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SCIENCE
PHILIPPINEs
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|AMEs waisº, Ph.D., M.D.
















SCIENCE
IN THE
PHILIPPIN ES
A REVIEW BY
JAMEs J. WALSH, Ph.D., M.D.
SCience, in the DhilipDineS.
A Review by James / Walsh, Ph. D., M. D.
1 THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO.—A collection of geographical, statistical, chronolog-
ical and scientific data relative to the Philippine Islands, and collected from former work,
or obtained by the personal observation and study of some Fathers of the Society of Jesus
in the islands.
HE controversy over the work of
the religious orders in the Philip-
pine Islands has recently entered
upon an acute phase. This is mainly
due to the overhasty (to say the least)
utterances of a well-known dignitary
of the Episcopal church who spent some
four days in Manila and then came back
to tell his countrymen all about it. The
good man knew so little about the his-
tory of the religious orders, not alone
in the Philippines but in general, that
he says : “The Jesuits were expelled
from the Philippines by an Apostolic
Brief of Pope Clement XIV.” It is
evident that he is entirely ignorant of
the complete suppression of the Jesuits
all over the world brought about by
political influences at that time and thinks
that Clement XIV’s brief referred only
to the order in the Philippines. Then
he adds: “It is quite true that they
were permitted to return in 1852, but
only on condition that they should con-
fine their labors to strictly educational
and missionary work.’’
How well the Jesuits did confine them-
selves to their educational work is best
evidenced by these volumes which we
have under review. Its publication
just at the present time is apparently
Printed at the Government Press, Washington, D. C., 1900.
accidental. Needless to say it con-
tains the results of the labors of many
years, and might well have seen the
light at any other time. It is such a
timely contribution to the controversy
at the present moment that its appear-
ance just now seems almost providen-
tial.
Fortunately there are some Ameri-
cans who are able to appreciate that a
great problem whose evolution has been
a matter of hundreds of years cannot be
solved by the help of the data gathered
in less than a week. The commission-
ers sent by the President of the United
States to study the situation in the
Philippines report its elements and ad-
vise as to the best manner of dealing
with it were not of those who felt that
they could exhaust the subject in the
few short months they had to give to it.
Accordingly they looked for help in the
gathering of data and the elucidation of
1 El Archipiélago Filipino Colección de
Datos Geográficos Estadísticos Cronológicos.
y Científicos Relativosal Mismo Entresacados.
de anteriores obras, ſi obtenidos con 1a pro-
pia observación y estudio por algunos padres.
de la Misión de la Campañía de Jesús, en
estas islas. Washington, Imprenta del Gob-
ierno, I900.
3
4. Science in the Philippines.
obscure points in the generally accepted
traditions and conditions in the archi-
pelago.
Admiral Dewey, who had been im-
pressed with the difficulty of the task
that confronted the commission, had
learned during his months in Manila to
appreciate the Jesuits in charge of the
astronomical observatory at the Philip-
pine capital. At his suggestion the
Fathers were consulted by the commis-
sioners. It was found that they had
accumulated a vast amount of precious
data with regard to nearly every sub-
ject of scientific interest in the islands.
The director of the observatory, Father
Algue, S.J., had already published a
book on the cyclones of the Philippines,
which was accepted as an authoritative
work on the storms of Eastern lands.
The commission very sensibly resolved
to secure for the United States govern-
ment all the valuable information that
the laboratory staff had been so faith-
fully collecting for many years. The
Jesuits were invited to write an ac-
count of the present status of scientific
knowledge of the Philippines. The
volumes we have for review are the re-
sult. For over a year Fathers Algue
and Clos have been in Washington see-
ing the volumes through the govern-
ment press.
Those of us who know the thorough-
ness with which Jesuits perform a task
committed to them will readily realize
that the work is a storehouse of valuable
information. More than this, it is the
best possible answer to those who, think
always of members of religious orders
as whiling away the time between their
public and private orisons in idle con-
templation or thoughtless ease. Under
the manifold discouragements of the
lackadaisical Spanish régime these de-
voted men have applied themselves
faithfully to their scientific observations
and investigations. In laborious silence
their work has gone on, and now the
fruit of it is a precious evidence of the
deep purpose and loyal fulfillment of
their duties as simple religious engaged
in a great work.
The work consists of two volumes in
large octavo of respectively 700 and 470
pages and an atlas containing 3O maps.
The first volume contains the geo-
graphical description, the ethnology,
geology, botany and zoölogy of the
archipelago. The second volume has
the climatology, the seismology and the
data for the study of the terrestrial mag-
netism of the islands. The atlas is
probably the most important part of
the work. It represents the most
nearly complete attempt to map out the
Philippines that has yet been made.
The atlas has been adopted by the
United States Geodetic and Coast Sur-
vey as the basis on which to build up
the final geographical portrayal of the
Philippine Islands. How thoroughly
the editor's careful work in this matter
is appreciated may be gathered from
the words of Mr. Pritchett, the super-
intendent of the National Coast Survey
Bureau. He says :
“Shortly after the Philippine com-
missioners reached Manila it was
learned that a series of maps covering
the more important islands of the arch-
ipelago was being prepared at the Jesuit
observatory under the supervision of the
director, Rev. José Algué, S.J.
“An inspection of such of the maps as
already had been completed satisfied
the commission that they were superior
to anything hitherto published. It was
learned that the Jesuit Fathers planned
to make the series quite complete, but
that they had no very definite ideas as
to when the work would be completed
or how the maps would be published
eventually. The commission conceived
the idea of securing their coöpera-
tion in the preparation of a compre-
hensive atlas of the archipelago, and
with this end in view asked them to sub-
mit a tentative list of maps. The re-
quest was promptly complied with.
After some discussion the series here
published was decided upon.
Science in the Philippines. 5
CEBU FORTRESS, BUILT BY FATHER CAMPION, S.J.
“The entire absence of accurate sur-
veys of many of the islands was neces-
sarily a serious drawback, but the
Jesuits spared no pains in securing all
available data and verified them by con-
sultation with members of the other re-
ligious orders as well as with old resi-
dents, travellers and explorers. To the
admirable work of their own order is
due practically all of our present knowl-
edge of the interior of Mindanao. While
strictly accurate maps cannot be pre-
pared until the necessary surveys have
been made it is believed that this atlas
fairly represents the present state of
geographic knowledge of the Philip-
pine archipelago and that it embodies
a large amount of new information.’’
The maps are very beautifully exe-
cuted, and admiration for the clever
work done on them is increased when
we learn that they were all done by na-
tive Philippine draughtsmen under the
direction of the Fathers at the observa-
tory of Manila. We have heard from
many sources of the mechanical skill
of the Filipinos. This is an ideal ex-
emplification of it, and shows what
training has been able to accomplish
for the natives. It is evident that the
Jesuits knew how to devote themselves
to education not only by the collection
and arrangement of scientific material,
but by the training of assistants whose
aid in the work became an important
factor in its successful accomplishment.
But for those who know them this is
only another proof of their successful
devotion to the work they were founded
to accomplish, but which they are so
often said to abandon for politics.
While political questions, revolutions,
plottings and counter-plottings, mur-
murings and dissatisfaction were so rife
around them, in quiet scholarly obscur-
ity the Jesuits were working out the
scientific data of the Philippines getting
it ready as a precious gift to the new
century.
METEOROLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Probably the most original work in
the book is embodied in the chapters
on meteorology and climatology. Here
Father Algue, the director of the ob-
servatory at Manila, was at home. His
work on “Cyclones in the Philippines,”
published some years ago, made him

6 Science in the Philippines.
an acknowledged authority on Oriental
meteorology. Under his direction, in
the few years during which opportuni-
ties and facilities for the study have been
afforded, so much has been accom-
plished that little remains to be done
now save draw the practical conclu-
sions that will make a firm basis for
Philippine meteorology.
The tabulation of a large series of ob-
servations has enabled the directors of
the observatory to deduce several laws
as to barometric pressure and cyclonic
storms which enable these serious cat-
aclysms to be anticipated. Father
Faura, S.J., after a series of obser-
vations extending over many years, es-
tablished the following practical rule,
which he set down as one of the princi-
pal precursory signs of a “temporal,”
that is an especially severe Philippine
storm. “The weather must be consid-
ered suspicious as soon as there is any
notable departure in barometric pres-
sure from the normal barometric rhythm
which follows the hour of the day and
the season of the year.” The regular
barometric variations are worked out
from a long series of observations. The
greater or less violence of an anticipated
typhoon can be foretold with almost
absolute assurance. Father Faura's
rule is: “The intensity of a typhoon
depends on the amplitude of the devi-
ation of the barometric indication from
the exact and definitely known limit of
normal nocturnal and diurnal oscilla-
tions of barometric pressure.”
These deductions are of immense
practical importance. They enable the
meteorological observatory to foretell
the coming of a storm hours before its
violence is manifest and so enable sail-
ors and agriculturists to take proper
precautions for the preservation of ves-
sels, of cattle and flocks and of crops
that may be exposed to the storm.
The careful observation of the height
of special forms of clouds and of their
velocity and direction has also given
precious information with regard to
these serious storms. On a number of
occasions during the last four years,
these cloud observations have enabled
the directors of the observatory to sus-
pect the approach of a storm even forty-
eight hours before any change in bar-
ometric pressure took place. They
have been enabled to announce, at least
twenty-four hours before it broke, the
direction and the probable violence of
the storm. These results have been
obtained only by the most careful colla-
tion of a large series of photo-grammet-
rical observations of cloud-heights, dis-
tances and movements.
In order to enable the masters of
Small vessels who are not in a position
to carry instruments of precision with
them to determine more or less exactly
the approach of a severe storm, these ob-
servations of cloud forms have also
been reduced to the form of rules whose
application is not difficult. A notable
increase or decrease in the height of
clouds—that is, of any special form of
cloud—is a signal for the approach of a
storm. Various practical points are
given by which the special cloud and
the movements that announce a storm
and the direction of its greatest vio-
lence can be determined. These practical
instructions must be of great service
even in their present incompleteness.
They will undoubtedly form the basis
for further valuable meteorological work
in the Philippines.
SEISMOLOGY.
The chapters on seismology—that is,
on the science of earthquakes—contain a
large amount of suggestive and valua-
ble scientific data that will undoubtedly
be of great service in throwing light on
Some of the disputed points as to the
origin of earthquakes. These chapters
are the special work of Father Clos.
Not so much time and labor were devo-
ted to this subject as to that of clima-
tology, and the reason is evident. The
study of storms and their causes had an
immediate practical importance for nav-
Science in the Philippines. 7
igation in the Philippine archipelago
that naturally attracted more attention
from the clerical scientists. The great
question in seismology is, are earth-
quakes due to volcanic action or to
causes cognate to those which produce
volcanic action 2 That earthquakes are
due to local conditions is now generally
acknowledged. There are in the Philip-
pines many active volcanoes and earth-
quakes are frequent. As yet no definite
law of connection between these two
manisfestations of subterraneous vio-
travel as the result of local peculiarities
of conformation have been worked out.
The influence of mountain ranges par-
ticularly has been shown and the work
of other observers in different parts of
the world along the same line confirmed.
It is to be hoped that this work with
its precious promise of scientific fruitful-
ness will not be interrupted by the con-
ditions that are to obtain under the new
régime in the Philippines. The band
of devoted men who from distant parts
of the islands have made possible the
CAVE OF BIACNABATó, BULOCAN.—AGUINALDO’s TROOPS IN VIEW.
lence has been discovered, but some
most suggestive material has been gath-
ered at the Manila observatory.
An added element of great impor-
tance in the study of the earthquakes of
the Philippines has been the information
obtained from distant missionaries. This
has enabled the Jesuits to collect and
collate data relating to widely separated
phenomena of earthquakes. Certain laws
as to the modification of the direction
in which seismological disturbances
comparative study of earthquake phe-
nomena should not be disturbed in the
labors voluntarily undertaken and car-
ried out so well under discouraging cir-
CunnstanceS.
MINERALOGY.
The mineralogy of the Philippines
forms a subject of very special interest.
Since we are irretrievably committed to
the possession of the Philippines, it is
important to know what resources of

8 Science in the Philippines.
the archipelago are capable of develop-
ment. The outlook is most promising.
There are veins of metal of various
kinds that will well repay the pros-
pector and miner and whose products
will prove a source of industrial wealth
in the East.
Copper has come to occupy a place
next to iron in importance in the indus-
trial world during recent years. A
number of minerals containing this
metal in large proportions exist in vari-
ous islands in the Philippine group.
Chalcosin, for instance, known popu-
larly as vitreous copper and chemi-
cally as an impure copper sulphide, is
found in considerable abundance. The
mineral is one of the most appreciated
sources of commercial copper. Speci-
mens of it found in the Philippines
assay as high as seventy-eight per cent.
Chalcosin has been found in the mining
region of Mancayan, Suyuc and Bu-
muncun in the province of Lepanto
(Luzon). At Agbao (Lepanto) there
are a number of irregular deposits of
this mineral not quite as rich as in the
other district. Specimens assay about
65 per cent of copper.
Chalcopyrite is another abundant cop-
per-yielding mineral. This is popu-
larly known as copper pyrites. It is a
mixture of copper and iron sulphide.
The extraction of the copper is not very
difficult. This also exists in the mining
district of Mancayan and is very abun-
dant at Suyuc and Bumuncun. The
chalcopyrite found in the Philippines
contains from twenty-five to forty per
cent. of copper. It well repays working.
Zinc is found in two forms—the sul-
phide of zinc, popularly called blend,
and silicate of zinc or calamine. These
two minerals are found mainly in the
Ambos Camarines provinces. Lead is
found as sulphide of lead, ordinarily
known as galena. As is well known
galena furnishes by far the larger part
of the lead of commerce. It is seldom
found free, being usually associated with
silver and occasionally with gold. The
Philippine variety of the mineral is
mainly auro-argentiferous and is found
in the Ambos Camarines and on the
Island Cebu. Argentiferous galena is
found also at Surigao and Marinduque.
There are numerous veins of iron that
will well repay working. Tin is not so
abundant. Silver seems to occur with
extreme rarity on the islands, and then
only in association with lead.
Minerals containing gold in consid-
erable proportions are very well repre-
sented in the Philippines. They occur
in nearly all the islands. Gold itself is
also found free, and placer mining has
been successful in a number of locali-
ties. Veins of gold-bearing quartz are
not uncommon. The gold deposits
best known are those at Cagayan, Dem-
isamis and Surigao, on the island of
Mindanao, and at Paracale and Mam-
bulao in Ambos Camarines. At Gapan
in the province of Nueva Ecija gold is
found in the shape of nuggets, dust and
crystals. -
Combustible minerals are not very
plentiful in the Philippines. Lignite,
or fossil wood, consisting in variable
proportions of from 50 to 75 per cent. Of
carbon, is rather abundant. It is found
in a number of places on at least ten of
the islands of the Philippine group.
The island of Cebu is particularly rich
in deposits of this material.
Until a few years ago the existence of
petroleum in the Philippines was con-
sidered improbable, but now it is known
to occur at a number of points on the
island of Cebu and also on the island of
Leyte. In recent years the discovery
of even traces of petroleum in a region
has usually been followed by the find-
ing of oil in considerable amounts. It
is not improbable that like the Texas
and Southern California oil fields those
in the Philippines may in the next few
years prove a valuable resource.
Another form of carbonaceous mate-
rial that in recent years has proved ex-
tremely valuable is asphalt. The world’s
demand for asphalt is only just begin-
Science in the Philippines. 9
ning and the known deposits of it are
limited in amount. In the Philippines
it is known to occur at Jinatuan and in
Surigao and at several places in the
Ambos Camarines provinces. Fossil res-
in is also found in considerable quan-
tities in the islands.
In mineral waters the Philippines are
especially rich. Acid waters containing
iron exist in a number of places.
Alkaline bicarbonate waters also occur.
Sulphur water is found, also springs
containing the salts of calcium and
lithium and chlorides under various
forms. A well-known set of springs
that have a reputation as curative for
lymphatism and scrofula and for chronic
gastro-intestinal catarrh contain sul-
phur and calcium and certain mixed
chlorides. According to the report the
location of the spring is “en el pueblo
de O’Donnell, Provincia de Tarlac,” So
that the proverbial Irishman would seem
to have penetrated even to these distant
parts, and the O’Donnells have given a
name to a clan far from their original
home. The designation of the region
Tarlac, surely smacks of the native
land of the man after whom the people
is named.
ETHNOLOGY.
The chapter in the work most inter-
esting to the general public will undoubt-
edly be that on ethnology. We may
add that it is assuredly the most impor-
tant part for those also who are to gov-
ern and manage this distant and practi-
cally unknown people. The origin of
the Filipinos is very thoroughly dis-
cussed. Light is thrown on many
vexed scientific questions in anthro-
pology. The theory that the Filipinos
are distinct from the other races of the
South Sea Islands is impugned. This
theory was upheld by certain prominent
travellers and even by so distinguished
an anthropologist as Virchow. The
writers of this work show that the data
on which this theory was founded,
mainly skull measurements, were incom-
plete and the evidence inconclusive.
Comparatively few skulls were studied
and even these were not typical of the
fundamental race that inhabits the
Philippines.
The basic element of the Philippine
people are the Negritos who came orig-
inally from the African continent. With
them have mingled down the centuries
FRAMEWORK OF FILIPINO COTTAGE
:
-
:


IO
the Malay, or Brown race—itself prob-
ably not distinct, but a mixture of races
—and the Mongolians from the Chinese
mainland and the Japanese Islands.
The present inhabitants of the Philip-
pines are thus by no means a single
race to be treated on any broad gen-
eral principles, but a collection of races
whose management must be learned by
personal contact with them.
It is evident that these mingled races
will require most careful handling if
they are to be raised out of their state
of semi-barbarism and not merely made
to disappear before the march of civili-
zation. Unfortunately so far in the his-
tory of the human race, the weaker
ones have inevitably melted away in the
glare of what we are pleased to vaunt as
our Christian civilization. They bear
the “white man's burden '' for a time
and then vanish completely, to make
way for the “heir to all the ages, in the
foremost files of time.’’
What has been done for the Filipinos
in the matter of education and religion
is sketched succinctly but strikingly.
There is a lesson in the story for those
who would condemn unheard the re-
ligious orders of the Philippines and
would contemn their work there. The
story is very different from that we have
had from other sources. We present
in our illustration some of the churches
that have been raised in the islands.
Places of worship they are, but they stand
also as great educative influences up-
lifting aesthetically as well as ethically.
The Cathedral and San Sebastian's at
Manila are works of art that cannot fail
of understanding. Like the Cathedral
of mediaeval times the elevating power
of their constant impressive presence
must have done much to raise the
human mind to that sphere where in-
creasing mental development becomes a
second nature. The church at Jolo is a
sample of what has been done outside
of Manila. The glimpse of an interior of
a missionary church on the island of
Mindanao shows what has been accom-
Science in the Philippines.
plished in a region where so-called civ-
ilization has failed entirely to penetrate.
Of the interior of the island we know
according to good authority only what
has come to us by the self-sacrificing
missionaries who have gone there.
Besides church work other work for
the benefit of the islands has not been
neglected. The scientific interests the
missionaries have had so much at heart
and that they have kept ever in mind
were reviewed in the beginning of this
paper. One sample of other work that
they have done may be noted in the il-
lustration we give of the fortifications
erected at Cebu under the direction of
Father Campion of the Society of Jesus.
THE EDUCATION OF THE FILIPIN OS.
The acquisition of the Philippines has
given the United States another problem
in the matter of education not unlike
that which came after the Civil war, as
the result of the freedom of the colored
race. How ill that problem was handled
we are only just beginning to realize.
Our responsibility in the Philippines,
where we have to deal with a confessedly
inferior race, is all the more poignant
for our previous failure. In recent
times the hopeful sign in the treatment
of the colored race here has been the
establishment of our technical schools.
Already the school system of the West
Indies is undergoing reorganization. It
will not be long before similar measures
will be under consideration for the Phil-
ippines. It is interesting to note then
that those who know the Filipinos best
by personal contact have come to a con-
clusion in their regard very similar to
that which it has taken our people
nearly forty years to work out. As the
result of their study of Philippine
character, the Jesuits insist that for the
education of the people of the archi-
pelago two things especially are needed :
First, general elementary education ;
second, special technical training. In
this chapter on ethnology, they say :
“Speaking in general, it is conceded
Science in the Philippines.
that the Filipino race is intellectually
inferior to the European races. This
does not prevent native Filipinos, how-
ever, from demonstrating greater apti-
tude for certain work, and especially for
manual occupations, in which the active
use of the intelligence is very little
required. They are, for example,
usually very good penmen, good wood
carvers, engravers and the like. In
such occupations, given equal instruc-
tion, they surpass Europeans. It must
be recognized, moreover, that they are
very clever at the reproduction, putting
together, imitation, modification, ac-
II
defects are not so noticeable. In these
they possess a certain force and variety
of expression which is missed entirely
in their painting and sculpture. It
must be remembered that in strictly
scientific and abstract knowledge there
have occurred among the native Fili-
pinos some minds far above the general
average of humanity. In all the classes
of our Municipal Athenaeum natives
have frequently distinguished them-
selves in purely intellectual work even
in competition with Spanish fellow-
students. The same thing is true in
other institutions of learning here in
INLET OF BOTOCAN RIVER'.
commodation, and even the invention
of apparatus, instruments and machines
for definite purposes. Duly instructed,
many of them become and have become
skillful mechanics. In the use of their
hands they easily excel foreigners who
come in contact with them.
“In the fine arts they are wanting in
genius, inspiration and power of con-
ception. Usually, too, they lack senti-
ment and good taste. But they repro-
duce and copy with great fidelity and
exactness anything beautiful which they
see. In music and in poetry their
Manila. In all the professions, and
even in the faculties of the various
educational institutions, there have
always been native Filipinos and In-
dians of pure race who have obtained
distinguished positions and merited
renown by their intellectual attain-
ments.’’
As to the question of limiting the
education offered to the Filipinos be-
cause they are unsuited for the higher
education, these very conservative yet
progressive views are advanced :
“We believe that to solve the prob-

I 2 Science in the Philippines.
lem of the education of the Philippine
people the following opinions will be
found of practical service :
“First—Primary, elementary instruc-
tion must be diffused as widely as pos-
sible. In the larger centres of popula-
tion high schools must be founded.
charged with elementary teaching, but
should be extended as far as possible to
include also the higher education.
“Fourth—University studies and the
collegiate courses should be open to
every one. The standard required for
continuance at the universities and the
CHURCH OF SAN SEBASTIAN, MANILA. -
“Second – The higher education
should be decentralized. Independent
colleges should be opened, in which a
complete college course will be given
and a salutary discipline established.
“Third–Those in charge of primary
instruction must be brought up in con-
tact with the Filipinos themselves.
This is especially important for those
colleges should be high and the exam-
inations should be rigorous.
“Fifth–No department of knowl-
edge, however lofty, sublime or ab-
stract it may be, should be considered
as above the native Filipinos. The
mere question of race must not be al-
lowed to decrease the opportunity the
native may have for education since

Science in the Philippines. - I 3
experience shows that aptitude for the
very highest studies is not lacking at
least among chosen members of the
1 a Ce.
“Sixth–It is of the greatest impor-
tance to arouse and develop special atten-
tion in agriculture and in the manual
arts, and to encourage the acquisition
of the technical knowledge necessary for
the advance and improvement of these
methods of gaining a livelihood. Agri-
cultural and technical schools should be
established at various well-chosen points
of the archipelago and model work-
race can very easily be made. Cut and
dried theories of education can not
avail. They have not for our own
superior races. The school system
must work itself out according to the
actual needs of the islanders and not
be introduced as an exotic from with-
out. To remove those who have shown
themselves so well able to appreciate
the situation is to invite failure.
This account of science in the Phil-
ippines is the best possible evidence of
the good work that the religious orders
have been doing in the archipelago.
THE CATHEDRAL, MANILA.
shops, especially for the carving and
engraving arts, should be fitted up. If
technical instruction can be obtained
without much expense there is no doubt
that the Filipinos will take advantage of
it and that the results will very soon be
perceived.” -
We trust sincerely that this advice
from men so thoroughly conversant with
the situation in the Philippines will be
well weighed by those who shall have
the problem of education in the islands
to deal with. Mistakes that will enevi-
tably delay the development of the
Such work is necessarily not promi-
nently before the public and can easily
be made little of by the prejudiced on-
looker. Only those who have had
practical experience with the collection
and collation of series of observations
know what tedious, time-taking work
it is. The work must in the minds of
competent critics prove the best an-
swer to unthinking detraction. It is the
dignified rebuke that religious humility
dictates and yet the triumphant refuta-
tion of unfounded objections to old yet
ever young and flourishing institutions.
-
º



REPRINTED FROM ... "
THE MESSENGER of THE SACRED HEART
- New York -
1901 -
Replaced with
ul ºn
Digital copy