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EN'I‘RANCIC HALL; ROGERS BUILDING.
MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
BOSTON.
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B O S T O N :
PUBLISHED BY THE lNS'l‘l'l‘Ul‘E.
1893._
@Hnimrsitg firms :
JOHN WlLsoN AND SON, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
IIE I\IAssACI~IUsETTs INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY is a Scientific
School, or )ollege of Industrial Science, in which are taught
the sciences and their applications to useful arts, through a very wide
range. The studies, exercises, and experiments carried on in the
school are grouped into thirteen four-year courses as follows 2 ——
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
I. CIVIL ENGINEERING, INCLUDING RAILROAD ENGINEERING, HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING, .TIRIDGE BUILDING, AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING.
II. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, INCLUDING STEAM ENGINEERING, MILL
AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING.
III. MINING ENGINEERING AND METALLURGY.
IV. ARCHITECTURE.
V. ( Q‘ It EM I sTRY.
VI. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
VII. BIOLOGY.
VIII. PHYsICs.
IX. GENERAL STUDIEs.
X. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
XI. SANITARY ENGINEERING.
XII. GEOLOGY.
XIII. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.
FOUNDATION.
The Institute was chartered in 1861, and opened to students in
1865. Its founder and first President was Dr. \VILLIAM BARTON
ROGERS, formerly professor in the University of Virginia, and
6 flfassac/zusez‘z‘s [flsz‘z'z‘uz‘e 0f Yiec/mology.

Director of the Geological Survey of that State. Dr. Rogers died
in 158.2. At the time of his death he was President of the National
Academy of Sciences. Among Dr. Rogers’ co-laborers Were some
of the most eminent men of the time,notably, Dr. JACOB BIGE-
LOW, JAMES B. FRANCIS, Gnonen B. EMERSON, ERASTUS B. BIGELOW,
JoHN D. and EDWARD S. PHILBRICK.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.
The requirements for admission are substantially the same as the
requirements for graduation from a good city high school or from
the English or scientific department of an endowed academy like
Exeter, Andover, or Easthainpton. The examinations embrace
Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, History, French (or German),
English Grammar and Composition.
The average age of the entering class is a little over eighteen and
a half years.
DEGREES.
The degree of Bachelor of Science (S.B.) is given for the success-
ful completion of any one of the four-year courses. The degrees
of Master of Science and Doctor of Science are offered for the
completion of advanced courses of study at the Institute.
AGRICULTURE.
It will appear from the list of courses already given that the art
of Agriculture is not taught at the Institute. The reason is that,
when Congress passed the Act of July 2, 186.2, providing for the ‘
establishment in each State of at least one College of Agriculture
and the h/Iechanic Arts, the Con'nnonwealth of Massachusetts, by
Act of April 27, 1863, constituted the Institute of Technology
(which had been previously chartered) the College of Mechanic
Arts for the Commonwealth, and at the same time established a
college at Amherst to promote the interests of agricultural education.
But While thus Agriculture is not taught at the Institute as an art,
the sciences which especially contribute to Agriculture—that is,
Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and Geology—are made the subjects
Massac/zusezz‘s [nsz‘z'z‘uz‘e 0f Tee/mo/ogy. 7

of distinct courses. Moreover, Topography, Irrigation, Drainage,
Highway Engineering, and Road Making (all of them directly
tributary to Agriculture) are extensively pursued at the school.
MILITARY TACTICS.
In accordance with the requirements of the Act of 1862, the Insti-
tute gives instruction in Military Tactics, an ofiicer of the regular
army being detailed for that duty, with the rank of professor. This
branch of instruction is confined to the first year, three exercises
being held each week. Arms and equipments are furnished by the
United States government. In addition to the Gymnasium of the
Institute, the Cadet Battalion is, by the courtesy of the Common-
wealth, allowed to drill regularly in the armory of the First Regi—
ment of Massachusetts h/Iilitia.
GRADUATES OF OTHER COLLEGES.
The Institute of Technology generally has in its courses between
forty and fifty graduates of other colleges and scientific schools, who
come to the Institute to take technical courses. . Such students
sometimes enter the third year, though more commonly they come
in at the beginning of the second year. Persons taking college
courses with the purpose of subsequently pursuing technical studies
at the Institute, would do well to plan their college work with more
or less reference to this consideration; and with that view are invited
to correspond with the Secretary of the Institute.
TEACHERS AT THE INSTITUTE.
Teachers are admitted to the Institute without examination. For
those who can only attend in the afternoons and on Saturday forenoon,
special provision and arrangements are, so far as possible, made to
enable them to take the courses for which they apply.
8 fl/assae/msez‘ls Institute of Tee/mo/ogy.
WOMEN AT THE INSTITUTE.
The first woman graduate of the Institute was Miss Ellen ll.
Swallow, now Mrs. Robert H. Richards, instructor in Sanitary
Chemistry, who graduated with the class of 1873. Since that time
30 women have received the degree of the Institute, some of them
with distinguished honor. Much larger numbers have received in-
struction in partial courses. The number of women students at
the Institute the present school year is ~11, some of them graduates
of other colleges.

MARGARET CHENEY READING-ROOM; WALKER BcILDixe.
The departments which women most frequently enter are Chem-
istry, Physics, Biology, and Architecture. While in the lines indi-
cated Women students almost invariably do good work, it is not
expected that their number here will greatly increase. The Institute
of Technology is, by the nature of the case, essentially a man’s
college, though the Corporation and Faculty have seen no reason
why any person who wishes to do the work of the school, and is
qualified for it. should be excluded by reason of sex.
Massac/msctz‘s Institute of Tea/urology. 9

THE PURPOSE OF THE SCHOOL.
While the applications of the sciences to the useful arts are ex-
tensively taught in the Institute of Technology, the primary purpose
of the school is education. Not. only are mere knacks and devices
and technical methods constantly subordinated to the acquisition of
principles, but those principles are studied with the predominant
purpose to expand and develop the mind, to exercise the powers and


FOI‘RTH YEAR. HYDRAULIC FIELDWORK PARTY.
to train the faculties of the pupil. \Vhat the Institute aims to do is
to graduate those who are, first, well-educated men in all which that
term implies, and who, secondly, have studied the problems of some
one technical profession, have mastered the scientlfic principles re-
lated thereto, and have had a certain amount of practice in the
application of those principles to such problems.
In the four years required for graduation it is sought —
1. To make the pupil observant, discriminating, and exact.
:2. To develop in him a taste for research and experimentation
on the one side, and for active exertion on the other.
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3. To give him the mastery of the fundamental principles of
mathematics, cl'iemistry, and physics, which underlie the practice of
all the scientific professions.
4. To equip him with such an amount of practical and technical
knowledge, and to make him so familiar with the special problems
of the particular scientific profession at which be individually aims,
as to qualify him immediately upon graduation to take a place in
the industrial order. How far this object has been attained through
the instruction given in the Institute of 'l‘echnology, the roll of its
alumni and their occupations, as contained in the successive annual
catalogues, will tell. As a rule, the graduates of the Institute readily
find professional positions where they have an opportunity to show
what is in them, and to work their way upward as fast as they
deserve. As a rule, also, the course of the graduate of the Institute
is one of steady and even rapid prmimtion.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.
The characteristic and distinguishing features of the Institute may
be said to be : ——
l. The great number of its teachers and pupils. It is the
largest scientific and technical school in the United States, and one
of the largest in the world. By the catalogue of IStlfl—QS, the
number of students is 1060, and the number of teachers 1725. This
great body of students come from thirty-nine States and two Terri-
tories of the Union, and from seventeen foreign countries.
2. The great variety of its courses, as shown on a preceding
page. Some schools devote themselves chiefly or solely to Civil
Engineering; other schools to Mecl'ianical Engineering; others
still to Civil and Mechanical Engineering; some are predomi-
nately Mining schools. This institution is a school of general
technology, embracing almost every department of instruction and
of experimentation which is found in any scientific or technical
school. It is believed that the several departments of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology mutually support each other and
induce a healthful emulation, while allowing a degree of differen-
tiation and specialization which would be simply impossible in a
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flfassaclmsefls [nstz'tuz‘e of Teclmo/ogy. I I

small college, with a less numerous staff of instructors. Thus, at
the Institute of Technology, there are not only professors of Civil
Engineering and of Mechanical Engineering, but professors or instruc-
tors in Mechanism, in Steam Engineering, in Railroad Engineering,
in Highway Engineering, in Hydraulic Engineering, in 'I‘opographical
Engineering, etc. Again, the chemical staff of twenty-two persons
is distributed over General Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, and Sanitary Chemistry. Several

Tnmn YEAR. CIVIL ENGINEERING FIELD IxsTRL'MExTs.
of these departments have more than one laboratory devoted to their
experiments and researches. Thus, there are separate laboratories
for water analysis, for gas analysis, for food analysis, for dyeing and
bleaching, for organic-conibustions, etc. In each of these are
teachers who are able to give their entire time to instruction and
research in a single line.
3. The third characteristic of the Institute of Technology is the
unusually large amount of laboratory work that is carried on.
Indeed, it was in this school that certain kinds of laboratory work
were begun. Here the first laboratory of general chemistry was
12 Massaa/zuscz‘z‘s [nsz‘z'fuz’e 0f Tea/analogy.

organized by Professors Eliot and Storer. Here the first laboratory
of general physics was planned by President Rogers, and organ-
ized by Professor Pickering. Here the first metallurgical laboratory
equipped for the actual treatment of economic quantities of ore was
founded by Professor Robert H. Richards. On May 30, 1864,
while the first building was going up, President Rogers had pro-
posed a laboratory where the student might “learn practically the
methods of estimating motors and machines by the dynamometer, of
experimenting on the flow of water, of air, and other gases, and of
testing the strength of the materials used. in construction ; ” and in
1973, a mechanical engineering laboratory was opened in the
basement of the Rogers Building, the equipment having been
planned and set up by Professor \Vhitaker. This is believed to
have been the first engineering laboratory ever established. The
first tests of the transverse strength of full-sized timber beams, as
part of a scheme of instruction, were those made in the Institute
Laboratory of Applied Mechanics, under Professor Lanza. The
Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, under the charge of Professor
Cross, was the first established, at least in the United States.
This leadership by the Institute of Technology in the advancement
of laboratory practice, in the lines mentioned, is significant of the
spirit which has here, in all departments, whether of Mechanics, of
Physics, of Engineering, of Chemistry, of Biology, or of Architecture,
instituted systematic experimental work at nearly every point in
every course, to illustrate, to enforce, and to supplement the work of
the recitation-room, the lecture-room, and the drawing-room. But
while laboratory work is carried so far at the Institute of Technology,
it is also true that the student is never allowed to lapse into the
state of mind when he can do nothing but laboratory work,——a
condition often reached in schools of mere research. This danger
has been purposely guarded against; and in each term of his course
except the last, the student is called back from the moods of the
laboratory to do good lecture-room and recitation-room work, and
to give account, clearly and sharply, of What he has been doing in
the laboratory.
4. The fourth characteristic of the Institute of Technology to be
indicated is the high standard of scholarship which has from the
fl/[assac/zuse’l‘z‘s [WSfil'Ztl’fl of Technology. I 3

first been maintained. The Institute stands with the Military
Academy at West Point and the Naval Academy at Annapolis, in
insisting upon the full, actual accomplishment of all its prescribed
work, as a. condition precedent to graduation. This school was
founded in a confident reliance upon the essential manliness of young
men, — a belief that, if properly appealed to, and if given Work which
they themselves see to be worth doing, young men can be brought
to labor with enthusiasm and energy; and that lowering the standard


FREE-HAND DRAWING-ROOM; HoGERs BUILDING.
Of requirements is not the way to make a school popular any more
than it is the way to make it useful. The unprecedented resort of
students to the halls of the Institute affords suflicient proof that in
this view the founders of the Institute of Technology made no
mistake. In that spirit the Institute was established, and In that
spirit it has been unfalteringly maintained, as a place for men to
Work, and not for boys to play.
5. The fact that, from the foundation of the school, a certain
amount of general studies has been made part of every course in the
Institute for at least three years out of the four required for gradua-
I4 Massaa/zusez‘fs [nsz‘z'z‘m‘e 0f Teafinology.
__
tion. In some, perhaps most, scientific or technical schools there
are no “liberal studies ” aside from those of a professional character;
in other schools there are no such studies after the first year. The
authorities of the Institute of Technology, however, have ui'iiformly
maintained the position that some degree of philosophical study
should be combined with scientific work.
6. The exceedingly high grade of thesis work which is attained
in the fourth year. This would be impossible but for the foundation
laid for it by the manner in which the Work of the earlier years is
done. As an illustration of this feature the Faculty have included
in the exhibit the theses presented by the graduating class of
189.2, and invite examination of them as affording the best pos-
sible means of measuring the work of the Institute of Technology.
The theses shown are presented without revision, and are not to be
regarded as those of some few superior scholars, but as rel'iresenting
the whole work—the poorest as well as the best—~of an entire
class at the end of a four—years course. The theses, being a part of
the permanent records of the Institute, are necessarily kept under
cover to preserve them from injury ; but the officer in charge of the
Y
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exhibit will, on application, present them for examination.
THE BUILDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE.
The buildings occupied by the Institute are six in number.
NI‘ITHGI‘O'LIS photographs of these, presenting both exterior an
interior views, will be found in the Institute exhibit. The two
buildings first constructed, known severally as the Rogers and the
“talker Buildings, are situated upon Boylston Street, one of the
great thoroughfares of Boston, upon land conceded by the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts. The Rogers Building, completed in 1865,
named in honor of “Iilliam Barton Rogers, first President of the
Institute, is 90 by 156 feet on the ground. Its interior structure is
somewhat irregular, owing to the introduction of Huntington Hall ;
but it contains substantially four stories and a basement. It com—
prises a hall seating nine hundred persons, used for public gather-
ings and commencement exercises, as well as for lectures of the
Lowell Institute, numerous lecture-rooms, recitation-rooms, and
[Vassar/awaits [nsfz'r‘uz‘e of Technology. 15

thawing-rooms in the upper stories, while on the first floor are
found the departments of Biology and Geology, with the Presi-
dents and Secretary’s offices, and, in the basement, the John
(lunnnings Lal'ioratory of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy.
The Walker Building, on the same square, at the corner of Claren-
don Street, built in 1853, has almost precisely the same dimensions
on the ground as the Rogers Building, and contains four stories and
a basement.

“'ALKM: axn Houses BL'iLmNGs.
The Department of Chemistry occupies, with the Kidder Labora-
tories and with its recitation and lecture rooms, the two upper stories
of the building, together with a laboratory for Industrial Chemistry
in the basement. The Department of Physics occupies the remain-
der of the basement, the entire first floor, and all the second
floor not taken by six recitation-rooms for Modern Languages
and Mathematics.
In addition to the Rogers and the Walker Buildings, above
described, two more of the principal structures of the Institute are
situated upon Trinity Place, distant about six hundred feet from the
16 [Massachusetts [nsz‘z'tut'e 0f Tea/analogy.

main Institute square. Of these, the Engineering Building, erected
in 1889, is 52 by 148 feet upon the ground, and contains five stories
and a basement. The basement and first story are occupied by the
engineering laboratories, the four upper floors being the drawing,
recitation, and lecture rooms of the Mechanical and the Civil
Engineering departments.
Adjoining the Engineering Building is the Architectural Building,
erected in 1892. This is 58 by 68 feet upon the ground, and,
like the Engineering Building, contains five stories and a basement,

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL BUILDINGS.
the floors of the two buildings having the same level in each case,
with communication by doorways.
In addition to the four buildings mentioned, the Institute has at
the foot of Garrison Street a series of shops, which, with the boiler
house and chimney, cover about 24,000 square feet on the ground.
The last of the buildings to be mentioned is the Gymnasium, 160
by 50 feet, for athletic and military exercises, besides bath and toilet
rooms and a due amount of gymnastic apparatus.
The Institute maintains no dormitories; its students find homes
in the city, or in the beautiful suburban towns and cities of the
Boston Basin.
Massar/zusetz‘s fizsz‘z'z‘uz‘e of Technology. I 7

LIBRARIES.
At the Institute of Technology books are regarded as apparatus
for immediate use; and the Collections are, therefore, placed in direct
connection with the several departments.
There are, in all, eleven separate libraries, with an aggregate num-
ber of 26,631 volumes. In addition to the card-catalogues of the
separate libraries, there is a general card-catalogue, showing in which
library any given book is to be found.
The most valuable of the Institute libraries is the William Ripley
Nichols Chemical Library, comprising over 5,000 volumes and 2,000
pamphlets. The Engineering Library comprises over 4,000 volumes ;
the Physical Library more than 3,500, and there is a library of
Political Science, comprising over 5,000 volumes. The Architectural
Library comprises 1,000 volumes, chiefly illustrated works, and
6,000 photographs.
The several libraries are so arranged and conducted that a student
can consult them with the smallest possible loss of time. The stu-
dents have free access to the card-catalogues and to the shelves.
Each library is also used as a reading-room, all the magazines and
journals belonging to the department being freely accessible. The
number of periodicals received at the Institute, excluding all annuals,
is three hundred and sixty-two, forming one of the largest collec-
tions of scientific journals, magazines, and reviews to be found
anywhere.
THE LABORATORIES OF THE INSTITUTE.
The chief and dominating feature of the Institute of Technology,
from the material point of view, Consists of its numerous large and
well-equipped laboratories. The buildings of the Institute, in addi-
tion to all drawing, recitation, and lecture rooms, and libraries,
comprise eight laboratories or groups of laboratories. These are, —
I. THE RoGERs LABORATORY OF PHYsICs.
II. THE KIDDER CHEMICAL L.-\BOR.-\’I“ORIES.
III. THE JOHN CUMMINGS LABORATORY OF MINING ENGINEERING
AND METALLL'RGY.
18 JVassac/zusetz‘s [izsz‘z'z’ule 0f Tea/mo/ogy.

IV. THE ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, INCLUDING THE LABORATORY
OF APPLIED MEcHAMcs AND THE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.
V. THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
VI. THE ARCHI'l‘ECTURAL LABORATORY.
VII. THE GEOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
V1.11. THE MEcHARIeAL LABORATORIES, OR WORKsHoPs.
The several laboratories may be described in the following
terms:—
I. The Rogers Laboratory of Physics comprises seventeen separate
rooms, all in the “Talker Ifluilding.

LABORATORY 0F GEXERAL PHYsIcs; \VALIIER BUILDING.
Of these two are lecture—rooms seating 270 and 70 persons
respectively, the latter being used jointly by the chemical and
physical departments, and eleven are laboratory rooms. There are
also the physical library, the apparatus-room, the office of the depart-
ment, and a study.
The following are the principal rooms used for laboratory
instruction : —
Massac/zusez‘z‘s [nsz‘z'z‘uz‘e of Technology. 19

1. THE LABORATORY OF GENERAL PHYSICS, 108 by 29-;— feet, on
the first floor, devoted to instruction in the principles of physical
measuren'ient. It is supplied with a great variety of apparatus for
experimental work in Mechanics, Optics, Heat, and Electricity. The
instruction given in this laboratory is designed particularlyto teach
the student how to use physical measuring apparatus in general, and
to make him. familiar with the methods of determining various physi-
cal constants.
THE LABORATORY or ELECTRICAL MEAsUEEMENTs, also on the
first floor and of the same size as the preceding, which is devoted
chiefly to advanced electrical work carried on by the students in Elec-
trical Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry. In this room will be
found an extremely large and valuable collection of electrical measur-
ing apparatus of a character suited for delicate testing. Instruments
for the determination of electrical resistance and capacity, electro-
motive force and current, for the calibration of galvanometers, for
the study of the magnetic properties of iron and steel, are in constant
use by the more advanced students. Here are also the batteries for
testing, amounting to nearly 200 cells. Much of this apparatus is
original in design. A considerable amount of research and thesis
work is carried on in this laboratory.
3. THE DrNAito-aoon in the basement, It) by 440 feet, is provided
with a lVestinghouse engine of 75 horse—power, the sole use of
which is to furnish the power to drive the plant of dynamos. This
plant, besides a number of smaller machines, comprises a 500 light
alternating current Tliomson-I-Iouston dynamo, with transformers, a
150 light Edison dynamo, a 200 light Thoi'nsOn-Houston direct
current dynamo, a 60 light \Veston dynamo, a 3 arc-light Brush
dynamo, a United States 300 Ampere low voltage dynamo for elec-
trolytic work, and a Siemens’ alternating arc-light dynamo. From
time to time other large machines are temporarily placed here for
purposes Of study by the students. The wires from this room are
carried to all parts of the building for experimental purposes, as well
as for use in illumination. The illuminating circuits are, however,
capable of instant connection with the mains of the Edison Illuminat-
ing Co., so that all of the dynamos are available at all times for
purposes of instruction. The dynamo-room is also furnished with a
2O Massac/zusez’ts [mtz'z'ute of Tee/analogy.

great variety of apparatus for measurements of the current, electro-
motive force, and out-put of the dynamo machines.
4. THE LABORATORIES 0F ELEC’I‘RICAL ENGINEERING comprise:
A room by 29% feet in the basement, devoted especially to
thesis and other Work in dynamo machinery. It contains a cradle
dynamometer for the mechanical measurement of power consumed by
dynamo machines, a large ice-calorimeter for testing transformers, a
.500 volt storage battery for purposes of calibration, a closed air-

DYNAMO~RO0Mg ‘.VALK ER BUILDING.
chamber, 8 by 8 feet, for testing ventilating fans and blowers, and
several electro-motors of various capacities. Here is also placed
an extensive collection of railway signalling apparatus used in the
instruction of the mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering stu-
dents. In this room much of the testing of electro-motors, in
connection with thesis work, is carried on. Here is. also found a
photometry room, for the purpose of testing are and incandescent
lights, and the workshop of the mechanician of the Rogers Labora-
tory, used also by the students.
Massachusetts Institute of Tea/analogy. 21

A room 36% by 29 feet, opening from the dynamo-room, is used
almost entirely for research in connection with the theses.
5. A room, 61% by 29% feet, also in the basement, contains dark
rooms fitted up for photographic work, and also an additional pho-
tometry room. Here also is carried on the laboratory work in heat
measurements of the students in chemical engineering. The storage
batteries are also placed here, and such apparatus as is used in testing
them. Various other electrical experiments are also carried on in this
room.

PHYSICAL APPARATUS: GALVANOMETERS.
6. THE AcoUsTIC LABORATORY, 33 by 29% feet, is situated on the
second floor. This is designed especially for acoustic and telephonic
study and research. It is furnished with special telephone and elec-
tric light and power currents, and a constant-pressure blast. There
are electro-motors and all other needed facilities for the electrical
driving of sirens and like apparatus. In this laboratory is placed
the extensive collection of acoustic apparatus belonging to the
Institute.
22 [Vassar/mulls Znsz’z'z‘zzz‘e 0f 'fea/mo/ogy.

7. THE OPTICAL-ROOM, 29:12- by 2-9 feet, adjoins the Acoustic
Laboratory east and south, and is particularly designed for such
work as may require the use of sunlight. It is also employed for
other advanced work as occasion requires. The cabinet of optical
apparatus is located here.
S. A room, by 10 feet, on the same floor as the preceding, is
fitted up for the purpose of the construction and test of resistance
coils. It contains a constant temperature tank with the standard
\Vheatstone’s bridge, and the necessary galvanometers and accessory
apparatus.
9. A small room, 16 by 15-},I feet, opening from the Acoustic
Laboratory, contains various electro-dynamometers, and like apparatus
used in connection with measm'ements upon self-induction.
II. The Kidder Laboratories of Chemistry in the \Yalker Building
comprise eighteen working laboratories, four lecture-rooms, a library
and reading-room, balance-rooms, offices, and supply rooms, ——in all,
thirty rooms.
1. THE LABORATORY OF GENERAL CnEMIs'rRY is 84.5 by 39.5
feet. It has 133 working desks. Under each desk there are three
complete sets of drawers and cupboards, so that the laboratory has
accommodations for LIOO students. Since the classes in this labora-
tory are limited to about 50 students working at one time, the three
students who have a desk in common never interfere with each other.
The actual number of students working in this laboratory during the
year 1892~93 was
This laboratory is for beginners in chen'iistry, and the exercises
during the first term of the first year are designed not only to make
the student familiar with chemical manipulation, and to teach him
fundamental chemical facts, but also to train him in accurate habits
of observation. In the second term of the first year, the elements of
qualitative analysis are taught in this laboratory.
THE LABORATORY OE ANALYTICAL CHEMIs'rRY is likewise 84.5
by 39.5 feet. It has 108 desks, feet long, and each desk is pro-
vided with cupboards and drawers in which a large amount of
apparatus can be stored.
These laboratories of General and Analytical Chemistry are on the
jllassac/mse/ts Institute of Tee/zzzo/qgy. 23

fourth (top) floor of the Walker Building, and each is lighted on
three sides by 23 windows. The rooms are 17 feet high, and have
large sky-lights in the roof. They are provided with all the perma-
nent fittings found in modern chemical laboratories for accurate and
rapid work. The .~\nalytical Laboratory is provided also with suit-
able electrlcal currents and apparatus for electro-cl'iemical analysis.
The ventilation of these laboratories (as in all the rooms of the
Walker Building) is effected by forcing in moderately warmed air by

LABORATORY 0F AXALY'I'ICAL CIIEriIIs'raY; \VALKER BUILDING.
a powerful fan in the basement. The outlet of this air in the labora-
tories is through the hoods which line the walls. The amount of air
passing through the laboratories is such as to secure a total change
once in seven minutes. In consequence of this unusually perfect
‘ventilation it is possible to conduct, without annoyance or injury,
many chemical operations in the open laboratory, which in most
chemical laboratories must be confined to closed hoods. In this
laboratory there is a unique evaporator designed by Mr. H. Wood-
bridge, of the Institute, in which evaporations of water and other
24 Massac/zusez‘z‘s [nsz‘z'z‘uz‘e 0f Tec/mo/ogy.

liquids can be very rapidly performed. It consists of a combination
of a steam bath and a current of warm air.
3. Adjoining the Analytical Laboratory is a room, 31.6 by
11.7 feet, used exclusively for volumetric analysis. In this room,
which is painted entirely in white, 21 students can work at the same
time.
I. THE ORGANIC Lxnona'roar, also on the fourth floor, is 29.2 by
36 feet. It has desks for 26 students, and is provided with all the
conveniences and delicate apparatus required for work in organic
chemistry. Adjoining is a laboratory, 6 by .26 feet, arranged exclu-
sively for organic combustions. It has all the requisite fittings for
gas, oxygen, blast, and suction to operate five furnaces at one time.
‘On the roof above the Organic Laboratory is an enclosed room, 19.7
by feet, in which chemical operations of a dangerous or noxious
character can be performed.
Four small laboratories, 17.5 by 14.5 feet each, are also on the
fourth floor, for the use of the staff of instruction.
5. THE BALANCE-ROOM, communicating directly with the Ana-
lytical and Organic Laboratories, is 1.2.2 by 3.2 feet; it contains 221
high-grade analytical balances.
6. SANITARY CHEMISTRY. There are two laboratories on the
third floor, respectively 39.3 by 39.5 feet, and 37.3 by 29.5 feet.
‘The instruction in Sanitary Chemistry comprises the examination of
food products, such as flour, butter, milk, and the analysis of air
and water, and the study of sanitary problems. In these labora-
tories, under the charge of the head of the chemical department
and the instructor in Sanitary Chemistry, has been conducted the
great investigation of the il-Iassachnsctts Board of Health into the
natural waters of the State. In the course of this investigation,
which is still in progress, there have been analyzed, since 1887, over
10,000 samples of water.
7. THE LABORATORY FOR GAs ANALYSIS occupies a room, 25.5 by
10.5 feet, partitioned off from one of the Sanitary Laboratories. It
contains a collection of the best modern apparatus for the analysis
of gases. The instruction in this department includes an extended
course in gas analysis for students of Chemistry, and a shorter course
for the students in h/Iechanical Engineering. The great importance
Alassaekusetz‘s Institute of Tee/analogy. 2 5

which attaches to the economic utilization of fuel renders the
course in the analysis of furnace gases particularly valuable to the
engineer.
Three chemical laboratories on the third floor are provided for
the head of the department of Chemistry, for the Professor of Cr-
ganic Chemistry, and for the Professor of Industrial Chemistry, who
is the head of the department of Chemical Engineering. These three
laboratories, which are respectively 24.3, and 18.3 by 20.5

LABORATORY or TEN'IILE (‘oLoRING; ‘WALKER BUILDING.
feet, are used also by students engaged, directly under the pro—
fessors, in original investigation.
0. THE LABORATORIES OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY comprise a
large room in the basement for the manufacture of chemicals on a
semi-industrial scale, and a laboratory for textile coloring on the
third floor. The first mentioned is a room 50 by 20.5 feet, which
contains kettles of various patterns, stills, presses, tanks, centrifugal
dryers, filter presses, crystal dryers, etc. The laboratory of textile
coloring, 30.3 by 20.5 feet, contains a large number of jacketed
kettles, baths, and dye tubs, squeeze rolls, steamer, ager, and drier,
26 Massachusetts Institute of Tet/analogy.

and a two-color printing-inachine. It is provided with arc'lights
for working after dark.
10. A room, 39 by 14 feet, on the second floor, is fitted for
the special purpose of instruction in the optical analysis of sugar.
There is a large and readily accessible store-room, 73 by 29.5
feet, on the third floor, for chemicals and apparatus, another in the
basement, and two supply-rooms on the fourth floor. Two under-
ground vaults, respectively 37 by 5) feet, and (it) by 3.2.5 feet. are

LABORATORY OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY; “'A'LKER BUILDING.
provided for the storage of apparatus in original packages, for carboys,
inflammable liquids, etc.
The Chemical Library and Reading-room, 32 by 17 feet, is situated
between the Analytical and Organic Laboratories on the fourth floor.
The principal chemical lecture-room is 43 by 40.5 feet, and is
fitted with 220 rising seats. Another lecture-room, by 21 feet,
has seats for it), and a third room, for still smaller classes, accom-
modates 10 students. A lecture-room, by feet, with a
seating capacity of 65, is used by both the chemical and physical
departments.
.l/assar/zusez'ts Instz'fute of Tee/mo/ogv. 27
ll l. The John Cummings Laboratory of Mining Engineering and Met-
allurgy, in the basement of the Rogers Building, comprises labora-
tories for milling, for concentrating, and for smelting ores, as well
as for testing them by an assay and by the blowpipe, and a library
comprising the most important literature of the subject.


HEEL-rise Lxnuuxrouv; \VITCIIING FOR THE HLIOK.
THE BnowriInc-noon, ZS by 32.5 feet, is provided with tables for
24 students, and with the apparatus and supplies, balances, reagents,
water, and gas, needed for the determination of minerals, as well as
for the assay of silver by the blowpipe.
THE ROOM rua Assume is 2&3 by 33.133 feet, and contiguous
with it is a balance-room, 13.6 by 16.7 feet, for fine balances. This
laboratory is supplied with desks for fifty students, although only ten
work at a time. There are ten crucible furnaces, seven mufiiles, with
28 Massac/zuseits Ivzsz‘z'z‘uz‘e of Technology.

the necessary stock of ore samples, ore and reagent balances, as well
as fine button balances.
THE MILLING-noon is 01.7 by 127.0 feet, and can be used by a.
class of fifteen students. It is supplied with fine apparatus for mill-
ing gold and silver ores by the various processes of amalgamation,
lixiviation, and chlorination. This laboratory is also well provided
with the machinery for concentrating gold, silver, copper, lead, and
Zinc ores, and has a complete plant for experimenting on the deposit-
ing and refining of metals by electricity.
THE SMELTINe-EooM is 55 by 35.7 feet, and large enough for a
class of fifteen students. This laboratory has complete apparatus
for roasting and smelting ores, and refining metals in quantities of
from 500 to 6,000 lbs., according to the process.
The mostnoteworthy parts are the water-‘jacket furnace and the
Bruckner roasting cylinder. Attached to the laboratory are : ——
1. A Library, 22.6 by 15.5 feet, containing over 3,000 volumes, includ-
ing all the prominent mining and metallurgical periodicals in
English, French, and German.
2. A Private Laboratory, 16.7 by 11.2 feet, for chemical and physical
experiments on ores.
A Supply-room, 15.8 by 10 feet, for small apparatus and chemicals.
An Office for the instructors. '
A Toilet-room, 21.5 by 20 feet, with abundant supply of water, and
with a hanging closet for each student in the department.
ow eke-Q
IV. The Engineering Laboratories occupy the two lower floors of
the Engineering Building on Trinity Place, and comprise labora-
tories of steam engineering, of hydraulics, a laboratory for testing
the strength of materials, and a room containing cotton machinery.
The laboratories of steam and hydraulics occupy a portion of the
lower floor, 50 by 100 feet, and the central portion of the floor above,
50 by 70 feet. The heavier pieces of apparatus and those requiring
special foundations are placed on the lower floor.
1. THE STEAM LABORATORY. The most prominent feature of
this is the 9, 16, and .241 by 30 inch, Allis triple-expansion engine,
having a capacity of about 150 horse-power when running triple,
with 150 lbs. initial pressure in the high-pressure cylinder. This
‘<J\oo
QC.
0..
0....
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 29

engine is arranged so that any cylinder may be used single, or
compound with either of the other‘. Also, each cylinder may be
jacketed, wholly or in part, and the receiver may also be jacketed.
The engine is connected with a large surface-condenser and other
apparatus necessary to adapt it to the purposes of accurate
experiment.

ENGINEERING LABORATORY: AN ENGINE TEsT.
The laboratory also contains a 16 horse-power Harris-Corliss
engine and an S horse-power engine used for giving instruction in
valve-setting. III addition to these, there is a great variety of appa—
ratus, including condensers, calorimeters, injectors and ejectors, steam
pumps, etc., directly connected with studies in steam, also apparatus
for testing the elIiciency of transmission of power and for measuring
the power transmitted.
30 Massac/zusctts Institute of Technology.


All the apparatus is arranged for experimental purposes; and
each student takes some part in the experiments on each piece of
apparatus. The results of each test are calculated by each student,
and also by the instructors in charge. Many of the tests not only
give the student training but contribute to scientific knowledge.

HYDRAULIC LAnouAroin': ENGINEERING BUILnING.
2. Tue llYDRAULIt‘ LABORA'I‘ORY contains a closed tank, 5 feet in
diameter and 27 feet high, extending from the basement under
the lower floor to the upper part of the room on the second floor.
This is connected with a stand-pipe, 1() inches in diameter and over
70 feet high, so arranged that the water may be maintained at any
desired point, glass gauges along the stand-pipe serving to measure
the height. The stand-pipe is connected with a steam pump, with
a rotary pump, and with the city supply. On the sides of the large
Massac/zusez’z‘s fzzsz‘z'iuz‘e 0f Tee/mo/ogy. 31

tank are the connections for the various hydraulic apparatus, includ-
ing apparatus for measuring the flow over weirs, through various
sizes and shapes Of orifices ; through hose-nozzles ; through different
sizes of pipe, with the several varieties of obstructions that occur, ——
namely, diaphragms, couplings, elbows, T’s, bends, valves, etc. Also
connected with the tank, or with a centrifugal pump, is a Swain
Turbine, so arranged that measurements can be made of the
power transmitteiil under various heads and with different Openings
of gate.
The water used in the various hydraulic apparatus is conducted
to a well in the basement, from which the pumps of the laboratory
obtain their supply.
This laboratory also contains a Venturi meter, a WTorthingtou
meter, a Pelton water-motor, a hydraulic ram, a steel calibrating
tank of 280 cubic feet capacity, Pitot tube apparatus for measuring
the distribution of velocity in pipes and jets, and instruments for
measuring the exact size of jets. The laboratory is also equipped
with a variety of mercury gauges, weirs, standard orifices, mouth-
pieces, diaphragms, nozzles, etc., for experiments with flowing water
under all conditions.
As in the steam laboratory, tests are carried on by the students, each
one having some part in all, and calculating the results.
3. THE LABORATORY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH or l\»'IA'rERIALs
occupies, on the first floor, 50 by 50 feet, and a room of the same
size, directly above, on the second floor. It contains an Emery
testing-machine of a capacity of 300,000 pounds, capable of contain-
ing a compression piece eighteen feet long, and a tension piece
twelve feet long ; also an Olsen testing-machine, with a capacity of
50,000 pounds, and a variety of other apparatus for testing the
tensile and compression strength of materials,—-steel, wrought
iron, cast iron, rope, wire, hydraulic cement, etc., and the trans-
verse strength of iron and wood beams up to twenty-five feet in
length.
These tests are all conducted on a practical scale, and many have
contributed largely to our knowledge of the strength of materials as
used in construction. In addition to the regular prescribed course
Of instruction in the laboratories, a large amount of original investiga-
32 Massachusetts Institute of Tecfino/ogy.

tion is carried on by the students in the fourth year in connection
with the thesis work.
4. A room on the second floor, 50 by 30 feet, contains cotton
inachinery,—namely, card, drawing-frame, speeder, fly-frame, ring
spinning-frame, and mule. These machines are used by the students
in the second term of the second year as examples of complicated
mechanisms, and are studied as such in connection with the previous

APPLIED MEcHANIcs LABORATORY.
The Fairbanks 'I‘esting-machine.
course in the elements of mechanism. They are also used by the
students taking the option of Mill Engineering, in connection with a
study of the processes of cotton-spinning, and especially for experi-
mental work in connection with theses.
V- The Biological Laboratory of the Institute occupies a large
room, 30 by 90 feet, on the first floor of the Rogers Building, ex-
tending across the entire end of the building, on the Newbury Street
side, with large windows opening mainly to the north.
[Massachusetts Institute of T ethnology. 33

The laboratory, as a whole, is devoted to the practical examination
and investigation of the physical, chemical, and physiological aspects
of those problems concerning living organisms which naturally fall
within the scope of a scientific institution. The most important
courses carried on in the laboratory are : —
I. MIcRoscoPv, for which special provision is made in a large
supply of working instruments. Every student is provided with one

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY; ROGERs BUILDINh.
of these, and becomes accustomed to its use under expert supervision
in examinations of starches, sands, cotton, silk, wool, and other fibres ;
yeasts, adulterated foods, etc.
2. GENERAL BIOLOGY. That portion of the laboratory devoted to
the work in Elementary Biology (including General Biology, General
Zoology, and General Botany) contains places for twenty students.
34 Massac/cusetzs [ustz'tutc 0f Tcc/zuctogy.

The equipment of representative material, of charts, of dissecting and
microscopical apparatus, and of all necessary instruments, is ample,
and well adapted to develop personal skill in the student as well as
the power of close and accurate observation.
CoMPARATIvE ANATOMY AND EMBRYULOGY. For the numerous
and detailed dissections and the carefully prepared specimens re-
quired in these subjects there is special provision. Here also are
places for twenty students, with large tables for the prepared material
and with refrigerators for fresh material.
4. PHYSIOLOGY AND HIs'roLoGY. For the actual appreciation of
the actions and reactions of organisms, for the study of their effects
and of their powers, a great deal of apparatus, as well as much labor
on the part of the student, is required. That section of the Bio-
logical Laboratory devoted to these subjects is, therefore, essentially
a workshop, provided with instruments, and having places for
ten students. Here the student learns the technique of tissue-
dyeing, of ribbon sectioning, of electrical dealings with muscle and
nerve; the hydraulics of the circulation; artificial digestions and
the separation of soluble ferments; and the physiology of optics
and acoustics.
5. )IIeRo-ORGANIsMs AND BACTERIOLOGY. The most important
feature of the biological laboratory work is the opportiu'iity offered for
thorough practical acquaintance with the lower and obscurer forms
of life. These are not only of great general interest, but of immense
and increasing economic importance. Vast industries, connected
with food-preserving, canning, vinegar-making, and the like; im-
portant public affairs, such as water supply and milk supply;
sanitary interests, such as efficient ventilation, dust-destruction,
garbage-disposal, and mere cleanliness, — these and many more con-
ditions profoundly affecting the welfare of the con'imunity depend
in the last analysis for their scientific administration upon an
acquaintance with moulds, ferments, fungi, algae, bacteria, and other
low forms of life. For the study of these the laboratory is thor-
oughly equipped with special microscopes and objectives, thermo-
stats, culture-rooms, etc. Here the students learn how to prepare
culture media; to plant, to collect, to separate, identify, and
describe species; to test the value of germicides and antiseptics;
Massachusetts Institute of T ec/zezology. 35

to examine and test natural waters; to discover, enumerate, and
classify the microscopical organisms in reservoirs, rivers or lakes,
and in sewage. A portion of the biological work of the State
Board of Health of Massachusetts is also carried on in this
laboratory.
VI. The Architectural Laboratory. The laboratory in the basement
of the Architectural Building has its floor directly on the concrete,

ARCHITECT URAL DRA “'ING-ROO“.
and has a clear height of 17% feet, is feet long, and 725 feet
wide. This height allows an effective system of plumbing, for test—
ing purposes, to be set up. On a four-inch main are arranged four
offsets, in the same relative position as they are placed in regular
house plumbing. This scheme is intended to show the effect upon
traps of a solid column of water as it passes down the main. There
is also placed near the ceiling a tank with an inch and a half out-
let. This is used in testing the regular inch and a half wastes with
their traps. The four-inch main is fifty-five feet long, and on
top of it is a reservoir holding seven hundred gallons of water. In
36 Massae/msez‘z‘s [nsz‘z'z‘uz‘e 0f Tee/me/ogy.

this laboratory are carried on the experiments and tests in limes,
cements, etc., and practical lessons are given in the mixing of mortars.
The course in clay-n'iodelling is also given here. At one end of this
room is the engine and fan used for the heating and ventilation of the
building.
VII. The Geological Laboratories.
1. THE Lxnonx'roar or MixERxLoer, LITHOLOGY, S’1‘R['("1‘L'RAI.
GEoLoeY, AND ECONOMIC GEoLocr, Room 1.2, Rogers Building.
Capacity, 36 students.
The apparatus used in this laboratory includes two lithologic
microscopes, a reflecting goniometer, three hand-goniometers, dichro—
scope, clinometer, specific gravity balances, rAoetrope, etc.; also a
complete series of crystal models, of glass and wood, about 100 in
all, about 125 crystallographic charts, and about 175 charts illus-
trating structural geology; a series of wooden models illustrating
geologic structure, etc.
The collection of specimens forming part of the laboratory equip@
ment is quite extensive, embracing : -—
(a) About 1250 trays of minerals specially prepared for laboratory
work, amounting to nearly 4,000 specimens,-
¢1<0 examination
trays of minerals, containing 1,000 specimens ; c) A students’ refer-
ence collection of minerals,——l,000 specimens in a case of 24
drawers , (cl) A systematic collection of minerals, filling 35 drawers
and 2 cases of shelves ; 160 trays of rocks specially prepared for
laboratory work in lithology, containing 1,0320 specimens; 60
examination trays of rocks, containing about 600 specimens; (y) A
students7 reference collection of rocks of 250 specimens in 1.2
drawers, (/1) A systematic lecture collection of rocks, filling drawers
and a. set of shelves ; 400 thin sections of rocks for the microscope ;
440 drawers and one glass case of specimens illustrating structural
geology; (/r) About forty dressed blocks of building stones, and
nearly 200 specimens of polished marble and other ornamental
stones; (Z) An extensive collection of ores and other economic
minerals, filling 80 drawers and .25 feet of glass case.
A room in the basement is used in part for the blowpipe work
in Determinative Mineralogy. It is siqi>pliedwith tables, Bunsen-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 37

burners, agate mortars, and other accessory apparatus accon'n'nodating
classes of twenty-four students each.
The minerals used are arranged in ten series of specimens, repre-
senting sixty species in each, and classified in eighty wooden trays.
3. THE GEOLOGICAL LIBRARY AND LAEORA'I‘ORY, Room 14, Rogers
Building. This room is likewise used as a recitation-room for a few
of the smaller and more advanced classes. It contains the Rogers
Geological Library of about thirteen hundred bound volumes and
several hundred pamphlets; also, the current numbers of eight of
the leading serial publications. III the cases are two hundred
drawers of specimens of fossils and rocks, stratigraphically arranged.
There is also an exhibition case of specimens arranged in like
manner, and a case of eighteen large drawers filled with maps, sec-
tions, and drawings. The room is well supplied with tables at
which students pursue their studies in stratigraphical palacontology
and micro-lithology. Geological maps and sections are drawn, and
field notes are revised, and the results of investigations are here
prepared for final presentation.
VIII. The Mechanical Laboratories, or Workshops. A separate cir-
cular has been printed in connection with the exhibit of the Insti-
tute, giving a statement of the system of instruction in the Mechanic
Arts, and an account of the workshops, or mechanical laborato-
ries, and their equipment, which it is not necessary to repeat here.
ENDOWMENT.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is unfortunately still
an unendowed institution, in the sense that its receipts from invested
property constitute but a very small part of the means required to
carry oil the service of the school.
First and last, about a million and a half dollars have been given
or bequeathed to the school, some part of which it has been abso-
lutely necessary to use for current I‘naintenancc. Of the amount
mentioned, the State of Massachusetts gave $200,000, one half of
which was free of conditions, the other half being for the support of
free scholarships.
38 Massac/zusctts lust/talc of Yi’cfiuotogy.
The two principal contributors to the funds of the Institute in its
earlier days were Dr. Win. J. Walker and Mr. Ralph Huntington.
The principal contrilnum's of late years have been Messrs. George
B. Dori‘, Richard Perkins, Jerome S. Kidder, Mrs. Henry Edwards,
and Mrs. Catherine P. Perkins.
The amount of income-yielding property held by the Institute is
$504,403.75 The buildings occupied by the Institute stand on
the books of the 'l‘reasurer at $707,020.55 ; the land at $127,155.60.

ARCIIITEL‘TI‘RAL I)EP.~\R'l‘.\1l~INT; FREE-HAND Dnxu'Ise-(‘LAss
In addition to the land thus held in fee, the Institute enjoys the
right of perpetual occupancy, by grant from the Connnonwealth
of Massachusetts, of the land upon which the Rogers and Walker
Buildings stand.
The equipment of the several buildings and their laboratories, in—
cluding the libraries, the accumulations of twenty-eight years, repre-
sents an expenditure of probably about $200,000.
The net annual income from invested funds is about 5,000.
ll/Iassoe/zusells [uslz'lufe of T eo/mology. 39

The income from students’ fees last year (1501-02) was
S1SI),573.77.
The Institute receives one third of the national grants to the
State of Massachusetts under the United States Acts of 186:2 and
1500, amounting at present to about $12,000 a year.
It has also a certain income from rents and other sources, making
the total receipts (1801412) $264,265.78.
The expenditures for the same year amounted to $2307,5l7.‘.)0,
leaving a deficit for the year of a little over $3,000. Of the total
expenditures $180,007.01 was for salaries.


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Yor ('Hhr/nf/m's" mm’ information. (ll/(fl'l’SS Dr. II. ‘A’. TYLER. Secrefary.
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