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No. 120-Price 20 cents
| THE AMERICAN CITY PAMPHILETS
Relative to City and Town Improvements
Published by The Civic Press
87 Nassau St., New York
Catalogue sent on request
Public Bath Houses and Swimming Pools”
Purposes and Types of Public Baths—Points of Importance in Mechanical
Equipment—Sanitation of Swimming Pools by Prevention of Water
Contamination and by Treatment After Pollution
By Dr. William Paul Gerhard, C. E. .
* > * ~ |ºº.
-
Consulting Sanitary Expert
HY do we bathe, and how do we
W bathe P Let us consider at the out-
set the various distinct objects
sought in taking baths, for this is essential
to a correct appreciation of the following
discussion of the problem. Distinguished
according to the results desired there are
four classes of baths as follows:
(1) Hygienic or cleansing baths—those
taken to keep the skin clean and to promote
or maintain health by cleanliness of the
body and by the proper functions of the
ºskin
(2) Baths for recreation and for physi-
cal exercise—those which promote bodily
ºhealth only indirectly
(3) Baths for refreshment and for hard-
ening the body
(4) Baths for healing, for the cure of -
disease by the application of so-called
medical or curative baths
We cannot render our bodies clean, main-
* Condensed and adapted from a paper prepared by
the author for the 1914 meeting of the American Asso-
ºciation for Promoting Public Hygiene and Baths, held
at Newark, N. J.
sº
THE NEW WILDER BATHS, ST, PAUL, MINN.
tain a healthy action of the skin, keep our
undergarments reasonably clean, and there-
by help to solve the problem of ventilation
in large crowds, without the use of warm
or tempered water and soap. Hence the
cleansing baths are, to my mind, those of
the foremost importance, not only for the
health of the individual, but also for the
attainment of a higher sanitation in a com-
munity. The most sanitary type of such
baths is the tepid douche or shower bath.
Second in importance are the baths taken
for physical exercise, for the sake of recre-
ation, for the love of the sport of swim-
ming. For such baths a natural or artificial
pool is required. They are in no sense in-
tended as cleansing baths; in fact, cleanli-
ness can only be attained in those floating
river baths, where a pure river water is
constantly flowing through the pool. While
it is conceded that swimming is one of the
best forms of exercise, it cannot be con-
ducive to health in a polluted water, or in a
close and badly ventilated swimming hall.
The refreshing and cooling off of the
347169
Engin. Library
a
º




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allº allºs alſº
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Tri-º-º:
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Courtesy of Richard W. Erler, Associated Ar
body during the hot season, or after vio-
lent exercise, can be attained alike in the
shower or in the pool. The hardening of
the body, to make it more resistant against
some ills, can also be attained, after a
warm tub bath, by the taking of a cooler
or a cold douche, administered from either
a hand or overhead spray.
Finally, the treatment of ailments by the
use of the many forms of curative baths is
rather a medical subject, hence foreign to
this discussion.
For the Maintenance of Health Through
Cleanliness
Of public baths, by far the most impor-
tant, so far as the health of a city or com-
munity is concerned, are the people's cheap
or free bath houses. They should be lo-
cated as near as possible in the center of
populous districts, occupied by the work-
ing classes and the poorer people generally.
In large cities, obviously, more than one
such bath house is required. The ruling
principle should there be to decentralize
the baths: rather than have one large bath
house, with hundreds of bath units, the
large city should establish a number of
". -
chitect, Werner & Windolph, New York
THIRD WARD PUBLIC BATH, NEWARK, N. J.
smaller bath houses, to avoid inconveniently
long walks or rides to them, but also be-
cause people's baths with too many bath
units are difficult to control and manage.
The buildings themselves should be un-
pretentious, and the interiors should be sim-
ple and sanitary. Monumental buildings,
from an architectural standpoint, are de-
cidedly out of place. This criticism may,
with some reason, be applied to some of the
city bath houses erected in the past.
While it is customary to include a few
tub baths for women and children, the
equipment should consist mainly of shower
baths. This type of bath is without the
shadow of a doubt the cleanest and most
sanitary, because the water used in the ab-
lution of the body flows at once away, with-
out the body of the bather staying, as it
does in the bath tub, in contact with the pol-
luted water.
The people's baths should be municipal
institutions, offering during all seasons of
the year to the working population oppor-
tunity to obtain health and cleanliness by
plain, quickly taken baths. Swimming pools
in such baths are, in my judgment, entirely
out of the question, because of the cost





º
º
º
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º
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º
º
and difficulty of keeping the water in the
pool pure and unobjectionable. . .
In passing, I wish to mention that, in
my judgment, it is quite feasible to utilize
public school baths during the evening
hours for the people, as is done sometimes
in Europe.
In smaller communities, one may place
the baths in other existing buildings, as, for
instance, in the basement of a town hall, or
in connection with a fire engine station, or
even in connection with a village library.
The provision of cleansing baths in prosper-
ous villages is a subject worthy of the spe-
cial attention of civic and health organiza-
tions.
Public Baths for Cleansing and Recreation
Bath houses with provision for swim-
ming are either open-air baths, available
only during the summer season, as, for in-
stance, the river and seaside baths and the
so-called wading and bathing pools in city
parks, or they may be enclosed, heated
bath houses, which have the advantage
of being serviceable during the entire year.
The equipment of this type consists in
(1) baths for cleansing, shower baths, and
perhaps a very few tubs, and (2) the swim-
ming pool. In planning such more complete
bath houses, one should always bear in mind
the two different objects, recreation and
cleanliness. The shower douches are not,
however, altogether for cleansing, for if the
object of a bather is merely to remove a
surplus of bodily heat, after healthful physi-
cal exercise, he can obtain perfect satisfac-
tion by the use of a cold douche or shower.
Where natural water courses are avail-
able with a pure flowing water supply, river
baths are, perhaps, better than artificial
indoor pools. But where the river water
is impure and sewage-polluted, floating
river baths should be abolished. The pub-
lic authorities should in such cases provide
efficient and economical substitutes. These
may be found in the establishment of open-
air summer pools, enclosed on the sides
only, and open to the sky at the top, which
have proved successful in some inland
Courtesy of Richard W. Erler, Associated Architect, Werner & Windolph, New York
SHOWER BATHS AND DRESSING ROOMS OF THE THIRD WARD BATH, NEWARK, N. J.
There are ninety-five shower baths in the building.
for the bath and one for dressing.
These are of the type having two compartments, one
Special mixing valves prevent scalding






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THE SUTRO BATHS, SAN FRANCISCO
cities. To preserve the purity of the pool
water, these should have ample means for
preliminary cleansing baths.
Municipal cleansing and pool baths
should, if possible, be entirely free. But
if the cost of maintenance becomes high on
account of the combination of both types
of bath, a fee might be charged for use of
the pool only, leaving the use of the show-
ers free, provided always the fee is not
made so high as to interfere with a good
attendance. There are, and always will be,
a large number of self-respecting working
people able and willing to pay such a small
fee, for which in return a bath towel and
a cake of soap might be given. --
Common to all types of bath houses is the
chief and, to my mind, uppermost require-
ment of cleanliness. This can be secured
and maintained by the use of appropriate
materials of construction, by suitable plan-
ning, arrangement and equipment, by ample
lighting and ventilation, and by the enforce-
ment of certain general rules of conduct
applicable to all bathers.
Jºſechanical Equipment
Among the points of importance in the
equipment of baths are the water supply,
the material for water supply pipes, the
heating of the water, its filtration, the pre-
vention of water waste, the material for
bath and dressing compartments, the shower
mixing valves, the construction and sani-
tation of the swimming pool, the disinfec-
tion of bathing suits and bath towels, and
rules for the bathers. I shall not attempt
to consider the heating and artificial light-
ing of baths. -
1. Bath houses may take their water from
a public water main, or else they may in-
stall a private independent water supply
plant. As a rule, the former plan is the
more economical. If the water works are
owned by a private concern, it is usually
possible to obtain special concessions in the
rates charged for water.
2. In planning the water supply, the engi-
neer should carefully calculate the maxi-
mum daily volume of water required, and
obtain or specify a large connection with



the city supply main. To a certain extent
the engineer, however conscientious and
well-meaning, is at the mercy of the official
in the water department office who issues
the permits for the taps or service connec-
tions. I know of several instances where
the engineer or the architect was refused a
desired 4- or 6-inch connection, only two
2-inch taps being allowed him. The re-
sult was that after the bath house was put
in operation, the supply was found to be
insufficient, and the city bath department
had to dig up and remove the small ser-
vices and replace them by larger sizes.
3. The question of the best material to
use for the water supply pipes is an impor-
tant one. The choice would seem to lie be-
tween cast iron, galvanized wrought iron
or steel welded pipe, and brass pipes. The
brass piping is quite expensive, and in the
majority of cases galvanized wrought iron
pipes are used. . . . .
In the light of present knowledge on the
subject, my advice regarding material suit-
able for the supply pipes in bath houses is
as follows: for the large mains, both for
hot and cold water, those 4 inches in diam-
eter or over, use cast iron flanged pipe, or
else cast iron Universal pipe with ground-
in joints tightened with lugs and bolts. For
cold water, cast iron socket pipes with
calked joints may be used. For the smaller
cold water mains, use wrought iron or steel
pipe of best obtainable quality, the pipes
being protected against corrosion by either
“special” galvanizing, or by black enamel.
For the smaller hot water service pipes, use
either seamless brass or copper pipes.
4. Where, for economical reasons,
wrought iron or steel pipes must be used,
the aim should be to keep all piping ex-
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HOUSE TO A PUBLIC BATH
CONVERTEI) FROM A POWER
Main-floor plan of a public bath at Troy, N. Y.
This bath was formerly a power house, used as a pumping
station for the water works













































posed and out of floors or walls, so that re-
pairs, if they become necessary, can be
more readily undertaken.
Regarding the best position of the water
distribution pipes in bath houses, it should
be borne in mind that the essential water-
proofing of the floors should be pierced at
as few points as possible. Hence it is best
to carry the horizontal pipes on the main
floor of the bathroom overhead, and not at
the basement or cellar ceiling, in which lat-
ter position many branches to the douches
become necessary. One should endeavor,
however, to avoid a position of the cold
water mains where the drippings due to
condensation on the outside of the pipes
would annoy the bathers.
5. Heaters for warming bath water
should be calculated and made ample in ca-
pacity. In bath houses which have both the
showers and the pool, each kind of bath
should have its own water-heating device.
Where the bath house contains only shower
baths it is, in my judgment, a mistake to
heat the hot water all the way from 150°
to 180° F. Satisfactory results can be ob-
tained if the temperature in the heater or
hot water storage tank is kept at IIo° to
II5° F. Any excess is undesirable, for it
is one cause of the quicker wearing out of
the vulnerable parts of faucets and valves.
The lower temperature would also have a
tendency to increase the life of steel or
wrought iron pipe by diminishing the cor-
rosion. A further advantage is that it per-
mits doing away with the expensive
shower mixing valves, the use of which
originated from the necessity of guarding
the bather against scalding when the hot
water was unduly heated. Two ordinary
shutoff valves, in reach of the bather, on
the hot and cold supply branches, would
prove to be better and less expensive than
the mixing valves in use, provided the hot
water is heated not to exceed IIo° F.
6. The filtering of the water supply for
cleansing shower baths is neither necessary
from a hygienic point of view, nor is it
required, as some argue, from a purely
mechanical point of view, in order to pre-
vent the obstruction of the holes in the
shower heads. The construction of these
should be one permitting the removal of
the douche head in order to clean the holes.
The water for swimming pools, on the other
hand, should be filtered if it comes from a
Street main, except in cities having an ex-
ceptionally pure water supply.
7. Unnecessary waste of water should be
prevented in a public bath house quite as
much as in other buildings. To make the
overhead douches of the cleansing baths of
a very large diameter is objectionable and
uncalled for. A sufficient stream of water
for bodily ablution can be gotten from a
douche head not more than 4 or 4% inches
in diameter. Neither should the numerous
holes be unduly large, for if so a great
waste of water takes place.
8. Not only are the majority of bath
mixing valves expensive, but some of them
are not altogether reliable. They were in-
troduced by manufacturers to prevent acci-
dents to bathers. For the free public bath
houses, I contend that it is much simpler to
reduce the temperature of the hot water to
IIo degrees, and to use plain hot and cold
water valves to control and mix the flow of
water to the douches.
9. A not inconsiderable saving in the cost
of construction of the free public baths can
be effected by not using marble as a mate-
rial for the shower bath and dressing com-
partments. A bath interior can be made
attractive and perfectly sanitary, and the
compartments durably constructed, by using
a cheaper material, which has the merits of
being impermeable, non-absorbent, clean-
able, and light in color, so that no dirt
would be hidden, as might be the case if
dark slate were used.
Io. The recently introduced hand paper
towels form a satisfactory substitute in
public places for the unsanitary common
or roller towel. Since these came into use
it has always seemed to me something of a
similar nature might be contrived for use
in public bath houses. Several
German firms now make paper bath towels.
These seem in Germany to be preferred by
fastidious bathers to the common bath
towels, which, unless properly disinfected or
sterilized after each use, may transmit dis-
ease. Each bather now gets an entirely
new towel, which is used only once. I am
informed that these towels, while soft and
pliable, are still sufficiently tough, so that
they do not tear easily and can be used for
rubbing by merely folding them double.
The use of paper bath towels would do
away with a constant item of expense in
the laundrying of the towels, and in the un-
avoidable waste due to stealing.
Courtesy of Electrical World
LIGHTING OF THE MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL IN ST. LOUIS
The Smimming Pool
The larger a pool is made the more costly
becomes the filling with fresh water, or the
process for purifying the pool water, and
the heating of the water to a proper tem-
perature, usually 70° or 72° F. Hence it is
desirable to limit the dimensions of the
swimming pool.
The cost of heating the water can in
some cases be reduced by obtaining waste
steam from a nearby steam power plant, or
from a private or municipal electric light
plant.
A swimming pool should be constructed
as a perfectly watertight basin of stone,
brickwork, or reinforced concrete masonry.
Waterproofing of the bottom and sides is
essential. The floor and the walls of the
pool should be finished in non-absorbent and
washable materials, preferably marble slabs
or glazed tiles. In all corners a special
treatment is required to have them well
rounded, as this facilitates cleaning opera-
tions. Some time ago " I suggested lining
the sides of pools up to the water line with
light-blue, glazed tiles, with a horizontal
border, and white tiling above, as I had
seen done in many German swimming baths,
but I have not found one American archi-
tect willing to try this kind of finish for the
pool. I wonder why? Many European
pools undeniably owe their attractive ap-
pearance to this feature in construction not
less than to the crystal-clear water.
A scum gutter at the normal water level
of the pool, and run along at least three of
sº Gerhard, “Modern Baths and Bathhouses”;
.00.
DAYLIGHT VIEW OF THE ST. LOUIS MUNICIPAL SWIMMING poo: :



its sides, is an essential feature. By its
means many of the lighter floating impuri-
ties, due to the perspiration and exudation
of the sweat glands of the surface skin, in-
cluding abrasions from the skin, or other
foreign substances, like hair, dirt and dust,
and lint from bathing suits, can be at once
removed from the surface of the pool
water. It is, of course, necessary that the
water level should be kept constantly up to
the level of the gutter, and that there be a
continuous inflow of pure tempered water
into the pool.
abominations not to be tolerated, because
the always present vapors attack these sur-
faces quickly.
The importance of admitting sunlight
and fresh air to a swimming hall, at times
crowded with bathers, is often undervalued.
I quite agree with sanitary experts who
favor putting the pool in a one-story struc-
ture covered with a glass roof, and arrang-
ing the roof so it can be opened up in sum-
mer to admit the sunlight and to aid in the
ventilation of the place.
In most swimming baths the dressing
MULLAN PHY SWIMMING
A swimming pool should be located in a
well-lighted and well-ventilated lofty hall.
It loses much of its attraction if it is placed
in a dark room with a low ceiling, where
sunlight never enters, and where there is
little or no opportunity to admit outside
fresh air. Matters become worse when the
constructive features of the pool are cheap
and unsanitary. A pool with cemented bot-
tom or with cement-lined brick walls al-
ways suggests the thought of its being dirty,
even if it may not actually be so. The walls
of the swimming hall should likewise be
finished in enameled bricks or in tiles, and
the ceiling should also be tiled. Painted
brigk, walls and plastered ceilings are
- - -
* - - -
POOL, ST. LOUIS, MO.
rooms are located along the long sides of
the pool. If so placed, it is a good plan to
provide two gangways, an outer one which
gives the patrons access to the dressing
rooms, and an inner one around the pool,
which should be accessible only to the bath-
ers after undressing. It is not desirable to
have non-bathing visitors walk in the inner
gangways, as they would necessarily defile
them by street dirt and mud, carried in with
their shoes. Much better is the plan of
having an upper visitors' gallery, accessible
by stairs from the waiting room.
A good plan is to have all dressing com-
partments on an upper gallery, from which
stairs for the bathers lead to the cleansing

baths. Only after using these are the bath-
ers permitted to enter the pool. In this
way the bathing master is given a full con-
trol over all bathers. -
It is inadvisable to pitch or grade the
inner gangway floor toward the scum gut-
ter, for when the floor is flushed by means
of a hose, much dirty water necessarily
runs past the gutter into the pool, contami-
nating the water. A better plan is to pro-
vide a raised coping or curb around the
pool and to arrange separate floor drains on
all four sides of the gangway.
How Often Should the Water Be Changed?
We come now to the important question
as 'to how frequently or completely the
water in a pool should be changed, both for
Sanitary and esthetic reasons.
This appears to me to be dependent ob-
viously upon four factors:
(I) Upon the size and capacity of the
pool
With the same average number
of bathers per hour a small pool
becomes more quickly contami-
nated than a large one. -
(2) Upon the maximum daily number of
bathers - - - -
At those times when there is a
maximum attendance a pool,
whether its water is admitted
fresh or refiltered, must be emptied
more often than at times of nor-
mal attendance.
(3) Upon the character of the bathers
- It seems to me that the water of
a pool in a club house requires
changing less often than the water
of a Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation pool, and this again less
often than that of a pool in a mu-
nicipal or other public bath.
(4) Upon the season of the year
In winter time a swimming bath
pool does not require emptying as
often as in summer; where once a
week in winter suffices, it should
be twice a week in summer.
The ideal, but practically nearly always
unattainable standard, would be the empty-
ing, cleaning, scouring and refilling of the
pool once in twenty-four hours. The next
to the ideal condition would be to admit
continuously a sufficient hourly flow of pure
water (one-tenth to one-twentieth) so that
the water contents are changed at least once
in twenty-four hours, and to empty and
clean the basin at least once a week.
The dirt attaching to the sides of the pool
can be removed by means of long-handled
brushes, but the process is not a thorough
one; vacuum cleaning brushes have also
been tried. The heavier suspended matters
drop at once to the bottom, and can only be
removed by the emptying of the pool. A
pool can doubtless be cleaned in the best
manner while it is empty. This cleaning
has necessarily to be done during the night,
or else on Sundays, if the bath is not then
open. g
Prevention of Water Contamination
My personal .belief is that satisfactory
sanitary conditions of the water in pools
can be obtained fully as much by the pre-
vention of water contamination as by treat-
ment of the water after pollution.
The introduction of dirt and bacteria into
the pool and the fouling of the water should
be prevented, as far as possible, by the
strictest attention to the cleanliness of the
body of bathers.
Accordingly, the most important sanitary
feature of a swimming bath—to my way of
thinking—is not the pool itself, but the pre-
liminary cleansing baths. These should al-
ways be, but frequently are not, provided,
and they should be—but often are not—
properly taken. Sufficient attention does
not appear to be given in our bath houses
to this very important feature. Even in
the hot pool baths of Japan there are, ac-
cording to Prof. Baelz, who has lived in
Japan many years, regulations prescribing
that bathers must soap, scrub, wash and
rinse thoroughly before entering the pool.
In order to attain thorough cleanliness,
bathers should be afforded privacy during
ablution, for they should perform it before
putting on the bathing suit (women) or the
bathing tights (men). Some of the clean-
ing compartments should, therefore, be pro-
vided with curtains. A thorough ablution
should be encouraged by furnishing to the
bathers free soap and scrubbing brushes.
If I had my way about it, I would provide
not the ordinary bath soap, but a small cake.
of germ-destroying, disinfecting or medical
Soap.
Cleansing baths should consist not only of
downward douches, but also of a few up-
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PATTERSON PARK OPEN-AIR SWIMMING POOL IN BALTIMORE
ward douches (or bidets in womens' baths),
and likewise of foot baths. I do not recall
having seen in any American swimming
bath, in the section devoted to cleansing
baths, these very necessary foot baths.
They may consist of either a single long
free-standing trough, with tempered water
running continuously in and out; or, better,
of a series of individual porcelain fixtures,
arranged back-to-back in the center of the
cleansing room.
Further measures tending to prevent the
pollution of the pool are the provision of
special, water-flushed cuspidors, the already
described scum gutter, and the location of
urinals and toilets in immediate vicinity of
the cleansing baths. Large, easily-read
signs should be conspicuously posted, di-
recting the bathers to use the toilet fixtures
before going into the pool.
For women bathers, thoroughly sterilized
bathing suits should be furnished, either
free or for a small fee, and they should
preferably be of an undyed material, as the
dye contributes to the discoloration of the
pool water. Male bathers should be per-
mitted to use very small triangular tights or
loin cloths, but the practice should be en-
couraged to enter the pool without bathing
garment.
Strict rules for the bathers should be
posted in all dressing compartments to
enforce the use of the cleansing baths. In
cities with a large foreign population the
rules should be given in the principal lan-
guages of the people. Spitting or blowing
the nose while in the pool should be pro-
hibited, likewise all smoking or the chewing
of tobacco while in the bath house. The
practice of urinating anywhere except in
the toilets should be made a punishable
offense, though this is naturally difficult to
detect.
Rejuvenating the Pool Water
If it should be decided that for reasons
of economy the entire contents of a pool
cannot be renewed daily, some compromise
must be adopted, in order to improve the
water in the pool from a physical, chemical,
bacteriological and esthetic point of view.
Several processes are available by which
pool water, polluted by the bathers, can be
purified and used over again. One is the
well-known refiltration method, in which
the water is withdrawn continually from the
pool, passed through filters (with or with-
out chemicals), reheated, and readmitted
to the pool. Another method, used in some
English and German bath houses, is the
Rowe system of aeration and filtration, the
aeration of the pool water being a chief
feature.
The use of hypochlorite of calcium has a

$
marked effect in restoring the pool water
to purity. Sometimes the two processes of
refiltration and hypochlorite treatment are
combined. Other processes are the puri-
fying system using ozone, the Permutit
system, and more recently the sterilization
of the water of swimming pools by means
of ultra-violet rays.
Some of the advocates of such methods
unquestionably go to extremes when they
represent that the same water, refiltered or
otherwise sterilized, can actually be used
over for periods varying from three months
to two and a half years.
I cannot bring myself to look favorably
upon refiltration of pool water, except
where a weekly emptying of the pool takes
place, and this for several reasons. In the
first place, filtration does not remove the
salts in solution, the ammonia, the urine or
any other polluting matter dissolved in the
water. Secondly, it should be borne in
mind that the effect of pollution in a pool
which is emptied at rare intervals is likely
to be a cumulative one, increasing as the
frequency of change of water decreases.
Furthermore, there is in many persons an
almost insuperable objection, largely on
esthetic grounds, of bathing in water which
has been used over and over again.
If we consider the refiltration method as
usually practiced, we find that during each
hour of the day only a small portion of
the contents of the pool is removed and
returned to the larger already polluted vol-
ume in the pool after being filtered. It
seems to me that better results could be
obtained if the pool could be emptied at
night quickly and all at one time by means
of more powerful pumps, and the contami-
nated water passed through filters of Suf-
ficiently large capacity so that the next
morning the entire pool would contain re-
filtered water. This seems to be feasible,
but it would involve, of course, a much
greater expense. tº
The number of bacteria in a water is a
convenient, though not necessarily a con-
vincing, test of its purity. It is the number
of bacteria of intestinal origin, the patho-
genic germs present, which alone interest
us, and they bear no specific proportionate
relation to the total number of bacteria.
Bacteriological examinations are all very
well, but for myself I should like to see, in
the investigations of swimming pools, more
importance attached by expert hygienists to
the physical and chemical examinations of
the water. *
A Sound opinion was expressed not long
ago by a very prominent German sanitary
engineer, the late Baurat Herzberg, that “it
is not the number of bacteria in the water
which determine, from a practical point of
view, the contamination of the pool, but
rather the suspended and dissolved sub-
stances, the urine, the perspiration, the skin
abrasions, the fat particles, the dirt and
Soap carried in the swimming suits. All
the matter passing into solution cannot be
filtered out. The claims of the artificial
purification of the pool water have been
greatly exaggerated and overestimated.”
That some saving in the amount of the
water bill can be effected by adopting re-
filtration is conceded, but should this be the
chief consideration ? In estimating such
saving, moreover, consideration should, of
course, be given to the cost of the filters, of
the chemicals, of the amount of water used
daily for washing the filters, and the inci-
dental cost of the labor.
Conclusion
Reviewing what has been said, the sani-
tation of people's free baths and of public
baths generally, and the hygiene of the
Swimming pool in particular, are, and al-
ways must remain, to a large extent, merely
the application and enforcement of com-
mon sense, not only in the planning and
equipment, but essentially so in the super-
vision and in the rules and regulations for
the management of such places.

ſº
THE ONLY AMERICAN BOOK ON THE SUBJEet
“The widespread distribution of bathing literature will in the end fulfill its every promise, with the
result that we will be better people, morally, physically and intellectually.” - • . .”
MODERN BATHS AND
BATH HOUSES
DR. W.M. PAUL GER HARD, C. E.
Consulting Sanitary Expert.
CON TENTS
The book brings together many valuable
data and .much information on people's
baths with or without swimming pools, as
well as details Öf rain baths and other bath,
appliances. The complete specification for
the plumbing and water supply of bath
houses, prepared by the author, should
prove of great value to architects en-
trusted with the planning and execution
of such structures. To them, as well as to
librarians, the complete bibliography on the
subject, compiled by the author, will be of
inestimable value. The general reader will
find much to interest him in the introduc-
tory chapter and in the appendix, which
8vo, xvi + 311 pages, 130 illustrations.
deal with bathing and bathing practices
from a historical and geographical point
of view, for the history of bathing is close-
ly allied with the history of civilization in
different countries.
Physicians, medical practitioners and
managers of sanatoria will find valuable,
interesting and novel features in the chap-
ters dealing with medical, electric light and
air and sun baths.
Many of the plans and details are taken
from his own practice in the line of domes-
tic sanitary engineering. The views in
European bath houses were gathered by
him during his trips abroad.
Cloth, $3.00 net (12/6 net)
In his practice as a sanitary engineer the author has had ample opportunity to deal with this subject
in a practical way. Many baths in state hospitals and other institutions, and many of the people's and
other bath houses in New York City were planned and specified by him, and the plumbing, water supply
and sanitary features were installed under his superintendence.
For Sale by the Book Department of
THE AMERICAN CITY
87 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK


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