For larger objects see li.
11. XVIIIth Dyn. Cf. 16 and xxxviii.
12. XVIIIth Dyn.
13. XVIIIth Dyn.
xlviii. -
Heart scarab of Tetafi. XVIIIth Dyn.
Cf. xxxviii. *.
15. Heart scarab, with name
XVIIIth Dyn. Cf. xxxviii.
16. Heart scarab of Si-anhur. XVIIIth—
XIXth Dyn. Cf. 11 and xxxviii.
For larger objects see
14.
erased.
PL, LIV.—Pottery of the intermediate
XIIIth—XVIIIth period. (See pp. 68–69).
The first group, from tomb 21, is a typical set
of intermediate pottery, and shows well the
close connection between XIIth and early
XVIIIth Dyn. pottery. -
With the second group, in tomb 78, were
found the ebony wand of Seb-ka-y and the
“ankh” stela, shown on pl. xliii. - .
The third group consists of pottery of the
same period from various tombs.
With regard to form and ornamentation we
may note the following:— -
No. 2 is, so far as we know, a new shape.
White spot decoration, such as we have in
6, 35, and 48, and whitened rims, as in 4, 10,
20, 27, 48, are characteristic of this period.
They are found in late Middle Kingdom graves,
and continue into the first two or three reigns
of the XVIIIth Dyn. Red rims, as in 7 and
28, are found in this period, but black rims,
such as 8 and 51 in pl. lv., not until the
XVIIIth Dyn. *
No. 13 is a black burnished pot with white
incised decoration, and is peculiar to this
period (cp. Diospolis Parva, xxxvi. 186, 187,
188). This class of pottery has also been found
by Prof. Petrie at Kahun, and by M. Naville at
Khataanah, in the Delta. -
The decoration on Nos. 16 and 17 is peculiar;
it resembles the prehistoric style of ornamenta-
tion rather than that of any later period.
Nos. 32 and 35 are rattles, and have no
openings. -
For the pottery in this plate compare
Diospolis Parva, xxxv. and xxxvi., and the
plates of intermediate pottery, published by
| Mr. Garstang in Ill Arabah.
PL. LV.—Group of pottery found in tomb
116; dated by scarabs of Hatshepsut and
Thothmes III. For scarabs from this tomb see
liii., and for larger objects see xxxviii. and xlvi.
Group of pottery found in tomb 102, together
with a bead bearing the name of Amenhotep I,
and scarabs of Thothmes I. and III. For other
objects from this tomb see xlvi. and liii.
Group of pottery from various tombs.
With the exception of Nos. 56 and 61, which
may be a little later, the pottery on this plate
all belongs to the middle period of the XVIIIth
Dyn. gº
l’I. I.W.I.-Canopic vases from tombs of the
XXth Dyn. (See p. 78.)
PL. LVII.-LN.—Index of private mames.
93
CHAPTER XVII.
THE INscRIPTIONs.
By F. L.L. GitHFFITH.
PL. XXIX. Stele of Nefer-hotep. This king,
the 21st of the XIIIth Dynasty according to
the Turin Papyrus, is already known from two
other monuments to have shown particular
devotion to the gods of Abydos. In the present
case wo ſind him protecting a sacred spot from
intrusion as an act of piety to the jackal-headed
Upuat (Ophois). The record is written in the
popular language of the Middle Kingdom, with
little archaism. In this and in the poorness of
the engraving it agrees with the great stela of
the same king found by Mariette. -
At the top we see the symbol of Upuat, a
jackal on a standard XN offering # and | to
the king's hawk, which surmounts his ka name,
and is followed by the two solar names in
cartouches. These names and titles have been
erased. The king is described as “beloved of
Upuat, lord of the Sacred Land”; and Upuat,
who is “giving life, stability, and power (?) *
says, “I give to thee all life, all power, all
health, all joy, like Ra for ever.”
The inscription continues below—
“(1) He made this as his monument to his
father Upuat, lord of the Sacred Land. -
“Year 4: My Majesty, L.P.H., gave
command to dedicate and protect (mkt) a
Sacred Land on the (2) south of Abydos for
his father Upuat lord of the Sacred Land,
even as Horus did for his father Osiris
Onnophris, without the possibility (n whi) of
allowing any man to tread (3) upon this
Sacred Land; and to set up two tablets on its
south side and two on its north side, engraved
with the great name of my Majesty, L.P.H.
(4) The south of the Sacred Land shall be
made at those stelae which shall stand in the
southern portion, and the north at those stelae
(5) which shall stand in the northern portion.
“Verily, whosoever shall be found within
these stelae, of the children of the priests
(6) to their full extent" (), shall be burnt.
And any magnate who shall make himself a
tomb within (7) this sacred place, he shall be
accused (?) and the lawful punishment be
inflicted upon him, that belongs to a burial-
place as at this day. But as to all beyond
(8) this sacred place, where men have not made
themselves tombs, it shall be lawful to be (9)
| buried there. .
“He (the god) maketh unto him (the king)
liſe, stability, power (?), health and joy of his
heart and his ka on the throne of Horus, like
the Sun, for ever.”
At the base is him 6°w followed by the deter-
minative of desert land. Probably it is the
name of the site; it may perhaps be rendered
“Extinguisher of breaths” as it were “suffo-
cating,” or perhaps “Suppresser of the breezes.”
It seems curious if only “sons of the
priests” and “magnates” are debarred from
1 Or perhaps “except a priest in the execution of his
duty.” . .”
94 - EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
trespass, but perhaps the inhabitants of Abydos
were all priestly, so that “sons of the priests”
was the proper term for the common people in
Abydos as opposed to the magnates.
PL. XXX. Broken stela; at the top are the
feet of a man offering to Osiris, enthroned, with
Isis standing behind. In the first row below
this are “the Osiris Khamuas” and “his sister
the lady of a house, Isis,” and three figures
offering to them : “his son Pay, his son Pa-uah,”
and “the son of his son Amenmes.” In the
lowest row are seven females seated, smelling
lotus flowers: “her daughter Tai-Mennefer, her
daughter Uayt (?), her daughter Ta-nehsi (the
Negress), her daughter Nefert-ari, her daughter
Ta-nebt, her daughter Isis, her daughter
Nehay.” Many of the names occur in the
family of Rameses II.
Lower end of a limestone coffin sculptured
with two apes adoring; that on the left,
“Adoring Ra Harmachis, the great god,” on
the right “Adoring Atum, Khepra in his boat,
the great god.”
PL. XXXI. Stela. “The divine father of
Anhert Zed-Anhert-auf-ankh, son of the divine
father of Anhert Bak-Mut” offers to “Osiris
Khentamenti, Lord of Abydos,” and Isis.
XXIInd Dyn. (?). -
Stela (a hand copy of the lower lines in
pl. xxxiv.). Pisebkhanu who, owing to the
semi-royal position of the Theban priests, styles
himself “son of the chief prophet of Amenra-
sonther,” just as a prince is styled “son of the
king,” adores Osiris, Horus and Isis. The man
is “the Osiris, son of the chief prophet of
Amonrasonther of Aa-qah (?), prophet of Min,
Horus, and Isis of Coptos Pisebkhanu; ” and
again, probably more correctly, “the son of the
chief prophet of Amonrasonther, divine father
of Amonrasonther in Aa-qah (?), prophet of
Min, Horus and Isis of Coptos, prophet of Amen
Herenmakhera (‘satisfaction to the storehouse'),
prophet of Amen of Thiy, the leader, the Osiris
Pasebkhanu (Psusennes) deceased, son of the
chief prophet of Amonrasonther Men-kheper-ra.”
The titles of Amen are curious; one seems to
connect him with Thiy, Queen of Amenhotep
IIT.
Osiris, besides the usual titles, is called
“Lord of Eternity, king of the gods, great
god, prince of Justice.” Horus is “son of Isis,
in Abydos, heir of Onnop.hris,” also “avenger
of his father.” Isis is “Isis the great, the
mother of a god, lady of Heaven, mistress of the
gods.” In the lower lines there are added to
these deities, “Anubis, Lord of the Sacred Land,
Ophois (Upuat) in Abydos, Thoth, leader of the
gods, l'tah, the successor of Ra, Heqy in Abydos,
the great Neshem (?) boat, lord of eternity, and
the gods who are in Hades.” XXIst Dyn.
Stela. “The sistrum-player of Amen-ra, the
sister of the king, the daughter of the king, the
mother of the Adorer of the god l’a-abt-ta-mer,
deceased, whose good name was Meresenapdu,”
adores “Ra, great god, lord of heaven, he who is
over all the gods.” XXVth Dyn. (?).
Stela. “The chief captain Hat-pa-gath-terer,
whose good name is Ar-pa-ankh qenqen-f(?),”
adores Osiris. XXVth Dyn. (?).
Stela. “The third prophet of Anhert
(Onouris) Pepen-anhert offers to the deceased
Min and the lady of the house Riaa.” XVIIIth
Dyn. (?).
PL, XXXIII. Squatting statue of Sa-dep-ahu.
“(1) May the king give an offering and
Anhert, god of gods, king of heaven, ruler of
the two lands, universal lord, in every place of
his, great god that (2) came into being of him-
self, creator who formed creators, a leader
prepared (?), coming forth from the primaeval
waters, giving light (3) to mankind, making
brilliant his glory for his cycle of deities, and
by it they live and see. -
“(4) (May he grant) attendance to his call
for food so that (?) he command and the plan
THE INSCRIPTIONS. 95
never fail eternally, divinity in heaven, power
on earth, magic triumph in the underworld,
(5) renewal of life after burial (?). These things
are the pension of one without blame, just (6)
is he that receiveth it. He shall be honoured
in presence of the ancestors, his name shall exist
remaining (7) as a monument, what he hath
done shall not be wholly undone; his soul
joineth (8) the owners of offerings, “welcome” to
him is in the mouth of men, (9) and his image
is among them (?). Pouring libations, there
shall never again be an ending (?); (10) bring-
ing offerings without ceasing. Every man of
knowledge puts (11) forth the book-roll to
him. One kindly of heart was he, of winning
(12) face; he was the heir of one excellent in
character, he was (13) indeed the son that God
giveth, whom he placed deep in his heart :
(14) his enlargement is to eternity, his hand is
unbounded, he praised and there was no lack of
his gifts (?).
“(15) The Osiris, the prince, superintendent
of the prophets in This of Ta-ur (the nome of
This) Sa-dep-ahu deceased.
“(16) Behold thy heart, it shall lead thy other
parts, and they shall obey; thou shalt have
water at command (17) from the stream, and the
north breeze that cometh forth from Natho :
thou shalt eat thy bread as thou desirest,
(18) even as thou didst while thou wast upon
earth: thou shalt gaze on Ra daily, (19) thy
face shall see Aten when he riseth : there shall
be given to thee food in Heliopolis, the gifts
(20) of This of Ta-ur: thou shalt reach the hall
of the two Truths, the (21) Amahet shall open
to thee its gates, and thou shalt adore the god
upon his throne. Thou shalt not be debarred
from the chariot, (22) thou shalt sail the boat
whither thou wilt, thou shalt plough in the field
of (23) Aru: thou shalt walk with those who
accompany (24) the attendants of Horus.”
XVIIIth Dyn. - -
4. Granite shabti of the “chief of the palace(?)
of the king's wife, Amenemant.” XVIIIth Dyn.
5. Alabaster canopic jar of “the priest, the
superintendent of the oxen of Anhert, Neb.”
XVIIIth Dyn.
6. Stuccoed box of son of Aufaa.
Late period.
3. Stela of Khent-khety-mſhotep] son of Nesi-
hor, son of Nesi-Min, son of Khentkhetymhotep.
He was priest of Min, and bore many other
titles. His mother was named Muthotep (?), and
was musician of Min. Several curious religious
ceremonies are referred to in the inscription.
See also pl.xxxv. 2, xli. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.
PL. XXXIV. 1. Inscription in two columns
of Sa-dep-ahu, whose statue is in pl. xxxiii.
He is here “praised by the lord of ‘the Flourish-
ing in Years,’” which is probably an allusion to
Hatshepsut. - - &
2. Tablet of Zab, son of the chief of the
goldsmiths Udaqtura, and the king's favourite
Hepu. End of the Middle Kingdom.
4. Table of offerings, mentioning “the
of the prince, Aiemaatab.” XIIIth Dyn.
3, 5, 6, 7. Fragments with dates in the reign
of a king not named, perhaps Thothmes III. or
Rameses II. Each date is followed by the
picture of a royal statue.
Year xxi, 4th winter month, day 8. Statue.
Year xxv. (?) 4th winter month, day 25.
Statue of bronze.
• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Year xxxviii. 1st summer month, day . . . .
Year xxxix. 1st summer month.
Year xl. (?) 4th (?) winter month.
6 mentions thirty aruras of land and hin-
measures of wine and milk, in similar columns.
Probably these statues and the offerings for
them were dedicated in the temple at Abydos
on the dates named at the head of the columns.
8. See pl.xxxi.
96 EL AMRAH AND ABYDOs.
PL. NYXV. 1. Inscription of a priest of the
statues of Nekhthorheb, etc. XXXth Dyn.
2. Inscription of the priest Rhent-khemhotep
already known from the stela in pl. xxxiii.
3. Fragment of sculpture showing the “king's
son Ptah...... ” adoring Ra.
4. Hymns to the rising and the setting sun,
by a holder of many priesthoods named Ruru,
son of Aufankh (?) and Aru.
5. Inscription on wooden statuette of the
lady Shepset-ta-pert, daughter of the priest of
Amen Horsiesi, son of Amenemant.
7. Fragment of inscription of the vizier
Nespnmete (?) cf. pl. xlii. - *
8. Fragment naming the king Nebpehtira
(Ahmes I.). &
Pi. XXXVI. 1. Coffin of Hun, prophet of
the gods in the temple of the king, and prophet
of the temple of Rameses II., etc.; he was son
of Hor-kheb and Ta-Ament. Late period.
2. Coffin of a priestess of Khentament named
Desnekht, daughter of the priestess Esoeris and
of Hor, priest of Bast in Abydos.
3. Coffin of Tshemmin, daughter of Nephthys,
and of the scribe and priest Tutu.
PL. XL. 5. Shabti of the scribe Panehem.
7, 15. Inscriptions of the “great favourite of
the god of his city Amenra in Karnak, the true
scribe of the king whom he loves, superintendent
of the granaries of all the gods, Amenemapt.”
8, 10. Amulets to face north and south (like
xli. 1, 6) for the wazir Nes-ka-shuti.
9. Palette of Anhert-mes, with the cartouche
of Thothmes III., and inscribed with prayers
to Anhert, Thoth and Sesht. The scribe was
“overseer of all things in This ’’ and “superin-
tendent of the granaries.”
11. From a statuette of “the scribe Thembu..”
12. Ivory penholder (?) of the wazir Pa-ser;
cartouche of Rameses II.
Pi. XLI. 1, 6. Amulets for Astemkhebt,
“ thou that comest to bind, thou shall not
bind ; thou that comest to dismiss, thou shall
not dismiss,” etc. 2 is a similar amulet.
3. “Tat" amulet inscribed for “the divine
father of Amen, the steward Pa-ab-mer.”
4. Fragment of coffin of the daughter of a
king, otherwise unknown, named Mery-Amen
Horsiesi. Late period. -
5. Shabti of the “priest of Sekhemt Huy,
son of Thun.”
7. Shabti of “the royal scribe Any,” prob-
ably that of the famous papyrus of the “Book of
the Dead,” in the British Museum, in which he
is entitled “royal scribe, superintendent of the
storehouses of the Lords of This,” etc.
8. Shabti of “the chief prophet of Osiris,
Thay.” -
9–13. Inscription on base and back of lime-
stone statuette of Khent-khety-m-hotep. See
xxxiii. 3 and xxxv. 2.
PL. XLII. The fragments of cartonnage
from D 15 show a number of names and priestly
titles; those from D 57 belong to the person
| mentioned in pl. xxxv., No. 7.
personal name of a king of the Middle IKing-
dom, otherwise unknown. “The good god,
lord of the two lands, lord of doing things,
son of the Sun Seb-IVay, beloved of Isis the
goddess (?),”
These inscriptions collectively are an im-
portant contribution to our knowledge of
the history and priestly inhabitants of Abydos,
but they must be collated with a vast amount
of similar material before the information they
contain can be made use of.
3.
07
CHAPTEIR XVIII.
CATALOG U E OF T O M B.S.
NIXth–XXth Dyn.
grave,
Shallow irregular
with remains of two skeletons.
Contained 8 or 9 boxes (wood decayed) of
glaze ushabtis of Unnefer, Pau, Ankh-s-n-
mut and another; few bronze model hoes,
axes, and adzes for use of ushabtis (xlv.).
XXVth Dyn. Tomb of Ast-n-Kheb,
daughter of Shabaka. Contained 37
inscribed ushabtis (xxxix.) and 300 un-
inscribed ; set of broken alabaster canopic
jars ; fragments of inscribed coffin ; upper
part of mummy; skulls and bones of
several small animals.
XVIIIth Dyn. stained ivory
lotuses, rosettes, etc.; 26 agate marbles
(xlix.).
XIXth–XXth Dyn.
with
Several
Stela of Kha-m-uas,
sister, 2 sons, grandson, and 7
daughters (xxx.); upper part of a lime-
stone ushabti ; unbaked
ushabtis; 3 glaze rings, one of Mut-nezemt,
wife of Horemheb (xlix.); glaze plaques
set of
3 large
clay
from a draught-board (xlix.);
alabaster canopic jars.
XXVth–XXXth Dyn. A broken lime-
stone stela (xxxiii. 3), marble sarcophagus
(xxxv.2), and limestone statuette (xli. 9,
10, 11, 12, 13), giving genealogy —
Rhenty-m-hotep
Nesi-min
|
Nesi-her = Mut-hotep
Khenty-m-hotep ;
base of a granite statuette, giving the
10.
11.
name Min-mes; a number of stained ivory
pegs; a fragment of stuccoed linen from a
coffin, giving name Rui; 2
canopic jars and 4 heads.
alabaster
In the sand above the tomb a rough
stela of Zed-anhur-auf-ankh (xxxi.). In a
supplementary pit a fragment of cartonnage,
giving the name Bak-n-rui.
XVIIIth Dyn. In pit steatopygous pottery
figure (1.); scarab of Amenhotep II. :
plaque of Thothmes IV. ; upper part of
grotesque pottery figure, etc. (li.); within
arched chamber limestone statuette head
(xxxvii.).
XVIIIth Dyn. Limestone squatting statue
(xxxii.) and door-jamb (xxxiv. 1);of
Sa-dep-ahu; limestone lintel of Min with: *::
wife Ryaa and son Pepen-anhur (xxxi.);
alabaster canopic jar of Neb (xxxiii. 5);
scribe's palette in ebony of Anhur-mes,
with cartouche of Thothmes III. (xl. 9);
pottery lion, gold rings, kohl-pots, etc.
(xlix.). -
Re-used in XXVth Dyn. Broken stele
of Hat-pa-gath-serer (xxxi.); another of
Tura; bronze spear-head (xlix.); tiny un-
inscribed ushabtis. -
XVIIIth Dyn. Fine glaze kohl-pot, with
animals in relief (xxxviii.).
Re-used in XXth—XXIInd Dyn.
ber of rough pottery ushabtis of Zed-mut-
auf-ankh, . . . .
XVIIth Dyn. Hedgehog pot; blackened
limestone kohl-pot with scroll pattern :
alabaster vases, etc. (l.).
Num-
H



98
EI, AM RA II A NI) ABYDOS.
13.
Re-used in XXth—XXIInd Dyn.
Number of glaze ushabtis.
Re-used again in XXVth–XXXth Dyn.
Broken stela of Ruru (xxxv. 4); number
of tiny uninscribed glaze ushabtis.
XVIIIth Dyn. In fore-court two sand-
stone pillars, 35 in. high, hollowed out at
one end, and possibly used for offerings;
on one of these there was a very worn
inscription, giving the name Amen-m-
apt (?); also a fine alabaster canopic head.
In the pit two clay tablets of Nes-qa-
shuti (xl. 8 and 10); a small green glaze
pot; a bronze ring plated with gold, and a
few XVIIIth Dyn, pots.
In the pit there were also a number of
tiny glaze ushabtis; and partially over the
pit there was built, probably in XXVth
Tyn., one of the dome structures described
in Chap. xii.
14 B. XIXth Dyn. Large glaze “tat” amulet,
unbaked clay statuette base and a quantity
of glaze ushabtis, all inscribed with the
name Pa-ab-mer; clay model boats;
- ºalabaster dishes, etc. (li.).
- : ‘. . º Fº o '7-
~~...iº. Re-used in XXth—XXIInd Dyn. Glaze
. . . . ." §§sº e -
“....jºushabtis of Hora, Pau-her, Ankh-s-n-mut.
15.
In sand above pit, thrown over from a
neighbouring earlier tomb, part of a lime
stone stela of Zab, naming his father,
Udaqtura, and his mother, Hepu (xxxiv. 2).
E. XVIIIth Dyn. Fine glaze Bes with inlaid
paste (xlv.); stone heart-amulet, covered
with gold foil; scarab with 4 cartouches
of Thothmes III.
Re-used in XXth Dyn. Quantity of
painted pottery canopic vases and pottery
and glaze ushabtis, giving names Ta du-ast,
Nes-ta-maat-ra, Amer-amen, Bak-n-khonsu,
Thent-amen.
XXVth–XXXth Dyn. Fragments of
wooden coffins and cartonnage, giving
names Nekht, Ankh-pef, and Ta-kharu
(xlii.); scraps of painted papyrus; quantity
of uninscribed glaze ushabtis, Saitic type ;
jasper “girdle tie" amulet; set of limestone
canopic jars; inscribed canopic box of X,
son of Auſ-aa (xxxiii. 6).
In forecourt shallow grave, XIXth–
XXth Dyn., containing a number of glaze
ushabtis of Unnefer.
16 B. XVIIIth Dyn. Pit. Limestone ushabti
of Hu-ma-y (xxxix.); several alabasters
(xliv.).
C.. XXVth Dyn. Dome tomb. Fragments
of wooden coffin, 3 alabaster canopic jars,
and a quantity of glaze ushabtis, all giving
the name Menth-hotep.
XXVIth–XXXth Dyn. Low vaulted
chamber. T’laster cast of a seated figure
of Isis (xxxvii.).
XVIIIth Dyn. A. Bronze ring of Akhen-
aten ; scarabs of Thothmes III. ; five-fold
wooden kohl-tube, &c. (l.).
B. Broken wooden ushabti of Pedu-n-neb-
tani (xxxix.); alabaster kolil-pots, etc. (l.).
XIXth Dyn. Broken limestone stela,
showing the royal son Ptah . . . . adoring
Ra (xxxv. 3); horse's head in red glass;
dog's head in glaze ; clay model boat ;
inscribed tablet (lii.). -
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Group of charac-
teristic intermediate XIIth-XVIIIth Dyn.
pottery (liv.).
Tomb of Pisebkhanu, son of Ra-men-
kheper, of the XXIst Dyn. Contained a
fine stela (xxxi.), a stamped brick, and a
number of glaze ushabtis (xxxix.), all
giving his name.
XXth Dyn. Number of glaze ushabtis of
Hor-si-ast and Hor-iu.
XIIIth—XVIIIth Dyn. Fragments of
inscribed wooden coffin and pottery canopic
jars of Senb-hena-n-f, father Amen-si,
mother Ab-mu (xliv.).
XXth Dyn. Number of painted pottery
canopic jars, and glaze and pottery
ushabtis, giving the names Pa-pet-pet,
|).
17.
19.
CATALOGUE OF TOMBS.
99
29.
B.
D.
amulet - holder;
31.
32.
Hor-heq, Bak-mut, Ta-kharu, Heqt, and
Hati; large glaze plaque bead giving the
name . . . . pa-ankh ; knob of banded blue,
yellow, white and black glass; several
glaze rings, etc. (xlv.). Also a fragment
of limestone, giving the name Usertesen-
senb, son of the royal daughter Nub-m-an.
Mastaba of XVIIIth Dyn.
Intrusive dome-tomb
XXXth Dyn.
XVIIIth Dyn. Pit. Gazelle vase and
upper part of a female figure vase in
pottery; 24 ſlint and 2 ivory arrow-heads;
20 glaze draughtsmen; gold dummy
ivory dish and lotus
column; alabaster vases, etc. (xlviii.).
l'o-used in XXIInd Dyn. Two open-
work sacred eye-amulets (xlviii.), and
several unbaked pottery ushabtis of Ast-m-
Kheb. t
XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. Fragments of a
wooden coffin and of a broken limestone
stcla (xxxviii.), give the name Hor-senb-ti,
son of Ren-senb.
XIXth–XXth Dyn : re-used in XXth—
XXVth Dyn. Number of painted pottery
canopies, and glaze and pottery ushabtis,
giving names Thent-hor, Nu-ast, Hor-iu,
Hent-mer, Nesi-ny, Ankh-s-ast, Pa-meter-
hon, Pa-nekht, Hor-ankh, Mer-su-tef, Un-
nefer, Hemt-neter, S-ankh-sahti, Hent-yit;
glaze pectorals, rings, scarabs and amulets;
small ivory Hathor figure, two red porphyry
of XXVth —
heart-amulets, etc.
33.
XIXth Dyn. Fragments of inscribed
coffin of Mer; 4 small pottery canopic
jars; bronze vase with lotus handle ; 2
bronze spear-heads; jasper “girdle-tie.”
35.
amulet, etc. (xliv.).
Re-used in XXVIth Dyn. 'Sealing of
Psamtek; quantity of small uninscribed
ushabtis.
XIXth–XXth Dyn.
XXVth Dyn.
Re-used XXth—
Broken limestone lintel, |
37.
38.
41.
44.
45.
47.
giving name Neb-ankh; alabaster handled
vase ; glaze pectorals and stone heart-
amulets; openwork glaze ring ; porphyry
scarab with bronze ring; bronze vase with
papyrus handle (lii.); number of painted
pottery canopies and glaze and pottery
ushabtis, giving names Hora, Pa-heq,
Ankh-nefer-m-ryaa, Hor-ast-at-f, Ta-rehat,
Hathor, Meh-hat, Ta-nefer, Unnefer, Thent-
ta-urt, Mer, Si-ast, Mer-su-tef, Meh-kha,
Tahuti-m-heb, Pa-iuf, Re-iati.
XIXth–XXth Dyn. Re-used XXth—
XXVth Dyn. Ivory disc with engraved
horse; glaze pectoral and heart-amulet;
ivory comb (xlv.); painted pottery canopic
vases and glaze and pottery ushabtis, giving
names Si-ast, Pa-ankh-m-ast, Ast-m-kheb,
Sena, Asar-m-heb, Nes-thy, Pa-unsh, Ba-
saa, Ba, Nefer-y. . e
XIXth—XXth Dyn. Stone heart-amulets,
glaze pectorals, etc.
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Fragment of paint-
palette gives cartouche of Sebekhotep III.
XIXth Dyn. Ivory pen-holder (?) of the
wazir Pa-ser, giving cartouche of Ramses
II. (xl. 12); 2 slips of wood, inscribed
with the name and titles of Amen-m-apt
(xl. 7 and 15); fragment of a musical
instrument with alternate ivory and ebony
pegs (xlii.); broken wooden ushabti with
name and titles of Pa-nehem (xl. 5); few
large painted pottery ushabtis with name
Un-nefer (?). • *
Re-usedXXIInd—XXVth Dyn, Number
of tiny glaze ushabtis of Ta-ast. .
Dome tomb, XXVth-XXXth Dyn. Num-
ber of small uninscribed glaze ushabtis;
several mummied hawks and cats; 2
wooden “ba” birds; glaze beads from
mummy wrappings. -
Dome tomb, XXVth-XXXth Dyn. Set of
blue glaze genii and scarab (lii.); frag-
ments of several painted wooden coffins;
wooden coffin mask, etc.
100
EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
48.
51.
53.
57.
59.
XVIIIth Dyn. Remains of 3 elaborately
carved wooden chair-legs; upper part of a
limestone ushabti of Hemt-neter; 6 bronze
mortices (?); stone heart-Scarab of Heru-s-
mes (1). * *
Re-used XXth—XXIInd Dyn. Two
sets of limestone canopic jars, 3 in each
set being dummies. &
Also in pit a large stela of Pa-apt-ta-mer,
XXVth Dyn. * -
XIXth Dyn. Painted limestone ushabti
of Pa-ser (xxxix.); fragments of wooden
coffin of Henut-ta ; painted wooden
ushabtis of Kha-m-ua and Sep-nefer; 3
wooden chair-legs; quantity of glaze rings,
one giving the name of Ramses II.
XIXth—XXth Dyn. Ivory lotus flower
and bud spoon; small gold pectoral
inscribed with uraeus; tiny gold ring
(xliv.). g
Re-used in XXth—XXVth Dyn.
Number of glaze ushabtis, giving names
Zed-khonsu, Neb-nehi, Zed-bast-s-ankh,
Nesi-ga-shu, Ra-ma-ka, Ast-kheb.
XXVth–XXXth Dyn. A broken lime-
stone stela (xxxv. 7); and pieces of
cartonnage which give the names Nes-p-
mete, Nesi-khonsu, and Shepses-ta-......
(xlii.); fragments of wooden coffin and a
number of ink-written glaze ushabtis,
giving name Ta-kha-au-n-bast; lower part
of a limestone sarcophagus (xxx.); gold
wrist-band with lapis lazuli plaque; lapis
lazuli scarab ; inscribed clay statuette
bases; remains of dried sycamore wreaths.
XXIst—XXIInd Dyn. Bases and parts
of the figures of 3 wooden statuettes of
Shepset-ta-pert, daughter of Hor-si-ast,
and granddaughter of Amen-m-ant (xxxv.
5); several broken “ba” birds and uraei |
in wood.
Re-used XXIInd—XXVth Dyn. Num-
ber of tiny glaze ushabtis of Sit-mes (P).
XVIIIth Dyn. Two blackened limestone
kohl-pots, one with spiral pattern; 2
scarabs of Thothmes III. ; alabaster dish;
tiny wooden kohl-pot (li.).
60. XXth—XXIInd Dyn. Number of ushabtis
of Zed-ast-auf-ankh.
62. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Ebony tray of
AImaat-ab; ivory shell (xliv.); limestone
table of offerings, giving same name
(xxxiv. 4); fragments of wooden coffin,
giving name Beba.
63. XXth—XXIInd Dyn. Hathor cow amulet,
vulture, “tat” and feathers in gold; silver
rosettes and electrum beads (lii.); 3 clay
statuette bases, inscribed with the name of
Ast-n-khebt (xli. 1 and 6).
68. XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. Glaze scarab (liii.).
71. XVth–XVIIIth Dyn. Small glaze sphinx,
partially covered with gold foil (liii. 4);
glaze scarab (liii. 5).
76. 131ackened limestone kohl-pot, with animal
figures (xlvii.).
77. XVIIIth Dyn. Fine bronze mirror with
decorated handle ; bronze knife with hook
handle ; wooden decorated case, use un-
known ; glaze figure of Isis and Horus;
alabaster vase, etc. (li.).
78. XIIIth–XVth Dyn. Ebony wand of King
Seb-ka-y (xliii.); small liméstone stela
with large ankh cut out of the centre,
giving the names Sebek-hotep and Neferu-
ptah (xliii.); group of pottery (liv.).
79. XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. Three broken
ivory wands; quantity of glazed beads and
amulets (xliv.); white-spotted pottery
rattle with animal head (liv.).
81. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Quantity of car-
melian, amethyst, garnet and glaze beads;
silver and copper bracelets and clasps
(xliii.); small bronze mirror; serpentine,
alabaster and blue marble kohl-pots.
84. XIIIth–XVIIth Dyn. Ivory lion (xliii.);
pottery rattle (liv.).
88. XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Alabaster kohl-pot
with ring-stand base; limestone kohl-pot;
CATALOGUE
101
OF TOMBS,
2 broken limestone statuettes; bronze
cylinder from axe-handle (?) (xliii.).
XIIIth—XVIth Dyn. Blundered scarab
of Shesha (liii. 2); fragments of “Pan-
grave” pottery. -
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Base of blue
marble statuette, giving namo Tu-ſ-sonb;
limestone doll; tiny eight-fold scarab
(xliii.).
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Two hippopotamus.
head amulets in carnelian ; amethyst
cynocephalus amulet; glaze, carnelian,
garnet and haematite beads; fragments of
“Pan-grave” pottery.
XIIIth—XVIIth Dyn. Ebony scribe's
palette; blue marble kohl-pot ; limestone
figure of girl playing a harp ; plaster
mask; fragments of “Pan-grave" pottery
(xliii.).
Re-used XIXth—XXth Dyn. Small
glaze ushabtis of the “royal scribe” Ky-
90.
92.
93.
94.
nefer; glaze and jasper beads and amulets;
glaze poctoral.
XVIIIth Dyn.
remaining. .
Re-used XXIInd—XXVth Dyn. Five
bronze spear-heads; set of wooden genii
(lii.); 2 tiny glaze ushabtis.
XVIIIth Dyn. Glaze inlay from the
top and sides of a draught-board, with
conical and reel-shaped men (li.); small
ebony object of unknown use, giving the
name Mer-maat; scarab of Thothmes III.
on silver ring; plaster mask, etc. (xlvii.).
99 A. XXth—XXIInd Dyn. Shallow grave.
Number of glaze ushabtis of Mut-n-ast;
uninscribed stone heart-scarab ;
wooden genii.
100. XVIIIth—XIXth Dyn. Stone heart-
scarab of Si-anhur (liii. 16); alabaster vase
and dish (xxxviii.); 4 glaze scarabs (liii. 11).
XVIIIth Dyn. Two glaze scarabs, one
giving name of Thothmes I.
Re-used XXIInd—XXVth Dyn.
98. Only pottery and beads
99.
101.
Two
set of
(lv.).
105.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
uninscribed stone heart-scarabs; two small
wooden genii.
102.
XVIIIth Dyn. Blue glass bead of
Amenhotep I. ; glaze scarabs of Thothmes I.
and III.; 7 gold and 2 electrum rings;
2 electrum “coil” rings; silver ring with
scarab ; two scarabs in gold setting ; 36
other scarabs and plaques; blue paste
dish ; bronze cutting-out knife, fish-hooks,
etc. (xlvi. and liii.); group of pottery
XVIIIth Dyn. Rough limestone doll;
blackened limestone kohl-pot; glaze beads
(xlviii.); two glaze scarabs (liii. 13).
XVIIIth Dyn. Fine carnelian scarab of
Aahmes Nefertari (liii. 7); 3 other glaze
scarabs ; alabaster vase and saucer; car-
nelian, glaze, glass and shell beads.
XVIIIth Dyn. Blackened limestone vase
and kohl-pot ; , end of blue glazed menat .
with name Kha-n-res (?); two small ivory
vases (xliv.); plaque of Thothmes III. ;
glaze and jasper beads and amulets.
XVIIIth Dyn. Broken limestone stela
(xxxv. 6); alabaster kohl-pot; glaze, glass
and carnelian beads.
XIII—XVIIth Dyn. Green jasper scarab
with name (?) and trees; bronze spear-
head (xlvii. and liii. 3). -
Re-used later (?). Alabaster canopic
head. -
XVIIIth Dyn. Double wooden kohl-
tube, with ivory lid and ebony stick:
broken glaze dish; 3 glaze scarabs, one
with the name of Thothmes III. ; duck
inscribed Ra-mery-ankh (liii. 6); plaque of
Thothmes III. (xlvii.); model bronze spear-
head; bronze fish-hooks; glaze, carnelian
and amethyst beads, etc.
XVIIIth Dyn. Limestone head-rest; 4
glaze scarabs (one gold-plated and one
giving name of Thothmes III.); gold ring;
limestone kohl-pot; carnelian and glaze
beads; tiny gold Bes amulet. -
102
EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
XVIIIth Dyn. Lower part of squatting
limestone statuette of Thembu (xl. 11);
2 blackened limestone kohl-pots; 2 alabaster
kohl-pots; 3 glaze scarabs; glaze “eye”
amulet with cartouche of Thothmes III. ;
bronze tweezers, etc. (xlvii.). -
XVIIIth Dyn. Four gold fish amulets;
2 scarabs of Thothmes III. ; 2 bronze spear-
heads; glaze scarab on bronze ring; glaze
and carnelian beads, etc.
XVIIIth Dyn. For groups of objects
see pl. xlvii. -
Re-used XXth—XXIInd Dyn. Number
of small glaze ushabtis.
XVIIIth Dyn. Groups of larger objects
on pl. xlvi. ; glaze kohl-pot with animals
carved in open work (xxxviii.); several
gold and electrum rings; 3 glaze scarabs
and a plaque of Thothmes III. ; glaze
scarab of Hatshepsut; glaze draughtsman
with Bes top (liii.); group of pottery
(lv.). -
XVIIIth Dyn. Five glaze scarabs (one of
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Thothmes III.); wooden kohl-tube; large
ivory bracelet ; small carmelian scarab ;
glaze and carnelian beads and amulets (li.);
wooden mask and hands holding was and
anykh from coffin. -
XVIIIth Dyn. Bronze cylindrical vase;
4 glaze scarabs (one mounted in gold);
bronze hook and model spear-head (xlvi.);
four-fold wooden kohl-tube; glaze, shell
and carnelian beads and amulets.
Limestone ushabti of Sen-nefer, in pottery
case with hoes, yoke and baskets, and
brick-mould (xxxix.); 3 alabaster vases;
blackened limestone monkey kohl-pot;
bronze tweezers; clay doll; a number of
lead net-sinkers (xlviii.); one carnelian
scarab and several glaze scarabs and plaques,
two with name of Thothmes III. (liii.).
XVIIIth Dyn. Two large stone heart-
scarabs, one bearing the name Tetafi (liii.
15 and 16 and xxxviii.); several glaze
scarabs (2 Thothmes III.); 3 gold rings;
small bronze figure of Neit, etc.
103
INDEX TO PART II
PAGE PAGE
Aahmes I. © © e & g g . 84, 85 || Aru, fields of . o • . .* tº g . 95
3 y , tomple of e & e tº . 76, 84 || Asar-m-heb . e e e o o g . 99
Aahmes Nefertari . e g . 75, 76, 84, 92, 101 | Ast (A) . º g g * . . . 84, 94 (Isis)
Aa-qah . c tº e * tº e tº . 94 | Ast (B) . º g e • . . e . 94 (Isis)
Aat-mert-mut . • . º tº ſº . 75, 92 | Ast-kheb . © a s • * . . . . 100
Abmu e * © g e * e º . 98 || Ast-m-kheb (A) e • . . . tº . 99
Adze, model of, in bronze. g g & º . 89 Ast-m-kheb (B) o o ſº .* “e & . 99
Aegean pottery o tº tº o . dº . 68 Ast-n-kheb (A) e o o 64, 78, 79, 86, 97
Agate, marbles of . te o e tº o . 90 | Ast-n-kheb (B) © • , º e 79, 87, 96, 100
Ai-m-aat-ab . . . . . .85, 88, 95, 100 || Aten . . . . . . . . . 95
Akhenaten . © © * e º 76, 84, 98 || Atum, worship of . ſº * . e . 80, 94
Alabaster, mortar of . © * & © © . 89 || Auf-āa . e . • . e . 81, 85, 95, 98
,, vases of . . . . 69, 71, 89,90, 91 | Auf-ankh . . . . . . . . . 96
Amahet . ſº : s e tº • e . 95 63 s -
Amélineau, M. . o e & o de . 66, 76 Ba . • . . • e © o tº . , 99
Amenhotep I. . e * g . 75, 76, 84, 92, 101 || Bak-mut (A) . & ſº g g o g . 94
Amenhotep II. tº te t © º 86, 91, 97 | Bak-mut (B) . e re e e G º . 99
Amen-m-ant (A) de tº • 64, 71, 85, 86, 88, 95 || Bak-n-khonsu . * © © e . e . 98
Amen-m-ant (B) . . . . . 79, 96, 100 | Bak-n-rui. . . . . . . . . . 97
Amen-m-apt . • • : ſº . 77, 86, 96, 99 || Ba-saa . gº . e g & • . , 99
Amen-mes e * © g e © tº . 94 || Bast, worship of . . . . . * ſº . 96
Amen-Ra, worship of . e º . 84, 88, 94, 96 || Beba, tº º * * e e e . . 100
Amen-si . © . . . . . tº te g . 98 || Bes, figures of . * tº . . 72, 79, 88, 90, 91
Amer-amen . e e º º ë º . 98 || Black-incised pottery . . . . 69, 92
Amethyst, beads of . e e º e , 69, 87 | Black-topped “Pan-grave” pottery. . 67, 69, 86, 87
Amorite pottery connections . e e * . 68 || Black-topped pre-historic pottery . . gº . 68
Amulets, of glaze and carnelian * e 88, 90, 91 | Blue marble statuette . * • . g . . 87
Anhur, worship of . * ſº . 70, 85, 94, 95, 96 5 y vases of . e o o g . 69
Anhur-mes . . . . . 72, 86, 90,96, 97 | Bone, rings of . . . . . . . . . 77
Ankh-nefer-m-ryaa . tº • . o g . 99 | Boundary stela e © Q . . . . . 64
Ankh-pef . * . . . te e & 81, 87, 98 || Bracelets, of copper. • * tº o * . 87
, Ankh-s-ast . . . . . . . . 99 ,, of glaze . . . . . . . . 88
Ankh-s-n-mut . ſº & & . . . 97, 98 99 of ivory . gº e e & • . 91
Anubis, worship of . tº * & e g . 94 99 of silver . . . • e e , 88
Any . o e º te tº e * . 87, 96 || Bricks, measurement of . • . gº e . 65
Apt . º e tº tº & tº º g . 96 ,, mixing of pebbles and pottery fragments with 65
Arching of chambers. ę © .* . 70, 78, 80, 83 ,, stamped with name . ſº g . 76, 78
Az-pa-ankh-qenqen-f . . . . . 79, 94 | y, stuccoed to imitate limestone . . . 83
Arrow-heads, in flint and ivory g . . . . 89 | Brick-moulds, similarity of ancient and modern . 65
Aru . º * o § * & . . 80, 96 || Bronze, adze of . . . e © tº . . 89
104
EL AMRAH AND ABYDOS.
Bronze, axe-head of .
,, cutting out knives of .
,, cylinders of
,, fish-hooks of
,, frames of . .
,, hook of
,, kohl-sticks of
,, mirror of
,, model tools of
2 :) mortices of
,, razor of
,, ring of
,, . rivets of
,, small objects of .
,, spear-heads of
,, tweezers of .
,, ushabti of
,, vases of
Button, glaze .
Calf-vase .
Canopic jars of glazed pottery .
99 of pottery
2 3 of stone
Carnelian, amulets of
,, beads of .
2 º' rings of
Cartonnage
Casing of pyramid
Clay, doll of
,, statuette of .
,, tablets of
Chair legs
Combs
Contracted position of burials .
Copper, bracelets of
,, model bags of
Coptos
Crocodile of ivory
Cross-hatched pottery
Cutting-out knives
Cynocephalus kohl pots
De Morgan, M.
Dendereh quoted
Depth of pits .
Des-nekht -
Diospolis Parva quoted
Dog's head in glaze.
Dolls º º *
. 71, 88, 89, 91
. 69, 87, 88, 89
º
80, 81, 87
79, 86, 87
87, 88, 90
PAGE
. . 89
89, 90
88, 90
88, 89
89
89
88, 89, 91
72, 91
86, 88, 89
90
89
90
. 88
. 72
79, 88, 89
88, 89, 90
87
91
73, 74, 89
. 91
78, 88
79
88
77
75
90
91
72, 90
88, 89
67, 68
87
86
94
87
. 67
89, 90
88, 89, 90
69
69
65
85, 96
68, 69, 92
77
“Dome-tombs" 65, 80
Draught-boards . 72, 77, 90,91
Dummy chambers . 64, 65, 78, 80
Ebony, kohl-pot of . wº . 89
,, kohl-sticks of 88, 89, 90
,, objects in 72
,, spoon of 88
,, tray of 88
,, wand of 87
El Ahaiwah 89
El Arabah quoted 92
Electrum, beads of . 91
Esoeris . 96
Ethiopians 35, 79
Fish-hooks wº 88, 89
Flint, arrow-heads of g . 89
Foreign pottery . . . . • * 63, 69
Fusion of dynastic with prehistoric Egyptians . 67
Garnet, beads of 69, 87
Garstang, Mr. . ſº dº 63, 92
Genii of the dead, in wood and wax. 79, 91
92 9 y in glaze 81, 91
Glass, beads of tº 89
,, knob of . © e * . 88
Glazed pottery, amulets o 88, 90, 91
2 2 beads of . 69, 88, 89, 90
9 3 bracelet of 88
, , button of 91
3 * canopic case of 91
9 x draughtsmen of 89
y 2 figure pendants of 88
3 y kohl-pots of . 86
2 2 lotiform cups of 72, 89
, , objects in . . 72
5 y pendants of 88, 90
y 9 plaques and cowroids of . 89, 90, 91
§ 9 rings of 77, 90
2, 2 vase of 89 .
Gold, amulets of 91
,, beads of . sº 89
,, dummy amulet-holder of 89
,, objects in tº . 71
,, pectoral of 71, 88, 100
9 3 rings of . 71, 88, 89, 90, 100
,, setting of Scarab . 89
Gold-leaf, finger tips of º , 80
PAGE
INI)}}X. º 105
PAGE
Granite statues of Unnefer and Mery 85
,, statuette of . e © e e . 81
,, ushabti of . a • 64, 71, 85, 86, 88, 95
Griffith, Mr. e o e e 63
Haematite, model head-rest of . . 89
Iſalſ-arching of pits . 64, 80
Harp, girl playing, in limestone . 87
Hathor-amulets 79, 88
Hathor, worship of . 99
Hati © © tº © . 99
Hat-pa-gath-serer 79, 84, 94, 97
Hatshepsut . 75, 92, 95, 102
Heart-amulets .
Heart-scarabs .
Hedgehog vase
Heliopolis
Hemt-neter (A)
Hemt-neter (B)
Hent-mer
Hent-yit .
Henut-ta .
Hep & e
Heg-reshu hill .
Heqt
Heqy
Horu-s-mos *
History of cemetery D
Hor e
Hora (A).
Hora (B).
Hor-ankh
Hor-ast-at-f
Horemheb
Hor-heq .
Hor-iu (A) •e
Hor-iu (B)
Hor-kheb
Hor-mes .
Hor-senb-ti
Horse's head in glass
Hor-si-ast (A) .
Hor-si-ast (B) .
Hor-si-ast Mery-amen
Horus, statuette of .
Horus, worship of
Hu, excavations at .
Hu-may .
Hun
Huy.
Hyksos
e . 88
79, 86, 90
73, 90
. 95
90, 100
99
99
. 99
. 100
95, 98
86, 87
99
. . 94
75, 90, 100
64
96
98
99
99
. 99
77, 97
99
98
99
96
. 64
86, 99
. . 77
79, 96, 100
. 98
87, 96
72, 90,91
93, 94, 95
67, 69
71, 86, 98
85, 96
87, 96
68, 69
- - PAGE
Isis, plaster cast of . tº s e © . . e. . 81, 98
, statuette of . e • * e 72, 90, 91
- ,, worship of e 0. © © e 77, 94, 96
Iu-f-senb . º e e º . e . 87, 101
Ivory, arrow-heads of . e * e - © . 89
,, . bracelet of . e . • . . . © . 91
,, comb of º . p • g . 88, 80
,, crocodile of . . º º e : . 87
,, disc of, with horse . e o e . 88
,, kohl tubes of . º te e . 72, 88, 89, 91
,, lion of . tº e . . . . . . 87
,, lotus flowers of . e © • & . 90
,, mirror-handle of . e º o º . 90
,, objects in . • , , º e e . 72
,, strips of from inlay . . . . . . 69, 88
,, turtle-shaped dish of . . . . . . 89
,, vases of . º º • , , tº . 88, 89
,, wands of O • . . . . . º ... 88
Jasper, amulets of . • • ſº © 79, 88, 89
,, beads of © o . . . e . 89
,, rings of . . . © & º e . 90
,, scarab of . & • . e © . 89
Kabyle pottery connections . º . . . 68
Kahun . g º e º . . . . . . 92
Kha-m-ua e o e o e • . 77, 100
Kha-m-uas . . . . . . 77, 84, 94, 97
Kha-n-res . . . . . . . 87, 101.
Khataanah & © • * . . © . 92
Khentament, priestess of . . . . . 96
Khenty-m-hotep (A) . . . 81, 85, 87, 95, 96, 97
Khenty-m-hotep (B) . . . . 81, 95, 97
Khepera, worship of o . . . 77, 91, 94
Ky-nefer . . . . . . . . . 101
Lapis-lazuli, scarab of . . . . . . 80
Lawes, Miss . º & . . . . . . . . 63
Lead, net-sinkers of . . . . . . . . 90
Limestone, blackened to imitate ebony . e . 71
99 doll of . . . tº . . . . 87, 90
,, objects in º . . s . . . 71
,, . pestle of . . º o e º . 89
,, vases of . º e • * º . 91
Lions, use of in decoration © de © , 69
Lotus-column kohl-pots . . . . 72, 88, 89
Maat-men-ra-m-heb . . • . . . 64, 71
Marbles . . . . . . . . . . 90
Mariette, M. . . e e º e © 66, 93
106
EL AMRAH AND ABY DOS.
Mastabas, dates of
,, height of .
Meh-hat
Meh-kha .
Men-kheper-ra .
Menth-hotep
Mer (A)
Mer (B)
Mer-maat .
Mer-s-n-abdu
Mer-su-taf
Mery C e
Metal, objects in
Min, worship of
Min (private name) .
Min-mes . . .
Model boats of clay .
Murray, Miss
Musical instrument .
Mut-n-ast .
Mut-hotep
Mut-nejemt
Myres, Mr. J. L.
Naqada quoted .
Natho
Naville, M.
Neb . . .
Neb-ankh
Neb-nehi .
Neb-pehti-ra
Neferhotep
Nefert-ari.
Neferu-ptah
Nefer-y
Nehay
Nekht
Nekht-hor-heb .
Nephthys.
Neshem boat
Neska shut
Nes-p-mete
Nes-ta-maat-ra
Nes-thy . .
Nesy-hor.
Nesy-khonsu .
Nesy-min
Nesy-ny .
Nesy-qa-shu
Net-sinkers
PAGE
82
70
. . 99
. . 99
77, 94, 98
98
99
. . 99
72, 89, 101
79, 94
, . . 99
85
. 71
o 94, 95
. 71, 84, 94, 97
81, 97
77, 91
. 63
72, 87
. . 101
81, 85, 97
(58
95
º . 92
85, 95, 97
. . . 99
. 100
. 94
87, 100
99
80, 87, 98
85, 96
96
94
86, 96, 98 |
80, 85, 87, 96, 100
98
. . 99
81, 95, 97
80, 87, 100
81, 95, 97
. 99
, 100
90
94 |
Newberry, Mr..
Nu-ast
Nub-m-an
Onnop.hris
Ophois e
Orientation of tombs
Osiris, worship of
Osiris temple enclosure
Pa-ab-mer
Pa-ankh-m-ast
Pa-apt-ta-mer .
Pa-heq
Pa-iuf
Palettes, scribes
12a-nehem
Pa-nekht .
Pa-neter-hon
“Pan-graves”.
77, 97 |
. 68, 89,90, 91 | Pa-petpet
- Papyrus, fragments of
Pa-ser
I?anther-head necklaces
T'au .
Pa-uah
; Pau-her .
Pa-unsh .
Pa-y e º
Pectorals of glazed pottery and wood
o º e e . 96 ||
64, 71, 84, 85, 86, 88, 93
92 of gold
Pedu-n-neb-taui
Pepen-anhur .
Petrie, Prof.
Petrie, Mrs.
l?illars
Pisebkhanu
Pits, bricking of
,, depth of .
,, direction of
,, half-arching of
Plaster cast
Plaster masks .
Plundering of tombs
Porphyry, amulets of
Position of cemetery D
.
,, . doll of
Offering jars from Umm el Qa'ab, marks on
77, 86, 87, 96, 100
72, 86, 98
71, 84, 94, 97
63, 71, 85, 86, 91, 92
64, 77, 79, 84, 85, 86, 94, 98
Place of offerings in tombs
Pottery connections, foreign
Pottery, development of dynastic fro
l’AG k,
63
. 99
79, 99
85
94
94
65
. 79, 85, 93, 94
63
77, 86, 87, 91, 96, 98
99
. 79, 84, 94, 100
99
99
72, 86, 87, 90
77, 86, 96, 99
99
99
67
89
98
81
97
94
98
99
94
79
71
63
70
70
69
, 69
64, 80
. 64
81, 86
87, 89
, 65, 69, 78, 83
. 79
63
68
m prehistoric . 67
90
INDEX.
107
& PAGE
Pottery, hedgehog . ſº ſº º ſº s . 90
,, influence of foreign element on . e . 68
,, lion . º tº © . . g . 90
} } model tools of . ſº tº e . 71, 86
,, painted to imitate wood . ſº e , 88
,, “scrabblo" pattern on g tº . . . 69
,, XIIth to XVIIIth Dynasty ſº . 69, 92
9 J white spot decoration on . g e . 92
} } with white, red, or black rims . o . 92
Prehistoric Egyptians . e e e tº , 67
9 y , , , were they indigenous . . 68
Prehistoric encampment . tº e e tº . 76
Priestly Orders at Abydos o tº e & , 94
Psamtek . te tº '• e e e e , 99
Ptah, worship of . o e & º © . 94
Ptah & & o g . ſe . 77, 85, 96, 98
l?yramidal casing over “dome-tombs" . g . 65
Pyramidion o tº e tº g o . 79, 86
Quibell, Mrs. . e & g © & º ; 63
Ra, worship of 70, 80, 85, 87, 95, 96, 99, 100
Ra, Harmachis . º º te e e o . 94
Ra-ma-ka . e e º e e * e . 100
Ramses II. . . . 77, 79, 85, 87, 95, 96, 99, 100
Rattles of pottery . . e t . . . 87, 88
Razor, bronze . . . . e to t g . 89
Re-iati tº g e * e & t •. , 99
Reisner, Dr. . t & . o o º . 89
Ren-senb . * • tº g § & . 86, 99
“Royal Tombs I.,” quoted & e , 86 |
Ruru (A) º ſº e . 81, 85, 96, 98
Ruru (B) . e e e e * . . . 81, 97
Ryaa . e tº ſº e & g . 71, 84, 94, 97
Sa-dep-ahu . 63, 84, 85, 97
9 ) statue of . g e & e . 71, 94.
Sandstone, hone of . ſº & { } tº * . 89
9 y statue of . . . º e gº . 71, 94
S-ankh-sahti . e ſº * e & e . 99
Scarabs . * e º º © te . 75, 89
, Scattering of objects in tombs . e e tº . 66
Sebek-hotep III. . * & t g & . 99
Sebek-hotep e 87, 100
Seb-kay 69, 87, 92, 100
Sekhet e * & tº 87, 91, 96
Sena . tº ſº gº * e o g e , 99
Senb-hena-nef . 9. . . . tº . 88, 98
Sen-nefer . 71, 86, 102
Sep-nefer . 77, 100
“Sequence-dating ” .
Serpentine, vases of .
Sosht
Shabaka.
Shell, beads of .
,, rings of .
Shepses-ta
Shepset-ta-pert.
Shesha
Shrine of limestone . .
Shu ; o e
Shumet ea. Zebib
Si-anhur .
Si-ast © ë
Silver, beads of
,, bracelets of
,, hawks of º © te
,, pomegranate ear-rings of
,, objects in . .
,, ring with scarab
,, rosettes of
Sit-mes o tº
Spcar-heads of bronze ,
Spoons . . . ©
Stairways in tombs .
Statues, place of, in tombs ſe
Statue of Sa-dep-ahu
Statuettes of clay and wood
9 3 of limestone
9 ) of blue marble .
Steatopygous figure vase .
Stelae, position of, in tombs
Stone, objects in
Style of mastabas
Ta-ament .
Ta-ast . º & e
Table of offerings in limestone .
Ta-du-ast.
Tahuti-m-heb .
Ta-kha-au-n-bast
Ta-kharu (A) .
Ta-kharu (B) . .
Ta-mennefer
Ta-nebt
Ta-nehsi . o ©
Ta-nefer . & O
Ta-rehat .
Ta-ur
Tetafi
, 75, 86, 92, 101
.75, 86, 92, 102
PAGE
67, 68
. 69, 71, 89, 90
, 96
78, 97
, 69, 89
b . 90
80, 87, 100
.79, 85, 96, 100
69, 91, 101
& 64
77, 91
63
99
89
87, 88
. 88
89, 90
71
. 89
. 91
. . 100
79, 88, 89
72, 88
65, 80
65, 83
71, 94
72, 85, 91
87, 88
. 87
73, 91
65, 78
71
64
96
99
85
98
, 99
80, 100
81, 87, 98
99
94
94
94
99
99
95
108
EL AMRAIL AND Alby DOS.
PAGE
Thay 87, 96
Thembu 87, 96, 102
Thent-amen 98
Thent-hor 99
Thent-ta-urt. . 99
This . 95, 96
Thiy e tº . 94
Thoth, worship . 77, 91, 94, 96
Thothmes I. º O * e e 75, 92, 101
Thothmes III. . 72, 75, 76, 89, 90,91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98,
# 101, 102
Thothmes IV. . 91, 97
Thun • * e g e & 96
Tombs constructed for use of several people . . 70
,, re-use of & o 83
Tomb-plans, development of dynastic from prehistorio 67
Tortoise-shell, comb of
Tshemmin
Tura
Tutu.
Tweezers of bronze .
Uayt
Udaqtura
Umm el Qa'ab .
o º g © , 88
to g e , 89
• . 85, 96
97
& ... 96
88, 89, 90
. 94
ſº 95, 98
63, 68, 85, 86, 89
Underground chambers
3 J
j 3
Unnefer (A)
Unnefer (B)
Unnefer (C)
Unnefer (D)
Unnefer (E)
Upuat
Uraeus in pottery
Urt-nefert
Usertesen-semb
Ushabtis, glaze
9 3 stone
Wands
blocking of .
stone lining of
Well, resemblance of “dome-tomb" to
Wood, kohl-pot of
,, objects in
Wreaths of sycomore
Zab *
Zed-anhur-auf-ankh
Zed-ast-auf-ankh
Zed-bast-s-ankh
Zed-khonsu
Zed-mut-auf-ankh
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTon, LTD., ST. John's 110 USE, CLERKENWI&LL, B.C.
PAGE
70, 78, 83
70, 77, 83
77, 78
85
97
98
99
99.
93
. 91
64, 71
79, 99
78, 79
71
60, 87, 88
(55
91
72
80
85, 95, 98
79, 84, 94, 97
. 100
. 100
, 100
97
- EL AMRAH. PL. I.
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> Žiž//lºss - - wº- ºr. - º -- -
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EL AMRAH sº O C.
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SKETCH # 3 # 3 # 25
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MAP || 3 * † : º gº
Ys ; : * * * *%. 5% ºs cº
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CAVATORS QUARTERS. COURTYARD
LLED WITH POTTERY.
THE EX













































































EL AMRAH. TYPICAL TO M BS. PL. ||.
º
º
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º º º
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Tº ---
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EL A.V. RAH. TYPICAL TOM BS. PL. III.
L º - sº
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FL AMRAH, EVOLUTION OF THE FORM of TOMB. | V.
--------> * *** -
****
B (4.4 º
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tº * - S o o _^
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1 : 2O
Tºt 4 feet disp
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1 : 2O Fl— AMRAH, SELECTED GRAVES.
2
***- m. Tomb & 23 *22-
- - - - - - -
- * ~ *- - a-º-º-ºw -
*T*-...----- " * -- ~
• -- *
* -- a--
†† º Tº iss ---
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|
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hiſ lºº
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The ruli-H Bodits rººf
—ty-or-ty- is
ckūtd. & ckićd
7 f
2ſ
W.
43. skull
If &
º §
lº -
§ Kºłº, º *—--->
§§§. ſºrts &ntstort ºf
, *% 3] status sº
- 'wºrk dual”
jºu w/ºykus
: d.6%
s’ stard ºf fºur mad kin.
PLATE V.
Tom & 3.118
tºo &ntstant 2
a sº(deutſ'kºeād ſºo's
***, *.***
*A* ºf task,
!] states
3 ºuld stak(2.49
4. Storu base typi Jraj
Joung,
6
RAIT tº, --- Tº 92.
D7%adu) y Tomb & 9%
3antu Pot
Pºsa. Pºsd on
º: g: “nº ea-
- R.23°.
7
Ne
ſ (tº 6–
small'awmal
3. .#.”
3 marblº ºnaei
4 séan bahth.
5 small i.
6 &intstoni m'a
7 stati palath.
0 w
9 '... cult
is fant dances
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J 28tael. •f ſ **
ru k, yavt. 7tººt g g
:*:3.}. Ply fº ...? d"
6. cºy board, mraft
Tornº dº ſ39
!] stat, politti,
3 Ostrick tjj, ::::::::
Čvºwl



























PL. VI.
ROUGHLY WORKED FLINTS FROM BOTTOM OF GRAVES.
DAGGER. CYLIN DER.
EL AMRAH.
rº
--~~rrºr-
rTr-r-





EL AMRAH. GROUPS FROM IN DIVIDUAL TOM B.S. PL. VII.

E L A V1 RAH. CONTENTS OF TOM B B 62. PL. VI ||.
* 24 TC 69
w N / 13 53b
f 80
º W 25
- R ss. P 14.
S–
…” & ~ \
p 2.3 c.
\ |P82b
P4Oe
/



EL AMRAH. CLAY ANIMALS AND DOLLS. PL. 1X.

EL AMRAH. VARIOUS OBJECTS. PL. X.
º º
º

EL AMRAH. BASKETWORK AND WOODWORK. PL. XI.
| º º
º

X ||.
EL AMRAH,
º-№！ ！！ ¿№
№， №8º_№ №-
ſ—-
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13
12






(d.4 Ti ſo)
ot’t T. 699 TI JEE TI a88 Tl p88 Tl
Z.6 Tl
Aven
189 Tl 89 Tl
p98 T .
#89 Tl q+7, Tl
69 g Tl ()
"B 23 V/V, B_L\, Tl
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O Ne D
B - V/W H5)ſh O -
||X Tl G. NV & SBSSVT! O "A & Bll Od – O SEcł A.J. W= N H vs Wv -13 9 : |


1 : 6 EL
AMRAH. NEW TYPES OF POTTERY, CLASSES B, P AND D,
BLAck ToPPED AND POLISHED RED ware.
~
B 81c.
C) ºr
B 28 c
P 26e
P 848
DECORATED AND OTHER WAR E.
gº
§N/WAN'ſ
F 2
F 99









1 : 6 EL AMRAH. NEVV EXAMPLES OF POTTERY CLASS C. XV.
C 25
C 3Ob
~~~ b "|
W I 12 s &
* * *
C 7 Ob
Áº
15 17 (7. Nº 18
C 39 C 37
C 19 C 9.6b
s
5
2O §
19 EE 22
21b 5.
C 76b C 75d






EL AMRAH. STONE VASES. PL. XVI.
CHARACTERIST|C FORMS OF STONE VASES.

1 : 4. EL AMRA. H. MARKS ON THE POTTERY, XV ||.
; D tº * * * D & º º
17 19
12 13 14. O C} T ~~~~~ 22.
11 ^ _* 16
|| || @ 1 O y NY
3O
23 24. 25 26 27 28 29
SN-
ſ a-' S”
31 32 33 34
4\ \cy vº- \ .
/ & ~~
43
37 39 42
36 U ſº 41 ſh
38 4.O
Numbers of the graves and classes of the pottery from which these marks come :
1 grave b 91 - Pot L 1 F 23 grave b 153 - Pot R 34 grave – - Pot P
2 ,, a 2 * * 29 R I 2 24 , - § tº 99 B 35 ,, a I tº tº 1, R
3 , - gº 29 L I3 25 ,, a II 23 - 99 B 36 9) b I I4 - 9) R
grave a 1074 - Pot R
4 9) b I33 - 99 L I4 26 29 º º 29 L 37 J} a 1074 - j9 R
5 - 2) b 32 º 29 L I 5 27 29 b 82 e 29 L 38 99 a 23 * > 29 B
6 , b 151 - , R 16) 28 J) b 52 tºº , R . 39 , - ( → L
7 29 b 39 sº 2) R I 7 y) b 233 º 2) B 29 29 b 22 I º » B 40 99 tºmº . tº º J) P
8 , - - , R 18 , a 96 - , R 30 , - » , R. 4 I , a 1 12 - , R
9 29 a 2 I tº }} R I9 29 tºº tº , j9 R 3 I 29 a IO2 - 29 B 42 9) « º tºº JJ R
IO , a IO2 - , , 2O , a I I I - , R. 32 , a 152 - 0 P 43 , a 1 133 - R.
2 I , a 131 - B 33 , a 106 - , R
22 , b 38 - , R
:
3.


PL. XVI ||.
ROUGHLY WORKED FLINTS FROM FILLING OF GRAVES.
EL AMRAH.

-
-
EL AMR
AH
- ROUGHL
Y WOR
KED FL
| NTS
FROM TOP SURFACE,-CO
,-CONTRAST
ED SKU
LLS.
PL. XIX

XX,
TEMPLE OF USERTESEN III, NEAR ABYDOS.
H5)=łEOKO £\/ NOI. LOBS
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Scale 1: 200




TEMPLE OF USERTESEN III., NEAR ABYDOS. PL. XXI.

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l |}. s-R see xxxuſ 6 —ſ /J. B. lxxvi-xxxl Co-
2 |3. º See Xxxv tº ſ.t. o/ / O ST | | XXVI - XXX 3 telc-
3 || A3 ſºr 3ee X Ll ll 92 |xn -xvil statuette
l; * DJ = SE DJ metav ºf 102 2. 3 |xuſ-xvil cano/*- vase
J’ J) ºr ºf als e aritter J. Nº-taº? and A5, Wieś,.. xxxvi. xiiv 62. X111 - xvi II toºle of *
6 |* = g a See X t- 7 Nº. 1 ST 4 lº × 12 |wo octen sºft's
7 tº e ] = Jce X X X 1 4, * x v i “ska.été
8 95%, E W = # &#5 see xxxv s f-tº- # * * re-ºf-tº- of 14 & 1 & 8 |xxi-xxii statuette
9 ||= miſ See X X X. re… •w ºf 1* o 6 x 1x-xxl steća.
to º 'º' ºr #: f-a- of / O 2. 2 & |xlli - xvil canok de vase
| | | |) ºr ) {: g 11, E | xx-xxiſ ashatt.
12 || R. Iſſ it & H 78ſ: F = ? ... x , 9 X, V || || || A extette
13 <= } } - | | xx - x x . . . u-shoºt tº
| lº | $4a see X×× V iſ . rvatºv. f / o $ || xxvi - xxx. 1 s &e toº.
15 || 3: Å, *7 |xxv-xxx|easte ºne-3 s
| 6 || < | f = <= q := 37 lax - xxi., I wºke... t.
|7 5 ºf [ ] see xxx sº a twº of 13 o 6 XIX - XX, l ste lo-
| 8 $ “ xxx da, 3 kts. ºf 17 6 x Ix-X x steća.
19 J & = 4 2 9 D | xx - xx M I wish.o. (-t-.
2 O 3 = % 3 Y xx - x x . . I ush a 6 tº
2 | 43 *% * J 3 xx - x x . . I ush a 6 ti
22 | f : ~ 2./ 5 e s X, X X | X, de-3k twº */ Jhadako. J X, X V’ u show& tº -
2.3 || J.º. 2) #, see x\, . 1 & 6 6 3 X X | \ stay tatte‘s
2. 1, ºf Ş º see L11 9 — |xvi - x -l stage ºng
2. 3 "gº g in 1 || || 5: 5’ + 3 see x L. 11 ºvetº. f 8 & sºn fisé| 1 , |xxv-xxx ea-tonnay.
2 6 * ºn # - jºi 3 ST x x - xxvil wish at tº
2.7 42 ºn -- j = 3 2. xx-xx" wish at tº
2 8 * *- ::, ; ; Ti º or ºc 8 xx - xxt 1 I washeſ tº
2 y | ? "a zºº 4- ſ 2S X tº-ska & tº
so | * ** see XXX daught ºf ſt 6 x 12 - XX séeta-
3 | | #2 * = | X X. ******
32 | #2 * = in = | 3 G | x 1 x u-shać tº
33 £e ºf #N i <= j. A 3 2. Åx - XXII I wash at ti
3 l; 4.- : * 3 JT xx - xx in I wish aſ tº
3 JT fps: fºr ... ext, ºf 7 6 2. 8 X, Y X - XX. stelo.
36 i º º-A-Y = } & ºr i se. xxx v a. f-tº- ºf 144 ! It |xn state-
37 4A . - 37 xx-xxn| “...have.
3 8 || JA it 37 X X → X. X || vsheet.
3 y | JJ 62 |x|II- Xvil | eoff in
l, o | + = * ºl A, see xxx. fºtº ºf 14* 7 XX || || 3 tº ta.
1, 1 || ?---> a.º. . 2 8 X x - xx vshalt, 6.
l, a 2N = ~.... J 2- 2. X - X. X. vs haſ-ti
[.. 3 Sº it: Y X X V - 20, 3, 20
coſ.f in.
ABY DOS. TABLE OF PRIVATE NAMES. LV 1 ||.
ho. ho-me Jitle and Relationship: Jomº no.1 Dote 06 ſect
l, l, *r-> → | " ~ º 11, E |xx-xx it w shoºt.
l, 3 || 2 r = <- 1 s laxv-xxx l wish atti
l, & 2% See XX X. 5 or of /36 6 lxix-xx stele.
1, 7 | * * *s Il D / ) º ºs see X l- | | Sº X I X arvalet
l, 9 | aft f_** *g 3- Yrs etc. . see x x x 1:32, at name SE. Tº ‘s’ l; 8 XX V s tele-
l, 9 || 33-? ~3° e d? 37 | xx-xx 11 | task at tº
J O || 3:. . . ſ X X “sheet.
S I aft. .S. R | lº xx - x x 11 was h.c.0 °.
J 2 || 2:. . ; see X X X 6 on e4 (3 o 6 X 1 × - X x s tele-
33 || 2: 4- tº 37 l xx-xx 11 | wish at tº
J l; 2#. 5 2 2 3 xx - x x . . I wisha (-ti
J 3 || 36, §º Yst, see X. L. &T ls tº X X wishat-ti
J 6 3f. §5? 32. lxx-xx it l v-shoºt-tº.
$ 7 || 2:- T 9 71 ° 2- ) #, J W - ...e., + 3 2. xx-xxvi I wish-et-ti
3. 8 || 3 || * , 3 & 1xx-xx 11 I wish a 4t.
$ 9 || 26.4 3X ºš. ses X L 12. It l; xix ºvery
6 O || 5.5, T!!! - M. see xxxi son of 67 ? ? | xvi 1 s tele-
6 || |.5., ſº - * 38 |xx-xxt cerebie jea
62 3.j\ } & ‘ā’ see XX x t v 8 son ºf Re-n-on-kheft v. 22 | xx." stelo.
63 § { . . . . * * See X X XV 3 - | ? X \X - XX stela.
6 lº l-$ dº !!! D xx-xxn ask-ee:
65 lº - d ? 99 A |xx-xx in wiskolt tº
& 6 |-º-H = [...] ºf : * ~ *** **** + ie. 7 xxv-xxx eºſºn “te.
87 | * $e e X X X | fath- ºf é o 2 x v in stela.
68 ºr iſ ſº 7 A |x|v || | | ? s to talette
69 | #3 #: / & C xxv-xxx I wish atti's
7 O | As 3.3 X JX - XX effºrt.
7 | | SE. + - hº 3 & xx-xx ºn I wish at-té
72 | \e 24, § Yºu ?? X, V | | || ~~~~ t
73 S. 3 & Xx-xx I I I wish a 6 tº
Y tº s \ c &. 3 2. lxx-xx! | | w_s hio.6 tº
75 | ET / 3 Sº [...] 32 |xx-xx 11 wish.a.l. t.
76 |rs, $ 5 º 3. SS "... the ºf 3 + 2. 8 |XIX-XX ste?c.
77 | <=> asri—A, e 9 xvin canºhis jea.
78 || - $ iſ ! l; X V | | | stelo-
7 ? e º “at 3s |x|x-xx lºntel
8 o | < * * * | | xx-xx 11 I wisha.0 t.
8 e o A J 3 XX - XX ºf w-shatt;
82. à e º 'º 37 Xx-xx II l v-sha (-ts.
83 || 3 || Sº See XXX da, jktv. f 17 6 XIX - XX stela.
81, #; 3 ‘F [] see XL 111 • ‘fs f /* o 78 xiii-xvil stela.
8.5 | iſ A Q Q 5 e º XX X. 4-3ktv' ºf 7 6 | x 1 x -x x . stelo-
8 & tº # 7. * 3 frt, T : * * * ER as "n" see xlii ser of 1st 15 Ixxv-xxx I can town ags

ABYDos. TABLE OF PRIVATE NAMEs.
Ll X.
ho. Tuam- Jittee ovnd Reloti or ships Jomſ, no. I Dote Olºset
87 is 7-3 = 7 Qi v.- Š. || |xx-xx 11 I wish a lºt.
8 8 tº • 0 (!) 35 Å ete see xxx v 7 S X i. 11 57 Fºxv-xxx fºa w castenrage
8 9 § +ge- - see XX X 1 || 3 re-ºf-tº- of l 32, 7 XXV-XXX s te ła-
yo # , ºr * [...] 32. xx - xx II l v-sha ( tú.
9 s 5, •. •Aste vs $* ... xxxin s : x- e, is 7 XXV-XXX l stelo- " statuette
22 || $ ... + ~ EP See X - 1 & 7 xxv-xxx can tennaje
93 |ss ºf 4, 6ee X L. 8 ' ' ' O / 3 xx-xx u | clay tablets
91, ‘rs ºf M | | xx - xx v I wish a 6 tº
9s | His ºf M 5 S IX x ~ XXV a sha-tré.
, 96 || $º ºf Sº D -)-- a-- ? & l tº E bºx - x x . . . was had ti
97 ºr := 0 } 37 XX - XX | || wish a 4t.
99 || 7 g -*-* ~ dº 3 2. xx - xx iſ l tº shatt.
?? | T : l; 8 'X V | | || v-shatti
| O O || 7 || M-97 g 3 & Xx-xx n |can-ºf-- ºv
| o | | * }} = EI - Axx. ~f~ ºf 67 mother of 6 o ? 9 XV 1 || || 6 tº ta.
| O 2 |52, ſº ºr 4 flºº ºc Seºn. ef ! O Y it. 2. J.T X | || - XV | | canokie. ye-
! O 3 || C & LJ 3 3 XX - XX || wisho (sts
ol, lá: J B |xxv-xxx ean ten najs
of liº: * T = 95% ſºl ste see xxxv tº •n ºf 14 - 1. | | XXV - XX X s te ła.
lo & |> ſi “Tº Petkº, of 1* + 3 | xiii-xvii flag. ºf stone
lo) || =? &nj\#2 : **is ;...a war. * ***** = ... xxx, ? xxv stela.
/ O B | * d . 2- 8 xx-xx II le wish.c.0 ti
|0} | E $ºt I & 8 || XVI I I as h.c.', tà
| | 0 || 6′ 3, mºtºr ºf 144 1 if |xtil-xvil stela.
| | | | || 3 - g * , X | X •effºr
| || 2 || E3 - Sr * [...] 5-; ~ $º, 3 2. XX - XXII a shoºt.
|| 3 | }. | lr | x x ~ xx in a shot tº
- | | | | }. 3 5. lxx - XX. It l v-sho-0 ti
| |S | \, \ 3 8 X X arr-let
{ | | 6 || ?, ? 2. it Kx -xx 11 v-sk at ti
\ || 7 || 3 & 3 2 | XX - XX 1 & w shoºt.
118 3, 45 s 3 & XX - xx | vº-sha.( tú
| | | | }. f. 3 2. XX - XX . I wish a 6-ti.
| 20 | \, iſ . . — I XX { s tº toº.
| 2 || || $ 74 (J - 3. 2.8 TXX • -X, X \\ wish-o-lett \
122 ºf l; 8 xv. 1, heave sea-a-
/ 123 3. *.dº 2. it Exx-xx it “halt.
| 2 || | }. *d is iſ & •er # 8 A-tº- © ** 5 8 XX s to ta-ettº
125 |3, fºr f. son of l o 6 3 || |X| || - XY | 1 fºes. ºf 3 tone
| 26 | #2 28 lxx-xx iſ l a shoºt.
| 2.7 || J & J } 3 2. lxx-xxii a sh-ţti
| 2, 3 || M. 3 $ lxx - xx 11 | Ash'al-ti

ABY DOS. TABLE OF PRIVATE NAMES,
LX.

ho. ho-me J. Łtee and Relationshifts Jomº nel Date O6.ject
129 |5 - JT/ X / X wishol, tº
13 o ls - 1 “s Xxx 6" oth v. f | 7 6 X |X - X. X stelo-
| 3 || |3, § (?) $e e X L | V 1 o 8 XV | a-rnale t
| 3 2. ;: l $:: also sk.tt * * * * * : ... xxxus s, xxxv 2, x Ll 17. 7 xxv-xxx I stela elee.
| 3 3 ;: lºssº: “s xxxii, s **-revºſ-tº- f | 3 2. 7 XXV - X x X 3 te ło-
| 3 || || YAR, Twº, see L | 1 || 1 & / O o XVI I I I heart sea-at.
135 * J is * CI 3 & XX - Xx . . was h.a.0 tº
- 136 || “... : 37 xx - xx it l wish at ti
13, †- O &R; =& - 7 % ºf $3:... º see xxxvii is a , xxx v 9 XV'ſ | statute.
| 3 8 | f * 33 3 2. xx - xx it l wisha &ti
| 39 ſº d. 5* . 3 J. xt 11 - xvi I (?) Jºey. •f stone
| lio | ſle, 5*: jet - Fa 7a k-4 ºvel f 3 + 7 8 XI 11 - XV stela-
| lº-j |ſ a 3 st 3 M X X v_sh a 6-tº
| 1, 2 || || J7 |xx - x x . . . vºskia 6-ti
| l, 3 || $3 Jee X X X | X 119. xv.11. wish all-ti
| l; l; × B -- d ?. 7 B XX V - X X X cºff-
| l; 5 ºf 13, 5* ‘a’ CI 4a.pk ºv, of. I 2 ºf JT8 |xxii - xxv statuetta
| l; 6 lºſ K*... . > CT $ 7 XX V - X x X. sexternag-
| L: G = ??? Yet, 9 it xt x - x x u-shall, ti
| Lº lik it It l; XX - XX % v-sk-a-l-ti
I lº 9 || $º 5 # A • See XX x aa.gºv, f iſ 6 |x| < − xx stela.
| 5 O | N if ºs 3 5 ' | xx - xx 1 v I v. shall, t.
| S I | A sº $ee X X X 4-jk tº f 17 6 X | X - XX 3 tela.
| $ 2 | Nº Yſ, see X x X claw-3ktv. f I7 6 x1 x-xx l ste?a.
| 5 3 || 3: 5. Sº 3 & 1xx - xx in I wish at ti
| 5 || || Nº $ºx. $..., W: sº [...] J-7 xxv-xxx ashakti • effºr
| $ 5 || Mº i ; *- 2, 3 XX • X X || || wish at tº
| 5 § Mº i º see x L. S㺠P me thes. ºf 2. Sº | ST xxv-xxx e-ten vºys
| J 7 | }\"a-n dº | l; E |xx-xx 11 w-ska.l. t.
| S 9 || = } <> ) . y xx-xxii U)|fºº}. •f J tone
is 9 |: ) - see LI I I I tº | 2. O ×v I I I hear tº sean al-
1 & 0 || > ºn Je. ht, See X L || || | | 3 XV | | | statuette
| 6 || |*, * * liſ E. xx-xx tº I wish aſ tº
| 62 |# 3. +* ~ * * 32 xx-xx" | shatti
| | 3 || #: Nº ſº 33 |xx-xx al 2-shatt.
| 6 || || $1 3,3 tº see xxxv 2. sor of 3 & # 11 O tº lam-ºwn'ſ sta.
- 16s $).R. 93 fºr 7 Q - , R, See X X X S 6 yu. ºf li o 7 X X || ste 2a-
| 6 || | *) dº s. 7 ºn T 1 - e. é o lxx-xx I was hoſ, tt
| 67 | *N U7 ſº $ 3 | xx-xx 11 l wisha ( tú.
| 6.9 || 3-N N ?? 7 1 O | XX - XX11 I wish a 46.
16% *\ .º. ). X II +* - ) = 5 3 xx-xxii wish atti
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