) Wella BY 3785 $8 M12 Sunday Aclion VARLES A. MCALPINE HOGAN HOGAN BOOKS BV 3785 158 PIW MING OF MICH Copyright by Underwood & Underwood. UNIV OF MICH BILLY SUNDAY IN ACTION BEING CHAPTER TWO OF “HOGAN AND HOGAN” Revised Edition BY CHARLES A. MCALPINE The Briggs Press Rochester, N. Y. BV 2785 $3 COPYRIGHT 1914 BY CHARLES A. MCALPINE COPYRIGHT 1915 BY CHARLES A. MCALPINE ē FOREWORD The following pages are reprinted from "Hogan and Hogan" and form one of the chapters in that book. For obvious reasons it has seemed wise to print this chapter in a separate form. Mr. Sunday's work is an outstanding phenomenon in the religious world and discussion of that work is universal. Any- thing which can help to a more adequate estimate of it is timely. It will be readily seen that this treatment of Mr. Sunday and his work is sympathetic and appre- ciative and if it helps to give a better understanding of the man its appearance will be justified. The author recognizes the fact that for many people the reading of dialect is not altogether easy. He has therefore some- times sacrificed technical accuracy and even consistency in expression in the in- terest of the reader's ease and pleasure., 9 CHAPTER I INTRODUCING HOGAN AND HOGAN A LTHOUGH Mary McCarthy was pronounced by Father Ryan to be the lawfully wedded wife of Matthew Hogan more than twenty years ago, an assertive personality housed in a somewhat imposing physique has kept her from becoming so far a subject of benevolent assimilation as to be known as the conventional Mrs. Hogan or as "Mat Hogan's ole woman.” From the first the neighborhood insisted that the new part- nership was not Mr. and Mrs. Hogan, but Hogan and Hogan,—a combination that committed the speaker to no partisan- ship as to the headship of the house and left the hearer free to understand whether the first named was Matthew or Mary, according to his judgment as to the fitness of things. So that if an agent selling washboards or patent mops asks "Who lives in Number 5?” it is always “Hogan 11 HOGAN AND HOGAN and Hogan.” “There goes Hogan and Hogan” is the frequent comment on the passing of the couple on a Sunday after- noon stroll down Arcady Place. It must not be supposed, however, that Mary Hogan is a shrew or a vixen or an athletic Tartar. She is in truth a good housekeeper, and a cheerful companion, is possessed of a wholesome philosophy of life, and is just the kind of a wife Matthew Hogan needs and is fortunate to have se- cured. What if she does occasionally give "the ole man" a tongue lashing that makes him "fale loike the worrum he is," when he has suffered another lapse at Jim Flanigan's Place around the corner? Doesn't he deserve it and hasn't Mary scrubbed floors and windows sixteen hours a day for a month a dozen times to pay back Alderman Quinn what she bor- rowed—borrowed indeed to pay Mat's fine so he wouldn't have to go to jail after she had had him arrested for beating her up when he was full of bad whiskey? And if you should try to intermeddle with : 12 HOGAN AND HOGAN their family discussion of a Saturday eve- ning when Mat has left too large a part of the contents of his pay envelope in the saloon, you would find it expedient to beat a hasty retreat before Mary empha- sized her information that they were hav- ing their "own swate scrap" all to them- selves with a flat iron aimed at your head. As for Matthew, the Vulcan Bridge Works never had a better ironworker. He was made for better things, was Mat- thew, and had it not been for the weak- ness that too often leads him into Jim Flanigan's Place, he would today be owner of the bridge works, not an em- ployee. For Matthew has a keen mind, a genial disposition, and a judgment of men and their motives which is quite re- markable. His philosophizings on the ways of God and men still reveal some- thing of the man that might have been. Frequent trips away from home in the building of new bridges here and there give him abundant opportunity for ob- servation, and for conversation with vari- 13 HOGAN AND HOGAN ous travelers. And being of a rather talk- ative temperament himself, he has many matters of great interest to report to Mary and the children on his return-or as sometimes happens, to his friend Flani- gan, if he happens to go home on the wrong side of the street. 14 CHAPTER II BILLY SUNDAY IN ACTION “Hogan” says Mr. Flanigan during a lull in trade one warm spring afternoon, "Where is Wilke's barr?" “Who's barr?' 'asks Matthew. “Mr. Wilke's” replies Flanigan. "Oi niver heard of him befurre, but some wan says this marnin' that Billy Sunday has been raisin' the divil wid the liquor busi- ness since he got round Wilke's barr.” "Oh,” says Matthew, "yez mane Wilkez-Barry That ain't a saloon, Flanigan, it's a town down in Pennsyl- vany, among the coal moines. They say there's enough coal under the town to run the worruld a hundred years an' enough rum sold in the town to run hell fer a hundhred thousand years. “That man Sunday youze heard about" continues Hogan, "is phwat they caal an evangelis', an' they do say that whin the whiskey payple hear that he's comin' to 15 HOGAN AND HOGAN town they begin to have the shaakin? palsy an' show a sudden an' wonderful in- terest in rayligion. They become verry much concerned about the spiritual loife av the town an' are afraid that the payple will be corrupted by assoshiatin' wid sich a man as an evangelis'. An' the way they thry to pull the wool over the eyes av the onsuspectin' ministers an' befuddle the payple's moinds by caalin' him a grafter an' vulgar an' mercenary an' aal, it is to laugh, Jim. They must be runnin' a press bureau an' spendin' a lot av gude money they'd betther save fer the rainy day that's comin' to thim. They ayven ask the min- isters to hold a conference wid thim to consider the moral character of this man Sunday. The praychers at Wilkez Barry rayplied that they didn't care to confer wid brooers on the moral character av a minister. Koind av a swaat in the solar plexus for thim, wan't it? "That feller Sunday, Jim, is better'n a dozen prohybishun laaws. He puts pro- hybishun right under a man's shirrut 16 BILLY SUNDAY el F Will ur / WHERE IT HURTS. "He gits a man to say 'Heaven fer moine, to hell wid rum'; an' next Saturday noight he brings home a full pay invelope. That's what hurruts yer liquor business, Flanigan." 17 HOGAN AND HOGAN where he lives, instid av on the statute books where he don't live. He gits a man to say 'Hivin fur mine, to hell wid rum' an’nixt Saturday noight he brings home a full pay invelope. That's whaat hurrts yer liquor business, Flanigan. "Glory be," exclaims Flanigan. “I hope he won't show up in Arcady Place." “You're roight, man” replies Matthew. "Oi heard that the brooers said 'twud have paid thim to have spint fifty thou- sand dollars to kept him away from Wilkez Barry. But nothin'cud stop him, whin wance he got goin', not ayven buyin' up the movin' pickshure shows an' givin’ the tickets away. "Yez know oi met up agin wid me min- ister frind on the train the other day an' he persuaded me to sthop over Sunday in Wilkez Barry, instid of goin' on to Noo Yorruk. He got me a ticket inter the meetin' so's oi cud see the whole show." "Phwat koind av a show, Hogan?” asks Flanigan. "Phwat is an evangelis' anny- way?” 18 BILLY SUNDAY "An evangelis', Flanigan, is a Ray- voival Man" answers Mat. "An' this here Billy Sunday is the king pin av the whole bunch. He goes into a city an' gits a big tabernacle built that'll hold about tin thousand payple. An' whin the crowd gits togither he delivers himself av a few gentle raymarruks to somethin' loike this chune: 'This is the beatenist place oi ever sthruck' he says. "Phwat's the matter wid youze payple in this little burrug anny- way? Oi ain't seen such a gang av dirty, low-down, ongodly, whiskey-soaked, bull necked, foul-mouthed, hog jowled, weasel eyed, peanut brained, rat hole bums sence oi was visitin' the jail across the river, he says. “Why the Lord don't strike youze dead' he says 'an' fertilize the fields wid yer carcasses to raise cabbiges that'll do some gude in the worruld, oi don't know he says. “Why' he says 'The only things a man can see whin he comes inter this here sinkhole of iniquity ar-re a big coal breaker whare little boys chew coal dust an' terbaccer all day, an' a God-defyin', 19 HOGAN AND HOGAN man-destroyin', divil supportin' brooery whare they make the crime brewing swill min guzzle an' waller in all noight. Sodom an' Gomorra ain't got nothin' on youze,' he says. “Yer churruches are a rayfrigerator instid ay an incubator' he says. An' youze ministers must be a bunch av ossi- fied, petrified, dyed-in-the-wool, stamped- on-the-cork, blown-in-the-bottle, pin headed, standpat, free lunch, pie counter politicians wid heads full av sawdust an bulk oysters. If oi was as near zero as some av youze are oi'd go down to the river an' stand on the bridge, grab holt av me nose an' say “Here goes nothin',” an 'then oi'd see how big a dent oi cud make in the water.' "Phwat does he do it fur," asks Flan- igan. "Who's he mad at?" "Phwat fur, mad at, Flanigan?” replies Hogan, getting somewhat warmed up to his subject. “Mad at, man? He's mad at the divil an'aal his worruks. He seems to think the auld feller ain't got no right . 20 BILLY SUNDAY Y Un 14/!! HIS ADVICE TO IDLERS. "Oi'd go down to the bridge av me nose, an' say 'Here goes nothin' an' see how big a dent oi cud make in the wather." grab holt 21 HOGAN AND HOGAN : in the worruld, annyway, an' he's goin' to thry to put him out av the game. He's agin him wid every tooth, nail, piece av skin, hair follicle, muscular molecule, articulation joint, dhrop av blood, ounce av energy, breath av lung, an' even wid his vermiforrum appendix. " "The churruch is sick' he says. “Some av our churruches ain't got loife aynuff to spit over their chins an' youze preach- ers are just pastin' on a little salve an' thryin' to hellup thim to enjoy poor health. “ 'But have a hearrut, Billy' the preach- ers beg. 'Go it koinder easy loike. Don't be too harrud on our payple. They ain't no worse than others.' “ 'Nothin' doin'? rayplies Billy. 'Oi ain't no pink tea sissy pourin' cologne on a cancer instid av cuttin' it out. Half av yer papyle wud go to hell if they died out av Lent. Oi use the knoife' he says. An' oi gits down where the blood flows, so look out ;oi ain't got to live wid these payple year in an' year out so oi can do 22 BILLY SUNDAY :> . some av this surgical worruk fer youze fiellers. Youze just stand by an' hold the scalpel an' forceps an' the other instru- ments an' don't run a knoife into my back whoile oi'm cuttin' away the rotten bone an' the decayed tissue.' ” "But don't he belayve in the churruch?” asks Flanigan. “Shure he do, Jim, that's phwat he says. He wants the churruch to git well. If yer kid had appendicytis ye'd use a knoife instid av dopin' him wid mor- phine to ease the pain, wudn't yez?” “Yes av coorse; but don't he give thim no ether or choloroform whoile he's cut- tin' av thim up, Mat?" Flanigan ven- tures. "Well oi suppose yez moight say he does. He gives thim some laughin' gas; but he don't let thim get so far gone they don't know nothin's happenin'. He's a comical duck, Billy is. His boomp av humor is purty well developed fer a man that takes loife so serious. He's got a smoile now that ought to make the divil 23 HOGAN AND HOGAN himself throw up his hands an' surrender widout a foight. Can't nothin' git by that smoile. He thinks God loikes a joke an’ that's mebbe why he made monkeys an’ some other payple. “ 'Look at that big, fat lobster over thare in the middle of the room,' he says. 'Prob’ly he's wan of thim sleek, oily, mushy palaverin' hypocrites oi git afther iverywhere oi goes,' he says. «'Why, he says, 'skinin' hypocrites is my long suit' he says. “Oi kin take their hide off, rub in saalt an' hang the skin up on the barrun door to dry, while youze fellers are puckerin' up yer lips to spit on the whetstone to sharpen yer knife to begin.' "Waal, sir, befurre he gits through wid thim fellers a polecat wud smell as swate as a babe compared wid thim.” “Am I a soldier av the Cross? youze sing' he says. 'No, youze ain't, youze jist pikers,' he says, 'Lazy, no count drivel- lers, sojerin on the job. Say he lays inter thim fur fair. An' whin he gits aal his . 24 BILLY SUNDAY Theo mui WYPOCRITE W muvuoro Je t', SALT. are HIS SPECIALTY. 'Skinin' hypocrites is my long suit he says." 25 HOGAN AND HOGAN surgical worruk done, aal the deadly can- cerous growths cut out, an' the wounds aal treated an' washed an' bound up, he says ‘Now come on fellers,' he says. “Ain't it great how gude the Lorrud is? He'll take annybody that'll be honest an' turrn from his sin an' foller his banner. Come on buys,' he says. 'Git inter the game, ' he says-he used to be a ball player his- self, big league man, Flanigan. "Well, when he says to thim to come on, Jim, they got to come. Can't help it. Man, they can't wait some noights till he gits through, to hit the trail an' take his hand, an' say 'Oi'im wid yez ole man.' “It's phwat ye'd caal convershun by the wholesale, Flanigan. In Columbus iverybody was converted most, but Waashington Gladden. Hundhreds iviry maytin'-eighteen thousand in Columbus and sixteen thousand in Wilkez Barry. "Listen, Jim Flanigan, did yez iver hear av a sheriff bein' suspected av bein' a Sunday School man? Well, down in Wilkez Barry the sheriff he comes right 26 BILLY SUNDAY 1 out square an' jines the army av the Lorrud an' goes out an' rounds up a lot av other min to sarve the Lorrud instid of juggin' 'em. An' the mayor he sinds a letter to Billy sayin': Dear Billy: Ye've done us gude. Come again! Here's a check fer yez. Yer honorable frind, The Mayor. "That man Sunday, is phwat ye'd call a Captain av Church Industry. Sich an' organization, Flanigan. The way they do handle those crowds, man, wud excite the admirashun av the Coney Oisland Police. “Wud yez belayve it, there was payple waitin' at half past foive the last Sunday mornin' outside the tabernacle fer to git a seat fer the meetin' that didn't begin till half past ten. An' whin foive hundhred min hit the trail fer to enlist in the arrmy av the Lorrud, they git thim aal saved 27 HOGAN AND HOGAN an' enlisted an' sint out to see whither they mane it or not, in twinty minutes. “Do they stay saved, Matthew?" asks Flanigan. "Oi dunno, man, about that," is the reply. "Ye'll have to ask the saloon kapers in Youngstown an' Noo Castle an' other places whare he's been befurre, about that. I notice that whin the saloon payple hear he's comin' they don't ask to be put on the Raycepshun Committee. If min didn't stay saved, I guess yer pals in the whiskey business wudn't be much concarned about his antics. "They say he has wan booze sarmon, an' befurre he gits through praychin' it, his collar an' necktie an' coat an' vest and cuffs are lyin' round on the platforrm, he's broke a chair to payces an' has knocked the rum business over the ropes as sure as that nigger Johnson pasted Jef- fries into a has ben. It takes him about two hours to spake his piece, an' ye'd think he'd taken a turkish bath befurre he gits half through, he do sweat that awful. 28 BILLY SUNDAY But hivins above! Flanigan, how the whiskey min do sweat nixt elicshun day. 'Whiskey payple,' Billy says, 'ain't afraid av resolutions,' he says 'but when they see some resolution, thin's whin they begin to spring their model license gag,' he says. Now youze fellers git out an' clane up this rotten town', he says, 'an' make it a place whar a straight young man or a pure young woman can go along an' mind their own business widout gittin' so near to hell that they smell the brimstone fumes av the divil's kitchen iviry toime they go down strate for an innocent little waalk.'" "An’ when he gits on the rampage why me sweet woife Mary cudn't bate him herself, he dooes go it that strong. A thrashin' machine wud look loike a fun- eral besoides him. "He don't seem to allow there's anny middle ground fer a man to stand on. Youze are either fer God or agin' him an? he's puttin' it up to men to come out in the open an' give God a square deal. To : 29 HOGAN AND HOGAN . hear him talk yez wud belayve there was a hell even if Pastor Russel said the fires went out long toime ago an' didn't charge yez nothin' fer the information but threw in a movin' picshure show av Creation an' the Day av Judgment taken by the Pastor himself. An', oi guess, too, if this pious lookin' ole pastor don't think there's anny hell he'd prob’ly think there oughtter be wan fer some av the men who pay him their disrespecks in the pulpit. What they seem to think av him an his worruks wudn't be rale consolin' as a funeral sermon at his obsequies. An' Sister Mary Baker G. X. Y. Z. Eddy she dont seem to be a pertickler friend either. Seems she's ben deceivin' too manny av the elect wid Science an Health wid Key to the Holy Scriptures at three dollars a volume. “He sits down purty harrud on manny payple oi'm afraid. Oi think he Oi think he may be koinder onfair to some av thim. Perhaps it's aal rioght fer him to sit in judgment on Unitarians an' evolutionists an' higher 30 BILLY SUNDAY --- lii impre WALI BILLY SUNDAY IN ACTION. "A thrashing-machine wud look loike a funeral besoide him." 31 HOGANAND HOGAN ! critics an' such loike, an' give thim a ticket to hell, but seems to me its too much av a job to put onto wan man to ask him to bring so manny to God an' to send so manny to perdition. Besoides it takes so much av his toime if he's goin' to know just phwat these payple raley do belayve an' how they do live." "Suppose he shud make a mistake, Mat?” suggests Jim. "That's so Jim, he moight now bein' human, especially if somewan had said something oncomplimentary about him. But me proivate suspicions are that the Lorrud don't do as Billy says so much in condemnin payple as in savin' thim. But don't yez know, Jim, payple don't moind a man bein' intolerant an extrava- gant and cockshure he's roight. They loike a man to know a whole lot ayven if it ain't so. "Sometoimes oi think he gits purty familiar wid the Lorrud. Mebbe he knows him better'n most men, but to hear ... ..... 32 BILLY SUNDAY Billy taalk to him yer'd think they used to be on the same baseball team tergither. Bein' used to holy water an' crossin' me- self an' aal that, it do seem koinder shockin' to hear him say loike he was taalkin' to Pop Anson, 'Well Lorrud oi've most praeched me head off today an' if yez don't git onto the job now this whole thing'll fall through!' An' then he tells the Lorrud where to go down this aisle to that shyster lawyer that skinned a poor man outen half the money he squeezed from the coal company, an' over that wan to that booze heister that's ben makin' a hog av himself an' to that ole geeser on the front seat sportin' the red nose and the diamond shirrut stud, and bring thim aal back home tonight to the Fayther's house." "An' does the Lorrud do it?” Flanigan breaks in "That's the funny parrut av it aal, Jim. He does it. Just loike Him an' Bill was on intimate terrums an' he'd do annything the kid ast Him to." 33 HOGAN AND HOGAN ? "Yez don't say now, say now, Mat Hogan. An' how d’yez figger that out?” "Some things oi can't figger out. Oi guess oi ain't ben livin' the koind av a loife that hellups a man to understhan' it. But near as oi cud dope it out he thinks that God manes phwat he says when he says he's Father an' loves his children just as much as yez loved yer little Danny.” "Stop, Mat, stop,” pleads Jim Flani- gan, the old wound in his heart opened up afresh by Matthew's reference to the loss of little Danny, now many years ago. "Excuse me, Jim, oi didn't think yud moind it that much," Mat apologizes. After the couple had sat a moment or two in silence Mat continued : “But oi was sayin' he acts just as if he was on gude terms wid the Lorrud an' wan't embarrassed when he met him. Oi think meself that he moight be a little more reverent, bein' that God is God an? Billy's only a man—so far. But probly God don't moind irreverence half so much as indifference, an' that's why Billy 34 BILLY SUNDAY "' has such a drag wid him. He learned manny years ago to take his coat an' col- lar off he perspires so sthrong, but he ain't never learned to put off his shoes from his fate because he's standin' on holy ground. "Yes he ayven sasses the divil himself, tells him he'll put him in the hospital be- fore he gits through an gives him the horse laugh tellin' him he's got him beat to a frazzle already. He goes Michael wan betther." "Moike who?" Flanigan seeks infor- mation. “Don't yez git irrivirent too, Jim. 'Tain't Moike. It's Michael--the arch- angel. Guess yez fergot yer Bible ain't yez? Don't yez raymimber when Michael the archangel was wrastlin' wid Satan about the body av Moses?” "Phwat was they wrastlin' about that fer?" Flanigan wants to know. "Oi dunno, Jim, onless it was that the devil had found out where Moses was buried an’ wanted to dig his bones up an' 35 HOGAN AND HOGAN . : distribute thim around to different cathe- drals so's payple wud make pilgramages to git healed av rheumatiz by touchin' his big toe-at wan hundhred dollars a touch. But annyway Michael he dassent cuss the ole enemy, but said to him “The Lorrud rebuke thee." But Billy ain't goin' to miss that fun fer himself so he don't leave that job undone fer fear the Lorrud shudn't do it to suit his taste.' "But don't the Bible say 'Fools rush in where angels fear to tread?' ” says Jim. “Oi don't think that's in the Douay Bible, Jim, but mebbe it's in the Protest- ant wan. It's true anny way, an' oi wudn't wonder if Billy betther not monkey too much wid that pertickler buzz saw.” "Is he a great praycher, Mat?” Flani- gan pushes his inquiry. “Well that depends on phwat yez mane by great, Jim. Yes, oi think he is. He ain't got no voice to speak av, more'n a sick hen, an' he don't claim to be the first discoverer av truth. But he knows phwat's gude an’ where to git it an' how 36 BILLY SUNDAY to use it, an' sometoimes how to make it better. He knows human nature loike a book, an' it's just loike he was a whole congregation rolled up into wan man. He's phwat yu'd caal a Cosmopolite, or a typical American D'yez git memoi can't say it just the way oi mane it?” “Yes oi think oi git yez. Yez mane he's got somethin' av everybody to him—aal classes, ain't it? Yez mane he appeals to the high brows as well as the mutts, don't yez?" “That's it, Jim. He can taalk to a boonch av college buys or society swells or a gang av gutter bums an' make thim aal fale how bad they are an' how much they nade God. "He has the eloquence av sincerity, not av rhetoric alone, Jim. It looks loike he had hearrud God sayin': 'Spake the spache oi pray yez As oi pronounce it to yez. An' he's afraid he won't pronounce it wid God's accent gittin' in all the pity an' love an’ sympathy an' appeal an' warnin' an 37 HOGAN AND HOGAN 2 entreaty av the gude Fayther's heart. But he's thryin' wid aal his moight to spake two worruds so men wud hear God spak- in' to thim." "What two worruds, Mat?” Jim asks. "Lost an' Eternity. An' to hear him taalk about the judgment an' the eternity av memory and the awfulness av remorse an' the harvest av sin an' the chickens comin' home to roost, yud think he was a dyin' man taalkin' to dyin' men. Yes he's a great praycher, a great praycher, Jim. "That old place has ben worrukin' at rayligion more the last month than ever. before, an' it bates aal phwat can be done when payple really git onto the job, an' worruk at rayligion an not just look at it. “Yez see, the way this aal happened was loike this. A feller was tellin' me over there. Some av the churruches got tergither an' says to thimsilves, 'Let's git busy fer God an' see phwat'll happen.' "(How'll we do it?' says wan. “ 'Let's git tergither firrust, and fergit ..... 38 BILLY SUNDAY our our tomfool differences an' have some meetin's,' says another. “Aal right, come over to our churruch an' hold them,' pipes up someone else. "'Oi tell yez phwat let's do,' says a man wid a long head an' a big hearrut, 'let's build a noo churruch an' git Billy Sun- day to come an' preach to us.' "A noo churruch,' puts in another. 'Phwat's chewin' chewin' yez? Ain't churruches gude enough an' ain't we got enough preachers layin' round to convert the whole county?' Shure, they're too gude,' says he. 'Let's git a buildin' we ain't afraid to use an' perhaps when we get used to worrukin’in a rale rayligion shop we can come back an' make our noice buildin's useful as well as ornamental. An' when our preachers gits a chance to worruk ter- gither an' has the payple worrukin' wid thim they will convert the county, youze watch out now an' see.' "Well, the upshot av the whole thing was that they daycided to build this here 39 HOGAN AND HOGAN . tabernacle an'' they've ben holdin' meetin's in it now noight after noight wid tin thousand payple goin' to churruch that didn't go before. An' Baptists an' Presbyterians and Methodists have aal ben so mixed up in a bunch that yez couldn't tell wan from the other an' they most fergot thimselves which they was. Some av thim will have to ask their pas- tors which they are an' why, when they git back. An' oi'm kinder sorry now that the meetin's is over that they've got to ray- mimber what they are an' go back an' be three instead av wan. An' it do seem a sin to see them go back an' not stay ter- gither roight along. But oi guess they've found they was so near tergither annyway that it ain't much but history and brick walls an' pinhead jealousies that kape thim apart. An' they know each other so much better now that they won't think a man is goin' to destruction if he joins some other churruch. No sir, this here champagne-campaign, oi mane—this campaign has shure put some folks woise . ! : 40 No. 40. Brighten the Gorner Where You Are. Ina Duley Ogdoa. COPYRIGHT. 1913. BY CHAS. H. GABRIEL HOMER A RODEHEAVER. OWNER Chas. H. Gabriel. 1. Do not wait un - til some deed of great-ness you may do, Do not 2. Just & - bove are cloud-ed skies that you may help to clear, Let not 3. Here for all your ta-lent you may euro • need, Here for ly find 8 wait to shed your light 8 - far, To the m8 - Dy du-ties ev-er near you row self your way de- bar, Tho' in - to one heart a-lone may fall your flect the bright and morning star, E-ved from your humble hand the bread of Dar REFRAIN. QOW be true, Brighten the comer where you are. song of cheer, Brighten the corner where you are. Bright-en the corner lite may feed, Brightep the corner where you are. ht where you arol Brighten the corner where you arel Some one far from Sbia. for JosQs whoro yoo arol bar • bor you may guide a-cross the bar, Bright-en the cor-ner where you are. From "Songs for Service," published by the Rodeheaver Co., Chicago. Ubed by permission. 41 HOGAN AND HOGAN . to phwat matters an' phwat ain't no ac- count. An' they've ben gettin' to see that the most important thing fer the churruch to do is to do the thing she was made fer. An' ministers an payple did git onto the job, too. Let me tell yez. "Yez see, the noight oi happens in to the meetin' afther the doin's was aal over oi stayed round, same's oi seen siveral hundhred other payple doin'. Looks loike yu'd have to droive the payple home wid a shot gun or a collection some noights, they do hate to go away that bad. Well, as oi was sayin', oi hung round see- in' the payple looked rayle sociable loike an' got to taalkin' wid a bunch av men. Oi thought they was just honest men loike meself so oi butts in the conversation an' may the saints praysarve us, they was a gang av ministers. When oi dischovered their breed oi says to them very humble loike, says oi, 'Excuse me, yer rivirinces, oi didn't know youze were the clergy. Oi ain't fit to mix wid youze. If yu'd only had yer collar on backside foremost oi'd 42 BILLY SUNDAY а. known youze were gude men, but how can oi tell youze was anny betther than oi am by yer looks?' says oi. "'Fergit it' says wan av thim. 'We ain't no better 'n yez are ayther. An' then aal put out their hands an' says, 'Put it roight there, friend, aare yez Christian?' " "At that yez cud av knocked me down wid a feather. A minister wearin' a gentlemin's collar an' usin' slang an askin' a feller if he was a Christian. (Yes, sir, they're learned how to ask a man that now), well that got my goat. An' oi don't know just phwat oi did say, but firrust thing oi know wan av thim was tellin' me about how God loves a poor feller that can't pass a saloon widout goin' in an’ makin' a swill bucket outen himself an how He wud hellup a guy that wants to break away, an' how if he'd make Jesus King he cud live a loife that wud be clane an' happy an' make it betther at home an' how he cud be the koind av a man God meant him to be. An' before I got away 43 HOGAN AND HOGAN that noight we'd ben down in the sawdust on our knees askin' God fer hellup an' for- giveness. It did seem kinder strange not ter be prayin' to the Virgin an askin' her to relay the message fer us, but I guess it must have ben all roight, fer the gude God has helluped, so He must have heard, an’ I ain't tasted a dhrop av anything stronger than coffee sence that noight, an ' it's God's done it." “An' that singer chap, Rodenheever, too, he's some punkins, belayve me. Talk about yer William Howard Taft an' the smoile that won't come off. Put a mous- tache on Mr. Sloide Trombone an' he'd git the job av bein' prisident just as quick as me friend William ever will agin. An' oi guess this here Rody cud do his little stunt tippin' the hay scales at a couple hundhred or so in his stockin' feet, too. An' to see him pump up an' down that platform an' swaller his horn an spit it up agin an' jolly the Commercial Travel- ers an' the Masons and the Odd Fellers 44 BILLY SUNDAY le 1 MR. SLOIDE TROMBONE. "Put a moustache on Mr. Sloide Trombone an' he'd git the job av bein' prisident as quick as me frind William Howard Taft iver will agin." 45 HOGAN AND HOGAN 1 an' kape the crowd gude natured it's worruth the price av admission. “An' yez shud hear that choir sing too, Jim. They sing 'Hold the Fort' loike all Germany an' Roosia an' England put ter- gether cudn't make thim quit. An' 'Hail Emmanuel' just loike they meant to make Him King an' 'Sail On' sames they was goin' to sail in and on foriver and iver. Then there's wan piece they sing that if it gits into their hearruts wud shure make the best clane-up week a city cud have. They call it 'Broighten the corner where 'Tain't no spring house cleanin' stunt nor advertisement fer Ole Dutch Cleanser or Sapolio, but just a straight tip to have a cheerful hearrut an' let payple know about it so's they can fale gude when the sun ain't shinin'. “How can he boss such a big crowd? Will they do phwat he tells them to do?” "Jim Flanigan, ain't yez seen the crowds phwat follow the circus an' yell thimsilves dumb over a home run, an' don't yez know that a crowd av payple is youze are. 46 BILLY SUNDAY a bunch av idiots an' will do anything the man they loike tells thim to do whether its sing a hymn or lynch a nigger? Billy belayves in enlistin' the crowd spirit in the service av the Lorrud an' if he can give thim a push toward heaven whoile they're in a crowd that's phwat he's in the business fer an' he don't care where or how he gits thim so long as he gits thim. 'Tain't so important how they was made Christians as phwat koind av Christians they are after they are made.” “Phwat koind do they make, Mat, anny gude?" “Lemme tell yez Jim. Over in Colum- bus they say some av the employers got rayligion an' raised the wages av the men widout bein' asked. Ain't that rayligion? Billy says to them ‘Does yer milkman know yez are a Christian? An' yer ice man? An' cud yez get into heaven on the testimony av yer stenographer or yer dressmaker?' Thim's koind av acid tests, ain't they? An' men don't hear him talk long before they catch on that bein' a 47 HOGAN AND HOGAN Christian means they've got to live straight. Cut out the old loifle an' live roight, that's phwat they have to do. “They call this toime they've ben havin' a campaign. Sounds loike a war or a political excitement an' election, don't it? Well it is a war, so they say, a war agin sin and the devil an' laziness an' selfishness an' booze an' everything that's wrong. It looks loike a war too. It ain't just wan battle, but a well planned out campaign of battles an' everywan wid his own little job to attend to. An' oi think that must be why they win their campaigns. The way oi figgered it out from phwat oi seen at Wilkez Barry it's loike this. It ain't the preachin' alto- gether, though that's gude, an' it ain't the music foine as that is. But it's the organ- ization av the worruk that counts, just loike in anny concern that's doin' big business today. There are scores av pay- ple at worruk around in the congregation an' hundhreds in the homes every day tryin' to git men to make a start an' hit 48 BILLY SUNDAY the trail. An' the whole thing is laid out in districts so that every parrut av the worruk is looked after an' the churruches themselves are on the job, not leavin' it fer the evangelis' to do alone. That's it, Jim, all the churruches workin' together just loike they was Catholics, all at worruk in a new place an' doin' new things, talkin' rayligion an' tryin' to do the worruk the church has ben built fer, not just givin' fairs an' suppers an such stunts fer to kape the doors open. Oi wonder phwat wud happen if all the churruches did set out to do the thing they was made fer. Oi'd loike to see thim try it a whoile. "Ye see, phwat this here koind av a campaign does is to put rayligion on the front page where it is just as important as T. R. an' the River av Doubt or the latest dribble from the Thaw spout, an' it gits everybody talkin' about it an' not ashamed to own up that they have a soul an' ought to pay some attention to it. Most av us payple need to have some com- 49 HOGAN AND HOGAN 1 pany when we do things. We ain't much on the go-ahead-alone idea. We need the shove an' the push that other payple gives us an' if a thousand folks are doin' the same thing we someway feel more sure we are doin' phwat we ought to do. 'Tain't no use talkin' talkin' to most av us about we ought to do our dooty whether anny- wan else does theirn or not. The fact is we won't do it in some things till we have company. An' these rayvoival meetin's gets together quoite a company fer to go tergether. Oi guess most payple git more inspiration singin' 'We're marchin' to Zion' all goin' in a bunch, than singin' 'Oi'm a pilgrim,' goin along all alone. "The way oi got it doped out, these rayvioval campaigns are loike political campaigns an' elecshun day. Afther elec- shun day comes the distributin' av jobs an' redaymin' the promises av gude worruk fer the counthree, an' it's always aysier to elect than to redayme. So the praychers av Wilkez Barry have got a man's job now to kape these payple saved 50 BILLY SUNDAY an' train thim to be some use in the worruld. “When it comes to the praychin' part oi must say, Jim, that fer meself oi guess oi'm a little ole fashioned an oi loike to see a man stand on his feet an' worruk his head. But if me neighbor prefers to see the preacher stand on his head an' worruk his feet oi'm willin' he shud have that satisfaction part av the toime. Some payple's understandin' is in wan end an' some payples in the other. Oi say let's try both ends an' then we won't miss annywan. Oi'll bet most payple know more about Balaam's ass than about ole Balaam himself. An'anny other fel- ler can have the same distinction if he makes a big enough ass av himself. "How much did yez have to pay to git inter the show, Hogan?” asks Mr. Flanigan. "Oh it's a free blow out, Jim, if ye're lucky enough to squayze in an hour or two befurre the maytin' begins," replies Matthew 51 HOGAN AND HOGAN "The way they pay fer the doin's is by havin' ivirybody chip in what they want ter. They take up their collections in two quart tin pans, an' the sound av the money goin' in is not as inconspickuous as it might be wid a velvet loined basket. A collar button drapped in wud be aisly spotted an' the drapper aisly spotted an collared an' butted outer the door. “Thin the last day the payple bring their money to give to Billy Sunday his- self. Befurre that it's aal to pay fer the buildin' an' loight an' heat an' advertisin' an sich loike, but the last day the money's aal his'n." "How much did they give him?" in- quires Mr. Flanigan. "At Wilkez Barry they gave him twinty-three thousand dollars, Jim. "Twinty-three thousand dollars, Crazy, ye mane twinty-three dollars," says the incredulous Flanigan "How long was he there?" "Sivin wakes, Flanigan-three thou- sand dollars a wake," replies Hogan. 52 BILLY SUNDAY “D'ye mane it was all his'n, Hogan?” persists Flanigan. "What was the graft?" "Sure it was all his'n,” says Matthew. "Av course he had to pay some av his helpers, but oi guess he had twinty thou- sand left all roight.” "Begorra it pays better to foight rum than to sell it, don't it? Oi guess oi'll try that game meself,” says Flanigan. "Well, aal roight, Jim, oi wish yez wud. Yez wudn't git yer twinty thou- sand onless yez daylivered the gudes, ole man, but ye'd git a moighty soight more livin' out'er loife if yez quit yer booze business, whither yez prayched to a crowd or picked coal in the moines. "Ye see, whin fifteen thousand payple have been reskooed from the grip av rum an' gamblin' an' licenshusness an' aal koinds av sin, how yez goin' ter kape thim from makin' up a pretty purse fer the man that threw in the rope? D’yez think that if yer woife hadn't seen yer pay en- velope fer twinty-sivin years an' yez be- 53 HOGAN AND HOGAN 1 gan bringin' it home regular, she'd be contint to give nawthin' to the man who helped ye? "D'ye think that if yer boy was trav- elin' the pace that kills an' yer harrt was brakin' fer yer sorrer, an' Billy Sunday, or Jimmy Munday, or Sammy Choosday shud turn him roight about face, ye cud be smaal enough to say 'Here ,frind here's fifty cints fer savin' me buy, he's worth it?' I guess not Jim Flanigan. Yed fale loike sellin' the pyaner to git money enough to give what ye'd waantter. "Av coorse, Jim, I do think mesel', as some av the min say, it's purty dangerous to give wan man so much money, min- isters not bein' used to handlin' much cash. But thin, if Carooso gits fifty thou- sand dollars in six wakes fer singin' loike a burrud, why shud they kick over Billy Sunday gittin' harf as much fer emptyin' hell an' wakin' up the burruds in tin thou- sand hearts, phwat? An' they didn't kick anny when Billy gave up playin' base 54 BILLY SUNDAY ball an' worruked fer six hundred a year wid the Y. M. C. A. "Don't he prayche about anything but booze, Hogan?" asks Mr. Flanigan. "Yis indade," replies Hogan, "he prayched nearly a hundhred toimes in Wilkez Barry an' he had plenty stuff left oi guess, whin he got troo. "Oi got some av the Wilkez Barry pa- pers that give the rayporruts av some of his taalks. "Oi cut out a couple av things oi thought wus purty gude an' stuck thim in my pocket.” Matthew fished around in his pocket a moment and produced a couple of crumpled newspaper clippings which he read to his friend Flanigan: "Saul and all of his sons except David went off to war; they left David at home because he was only a kid. After awhile David's ma got worried. She wondered what had become of his brothers, because they hadn't telephoned to her or sent word. So she said to David, ‘Dave, you roads to bancárach of this seas except David 55 HOGAN AND HOGAN go on down there and see whether they are all right. "So David pikes off to where the war is, and the first morning he was there out comes this big Goliath, a big, strapping fellow about eleven feet tall, who com- menced to shoot off his mouth as to what he was going to do. ""Who's that big stiff putting up that game of talk?' asked David of his brothers. “ 'Oh he's the whole works; he's the head cheese of the Philistines. He does that little stunt every day.' "Say,' said David, 'you guys make me sick. Why don't some of you go out and soak that guy? You let him get away with that stuff?' He decided to go out and tell Goliath where to head in. "So Saul said: 'You'd better take my armor and sword.' David put them on, but he felt like a fellow with a hand-me- down suit about four times too big for him, so he took them off and went down to the brook and picked up a half dozen 56 BILLY SUNDAY stones. He put one of them in his sling, threw it, and soaked Goliath in the cocoa between the lamps, and he went down for the count. David drew his sword and chopped off his block, and the rest of the gang skidooed." “An' here's the other wan, about loafin' on the job av loife" continues Matthew. "Every land flowing with milk and honey has giants in it. Breathe the air with the smoke of battle. Don't hunt an easy chair if you want to hang your mug in God's hall of fame. “We become like that on which we feed. A man whose diet is swill will soon be at home with any hog. Phidias could never have chiseled an angel out of marble if he had a devil in his mind. Ruskin would never allow his boy to look at an indecent picture for fear it would kill the angel in his soul. And he was right. "I think that when a tadpole sees a frog it makes him ashamed of himself and he immediately wants to become something 57 HOGAN AND HOGAN better, and soon, lo and behold, he's a frog "To be a man study the model I've been holding up before you for seven weeks--Jesus Christ. By veering a little he would have missed Gethsemane and Calvary, but, my God, think what that would have meant for us." "Raley now” says Matthew when he had finished finished reading his clippings "Ayven if he hates yer business Jim, he wud loike ye, an' ye'd loike him, man. He shure do run the knoife in dape an' he makes the blood spurrut from min's spiritooal anatomy, so to spake, but whin he's done that an' made yez fale what an’ awful, mane, nasty, squirmin', worrum yez are an' how hell is too cool a place fer sich a sinner, he jists boinds up the broken hearruts an' prayches deliverance to the captives of habit an' lust an' hat- red an' sin; an' tinder an' wooin' loike, he tells the gude news that min can be saved. “An' say, Jim, there's wan song they sing phwat they calls ‘De Brewer's Big 58 BILLY SUNDAY ga "A HOME SUNDAY, .. AFTER DRY DEAR BOTHER FAREWELL "SUNDAY (CHAS 21/11 They ..114 Callout I'll Comes MONDAY ..lle, V ../ Hlu GA HIGN BALL 91 FROM AN NSHOOT .)) احر 070 ilo RYE bowlen * THE BREWERS' DREAM. “The whiskey gang wud rather go to his fu- neral than to elect ten senators an' have Kansas go wet.” 59 HOGAN AND HOGAN Hosses.' Oh my stars an garters! Phwat a diminstrashun, yez moight say, when they sing that! 'Tain't great poetry, oi'm told, an' the music ain't in the same class wid Paddyroosky's performances, but 'tis a great battle song, Jim, an' it stirs up the payple more more than than 'Raymember the Maine' or 'Fergit it' ever did. When they sings that song, wid Rodenheaver leadin' off loike the angel Gabriel tootin' fer the last battle agin' ole Satan, an' ten thousand men gits on foire fer the tem- perance croosade yez can almost hear John B. Gough turrun over in his grave an' shout 'Go to it, boys'; an' yez can al- most see the brewery walls a-crumblin' and a-fallin' down an' the whole miser- able business buried ten fathoms deep feriver an'iver, Amen.” "Aw, cut it out, Mat,” protests Jim. “Phwat ails yez annyway, ye're batty, lad.” "That's where ye're wrong agin' Jim. Yez know that if oi cud cut out rum ye'd never see another pay invelope av moine 60 BILLY SUNDAY in this place; an' if yez cud do anny thing else that paid yez as well as this, ye'd get out whoile the gettin' out is gude, fer yer ole shop wont be worruth a tinker's cuss purty soon. Jim knew better than to quarrel with Matthew over this matter, for the latter's better nature frequently asserted itself in their conversations and seemed about to gain the victory; but as yet Mat's refor- mations had not permanently affected the volume of trade at Flanigan's bar. In spite of his wretched business Flanigan had some higher aspirations yet in his heart and between himself and Hogan there was a secret sympathy as between comrades who had been taken prisoners by a common foe. “Oh, he ain't much of a thayologian, Billy Sunday ain't. His thayological in- take got stopped up manny years ago, an' he's about as logical as a daycapitated rooster. But, man aloive, do ye think min are saaved by logic? What if he does caal some gude min higher critic 1 61 HOGAN AND HOGAN squirrut guns, it don't hurrut thim an’ it ralayves his feelin's. He ain't to home in the broad fields of logic an' thayology, but he's a giniral whin it comes to stormin' the castle of a man's will an' makin' him surrender an' loine up wid God. "Oh oi suppose Billy ain't phwat ye'd call an angel yet a whoile, Jim. Perhaps that's why so manny payple loike him. But judgin' a man by the enemies he makes as well as by the company he kapes oi think he must be all roight. An' oi'm votin' fer him to come to Noo Yorruk. He wudn't fit in as prisident av Princeton College, that's a cinch, but he cud stop more dead game sporruts from gettin' called out at the home plate when they make their foinal sloide than a dozen doctors av philosophy iver will. The whiskey bunch wud rather go to his fu- neral than to elect ten men to the Senate or see Kansas go wet. An' when men can say that about me, Jim Flanigan, oi'm goin' to order me ascension robes and git ready to skidoo." 62 De Brewer's Big Hosses. (SOLO AND CHORUS.) COPYRIANT, 1897, BY FILLMORE BROS. ; HOMER A MODEWEAVER, OWNEA. INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT LOURD. PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF THE MODEMLAVER COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA AND CHICAGO. H. 8. Taylor. J. B. Herbert. 4 1. Ob de 2. Oh 3. Oh Tu de Brew-er's big boss lick - er men's act har- Degg dem hogs 28, in' 08 com - in' down de road, like dey own dis place, to do temp-'ranco cart, 14 Tot in' all & -round Ole Lu - ci - fer's load; Dey step 80 high, Liv. in on do sweat ob de po' man's face. Dey's fat and Hit 'em wid & gad to ib em 8 start, I'll teach 'em how 889 an' dey step 80 free, But dem big hoss-e8 can't run as dey C&D be, But dem big hoss-08 can't run for to haw and gee, For dem big hoss- es can't run 0• Ver me. O. Ver me. O• ver me. a o CHORUB. Oh, no! boys, oh, no! De turnpike's free wherebber I go, I'm a temperance Oh, bol boys, no, no, no! in . gine, don't you see, And de Brower's big hoss. es can't run o . vor me! ! From "The Live Wire," published by The Rodebeaver Co., Chicago, Ill. HOGAN AND HOGAN Theology in Overalls By CHARLES A. MCALPINE Discusses Ladies' Aid, Temperance, Foreign Missions, Higher Criticism, Candidating, the Old Preacher and other timely religious topics. Price, $1.00 postpaid At Booksellers, or sent on receipt of price THE BRIGGS PRESS Granite Building ROCHESTER, N. Y. REVIEWS AND COMMENTS "A truly refreshing book is Hogan and Hogan, by Charles A. McAlpine. Mr. McAlpine rivals the famous Mr. Dooley in the mastery of the Irish dia- lect and philosophy. The book is made up of the sayings of one Hogan, who with his good wife, the other member of the firm of Hogan and Hogan, state their observations of the life and work of Protetsant ministers, laymen and organizations. Their homilies are not only refreshingly humorous, but startlingly suggestive, pointing out many weak places in modern Protestant church life, and hinting the way to better things. “The Christian Herald.” “This pair (Hogan and Hogan) discusses current issues and personages, various phases of high society life and particularly religious affairs with quaint ex- pressions, rich dialect and often keen homely wit. Mr. McAlpine has been singularly successful in drawing these characters; they stand out distinctly and are warm with real life; one feels that if he should go round the next corner into 'Warrud Twinty-wan' he would be certain to see Hogan and Hogan in the flesh. They are real folks of distinct individualities, of a very interesting and agreeable sort. The author has proved himself a clever humor- ist; his satire has a keen edge, but it does not leave a smarting cut. His sympathies are broad and his attitude practical. He has succeeded in making Irish dialect an effective vehicle for intelligent criticism of the views and practices of people inside and out- side of the church in regard to religion. It is an entertaining, wholesome book. "Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester." “Theology in overalls is a rather good description of Charles A. McAlpine's book Hogan and Hogan. Ecclesiastical matters are discussed in an imitation of Mr. Dooley's style and language with considerable humor and much wisdom. These sketches are really good fun. “The Congregationalist." 65 REVIEWS AND COMMENTS “A unique and irresistibly attractive book.” “The book is replete with humorous, not to say comic, situations, and abounds from end to end with flashes of wit." “The topics discussed present some of the most vital of present day church problems. The aimia- bility of the presentation is only less in evidence than the thorough knowledge of the subjects treated. The author knows what he is talking about, and his large sympathy toward those to whom he is writing is apparent. The book ought to be in every Chris- tian home. And it is easy to predict that the names of Matthew and Mary Hogan will become house- hold words around many domestic hearths and in many a church circle. “The chapters are as interesting as a play to read aloud either at home or in the social gatherings of the church, even in the mid-week meetings. And it would be hard to find a more attractive means of conveying pertinent and essential information to the whole church in regard to matters which all the membership ought to understand. “The book is an emphatic testimony to the useful- ness of the ininistry of humor and is an original contribution in a new field of literature. It ought to bring cheer and assistance to many a lonely pastor and missionary." Prof. J. P. Silvernail. "It is a wise pastor who buys "Hogan and Hogan' and keeps it circulating among his people; wiser if he gets his members to purchase copies for them- selves. Such keen thrusts, such delicate sarcasm, such wholesome revelation of one's self and one's church, I have never read elsewhere. The book says things that we ministers want to say to our people, and it does it in a more effective way. Its fun is wholesome, its humor food for thought and its laugh- ter sanctifying." C. D. Case, D. D., Pastor Delaware Ave. Baptist Church, Buffalo, N. Y. 66 REVIEWS AND COMMENTS “Rev. C. A. McAlpine's 'Hogan and Hogan' very decidedly impresses me with its deep seriousness, its exalted seriousness of Christian purpose, and with its genuine fitness to serve the author's purpose. I do not know another book of such well sustained humor and so well directed for service." H. W. Barnes, D. D., Former Secy. N. Y. State Convention. "I have wanted to write you for a week on the joy I have got from Hogan and Hogan. We read it aloud and laughed till the tears came. The chap- ters are all so good I hardly know which I liked best. Your views on the Higher Criticism are both sound and mighty effectively put. And you are coming right in with the tide in your estimate of Billy Sunday. Rev. H. R. Chamberlin. “Mr. McAlpine is a genuine humorist, and Mat Hogan's letter to his wife from Washington on the prospect of America becoming 'a saloonless nashun in 1920' should be read by all persons who either drink or are total abstainers." Rochester Post Express. "It is brim full, pressed down and running over with bright, sparkling humor and fine religious teaching. I am so firmly convinced of its value as a 'spiritual tonic' that with your permission I shall commit many pages of it to memory and make very much of my 1914-15 repertoire from its pages. Fred Peck, Entertainer. Price, $1.00 postpaid THE BRIGGS PRESS Granite Building ROCHESTER, N. Y. 67 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY DATE DUE 007 157969 *.. I ars DEC 18 1975 RAID MATY APR HFK JAN : JAN 02 2001 DEC 1 0 2004 t UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 04115 9644