>>> 58 1817 US ARTES SCIENTIA LIBRARY VERITAS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VNU TCEBOR SL QUE RIS-PENINSULAMAMENAM CIRCUMSPICE زرداری ادراری MUSEUM 90 BEQUEST OF BRYANT WALKER, A.B., 1876 LL.B., 1879 Sc.D. (HON.) 1912 CI C G Cacao CC مرزا ) م ) (((( 551 کے ( اکسل را اس کا ساکنان ایران V ( امام مار 27 کی ۔ Cc ہے ۔ سا ممم (( سا (( Caroco ((( C (( (( )م ke (( (( ارس ۸ (((( (((( ((((( AAAA 292 19272 S Garman BRYANT WALKER LIBRARY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Museums 666 .65 385 cop. 2 Sarman dupe Barman CATALOGUE OF THE TORTOISES, CROCODILES, AND AMPHISBANIANS, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. (Not, hisz Dept, of zoology PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. LONDON 1844. LONDON: EDWARD NEWMAN, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE STREET. INTRODUCTION. The chief object of preparing the present Catalogue, has been to give at one view a complete Synopsis of all the specimens of Shielded Reptiles at present in the British Museum col- lection, and an account of the species known to exist in other collections, but which are at present desiderata to the British Museum, so as to enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in completing the national collection. For this purpose a synoptic description has been given of all the genera and species of the shielded reptiles at present known to exist in the different museums and private collec- tions, and at the end of each description is added an enume- ration, stating the state, age, country, and other peculiarities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum collection; or when the species is not at present in that collection, the mu- seum in which it has been observed is added after the general habitat of the species. The different individuals of each spe- cies containedin the British Museum collection, are indicated by the letters a, b, c, &c. c When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to be un- derstood that it is full grown, or nearly so; when otherwise, its state is marked immediately after the letter by which it is distinguished; and if the sexes are known, it is stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed by the habi- tat, which is given as particularly as the materials possessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens which have been presented to the Museum have the name of the donor marked immediately after the ha- bitat. When there is no such indication, the specimens have been either purchased, or procured in exchange; and in this case, whenever the place or person from whom they have been received gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything a 2 iv INTRODUCTION. a of moment to their history, they are noted as being from such or such a collection. In the adoption of generic and specific names, it has been thought right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first applied to the species. As far as regards the specific names, there is comparatively little difficulty in the applica- tion of this simple rule; but generic naines have been used by different authors in senses so widely different, and the groups which they were meant to designate have been so variously extended or restricted, that it is no easy matter to determine, where several names have been used, which of them ought to be preferred. And as every original observer will constantly make use of characters which others may have overlooked, or not thought of so much importance as he may be inclined to attach to them, even when a generic name is used, it will of necessity be often employed in a different sense, or with a more restricted or extended meaning than its original proposer applied to it. It is needless, however, to enter into the details of nomen- clature, further than to observe that to the name adopted for the genus is appended the specific name under which the ani- mal is believed to have been first described. If the generic name adopted be different from that employed by the esta- blisher of the species, his name immediately follows it as a synonyme; and where the animal has received more than one specific name, these names are also given. But it has been thought unnecessary to load the Catalogue with any other ge- neric names, where no change has been made in the specific, as it has been considered that these names will be sufficient for all the purposes of identification. In those cases where the two sexes of the same species, or any particular individual state or variety belonging to it, has been differently named, such names (belonging exclusively to the state or individual so described) are placed after the refe- rence to the specimen to which they generally apply. To determine with accuracy the names and synonymes of the species, the Museums of Paris, Leyden, Vienna, Berlin, Francfort, &c., have been personally examined. Many of the specimens in the Museum collection have been received from the original describers, and most of them have been examined by M. G. Bibron, one of the authors of the Erpétologie INTRODUCTION. V Générale, ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, now in the course of publication at Paris. So that there is every reason to believe they are named in perfect accordance with those in the various continental collections. The specimens presented by Sir Joseph Banks, may be regarded as the type of the species described by Dr. Shaw. Thomas Bell, Esq., as the types of species described by him in his various papers, and in his very beautiful Mono- graph of the Testudinata. The Earl of Derby, Sir Everard Home, Capt. William Chambers, R.N. Alexander Collie, Esq. John Gould, Esq. General Thomas Hardwicke, Dr. John Richardson, John Reeves, Esq. John Russell Reeves, Esq. Colonel Sykes, and J. Whitfield, Esq., as the types of the species described by me in the Synopsis Reptilium, the Illustrations of Indian Zoology, the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, and other journals and books of travels. The Royal Society, as the types of the species described by Pennant in the Philosophical Transactions, or figured by Grew in his Museum. Dr. Rüppell , as the types of the species described in his Fauna of Abyssinia. The Hon. East India Company, as the types of the species described by Dr. Cantor, in his Fauna of Chusan. Dr. Richard Harlan, and Messrs. Edward and Henry Doubleday, as the types of the North-American species described by Say, Harian, and others. The specimens purchased or procured in exchange from The Francfort Museum, as the types of the species described by Dr. Rüppell. a 3 vi INTRODUCTION. The Leyden Museum, as the types of the species described by Dr. Schlegel in his Fauna of Japan, or other works on reptiles. The Paris Museum, as the types of the species described by M. G. Bibron. The South African Museum, as the types of the species de scribed by Dr. A. Smith, in his Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. The following list exhibits the geographical distribution of the species. When the species is found in two of the larger divisions of the list, on account of its extensive range, it is preceded by an asterisk. The names of the species which are desiderata in the Museum collection, are printed in Italics. EUROPE. Testudo marginata, page 9 * 92 græca, 9 Emys caspica, 19 Cistudo europæa, 31 *Sphargis coriacea 51 *Blanus cinereus, Spain, 72 Asra. Asia Minor. *Blanus cinereus, 72 River Tigris. Tyrse Rafeht, 49 Cabul. Testudo Horsfieldii, 7 India. *Testudo indica, 5 Emys tectum, 15 tentoria, 15 Duvaucellii, 15 trijuga, 16 lineata, 16 Dhongoka, 17 Thurgi, 17 trivittata, 17 ocellata, 18 Hamiltonii, 19 Tetraonyx Batagur, 29 Emyda punctata, 46 Tyrse gangetica, 47 Dogania subplana, 49 Chitra indica, 49 Gavialis gangeticus, 37 Crocodilus porosus, 58 bombifrons, 59 palustris, 62 Ceylon. Testudo stellata, 7 Emys Seba, 19 China. *Geoemyda Spengleri, 14 Bealii, 17 Reevesii, 18 mutica, 18 nigricans, 18 Cistudo trifasciata, 31 Platysternon megacephalum 36 Tyrse perocellata, 48 Japan. Emys japonica, 19 Sumatra. Geoemyda spinosa, 14 Emys crassicollis, 16 platynota, 16 2 99 29 92 ♡ INTRODUCTION. vii Madagascar. Testudo radiata, 6 Pyxis arachnoides, 12 Sternotherus niger, 37 ? subniger, 37 *? Hydraspis gibba, 40 Amboina. Cistudo amboinensis, 30 Java. Cistudo dentata, 32 Tyrse javanica, 47 Singapore, Crocodilus trigonops, 62 Siam. Crocodilus siamensis, 63 New Guinea. Mecistops Journei, 58 AUSTRALIA. North-west coast. Chelymys Macquaria, 42 Chelodina oblonga, 43 New Holland. Chelodina longicollis, 42 AFRICA. North. *Testudo græca, 7 Tyrse nilotica, 48 Crocodilus vulgaris, 62 Trigonophis Wiegmannii, 68 Eastern. Pelomedusa Gehafiæ. 38 Western. Testudo sulcata, 7 Kinyxis Homeana, 11 OCEANIC. Mediterranean and Atlantic. Sphargis coriacea, 51 Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Caouanna Caretta, 51 Atlantic Ocean. Caouanna elongata, 53 Chelonia virgata, 52 viridis, 54 Indian Ocean. Caouanna olivacea, 53 Red Sea. Caretta imbricata, 53 92 erosa, 12 2 Belliana, 12 + Sternotherus Derbianus, 37 Emyda senegalensis, 47 Tyrse Argus, 48 Mecistops Bennettii, 59 cataphractus, 58 Southern. Testudo pardalis, 7 semiserrata, 8 geometrica, 8 Verroxii, 8 Homopus areolatus, 10 signatus, 10 Chersina angulata, 11 Geoemyda Spengleri, 14 Emys oculifera, 28 Sternotherus castaneus, 37 Pelomedusa subrufa, 38 Crocodilus marginatus, 31 9 NORTH AMERICA. East Coast. Testudo Gopher, 4 Emys Muhlenbergii, 20 » pulchella, 20 geographica, 26 ? megacephala, 21 ? Bennettii, 21 serrata, 21 rivulata, 21 scripta, 23 Holbrookii, 23 Troostii, 24 mobilensis, 25 concinna, 25 99 92 22 > 9 viii INTRODUCTION. 9 9 99 99 99 99 99 Emys reticularia, 25 ? Phrynops Bellii, 42 macrocephala, 26 ? Miliusii, 42 floridana, 26 Hydromedusa Maximiliana, 44 hieroglyphica, 26 flavilabris, 44 » guttata, 26 Chelys Matamata, 44 picta, 27 Peltocephalus Tracaxa, 45 Bellii, 27 Podocnemis expansa, 45 Malaclemys concentrica, 28 Dumeriliana, 45 Cistudo carolina, 30 Amphisbæna americana, 70 Kinosternon oblongum, 33 Petrei, 70 Doubledayii, 33 vermicularis, 70 pensylvanicum, 33 Sarea cæca, 71 odoratum, 34 Crocodilus rhombifer, 60, Cuba Chelydra serpentina, 34 americanus, 60 Trionyx ferox, 49 Jacare fissipes, 64 muticus, 50 sclerops, 64 Alligator missisipensis, 66 nigra, 65 West coast. punctulata, 65 *? Emys ornata, 22 vallifrons, 65 Caiman trigonatus, 66 oregonensis, 23 palpebrosus, 66 gibbiceps, 67 TROPICAL AMERICA. Amphisbæna alba, 70 Testudo tubulata, 5, W. Indies Cadea punctata, 72 [73 ?Kinyxys Homeana, 11 Lepidosternon microcephalum Emys scabra, 20 Cephalopeltis scutigera, 73 rugosa, 24, W. Indies. Chirotes lumbricoides, 74 decussata, 24, W. Indies Cynisca leucura, 71, Guiana. ? vermiculata, 25 Kinosternon scorpioides, 32 South AMERICA. triporcatum, 34 East coast. Hydraspis planiceps, 39 Emys Dorbignii, 22 radiolata, 39 Phrynops Geoffroyana, 21 Spixii, 39 Amphisbæna Darwinii, 71 depressa, 39 Anops Kingii, 72 gibba, 40 Lepidosternon phocæna, 73 nasua, 40 Waglerii, 40 Galapagos. Gaudichaudii, 40 ?Testudo indica, 5. Naturalized Hilairii, 40 LOCALITY UNKNOWN. lata, 41 affinis, 41 Emys Kinosternoides, 27 *?Phrynops Geoffroyana, 41 annulifer, 27 rufipes, 41 Kuhlii, 28 JOHN EDWARD GRAY. British Museun, July 1, 1844. > 99 99 99 SYNOPTIC CATALOGUE OF REPTILES. Class III. - REPTILES, (Reptilia). - . Animal furnished with a distinct bony skeleton. The skin clothed with horny imbedded plates or imbricated scales, which are covered with a thin and often deciduous epidermis. They re- spire by cellular lungs. The heart has a single ventricle divided into two or more cells, giving origin to two arteries and receiving the cold red blood by two veins from two auricles. Penis distinct. Oviparous, but the egg sometimes hatched in the body of the mo- ther, often covered with a thick more or less calcareous shell. The young like the parent, and not undergoing any transformation. Synopsis of the Orders. Sect. I. SCALY REPTILES, (SQUAMATA). Body covered with overlapping scales. Skull formed of sepa- rate bones; the ear-bone external and only articulated to the rest. Vent a cross slit. The generative organs bifid. Tongue free. 1. LIZARDS, (SAURIA). Mouth not dilatable: lower jaw-bones united by a bony suture in front. "Limbs 4, distinct, rarely in such a rudimentary state as to be hidden under the skin. 2. SERPENTS, (OPHIDIA). Mouth very dilatable: bones of the lower jaws separate from each other, only united by ligaments. Limbs none, or only in the form of short spurs on the sides of the vent. 3 B REPTILES. Sect. II. SHIELDED REPTILES, (CATAPHRACTA). Body covered with square imbedded shields. Bones of the skull adglutinated together, hard, with the ear-bone sunk into its substance. Jaws united into a solid mass : mouth not dilata- ble. Vent roundish or linear, plaited. The generative organs simple. 3. Tortoises, (CHELONIANS). Body short, depressed. The bones of the thorax external, surrounding the muscles of the body like a case, out of which the head, limbs and tail are pro- truded. Jaws toothless, covered with a horny coat. 4. EMYDOSAURIANS. Body fusiform, covered with square bony plates placed in longitudinal lines. Limbs 4, free. Vent li- near, longitudinal. Jaws with teeth. 5. AMPHISBENIANS. Body elongate cylindrical, covered with square imbedded plates placed in cross rows. Limbs none or very short, weak. Vent transverse. Jaws with teeth. TORTOTSES. 3 Sect. II. SHIELDED Reptiles, (CATAPARACTA). Body covered with square imbedded plates, generally forming a dorsal and ventral shield. The bones of the skull thick, united together into a hard mass, and including the quadrate bones and pterygoid processes. The tongue is short, affixed to the mouth, scarcely exsertible. The lungs are enveloped by a thick perito- neum, which performs the part and has the appearance of a dia- phragm. The vent is round or linear, plaited. The male organ and vagina are simple, the former having only a groove along its up- per edge. Oviparous: the egg covered with a hard shell: the young, when hatched, having a large umbilical slit, which soon , disappears. Order III. TORTOISES, (CHELONIA). The body enclosed in a case, formed of two shields united by their margins, and leaving only the head, neck, limbs and tail free, which are covered with a scaly skin: the upper shield or thorax formed of the ribs more or less dilated on the sides, united toge- ther and adherent to the dorsal vertebræ by a toothed suture, pre- venting any motion; they are surrounded by a series of bones forming the edge of the shields: the lower shield or sternum is formed of four pair and a central anterior bone. The jaws are toothless, covered with a horny bill, rarely hid by fleshy lips: the upper bill covers the lower like a box. Eyes with distinct eyelids. The drum of the ear visible, nearly superficial. The legs short, thick. Tail conical. The vent is a circular hole. Synopsis of the Families. 1. TESTUDINIDÆ. Feet club-shaped; claws 5-4 or 4-4, blunt. Caudal shields united into one, incurved. Neck retractile. 2. EmydiDÆ. Feet palmated; claws 5-4 or 4-4, acute. Caudal shields separate. Neck retractile. Pelvis attached to the ver- tebræ only. Sternal shields 11 or 12. 3. CHELYDIDÆ. Feet palmated; claws 5-4 or 5-5, acute. Caudal shields separate. Neck contractile. Pelvis attached to the ver- tebræ and sternum. Sternal shields 13. 4. TRIONYCIDIDÆ. Feet palmated; claws 3-3, acute. Bones co- vered with a soft skin having a flexible margin. 5. CHELONIADÆ. Feet fin-shaped, compressed. B2 4 REPTILES. Fam. I. LAND TORTOISES, (TESTUDINIDE). Head ovate, shielded : jaws naked : nostril apical. Neck re- tractile into the cavity of the shell. Feet short, club-shaped, arm- ed with blunt claws. Shell very solid, thick, ovate, the ribs united together to the margin, in the adult state covered with horny concentrically grooved shields, marked with a permanent are- ola: marginal plates 24 to 26, the caudal pair always united together into one broad generally incurved plate. Sternum broad and solid, closed in the centre of the adult, and firmly attached to the thorax by a bony suture, covered by the end of the pectoral and abdominal plates. Tail short and thick. They are slow in their motion; eating vegetables and roots. In the colder climates they burrow and sleep during the winter. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. TESTUDO. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 12; in- guinal plate moderate. Toes 5-4. 2. HOMOPUs. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 12; in- guinal plates moderate. Toes 4-4. 3. CHERSINA. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 11. Toes 5-4. 4. KINIXYS. Thorax hinder part mobile: sternal plates 12; in- guinal plates very large. Toes 5-4. 5. Pyxis. Thorax solid. Sternum front lobe moveable: sternal plates 12. 1. TESTUDO, Linn. Thorax convex, subglobose, solid. Sterum solid, covered with 12 sternal shields, the gular pair separate, inguinal shields moderate. Head scaly, with 2 frontal shields above, and 1 ver- tical shield between the eyes. Claws 5-4, blunt. A. The last vertebral shield almost always as wide as the caudal and two hinder marginal plates. American. Gophers. The Gopher or MUNGOFA. Testudo Gopher, Bartram, Voy. i. 55. T. Polyphemus, Hollbrook, Amer. Rep.i. t. 1. Daud. R. i. 256. Gray, Syn. 5. Dum. 8. Bib. E. G. ii. 105. Schw. Arch. Ko- nisb.i.317. T. depressa, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. Guerin, Icon. t. 1. f. 1. T. Carolina, Linn. Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. H. v. 97. T. tabulata, Schoepf. t. 13? T. tabulata, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 70. ?T. Schweigeri, Gray, Syn. 10. var. Shell oblong, depressed; shields pale brown, grooved ; nuchal shield broad: sternum produced in front, deeply nicked behind; pectoral shields short; head and cheeks covered with scales; taií very short. TORTOISES. 5 . Specimens in British Museum. a. Adult, 81 inches. N. Ame- rica. Presented by Richard Harlan, M.D. b. Adult, 102 inches. N. America. Presented by Edward Dou- bleday, Esq, The BRAZILIAN TORTOISE. Testudo tabulata, Walb. Ch. 70, t. 22. Daud. Rept. i. 242. Gray, Syn. 10. Bell , Test. t. 1, 2. . . , Wagler, Syn. f. 45, 48. Neuw. Abbild.t. Dum. 8. Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 89. T Hercules, Spix, Braz. t. 14. Gray, Syn. 9. T. Boiei, Wagler, Amp. t. 6, f. 7,8. Icones, t. 13. T. denticulata, Schoepf. t. 28, f. 1. T. carbonaria, Spix, t. 16. Bell, Test. t. 1,2. Dum. f. Bib. E. G. ii. 99. T. tessellata, Schn. Schoepf. t. 12, f. 2. t. 13. Neuw. Abbild. t. T. Cagado, Spix, Braz. t. 17. T. sculpta, Spix, Braz. t. 18. T. Græca, Herm. Obs. Zool. T. ero- sa, and T. gigantea, Schweig. T. foveolata, Licht. Berl. Acad. 1820, 251. Sphargis Mercurialis, Schinz. t. 8, f. 1. Shell subquadrate, oblong, depressed, sides contracted when adult; shields black, grooved, areola small, nuchal plate none; animal red or yellow, spotted. Var. 1. Large, shell contracted on the sides, sternum roundly lobed behind. T. Hercules, Spix. a. c. and f. Adult, 11} inches. Shell only. Sternum rather con- S. America. b.d. and f. Adult, 123 inches. Sternum very concave. S. America. Var. 2. Smaller (young?), shell oblong, sternum acutely lobed be- hind. T. tabulala, Walb. a. Adult, 11 inches. Sternum very concave. Trop. America. b. Adult, 9 inches. Sternum flat. Trop. America. c. Adult skeleton 10 inches. Sternum flat. Trop. America. d. Young, in spirits. Gular plates truncated, not produced, mar- ginal plates denticulate; shields brown, areola yellowish. Var. 3. The last vertebral nearly as broad as the caudal and half of each of the hinder marginal shields. f. Half-grown animal and shell. West Indies. Presented by J. 3 Gould, Esq. B. The last vertebral generally only as wide as the caudal and half of each of the hinder marginal shields. Confined to the old World. The INDIAN TORTOISE. Testudo Indica, Gmelin, S.N. Gray, Syn. 9. Cat. Zool. Soc. 40, fig. 9. Chersina retusa, Merrem. T. Elephantopus, Harlan, J. Acad. Phil. iii. 284, t. 9. T. nigra, Quoy, Voy. Uran. t. 40. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 115. T. Ca- lifornica, Quoy. T. Dussumieri, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. i. Pet. cave. в 3 6 REPTILES. Gaz. t. 76, f. 4. T. gigantea, Schw. Arch. Konisb. i. 327. Dum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 120. Schoepf. t 22. Shaw, Zool. t. 3. Weig- mann, Bon. Trans, t. 13. T. Vosmaeri, Fitz. Cat. 44. Dum. f Bib. E. Gen. ii. 140. T. nigrita, Dum. f Bib. E. Gen. ii. 81. T. Daudinii, Dum. f. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 125. T. Elephantina, Dum. f. Bib. E. G. ii. 110. T. Perraultii, Dum. f. Bib. E. G. ii. 126, La ronde, Lacep. Quad. Ovip. i. 126, t. 5. T. orbicula- ris, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 154. T. rotunda, Latr. Rept. i. 107. Black; pectoral shields short; nuchal plates variable or want- ing; animal black; last vertebral often as broad as the three last marginal a. Adult, 32 inches. Nuchal plate, shell only, not a good state. b. Very young, only upper part of shell, no nuchal plate, 4 inches. Presented by J E. Gray, Esq. c. Adult, 21 inches. Nuchal plate distinct. d. Very young, 4 inches. Nuchal plate distinct. Last vertebral narrower than the three last marginal. Bengal. Presented by General J. Hardwicke. e. Young, 14 inches. Nuchal plate distinct. Shell only. f. Young, 7 inches. Nuchal plate none. 9. Young, 6 inches. Nuchal plate none, feet bad. h. Young, 5} inches. Nuchal plate none. Shell only; nucleus of marginal and gular plates pale. i. Very young, 47 inches. Whitish; nuchal plate none; nucleus of plates dark. j. Adult animal and shell, 23 inches. k. Upper shell only, very large and broad. Presented by E. Cross, Esq. The Cour. Testudo radiata, Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 2. Greu, Mus. t. 3, f. 2. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. Dum. Bib. E. G. ii. 83. T. Coui, Daud. R. ii. 271, t. 26, f. 2. T. Madagascariensis, Comm. Mus. Par. T. calcarata, part, Merrem. Shell hemispherical; shields flat, grooved, black, yellow-rayed, areola small, rufous; nuchal shield triangular; sternum produced in front, truncated behind. a. Upper shell only, 9 inches. Madagascar. From the Museum of the Royal Society. b. and c. Shell only. Madagascar. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard- wicke. d. Shell and animal, 61 inches. Madagascar. e. Shell only, wanting some plates, 54 inches. Madagascar. . f. Young, shell only, 4 inches. Gular plate short, truncated. Madagascar. g. Young, shell only. h. Very young, shell only. i. Half grown, shell only. TORTOISES. 7 seum. k. Adult, shell and animal. Margin and shields much worn. Gu- lar plate produced, rounded, not nicked; anal plate very short, very convex. Madagascar. The GROOVED TORTOISE. Testudo sulcata, Miller, Cym. Phys. t. 26. Gray, Syn. 68. Dum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 74, t. 13,f. 1. T. calcarata, Schn. t. 12. Bechst. in Lacep. i. 346, t. T. radi- ata Senegalensis, Gray, Syn. 11. Schlegel, F. Japon. 74. T. Schoepfii, Ruppell. Shell oblong, depressed, dirty yellow, dorsal line flattened, with a deep triangular notch in front; front and hinder margin strongly reflexed and deeply toothed ; lateral edge slightly keeled; caudal plate very broad, inflexed; shields deeply grooved, areola small; sternum produced and bifid in front: animal pale yellow; feet with very large scales in front, thighs with 2 large spines. a. Young, stuffed, 8 inches. Abyssinia. From the Francfort Mu- b. Adult, 19 inches. Upper shell only. S. Africa. DR. HORSFIELD's Tortoise. Testudo Horsfieldii. T. Ibe- ria, Pallas ? Faun. Casp. t. 5 ? Shell oblong, rather depressed, pale, varied with blackish, especially upon the lower side; the gular plates elongate, trian- gular, longer than broad, the anal plates broader than long, the hinder notch broad, triangular, the hinder marginal plates broad, with the nucleus on the centre of their margin; the front edge of the fore arms with smaller scales than the hinder; the vent with two blunt spines on each side. a. Young. India, Affghanistan. Presented by the Hon. E. India Company. The LEOPARD TORTOISE. Testudo Pardalis, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. t. 25. Test. t. 1, 2. Gray, Syn. 12. T. armata, Boie, Erp. Jav. MS. T. bipunctata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. Gray, Syn. t. 3, f. 3, low- er. Gotw. Schildk. t. k.f. 15. Shell nearly hemispherical, blackish or yellow, black-spotted ; shields grooved; areola of the costal shields near the upper edge; nuchal shields none. a. Sternum only, 13 inches. S. Africa. b. Adult, animal and shell, 12 inches. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. c. Young, shell without front lobe of sternum; yellow, shields black-edged, areola spotted ; shields grooved. The STARRED TORTOISE. Testudo stellata, Schweigr. Prod.i. 325. Gray, Syn. 12. Seba, t. 80, f.3, t. 79, f. 3. T. actinoides, , Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. t. 14. Test. t. 1, 2. Dum. f. Bib. E. G. ii. 66. T. elegans, Schoepf. t. 25, f. 1. Gray, Syn. t. 3, f. 1, 2. T. 8 REPTILES. geometrica, Shaw, Zool. v. t. 2, f. 1. Le Geometrique, Lacep. Q. 0. 155, t. 9. Shell ovate, convex, shields convex, grooved, black, yellow- rayed, areola large, placed near the hinder edge; nuchal shield none; head and feet black, yellow-spotted; tail short. a. Adult, 6 inches. Yellow, black-rayed. Ceylon. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 6. Shell only. c. Upper shell only; depressed, broad, pale; nucleus very large, pale margin of shields blackish marked. d. Young: nucleus moderate; nucleus and margin brown-edged, with 4 broad yellow rays. Test. elegans, Schoepf. t. 26. Cop. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 6. e. Adult, shell only, 10 inches. Shields very high, truncated. Philippines The TOOTHED CAPE TORTOISE. Testudo semiserrata, A. Sm. Illust. South African Zoology, t. 4. Brown, yellow-rayed, below yellow, black-rayed; nuchal shield triangular; the forefeet with large tubercular scales above the claws. a. Adult. Shields rather convex. S. Africa. From the South African Musenm. b. and c. Shields scarcely raised. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. d. Young, shell only. Thorax orbicular; margin more acutely serrated. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. The GEOMETRIC TORTOISE. Testudo geometrica, Linn. S. N. i. 353. Gray, Syn. 12. Dum. 8. Bib. E. G. ii. 57. T. luteola, Daud. Rept. ii. 277, t. 25, f. 3. T. tentoria, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. t. 13. Mus. Gohr. f. 13-16. Seba, t. 80, f. 8. Lacep. Q. 0. t. 3, f. 2. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 2. Schoepf. t 10. Daud. t. 25, f. 1. Bell, Test. t. 1. Shell oblong, convex; shields yellow, grooved, black-rayed, areola yellow, truncated; nuchal shield long. Var. 1. Shell oblong, elongate, narrow: sternum concave: nuchal plate elongate, narrow: caudal shield much incurved, (T.geo- metrica) b.c.d. e. Shells wanting the front lobe of sternum. S. Africa. Var. 2. Shell oblong, ventricose: sternum convex, black-rayed : nuchal plates elongate, narrow : shields convex, truncated : caudal shield incurved, convex. T. tentoria, Bell. a. Shell wanting the first lobe of sternum, 44 inches. S. Africa. e f. Shell. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard- wicke. 2 TORTOISES. 9 g. Shell only, wanting a few plates, 5 inches. Vertebral shield very high. Cape of Good Hope. k. Shell, young, 2 inches. Plates flattish. Cape of Good Hope? 1. Animal and shell, young, 2 inches. Plates rather convex. Cape of Good Hope. Var. 3. Shell oblong, ventricose: sternum convex, dark in the middle, white on the sides : nuchal plates short, truncated : shields convex, often high, truncated. h. Shell, adult, 51 inches. Dorsal shields high, conical; caudal plate produced. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq. i.& j. Shell , young. Dorsal shield rather convex; caudal plate inflexed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq. VERREAUX' TORTOISE. Testudo Verroxii, A. Smith, Illustr. Zool. S. Africa, t. 8. 7. Shell black brown, varied with pale yellow rays and spots, be- neath yellow, black in the centre; head above yellow, feet with large imbricate scales in front; marginal shields placed at an an- gle with respect to the costal shield; nuchal plate triangular; dis- cal plate simple, convex. Inhabits South Africa. Probably only a variety of T. geome- trica, from a single specimen in Dr. A. Smith's collection. The MARGINED TORTOISE. Testudo marginata, Schoepf. t. 11, 12, f. 1. Gray, Syn. 11. Exped. Morea, t. 7, f. 2. Dum. & B. E. G. ii. 37. Wagler, Amph. t. 25. T. Graii, Herm. Obs. Zool. 219 T. Græca, Lacep. Q. 0. t. 5, f. 2. T. Græca, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 7. T. campanulata, Walb. Chel. 124. T. lutraria, Gmel. T. rotunda, Lacep. Scheuch, P. S. ii. 261. Shell ohlong, ventricose, hinder edge horizontally expanded ; shields black, yellow-varied, grooved, areola small, yellow; nuchal plate slender, long; animal blackish, limbs largely scaled. a. Young, 35 inches. Caudal plate produced, flat. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. The TARTARUGA. Testudo Græca, Linn. S. N. ii. 552. Gray, Syn. 13. Exped. Morea. t. 7, f. 1. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 1. Schoepf. t. 8, 9.-Dum. 8 Bib. E. G. ii. 49, not Pallas. T. Carolina, Herm. T. geometrica, Brunnich, Adriat. 92. T. Hermanni, Schneid. 348. Seba, t. 80, f. 1. Knorr, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52, f. 1. T. pusilla, Shaw, Zool. iii. 53. T. Ibera, Pallas ? Zool. Ross. Eichu. Z. Spec. ii. 196. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 43, t. 5.? T. Mauritanica, Dum. 8. Bib. H. Gen. ii. 44. Edw. Birds, t. 204. T. Zohaffa, Forskael, F. Arab. 12. Shell oblong, subglobose; shields rather convex, black and yellow-varied; nuchal shield distinct. 2 10 REPTILES. a. Sternum flat, black, 5 inches. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Sternum rather concave, black, 41 inches. S. Europe. Pre- sented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. c. Vertebral shields convex, sternum black, 5 inches. S. Europe. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. d. Sternum black varied, 6 inches. e. Sternum black varied, 54 inches. S. Europe. f. Sternum black varied, 7 inches. Some of the marginal plates wanting. S. Europe. g. Shell only, 54 inches. S. Europe. h. Shell only, 5 inches. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esų. Testudo Mauritiana, Dum. f Bib. E. G. ii. 44. i. Shell only, 7] inches. S. Europe. S. Europe. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. j. Shell only, young, 24 inches. S. Europe. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. k. In spirits, 4 inches. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 1. In spirits, young, 23. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 2. HOMOPUS, Dum. & Bib. Shell depressed, solid. Sternum solid, hinder lobe sometimes mobile, sternal shields 12, gular plates separate. Claws 4-4. The AREOLATED TORTOISE. Homopus areolatus, Dum. fi Bib. E. Gen. ii. 146, t. 15, f. 2, 3. Testudo areolata, Thunb. N. A. Sued. viii. 180. Gray, Syn. 13. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. Seba, i. t. 80, f. 61. Schoepf. t. 23. Chersina tetradactyla, Lesson, Bull. Sci. xxv. 119. Merrem, Test. 43. T. fasciata, Daud. R. ii. 294. T. pusilla, Daud. R. ii. 299. T. Juvencella, Daud. R. Le vermil- lion, Lacep. Q. 0. p. 166. Shell oblong, depressed, bent up on the sides; shields convex grooved yellow; sutures deep, areola sunk fulvous; nuchal shield slender; animal pale brown; legs largely scaly. a. Not good state, 3 inches. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by R. Brown, Esq. b. Shell only, 3} inches. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. c. Animal and shell, 31 inches. From the South African Museum. The SPECKLED TORTOISE. Homopus signatus, Dum. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 182. Testudo signata, Walb. Chel. 71, 120. Schoepf. 120, 1. 28, f. 2. Gray, Syn. 13. Bell. Test. t. T. denticulata, var. Gmel. S. N. i. 1045. T. cafra, Daud. Rept. ii. 291. T. par- dalis, Jun. Schlegel, F. Japon. 73. Shell oblong, uniformly inclined on the sides; shield fattish, yellow, black-lined or dotted, areola blackish, sunk. a. In spirits, young. S. Africa. b. Dry, very young. Isle of France ? TORTOISES. 11 3. CHERSINA, Gray. Thorax convex, very solid. Sternum solid, sternal shields 11, the gular pair united into a single produced one, inguinal plates moderate. Claws 5-4. The ANGULATED TORTOISE. Chersina angulata, Gray, Syn. 15, 69, t. 1, 2. Testudo angulata, Dum. Mus. Paris. Schw. Arch. Konisb.i. 321. Bell. Test. t. 1. Dum. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 330. T. Bellii, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 3, f. 4. Knorr, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52, f. 2. T. flavo-fusca, Mus. Berl. T. pusilla, Linn. S. N. ii. 353. , . T. Graii, Dum. f Bib. E. Gen. ii. 135. T. tabulata, var. Africa- na, Schw. Arch. Kon. i. 322. T. peltastes, Dum. & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 138. Shell oblong, ventricose; shields black-grooved, yellow-varied, areola yellow, sunk. a. Adult, worn. Pale horn-color, with a brown spot in each are- ola, 7] inches. S. Africa. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Half-grown animal, not good state, 5} inches. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq. c. Half-grown, shell only, 51 inches. Cape of Good Hope. Pre- sented by R. Brown, Esq. d. Young, solid; shell only, 4 inches. Cape of Good Hope. Pre- sented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 4. Kinixys, Bell. Cinixys, Wagler. Thorax convex, hinder lobe becoming mobile, with a carious suture. Sternum solid ; sternal plates 12; gular pair produced and separate; inguinal plates very large. Claws 5.4, outer front one very small. In the young, the dorsal suture is scarcely observable, but then the genus can be distinguished by the large size of the inguinal plates, the suture becomes more observable as the animal increases in age; unlike the box tortoises, where the moveable lobes of the sternum often become anchylosed in the older specimens. Cuvier only having seen one specimen (Reg. An. ii. 10), considered this structure as an accidental deformity, and Wagler by mistake says it is the front part that is moveable. * Fifth vertebral plate produced. HOME'S KINIXYS. Kinyxis Homeana, Bell, Linn. Trans. xv. t. 17. Gray, Syn. 15. Dum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 161, t. 14, f. 2. Test Homeana, Gray, Z. M. 1825. Test. angulata, adult, Schle- gel, F. Japon. 72. Shell oblong, subquadrate, brown, hinder edge reflexed; upper edge of the fifth vertebral shield compressed, produced; nuchal shield generally distinct. a. and b. Shell only, 7 inches. Demerara. Presented by Sir E. Home, Bart. a 12 REPTILES. ** Fifth vertebral plate reyularly rounded. Eroded Kinexis. Kinyxis erosa, Gray, Syn. 16. Dum, et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 165. K. castanea, Bell, Linn. Trans. xv. t. 18. Test. erosa, Schn. Arch. Konisb. i. 321. T. denticulata, Shau', Zool.ii.t. 13, not Linn. T. angulata, adult, Schlegel, F. Japon. 72. Shell oblong, brown (yellow-rayed ?), hinder edge reflexed, toothed, the fifth vertebral shield equally rounded, nuchal shield none. c. Half a. Adult shell with fore feet only, 9} inches. W. Africa, Gambia. b. Half grown, shell only, 6 inches. W. Africa. Kinixys castanea, Bell, Linn. Trans. xv. t. 18. grown, shell only, 5 inches. W. Africa ? BELL'S KINIXYS. Kinixys Belliana, Gray, Syn. 69. Grif- fith, A. K. t. Dum. f Bib. E. G. ii. 168. Shell oblong, subquadrate, yellow, brown-rayed, rather de- pressed in front, margin nearly entire, (worn ?); fourth and fifth vertebral shields equally convex; nuchal shield elongated. a. Yellow, much rubbed. Presented by John Edward Gray, Esq. b. Yellow, brown-rayed. Gambia. Presented by J. Whitfield, Esq. 5. Pyxis, Bell. Shell subglobose, solid. Sternum with the front lobe mobile, the suture below the humeral and pectoral shields. Toes ? The Pyxis. Pyxis arachnoides, Bell, Linn. Trans. xv. t. 16. Gray, Syn. 16. Dum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 156, t. 14, f. 1. P. Ma- dagascariensis, Lesson, Bull. Sci. xxv. 120. Testudo geometrica, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 74. Shell hemispherical, yellow and black varied, very variable in colour. Inhabits Madagascar. Mus. Bell. two specimens. - TORTOISES. 13 Fam II. TERRAPENS, (EMYDID Æ). n 17 Head rather depressed, covered with a hard or soft skin : jaws naked : nostril small, apical. Neck retractile into the cavity of the thorax. Feet depressed, expanded : toes 5-5 or 5-4, almost always webbed to the claws : claws sharp. Tail conical, shielded be- neath. Thorax generally depressed, solid, with a distinct bony mar- gin, covered with horny plates. Discal plates 13, marginal 24-26, caudal always separate; sternal shields 11 or 12, gular pair some- times united. The vertebræ of the neck bent in a perpendicular bow. Pelvis only united to the vertebræ. Rapid; living in fresh- water ponds. Carnivorous, only taking their food while in the water. Egg oblong, white. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Head and tail moderate, sterno-costal suture simple. a. Sternum solid, truncated before and nicked behind, attached to the thorax by a bony symphysis; sternal plates 12; axil- lary and inguinal plates moderate or none. GEOEMYDA. Head covered with a thin skin : toes 5-4, free, short. EMYS. Head covered with a thin hard skin : toes 5-4, webbed. TETRAONYX. Head covered with a thin hard skin : toes 4-4, webbed. MALACLEMYS. Head depressed, covered with a soft skin : toes 5-4, webbed. b. Sternum divided by a central cross suture, attached to the tho- rax by a ligamentous suture ; sternal plates 12 ; axillary and inguinal plates very small. Cistuda. Sternum rounded before. c. Sternum divided by two cross sutures, central lobe attached to the thorax by a bony symphysis ; sternal plates 11 or 8; the axillary and inguinal plates large. KINOSTERNON. B. Head and tail very large, sterno-costal symphysis covered with one or three peculiar plates. d. Sternum cross-like, acute before ; sternal plates 10, with a broad one on each side, over the sides of the sternum. CHELYDRA. Tail crested. e. Sternum broad, truncated before ; sternal plates 12 : sterno- costal suture covered with three additional plates. PLATYSTERNON. Tail cylindrical, shielded. с REPTILES. a 2 1. GEOEMYDA, Gray. Head covered with a thin continued skin; chin not bearded. Leg's strong, not fringed behind. Toes 5-4, strong, short, free, covered above by a series of shields ; claws short. Tail tapering. Shell depressed, three-keeled ; hinder edge strongly toothed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked behind; gular plate, linear, band-like, small; axillary and inguinal plates small. The TOOTHED LAND Emys. Geoemyda Spengleri, Gray, Pr. Z. Soc. 1834. Testudo S. Walb. Hist. Naturf. vi. t. 3. Gmelin, . S. N. i. 1043. Schw. 310. Gray, Syn. 21. Dum. & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 308. T. serrata, Shaw, Zool.iii. 50, t. 9. T. serpentina, var. Latr. Rept. i. 163. T. tricarinata, Bory, Atlas. t. 37, f. 1. Shell oblong, depressed, pale brown, three-keeled; keels con- tinuous, distant, black-edged, hinder edge deeply serrated ; verte- bral shields quadrate ; sternum black, yellow-edged: animal olive, 3 red dotted, with a white streak on each side of the neck. a. Adult, dry animal (shell lost one scale). 3inches. China. Presented by John R. Reeves, Esq. b. Shell only. Africa. The SPINOSE LAND Emys. Geoemyda spinosa, Gray, Pro. Z. Soc. 1834. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. , f.2. Emys s. Gray, Syn, 20. . Illust. Ind. Z.t. f. 1 (young). Beli, Test. t. 1. Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 327. “ E. bispinosa," Schlegel . Testudo Emys, Muller, Verh. Rept. t. 4 ? Vertebral plates not keeled. Shell oblong, subquadrate, keeled, flattened above, chesnut brown, front and hinder edge strongly serrated ; vertebral plates broad, first suburceolate; costal plates with a posterior, subsupe- rior areola, with a slight subconic tubercle; beneath yellow, brown rayed ; young depressed, pale brown, bluntly keeled, with a dis- tinct spine in the areola of each discal plate. a. Adult, 8 inches. Sumatra. 2. EMYs, Brongn. Head moderate, covered with a thin hard skin; chin not bearded. Feet short, covered with scales; toes 5-4, strong, shielded above, webbed to the claws. Tail moderate. Shell depressed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the ends of the pec- toral aud abdominal plates; axillary and inguinal plates moderate, distinct. A. Vertebral plates elongate, lozenge-shaped. (Asiatic). a. Shell very solid, shelving on the sides; keel tubercular, margin entire. b. Shell depressed, three-keeled. TORTOISES. 15 a B. Vertebral plates 6-sided, margin subdentate. a. Asiatic. b. European c. American. * Sternum nicked behind. + Shell with a continuous keel. # Shell tubercularly keeled. t Shell keelless or only keeled when young, neck streaked. HH Shell keelless, like the neck, yellow spotted. ** Sternum truncated at each end, shields pale-edged. *** Sternum acute at each end. E. Kinosternoides. A. Vertebral plate lozenge-shaped. Asiatic. The PANGSHURE. Emys tectum, Bell. Test. t. 1, f. 1-4. Gray, Syn. 23, t. 25. Illust. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 72, f. 1, 2. Dum. & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 321. Schlegel, P. Jap. 51. E. trigibbosa, Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. xxv. 121, 8 Belanger, Voy. 29. Testudo Pangshure, n. 4, and T. khagraskata, n. 16, B. Hamilton, MSS. Shell ovate, oblong, solid, olive, with a central interrupted red streak; back angularly elevated, compressed ; vertebral shields elongated, six-sided, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd keeled, each produced and subtubercular behind, margin quite entire, shelving ; sternum flat keeled, sides high sloping ; head olive, with two broad orange converging streaks; neck with close olive lines. , a, b, c. Adult, stuffed and in spirits. India. From M. Piquot's collection. d. Adult, in spirits. e. Adult, stuffed. India. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. . The DURA. Emys tentoria, Gray, Pr. Z. Soc. 1834. E. tec- tum, adult, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 72, f. 3. Testudo Dura, , B. Hamilton, MSS. Shell ovate oblong, olive; back rather angularly compressed ; shields slightly rugose, the first vertebral one four-sided, as broad as long, the rest elongated, six-sided, keeled, the keel (of the third especially) produced behind into a tubercle; the marginal and sternal plates yellow keeled; sternum nearly flat, slightly ele- vated, and keeled on the sides. a. Adult, 6 inches. Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes. Duvaucell's Emys. Emys Duvaucellii, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 334. Shell subcordiform, smooth, entire, convex, tent-like, greyish edged with black, and with three black streaks, the side ones on the upper edge of the costal plates; vertebral plates quadrilateral, oblong, very long, keeled on the binder edge. Inbabits India, Bengal. In Mus, Paris. 16 REPTILES. The THICK-NECKED Emys. Emys crassicollis, Bell MSS. in Gray, Syn. 21, t. 7, f.3. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 9, f. 2. Dum & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 325. E. Spengleri, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51. Shell ovate, oblong, rather convex, revolute on the sides and deeply toothed behind, black, slightly three-keeled ; keels close; first vertebral plate elongate, six-sided ; sternum flat, pale, and keeled on the sides ; head and neck thick, black. a. Shell only. 4} inches long. Sumatra. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. b. Animal and shell, half grown, in spirits. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. The THREE-KEELED Emys. Emys trijuga, Schweig. Prod. 310. Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 310. E. Belangeri, Lesson, Voy. Ind. 291. Testudo scabra, Shaw, Zool. iii. 55, from Seba. i. 126, t. 79, f. 1, 2. Shell convex, oval, brown, three-keeled; keels rather inter- rupted, margin slightly toothed ; shields rugose; areola marginal, ; , posterior, rugose ; sternum rather convex on the sides, blackish 1; head brown, with a yellow streak over each eye; jaws yellow varied. a. Animal and shell. Under side of marginal shield, and edge of sternum yellow. Compared with specimens in the Paris Museum. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Shell. Under side of margin and edge of sternum black. India. From the Vienna Museum. “Emys Hermanni," Schw.? Mus. Vienna. B. Vertebral plate broad, 6-sided. Asiatic. The FLAT-BACKED EMYS. Emys platynota, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Shell ovate, convex, yellow dotted, with the centre of the back quite flat, as if truncated; shields striated, nucleus central ; ver- tebral shields broader than long, 6-sided, 5th keeled ; the front and hinder margin strongly toothed ; sternum flat, truncated be- fore, and slightly nicked behind ; tail moderate, tapering. a. Adult. Sumatra. The KACHUGA. Emys lineata, Gray, Syn. 23. Dum f. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 335. Testudo kachuga, B. Hamilton, MSS. cop. Emys k. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 74. E. tectum, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51. Shell oblong, olive,smooth, tubercularly keeled; vertebral shields quadrate, 3rd broadest, 2nd and 4th longest, six-sided ; margin dilated, behind entire ; sternum yellowish, truncated before and behind, slightly keeled on the sides ; head bluish-ash; cheek and chin yellow-varied; eye-brow and nape scarlet lined; chin with two yellow spots; tail long. Inhabits India. From Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's drawings. TORTOISES. 17 ii. t. The DHONGOKA. Emys Dhongoka, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. cop. Testudo D., B. Hamilton, MSS. E. lineata, var. Dum. f Bib. E. G. ii. 335. E. tectum, var.? Schlegel, F. Jap. 51. Shell ovate, depressed, dark brown, expanded over the legs, and subdentate behind ; back shelving, slightly keeled ; sternum pale, sides high sloping, keeled : animal olive-green, pale beneath; head with a dark streak from the nostril ard eyes to the ears, and a broad blue streak from the angle of the mouth, and on the cen- tre of the chin. Inhabits India. From Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's drawing. The TaURGI. Emys Thurgii, Gray, Syn. 22, 72. Dum. 8 Bib. E. Gen. ii. 318. Test. Thurgii, B. Hamilton, MSS. cop. Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Emys flavo-nigra, Lesson, Bull. Sci. xxv. 12, and Belanger, Voy. 22. E. Spengleri, var., Schle- gel, F. Jap. 51. Shell oblong, rather convex, olive-brown, margin yellowish, rather toothed behind; vertebral plates 1st quadrate, 2nd and 3rd broad, six-sided ; sternum olive, slightly keeled on the sides; head olive, with a yellow band from the nostrils, over the eye-brows, along the side of the neck; feet olive, yellow spotted. a. Adult, 13 inches. India, Bengal. From M. Piquot's col- lection, b. Young, 5 inches. India, Bengal. The THREE-STREAKED Emys. Emys trivittata, Dum. 8. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 331. Shell smooth, entire, subcordiform, swollen, yellowish green, with three broad blackish bands, yellowish beneath: animal olive; jaws toothed. Inhabits India, Bengal. In Mus. Paris The CHINESE EMys. Emys sinensis, Gray, Pr. 2. Soc. 1834. Shell ovate, convex, rather strongly keeled, olive, black-spec- kled; shields şiooth, with a central orange streak; vertebral shields broad, six-sided, 1st narrowest, as long as broad; margin entire, rather revolute in front, and expanded over the leg behind, beneath yellow, with an oval, rather posterior, black-edged olive spot; sternum high, slightly keeled on the sides; head and neck olive, with narrow yellow lines. a. Adult, 4 inches long. Presented by John Reeves, Esq. BEALE's Emys. Emys Bealii, Gray, Proc. Z. Soc. 1834. Dum. & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 325. Cistuda ? Bealii, Gray, Syn. 71. Shell ovate, oblong, solid, rather convex, olive, black dotted ; back slightly contracted and keeled behind, hinder edge rather expanded; vertebral shields transverse, six-sided ; sternum rather C3 18 REPTILES. paler, black spotted; head yellowish, black spotted ; chin and cheek yellow-marked ; occiput with two large eyed spots; neck scarlet-lined. a. Adult animal and shell, 5 inches. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. b. Shell only. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. The Eyed Emys. Emys ocellata, Dum. f. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 329, t. 15, f. 1. Shell entire, nearly hemispherical, (keeled when young); dor- sal plates brown, each marked with a yellow-edged black spot ; vertebral plates 1st pentagonal, rest six-sided ; tail short ; jaws toothed. Inhabits India, Bengal. Mus. Paris. REEVE's Emys. Emys Reevesii, Gray, Syn. R. 73. Dum. & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 315. E. Spengleri, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 51. Shell oblong, very convex, black, (pale brown when dead), ob- scurely three keeled, keels distant, lateral and continued ; vertebral shields broad, six-sided, margin entire, the second pair of sternal shields subtriangular, narrow at the inner edge; inguinal and axillary plates large; head black, cheek and neck yellow-lined. a. Animal, dry, 24 inches. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. b. Shell only, 24 inches. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. DR. CANTOR's Emys. Emys mutica, Cantor, Ann. N. Hist. 1842. Shell oblong, keeled, (three-keeled when young), brown; nu- chal shield triangular; middle of the sternal plates varied with black; pectoral shields four-sided, the inner side nearly as broad as the outer; inguinal and axillary plates very small. Very like E. Reevesii, but differs in the shape of the pectoral, axillary and inguinal shields. a. Young animal, dry, from spirits, 23 inches long. China, Canton. Presented by Hon. E. India Company. From Dr. Cantor's collection. The Blackish Emys. Emys nigricans, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834. Shell ovate, oblong, rather convex, revolute on the sides and slightly toothed behind, brown, slightly three-keeled, the central keel prominent, blunt, interrupted in front and continued behind, the lateral keels far apart, indistinct and interrupted ; shield radi- ately striated, blackish-rayed; nuchal plate none; margin yellow, spotted beneath ; sternum convex, rounded on the side; axillary plate moderate, inguinal large. a. Shell only, margin broken, 2 inches. China. Presented by 21 J. R. Reeves, Esq. TORTOISES. 19 SEBA's Emys. Emys Seba, Gray, Syn. R. t. 75. Seba, Thes. i. t. 79, f. 12. Emys Thermalis, Rey. Lesson, Cent. Zool. 89, t. 29. Shell ovate, convex, brown, entire, three-keeled, keels continu- ous, central one yellow, lateral ones arched; sternum flat, keeled on the sides, brown, with a pale streak on each side; head red spotted and streaked; feet brown. Inhabits Ceylon. Mus. Paris. HAMILTON'S EMYS. Emys Hamiltonii, Gray, Syn, 21, 72. Dum. 8. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 316. E. guttata, B. Hamilton, MSS. Gray, Illust . Ind. Zool. t. 9, f. 1, not Schweig. E. Piquotti, Lesson, Belanger, Voy. 294. Shell oblong, convex, solid, with three interrupted keels, slightly toothed behind. black, yellow-rayed ; sternum keeled on the sides, black, yellow-varied; head and body black, yellow spotted. a. Animal dry and in spirits. India, Bengal. From M. Piquot's collection. The ISIGAME. Emys Japonica. E. palustris, var. Japonica, Schlegel, F. Japon. t. 8, f.1-4 young, t. 9, adult. E. vulgaris, var. Japon. Schlegel, F. Japon. 53. Shell oblong, (when young suborbicular, strongly denticulated behind), ochraceous yellow above, black beneath; shield concen- trically striated, becoming smooth; vertebral shields broad, six- sided ; temples black-lined ; upper jaw not nicked. a and b. In spirits, adult and half grown. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. C. Vertebral shield broad, 6-sided. European. The CASPIAN Emys. Emys Caspica, Schw. Dum. f Bib. E. Gen. ii. 223. Wagler, Amph. t. 5, f. 1-4. Icon. t. 24. Eichw. Fauna Casp. Caus. 45, t. 3, 4. Testudo Caspica, Gmel. Reese. ii. 59, t. 20, 11. S. N. i. 1042. E. lutraria, var. 8. Mer- rem, Tent. 25. E. Syriaca, Licht. Berl. Mus. E. vulgaris, Gray, Syn. 24. Schlegel, F. Japon. 53. E. palustris v. Dalmatia, Schlegel, F. Japon. t. 8, f. 4. E. Sigritzii, Michaell, Isis, 1829, 1295. E. Sigritz, Dum. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 240. E. lutraria, Bell, Test.t. 1, 2. Gray, Griffith, A. K. t. E. leprosa, Schweig. Prod. 298. E. marmorea, Spix. Braz. 13, t. 10. Gray, Syn. 28. Dum. & Bib. E. Gen. ii. 248. Testudo Græca, Pallas, Z. R. A. iii. 17. Shell ovate, oblong, depressed, olive, with black-edged yellow netted lines; shields flat, vertebral, broad, six-sided ; sternum flat, black and yellow varied; head yellow-lined. a. Shell only, 41 inches. Europe. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. . 20 REPTILES. 2 a b. Shell only, young, with three nodulose keels, 24 inches. S. Eu- rope. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. . Griffith, A. K. t. , f. . E. lutraria, Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. E. Caspica, Wagler, Syst. t. 5, f. 1–3. Amph. t. 24. c. Adult, 6} inches. S. Europe. d. Adult, animal and shell. Europe (Nantes ?) Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. D. Vertebral shield broad, 6-sided. America. * Shell with a continuous keel, neck not streaked, sternum nicked behind. Two SPOTTED Emys. Emys Muhlenbergii, Schweig. Prod. 310. Gray, Syn. 25. Dum. 8. Bib. E. G. ii. 364. Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. i. 59, t. 5. Testudo Muhlenbergii, Schoepf. Test, 152, t. 51. Emys biguttata or bipunctata, Say, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. iv. 205. Shell oval-oblong, smooth, low, slightly keeled, contracted on the sides ; shields slightly radiately and concentrically grooved, chesnut, with yellow areola; nuchal linear; head blackish, with two large, irregular, fulvous, occipital spots. Inhabits North America, New Jersey and East Pensylvania. Rare. Mus. Paris. The ENGRAVED Emys. Emys pulchella, Schweig. 303, (not Schoepf.) Dum. fo Bib. E. G. ii. 251. E. scabra, Say, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. iv. 204, (not Linn.) E. insculpta, Leconte, Ann. Ly. N. Y. iii. 112. E. speciosa, Bell, MSS. Gray, Syn. 26. (Var. shield smooth). Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 17, t. 2. E. in- scripta, Mus. Par. E. Muhlenbergii, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 56. Shell oblong, depressed, keeled in front, hinder edge slightly reflexed; shields radiately and concentrically grooved, minutely yellow and black dotted ; areola small; nuchal slender; sternum yellow, areola posterior, marginal, black. Inhabits N. America Mus. Bell. The Rough EMYS. Emys scabra, Gray, Syn. 25. Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 148. Daud. iii. 129. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. La raboteuse, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 161, t. 10. T. verrucosa, Latr. R. i. 156. Daud. ii. 134. Emys dorsata, Schoepf. Test. 136. Schweig. i. 297-425. E. dorsalis, Spix. Braz. i. t. 96, young. Testudo punctularia, Daud. R. ii. 549. Schweig. 305. Gray, Syn. 25, 13. Dum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 243. Schlegel, F. Jap. 55. Shell oblong, convex, brown, slightly keeled, flattish above, and shelving on the sides; shields blackish edged; nuchal very short; head blackish, with an orange spot on each nostril or band over each eyebrow, and a large spot on each side of the nape; tail short. Inhabits Tropical America. Mus. Bell. . TORTOISES. 21 ** Back tubercularly keeled, neck streaked. The GEOGRAPHIC Emys. Emys geographica, Lesueur, Jour. Acad. N. S. Phil. i. 86, t. 5. E. Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. R. 31. E. pseudographica, Lesueur, MSS. Shell ovate, convex, smooth, tubercularly keeled in front and slightly toothed behind, olive-brown, with black-edged anastomo- sing pale lines; Ist and 5th vertebral plate broad, five-sided, rest broad, six-sided ; sternum yellow; shields blackish-edged, under side of the marginal plates olive, with rather concentric, black- edged, broad and narrow pale lines; head and feet with numerous yellow lines, and a yellow streak on each temple. a. Animal and shell. The head and throat with broad yellow lines, a dark spot in the upper part of the hinder margin of the two front costal shields. N. America. From Mr. Cuming's col- lection. b. Animal and shell. The head and throat with narrow yellow lines, a dark spot in the middle of the hinder edge of the two front costal shields. N. America. From M. Parzudati's col- lection. The LARGE-HEAD EMYS. Emys megacephala, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet, i. 51, t. 3. Shell suboval, flattened, keeled, serrated and acute behind, very dark brown, with obscure orange lines; sternum oblong, slightly nicked behind, dingy yellow ; head very large; jaws entire. Inhabits N. America. Cumberland river, Tennessee, Troost. . Bennett's Emys. Emys Bennettii, Gray, Des. Cat. Rept. (ined.) 13, n. 32. Shell oblong, rather convex, bluntly and subtubercularly keeled, expanded and entire behind ; shields dark horn-colour, concentrically grooved, with a broad blackish edge; the vertebral shields as broad as long, lst squarish, convex, 2nd, 3rd and 4th six-sided, 5th rounded in front, three-sided behind, nuchal plate oblong ; beneath yellow, with the middle of the sternal plates, all but the edge of the axillary and inguinal plates, and a very large spot rather nearer the hinder edge of the marginal shields, black: animal olive; head and neck with black and yellow lines. Inhabits North America ? Mus. Zool. Soc. *** Shell keelless or only keeled when young, neck streaked, the three front middle claws often elongated, straight. The POTTER or RED-BELLIED TERRAPEN. Emys serrata, Say, J, A. N. Philad. iv. 204. Harlan, Amer. Erpet. 78. Gray, E. serrata, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 58. E. irrigata, Syn. 29, 22 REPTILES. Bell, MSS. Dum. f. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 276. E. reticularia, Bell, MSS. (not Say). T. rubriventris, Leconte, Ann. L. N. York, iii. 101. Dum. 8. Bib. E. G. ii. 281. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. 7, t. 6. Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, slightly toothed behind ; olive-brown, varied with irregular pale cross bands, and a ring round the areola; vertebral shields bluntly keeled, 1st urceolate, rest long, sides shelving, beneath yellow, with slightly eyed spots on the sutures of the marginal plates ; sternum flat, with a dark- edged pale streak on the sutures, between the outer sides of the sternal and marginal plates. a. Animal and shell, 11} inches. N. America. b and d. Shell only, 14 inches. N. America. c. Half grown, 6 inches. N. America. The Netted Emys. Emys rivulata. Shell oblong, brown, varied with yellow, with a broad central depression, sides longitudinally rugose, hinder edge rather ex- panded, simply serrated; nuchal plate elongate ; first vertebral plate urceolate, 2nd and 3rd elongate, six-sided, the costal plates with a subcentral, forked or branched, horizontal, yellow band; under side white, varied with irregular dusky clouds, forming ob- scure rings on the marginal plates. a. Shell only, 9} inches long. N. America. D'ORBIGNY's Emys. Emys D'Orbignii, Dum. f Bib. E. Gen. ii. 272. D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. Rept. t. 1. Shell ovate, swollen, nearly smooth, keelless, slightly toothed behind, chesnut-brown, with a black dorsal streak and large trian- gular black spots on the edge of the disk; first vertebral shield pear-shaped ; sternum black, irregularly edged with yellow; up- per jaw nicked. Inhabits S. America, Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris. The BEAUTIFUL EMYS. Emys ornata, Bell, MSS. Gray, Syn. 30. Beechey, Voy. t. Dum. f. Bib. E. G. ii. 286, (not Synon.) Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, olive; vertebral shields irregularly ringed, 1st four-sided, 2nd and 3rd rather long, six- sided, costal and marginal shields with black-edged pale rings having a black central dot; beneath yellow, with round ringed spots on the suture of the marginal plates, and with a dark-edged, irre- gular, greenish line down the centre of the sternum, and a double one the whole length of the sterno-costal symphysis; head and neck with narrow yellow lines. TORTOISES. 23 9 Testudo rugosa, a. Animal and shell, adult, 6 inches. Tropical America. b. Shell only, adult, 12 inches. T. America. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. c. Young, dry, it inch. T. America. d and e. Young, in spirits, 2 inches. Mazet Land, Gray. Beechey, Voy.t. Presented by Alexander Collie, Esq., R.N. The OREGON EMYS. Emys Originensis. Harlan, Amer. Jour. Sci. xxxi. 382, 1. 31. Holbrook, Amer. Herpet. ii. t. 1. Shell suboval, greatly depressed, serrated in front, slightly nicked behind, dusky brown, with a narrow yellow forked line; anterior vertebral irregular, four-sided, marginal plates each with two half oblong spots; sternum broad, oblong, serrated anteriorly, emarginate posteriorly, yellow, with a black blotch extending to all the plates; head small, elongate; upper jaw bidentate. N. America. Oregon river, Dr. Nuttall. The LETTERED EMYS. Emys scripta, Merrem, Tent 24. Gray, Syn. 29. Testudo s. Schoepf. 16, t. 3, f. 4,5. Shaw, Zool. t. 12. Daud. R. ii. 140. . T. serrata, Daud. R. ii. 148, t. 21, f. 1, 2. Schoepf. t. 3, f. 5. Schweiger, 301. Dum. f Bib. E. G. ii. 267. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 31, t. 5. var. Shaw, Zool. iii. 29. Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, keelless, slightly toothed behind, brown, irregularly yellow ringed, and with irregular yellow streaks on the sides ; nuchal shield linear, porrect; vertebral shields bluntly keeled, 1st urceolate, 4th and 5th six-sided: under margin with a black spot on the back edge of each plate; sternum rather convex, yellowish, with a spot on the centre of each gular plate, and four on each side of the costo-sternal symphysis; head with a yellow central line, and a triangular spot behind each eye. a. Adult. N. America. Middle and front claws moderate, ster- num with solid black spot in front. b. Young, 8 inches. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. c. Half grown. N. America. Three middle front claws elongate, sternum with black rings. d. Half grown. N. America. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. e. Half grown; in spirits. Three middle front claws elongate, sternum with black spots. N. America. From the Leyden Museum. HOLBROOK's Emys. Emys Holbrookii. Shell oblong, rather convex, scarcely keeled, longitudinally rugose, pale, each shield with two oblong concentric rings, those of the vertebral plates longitudinal, of the costal transverse; mar- ginal plates each occupied with two half round spots, formed of concentric rings; sternum yellow, with a large black spot on each 24 REPTILES. shield, and with two large oblong spots of irregular concentric rings on each sterno-costal suture; nuchal plate elongate, lst ver- tebral square, rather longer than broad, others wide, six-sided. a. Shell only. N. America. Louisiana. From Mr. J. Drum- mond's collection. The Dark HICOTEE. Emys rugosa, Gray, Syn, 30. Dum. 8. Bib. E. G. ii. 284. Testudo r. Shaw, Zool. iii. 28, t. 4. E. rugosa, Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 2. Var. sternal shield pale, black- edged. Shell ovate, oblong, rather tubercularly keeled, black above and below, ornamented with yellow spots and lines, hinder edge slightly serrated; shields rugulose; areola indistinct ; vertebral shields 1st long, urceolate, 2nd, 3rd and 4th long, six-sided, 5th broad, six-sided, marginal shields yellow, black-dotted. “Animal brown, from head and nape greyish, with a pale streak from the back of each eye."-Sagra. Inhabits America. Mus. Col. Surg. The HICOTEE. Emys decussata, Bell, Test.t. 1. Gray, Syn. 28. D. C. ii. 22. Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 1. Testudo serrata, Daud. (not figure). Emys s. Schweig. E. serrata, var. Schle- gel, F. Jap. 58. Shell oblong, bluntly keeled, hinder edge slightly toothed; dorsal shields rugulose, irregularly radiately grooved, uniform pale brown, beneath yellowish, with obscure subocellate spots on the axillary, inguinal, and on the suture of the marginal plates : animal greenish ; cheek and throat indistinctly pale lined. a. Animal and shell, half grown. 64 inches. West-India Islands, Cuba? Presented by John Edw. Gray, Esq. b and g. Half grown, or younger, 6 inches. c. Shell and skeleton, adult, 10 inches. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. d. Shell only, adult, 9 inches. C. America. e. Shell only, adult; and f. Shell only, half grown, more mottled. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. TROOST's Emys. Emys Troostii, Holbrook, Amer. Herpet. i. 55, t. 4. Shell broad, depressed, squarish, blackish, varied with greyish blotches, slightly serrated before and deeply behind ; plates slightly longitudinally rugose, vertebral plates broader than long, the 1st small, narrow, urceolate, 1st and 3rd very bluntly keeled, nuchal plate very narrow, convex; sternum broad, dirty yellow, plates edged and varied with black; head long, narrow, olive; throat pale olive, with paler lines; upper jaw emarginate, lower with a tooth; claws elongate, stout. TORTOISES. 25 #. Animal and shell in spirits. With a large, oblong, black spot on the centre of each sternal plate. N. America, Cumberland River. From the Leyden Museum. The VERMICULATED EMYS. Emys vermiculata. Shell oblong, rather depressed, bluntly keeled, longitudinally rugose, dark brown, pale spotted; hinder margin rather dilated, toothed; under surface rather convex, pale, with a multitude of small confluent black spots often suffused; sternal shields dark- edged, front and marginal plates vermiculated with black dots ; nuchal shield elongate; first vertebral plate 4-sided, suburceolate, broader than long, second elongate suburceolate, margin not ring- ed beneath a. Shell only, 6 inches. Vertebral plates irregular. Tropical America ? b. Shell only, 94 inches. Sternum pale, dark clouded. Tropical America. The MOBILE Emys. Emys Mobilensis, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. ïi. 53, t. 9. Shell oval, keelless, convex anteriorly, depressed posteriorly, entire in front, emarginate and subserrated behind, olive with forked lines, longitudinal upon the vertebral, transverse on the costals; the first vertebral plate urceolate; jaws serrated, inferior furnished with a hook; sternum yellow, slightly clouded with black, margin with a yellow-ringed black half spot on each edge. Ani- mal very like A. Floridana, but streaks broader. Inhabits N. America, at Mobile, Alabama. The NEAT Emys. Emys concinna, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 289. Testudo concinna, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 106. Shell oblong, depressed, keelless, very smooth, nicked behind, dark brown varied with yellow netted lines; first vertebral plate 6-sided, second, third and fourth broad 6-sided, nuchal shield small, oblong: beneath yellow, with large black sutural spots on the margin; head and neck yellow-lined. Inhabits N. America. The CHICKEN TORTOISE. Emys reticularia, Merrem, Tent. 29. Gray, Syn. 27. Testudo reticularia, Latr. i. 124. T. reti- culata, Bosc. Daud. Rept. ii. 144, t. 22, f. 3. Schuæg.50. Say, Jour. N. S. Phil. iv. 204, 109. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 291. Hol- brook, N. Amer. Herpet. ii. 41. Emys geographica, Mus. Bell. Shell oblong, keelless, olive brown, pale netted, longitudinally rugose, binder edge entire; shields with a black-edged pale ring round the areola sending out radiating lines; first vertebral quad- rate, rest squarish, 6-sided, with three or four round black spots placed on the sutures of the under side of the lateral marginal a a D 26 REPTILES. Animal grey, a plates, and some linear spots on the sutures of the hinder ones, an oval eyed spot at each end of the sterno-costal symphysis. Inhabits North America. Mus. Bell. Young. The LARGE-HEADED Emys. Emys macrocephalus. E. mega- cephalus, Gray, Desc. Cat. Rept. 13, n. 33 (ined.), not Holbrook. Shell oblong, convex, subtubercularly keeled, reddish brown, darker on the edge of the shields, concentrically grooved; nuchal plate broad, margin slightly expanded; vertebral plates 6-sided, broader than long, first 5-sided, narrower, rather contracted on the hinder side; sternum yellow, black varied, symphysis, the small long axillary plate, and underside of marginal plate black, the latter with a large triangular central yellow spot; head very large, blackish, with a pale streak from the back edge of the eye. with small black scales. Inhabits America ? Mus. Zool. Soc. The Florida Emys. Emys Floridana, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 100. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 285. Holbrook, N. A. Her- pet. ii. 47, t. 8. Test. Floridana, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii.101. Shell oval, gibbous, longitudinally rugose, slightly carinated and entire behind, dark brown, with irregular yellow lines; nu- chal shield triangular, beneath yellow, with a half black spot on each edge of the marginal plate above and below; jaws toothless; first vertebral urceolate, second and third hexagonal; plates olive, with several irregular black streaks, longitudinal on the vertebral and transverse on the costal plates; head and neck dark olive with two pale streaks for each eye, and two on each side of the neck be- low, the upper one with a branch to the eyes, the inferior pair unit- ed together in front of the throat with a single streak to the chin. Inhabits N. America, Florida. The HIEROGLYPHIC EMYS. Emys hieroglyphica, Holbrook, Amer. Herpet. i. 47, t. 2. Shell oval, depressed, keelless, smooth, entire in front, elon- gated and imperfectly serrated behind; sternum oblong, nicked behind, dingy yellow, sides olive varied; head very small, upper jaw slightly emarginate, lower jaw with a tooth ; first vertebral urceolate ; each costal shield with four or five, and each marginal with dark spots with concentric yellow lines. a. Animal and shell stuffed, (rather discoloured ?). America? Presented by John Edward Gray, Esq. **** Shell keelless, neck and shell yellow-spotted. The SPECKLED TORTOISE. Emys guttata, Schneider, 309, 433. Gray, Syn. 26. Dum. et Bib. E. G. 1. 295. Holbrook, N. A. Her- pet. ii. 25, t. 4. Testudo guttata, Bechst. in Lacep. Q. 0. i. 310. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 10. T. punctata, Schneid. Schildk. 30. Daud. a TORTOISES. 27 a R. ii. 159, t. 22. Schoepf. t. 5. Wagler, Syst. t. 5, f. 6,7. T. anonyma, Schw. Seba, i. 130, t. 80, f.7. Gothv. Schildk, f. 15. Shell ovate, depressed, dilated behind; shields smooth, black- brown with round yellow spots; nuchal linear; sternum yellow brown varied; head yellow-spotted. a. Animal and shell. Inhabits N. America. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq. b. Shell and dry animal. E. Sternum broad and truncated at each end, (Chrysem ys). The Painted TORTOISE. Emys picta, Schweig. 306. Gray, Syn. 26. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 297. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 19, t. 3. Testudo p. Herm. Schneid. Sch. 348. Schoepf. t. 4. Shaw, Zool. t. 10, f. 1. Seba, i. t. 80, f. 5. T. cinerea, Brown, Illust. t. 48. Shaw, Zool. t. 12. Schoepf. t. 3, f. 2, 3. Young. Shell oblong, depressed, keelless, very smooth, shields thin, olive-brown, with a broad yellow or red margin ; head and throat black, yellow-lined; tail long, slender. f. Animal and shell. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq. b. Shell and dry animal. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. a. d. f. e. Shell only. N. America. g. Young, in spirits. N. America. c. Young, from spirits. BELL'S Emys. Emys Bellii, Gray, Syn. 31. Dum. et Bib. E. G. 302. E. speciosa, Clift, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1525, (not Gray). Shell oblong, solid, rather depressed in the centre, convex on the sides, olive waved with irregular black-edged pale-dotted green- ish lines placed on the edge and across the middle of each shield ; vertebrals nearly square, first urceolate, the rest 6-sided; beneath black, yellow-dotted ; sternum flat, surrounded with an irregular yellow edge, front edge deeply denticulate. Inhabits America ? Mus. Col. Surg. F. Sternum acute at each end. Emyoides. The SHARP-CHESTED Emys. Emys kinosternoides, Gray, Sy. 32. E. cinosternoides, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 303. Shell (very young) oblong, depressed, pale brown, with a blunt white keel, margin whitish, serrated, beneath yellow, spotless, shields of the disk marked with irregular black-edged white lines; head brown white-streaked, beneath pale. Length 1} inch. Inhabits - ? Mus. Col. Surg. G. Species only known in the very young state. The RINGED Emys. Emys annulifera, Gray, Syn. R. 32. Shell (very young), oblong, depressed, entire behind, the shield D2 28 REPTILES. pale brown, lined and ringed with yellow; the vertebral shields with a narrow central row of rings and a larger series on each side; the costal shields brown, white-lined, the marginal ones with con- centric slightly eyed squarish brown rings placed upon the suture and occupying half of two shields; beneath pale, with an irregu- lar brown spot and lines placed on the sutures; sternum rounded before truncated behind; head with numerous unequal white lines. a. Young, dry. Inhabits ? The EYED Emys. Emys oculifera, Gray, Syn. 22. Testudo oculifera, Kuhl, Beitr. 77 Shell (very young) hemispherical, strongly toothed behind ; shields elevated, furrowed, granulated, grooved, each two connect- ed longitudinally by a largish round black spot, and horizontally by a largish black circle, consequently each displaying two half eyes and anteriorly and posteriorly two half spots; margin with a spot on each suture, the points of which correspond with the spot on the costal shield; sternum yellow, with dark brown spots and streaks. Inhabits S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope ? Mus. Berlin. KUHL's Emys. Emys Kuhlii, Gray, Syn. 73, Shell brown, with two broad white long streaks on each side of the vertebral plates and one on each costal, netted with pale lines, margin half-ringed on the suture; sternum with irregular black- eyed rings in the centre of each plate; the head and neck black- lined. Inhabits - Mus. Berl. 3. MALACLEMYS. Head very large, depressed, covered with a soft spongy skin. Jaws exposed. Chin not bearded. Legs short. Toes 5-4, short. webbed, claws subequal, curved, sharp. Tail conical. Shell de- pressed, oblong. Sternum solid, truncated before nicked behind, affixed by a bony symphysis. Axillary and unguinal plates dis- tinct. Living in salt-water marshes, moves quickly on land. Torpid in winter. Egg oval : flesh well flavoured. America. SALT-WATER TERRAPIN, Malaclemys concentrica. Testu- do concentrica, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. 43, t. 9, f. 1. Gray, Syn. 27. Bell, Test. t. Dum. et Bib. E.G. i. 261. Terrapin, Brown, Jam. 466. Le Terrepine, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 129. T. Terrapin, Schoepf. Test. 64, t. 15. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 13, t. 2. T. palustris, Gmel. S. N. i. 1041 ? Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. üi. T. centrata, Latr. R. i. 145. Daud. R. ii. 153. Schweigr. 1.304. Say I. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 205. Emys livida, Bell, MSS. Shell oval, rather convex, slightly tubercularly keeled; shields (and the bone under them) pale yellow, marked with brown con- TORTOISES. 29 - centric rings, which are often impressed; animal grey, black- spotted and lined. a. Smooth, highly coloured. N. America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. b. Like a. Presented by the Earl of Derby. c. Like a. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. d. Smooth, distinctly ringed, 6 inches. N. America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. e. & f. Shell only: like d. g. Shell and animal, dry: like d. h. Shell only (young); the three central vertebral plates with a central tubercle, the hinder tubercle orbicular. M. tuberculi. fera, Gray, B. M, California. Mr. J. Drummond's collection. i. Shell only. Mus. Sloane. 4. TETRAONYX, Lesson. Head moderate, covered with a thin skin; chin not bearded. Feet largely webbed. Toes 4-4. Tail moderate. Shell oval, rounded, depressed. Sternum solid, broadly truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered with the end of the pectoral and abdominal plates. Axillary and inguinal plates The Batagur. Tetraonyx Batagur. Einys batagur, Gray, Syn. 24. Illustr. Ind. Zool. iii. t. Testudo Batagur, B. Hamilton, MS. E. Tetraonyx, Schlegel, F. Japon. 43. Tetrao- nyx longicollis, Lesson, Belanger's Voy. 297. Illust. Zool.t.7. Tet. Lessonii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 338, t. 16, f.1. Trionyx Cuvieri, Gray, Syn. Rept. 5. Emys Baska, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. B. Hamilton MS. Icon. (very young). Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 341. E. Spengleri var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 51. Shell suborbicular, depressed, slightly keeled, entire, dilated behind, pale olive. Inhabits India,“ Calcutta, common,” Blythe. Mus. Bell, young. Mus. Paris, of a large size, and young. 5. CISTUDA, Fleming. Kinosternon, part, Bell. Pyxidemys, Fitz. Head moderate, covered with a thin hard continued skin. Toes 5-4, webbed to the claws, web thick, with a small intermediate lobe between the claws. Tail short. Shell ovate, convex or hemi- spherical. Sternum broad, rounded before and behind, complete- ly closing the cavity of the thorax, affixed to it by a ligamentous symphysis and divided by a cross suture between the pectoral and abdominal plates. Sternal shields 12. Inguinal and axillary plates very small and distinct. Marginal plates 23—27. Nuchal plate small or wanting. Old and New World. 30 REPTILES. * Shell convex, edge entire. Cistuda. ** Shell convex, edge toothed. Cyclemys. *** Shell depressed, edge entire. Lutremys. a. Shell convex, edge entire. Cistuda. The Box TORTOISE. Cistuda Carolina, Gray, Syn. 18. Testudo Carolina, Linn. S. N. i. 352. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 210. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 9, t. 1. T. brevicauda, Lacep. . . . Q. 0. i. 164. T. clausa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 1043. Daud. R. ii. 207. Schoepf. t. 7. Shaw, Zool. t. 7. Guérin, Icon. t. 1.f. 2. T. vir- gulata, Latr. R. 100. Daud. R. ii. 201. t. 23. T. incarcerata and T. incarcerata striata, Bonnat, Ency. 29. T. carinata, Linn. S. . N. i. 353. Schn. 361. Emys dubia, Schw. E. Schneiderii, Schw. 317. Terrapene guttata (or T. maculata) and T. nebulosa, Bell, Zool. Jour. ii. 309. La Bombe, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 164. C. Blan- dingii, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 35, t. 5? Grew, Mus. 38, t. 3, f. 2. Edw. Birds, t. 205. Checkered Tortoise, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. 228. Shell hemispherical, slightly keeled, brown, yellow-varied ; shields grooved; marginal plates 23—27. Animal black, yellow or red spotted. a. Stuffed, yellow, black-rayed, beneath brown. N. America. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Stuffed, black, yellow-spotted. N. America. Presented by Jacob Green, M.D. c. Shell only, small var. olive, yellow-rayed, beneath olive, yellow spotted and streaked. N. America. From Mr. Drummond's collection. d. Upper shell only, yellow, black-rayed. N. America. e. Young, discoloured, animal dry. N. America. N. America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. f. Shell only, bad state, black, yellow-spotted. N. America. 9. Upper shell only, some plates wanting, black, yellow-spotted. N. America. From Dr. Mantell's collection. h. Upper shell only, black, yellow-spotted. N. America. i. Dry animal, yellow, black-rayed. N. America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. j. Stuffed, brown, with few yellow spots. N. America. k. Animal and shell, rather elongate, beneath brown. N. Ameri- ca. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. The Couro. Cistudo Amboinensis, Gray, Syn. 19. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 215, t. 15, f. 2. Tes- tudo amboinensis, Daud. Rept. ii. 309. T. Couro, Leschn. Mus. Par. Emys Amboinensis, and E. Coura, Schw. Prodr. i. 214, 315. Terrapena bicolor, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. t. 16. E. Cou- zo, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 64. TORTOISES. 31 Shell hemispherical, slightly three-keeled, blackish, margin broad expanded; nuchal shield linear; sternum black and yellow varied; animal blackish, yellow-varied, head dark, with two broad yellow streaks on the side. a Adult, stuffed, 6} inches. India. Presented by Thos. Bell, Esq., F.RS. 6. Young, head and feet dry, 3-keeled, 23 inches. Illustr. Ind. Zool t. 6. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. c. & d. Young, in spirits, the youngest with granular shields, and the costal shields with a keel rather above the centre. Philip- pine Islands, from Mr. Cuming's collection. e. Half-grown, stuffed. Singapore. f. Adult in spirits. Amboina, from the Leyden Museum. The THREE-STREAKED COURA. Cistudo trifasciata, Gray, Syn. 19 Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 219. Sternotherus trifasciatus, Bell, Zool. Jour. ii. 299, t. 13. Emys Couro, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 64. Shell subovate, hemispherical, solid, keeled, dull yellow, red and black varied, with three blackish dorsal streaks; sternum bi- fid behind; head yellow, with two horizontal black streaks on the side of the head and neck, upper wider, with a triangular paler spot in front and two larger oval ones behind. a. Shell and dry animal. Shell subovate. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. Ditto, upper shell only. b. Shell only. Shell depressed and expanded. China. Pre- sented by J. Reeves, Esq. c. Shell only. Shell elevated, thick, worn on the surface. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. d. Upper shell only, like a. China. b. Shell depressed, edge entire. Lutremys. The SPECKLED TORTOISE. Cistudo Europæa, Gray, Syn. 12. Dum, et Bib. E. Gen. ï. 220. Eich. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 44. Schlegel, F. Japon. 52. Testudo Europæa, Schw. Schildk. 323. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 8. Schoepf. t. 1. Bojanus, Anut. t. Sturm, Fauna, t. a, b, c. Wagler, Amph. t. 5, f. 8, 9. T. flava, Lacep. Q. 0. 135, t. 6. T. punctata, Gottw. Schildk. t. k, f. 12. T. orbicularis, Linn. S. N. i. 351. Wulf. Borus. 3. T. lutraria, Rondel. Pisc. ii. 170. Gesner, Q. 0. ii. 113, f. 5. Aldrov. 710. Brünn. Adriat. 91. Herm. T. pulchella, Schoepf. t. 26, young. T. Meleagris, Shaw, Nat. Misc. iv. 144, (shell polished). Emys Hellenica, Valenc. Voy. Morea, t. 8, f. 2. E. antiquorum, Val. Voy. Morea, t. 8, f. 1. Shell depressed, ovate, brown, with radiating lines of yellow 32 REPTILES. dots ; sternum slightly nicked behind; head and body black, yel- low-dotted ; tail elongate. a. Shell only, adult, brown, yellow-dotted. S. Europe. b. Shell and dry animal, brown, yellow-dotted, 6 inches. Europe c. Young, brown, paler rayed, hinder half only with dry animal. T. pulchella, Schoepf. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. d. Young, in spirits. Albania. Presented by W. W. Saunders, Esq. c. Shell depressed, toothed. Cyclemys. The Dhor. Cistuda dentata. Emys dentata, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t, > young E. Dhor or E. dentata, Gray, Syn. 20, t. 8, 9. E. Hasseltii, Boie, Mus. Leyd., young. E. Spengleri, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 51. Cyclemys orbiculata, Bell, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1824, 17, adult. Cis. Diardi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 227. Shell suborbicular, back flattened, keeled, hinder edge toothed sternal shields yellow, brown-rayed. a. Young, in spirits. Suborbicular, depressed, brown, black-dot- ted, bluntly keeled, edge acutely toothed, sides of neck and throat yellow-lined, feet yellow-spotted. Java. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. b. Young, in spirits. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 6. KINOSTERNON, Spix. Terrapene, Merrem. Sternotherus, Bell. Head moderate, covered with a hard thin skin. Chin bearded. Feet and tail nearly naked, with a few scattered scales. Shell ovate. Sternum rounded in front or two-lobed behind, middle lobe covered by the abdominal plates, fixed by a bony symphysis to the thorax, front and hinder lobe more or less free, articulated to the middle lobe: sternal shields 11 : gular pair united. Axil- lary and especially the inguinal plates very large, covering the suture. America. a. Sternum lobes as broad as the opening, rounded before and acute and entire behind. K. scorpoides. b. Sternum lobes narrower than the opening, nicked behind. K. oblongum, and K. Pennsylvanicum. c. Sternum lobes much narrower than the opening, truncated be- hind. K. odoratum. d. Sternum lobes very narrow, acute at each end. K. triporcatum. a. Sternum lobes as broad as the opening, rounded in front, entire behind. Swanka. The SWANKA. Kinosternon scorpiodes, Gray, Syn. R. 24. Wagler, Syst. 137, t. 5, f. 31–43. Bell. Test. t. f. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 365. K. Shavianum, Bell. Zool. Journ. ii. 304. K. longicaudatum, and K. brevicaudatum, Spix, Braz. t. 12, 13. TORTOISES. 33 Testudo Scorpoides, Linn. S. N. i. 152. Emys scorpoidea, Schw. Prod. i. 312. T. Pensylvanica, var. Shaw, Zool.iii. t. 15. T. tricarinata, Daud. ii. 178. Schoepf. t. 2. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 11. T. Retzii, Daud. Rept. ii. 174. Shell oblong, rather compressed, with three continuous keels; dorsal shields longly 6-sided, slightly imbricate; sternum as broad and large as the opening, lobes entire, broad, longer than the mid- dle lobe; gular plate long, triangular, symphysis narrow, as long as the abdominal shields. a. Shell only, swollen and convex, wanting some plates. C. Ame- rica. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Stuffed (not good state), wants dorsal plates. C. America. c. Animal dry, shell wants dorsal plates. C. America. K. scorpoides, var, acuta, Gray, Syn. 14, t. 7, f. 1. d. Adult, animal and shell in spirits. Back very convex, rounded. Tropical America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. b. Sternum lobes narrower than the opening, truncated or nicked behind Kinosternon. The OBLONG SWANKA. Kinosternon oblongum. Cinoster- mon hirtipes, Wagler, Syst. t. 5, f. 29, 30? Icon. A. t. 30 ? Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 570? Shell oblong, smooth, olive, convex, flattish above, sternum oblong, narrower than the opening, entire in front nicked behind, head large, yellow-spotted, with a streak over each eye to the side of neck. a. Shell and animal dry. Gular plate triangular as long as broad. America. b. Shell and dry animal. Gular plate broad triangular. America. DOUBLEDAY'S SWANKA. Kinostertion Doubledayii. Shell narrow, oblong, smooth, sides convex, back flattened ; sternum high on the sides, lobes much narrower than the cavity, rounded in front, bifid behind, the symphysis very short. a. Shell only, much worn. California. The Mud TORTOISE. Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, Gray, Syn. t. 6, f. 4. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 209. Holbrook, N. A. Herp. iii. 23, t.3. Wagler, Syst. 137. Dum.et Bib. E. G. ii . 367. Tes- tudo P. Bosc. Gmelin, S. N. i. 1042. Schoepf. t. 24, f.a. Shaw, Zool. t. 14, f. 2. Daud. R. ii. t. 24, f. 18. 2. Say, J. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 266 Merrem, Tent. 27. Tentudo glutinata, Daud. R. t. 24, f. 4. Schoepf. t. 24, f. 6. Terrapene Boscii, Mer. Shell roundish oblong, depressed, brown, keelless (3-keeled when young), dorsal shields flattened, lobe of sternum rather nar- rower than the cavity of the thorax, rounded in front bifid behind; head pale lined, chin 2-bearded; tail clawed; jaws notched. 34 REPTILES. a. Dry animal and much eroded shell. N. America. g. Shell and stuffed animal. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. b. Shell only, wanting hind lobe of sternum. c. d. In spirits. Young. Shell black, white-spotted beneath. Ani- mal grey-brown, white-dotted, head white-lined. East Florida. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. e. f. In spirits. Like c and d. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B. The STINK-Por. Kinosternon odoratum, Gray, Syn. R. 35, t. 6, f. 1. Bonap. Osser. 168. Testudo o. Latr. R. i. 122. Daud. R. ii. 189, t. 24, f. 3. Say, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. iv. 206, 216. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 299. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 29, t. 4. Tes- tudo Pennsylvanica, var. Schoepf. 110, t. 24, f. B. T. glutinata, Daud. R. ii. 194, t. 24, f. 5? Terrapene Boscii, Merrem, Tent. 23? Shell ovate, keeled, sides sloping, pale brown, gular plate mi- nute; sternum very narrow, truncated behind, symphysis elongate very narrow; "head with a brown lateral line; chin with several small warts, neck and throat papillary; tail simple; fore arm with three folds or large scales in front.” a. Shell only. N. America. c. Sternum very narrow, cross-shaped, acute behind and before, front lobe mobile. Staurotypus, Wagler. The Cross Emys. Kinosternon triporcatum, Gray, Syn. R. 76. Terrapene t. Weigm. Isis, 1828, 364. Wagler, Syst. 137, t. 5, f.44,45. Icon. t. 23. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ï. 356. Shell oblong, convex, brown, three-keeled, the central one ve- ry large, high and cultrate behind, side oues highest in front; ver- tebral plates long, imbricate, nuchal plates short, broad; edge in- dented on the side, expanded and toothed behind; head depressed spotted and lined with white, chin 2-bearded ; neck thick. a. Young, in spirits. Pale brown varied with black. Mexico. 7. CHELYDRA, Schw. Emydosaura, Dum. et Bib. Head very large rugose covered with a hard skin; chin 2-beard- ed; neck very thick, tubercular. Limbs large and strong, tuber- cular. Tail long, large, with a central longitudinal series of rather compressed tubercles. Shell depressed, toothed behind. Sternum slender, cross-like, acute at each end, centre coriaceous. Sternal plates 5 pair, very thin, skin-like, the narrow lateral prolongation of the sternum covered by a peculiar plate, (perhaps the removed abdominal). America. The ALLIGATOR TERRAPIN. Chelydra serpentina, Gray, Syn. R. 36. C. Lacertina, Schweigr. 293. Testudo serrata, Penn. (not Shaw). Cat. Liverpool Mus. t. T. Serpentina, Linn. S. N. 351. Schoepf. t. 6, (young). Daud. R. ii. 98, t. 20, f. 2. Shaw, Zool. t. TORTOISES. 35 19. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 350, t. 17, f. 1. T. longicauda, Shaw, Mus. Col. Surg. Shell oblong, depressed, centre impressed, doubly keeled, bluntly toothed behind. Younger ; shell three-keeled, hinder edge sharply toothed. Schoepf. t. 6. ·a. Young animal, stuffed. N. America. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. b. Adult. 8. PLATYSTERNON, Gray. Head very large, covered with a thick hard horny case; jaws very strong Neck very thick, short, subretractile, with small granular scales. Limbs very large, contractile, not capable of be- ing retracted into the shell, covered with long lunate scales in front, and fringed on the outer hinder sides. Toes 5-4, webbed to the claws; claws very strong. Tail elongate, cylindrical. Shell de- pressed, expanded, thin, covered with thin horny shields. Ster- num flat, broad truncated in front and behind, united to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered with three small additional shields. Axillary and inguinal plates small or none. Sternal shields 12, gular pair very short, broad, band-like. Asia. The Casked TERRAPIN. Platysternon megacephalum, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1831, 106. Illustr. Ind. Zool. t. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 345. Schlegel, Fauna Jap. 49. Deep brown, edge of the shields grooved and slightly radiately striated; head brown rayed, cheeks pale spotted ; sternum pale yellowish. a. Stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. 36 REPTILES. a Fam. III. CHELYDES, (CHELIDIDÆ). Head much depressed, broad, covered with a soft skin or hard shields: nostrils elongate, tubular: eyes superior : jaws horny. Neck long, broad, contractile, bent under the side of the shell in repose. Feet webbed. Toes 5-5, deeply webbed, with a lobe be- tween each claw. Claws 5-5, 5-4 or 4-4, elongate, acute. Shell de pressed, covered with horny shields; caudal pair always separate. Sternum attached to the thorax by a short bony suture, covered with the outer ends of the pectoral and abdominal plates, and with an additional intergular plate in front. The axillary and ingui- nal plates very small or none. Pelvis large, united to the verte- bra and the hinder lobe of the sternum, leaving a scar. Living in ponds and rivers, in warm climates. Eating flesh; feeding on- ly in the water: swimming with their whole shell under water. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Head moderate, flat. Jaws naked. Intergular plate marginal. a. Toes 5-5. Head shielded. 1. STERNOTHERUS. Front lobe of the sternum mobile, with a long internal process on each side. 2. PelOMEDUSA. Front lobe of the sternum fixed. b. Toes 5-4. Head with a thin skin or subshielded. 3. HYDRASPIS. Shell depressed, thin, light, sides revolute : front edge of thorax and sternum dilated. 4. CHELYMYS. Shell convex, very solid, strengthened with two compressed diverging bony folds in front, sides révolute. 5. PARYNOPS. Shell rather depressed, light, sides expanded ; hinder lobe of the sternum narrowed. B. Head large or very large. c. Toes 4-4. Head flat, depressed. Jaws naked. Chin not bearded. 6. CHELODINA. Intergular plate intermarginal: nuchal plate small. 7. HYDROMEDUSA. Intergular plate marginal : nuchal plate in. termarginal large, like the vertebral. d. Toes 5-4. Head flat, much depressed. Jaws covered with fleshy lips : chin bearded : intergular plate marginal. 8. CHELYS. d. Toes 5-4. Head convex, rounded, covered with hard shields : eyes lateral. Jaws naked. 9. PELTOCEPHALUS. Head subquadrangular: upper jaw hooked. Feet slightly webbed PODOCNEMIS. Head sub-depressed, with a groove in front : upper jaw slightly arched. Feet broadly webbed. TORTOISES. 37 2 1. STERNOTHERUS. Pelusios, Fitz. . Shell roundish, rather convex, side plates narrow, front one very short and square. Nuchal plate none. Sternum broad, front lobe rounded before, moveable, and furnished on each side of its hinder edge with an internal bony process; hinder lobe bifid, with an internal star. Intergular plate marginal between the gular. Jaws naked. Toes 5-5. The Black STERNOTHERUS. Sternotherus niger, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 397, t. 20, f. 1. Shell oval, short, swollen, narrower in front, deep, black: muz. zle elongate; upper jaw hooked, covering the lower; head with 2 large parietal, a long fronto-nasal, and moderate frontal shields. Inhab. Madagascar? Mus. Paris. The BLACKISH STERNOTHERUS. Sternotherus subniger, Gray, Syn. 38. Testudo subniger, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 175, t. 13. Latr. R. i. 89, f. 1. Daud. Rept. ii. 197. Schweig. i. 315, n. 40. Terrape- ne nigricans, Merrem, Tent. 28. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 399. Emys Couro, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 64. Vertebral plates square, as long as broad, the fourth broader than long : sternum contracted: muzzle rounded. a. Animal dry, shell worn. Africa. The NATAL STERNOTHERUS. Sternotherus castaneus, Gray, Syn. R. 38. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 401. Emys c. Schweiy. Prod. 324, n. 38. E. Couro, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 64. Test. subnigra, B. Daud. R. ii. 198. S. Leachianus, Bell, Z. Journ. ii. t. 14, (young ?). S. sinuatus, A. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Afric. t. 1, 7. Vertebral plates broad, nearly square, nearly as long as broad, the fourth 6-sided, longer than broad. a, b. Adult, stuffed, 81 inches. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss' collection. LORD DERBY'S STERNOTHERUS. Sternotherus Derbianus. Shell oblong, convex, rounded; vertebral shields narrow, 6- sided, much longer than broad, the last subtriangular: head broad, the parietal and vertical plates united into one; muzzle bluntly rounded; the sternum broad, with the hinder portion scarcely con- tracted in front, the front much rounded; the central gular plate broad ovate, angular behind. a. Adult stuffed. W. Africa, Sierra Leone ? Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 2. PELOMEDUSA, Wagler. Head much depressed, shielded with two narrow frontal shields, separated by a groove, a large vertebral shield, and a large cheek E 38 REPTILES. shield on each side. Chin 2. bearded. Jaws exposed. Neck broad. Feet quite retractile. Toes 5-5, expanded, webbed to the tips, with a large rounded lobe between each claw. Claws 5-5, sharp. Shell depressed, sides narrow, revolute. Nuchal none. Sternum solid, rather narrow, truncated in front, narrower and nicked behind. Intergular shield small, marginal. Africa. * Pectoral shields small, triangular, short ; humeral large ; occiput with small shields. Pentonyx, Ruppell. The GEHAFIÆ. Pelomedusa Gehafiæ. Pentonyx Gehafiæ, Ruppell, Mus. Frank. 1831. Olive: shields radiately and concentrically grooved: beneath pale yellowish white. a. Stuffed, adult. Abyssinia. From Dr. Ruppell's collection. ** Pectoral and humeral shields equal, oblong, four-sided, transverse, occiput largely shielded. Pelomedusa, Wagler. The REDDISH PELOMEDUSA. Pelomedusa subrufa. Testudo s. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 173, t. 12. Encyc. Méth. t. 6, f. 3. Latr. R. i. 120. Daud. R. ii. 132. Schweig. Prod. 308, 26. Gray, Syn. 40. T. scabra, Retz. Testudo badia, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. iii . 34. Bechst. T. galeata, Schoepf. Test. 12, t. 3, f. 1, (young). Latr. R. i. 152. Shaw, Zool. iij. 57, t. 12, f. 3. Daud. R. ii. 136. Schweig. 307, n. 25. Schlegel, F. Jap. 44. Wagler, Syst. 132, t. 2, f. 36, 44. Emys olivacea, Schweig. Prod. 307, 24, (young). Pentonyx capensis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii, 390, t. 19, f. 21. T. senegalensis, Daud. Shell brown olive, oval oblong, (back impressed on each side of the vertebral line when full grown); first vertebral plates short, very broad in front. a. Adult, stuffed, plates worn smooth. Cape of Good Hope. Pre- sented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Young, animal dry, (only two legs). Cape of Good Hope. (-e. Very young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. ADANSON'S PELOMEDUSA. Pelomedusa ? Adansonii. Emys Adamsonii, Schweig. Prod. 308, 27. Gray, Syn. 40. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 394. Shell oval, fulvous, brown-spotted, back strongly keeled; front vertebral plates much longer than broad. Inhab. Cape de Verde. Mus. Paris. 3. HYDRASPIS, Bell. Platemys, Rhinemys, Wagler. Platemys part, Dum. et Bib. Chelodina part, Fitz. Head moderate, flattened, covered with a thin skin, often di- TORTOISES. 39 2 mann. - vided into subregular plates, especially on the temples. Jaws na- ked, slender, weak. Chin 2-bearded. Hind legs with a compressed scaly tubercle on the outer side, above the foot. Toes webbed. Claws 5-4, acute. Shell oblong, depressed, back flattish, lateral margin revolute. Nuchal plate distinct, anterior vertebral plate larger than the other, often very broad. Sternum solid, not mo- bile; lobes broad, the front one rounded. Tropical America. The Doubly KEELED HYDRASPIs. Hydraspis planiceps, Gray, Syn. R. 40. Testudo planiceps, or platycephala, Schneid. Berol. Naturf. iv. t. 16. Schoepf. T. 115, t. 27. Schweig. Prod. 303, n. 16. Wagler, Sys. 135. E. platycephala, Schlegel, F. Jap. 45. T. Martinella, Daud. R. viii. 344. Dum, et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 407. Emys canaliculata, Spix, Bras, t. 8, f. 1, 2. Wagler, Syst. t. 4, f. 1, 25. ?E. discolor, Thunb. MS. Schweig. ?E. Schoepfii, Weig- Shell quadrangular, fulvous, marked on each side of the disk with a large black spot; back with two rounded keels, separated by a broad groove; costal plates not arched; sternum black edged with yellow; head covered with a thin single plate. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Bell. The RAYED HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis radiolata, Gray, Syn. R. 44. Emys radiolata, Mikan, Delect. t. Neuwied, Abbild. t. Wagler, Syst. 165. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 412. Hydraspis planiceps, jun. Gray, Syn. R. 40. E. platycephala var. Schlegel, F. Jap. var. 47. Shell oval-oblong, narrowed and rounded in front, rather ob- tusely angular behind, keelless, brown, varied with reddish; shields concentrically and radiately striated; head covered with numerous scales; neck tubercular. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Bell. The GROOVED HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis Spixii. Platemys Spixii, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 409. Emys depressa, Spix, Bras. 4, t. 3, f. 1, 2, (not Neuweid). Shell oval oblong, convex, middle of the back flattened, with a narrow central groove; costal plates arched; sternum black; head with numerous small plates; chin 2-bearded ; neck with co- nical acute spines; the two outer toes of the fore feet small, with short rudimentary claws; the lower part of the outer side of the front edge of the hind legs with a compressed tubercle, formed of three compressed scales. a. Shell and animal. From M. Clausen's collection. The DEPRESSED Hydraspis. Hydraspis depressa, Gray, Syn. 41. Emys depressa, Merrem, Tent. 22, (not Spix). Neuwied, Ab- bild.t. – Schinz. Rept. 43, t. 4. Platemys Neuwiedii, Dum, et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 425. E. Lyræ, Reuse. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 47. - 40 REPTILES. Shell oval oblong, rounded at each end, not keeled, olive brown, black-rayed, hinder margin yellow; blackish gray, side of the head with three black rays, throat whitish, black-spotted. a. Young, in spirits. S. America. Presented by Dr. Edw. Ruppell. The BLACK HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis gibba, Emys gibba, Schweig. Prod. 299, n. 7. Wagler, Syst. 135. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 416, t. 20, f. 2. Hyd. cayennensis, ß. Gray, Syn. 42. Shell black, ovoid; discal plates slightly striated, the three last vertebral tubercularly keeled behind; costals flat; sternum brown, varied with yellow on the edge; head covered with many small plates. a. Animal and shell. “Madagascar ?" From M. Parzudaski's collection. SCHWEIGER'S HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis nasuta. Emys nasuta, Schweig. Prod. 298, n. 4. Platemys Schweigerii, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 435. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 46. Shell much depressed, keeled, waved, fulvous, hinder edge yel- low; sternum brown, with the sides and ends yellow; head de- pressed, thick, covered with numerous small plates. Inhab. S. America. Wagler's HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis Wagleri. Platemys Wag- leri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 422. Shell oval, much elongated, narrowed at each end, keelless, rounded in front and truncated behind, reddish brown; shields smooth; the first vertebral protuberant, 3-sided; sternum yellow; head flat, smooth; temple with small scales. Inhab. Brazil. Mus. Paris, (1 specimen). GAUDICHAUD’s HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis Gaudichaudii. Plat- emys Gaudichaudii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 427. Shell oval, oblong, truncated in front, rounded behind, keel- less, brown marbled with black, and with yellow spots on the outer edge of each marginal shield; sternum black in the middle, orange on the sides; head large; under part of the neck orange, marbled with brown. Inhabits Brazils. Mus. Paris. (one very young specimen). St. HILAIRE'S HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis Hilairii. Platemys Hilairii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ü. 429. Shell rather convex, pale brown, short, oval, narrowed at each end ; shields smooth; vertebral broad, each furnished with a keel- like tubercle; sternuin yellow, black-spotted ; head depressed, sub-squamose, muzzle short, round. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris. BRYANT WALKER LIBRARY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TORTOISES. 41 The BROAD HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis ? lata, Bell, MS. Gray, , Syn. R. 77. Shell suborbicular, depressed, black; head and neck when fresh, orange-spotted. Inhab. Brazils? Mus. Zool. Soc. The ALLIED HYDRASPIS. Hydraspis ? affinis, Gray, D. C. 22, n. 10. Shell brown, obscurely black-layed, margin strongly reflexed over the hinder feet; two last vertebral shields with an elevated compressed conical ridge; neck long, black, with a yellow line on each side, beneath yellowish. Iuhab. Brazils. Mus. Berlin. 4. PHRYNOPS. Phrynops and Rhinemys, Wagler. Head moderate rounded, covered with a thin skin, often divid- ed into small subregular plates, especially on the temples. Jaws naked. Chin 2-bearded. Toes webbed. Claws 5-4, acute. Shell ovate, rather convex, solid, the sides and hinder margin expanded. Nuchal plate distinct; anterior vertebral moderate. Sternum so- lid, not mobile, the hinder lobe narrowed behind. Tropical Ame- rica. GEOFFROY'S PHRYNOPS. Phrynops Geoffroyana, Wagler, Sys. 135, 1.5, f. 48–54. Icon. t. 26. Emys Geoffræana, Schweig. Prod. 302, 15. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 418. Emys viridis, Spix, Braz. 3, t. 2, f. 4, t. 3, f. 1. Gray, Syn. 41. Hydraspis rufipes, adult, Kaup. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 47. Shell oval, oblong (of the same width at the two ends), rounded before, obtusely angular and nicked behind; vertebral plates form- ing a gutter on each side of the tubercular keel; body yellowish, spotted and rayed with brown, beneath yellow; head with smail scales; occipital and superciliary shields elongated. Inhab. S. America, Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris, two specimens, young and old. The Red-FOOTED PHRYNOPS. Phrynops rufipes. Emys rufi- pes, Spix, Braz, 7, t. 6, f. 1, 2. Wagler, Syst. 134, t.3, f. 43, 45. Gray, Syn. 41. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 435. Emys platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 46. Shell brown, oval, truncated in front, angular behind; back keeled ; sternum narrower behind ; neck and members reddish, with an oblong red spot above the ear; head smooth, with small scales on the temples. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Munich. BELL'S PHRYNOPS. Phrynops Bellii. Shell (young) very depressed, very obscurely keeled, brown ; middle of the hinder edge of vertebral shield rather elevated, mar- 5 E 3 42 REPTILES. gin very much expanded, deeply serrated behind; beneath, yellow brown-rayed and varied ; sternum narrow, rather broader in front, attenuated and deeply acutely lobed behind; head brown, mode- rate, with two subtrigonal hard occipital shields, and small shields on the temples; chin 2-bearded; neck warty, yellow beneath, with a yellow streak on each side, from the angle of the mouth and un- der the ear; claws elongate, acute, compressed. Inhab. --- ? Mus. Bell, a young specimen. Milius's PHRYNOPS. Phrynops? Miliusii. Phrynops ? Miliusii. Platemys Mili- usii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 431. Emys stenops, Spix, Braz. 12, t. 9, f.3, 4 ? very young. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap.47. Shell oval, narrow and rounded in front, obtusely angular be- hind, keelless, black-brown, shields smooth; sternum brown, yel- lowish washed on the edge and middle line; abdominal plates large; head broad, thick, smooth; temple with small scales. Inhab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris. 5. CHELYMYS. Head and temple covered with a smooth skin. Jaws naked, horny, strong. Chin not bearded. Shell convex, solid, expanded behind, side edges narrow, rather revolute. Nuchal shield distinct. Front cavity much contracted by two rather diverging septa, only leaving a space half the width of the outer opening. Vertebral column sharply keeled within. Sternum solid, narrow, with broad and shelving side wings, and a broad rounded notch behind. Claws 5-4, acute. Australia. The VICTORIA CHELYMYS. Chelymys Macquaria. Emys Macquaria, Cuv. R. A. ii. 11. Gray, Syn. 40. Grey, Trav. W. Aust. ii. 448. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 438. Hydraspis Victoriæ, Gray, Z. M. 55. H. australis, Gray, Grey, Trav. W. Austr. ii. 445, t. 6. Shell ovate, convex, blackish brown, marbled with grey and ra- ther rugose above, beneath convex, yellow olive, with slight, im- pressed, narrow, netted grooves; vertebral plates nearly square, the fourth 6-sided, elongate; the marginal plates rather narrow in front, broader and slightly bent upon the sides, dilated, rather pro- duced and leaving two or three notches over the tail behind; ster- num yellow, rather convex. a. Shell only, adult, back with a very narrow, slightly sunk, inter- rupted vertebral line; shield partly rugose; vertebral plates rather longer than broad. Victoria River, N.W. coast of Aus- tralia. Presented by Capt. William Chambers, R.N. Emys Macquaria, Dum. et Bib. H. Victoriæ, Gray. b. Animal and shell, younger : shields smooth, vertebral rather broader than long. Australia. Presented by J. Gould, Esq. H. australis, Gray, Grey, Journ. W. Aust. ii. 445, t. 6. TORTOISES. 43 6. CHELODINA, Gray. Chelodina part, Dum et Bib. , Head elongate. Neck very long, covered with a thin skin. Jaws exposed. Claws 4-4. Shell depressed, broad, shields thin, smooth. Sternum very broad, rounded in front, nicked behind. Intergular plate large, long, 6-sided, placed in the angle between the gular and humeral plates. Nuchal plate distinct. Australia. The YELLOW CHELODINE. Chelodina longicollis, Gray, Syn. R. 39, t. 6, f. 2. Griffith, An. K. t. - Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 445. Testudo longicollis, Shaw, N. Holl. 19, t. 7, and Gen. Zool. iii. 62, t. 6. Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. 189. Schweig. Prodr. 309, n. 28. Schlegel, F. Jap. 43. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 512. Chel. Novæ Hol- landiæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 445. Emys porphyrea, Daud, Rep. ii. 142. Shell oblong, depressed, brown; first vertebral shield elongate; the second and eleventh marginal shields with their front edge op- posite the suture of the costal shields; sternum flattish, deeply nicked behind, yellow, shields black-edged. a. Animal dry, depressed, oblong. Australia. Presented by Sir Joseph Banks. The specn. described by Shaw, Schweiger &c. b. Stuffed, more ovate and convex, 7 inches by 6. Australia. Pre- sented by J. Gould, Esq. The OBLONG CHELODINE. Chelodina oblonga, Gray in Grey, Tr. Aust. ii. 446, t. 7. Shell oblong, rather contracted in front, with a broad impressed vertebral groove, olive brown, with irregular anastomosing lines, beneath yellowish; marginal plates longer than broad, second lar- ger than the first or third, and rather angularly produced in the middle of the inner edge, which is opposite the suture of the costal plates; sternum high, flat, strongly and sharply keeled on the sides; neck warty, very thick. a. Adult, stuffed. W. Australia, Presented by J. Gould, Esq. The specimen figured. b. Adult, stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by Capt. W. Cham- bers, R.N. c. Very young, in spirits; the body scarcely larger than the head, shell not solidified. W. coast of Australia. Presented by John Richardson, M.D. 7. HYDROMEDUSA, Wagler. Chelodina part, Dum, et Bil. Head elongate, depressed, covered with a soft dotted skin. Jaws narrow, exposed. Lips rather dilated and fleshy at the angle of the mouth. Chin not bearded. Neck warty. Claws 4-4; outer toes on each foot small, clawless. Tail elongate. Shell oblong, depressed, expanded in front, slightly revolute on the sides. Nu- chal plate large behind the marginal plate like a sixth vertebral. Intergular plate large, long, marginal. Tropical America. , REPTILES. PRINCE MAXIMILIAN'S HYDROMEDUSA. Hydromedusa Max- imiliana, Wagler, Sys. 135, t. 3, f. 35, 42. Peters, Muller, Arch. Anat. et Phys. 1839, t. 14, skeleton. Emys M. Mikans, Delect. t. Dum, et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 449. Gray, Syn. 42. Shell oval, entire, rounded in front, rather angular behind, pale brown, black spotted; nuchal plate as large as the first vertebral, the fourth costal and two last dorsal shields, protuberant; fore- head flat; throat yellow, brown marbled. a, b. Half grown and young, in spirits. b Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's collections. The YELLOW-LIPPED HYDROMEDUSA. Hydromedusa flavila- bris. Chelodina flavilabris, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 446. Shell elongate, oval, entire, rounded in front, rather angular behind; nuchal plate rather narrower than the first vertebral; fore- head convex ; jaws bright yellow. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris, (1 specimen). 8. CHELYS, Daud. Matamata, Merrem. Head flat, broad, fringed with warty appendages. Eyes small. Nose elongated into a tubular proboscis. Mouth roundish. Jaws covered with soft lips, lower jaw elevated behind. Tongue-bone very complicated, (Cuv. Oss. Foss, v. t. 1.). Neck thick, flat, long, bearded at each side. Legs scaly. Tail short, warty. Shell ovate, convex, broader before, acutely 3-keeled, flattened in the middle of the back. Shields thin, angularly gibbous. Sternum narrow, broader and rounded in front, narrower and bifid behind. Inter- gular plate marginal. South America. The MATAMATA. Chelys Matamata, Gray, Syn. 431. Dum. . . et Bib. E. G. ii. 455. Testudo Raparara, Ferm. H. N. A. Equin. 51. Test, fimbriata, Schn. Schildk, 349. Gmel. S. N. i. 1043. . Schoepf. Test. 97, t. 21. Shaw, Zool. iii. 70, t. 18. Schweig. Prod. 294. Spix, Braz. t. 11. Wagler, 134, t. 3, f. 4, 24. Merrem, T.21. T. Matamata, Brug. Jour. H. N. 1792, 253, t.13. Latr. R. i. 9, t. 4, f. 1. Schlegel, F. Jap. 41. Daud. R. ii. 86, t. 20, f. 1. Shell oblong, shields elevated, acute, forming three keels. a, b. Adult, stuffed. S. America. 9. PELTOCEPHALUS, Dum. et Bib. Head large, subquadrangular, pyramidical, covered with six large, thick, rather imbricate plates. Jaws naked, very strong, hooked, toothless. Eyes lateral. Feet slightly webbed, with two large scales at the claws. Claws straight, strong. Tail clawed. Shell ovate, convex. Nuchal plate none. Sternum solid. TORTOISES. 45 The TRACAXA. Peltocephalus Tracaxa, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 378, t. 18, f. 2. Emys T. Spix, Braz. 6, t. 5. Wagler, Syst. 135. Emys macrocephala, Spic. Braz. 5, t. 4, (young). Shell ovate, subsemicylindrical, smooth, entire, blackish brown. a. Adult, stuffed. S. America. 10. PODOCNEMIS, Wagler. Head rather depressed, covered with flat shields, with a deep groove on the forehead. Chin 2-bearded. Jaws naked, slightly arched, toothless. Legs broadly webbed, the hinder with two broad thin scales at each claw. Tail short, not clawed. Shell rather solid. Nuchal plate none. Sternum broad, not mobile. The Broad PODOCNEMIS. Podocnemis expansa, Wagler, Syst. 135, t. 4, f. 1–31. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 283, t. 19, f. 1. Emys Amazonica, Spix, Bruz. i. t. 1, 2, f. 1, 2. Schweig. Prod. 299, n. 8. Schlegel, F. Jap. 48. Gray, Syr. R. 41. Test. Arrace, Humb. Pers. Nar. iv. 482 ? Shell oval, entire, keelless, very depressed when adult, tecti- form when young, much and horizontally expanded over the hind legs. Inhab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris. The CAYENNE PODOCNEMIS. Podocnemis Dumeriliana, Wag- ler, Syst. 135. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 387. Emys Dumeriliana, Schweig. Prod. 300, n. 9. Schlegel, F. Jap. 48. Gray, Syn. 42. E. Cayennensis, Schweiy. Prod. 298, n. 6, (young). E. erythroce- phala, Spix, Bras. t. 7, (young). Shell oval, convex, swollen, nicked in front, brown, varied with black; the second and third vertebral plate keeled ; sternum yel- lowish, under side of marginal plates with a black spot. Inbab. Brazils. Mus. Paris. 9 There is in the British Museum a fossil species of this family from Sheppey, peculiar for having a flat sternum, round at each end, and having the sterno-costal suture covered with several ad- ditional plates (like Platysternon amongst the Emydide). I have long since named it after my excellent friend and former superior, and now colleague, Megasternon Kænigië. 46 REPTILES. a Fam. IV. SOFT TURTLES, (TRIONYCIDÆ). Head flattened, ovate: eyes small, superior : jaws horny, co- vered with dependant fleshy lips: chin not bearded : nostrils elon- gated into a thin cylindrical trunk. Neck long, contractile. Feet short, strong Toes 5-5, short, expanded, strongly webbed, two outer clawless: claws 3-3. Tail short, conical, simple. Shell co- vered with a hard cartilaginous skin, usually expanded and flex- ible on the edge, the ribs only united together and to the vertebræ above, separate below. Sternum formed of a ring of bones, cover- ed with a continuous skin, and in the adults furnished with rough callosities on the prominent part. Pelvis only attached to the ver- tebræ. Living in rivers and lakes in warm climates, eating flesh, and rarely vegetables. Eggs spherical. The ribs become united together for a greater length, and the sternal callosities appear and increase in size as the animal in- creases in age, hence they do not afford specific, much less gene- ric characters. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Sternum broad, with valves over the feet. The margin of the shield supported by bones. 1. Emyda. Head moderate, sternal callosities 5. B. Sternum narrow at each end. The margin of the shield expand- ed, flexible, thin. Sternal callosities 4. 2. TYRSE. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front: lips thin. Ribs 8 pair, forming a disk with the vertebræ when young. 3. DOGANIA. Head very large, dilated behind, narrow in front: lips thin. Ribs 8 pair, not united in a solid disk until late in life. 4. Chitra. Head dilated behind, broad and short in front : lips very large, swollen. Ribs 8 pair. 5. Trionyx. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Ribs 7 pair. 1. EMYDA, Gray. Cryptopus, Dum. et Bib. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Lips thin. Margin of the shell supported with a series of bones. Sternum broad, rounded before and behind, with a moveable valve over each foot. Sternal callosities (of adult) 5. The BUNGOMA. Emyda punctata, Gray, Syn. Rept. 50. III. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 62, young. Bell, Testud. t. Testudo punctata, Lacep. t. 7. f.1. Test. granosa, Schoepf. Test. 127, t. 30, A, B. TORTOISES. 47 Schweig. Prod. 288. Wagler, Syst. 134, t. 2, f.2, 33. Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. t. 64. Schlegel, F. Jap. 35, t. 5, f. 4. Dum. et Bib. E.G. ii. 504. Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 194. Test. Dura, B. Ha- milton, Icon, ined. n. Test. granulata, Shaw, Zool. iii. 68, t. 14, f. 1. Daud. R. ii. 81, t. 19, f. 2. Trionyx Coromandelicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 16, t. 5.f. 1. Shell oval, convex, granular, green (young with eyed spots); head with two orange spots on the occiput, (young with a yellow streak for each eye, and the nape yellow-spotted). ame. Animal and shell, stuffed, adult. India. From M. Piquot's collection. d, e. Shell only. India. From M. Piquot's collection. f, 9. In spirits, young. India. From M. Piquot's collection. h. Stuffed, young. From the Museum of the Bengal Society. i. Upper shield only. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. The AFRICAN BUNGOMA. Emyda Senegalensis. Cryptopus S. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 304. Back, head and neck (of young) grey, with minute white spots; sternum blackish, edged with dirty white. Inhab.“ Senegal.” Mus. Paris. 2. TYRSE. Head moderate, ovate. Muzzle conical. Lips moderate. Mar- gin of the shell flexible. Ribs 8-8. Sternum narrow at each end. Šternal callosities 4. Episternal bone diverging, forming a V. The KAAREY. Tyrse Gangetica. Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 16. Guérin, Icon. t. 1, f. 6, (young). Schlegel, F. Japon. 35. Cuv. Oss. Fos. iii. 222, (adult). Wagler, Syst. t. 2, f. 12-18. T. stellatus, var. Japon. Schlegel, F. Jap. t. 5, f. 7? T. Hurum, Gruy, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 1. Syn, Rept. t. 10. B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. n. 13. Gymnopus Duvaucelii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 487. Testudo Chin, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. n. copied Gray, Syn. R. 47, t. 10. Test. ocellatus, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. n. 14. Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 7. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 189, young. Olive, vermiculated with dark brown (when young with four or five large eyed spots); head olive, white-dotted, with a yellow spot (white in spirits) behind each eye, at the angle of the mouth and on each side of the chin, and one on each side of the neck below the cheek. a-d. In spirits, young, 4 inches, back with 4 black spots. India. e. In spirits, young, 4 inches, back with 4 large and 2 small pos- terior black spots. India. The BOULOUSSE. Tyrse Javanica. Trionyx Javanicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 15, t. 3. Schweig. 287. Gray, Syn. R. 48. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. t. f. 1, 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 493. 48 REPTILES. 2 Wagler, Syst. t. 2, f. 1-11. Test. Gataghol, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. n. 15? cop. Gray. Test. rostrata, Thunb. N. Act. Suec. viii. 179, t. 7, f. 2, 3. Schoepf. 93, t. 20. Daud. Rept. ii. 77, (young). Test. cartilaginea, Bodd. Berl. Naturf. ii. 263. Test. Boddaertii, Schneid. Scheld. t. 1, f. 1, 2. T. membranacea, Blumenb, Schned. t. 2. Tri. stellatus, GeoffAnn. Mus. xiv. 13. The front and hinder edge of the dorsal disk tubercular; olive green, crown of the head with one central and two radiating black lines. a. In spirits, half grown ? back black-eyed, 5} inches. India. b, c. In spirits, young, not eyed. India. d. Stuffed, half grown, back with irregular rugose ridges. India, Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes, F.R.S. e, f. In spirits, ? very young, not good state. China. Presented by W. Baird, M.D. The EYED BOULOUSSE. Tyrse perocellata. Trionyx pero- cellatus, Cantor. T. tuberculatus, Cantor. T. stellatus, var. Ja- van. Schlegel, F. Japon. t. 5, f, 6 ?? t. 7, f. 1, 2. Back with six obscure spots ; head and neck olive; lip and chin with small white spots. , a, b. In spirits, half grown. Canton, China. Presented by the Hon. East India Company, from Dr. Cantor's collection. c. In spirits, younger, sternum black-spotted. Canton, China. Presented by the Hon. East India Company, from Dr. Cantor's collection. The Tyrse. Tyrse Nilotica. Trionyx Niloticus, Gray, Syn. 46. Schlegel, F. Jap. 32. Testudo triunguis, Forsk. 9. Trionyx Ægyptiacus, Geoff Egypt. i. 116, t. 1. Guérin, Icon. t. 1, f. 7. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 484. T. labiatus, Bell, Test. t. from life. Shell rather convex, vertebral line often depressed; back green spotted with white or yellowish. a. Adult, b. Young, stuffed. Egypt. Presented by Turnbull Christie, M.D. c. In spirits, half grown, brown, with small white specks on shields and body, with some series of rather larger specks. W. Africa. The EYED TYRSE. Tyrse Argus, Gray. Lear, Icon. ined. t. Olive-black, with numerous pale-edged, narrow, black rings; head and feet marbled with black, with a black-edged yellow streak from the tip of the nose to the ear, inclosing the eye; lips yellow, black-edged; nuchal bone, transverse, separate; sternal callosi- ties 4, hinder ones rather distant. a. Stuffed. West Africa, Sierra Leone? Presented by the Earl of Derby. TORTOISES. 49 The RAFEHT. Tyrse Rafeht. Testudo Rafeht, Oliv. Voy. Pers. iii. 453, t. 41. Shaw, Misc. t. 907. T. Euphraticus, Daud. Rept. ii. 305. Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 17. Gray, Syn. 48. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 498. Dull green; tail rather elongate. Inhab. Tigris and Euphrates. Mus. Zool. Soc. 3. DOGANIA. Head large, broad behind. Muzzle elongate, conical. Lips moderate ? Dorsal shield flexible on the edge. Ribs 8-8, not united into a solid disk until late in life. Sternum narrow at each end; callosities 2, small? Episternal lines forming a V, but not contiguous at their base. Tail elongate ? The DOGANIA. Dogania subplana. Trionyx subplanus, Geoff: Ann. Mus. xiv. 11, t. 5, f. 2. Schweig. Prod. 289. Gray, Syn. 48. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Schlegel, F. Jap. 34. Gymnopus s. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 497. Shell flattened ; disk varied with yellow, with brown vermicu- lations; head yellow-varied; tail elongated. a. Dry. India, Bengal ? Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. 4. CHITRA. Head very depressed, large, dilated behind. Muzzle very short broad. Lips very thick. Shield flexible on the edge. Ribs 8-8. Vertebral bones distinct, narrow. Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosities 4. Episternal lines elongate, Episternal lines elongate, far apart, nearly parallel. The SEWTEREE. Chitra Indica. Trionyx Indicus, Gray, Syn. Rept. 47. T. Ægyptiacus, var. Indicus, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. i. t. 80. Testudo Chitra, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. Gymnopus lineatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 491. Shield much depressed, with a longitudinal central depression a. Adult, stuffed. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's col- lection. b. In spirits, very young. Olive, front of shield covered with close round subconic warts; head olive, minutely black-dotted ; throat olive, minutely white-dotted. India. 5. TRIONYX. Head rather large, ovate, dilated behind. Muzzle rather elon- gate, conical. Lips thick. Shield flexible on the edge. Ribs 7-7. Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosities 4, nearly confluent. N. America. The FIERCE TRIONYX. Trionyx ferox, Merrem, Tent. 20. Gray, Syn. 43. Schlegel, F. Jap. t. 5, f.5, head. Testudo f. Penn. F 50 REPTILES. Phil. Trans. lxi. 266, t. 10, f. 5. Schneid. S. 330. Schoepf. t. 19. Shaw, Zool. iii. 64, t. 17, f. 1. T. Bartramii, Daud. R. ii. 74. LeConte. Chelys B. Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 18. La Molle, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 137. t. 7. Tri. Georgicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 7. t . T. spiniferus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 258, t. 15. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 477, t. 22, f. 1. T. carinatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 14, t. 4. Wagler, Syst. t. 2, f. 34, 35. Merrem, T. 21, (young). T. Brongniartii, Schweig. Prod. i. 288. Fresh-water Turtle, Garden. Fierce Turtle, Shaw. Thorax very depressed, with a series of spinous tubercles on the front edge of the back. a. Adult, stuffed. N. America. Presented by the Royal Society. The specimen described and figured by Pennant, (re-stuffed). The UNARMED TRIONYX. Trionyx muticus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 257, t. 7. Gray, Syn. R. 46. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 482. Thorax much depressed, without any spinous tubercles on the front edge. Inhab. N. America. Mus. Paris. Fitzinger has divided this family into the genera Trionyx (granosus), Aspidonectes (Javanicus), Platypeltis (Brongniartii and ferox), Pelodiscus (Sinensis and labiatus), Amyda (subplanus and muticus), according to the union and separation of the cervical bones and the ribs, and the rugoseness and partial smoothness of the surface of the dorsal plates: but these characters alter with the age of the animals, and they separate nearly allied species, and those coming from the same countries. TURTLES. 51 Fam. V. Turtles, (CHELONIADÆ). Head globose, shielded: nostrils rather tubular: jaws horny, na- ked. Neck short, subretractile. Feet very long, not retractile, com- pressed, fin-shaped: toes depressed, expanded at the end and often armed with flat claws; front feet longest. Tail short, thick. Shell low, cordate, with a defined bony margin, covered with horny shields or a leathery skin. Ribs free at the end. Sternum ring-like, car- tilaginous in the centre, and only united to the thorax by a carti- laginous suture. Seas of torrid and temperate zones, some eating Algæ, as Ch. Midas, which are used for food, and imported as a luxury; others, Mollusca and radiated animals, as Ch. Caretta, only collected for their oil. The horny shields are used for orna- mental purposes. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. SPHARGIS. Shell covered with a coriaceous skin. Claws none. 2. CARETTA. Shell covered with 13 horny shields, imbricate and produced behind. Sternum strongly keeled on each side in all ages. First and sometimes the second toes clawed. 3, CAOUANA. Shell covered with 15 or more horny, truncated, not imbricate shields, which are strongly keeled in the young. First and second toes clawed. 4. CHELONIA. Shell covered with 13 truncated, not imbricate, horny shields, smooth in all ages. First finger of each fin clawed. 1. SPHARGIS, Merrem. Coriudo, Fleming. Dermochelys, Blainv. Scytena, Wagler. Shell cordate, depressed, deeply longitudinally grooved, cover- ed with a continuous coriaceous skin. Feet long. Claws replaced by small coriaceous scales. The LUTH. Sphargis coriacea, Gray, Syn. R. 51. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 560, t. 24, f. 2. Testudo coriacea, Linn. S. N. 350. Schneid. S. 312. Latr. Rept. i. 58, t. 2, f. 1. Shaw, Zool. t. 18, f. 1. Lacep. Q. 0. i. t. 3. Čoriudo c. Harlan, A. H. 85. T. Lyra, Donnd. Sphargis Mercurii, Rond. t. 5, f. 3. S. mercuria- lis, Merrem, Tent. 19. Tem. F. Japon. 6, t. 1–3. Dermochelys atlantica, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 14. Testudo tuberculata, Penn. Phil. Trans. lxi. (young). Schoepf. t. 29. Gravenh. Delic. t. Spinose Tortoise, and tuberculated Tortoise, Penn. Coriaceous Turtle, Shau. Thorax ovate, cordate, sharply 3-keeled. F 2 52 REPTILES. a. Stuffed, adult. England; coast of Dorsetshire. b. Stuffed, adult, (not good state). West Indies; Nevis. Pre- sented by W. Cottle, Esq. c. In spirits, young. Thorax covered with a rather cracked skin, fore feet nearly as long as the shell. Test. tuberculata, Gravenh. Delic. t.- Phil. Trans. lxi.f. 4, 5. Schoepf. t. 29. Dermatochelys porcata, Wagler, Syst. 133, t. 1, f. 1, 23. 2. Caouana, Gray. Thalassochelys, Fitz. CAOUANA, Thorax ovate, cordate, covered with 15 thin, truncated, not imbricated shields, which are keeled in the young. Jaws slightly curved towards each other at the tip; side of the lower jaws covered with angular plates. Marginal plates 27 (rare- ly 25). Carnivorous, eating Mollusca and Crustacea. The additional pair of discal shields occupies the side of the narrow first vertebral shields, the three covering the space occupi- ed by the broad front vertebral shield of Chelonia. Head large. The CAOUANNE or Loggerhead. Caouana Caretta. Testudo Caretta, Linn. S. N. 351. Walb. Chelon. 4, 95. Schoepf. t. 16, t. 16 B. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 23—25. Schoepf. t. 17, f. 3. T. cephalo, Schn. Schildk. 303. Tem. F. Japon. 25, t. 4, f. 1, 2, t. 6, f. 3. T. Caouana, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 110. Daud. Rept. ii. 54, t. 16, f. 2. Schweig. Prod. 292. Wagler, Syst. 133, t. 1, f. 1, 23. Gray, Syn. R. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 544. Ch. virgata, Wagler, Icon. t. 29, (not Cuv.) Ch. pelagiorum, Vallenc. Rept. Morea, t. 10. Testudo corticata, Rondel. T. marina Caouanna, Ray, Qu. 257. The loggerhead turtle, Brown, Jam. 465. Catesby, Carol. ii. 40, t. 40. La Caouanne, Labat, Voy. Amer. i. 184, 311. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 96. Test, nasicornis, Lacep. Edw. Birds, t. 206. Rhi- nocerus turtle, Shaw, Zool. t. 14, very young. Claws two on each foot; back convex, rounded, toothed be- hind; vertebral plates 6-sided, keeled, rather longer than wide; caudal plate squarish, longer than broad, hinder marginal plate rather wider than the rest; costal shields of young keeled above. a. In spirits, half grown. Costal shield keeled above, margin toothed. b. Back shield, half grown animal. Costal shield smooth. c. Adult, stuffed. Back covered with Chelonobia : hinder margi- nal plates less acute, caudal plate elongate, subtriangular. At- lantic Ocean. d. Half grown, stuffed. Hinder marginal plates acute, rather produced, caudal scarcely elongated. Atlantic Ocean. . TURTLES. 53 - e. Head, very large. Upper jaw with 2 convex ridges, the hinder , ones rounded, convex. C. Ruppellii, Gray, B. M. India ? Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. The Long CAOUANNE. Caouana elongata. Shell elongate, rather flattened in the middle, convex on the sides, and slightly dilated and flattened upon the side and con- tracted on the hinder edges; marginal plates 27, last pair much longer; caudal plates square, large, much longer than broad; ver- tebral plates elongate, 6-sided, half as long again as broad: claws ? Head ? a. Shell only, adult. The OLIVE CAOUANNE. Caouana olivacea. Chelonia olivacea, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atl. t. 3. Ch. caouana, var. Gray, Syn. 54. Ch. Dussumierii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 557. Ch. subcarinata, Rupp. MS. Mus. Francf.? Claws one on each foot; marginal shields 27; back flat, sides rather concave, side-edges expanded, slightly bent up; vertebral plates narrow, elongate, longer than wide; caudal plate subtri- angular, longer than broad, much larger than the other marginal plates : head moderate. a. In spirits, very young. Without any narrow anterior vertebral plate, (the 2 united ?) Philippine Islands. b. Stuffed, adult. With a narrow anterior vertebral plate. 3. CARETTA. Thorax ovate, cordate, covered with 13 thick, horny plates, which are produced and imbricate on their hinder edge. Muzzle elongate, compressed. Jaws with the edge straight, toothless, and the tip slightly recurved, side of lower jaw with a single elongated shield. Sternum keeled on each side. The CARET. Caretta imbricata. Chelonia imbricata, Schw. Prod. 291. Gray, Syn, 25, t. 7, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 547, t. 13, f. 2. Tem. Fauna Jap. 13, t. 5, f. 12, t. 6, f. 4. Testudo imbricata, Linn. S. N. 350. Schn. 309. Shaw, Zool.iii. t. 26, 27. Daud. R. ii. 39. Schoepf. t. 18, A, B. t. 17, f. 1, young. T. Ca- retta, Knorr, D. ii. 124, t. 50. Chelonia multiscutata, Kuhl, Beytr. 78, (monstrosity ?) Ch. pseudo Caretta, Lesson, Voy. Bel. 302. The scaled tortoise, Grew, Mus. 38, t. 3, f. 4. Seba, i. t. 80, f. 9. Shell subcordiform, yellow, brown-marbled, back keeled, shelv- ing, strongly toothed behind. a, b. Stuffed, half grown. c. Upper shield only, younger. d. Stuffed, young e. Lower shield only. f. Stuffed, very young, (wants one fin). 54 REPTILES. 4. CHELONIA. Discal shields 13, not imbricate, truncated behind. Muzzle short, rounded. Jaws moderate, upper slightly notched in front, and feebly toothed on the side, lower denticulated, with a single elongate plate upon each side. The front toe of each fin clawed. Feeding on Algæ. * The last vertebral bone transverse, broad in front, with the last rib parallel, and arising from the sides of its base, the front edge of the second finger with four scales. The CAREY. Chelonia virgata, Schweig. Prod. 291. Cuv. R. A. ii. 41. Guér. Icon. t. 1. f. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 541, (not Wagler). Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 3. Ch. Midas, D. Gray, Syn. 52. * Ch. fasciata, Cuvier," Schleg. F. J. 26. Schoepf. t. 16 B. Bruce, Voy. t. 42. Shell short, subtectiform, chesnut, varied with yellow and ray- ed with brown, sides strongly arched. a. Upper shield only, young. Vertebral shields broader than long. Atlantic Ocean. Presented by W. Eling, Esq. b. Stuffed, adult. Vertebral shield longer than broad. S. America. Chelonia maculosa, Cuv. R. A. ii. 13. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 544. C. lacrymata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 13. C. Midas, var. ß. Gray, Syn. R. 32. C. marmorata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 546. t. 23, f. 1. Shaw. Zool. ii. 13, t. 22, (var.) c. Upper shield only, half grown. Vertebral shields rather longer than broad. S. America ? ** The last vertebral bone narrow, attenuated behind, with the last rib diverging and arising at a distance from its base, the front edge of the second finger with three scales. The GREEN TURTLE. Chelonia viridis, Tem. F. Jap. 18, t. 4, f. 4-6, t. 6, f. 1, 2. Testudo viridis, Schneid. Schildk 309, t. 2. Testudo Midas, Latr. R. i. 22, t. 1, f. 1. Daud. ii. 10, t. 16. Schoepf. t. 17, f. 2. Chelonia M. Schweig. Prod. 291. Gray, Syn. 52. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 538. Caretta esculenta, Merrem, Tent. 18. Test. Japonica, Thunb. Test. Thunbergii, Merrem, Tent. 19. T. Cepedienne, Daud. Rept. ii. 50, t. 17, f. 1. Shell subrotundiform, rather elongate, olive green, when dry fulvous, with brown spots ; back rounded; vertebral shields hex- agonal, nearly as long as broad. a, b. Stuffed, half grown. Brazils. c. Stuffed, half grown ; wants some plates. From Dr. Mantell's collection. d. Dry, very young. Margin of the shell and fin white. Ascen- sion Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. TURTLES. 55 e-h. In spirits, very young. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. i. In spirits, very young: Sternal plates 6. Ascension. Pre- sented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. j. In spirits, very young. First vertebral plate irregular. Ascen- sion. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher. k,l. In spirits, very young. Vertebral plates irregular, 6 or 7. As- cension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. m. In spirits, very young. Costal plates 5-5; last vertebral nar- row. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. n, o. In spirits, very young. Plates normal. Ascension Island. From H.M.S. Chanticleer. P, 9. Dry, very young. r. Skull of young, weighed 66 lbs. From Dr. Mantell's collection. . s. Head, with the shields. Upper jaw with 2 internal ridges, the , inner narrow, even, toothed, the outer most prominent in the middle. t, u. Skulls of adult, weighed 375 lbs. The inner ridge of the upper jaw nearly obliterated. Ascension. Presented by Wauds, Esq. v. Skull of adult. Imperfect, discoloured. 56 REPTILES. Order IV. EMYDOSAURIANS, (EMYDOSAURI). Head large, covered with a thin skin : ears linear, closed with 2 valves: gape wide: tongue short: jaws with a single series of conical teeth, inserted in sockets and replaced by teeth formed be- neath them, hinder part of the lower jaw produced behind the con- dyle: nostrils small, anterior: eyes small. Throat with 2 glands. Neck and sides of the body with a wrinkled skin, covered with small tubercular scales. Back with a hard disk, formed of longi- tudinal series of square, keeled, bony plates, imbedded in the skin; under surface covered with smooth, thin, square plates; back of the neck with 2 groups of bony plates, the first called the nuchal, and the other the cervical plates. Tail compressed, with 2 series of compressed plates above. Vent longitudinal. Legs short; feet webbed; toes 4-5, but only the inner three of each foot clawed. Living in fresh and brackish water in tropical climates. Eating aninals which they have killed by drowning. Synopsis of the Families. 1. CROCODILIDÆ. The lower canines fitting into a notch in the edge of the upper jaw. 2 ALLIGATORIDÆ. The lower canines fitting into a pit in the upper jaw. a Fam. I. CROCODILES, (CROCODILIDE). The lower canines fitting into a notch in the edge of the upper jaw. The hind legs with a fringe of compressed scales behind. Synopsis of the Genera. * Teeth all uniform. Nose of the male very large, inflated. 1. GAVIALIS. Jaws very long, slender, subcylindrical. Cervical and dorsal disks united together. ** The 9th upper and 11th lower teeth longer, like canines. Nose of both sexes simple. 2. MECISTOPS. Jaws oblong, slender, depressed. Cervical and dorsal disks united. Hind feet webbed. 3. CROCODILUS. Jaws oblong, depressed. Nuchal, cervical and dorsal disks separated from each other by small scales. CROCODILES. 57 a 1. GAVIALIS, Merrem. Gaviala, Flem. Ramphostoma, Wagl. Jaws very long, subcylindrical, slender, rather dilated and con- vex at the end. Teeth canines 2, quite anterior, small, lower canines shutting into a nick in the edge of the upper jaw. Feet fringed; toes webbed to the tip. The cervical plates united to, and forming a disk with, the dorsal ones. Males with a large swelling in front of the nostrils. Asia. The GARIAL or Nakoo. Gavialis Gangeticus, Gray, Syn. 56. Geoff. Mem. Mus. xii. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 134, t. 26, f. 2. Lacerta Gan. Gmel, S. N. i. 1057. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 197, t. 60. Crocodilus longirostris, Schild. Am. 160. Daud. Rept. ii. 89. Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. t. 1, 2. C. acutirostris, Daud. R. ii. 293. C. tenui- rostris, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. t. 1. Tiedem. Amph. t. 15. Wagler, Sys. t. 7, f. 111. Merrem, Tent. 38. Le Gavial, Lacep, Q. 0. i. 235, t. 15. Faugas, Mont. S. P. 235, t. 8, 46, 47. The narrow-beaked Crocodile, Edw. Phil. Trans. xlix. 639, t. 19. Olive, black-spotted. a. In spirits, young. India. From Dr. Mantell's collection. b. Stuffed, young, length 24 inches. India. c. Stuffed, young. Length 27 inches. India. d. Animal, dry. Length 31 inches. Presented by S.P. Pratt, Esq. e. Stuffed. Length 33 inches. Nepal. f. Stuffed. Length 52 inches. India. g. Skull of adult. Length 29 inches. India. Presented by Capt. Oriel. h. Skull of half-grown animal. Length 18 inches. India. Pre- sented by J. E. Gray, Esq. i. Head of adult. India. Mus. Sloane. . 2. MECISTOPS. Gavialis, Muller. Jaws oblong, slender, depressed, flat, without ridges. Teeth une- qual, lower canines fitting into a notch in the side of the upper jaw. Feet fringed; toes webbed to the tip. The cervical plates in 3 or 4 cross series, united to the dorsal shield. Males without any swelling in front of the nostrils. BENNETT'S FALSE GARIAL. Mecistops Bennettii. Croco- dilus leptorhynchus, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, 129. C. cataphractus var. Bennett, P. Z. S. 1834, 110. Muzzle elongate, very slender, rather tapering, with a small tubercle on each side over the second canines, which are rather in front of the middle; nuchal shields 2, far apart, small, with some scattered ones; cervical shields 4, in two bands; dorsal shields equal, square, bluntly keeled, the two first small. a. Adult, stuffed. W. Africa, Gambia. Mr. Rendal's collection. 58 REPTILES. The FALSE GARIAL. Mecistops cataphractus. Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 5, f. 1, 2. Gray, S. 59. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 126. Nuchal shields 6, in two rows, two front far apart, four hinder in a line; cervical shields 10, in pairs, two front large, three hind- er pairs smaller. Inhab. W. Africa, in the River Galbar, near Sierra Leone. Probably only a var. of the preceding. JOURNEY'S FALSE GARIAL. Mecistops Journei. Crocodi- lus intermedius, Graves, Ann. Sci. Phys. ii. 248. Gray, Syn. 59. C. Journei, Bory, Dict. C. N. H. v. 111. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 129. C. Gavialis Schlegelii, Muller, Natur-Geschic. Ost. Ind. t. 1, 2, t. 3, f. 1–5. Jaws elongate, subcylindrical, without any ridges, flat in front; nuchal plates small, 3 pair, far apart; cervical plates 3 pair; dor- sal shield furrowed, squarish, with 2 series of lateral ones. a. Very young, in spirits. New Guinea. From the Leyden col- lection. a 3. CROCODILUS. Jaws oblong, depressed, tapering, rather dilated at the end. Teeth unequal, lower canines fitting into a notch in the side of the upper jaw. Feet fringed. Toes webbed to the tip. Nuchal and cervical plates forming a disk separated from the dorsal one by small granular scales. The head of the newly-hatched speci- mens is short, but it gradually elongates, and after a short time attains the form proper to the species, and through the bones be- coming more solid by increasing age, they only slightly alter the relative proportions of the different parts; so that the form of the head, taken with the shielding of the back, affords good characters for the determination of the species. * Dorsal shields 8-rowed, oblong, longer than broad, subequal, in regular equal series. The small plates on the side in two lon- gitudinal parallel lines. Nuchal shields small or none. Muzzle flat, narrow, with 2 long parallel ridges in front. Asia. Oopholis. The INDIAN CROCODILE, Crocodilus porosus, Schn. Amph. 159. C. biporcatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. Oss. Foss. v. 65, t. 2, f. 8, (not t. 1, f. 4-13, 18). Tiedem. Amph. 72, t. 9. Guérin, Icon. t. 2, f. 1. Wagler, Amph. Syst. 140, t. 8, f. 2. Gray, Syn. 58. Mul- ler, Ost. Ind. Rept. t. 3, f. 6, adult. C. biporcatus raninus, Mul- ler, 0. Ind. Rept. t. 3, f. 8, junior. C. Oopholis, Schn. Amph. Champse fissipes, Wagler, Amph. t. 17. Head elongate, narrow, (in the half grown and adult specimens twice as long as the width of the hinder part of the skull; upper CROCODILES. 59 jaw with a long, continued ridge from the front of each eye; nu- chal plates small or wanting ; forehead square, with nearly paral- lel sides, half as wide again as the muzzle at the anterior notch; muzzle at the 9th tooth nearly half as wide as the space between the nose and eyes; scales of the back oblong, longitudinal, equal, in 8 rows. a. Stuffed, one-third grown. Length 39 inches. India. b. Half grown. Length 34 inches. India. c, d, h, m, n. In spirits, young. Old collection. e, f. In spirits, young. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. g. In spirits, young. India. Presented by Capt. Stafford. i-k. In spirits, very young. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. 1. An egg. India. n. In spirits, young, not good state. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq. 0–9. Stuffed, young. Length 18 to 20 inches. India. Pre- sented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. r. Stuffed. Length 54 inches. India. The LARGE-HEADED INDIAN CROCODILE. Crocodilus bombi- frons, Gray, D. C. 32, n. 6, ined. Face short, oblong, convex, rugose, pitted, without any ribs in front, sides only slightly converging, much swollen behind the notch, half as long again as the head behind, and at the 9th upper tooth as wide as from the back of the nose-hole to the orbit; fore- head flat, with nearly parallel sides; nasal hole orbicular; suture of the intermaxillary straight, transverse; nasal hole round, back edge rather behind the middle of the notch of the canines. a. Skull, Length 20 inches. India. Presented by Capt. Oriel. . b. Skull. Length 18 inches. India. From the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. In the Paris Museum there is a large specimen, not in a very good state, which has been described by Dumeril and Bibron, as an adult of C. biporcatus, which appears to belong to this species. It has 6 smallish cervical shields, and 6 series of small oval elon- gate shields, rather far apart, covering the upper part of the back; the sides are smooth, without any line of smaller shields. It is quite distinct from C. palustris of the same size, in having a broader muzzle, and in the size and form of the dorsal shields. It is immediately known from C. porosus by the breadth and convex- ity of the face. 60 REPTILES. ** Dorsal plates 6-rowed, the middle ones square, the side ones ob- long, longer than broad, in equal series, the smaller plates on the sides in two longitudinal and nearly parallel series. Nuchal shields small. Muzzle convex, with 2 short diverging ridges in front. Tropical America. Palinia. The AQUE PALIN, (Hernand). Crocodilus rhombifer, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. 51. Oss. Foss. v. t. 3, f. 1-4. Tiedem. Amph. 75, t. 10. Gray, Syn. 59. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 97. Sagra, H. Cuba, t. 4. Nape with small nuchal plates ; cervical plates 6, four in the front row and two behind ; scales of the sides of the neck and bo- dy tuberculose in the middle; the forehead with divergent sides, half as wide again as the muzzle at the front notch ; muzzle con- vex, with two short diverging ridges in front of the eyes, at the 9th tooth one third as wide again as at the anterior notch, and two thirds the width of the space between the eyes and nose; scales of the middle of the back 6-rowed, square, close, of the sides oblong, square, the smaller plates on the sides in 2 short longitudinal series. , a. Stuffed, half grown. Cuba. From the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Sent there by M. Sagra. *** Dorsal plates square, as broad as long, the lateral dorsal series irregular, scattered. Nuchal and cervical plates variable. - Muzzle narrow, ridgeless ; forehead of adult convex. Tropical America. Motinia. THE AMERICAN CROCODILE. Crocodilus Americanus (Plumi- eri), Schneid. Amph. 167. Seba, i. t. 106, f. 1. C. acutus, Geoff Ann. Mus. ii. 53, t. 57, f. 1, X. 67. Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. Oss. Fos. v. t. 1, f. 3—14, t. 2, f. 5. Gray, Syn. 60. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 120. C. biscutatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. f. Oss. Foss. x. t. 2, f. 6. Tiedem. Amph. t. 12. La fouette queue, Lacep. Hist. Q. O. i. 240. Muzzle slender, smooth, without any ridges in front of the eyes, rather swollen, convex, and rounded in the adult; dorsal shield square, 4-rowed ; the lateral ones irregular and highest. a. Stuffed, half grown. Length 31 inches. Trop. America. Mr. Warwick's collection. b, g. In spirits, young. Length 12 inches. Dr. Mantell's collec- tion. c, d. In spirits, young. Length 18 inches. Cuba. Presented by cd W. S. MacLeay, Esq. e. Skull and front part of back of adult. Nuchal shields 2 pair, in an arch; cervical shields 6, in a roundish group with 2 smaller ones between the group and the dorsal shield; fore- -head very convex. West coast of America. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B. f. Skull of young. From Dr. Mantell's collection. CROCODILES. 61 **** Dorsal plates square, as broad as long, subequal, the smaller plates on the sides irregular, in two oblique ascending series. Nuchal shields 4 or 6, distinct. Muzzle triangular, with 2 more or less distinct short irregular ridges in front of the orbit. Cro- codilus. The MARGINED CROCODILE. Crocodilus marginatus, Geoff Croc. Egypt. 165. C. vulgaris var. Gray, Syn. i. 58. Dum.et Bib. E. G. iii. 110. Head elongate, oblong, triangular, rather convex, rounded, sides slightly swollen behind the notch, half as long again as the width of the head behind; muzzle at the first notch as wide as the forehead, and at the 9th tooth as wide as two thirds the distance between the eyes and nostrils; forehead deeply concave, with the sides high, prominent and nearly parallel ; dorsal plates very strongly keeled. a. Stuffed, adult. Length 9 feet 10 inches. South Africa. Pre- sented by the Earl of Derby. b. Stuffed, adult. Length 15 feet. South Africa. c. Stuffed, adult. Length 14 feet. South Africa. . The EGYPTIAN CROCODILE. Crocodilus vulgaris, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. 40, t. 1, f. 5—12, t. 2, f. 7. Oss. Fos. v. t. 1, f. 5, 12, t. 2, f.7. Tiedem. Amph. t. 8. Gray, Syn. 57. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 104. Lacerta Crocodilus, Linn. S. N. C. Champses, Bory, Dict. Class. H. N. v. 108. C. lacunosus, Geoff. C. complanatus, Geoff. Head elongate, triangular, flat, smoothish above, narrow, ta- pering at the sides, nearly twice as long as the width of the head behind ; muzzle at the notch nearly two thirds the width of the forehead, at the 9th tooth as wide as half the distance between the eyes and nostrils; forehead flat, with nearly parallel sides. . a. Adult, stuffed, bad state. Nuchal plates 6, cervical S, the 4 in front small. Length 120 inches. N. Africa, Thebes. Pre- sented by Sir Edwin Pearson. b. Adult, stuffed, like a. Length 105 inches. N. Africa. c. Half grown, stuffed, like a. Length 56 inches. N. Africa. C. vulgaris, Bibron, MS. d. Half grown, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 8, in 3 bands, hinder pair small. Length 60 inches. N. Africa. e, g. Young, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6, in 2 bands, with a small one on the right side of the front. Length 40-41 inch- es. N. Africa ? f. Young, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 8. Length 40 inch- es. N. Africa. h. Young, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6, front of the dor- sal disk rather narrow. Length 37 inches. N. Africa. Pre- sented by Sir I. Gardnor Wilkinson. G 62 REPTILES. i. Young, stuffed. Length 24 inches. N. Africa. Presented by Sir I. Gardnor Wilkinson. j. Young, stuffed, not good state. Length 19 inches. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6. k. Half grown, stuffed. Face rather convex before the eyes. Length 60 inches. N. Africa. The MUGGAR or Goa. Crocodilus palustris, Lesson, Belanger, Voy. 305. C. vulgaris, var. Gray, Syn. Rept. 58. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 108. C. biporcatus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 1, f. 4-(13?), skull. C. biporcatus raninus, Muller, Ost. Ind. t. 3, f.7, (not f. 8). Head elongate-oblong, triangular, convex and rugose above, with 2 short, irregular, nodulose, sinuous ridges in front of the or- bit, sides rather swollen behind the notch, rather more than half as long again as the width of the head behind; muzzle at the first notch nearly two thirds the width of the forehead, at the 9th tooth as wide as two thirds the space between the eyes and nostrils; fore- head concave, with the sides nearly parallel in the young and con- verging towards the front in the adult. a. Half grown, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6. Length 63 inches. India. India. From Dr. Mantell's collection. b. Half grown, stuffed. Length 56 inches. India. c. Young, stuffed. Length 22 inches. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. d. Skull of half grown animal. Length 12 inches. India. e. Skull of adult. Length 26 inches, (“animal 33 feet”). Pre- sented by Gibson Reeve, Esq. f. Skull of adult. Length 23 inches. India. g. Skull of adult. Length 21 inches. N. coast of Australia. Pre- sented by Capt. Stokes, R.N. h. Half grown, stuffed. Length 72 inches. Muzzle rather broad- er; shields strongly keeled. India ? i. Very young, in spirits. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard- wicke. k. Young, stuffed. Length 28 inches. From Mr. Miers' collec- tion. 1. Shield and part of back of adult. Length 84 inches. India. . The largest in the Paris Museum is about 10 feet; muzzle at the 9th tooth much wider than in C. vulgaris. The WIDE-FACED Crocodile. Crocodilus trigonops. Nuchal plates 4 ; cervical 6, large, strongly keeled; head ob- long, triangular, convex, rugose above, with 2 short, irregular, si- nuous ridges in front of the orbit, and an oblong convexity upon each side, above the 9th tooth; sides of the face rather swollen be- hind the notch, rather more than half as long again as the width of the head behind ; muzzle at the first notch nearly two thirds CROCODILES. 63 the width of the forehead, at the 9th tooth nearly as wide as the space between the eye and nostrils; forehead nearly square. a. Young, stuffed. Length 26 inches. India. b. ? Young, stuffed. Length 30 inches. Muzzle rather more at- tenuated. Singapore. In the College of Surgeons there is a skull of an animal almost twice the size of a, which exactly agrees with it in proportions and form. It differs from C. palustris in having a much wider, shorter, and more triangular head. ***** Hind feet without any fringe. GRAVES's CROCODILE. Crocodilus planirostris, Graves, Ann. Sci. Phys. ii. 348. Gray, Syn. Rept. 59. Crocodilus Gravesii, Bory, Dict. Class. H. N. v. 109. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 101. Muzzle short, depressed; dorsal plates furnished with recurved points; the hind feet webbed, but not toothed on the hinder edge. Inhab. ? ****** Feet unknown. Skull with 2 central ridges, one behind the other. The Siamese CROCODILE. Crocodilus Siamensis, Schn. Amp. 157. Gray, Syn. 6. C. galeatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. 51, t. 1, f. 9. Tiedem. Amph. 76, t. 11. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 113. Hist. Acad. Sci. iii. 255, t. 64. Faujas, Mant. S. P. t. 43. Latr. Rept, i. t. Skull surmounted by two strong central triangular ridges, pla- ced one before the other. Siam. Only known from a skull in Mus. Paris? G 2 64 REPTILES. Fam. II. ALLIGATORS, (ALLIGATORIDE). Canine teeth of the lower jaw fitting into a pit in the edge of the upper jaw. New World. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. JACARE. Jaws oblong, depressed, with a ridge across the face between the eyes. Hind feet scarcely webbed. Nostrils with a cartilaginous septum. Eyelids fleshy. 2. ALLIGATOR. Jaws oblong, depressed, with a small longi- tudinal rib between the orbits. Hind feet webbed. Nostrils se- parated by a bony septum. 3. CAIMAN. Jaws oblong, depressed. Hind feet scarcely web- bed. Nostrils a cartilaginous septum. Eyelids with 3 bony plates. 1. JACARE. Head oblong, depressed, with a ridge across the face before the eyes, rounded in front. Teeth unequal, canines of lower jaw each fitting into a pit in the upper jaw. Toes scarcely webbed. Nu- chal and cervical plates united into one group. Eyelids fleshy, only partially bony. Nostrils only separated by a cartilage. * Preorbital ridge to the edge of the jaw. Maxillary pits 3-3. Frontal ridge bent backward. The BROAD-HEADED YACARE. Jacare fissipes. Caiman fissi - pes, Spix, Braz, t. 3. Wagler, Icon. t. 17. Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. 321, t. 22. A. sclerops, Nieuweid, Abbild. t. - Schinz. Rept. t. 12. A. cynocephalus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 86. C. la- tirostris, Daud. Head short, ovate, triangular; muzzle short, broad, thick, fron- tal ridge sinuate, preorbital ridge longitudinal, to the edge of the jaw; maxillary pits 3-3; upper part of the eyelid rugose; nape with 2 rows of shields; nuchal shields many, 3-rowed; cervical 8, in 3 rows; scales of the back square, rather sharply keeled, 4 on each of the three last cross bands; sides with some scattered lar- ger keeled scales; back greenish, black-spotted. a. Very young, in spirits. Trop. America. b, e, f. Young, stuffed. Length 23–32 inches. c. Nearly adult, stuffed. Length 59 inches. Brazils. d. Adult, stuffed. Length 72 inches. Brazils. The YACARE. Jacare sclerops. Crocodilus sclerops, Schn. Amph. 162. Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. &. Oss. Fos. v. t. 1, f. 6, 7, t. 2, f. 3. Tiedem. Amph. 60, t. 5. Guérin, Icon. t. 2, f. 2, f. 20. Gray, - ALLIGATORS. 65 Syn. 62. Dum. et Bib. iii. 79. Wagler, Syst. 140, t. 8, f. 1. Nat- terer, Ann. Mus. Vien. t. 23. C. Yacare, Daud. Rept. ii. 407. C. Americanus, Laur. Seba, t. 104, f. 10. C. Caiman, Daud. Head elongate; muzzle flat, moderately enlarged, frontal ridge very slightly sinuate, preorbital ridge to the edge of the jaws; max- illary pits 3-3; upper part of the upper eyelids finely striated ; nuchal shields many, in 2 series; cervical, small, oval, elevated much compressed scales, in 4 or 5 rows; dorsal plate obtusely keeled, the two vertebral series nearly flat, forming a groove; hack black, with transverse yellow bands. Inhabits Brazils. The Black YACARE. Jacare nigra, Spix, Braz. t. 4. Natter- er, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 347, t. 21. Alligator Sclerops, var. Gray, Syn. 62. Head ovate, triangular, depressed; muzzle elongate, broad, blunt; frontal ridge very slightly sinuated, preorbital oblique, to the edge of the jaw; maxillary pits 3-3; upper eyelid striated; nuchal shields many, in 3 series; cervical in 5 series; dorsal acute- ly keeled, the two lateral series higher, leaving a vertebral groove; black, with whitish spots, beneath white. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Vienna. ** Preorbital ridge indistinct or none. Maxillary pits none. The SPOTTED YACARE. Jacare punctulatus, Spix, Braz. t. 2. Alligator punctulatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 91. Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 347, t. 25. Head triangular, oblong, rather gibbous, muzzle elongate, at- tenuated, very fat, with a rounded point in front, a slight enlarge- ment behind the nostrils; frontal ridge arched and slightly bent back; preorbital ridge none; maxillary pits none; upper part of the eyelid rugose; nape with 2 rows of plates; hack flat, without any grooves or prominent keels, yellow, black-dotted ; sides with some rows of larger scales; olive, dotted and varied with black, beneath yellowish. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Vienna. NATTERER'S YACARE. Jacare vallifrons, Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 322, t. 24. Head triangular, oblong, rather gibbous; muzzle elongate, at- tenuated, frontal ridge bent forwards, preorbital ridge none; max- illary pits none; upper eyelid rugose; nuchal shields many, in 2 series; cervical obtusely keeled, in 5 bands; dorsal obtusely keel- ed; olive, dotted coarsely with black, beneath yellowish. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Vienna. G3 66 REPTILES. 2. ALLIGATOR. Jaws oblong, very depressed, broad, nearly parallel, rounded in front. Forehead with a small longitudinal ridge between the or- bits. Teeth unequal, the lower canines received into a pit in the edge of the upper jaw. Nuchal and cervical plates separate. Feet fringed behind. Toes half-webbed, the outer front toe free. Nos- trils separated by a bony septum arising from the upper edge. N. America. The muzzle elongates by age. The ALLIGATOR. Alligator Missisipensis, Gray, Syn. 62. Cro- codilus Missisipensis, Daud. Rept. ii. 412. c. Cuvieri, Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. 102, t. C. Lucius, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. 4. Oss. Fos. v. t. 1, f. 8, t. 2, f. 4. Tiedem. Amph. 58, t. 4. Merrem, 34. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 75, t. 25, 26. The Alligator, Catesby, Ca- rol. t. 63. In the young it is as long from the eyes to the nostrils, as the width of the muzzle at the 9th tooth, in the old specimens the dis- tance is half as long again. a. Stuffed. Length 38 inches. N. America. From Dr. Man- tell's collection. b. Stuffed. Length 45 inches. N. America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. c. Stuffed. Length 35 inches. N. America. d, e. Very young, in spirits. N. America. From Dr. Mantell's collection. f. Adult, stuffed. Length 84 inches. N. America. g. Half grown, stuffed. Length 63 inches. N. America. A. Cuvieri, Leach, Zool. Misc. (the specimen figured). . h. Half grown. Length 66 inches. N. America. i. Skeleton of young. N. America. From Dr. Mantell's collection. 3. CAIMAN. Jaws oblong, depressed, subpyramidical, rounded and swol- len at the end, without any frontal ridges or maxillary pits. Forehead flat, smooth. Teeth , unequal, lower canine teeth fit- ting into a pit in the inner edge of the upper jaw. Eyebrows de- fended with 3 bony plates. Toes scarcely webbed. Nuchal and cervical plates united into one group? Trop. America. The TRIGONAL CAYMAN. Caiman trigonatus. Crocodilus t. Schn. Amph. 161. Seba, Thes. i. t. 105, f. 3. Tiedem. Amph. t. 7. Wagler, Syst. 140. Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 323, t. 26. Shaw, Zool. i. 58. Crocodilus palpebrosus, var. 2, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. & Oss. Foss. v. t. 2, f. 1. Gray, Syn. 63. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 72. One row of nuchal plates, which are separated from the cervi- cal plates by a line of slender pointed scales; head triangular, ob- ALLIGATORS. 67 long, rather gibbous; muzzle elongate, attenuate, rather convex above; brown, black-banded, beneath whitish, black-varied. a. Very young, in spirits. The EYEBROWED CAYMAN. Caiman palpebrosus. Crocodilus palpebrosus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. &. Oss. Fos. v. t. 2, f. 2. Tiedem. Amph. 16. Gray, Syn. 63. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 69. Wagler, Syst. 140. Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 324, t. 27. Lacerta cro- codilus, Blumenb. Handb. 245. Jacaretinga moschifer, Spix, Braz. t. 1. Two broad rows of plates on the nape; shields of the back slightly keeled, equal, the 14th and 15th cross rows on the back composed of 4 shields; head triangular, oblong, rather gibbous ; muzzle elongate, attenuate, above rather convex. Inhab. Brazils. The SwOLLEN-HEADED CAYMAN. Caiman gibbiceps. Champ- sa gibbiceps, Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vienna, 1. 324, t. 28. Head triangular, oblong, gibbous; muzzle elongate, attenuate, excavated above; nuchal shields many, in 2 rows, trigonal acute, cervical very acutely keeled, in 5 bands, the 2nd and 3rd bands of 3 shields, middle shield bicuspid, the rest in pairs; dorsal shields very acutely keeled ; two vertebral series rather blunter; black- brown, beneath pale whitish varied. Tropical America. Mus. Vienna. 68 REPTILES. Order V. AMPHISBÆNIANS, (AMPHISBÆNIA). Body elongate, cylindrical, naked, with square imbedded plates placed in cross rings, divided into two sets by a slight longitudinal groove on each side. Tail short, continuous, blunt. Tongue not sheathed, flat, enlarged and nicked at the end, ending in 2 smooth threads, the rest covered with large flat papillæ or scales. Eyes small, under the skin; eyelid none. Ear hidden under the skin. Mouth small; jaws not extensile. Feet none, or rarely in front. Penis double. Vent rather transversely plaited. Skull very solid; orbits incomplete; tympanic bone inclosed in the skull, oblique; parietal bone simple; temporal and mastoid bones scarcely separate. Synopsis of the Families. A. Teeth in the margin of the jaws, 1. TRIGONOPHIDÆ. Limbs none. B. Teeth on the inner side of the jaws. 2. AMPHISBÆNIDÆ. Limbs none. Body and chest covered with similar square shields. Preanal 3. CHIROTIDÆ. Limbs 2 anterior. 4. LEPIDOSTERNIDÆ. Limbs none. Chest covered with larger and differently shaped shields. Preanal pores none. pores distinct. Fam. I. TRIGONOPHES, (TRIGONOPHIDÆ). Teeth on the edge of the jaws, solidly fixed and nearly united to one another at their base, unequal, conical, rather compressed. Nostrils lateral, small, oval, pierced in the naso-rostral plate. Pre- anal pores none. Limbs none. 1. TRIGONOPHIS, Kaup. Head short, conical, very blunt. Eyes distinct. Naso-rostral plate encasing the muzzle. Tail conical, short. The ELEGANT TRIGONOPHE. Trigonophis Weigmanni, Kaup. Isis, 1830, 880. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 469. Amphisbæna ele- gans, Gerv. Mag. Zool. t. 11, (1835). Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. 311. Body tessellated, black and white or yellow, head brown, with an oblique band across the temples; tail very short, conical; teeth 5 in the intermaxillaries, 10 on each side of the maxillaries, and 18 in the lower jaw. a, b. Half grown, in spirits. Algiers. Presented by M. Bibron. AMPHISBÆNAS. 69 Fam. II. AMPHISBÆNAS, (AMPHISBÆNIDÆ). Teeth fixed on the inner side of the jaws, conical, simple and pointed. Nostrils lateral, small, in the naso-rostral plate. Body and chest covered with square similar sized shields, with a lateral а. line only. Nape with a longitudinal groove. Limbs none. Pre- anal pores distinct, (sometimes obliterated on one side). Tail short. Primary teeth or only Synopsis of the Genera. * Nasal plates extending across the muzzle, with 2 pair of frontal plates behind them ; first labial under the nasal. 1. AMPHISBÆNA. Head depressed, muzzle rounded, rostral shield triangular, flat, erect. Nasal 2, large, square, separate, ex- tending across the muzzle. 2. SAREA. Head depressed, muzzle elongate, rounded, rostral shield triangular, inferior. Nasal 2, large, united together, extending across the muzzle. 3. CYNIȘCA. Head flat, muzzle rather sharp, rostral shield trian- gular, erect. Nasal rhombic, oblique, touching above, in front. ** Nasal plates 2, small, lateral, with a single large anterior frontal plate between them. 4. ANOPS. Muzzle compressed, rostral shield forming an arched crest to the forehead, separating the small nasal plates, which are over the first labial and the anterior frontals. Tail cylin- drical, truncate. 5. CADEA. Muzzle rather compressed, acute, rostral and anterior frontal shields flat, the latter moderate, elongate. Nasal plate over the first labial. Tail cylindrical, truncated. 6. BLANUS. Muzzle depressed, rounded, the rostral and anterior frontal shields flat, the latter very broad. Nasal plate large, occupying the place of the first labial. Tail conical, acute. 1. AMPHISBÆNA. Head depressed, broad. Muzzle rounded. Nasal plates 2, large, broad, square, separate, extending across the muzzle; ros- tral triangular, flat (not soldered to the nasal); 2 pairs of frontal shields, the first pair broadest. Eyes distinct Tail round, trun- cated. Preanal pores distinct. 70 REPTILES. - 2 > * Muzzle broad, rounded. Labial plates $, front lower high, nar- row, triangular. Body thick, one coloured. Scales with a pellucid dot in the front edge. The WHITE AMPHISBÆna. Amphisbæna alba, Linn. Mus. , Adolph. 26, t. 4, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 484. A. rosea, Shaw, Nat. Mis. iii . t. - A. pachyura, Wolf. Abbild. ii. 61, t. 17. A. fla- vescens, Nieuweid, Abbild. t. Wagler, Icon. t. 16, f. 1. Schinz. Amph. 129, t. 46. Le Blanchet, Lacep. Q.O.ii.t. 21,f.1. White; tail with 16 or 20 rings; preanal pores 8 or 9; upper labial plates 3, first touching the rostral; orbital shield lozenge- shaped, over the suture of the second and third labial plates. a. Adult, bleached, in spirits. Femoral pores 8; the shield in front of the cloaca 4-sided, elongate. Old collection. b, c. Adult, in spirits. Femoral pores 6; the 2 centre shields in front of the cloaca narrow behind, the rest 4-sided, elongate. Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's collection. ** Muzzle broad, rounded in front. Labial plates , the front lower labial broad, triangular. Vertebral shields small. Bo- dy thick, black, white-varied. The Sooty AMPHISBÆna. Amphisbæna Americana, Scheuch. P. S. iv. 1179, t. 1129, f. D, t. 1249, f. 10. Seba, Thes. i. t. 18, f. 3; t. 22, f. 2,3; t. 73, f. 4; t. 100, f. 3. A. fuliginosa, Linn. L. S. i. 392. Daud. Rept. t. 91, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 480. A. vulgaris, A. varia, A. magnifica and A. flava, Laur. Syn. 119- 122. Guerin, Icon, t. 18, f. 1. La enfumée, Lacep. Q. O, ii. 459. Black and white varied; tail with 26, body 29 to 33 rings; preanal pores 8 or 9. a. In spirits. First upper labial plate divided in half, second low- er labial distinct. S. America. b. In spirits. Second lower labial plate distinct. Demerara. Pre- sented by Lieut. Friend, R.N. c. In spirits, bleached. Vertebral plates rather large, irregular. S. America. d. Adult, in spirits. Second lower labial indistinct. Berbice. Pre- sented by Lady Essex. e. In spirits. Lead-coloured, belly slightly white-spotted. merara. Presented by S.J. Woodward, Esq. *** Muzzle narrow, rounded. Body slender, brown, pale beneath. PETREE's AMPHISBÆNA. Amphisbæna Petrei, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 487. Brown, paler beneath; tail with 26 or 28 rings; preanal pores 8; upper labial shields 3; preanal shields 10 or 12. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris. De- AMPHISBÆNAS. 71 The WORM-LIKE AMPHISBÆNA. Amphisbæna vermicularis, Wagler, Bras. 73, t. 25, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 489. Brown, beneath paler; tail with 22 rings; occiput and tem- ple with 8 square plates on each side ; labial scales , hinder up- $ per small, square, rest triangular; preanal pores 2 or 4; preanal plates 6, narrow, long, forming an arched line. a. In spirits, Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's collection. DARWIN'S AMPHISBÆNA. Amphisbæna Darwinii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 491. Reddish brown, beneath paler; tail with 22 rings of plates; occiput with 2 subtriangular compartments; temple with 5 square scales; preanal pores 4 indistinct; preanal plates 6; labial plates . Inhab. Montevideo. Mus. Paris. 2. SAREA. Head flat. Muzzle narrow acute. Eyes none. Rostral plates small, triangular; nasal rhombic; lateral touching one another at the front upper angle; 2 pair of frontal, the anterior pair elongate; occiput and temple with square scales. Body and chest with equal square scales. Preanal pores distinct. Tail truncated, blunt. The BLIND AMPHISBÆNA. Sarea cæca. Amphisbæna cæca, Cuv. R. A. ii. 73. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 67. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 492. Pale reddish brown, darker spotted ; eyes none; upper lip scales 3 ; tail with 15 or 16 whorls; preanal pores 4. a. Adult, in spirits. Tail conical, blunt, perhaps reproduced. Porto Bello, W. Indies. Presented by Capt. Austen, R. N. 3. CYNISCA. Head flat, narrow. Muzzle conical, 4-sided, elongate, round- ed at the end. Eyes distinct. Temple and occiput with large shields. Rostral plate triangular under the muzzle; rostro-nasal 2, very large, soldered, covering the whole of the front of the head. Body and chest with similar small shields. Preanal pores distinct. Tail round, truncated. The WHITE-TAILED AMPHISBÆNA. Cynisca leucura. Am- phisbæna leucura, Mus. Leyd. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 498. A. macrura, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Brown, end of the tail white; tail with 25 or 26 rings; prea- nal pores 20; upper labial plates 3-3. Inhab. Guiana. Mus. Leyden. 4. CADEA. Muzzle narrow, acute. Eyes indistinct. Rostral small, quad- rangular, perpendicular, bent on the muzzle. Temple with square 72 REPTILES. scales. Body and chest with similar square shields. Preanal pores distinct. Tail truncated, blunt. Nasal plates small, lateral upon each side of a single large anterior frontal plate, and a pair of ver- tebral plates behind it; upper labial plates 4-4, the front under the nasal. The Dotted AMPHISBÆNA. Cadea punctata. Amphisbæna punctata, Bell, Zool. Journ, iii. 236, t. 20, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 494. A. cæca, Sagra, Cuba, 195, t. 21. Whitish, yellow-dotted ; tail with 12 rings; preanal pores 4 ; ; upper labial plates 2-2. a. In spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. The specimen described by Mr. Bell. 5. ANOPS, Bell. Head compressed, slightly elevated. Eyes none. . Temples with square scales. Rostral plate large, with an arched crest from the mouth to the forehead. Body and chest with similar equal scales. Preanal pores distinct. Tail truncated, blunt. Nasal plates small, lateral, over the first labial shield, separated by the single keeled anterior frontal plate. KING'S ANOPs. Anops Kingii, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, 99. Zool. Journ. v. 391, t. 16, f. 1. Amphisbæna Kingii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 497. Amph. galeata, Mus. Berl. Chesnut brown; tail with 18 or 20 rings; preanal pores 4-6; upper labial plates 3-3. Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris. . 6. Blanus, Wagler. Head depressed, flat. Muzzle short, rounded. Eyes distinct. Rostral plates 4-sided. Anterior frontal very broad, covering all the top of the forehead. Body and chest with similar square plates. Tail conical, prolonged into a point. Preanal pores distinct. Na- sal plate large, square, occupying the place of the first labial. Ver- tebral and occipital plates square, similar, in pairs. VANDELLI'S AMPHISBÆNA. Amphisbæna cinerea, Vandelli Mem. Acad. Lisb. i. 69. Gerv. Mag. Zool. 1836, t. 10. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 500. A. oxyura, Wagler. Spix, Braz. 72, t. 35, f. 1. A. rufa, Hemp. Berl. Gesell. 1820, 130. B. rufus, Wiegem. Arch. 1836, 157. Brown, 'head and intervals between the scales whitish; upper labial shields 2; tail with 19 or 20 rings; preanal pores 4-6. a-f. In spirits. Xanthus. Presented by Chas. Fellowes, Esq. LEPIDOSTERNONS. 73 Fam. III. LEPIDOSTERNONS, (LEPIDOSTERNIDÆ). Teeth fixed on the inner side of the jaws, conical, simple and pointed. Nostrils lateral, small, inferior, in a rostro-nasal plate. Chest covered with larger and differently shaped shields from the rest of the body. Limbs none. Preanal pores none, Tail short, truncated. Body with an impressed dorsal, ventral and lateral line, the latter the widest. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. LEPIDOSTERNON. Head-plates 10 or 12. 2. CEPHALOPELTIS. Head-plates 2, very large. 1. LEPIDOSTERNON, Wagler. Head triangular, convex, covered with 10 or 12 shields. Chest with many plates of a different shape from those of the body. Tail cylindrical, truncated. The SMALL-HEADED LEPIDOSTERNON. Lepidosternon micro- cepbalum, Wagler. Spix, Braz. 70, t. 26. Wagler, Icon. t. 16, f. 1. Muller. Tiedem. May. Phys. iv. t. 22, f. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 505. Amphisbæna punctata, Nieuweid, Abbild. t L. Max- imilianum, Weigmann. Yellow, back brown-spotted; head with 10 head-shields; chest with 10 long narrow shields; preanal shields 6; tail with 10 or 12 rings. Inhabits Brazils. Mus. Munich. The DOLPHIN-HEADED LEPIDOSTERNON. Lepidosternon pho- cæna, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 507. Whitish, back brown-spotted; head with 12 shields; chest with numerous small rhombic shields; tail with 10 rings. Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris. 2. CEPHALOPELTIS, Muller. Head covered with 2 large hood-like plates; chest covered with large shields; tail cylindrical, truncated. The CEPHALOPELTIS. Cephalopeltis scutigera. Cephalo- peltis Cuvieri, Muller, Zeitsch. Physiol. iv. 253, t. 21, f. 6,7; t. 22, f. 5. Amphisb. scutigera, Hemp. Berlin Gesellsch. 1820, 129. , f Dum.et Bib. E. G. v.509. Lepidosternon Hemprichii, Weigm. Whitish, brown-spotted; chest with 8 or 10 large shields; tail with 14 or 15 rings. a. Adult, b. Younger, in spirits. Brazils. From Dr. Gardner's collection, 74 REPTILES Fam. III. CHIROTES, (CHIROTIDÆ). Teeth conical, recurved, simple, pointed, unequal, separate, placed on the inner edge of the jaws. Nostrils in the naso-rostral plate. The front members short, weak, furnished with 5 subequal toes, one clawless. Preanal pores distinct. Tail short, cylindrical. 1. CHIROTES, Dumeril. Bimanus, Oppel. Toes 5. Head short, depressed, rounded in front. Rostral plate 4-sided, perpendicular; fronto-nasal and rostral large; fron- tal very small. Shields of the chest and body similar. Tail elon- gate, rounded at the end, The CHIROTES. Chirotes lumbricoides, Flem. Ph. Zool. ii. 278. C. canaliculatus, Cuv. R. A. Merrem, Tent. 181. C. Mex- icain, Bory. Le Cannele, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 613. Bipes canalicu- latus, Bonnat. Erp. 68, t. 12, f. 6. Lacerta lumbricoides, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vi. L. Mexicana, Donn. Zool. Beyt. iii. 135. L. sulcata, Suckow. Thier. iii. 147. Chamæsurus propus, Schinz. Chalcides propus, Daud, Rept. iv. 372, t. 58, f. 4. Bimanus p. Oppel. 46. Yellow, brown-spotted, whitish beneath. a, b. In spirits. Mexico, “Brazils." LIST OF DONORS. 75 LIST OF DONORS. Austen, Capt. 71 Green, Dr. Jacob, 30 60 Baird, Dr. W. 48 Hardwicke, Gen. Th. 6, 8, 10, Banks, Sir Joseph, 48 23, 29, 30, 35, 47, 49, 59, Belcher, Capt. Sir Edw. 34, 35, 62 Harlan, Dr. Rich. 5 Bell, Thos. 12, 16, 19, 31, 32, Home, Sir Everard, 11 33, 35 Bibron, M. 68 India Company, 7, 18, 48 Bowerbank, J. S. 38 Brown, Robt. 9, 10, 11 MacLeay, W. S. 60, 72 Chambers, Capt. Willm. R.N. Oriel, Capt. 57, 59 42, 43 Christie, Dr. Turnbull, 48 Pearson, Sir Edw. 61 Cocks, Edw. 59 Pratt, S. P. 57 Collie, Alex. 23 Cottle, W. 52 Richardson, Dr. John, 43 Cross, Edw. 6 Reeve, J. 17, 18, 31, Reeve, J. R. 14, 18, 35, 54 Derby, Earl of, 29, 37, 48 Rowe, Gibson, 62 Doubleday, Edw. 34, 52, 66 Royal Society, 6,50 Henry, 27, 30, 34 Rüppell, Dr. Edw. 40 Eling, W. 54 Saunders, W. W. 32 Essex, Lady, 78 Stafford, Capt. 59 Stokes, Capt. R.N. 62 Friend, Lieut. 70 Sykes, Col. 15, 48 Fellows, Ch. 72 Wauds, Esq. 55 Gould, John, 5, 42, 43 Whitfield, J. 12 Gray, J. E. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Wilkinson, Sir J. G. 61, 62 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, Woodward, S. J. 70 30, 31, 33, 38, 57 INDEX. ACTINOIDES, Test. 7 acutirostris, Croc. 57 acutus, Croc. 60 Adansonii, Emys, 28 Ægyptiacus, Tri. 48, 49 affinis, Hyd. 41 alba, Amph. 70 Alligator, 64, 65 Alligatoridæ, 56 Amazonica, Emys, 45 Amboinensis, Test. 30 Americana, Amp. 70 Americanus, Croc 60, 65 Amphisbæna, 69 Amphisbænia, 68 Amphisbænians, 68 Amphisbænidæ, 68, 69 Amyda, 50 angulata, Test. 11, 12 annulifera, Emys, 27 anonyma, Test. 27 Anops, 72,96 antiquorum, Emys 31 Aque Palin, 60 arachnoides, Pyxis, 12 areolatus, Test. 10 Argus, Tyrse, 48 armata, Test. 7 Arrace, Test. 48 Aspidonectes, 50 Atlantica, D. 51 australis, Hyd. 42 Boiei, Test. 5 bombifrons, Croc. 58 Boscii, Terr. 33, 34 Boulouse, 47 brevicauda, Test. 30 brevicaudatum, K. 32 Brongniartii, Tri. 50 CADEA, 71, 96 cæca, Amp. 71, 72 Cafra, Test. 10 Cagado, Test. 5 Caiman 64; Croc. 65 Californica, Test. 5 calcarata, Test. 6,7 campanulata, Test. 9. canaliculata, Emys 39 canaliculatus, Bipes, 74 Caouanna, 51, 52 Capensis, Pent. 38 carbonaria, Test. 5 Caretta, 51,53; Test. 52, 53 Carey, 54 carinata, Test. 30 carinatus, Tri. 50 Carolina, Test. 4, 9, 30 cartilaginea, Test. 48 Capsica, Test. 19 castanea, Test. 12 castaneus, Emys 37 Cataphracta, 3 cataphractus, Croc. 57, 58 Cayanensis, Emys 45; Hyd. 40 centrata, Test. 28 Cepedienne, Test. 54 cephalo, Test. 52 Champses, Croc. 61 Chelodina 38, 43 Chelonia, 3,51,54 Cheloniadæ, 3,51 Chelonians, 2 Chelydes, 36 Chelydida, 3, 36 Chelydra 13, 34 Chelymys, 26, 42 Chelys 36, 14 Chersina 411 Chin, Test. 47 Chirotes, 74 Chirotidæ 68,47 Chitra 46, 49; Test. 49 cinerea, Test. 27; Amp. 72 BADIA, Test. 38 Bartramii, Test. 50 Baska, Emys, 29 Batagur, Test. 29 Bealii, Emys, 17 Belangeri, Emys, 16 Belliana, Kinyx. 17 Bellii, Emys 27; Phryn. 41; Test. 11 Bennettii, Emys, 21; Mecis. 57 bicolor, Terr. 30 biguttata, Emys 20 Bimanus 74 biporeatus, Croc. 58, 62 bipunctata, Test. 7; Emys 20 biscutatus, Croc, 60 bispinosa, Emys 14 Blandingii, Test. 30 Blanus, 69, 72 Boddaertii, Test. 48 INDEX. 77 9 Cistuda 13, 29, 30 complanatus, Croc. 61 concentrica, Test. 28 concinna, Test. 25 coriacea, Test. 51 Coriudo, 51 Coromandelicus, Tri. 47 corticata, Test. 52 Coura, Test. 30, 31 Couro, Emys, 37 crassicollis, Emys, 16 Crocodilidæ, 56 Crocodilus, 56, 58.; Lac. 61, 67 Cryptopus, 46 Cuvieri, Allig. 66; Ceph. 73; Tri. 29 Cyclemys, 30, 32 Cynisca, 96,71 Cynocephalus, Allig. 64 DARWINII, Amp. 71 Daudinii, Test. 6 decussata, Emys, 24 dentata, Emys, 32 denticulata, Test. 5, 10, 12 depressa, Emys 39; Test. 4 Derbianus, Stern. 37 Dermochelys, 51 Dhongoka, Test, 17 Dhor, Emys, 32 Diardii, Test. 32 discolor, Emys, 39 Dogania, 46, 49 D'Orbignii, Emys, 22 dorsalis, Emys, 20 dorsata, Emys, 20 Doubledayii, Kin. 33 dubia, Emys, 30 Dumeriliana, Emys, 45 Dura, Test. 15, 47 Dussumierii, Chel. 53 ; Test. 5 Duvaucellii, Emys, 15, 47 ELEGANS, Amph. 68; Test. 7,8 Elephantina, Test. 5 elephantopus, Test. 5 elongata, Cao. 53 Emyda, 46 Emydidæ, 3, 13 Emydides, 27 Emydosaura, 34 Emydosauri, 56 Emydosaurians, 56 Emys, 13, 14; Test. 14 erosa, Test. 3, 12 erythrocephala, Emys, 45 esculenta, Caretta, 54 Euphraticus, Test. 49 Europæa, Test. 31 expansa, Pod. 45 FASCIATA, Chel. 54; Test. 10 ferox, Test. 49 fimbriata, Test. 44 fissipes, Caiman 64; Champ. 58 flava, Amp. 40; Test. 31 flavescens, Amp. 70 flavilabris, Chel. 44 flavofusca, Test. 11 flavonigra, Emys, 17 Floridana, Test. 26 foveolata, Test. 5 fuliginosa, Amp. 70 GALEATA, Amp.72; Test. 38 galeatus, Croc. 63 Gangeticus, Lacer. 57; Tri. 47 Garial, 57 Gataghol, Test. 48 Gaudichaudii, Plat. 40 Gaviala, 57 Gavialis, 56, 57 Gehafiæ, Pent. 38 Geoffroyana, Emys, 41 geographica, Emys, 21, 25 geometrica, Test. 8, 9–12 Geoemyda, 13, 14 Georgicus, Tri. 50 gibba, Emys, 40 gibbiceps, Champ. 67 gigantea, Test. 5, 6 glutinata, Test. 33, 34 Goa, 62 Gophers, 4 Gopher, Test. 4 granosa, Test. 46 Gravesii, Croc. 63. Graii, Test. 9 Grayi, Test. 11 Græca, Test. 5, 9, 19 guttata, Emys, 19; Terr. 30; Test 26 HAMILTONII, Emys 19 Hasseltii, Emys, 32 Hellenica, Emys, 31 Hemprichii, Lep. 73 Hercules, T'est. 5 Hermannii, Emys 16; Test hieroglyphica, Emys, 26 Hilairii, Plat. 40 birtipes, Kin. 33 Holbrookij, Emys, 23 Homeana, Test. 11 Homopus, 4-10 Horsfieldii, Test. 7 Hurum, Test. 47 Hydraspis, 36, 38 Hydromedusa, 36, 43 JACARF, 64 Japonica, Emys, 19; Test. 54 Javanicus, Tri. 47 Iberia, Test. 7-9 Journei, Croc. 58 imbricata, Chel. 53 incarcerata, Test. 30 Indica, Test. 5 Indicus, Tri. 49 inscripta, Emys, 20 insculpta, Emys, 20 intermedius, Croc. 58 irrigata, Emys, 21 Juvencella, Test. 10 78 INDEX KAAREY, 27 Kachuga, Test. 16 Khagraskata, Test. 15 Kingii, Blanops, 72 Kinosternon, 13, 19, 32 kinosternoides, Emys, 27 Kinixys 4, 11, 12 Königii, Meg. 45 Kuhlii, Emys, 28 LABIATUS, Tri. 48 lacertina, Chel. 34 lacrymata, Chel. 54 lacunosus, Croc, 61 lata, Hyd. 41 latirostris, Croc. 64 Leachianus, Stern. 37 Lepidosternidæ, 68, 73 Lepidosternon, 72 leprosa, Emys, 19 leptorhynchus, Croc. 57 Lessonii, Tet, 29 Lesueurii, Emys, 21 leucura, Amp. 71 lineata, Emys, 16, 17 lineatus, Gym. 49 livida, Emys, 28 Lizards, 1 Loggerhead, 52 longicauda, Test. 35 longicaudatum, K. 32 longicollis, Test. 43; Tetr. 29 Lucius, Croc. 66 lumbricoides, Lac. 74 luteola, Test. 8 Luth, 51 lutraria, Emys 19, 20; Test 31 Lutremys, 30 Lyra, Test. 51 MACQUARARIA, Emys 42 macrocephala, Emys 26, 45 macrura, Amp. 71 maculata, Terr. 30 maculosa, Chel. 54 Madagascariensis, Pyx, 12; Test. 6 magnifica, Amp. 70 Malaclemys, 13, 28 marginata, Test. 9 marginatus, Croc. 61 marmorata, Chel. 54 marmorea, Emys 19 Martinella, Test. 39 Matamata, Test 44 Mauritanica, Test. 9, 10 Maximiliana, Emys 44 Maximilianum, L. 73 Mecistops, 56, 57 megacephala, Emys, 21, 26 megacephalum, Plat. 35 Megasternon, 45 Meleagris, Test. 31 membranacea, Test. 18 Mercurialis, Sparg. 5, 51 Mercurii, Sph. 51 Mexicana, Lac. 74 microcephalum, Lep. 73 Midas, Chel 51 Miliusii, Plat. 42 Missisipensis, Croc. 66 Mobilensis, Emys 25 moschifer, Jacar, 67 Motinia, 60 Muggar, 62 Muhlenbergii, Test. 4 Mungofer, 4 multiscutata, Chel. 53 mutica, Emys 18 muticus, Tri. 50 NAKOO, 57 nasicornis, Test. 52 nasuta, Emys 40 nebulosa, Terr. 30 Nieuweidii, Plat. 39 niger, Stern. 37 nigra, Jacare 65; Test. 5 nigricans, Emys 18, Stern. 37 nigrita, T'est. 6 Niloticus, Tri. 48 Nova Hollandia, Chel. 43 OBLONGA, Chel. 43 oblongum, Kin. 23 ocellata, Emys 18 ocellatus, Test. 47 oculifera, Emys 28 odoratum, Test. 34 olivacea, Chel. 53 ; Emys 38 Oopholis, 58 Ophidia, 1 orbicularis, Test. 6, 31 orbiculata, Cycl. 82 Originensis, Emys 23 ornata, Emys 22 oxyura, Amp. 72 PACHYURA, Amp. 70 Palinia, 60 palpebrosus, Croc. 66, 67 palustris, Croc. 58, 62; Emys 19 Pangshure, Test. 15 Pardalis, Test. 7-10 pelagiorum, Chel. 52 Pelodiscus 50 Pelomedusa, 36–38 peltastes, Test. 11 Peltocephalus 36, 44 Pelusios, 37 Pensylvanica, 33, 34 Pentonyx, 38 perocellatus, Tri. 48 Perraultii, Test. 6 Petrei, Amp. 70 phocæna, Lep. 73 Phrynops 36,41 picta, Test. 27 Piquotii, Emys 19 planiceps, Test. 39 planirostris, Croc. 63 Platemys, 38 platycephala, Test. 39-42 INDEX 79 Sigritzii, Emys 19 signatus, Test. 10 Sinensis, Emys 17 speciosa, Emys 20, 27 Spengleri, Emys 29; Test. 14, 16-18 Sphargis, 51 spinigerus, Tri. 50 spinosa, Emys 14 Spixii, Plat. 39 Squamata 6 Staurotypus 34 stellatus, Test. 7,48; Tri. 47 Stenops, Emys 42 Sternotherus 32, 36, 37 subcarinata, Chel. 53 subniger, Test. 37 subplanus, Tri. 49 subrufa, Test. 38 sulcata, Lac. 74; Test. 7 Swanka 32 platynota, Emys 16 platypeltis, 50 Platysternon, 13,35 Podocnemys, 26, 45 Polyphemus, Test. 4 porosus, Croc. 58 porphyrea, Emys 43 propus, Cham. 74 pseudo Caretta, Chel. 53 pseudographica, Emys 21 pulchella, Emys 20; Test. 31 punctata, Amp. 72, 73; Test. 26, 31, 46 punctularia, Test, 20 punctulatus, Allig 65 pusilla, Test. 9-11 Pyxidemys, 29 Pyxis 4, 12 RADIATA, Test. 6, 7 radiolata, Emys 29 Rafeht, Test. 49 Ramphastoma, 57 raninus, Croc. 58, 62 Raparara, Test. 44 Reevesii, Emys 18 Reptilia, 1 reticularia, Emys 22; Test. 25 reticulata, Test. 25 retusa, Chers. 5 Retzii, Test. 33 Rhinemys, 38, 41 rhombifer, Croc. 60 rivulata, Emys 24 rosea, Amp. 70 rostrata, Test. 48 rotunda, Test. 6-9 rubroventris, Test. 22 rufa, Amp. 72 rufipes, Hyd. 41 rugosa, Test. 23, 24 Ruppellii, Chel. 53 SAREA, 69, 71 Saura, 1 scabra, Emys 23; Test. 16, 20, 38, 47 Schlegelii, Gav. 58 Schneiderii, Emys 30 Schoepfii, Emys 39; Test. 7 Schweiggerii, Plat. 40 Sclerops, Allig. 64, 65 Scorpoidea, Emys 33 Scorpoides, Test. 32 scripta, Test. 23 sculpta, Test. 5 scutigera, Amp. 73 Scytena 51 Seba, Emys 19 semiserrata, Test. 8 Senegalensis, Cryp. 47; Test. 28 serpentina, Test. 14,34 Serpents, 1 serrata, Emys 21; Test. 14, 23, 24, 34 Sewteree, 49 Shavianum, K. 32 Siamensis, Croc. 63 Sigritz, Emys 19 TABULATA, Test. 4, 3-11 tectum, Emys 15–17 Tentoria, Emys 15; Test. 8 tenuirostris, Croc. 57 tetradactyla, Test. 10 Tetraonyx 13, 29; Emys 29 Terrapen, 28; Test. 28 Terrapene, 32 tessellata, Test. 5 Testudinidæ 3,4 Testudo 4 Thalassochelys 52 thermalis, Emys 24 Thumbergii, Test. 54 Thurgii, Test. 17 Tortoises 2, 3 tricarinata, Test. 14, 33 trifasciatus, Stern. 31 trigibbosa, Emys 15 trigonatus, Croc. 66 Trigonophida 68 Trigonophis 68 trigonops, Croc. 62 trijuga, Emys 16 Trionycidæ 3, 46 Trionyx 46, 49 trivittata, Emys 17 Tracaxa, Emys 43 triunguis, Test. 48 Troostii, Emys, 24 tuberculata, Test. 51 tuberculifera, Thal. 29 Turtles 51 Tyrse, 46, 47 vallifrons, Jacare 65 varia, Amp. 70 vermicularis, Amp. 71 vermiculata, Emys 25 Verroxii, Test. 9 verrucosa, Test. 28 Victoria, Hyd 42 virgata, Ch. 52, 54 virgulata, Test. 30 viridis, Emys 41; Test. 54 80 INDEX. Wiegmanni, Trog. 68 Vosmaeri, Test. 6 vulgaris, Amp. 70; Emys, 19; Croc, 61,62 Yacare, Croc. 64 Wagleri, Plat. 40 Zohaffa, Test. 9 ERRATA. Page 26, for Emys macrocephalus, read E. macrocephala. Page 62, for Gibson Reeve, read Gibson Roue. Page 72, before Amphisbæna cinereus, add Blanus cinereus. BRYANT WALKER LIBRARY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, 9, DEVONSHIRE ST., Bistoryo at dupe CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIMENS OF LIZARDS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. LONDON: 1845. LONDON: EDWARD NEWMAN, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE. INTRODUCTION. The chief object in preparing the present Synopsis, has been to give at one view a complete Catalogue of all the specimens of Lizards at present in the British-Museum collection, and an account of the species known to exist in other collections, but which are at present desiderata in the British Museum, so as to enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in completing the national collection. For this purpose, a synoptic description has been given of all the genera and species at present known to exist in the dif- ferent museums and private collections, and at the end of each description is added an enumeration, stating the state, age, country, and other peculiarities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum collection; or when the species is not at pre- sent in that collection, the museum in which it has been ob- served is added after the general habitat of the species. The different individuals of each species contained in the British Museum collection, are indicated by the letters a, b, c, &c. When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to be un- derstood that it is full grown, or nearly so; when otherwise, its state is marked immediately after the letter by which it is distinguished; and if the sexes are known, it is stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed by the habi- tat, which is given as particularly as the materials possessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens which have been presented to the Museum have the name of the donor marked immediately after the ha- bitat. When there is no such indication, the specimens have been either purchased, or procured in exchange; and in this case, whenever the place or person from whom they have been received gives authenticity to the specimens, or a 2 iv INTRODUCTION. a adds anything of moment to their history, they are noted as being from such or such a collection. In the adoption of generic and specific names, it has been thought right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first applied to the species. As far as regards the specific names, there is comparatively little difficulty in the applica- tion of this simple rule; but generic names have been used by different authors in senses so widely different, and the groups which they were meant to designate have been so va- riously extended or restricted, that it is no easy matter to de- termine, where several names have been used, which of them ought to be preferred. And as every original observer will constantly make use of characters which others may have over- looked, or not thought of so much importance as he may be inclined to attach to them, even when a generic name is used, it will of necessity be often employed in a different sense, or with a more restricted or extended meaning than its original proposer applied to it. It is needless, however, to enter into the details of nomen- clature, further than to observe that to the name adopted for the genus, is appended the specific name under which the ani- mal is believed to have been first described. If the generic name adopted be different from that employed by the esta- blisher of the species, his name immediately follows it as a synonyme; and where the animal has received more than one specific name, these names are also given. But it has been thought unnecessary to load the Catalogue with any other ge- neric names, where no change has been made in the specific, as it has been considered that these names will be sufficient for all the purposes of identification. In those cases where the two sexes of the same species, or any particular individual state or variety belonging to it, has been differently nained, such names (belonging exclusively to the state or individual so described) are placed after the refe- rence to the specimen to which they generally apply. To determine with accuracy the names and synonymes of the species, the Museums of Paris, Leyden, Vienna, Berlin, Francfort, &c., have been personally examined. Many of the specimens in the Museum collection have been received from the original describers, and most of them have been examined by M. G. Bibron, one of the authors of the Erpétologie INTRODUCTION. V Générale, ou Histoire Naturelle Compléte des Reptiles, now in the course of publication at Paris. So that there is every reason to believe they are named in perfect accordance with those in the various continental collections. The specimens presented by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Capt. White, Patrick Russell, M.D. J. Weeks, Esq. May be regarded as the types of the species described by Dr. G. Shaw, in the General Zoology, or Zoological Miscellany. Andrew Smith, M.D. As the types of the African species described by this natu- ralist in his Illustrations of the Zoology of S. Africa. T. E. Bowditch, Esq. As the species described by Dr. W. Elford Leach, in Mr. Bow ditch's Ashantee. Charles Darwin, Esq., and Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. As the types of the species described by Mr. Bell, in the Zoology of H.M.S. Beagle. M. De Blainville, As the types of the species described by that Professor in the Nouveaux Memoires du Museum, M. Bibron, and The Directors of the French Museum, As the types of the species described by MM. Dumeril and Bibron, in their Erpetologie Generale. The Hon. East India Company, As the types of the species described by Dr. Cantor in his Fauna of Chusan. The Admiralty, B. Bynoe, Esq. Capt. C. Chambers, R.N. W. E. Cormack, Esq. Allan Cunningham, Esq. F.L.S. Earl of Derby, C. E. D. Fortnum, Esq. J. Gould, Esq. vi INTRODUCTION. Capt. G. Grey, Lady Harvey, James Hunter, Esq. Capt. P. P. King, R.N. Dr. F. Knox (from N. Zealand), G. F. More, Esq. Dr. Mair, G. Newport, Esq. R. Owen, Esq. J. Richardson, M.D. W. Shuckard, Esq. Lieut. Alexander Smith, R.N. Capt. E. Stokes, R.N. Rev. W. Wilton, As the types of the Australasian species described by me in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, the pendix to Capt. G. Grey's Australia, and in the Zoolo- gy of H.M.S. Erebus & Terror. Miss Emilie Attersoll, Professor Bonelli, T. Brightwell, Esq. James Burton, jun. Esq. A. Christy, Esq. Sir. Charles Fellows, Rev. W. Hennah, Lieut. John Ince, R.N. M. Lefebre, Dr. W. E. Leach, Mr. Leadbeater, J. Miller, Esq. R.N. J. Ritchie, Esq. Edward Ruppell, M.D. Hon. Arthur Russell, P. B. Webb, Esq. Sir J. G. Wilkinson, As illustrative of the species described as coming from Southern Europe, Northern Asia and North Africa, by Professors Lichtenstein and Milne-Edwards, Dr. Ruppell, MM. Duges, Audouin, Bibron, and other authors. INTRODUCTION. vii T. Bowditch, Esq. Col. Denham, Earl of Derby, A. Gerard, Esq. John Lee, LL.D. A. MacLeay, Esq. Capt. Marryatt, M. Petit, W. Raddon, Esq. Dr. Stanger, As illustrative of the species found in Southern and West- ern Africa, and described by Dr. A. Smith, Dr. Bur- chell, and others, and a small collection presented by myself, as illustrative of those found in the Island of Madagascar, and chiefly described by the French au- thors. Sir John Barrow, Capt. Sir Edward Belcher (from Borneo), Major Bevan, C. Bowring, Esq. J. Brooks, Esq. W. Elliott, Esq. (Madras), General Thomas Hardwicke, B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (Nepaul), Thomas Horsfield, M.D. The Hon. East India Company, Sir R. H. Inglis, Mrs. Kennaway, Capt. Livesay, J. Lindsay, Esq. Dr. Packman (Tennasserim), J. Reeves, Esq. (China), Rev. Gerard E. Smith, Capt. Stafford, Col. Stoddart (Ceylon), Col. Sykes, As illustrative of the Indian, Chinese, Bornean and other Asiatic specimens, described by me in the Illustrations of Indian Zoology, the Zoological Journal, and other papers. viii INTRODUCTION. Edward Doubleday, Esq. Richard Harlan, M.D. Jacob Green, M.D. Dr. Macauley, W. Ogilby, Esq. May be regarded as the illustrative of the North American species described by Say, Harlan, Green, Holbrook, and other American authors. Capt. Sir Edward Belcher (from Rio), Thomas Bell, Esq. (W. Indies), Sir William Burnett, R.N. E. Cooke, Esq. J. Cottle, Esq. (W. Indies), Edw. Cross, Esq. Lady Essex (Demerara), Dr. Hancock (Demerara), R. Heward, Esq. (W. Indies), Mr. Kerr (Bahia), Edward Laforest, Esq. A. Ludlam, Esq. Sir James Macgrigor, W. E. MacLeay, Esq. (Cuba), Mrs. Parker (Para), Col. Edward Sabine, R.E. (Demerara), J. P. G. Smith, Esq. and Mrs. Smith (N. Brazil), Lord Stuart de Rothsay (Brazils), J. E. Winterbottom, Esq. (W. Indies), J. Wright, Esq. (Trinidad), As the illustrations of the species from Tropical and South America and the West Indies, described by Sir Hans Sloane, Brown, Wagler, Spix, Gravenhorst, Guilding, and others. The specimens purchased or procured in exchange from The Leyden Museum, as the types of the species described and figured by Dr. Schlegel, in his Fauna of Japan and in his Abbildungen, and by Dr. S. Muller in his work on the Reptiles of New Guinea, Borneo, &c. The South African Museum, as the types of the species de- scribed by Dr. A. Smith, in his Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. INTRODUCTION. ix M. Brandt's collection, as the types of the species described by Pallas, Eversmann, and other Russian naturalists. The following list exhibits the geographical distribution of the species. When the species is found in two of the larger divisions of the list, on account of its extensive range, it is preceded by an asterisk. The names of the species which are at this time desiderata in the Museum collection, are printed in Italics. 2 9 לל לל EUROPE. Tarentola Mauritanica, 164. Zootoca vivipara, 27. N. & S. South. muralis, 27. Southern. Gymnodactylus geckoides, 175 South. oxycephala, 27. Taurica, 29. Sicily, Argyrophis vermicularis, 137. and Morea. Greece. *Lacerta ocellata, 30. Southern. lævis, 31. ASIA. viridis, 31. Asia Minor. strigata, 32. Syria, Lacerta viridis, 31. Lycia. and Dalm. Ophiops elegans, 44. Smyrna. agilis, 32. Nucras? exigua, 34. Siberia. macrodactylus, 44. Lycia. chalybea, 33. Notopholis Fitzingeri, 34. Sar- *Pseudopus Pallasii, 55. Lycia. dinia. Riopa ? Ruppellii, 97. Arabia Petræa. Morestica, 35. Mo- Euprepis Fellowsii, 113. Lycia rea. *Hemidactylus vermiculatus, 154 nigropunctata, 35. Stellio Cordylinus, 255. Corfu. Caucasicus, 255. Cau- Psammodromus Hispanicus, 38. Spain. cinereus, 39. cyanogaster, 255. Ara- bia Petræa. South E. Pseudopus Pallasii, 56. East- Agama agilis, 257. India. Ablepharus Pannonicus, 63. Empagusia flavescens, 9. East. Eur. Uaranus heraldicus. 9. bivittatus, 64. E. lunatus, 10. Eur. nebulosus, 10. Anguis fragilis, 110. Monitor Dracæna, 15. *Gongylus ocellatus, 123. Cabrita Leschenaultii, 43. Seps tridactylus, 125. Microdactylus gracilis, 57. *Hemidactylus vermiculatus, 154 Hinulia Dussumieri, 75. b casus. ern E. 99 Х INTRODUCTION. 99 99 na, 238. 92 99 9 Ristella Rurkii, 86. Calotes versicolor, 243. Mabouya elegans, 95. minor, 244. Riopa punctata, 96. Emma, 245. Hardwickii, 96. Phrynocephalus Tickelii, 260. Hagria Vosmaerii, 97. Birman Empire, (Rancoon). Chiamela lineata, 97. Gonyocephalus chameleonti- Anguis? melanosticta, 100. *Tiliqua rufescens, 109. Evesia monodactyla, 127. Dilophyrus grandis, 239. Calotes mystaceus, 245. Typhlops Russellii, 132. Onychophis Barrowii, 133. North Asia. Typhlinalis lineatus, 134. Psammosaurus Caspicus, 7. *Argyrophis Bramicus, 138. Eremias arguta, 39. Tartary. Siluboura Ceylonica, 142. velox, 40. Crimea. Madras. Aspidorhinus gracilis, 42. Hemidactylus trihedrus, 152. Trapelus sanguinolentus, 259. maculatus, 153. ?Phrynocephalus Olivieri, 259. Leschenaultii, helioscopus 260 155. caudivolvulus, Boltalia sublævis, 158. 260. Pentadactylus Duvaucellii, 160 Megalochilus auritus, 261. *Gecko verus, 160. Uromastix fasciatus, 262. ?Draco volans, 233. China. Dussumieri, 232. *Hydrosaurus Salvator, 13. Sitana Ponticeriana, 236. Tachydromus sexlineatus, 52. Calotes gutturosa, 241. Hinulia Reevesii, 76. ophiomachus, 243. Plestiodon pulchrum, 92. versicolor, 243. Chinense, 92. Rouxii, 245. Ateuchosaurus Chinensis, 107. Charasia dorsalis, 246. *Hemidactylus maculatus, 153. Saara Hardwickii, 262. *Gecko verus, 160. *Chameleo vulgaris, 265. Reevesii, 161. Ceylon. Chinense, 161. Cabrita Leschenaultii, 43. Argyrophis Bramicus, 138. Siluboura Ceylonica, 142. Leiolepis Reevesii, 263. Hemidactylus Leschenaultii, Cochinchina. 155. Tropidophorus Cochinchinensis Lyriocephalus scutatus, 237. 101. Ceratophora Stoddartii, 237. Physignathus concinnus, 248. Calotes versicolor, 243. Java. Affghanistan. Tropidosaura montana, 35. Pseudopus gracilis, 56. Hinulia sancta, 76. Argyrophis Horsfieldii, 137. Podophis Chalcides, 88. Salea Horsfieldii, 242. Anolius ? ater, 136. Calotes Maria, 243. Platyurus Schneiderianus, 157 9 לל 97 99 INTRODUCTION. xi Ptychozoon homalocephala, 164 Lipinia pulchella, 84. Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, 173 Otosaurus Cumingii, 93. Draco volans, 233. Senira bicolor, 98. *Dracunculus lineatus, 235. Brachymeles Bonitæ, 98. Gonyocephalus chameleontina, Tropidophorus Cochinchinen- 238. sis, 101. Calotes gutturosa, 241. *Tiliqua rufescens, 109. Bronchocella tympanistriga, multicarinata, 109. 242. griseа, 109. Sumatra, (Bencoolen). Onychophis Cumingii, 133. Draco fimbriatus, 233. olivaceus, 133. hæmatopogon, 234. Anilios ruficauda, 126, *Gonyocephalus chameleontina *Argyrophis Bramicus, 138. 238. truncatus, 138. Uropeltis Philippinus, 141. Singapore, (Penang). ? Rhinophis oxyrhynchus, 141. Argyrophis bicolor, 136. *Platyurus Schneiderianus, 157. Nubilia Argentii, 273. Peropus mutilatus, 159. Eublepharis Hardwickii, 171. Gecko monarchus, 161 Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, 173. Luperosaurus Cumingii, 166. Draco fimbriatus, 224. Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, 173 Dracunculus quinquefasciatus, Draco volans, 233. 235. Timorensis, 233. maculatus, 236. Dracunculus ornatus, 235. , Acanthosaura armata, 240. spilopterus, 236. *Bronchocela cristatella, 241. Tiaris Bellii, 239. Laudakia tuberculata, 254. Sophiæ, 240. Leiolepis Bellii, 263. Bronchocela cristatella, 241. Prince of Wales' Island. marmorata, 242. Dasia olivacea, 108. Timor. Gecko Smithii, 162. Odatria Timorensis, 8. Amboina. Uaranus Dumerilii, 10. Gecko monarchus, 161. ? Monitor chlorostigma, 12. vittatus, 162. *Cryptoblepharus Boutonii, 64. *Dracunculus lineatus, 235. Argyrophis polygrammicus, 138 *Bronchocela cristatella, 241. Goniodactylus Timorensis, 172. Lophura Amboinensis, 247. Draco Timorensis, 233. Shawii, 247. New Guinea. Philippines. Hydrosaurus prasinus, 13. Uaranus ornatus, 10. Hinulia nævia, 75. rudicollis, 10. Elania Mulleri, 80. Hinulia nævia, 75. Eumeces Oppelii, 93. fasciata, 75. Mabouya Baudinii, 95. Keneuxia smaragdina, 79. cyanura, 96. Mocoa Cumingii, 81. Tribolonotus Nova Guineæ, 101 2 9 29 99 99 b 2 xii INTRODUCTION. 92 " > Euprepis Physicæ, 115. *Cyclodus gigas, 104. Dibamus Nove Guinee, 129. nigroluteus, 104. Onychophis multilineatus, 134. Tropidolepisma Kingii, 106, Gecko bivittatus, 162. nitida, 106. Tiaris megapogon, 239. major, 107. Celebes. Onychophis Franklinii, 132. *Hydrosaurus Salvator, 13. *Hemidactylus Brookii, 153. Bronchocela Celebensis, 241. Phyllurus platurus, 176. Grammatophora muricata, 251 Borneo. Tachydromus sexlineatus, 52. Australia, W., N.W. coast. Norbea Brookei, 102. Odatria punctata, 7. Tiliqua rufescens, 109. ocellata, 8. Euprepis Belcheri, 116. Monitor Gouldii, 12. *Hemidactylus Brookii, 153. Hydrosaurus giganteus, 13. vittatus, 155. *Cryptoblepharus Boutonii, 64. *Platyurus Schneiderianus, 157 lineo-ocella- Gecko monarchus, 161. tus, 65. Tarentola Borneensis, 165. Morethia anomala, 65. Heteronota Kendallii, 174. Menetia Greyii, 66. Miculia elegans, 66. Japan. Lerista lineata, 66. Tachysaurus Japonicus, 52. *Plestiodon quinquelineatum, 91 *Pygopus lepidopus, 67. Delma Fraseri, 68. Gecko Chinensis, 161. Aprasia pulchella, 68. Molucca. Lialis Burtonii, 69. Keneuxia smaragdina, 79. bicatenata, 69. Mabouya cyanura, 96 punctata, 69. Rhodona punctata, 89. AUSTRALASIA. Hinulia Greyii, 76. New Holland. tenuis, 76. Hydrosaurus varius, 12. Labillardieri, 77. ? Bellii, 12. australis, 77. ? Zootoca Derbiana, 29. Essingtonii, 78. *Pygopus lepidopus, 68. inornata, 78. squamiceps, 68. Richardsonii, 272. Hinulia Gerrardi, 75. Mocoa Guichenoti, 84. elegans, 76. trilineata, 81. tenuis, 76. Entrecasteauxii, 82. tæniolata, 78. microtis, 83. Whitii, 79. melanopogon, 81. Mocoa ocellata, 82. Lygosoma australis, 85. Owenii, 272. Tetradactylus Decresiensis, 86. Lygosoma Bougainvillii, 85. Hemiergis Decresiensis, 87. Siaphos equalis, 89. Chelomeles quadrilineatus, 87. *Plestiodon quinquelineatum, 91 Soridia lineata, 90. 9 לל * 92 99 92 99 99 99 2 9 INTRODUCTION. xiii 92 asper, 103. > > 9 Trachydosaurus rugosus, 102. Grammatophora angulifera, 252 N. Zealand. Egernia Cunninghami, 105. Hinulia ornata, 77. *Cyclodus gigas, 104. Mocoa Zelandica, 82. Silubosaurus Stokesii, 105. Smithii, 82. Tropidolepisma Kingii, 106. grandis, 272. Anilios australis, 135. Naultinus pacificus, 169. nigrescens, 135. *Argyrophis Bramicus, 138. granulatus, 273. Edura marmorata, 147. elegans, 169. Grayii, 170. rhombifer, 147. punctatus, 170. Strophura spinigera, 148. Hatteria punctata, 249. Diplodactylus vittatus, 148. S. S. Islands. ornatus, 149. ocellatus, 149. Doryura Garnotii, 157. marmoratus, 149 Islands of Pacific. bilineatus, 149. Gehyra oceanica, 163. Peripia variegata, 159. Isle Vanicaro. Gecko verus, 161. Mabouya atrocostatus, 95. Gehyra australis, 162. Goniodactylus australis, 172. Isle Wagiou, Ravach. Heteronota Bynoei, 174. Heteropus fuscus, 107. Phyllurus Miliusii, 176. New Ireland. inermis, 176. Mabouya Carteretii, 95. Chelonasia brunnea, 245. Tongataboo. Gindalia Bennettii, 246. Otosaurus microlepis, 93. Physignathus Lesueurii, 248. Chlamydosaurus Kingii, 249. Otaheite. Lophognathus Gilbertii, 250. Amydosaurus lugubris, 162. Diporophora bilineata, 250. Grammatophora cristata, 251. AFRICA. muricata, 251. North Africa. reticulata, 252. Psammosaurus Scincus, 7. barbata, 252. *Monitor Niloticus, 11. angulifera,var. *Lacerta ocellata, 30. Algiers. 2, 252. Thetia perspicillata, 32. Algiers. maculata, 253. Algira barbarica, 35. Algiers. Decresii, 253. Acanthodactylus velox, 36. ornata, 253. Bellii, 36. Al- Moloch horridus, 263. giers. scutellatus, 37 Van D. Land. Savignii, 37. Hinulia australis, 77. lineato-ocella- Omolepida Casuarinæ, 88. tus, 37. Tripoli. *Cyclodus nigroluteus, 104. Boskianus, 38. Grammatophora muricata, 251. inornatus, 38. 99 > 99 > 9 b 3 xiy INTRODUCTION. 92 > 99 Scrapteira grammica, 39. Nu- Leiurus ornatus, 157. bia. Tarentola Delalandi, 165, and Eremias guttulata, 41. Madeira. Mesalina Pardalis, 43. Agama occipitalis, 256. rubropunctata, 43. Chameleo Senegalensis, 266. Scincus officinalis, 74. dilepis, 266. Plestiodon auratum, 91. Ophiomorus miliaris, 121. Al- Fernando Po. giers. Tiliqua Fernandii, 110. Sphænops sepsoides, 122. Chameleo cristatus, 264. Gongylus ocellatus, 123. Owenii, 269. Heteromeles Mauritanicus, 126. South Africa. Algiers. Ptyodactylus Gecko, 151. Regenia albogularis, 8. *Hemidactylus vermiculatus, 154 *Monitor Niloticus, 11. *Tarentola Mauritanica, 164. *Hydrosaurus Salvator, 13. Ægyptiaca, 165. Zootoca tæniolata, 29. Goniodactylus Mauritanicus, Nucras Lalandii, 33. 172. Algiers. tessellata, 33. Stenodactylus guttatus, 177. Notopholis ? Capensis, 34. Stellio Cordylinus, 255. Algira Capensis, 36. Agama colonorum, 256. Dumerilii, 36. Trapelus Savignii, 258. Acanthodactylus Capensis, 37. ruderatus, 258. Eremias Knoxii, 40. Sinaitus, 259. Capensis, 40. Uromastix ornatus, 261. Burchellii, 40. spinipes, 262. dorsalis, 41. acanthinurus, 262. » Namaquensis, 41. Chameleo vulgaris, 265. lugubris, 41. West Africa. lineo-ocellata, 41. undata, 42. Regenia ocellata, 9. pulchella, 42. *Monitor Niloticus, 11. Cordylus polyzonicus, 47. Zootoca Galloti, 30. Madeira. Zonurus Cordylus, 47. *Lacerta ocellata, 30. Senegal. " cataphractus, 47. Teira punctata, 33. Madeira. Derbianus, 48. Mocoa Africana, 83. Hemicordylus Capensis, 48, Euprepis Coctei, 110. Pseudocordylus microlepido- Perotettii, 111. tus, 49. Raddonii, 112. Platysaurus Capensis, 49. Stangeri, 112. Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, 50. quinquetæniatus, 113. typicus, 50. maculilabris, 114. Bibronii, 50. Feylinia Currori, 129. Angola Pleurostichus sepiformis, 51. Onychophis punctata, 133. subtessellatus, 51. Fantee. Saurophis tetradactylus, 51. 9 92 92 INTRODUCTION. XV 2 9 22 Caitia Africana, 52. Chameleo Tigris, 268. Chamæsaura anguina, 61. Parsonii, 269. Anguis ? punctata, 100. ? Brookesianus, 270. Euprepis Smithii, 112. Seychelle Islands. vittatus, 113. Euprepis cyanogaster, 7. Bibronii, 114. carinatus, 115. Isle of France. Delalandii, 116. Cryptoblepharis Boutonii, 64. Scelotes bipes, 123. Heteropus Peronii, 108. Acontias meleagris, 127. Thyrus Bojerii, 124. Typhline Cuvieri, 128. Peripia Peronii, 159. Onychophis Lalandii, 132, Phelsuma Cepedianum, 166. Fordii, 134. Bourbon. Glauconia nigricans, 139. Chameleo pardalis, 266. Diplodactylus lineatus, 150. Pachydactylus ocellatus, 167. maculatus, 167. AMERICA elegans, 168. N. America. Agama atra, 256. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, 21. aculeata, 257. *Centropyx calcaratus, 24. Alab. hispida, 257. Chameleo tuberculiferus, 267. Ophisaurus ventralis, 56. Mocoa lateralis, 83. Namaqua land. *Plestiodon laticeps, 90. ventralis, 268. pumilus, 269 quinquelineatum, 91 Tarentola Americana, 165. Abyssinia. Cyclura nubila, 19. Carolina. Euprepis septemtæniatus, 113. Ophyoessa superciliosa, 196. Pristurus flavipunctatus, 171. Alabama. Madagascar. Anolius principalis. 202. ? Cicigna Madagascarensis, 49. flavescens, 202. ornata, 50. Tropidolepis undulatus, 208. Leiolepisma Bellii, 84. Plica umbra, 223. Euprepis bistriatus, 115. S. America ? Amphiglossus Astrolabi, 125. Cnemidophorus murinus. 21. Uroplates fimbriatus, 151. lineatus, 152. scutatus, 21. Hemidactylus mercatorius, 155. ? Anadia" ocellata, 58. lemniscatus, 21 Phelsuma Madagascarense, 166. Phyllodactylus pulcher, 151. lineatum, 167. Chameleo lateralis, Iguana delicatissima, 187 Brachylophus fasciatus, 187. verrucosus, 267. Plica punctata, 224. rhinoceratus, 267. cucullatus, 267. Mexico. nasutus, 268. Heloderma horridum, 14. bifurcus, 268. Ameiva undulata, 20. 99 * وو 27 22 xvi INTRODUCTION. 99 97 22 Cnemidophorus Deppii, 22. Celestus occiduus, 117. Sackii, 22. striatus, 117. guttatus, 22. Hewardii, 118. Abronia Deppii, 53. macrolepis, 118. tuniata, 53, Camilia Jamaicensis, 119. Gerrhonotus tessellatus, 53. Diploglossus Owenii, 119. ? Elgaria Kingii, 54. Sagræ, 119. Cuba. Barissia imbricata, 54. Pleii, 119. Mar- rudicollis, 54. tinique. lichenigera, 54. Argyrophis lumbricalis, 137. Ecphymotes obtusirostris, 185. Cuba. Lamanctus longipes, 185. Meditoria nasuta, 139. Berbice. Iguana rhinolophus, 186. Epictia undecimstriatus, 140. Ctenosaura pectinata, 191. bilineatus, 140. Corythæolus vittatus, 193. Thecadactylus rapicauda, 146. Corythophanes cristatus, 194. Sphærodactylus sputator, 168. Chamæleopsis Hernandesii, 194 punctatissimus Tropidolepis torquatus, 208. 168. formosus, 209. fantasticus, 168 spinosus, 209. nigropunctatus, horridus, 209. 168. grammicus, 209. ? Richardsonii, microlepis, 209. 169. variabilis, 209. ? Goniodactylus albogularis, 172. aneus, 210. ocellatus, 172. scalaris, 210. "Tobago Phrynosoma orbiculare, 228. Cubina fasciata, 175. cornutum, 229. *Iguana tuberculata, 186. Texas and Mex. rhinolophus, 186. West Indies. delicatissima, 187. Aloponotus Ricordii, 187. St. Ameiva Surinamensis, 18. Domingo. guttata, 18. Demer. Metapocerus cornutus, 187. St. Plei, 19. St. Dom. & Domingo. Mart. Cyclura MacLeayii, 190. Cuba. dorsalis, 19. Jam. nubila, 190. Cuba. (Ca- trilineata, 19. Cuba. rolina). Auberi, 20. Cuba. Collei, 190. Jam. lineolata, 20. St. Dom. Ctenosaura acanthura, 191. Brachypus Cuvieri, 57. Chaineleolis Fernandina, 197. *Gymnophthalmus lineatus, 63. Cuba. * Plestiodon laticeps, 90. ? Xiphosurus velifer, 197. Mabouya Sloanei, 94. Ricordii, 197. St. agilis, 94. Domingo ænea, 94. cristatellus, 197. Microlepis undulatus, 117. 92 99 92 37 "? 22 22 INTRODUCTION. xvii 99 99 ܘ 99 92 Dactyloa equestris, 198. Cuba Crocodilus lacertinus, 25. Gui. and W.I. Ada Guianensis, 25. Guiana. Edwardsii, 198. Jam. ? Custa bicarinata, 25. Anolius Leachii, 200. Nevis. Chalcis flavescens, 55. Guiana. occipitalis, 200. Euprepis maculatus, 110. Dem. lineatus, 200. Marti- Anolius? squamosus, 136. Gui. nique. Argyrophis reticulatus, 137. Cepedii, 201. . marmoratus, 201. Mar- Ctenosaura acanthura, 191. tinique. Honduras. porcatus, 201. Cuba. Enyaliosaurus quinquecarina- Richardi, 202. Tortola tus, 192. Demerara. nebulosus, 203. Cuba. Basiliscus Americanus, 192. ? lineatopus, 203. Guiana. maculatus, 203. Corythæolus vittatus, 193. pulchellus, 204. Mar- Honduras. tinique. Draconura nitens, 207. Suri- vermiculatus, 204. Cuba nam. stenodactylus, 204. Ja. Norops auratus, 207. Guiana. reticulatus, 204. Brazils. æneus, 205. lucius, 205. Teius Teguexim, 16. Goudotii, 205. Marti- nigropunctatus, 16. nique. *Ameiva guttata, 18. Pernam. bullaris, 206. Marti- ? scutata, 21. nique. Acrantus Teyou, 23. Valenciennii, 206. *Centropyx calcaratus, 24. Acantholis Loyisiana, 206. Cuba Emminia olivacea, 24. Pern. Draconura chrysolepis, 207. Crocodilurus lacertinus, 25. Leiocephalus Herminieri, 217. Gerrhonotus cæruleus, 54. Martinique. Heterodactylus imbricatus, 59. carinatus, 217. ? Cercosaura ocellata, 60. MacLeayii, 218. 9 Schreibersii, 60. Cuba. Gaudichaudi, 60. Schreibersii, 218. Lepisoma scincoides, 60. Cuba. *Gymnophthalmus lineata, 63. microcephalus, 273 Mabouya Cepedii, 95. Ophiodes striatus, 99. Guiana, Demerara. Diploglossus fasciatus, 120. Ameiva major, 17. Cayenne. Hemidactylus Mabouia, 154. punctata, 17. Dem. mercatorius, 155. Surinamensis, 18. Dem. Cubina Darwinii, 274 guttata, 18. Dem. Polychrus marmoratus, 183. murina, 20. Surinam. Sphærops anomalus, 183. Acanthopyga striata, 22. Surin. Urostrophus Vautieri, 184. Centropyx calcaratus, 24. Dem. Ecphymotes Fitzingeri, 184. 92 9 99 99 99 92 xviii INTRODUCTION. 2 9 217. Ecphymotes undulatus, 184. Leiodera gracilis, 210. Pata- acutirostris, 185. gonia. *Iguana tuberculata, 186. Leiolæmus cyanogaster, 211. Enyalius rhombifer, 195. Bellii, 211. bilineatus, 196. Bibronii, 211. Pat. Ophyoessa superciliosa, 196. lineatus, 213. Rhinosaurus gracilis, 199. nigromaculatus, 213 Anolius Grahamii, 202, 274. inconspicuus, 213. punctatus, 206. pictus, 213. Trachycyclus marmoratus, 219. tenuis, 214. Rio Grande. signifer, 214. Taraguira torquata, 220. maculatus, 214. Darwinii, 220. Abrol- Peru. hos Inlet. Fitzingeri, 215. Pa- Smithii, 221. tagonia. Oplurus Braziliensis, 222. Darwinii, 215. Pat. Strobilurus torquatus, 222. Kingii, 215. Patag. Uraniscodon umbra, 223. Wiegmannii, 216. pictum, 223. Ptygoderus pectinatus, 216. Tropidurus cyclurus, 225. Proctotretus multimaculatus, Uranocentron azureum, 225. Leiocephalus ornatus, 219. Fernando Noronha. Guayaq. Euprepis punctatus, 110. Stenocercus roseiventris, 219. Thysanodactylus bilineata, 193. Bolivia. Buenos Ayres. Microlophus Peruviannis, 221. Lepidosoma scincoides, 60. Peru. Ophiodes striatus, 99. Leiosaurus Bellii, 224. Peru and Chili. fasciatus, 224. Diplolæmus Darwinii, 225. ? Callopistes flavipunctus, 17. celestis, 17. Bibronii, 225. Cnemidophorus longicauda, 21. Phrymaturus Palluma, 226. Patagonia. Galapagos. lacertinoides, Trachycephalus subcristatus, 22. Monte Video. 188. Dicrodon guttulatum, 23. Peru. Oreocephalus cristatus, 189. Bachia D’Orbignii, 58. Chili. Leiocephalus Grayii, 218. Caudiverbera Peruviana, 152. California. Chili. Gerrhonotus Burnettii, 54. Hemidactylus Peruvianus, 156. Wiegmannii, 54. Homonota Gaudichaudii, 171. Elgaria Kingii, 54. Cubina D'Orbignii, 175. Chili. Phyllodactylus tuberculatus, 151 Anolius fuscoauratus, 205. Chili Callisaurus draconoides, 227. Leiodera Chilensis, 210. Ch.N. Phrynosoma Douglasii, 227. Gravenhorstii, 210. Blainvillii, 228. לל INTRODUCTION. xix SYSTEMATIC INDEX. The names in Italics are at present desiderata to the Museum collection. 9 Sect. I. SCALY REPTILES. Fam. II. HELODERMIDÆ, 14. Squamata. 1. Heloderma horridum, 14. Ord. 1. LIZARDS. Saura. Fam. III. TEIDÆ, 14. Synopsis of Families, p. 3. 1. Teius Teguexim, 16. Suborder I. LEPTOGLOSSÆ. 2. » nigropunctatus, 16. 3. Callopistes maculatus, 17,270 Tribe 1. CYCLOSAURÆ. 4. celestis, 17. Fam. I. MONITORIDÆ, p. 6. 5. Ameiva major, 17. 6. punctata, 17. 1. Psammosaurus Scincus, p.7. 7. Surinamensis, 18. 2. Caspicus, 7. 8. guttata, 18. 3. Odatria punctata, 7. 9. scutata, 19. 4. ocellata, 8. 10. Plei, 19. 5. Timorensis, 8. 11. dorsalis, 19. 6. Regenia albogularis, 8. 12. trilineata, 19. 7. ocellatus, 9. 13. Auberi, 20. 8. Empagusia flavescens, 9. 14. undulata, 20. 9. Uaranus heraldicus, 9. 15. murina, 20. 10. lunatus, 10. 16. lineolata, 20. 11. ornatus, 10. 17. Cnemidophorus murinus, 21. 12. Dumerilii, 10. 18. longicauda- 13. rudicollis, 10. 14. nebulosus, 10. 19. lemniscatus, 15. Monitor Niloticus, 11. 21. 16. Dracæna, 11. 20. scutatus, 21. 17. Gouldii, 12. 21. sexlineatus, 18. chlorostigma, 12. 21. 19. Hydrosaurus varius, 12. 22. lacertinoides, 20. Bellii, 13. 22. 21. giganteus, 13. 23. Deppii, 22. 22. salvator, 13. 24. Sackii, 22. 23. prasinus, 13. 25. guttatus, 22. 2 tus, 2. 2 לל 2 99 9 xx INTRODUCTION. 38. 2 > 11. 9 99 26. Dicrodon guttulatum, 23. 32. Acanthodactylus lineatoma- 27. Acrantus Teyou, 23. culatus, 37. 28. Acanthopyga striata, 23. 33. Boskianus, 29. Centropyx calcaratus, 24. 30. Emminia olivacea, 24. 34. inornatus, 31. Crocodilurus lacertinus, 25. 38. 32. Ada Guianensis, 25. 35. Psammodromus hispanicus,38 33. Custa bicarinata, 25. 36. cinereus, 39. 37. Scrapteira grammica, 39. Fam. IV. LACERTINIDÆ, 26. . 38. Eremias arguta, 39, 270. 39. 1. Zootoca vivipara, 27. velox, 40. 40. Knoxii, 40. 2. muralis, 28. 41. Capensis, 40. 3. oxycephala, 29. 42. Burchellii, 40. 4. Taurica, 29. 43. dorsalis, 41. 5. tæniolata, 29. 44. Namaquensis, 41. 6. Derbiana, 29. 45. 7. lugubris, 41. Galloti, 30. 46. 8. Lacerta ocellata, 30. guttulata, 41. 47. lineo- ocellata, 41. 9. lævis, 31. 48. undata, 42. 10. viridis, 31. 49. pulchella, 42. strigata, 32. 50. ? Aspidorhinus gracilis, 42. 12. agilis, 32. 51. Mesalina Pardalis, 43. 13. Thetia perspicillata, 32. 52. rubropunctata, 43. . 14. Teira punctata, 33. 53. Cabrita Leschenaultii, 43. 15. Nucras Lalandii, 33. 16. tessellata, 33. 54. Ophiops elegans, 44. 55. 17. ? exigua, 34. macrodactylus, 44. 18. . ? chalybea, 34. 19. Notopholis Fitzingeri, 34. Fam. V. Zonuridæ, 45. 20. ? Capensis, 34. 1. Cordylus polyzonus, 47. 21. Morestica, 35. 2. Zonurus Cordylus, 47. 22. nigropunctata, 35 3. cataphractus, 47. 23. Tropidosaura montana, 35. 4. Derbianus, 48, 270 24. Algira barbarica, 35. 5. Hemicordylus Capensis, 48. 25. Capensis, 36. 6. Pseudocordylus microlepi- 26. Dumerilii, 36. dotus, 49. 27. Acanthodactylus velox, 36. 7. Platysaurus Capensis, 49. 28. Bellii, 36. 8. Cicigna Madagascarensis, 49 29. Capensis, 9. ornata, 50. 37. 10. Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, 50 30. scutellatus, 11. typicus, 50, 270 37. 12. Bibronii, 50, 270 31. Savignii, 13. Pleurostrichus sepiformis, 51. 37. 14. subtessellatus, 51. 99 99 9 " 92 2 INTRODUCTION. xxi tus, 65. 92 15. Saurophis tetradactylus, 51. 2. Ablepharus Pannonicus, 63. 16. Caitia Africana, 52. 3. bivittatus, 64. 17. Tachydromus sexlineatus, 52 4. Cryptoblepharus Boutonii, 64 18. Tachysaurus Japonicus, 52. 5. lineo-ocella- 19. Abronia Deppii, 53. 20. teniata, 53. 6. Morethia anomala, 65. 21. Gerrhonotus tessellatus, 53. 7. Menetia Greyii, 66. 22. cæruleus, 54. 8. Miculia elegans, 66. 23. Burnettii, 54. 9. Lerista lineata, 66. 24. Wiegmannii,54 25. Elgaria Kingii, 54. Fam. XII. PYGOPIDÆ, 67. 26. Barissia imbricata, 55. 1. Pygopus lepidopus, 67. 27. rudicollis, 55. 2. squamiceps, 67. 28. lichenigera, 55. 3. Delma Fraseri, 68. 29. Pseudopus Pallasii, 55. 30. gracilis, 56. Fam. XIII. APRASIADÆ, 68. 31. Ophisaurus ventralis, 56. 1. Aprasia pulchella, 68. Fam. VI. CHALCIDE, 57. Fam. XIV. LIALISIDÆ, 69. 1. Brachypus Cuvieri, 57, 271. 2. Microdactylus gracilis, 57. 1. Lialis Burtonii, 69. 3. Chalcis flavescens, 58. 2. bicatenata, 69. 4. Bachia D'Orbignii, 58. 3. punctulata, 69. 99 4. 99 99 99 2. وو 99 Fam. VII. ANADIADÆ, 58. Fam. XV. SCINCIDÆ, 70. 1. Anadia ocellata, 58. 1. Scincus officinalis, 74. 2. Hinulia nævia, 75. Fam. VIII. CHIROCOLIDÆ, 58. 3. fasciata, 75. Dussumieri, 75. 1. Heterodactylus imbricatus, 59. 5. Gerrardi, 75. 6. Fam. IX. CERCOSAURIDÆ, 59. elegans, 76. 7. Greyii, 76. 1. Cercosaura ocellata, 60. 8. tenuis, 76. Schreiberii, 60. 9. Reevesii, 76. 3. Gaudichaudii, 60. 10. sancta, 76. 4. Lepisoma scincoides, 60. 11. ornata, 77. 12. Labillardieri, 77. Fam. X. CHAMÆSAURIDÆ, 61. 13. australis, 77. 1. Chamæsaura anguina, 61. 14. Essingtonii, 78. 15. inornata, 78. Tribe 2. GEISSOSAURA. 16. tæniolata, 78. 17. Whitei, 79. Fam. XI. GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ, 18. Richardsonii, 271. 19. Keneuxia smaragdina, 79. 1. Gymnophthalmus lineata, 63. 20. Elania Mulleri, 80. 99 9 62. с xxii INTRODUCTION. 99 99 69. 99 92 > 99 9 27 9 asper, 103. 99 21. Mocoa Guichenoti, 80. 64. Mabouya Carteretii, 95.01 22. trilineata, 81. 65. Baudinii, 95. 23. Cumingii, 81. 66. cyanura, 96. 24. ocellata, 82. 67. Riopa punctata, 96. 25. Entrecasteauxii, 82.68. Hardwickii, 96.1 26. Zelandica, 82. Ruppellii, 97. 27. Smithii, 82. 70. Hagria Vosmaerii, 97. 28. Owenii, 272. 71. Chiamela lineata, 97. 29. microtis, 83. 72. Senira bicolor, 98. 30. cupræa, 83. 73. Brachymeles Bonitæ, 98. 31. grandis, 271. 74. Anguis fragilis, 100. 32. Africana, 83. 75. ? punctata, 101. 33. lateralis, 83. 76. ? melanosticta, 100. 34. Carlia melanopogon, 82, 272. 77. Tribolonotus Nova Guineæ, 35. Leiolepisma Bellii, 84. 101. 36. Lipinia pulchella, 84. 78. Tropidophorus Cochinchi. 37. Lygosoma australis, 85. nensis, 101. 38. ?Temminckii, 85. 79. Norbea Brookei, 102. 39. Bougainvillii, 85. 80. Trachydosaurus rugosus, 102 40. Ristella Rurkii, 86. 81. 41. Tetradactylus Decresiensis, 82. Cyclodus gigas, 103. 86. 83. nigroluteus, 104. 42. Hemiergis Decresiensis, 87. 84. Silubosaurus Stokesii, 105. 43. Chelomeles quadrilineatus, 85. Egernia Cunninghami, 105. 87. 86. Tropidolepisma Kingii, 106. 44. Omolepida Casuarinæ, 88. 87. nitida, 106. 45. Podophis Chalcides, 88. 88. major, 107. 46. Siaphos æqualis, 89. 89. Ateuchosaurus Chinensis, 47. Rhodona punctata, 89. 107. 48. Soridia lineata, 90 90. Heteropus fuscus, 107. 49. Plestiodon laticeps, 90. 91. Peronii, 108. 50. quinquelineatum, 92. Dasia olivacea, 108. 91. 93. Tiliqua rufescens, 109. 51. auratum, 91. 94. multicarinata, 109. 52. pulchrum, 92. 95. grisea, 110. 53. Bellii, 92. 96. Fernandi, 110. 54. Chinense, 92. 97. Euprepis Coctei, 110. 55. Eumeces Oppelii, 93. 98. maculatus, 111. 56. Otosaurus microlepis, 93. 99. punctatus, 111. 57. Cumingii, 93. 100. Perottetii, 111. 58. Mabouya Sloanei, 94. 101. Raddoni, 112. 59. agilis, 94. 102. Smithii, 112. 60. anea, 94. 103. Stangeri, 112. 61. Cepedii, 95. 104. quinquetæniatus, 62. elegans, 95. 112. 63. atrocostata, 95. 105. Fellowsii, 113. " 92 99 9 2 99 9 29 99 2 INTRODUCTION. xxiii 9 99 99 > " 9 2 99 2 106. Euprepis septemtæniatus 113 Fam. XX. TYPHLOPSIDÆ, 130. 107. inornatus, 113. 108. vittatus, 113. 1. Typhlops Russellii, 132. 109. maculilabris, 114 2. Onychophis Franklinii, 132. 110. 3. cyanogaster, 114. Lalandii, 132 111. 4. Bibronii, 114. Barrowii, 133. 112. 5. carinatus, 115. punctatus, 133. 6. 113. bistriatus, 115. olivaceus, 133. 114. 7. Physicæ, 115. Cumingii, 133. 115. Delalandii, 116. 8. Fordii, 134. 116. Belcheri, 116. 9. multicarinatus, 134. 117. Microlepis undulatus, 117. 118. Celestus occiduus, 117. 10. Typhlinalis lipeatus, 134. 11. Anilios australis, 135. 119. striatus, 117. 120. 12. Hewardii, 118. Leachii, 135. 121. 13. macrolepis, 118. nigrescens, 135. 122. Camilia Jamaicensis, 119. 14. ruficauda, 136. 15. 123. Diploglossus Owenii, 119. ? ater, 136. 124. 16. Sagræ, 119. ? squamosa, 136. 125. Pleii, 119. 17. Argyrophis bicolor, 136. 126. 18. fasciatus, 120. Horsfieldii, 137. 127. Ophiodes striatus, 99. 19. vermicularis, 137 20. reticulatus, 137. Fam. XVI. OPHIOMORIDE, 120. 21. lumbricalis, 137. 22. truncatus, 138. 1. Ophiomorus miliaris, 121. 23. Bramicus, 138. 24. Fam. XVII. SEPSIDÆ, 121. polygrammicus, 139. 1. Sphænops sepsoides, 122. 25. Meditoria nasuta, 139, 2. Scelotes bipes, 123. 26. Glauconia nigricans, 139. 3. Gongylus ocellatus, 123. 27. Epictia undecimstriata, 140. 4. Thyrus Bojerii, 124. 28. ? albifrons, 140. 5. Amphiglossus Astrolabi, 125. 29. bilineatus, 139. 6. Seps tridactylus, 125. 7. Heteromeles Mauritanicus, 126 Fam. XXI. UROPELTIDÆ, 140. Fam. XVIII. ACONTIADÆ, 126. 1. Rhinophis oxyrhynchus, 141. 2. Uropeltis Philippinus, 141. 1. Nessia Burtoni, 126. 3. Siluboura Ceylonica, 142. 2. Evesia monodactyla, 127. 3. Acontias meleagris, 127. Suborder II. PACHYGLOSSÆ. Fam. XIX. TYPHLINIDÆ, 128. Tribe III. NYCTISAURA. 1. Typhline Cuvieri, 128. Fam. XXII. GECKOTIDÆ, 142. 2. Feylinia Currori, 129. 1. Thecadactylus rapicaudus, 3. Dibamus Nove Guinea, 129. 146. 99 9 xxiv INTRODUCTION. 59 99 29 95 99 2. Edura marmorata, 147. 41. Peripia variegata, 159. 3. rhombifer, 147. 42. Peropus mutilatus, 159. 4. Lesueurii, 147. 43. Theconyx Seychellensis, 159. 5. Strophura spinigera, 148. 44. Pentadactylus Duvaucelii, 6. Diplodactylus vittatus, 148. 160. 7. ornatus, 149. 45. Platydactylus Leachianus, 8. ocellatus, 149. 160. 9. marmoratus 149 46. Gecko verus, 160. 10. bilineatus, 150. 47. » Reevesii, 161. 11. lineatus, 150. 48. Chinensis, 161. 12. Gerrhopygus, 49. » monarchus, 161. 150. 50. Smithii, 162 13. Phyllodactylus pulcher, 150. 51. vittatus, 162. 14. tuberculatus, 52. bivittatus, 162. 150. . 53. Amydosaurus lugubris, 162. 15. Ptyodactylus Gecko, 151. 54. Gehyra oceanica, 163. 16. Uroplates fimbriatus, 151. 55. australis, 163. 17. lineatus, 152. 56. Luperosaurus Cumingii, 163 18. Caudiverbera Peruviana, 152. 57. Ptychozoon homalocephala, 19. Hemidactylus trihedrus, 152. 164. 20. maculatus 153 58. Tarentola Mauritanica, 164 21. Brookii, 153. 59. Ægyptiaca, 165. 22. depressus, 153 60. Delalandii, 165. 23. vermiculatus, 61. Americana, 165. 154. 62. Borneensis, 165. 24. fasciatus, 154 63. clypeata, 166. 25. Mabouia, 154. 64. Phelsuma Cepedianum, 166. 26. mercatorius, 65. Madagascarense, 155. 166. 27. frenatus, 155. 66. lineatum, 166. 28. Leschenaultii, 67. Pachydactylus ocellatus, 167 155. 68. maculatus, vittatus, 155. 167. 30. Bellii, 155. 69. elegans, 168. 31. Peruvianus, 70. Sphærodactylus sputator, 168 156. 71. punctatissi- 32. Nubilia argentea, 273. 33. Velernesia Richardsonii, 156. 72. fantasticus, 34. Doryura Bowringii, 156. 168. 35. Garnotii, 157. 73. nigropunc- 36. Platyurus Schneiderianus, tatus, 168. 157. 74. Richardso- 37. Leiurus ornatus, 157. nii, 168. 38. Crossurus Caudiverbera, 158. 75. Naultinus pacificus, 169, 273 39. Boltalia sublævis, 158. 76. granulatus, 273. 40. Peripia Peronii, 159. 77. brevidactylus, 169 » 99 92 29. 99 mum, 168. 99 92 92 INTRODUCTION. XXV 2 93 > cus, 172. 2 99 78. Naultinus elegans, 169. 12. Aloponotus Ricardi, 187. 79. Grayii, 170. 13. Brachylophus fasciatus, 187. 80. punctatus, 170. 14. Metopoceros cornutus, 188. 81. Eublepharis Hardwickii, 170 15. Trachycephalus subcrista- 82. Derbianus, 274. tus, 188. 83. Homonota Gaudichaudii, 16. Oreocephalus cristatus, 189. 171. 17. Cyclura MacLeayii, 190. 84. Pristurus flavipunctatus, 171 18. nubila, 190. 85. Goniodactylus Timorensis, 19. . Collei, 190. 172. 20. Ctenosaura acanthura, 191. 86. australis, 172 21. pectinata, 191. 87. albogularis, 22. Enyaliosaurus quinquecari- 172. natus, 192. 88. Pocellatus 172 23. Basiliscus Americanus, 192. 89. ? Mauritani- 24. Corythæolus vittatus, 193. 25. Thysanodactylus bilineatus, 90. Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, 194. - 173. 26. Corythophanes cristata, 194. 91. pulchellus, 27. Chameleopsis Hernandesii, 173. 194. 92. Heteronota Kendallii, 174. 28. Enyalius rhombifer, 195. 93. Binoei, 174. 29. bilineatus, 196. 94. Cubina fasciata, 175. 30. Ophyoessa superciliosa, 196. 95. D’Orbignii, 175. 31. Chamæleolis Fernandina, 96. Darwinii, 274. 197. 97. Gymnodactylus Geckoides, 32. Xiphosurus velifer, 197. 175. 33. Ricordii, 197. 98. Phyllurus platurus, 176. 34. cristatellus, 197. 99. Miliusii, 176. 35. Dactyloa equestris, 198. 100. inermis, 176. 36. Edwardsii, 198. 101. Stenodactylus guttatus, 177 37. Rhinosaurus gracilis, 199. 38. Anolius Leachii, 200. Tribe IV. STROBILOSAURA, 178. 39. occipitalis, 200. 40. Fam. XXIII. IGUANIDÆ, 178. lineatus, 200. 41. Cepedii, 201. 1. Polychrus marmoratus, 183. 42. marmoratus, 201. 2. Sphærops anomalus, 184. 43. porcatus, 2012 3. Urotrophus Vautieri, 184. 44. principalis, 202. 4. Ecphymotes Fitzingerii, 184. 45. Alavescens, 202. , undulatus, 185. 46. Richardii, 202. 6. obtusirostris, 185. 47. Grahami, 203, 274. 7. acutirostris, 185. 48. nebulosus, 203. 8. Læmanctus longipes, 185. 49. lineatopus, 203, 9. Iguana tuberculata, 186. 50. maculatus, 203. 10. rhinolophus, 186. 51. pulchellus, 204. 11. delicatissima, 187. 52. vermiculatus, 204. 29 2 יל 5. 52 92 92 2 xxvi INTRODUCTION. > > 68. 99 9 53. Anolius stenodactylus, 204. 97.Leiocephalus MacLeayii 218 54. reticulatus, 204. 98. Schreibersii 218 55. fuscoauratus, 205. 99. microlepis, 274 56. æneus, 205. 100. Grayii, 218. 57. Lucius, 205. 101. ornatus, 219. 58. Goudotii, 205. 102. Stenocercus roseiventris, 219 59. punctatus, 205. 103. Tachycyclus marmoratus 219 60. bullaris, 206. 104. Taraguira torquata, 220. 61. Valenciennii, 206. 105. Darwinii, 220. 62. Acantholis Loysiana, 206. 106. Smithii, 221. 63. Draconura nitens, 207. 107. Microlophus Peruvianus, 64. chrysolepis, 207. 221. 65. Norops auratus, 207. 108. Oplurus Braziliensis, 222. 66. Tropidolepis undulatus, 208. 109. Strobilurus torquatus, 222. 67. torquatus, 208. 110. Uraniscodon umbra, 223. formosus, 209. 111. pictum, 223. 69. spinosus, 209. 112. Plica umbra, 223. 70. horridus, 209. 113. punctata, 224. 71. grammicus, 209 114. Leiosaurus Bellii, 224. 72. microlepis, 209. 115. fasciatus, 224. 73. variabilis, 209. 116. Diplolæmus Darwinii, 225. 74. eneus, 210. 117. Bibronii, 225. 75. scalaris, 210. 118. Tropidurus cyclurus, 225. 76. Leiodera Chilensis, 210. 119. Uranocentron azureum, 225 77. Gravenhorstii, 211. 120. Phrymaturus Palluma, 226. 78. gracilis, 211. 121. Callisaurus draconoides, 227 79. Leiolæmus cyanogaster, 212. 122. Tropidogaster Blainvillii, 80. Bellii, 212. 227. 81. Bibronii, 213. 123. Phrynosoma Douglasii, 227 82. lineatus, 213. 124. orbiculare, 228 83. nigromaculatus, 125. Blainvillii 228 213. 126. cornutum, 229 84. inconspicuus, 213 85. pictus, 214. 86. Fam. XXIV. AGAMIDÆ, 230. tenuis, 214. 87. . signifer, 215. 1. Draco volans, 233. 88. maculatus, 215. 2. Timorensis, 233. . 89. Fitzingerii, 215. 3. fimbriatus, 234. 90. Darwinii, 215. 4. Dracocella Dussumieri, 234. 91. Kingii, 215. 5. hæmatopogon, 92. Wiegmannii, 216 234. 93. Ptygoderus pectinatus, 216. 6. Dracunculus quinquefascia- 94. Proctotretus multimacula- tus, 216. 7. lineatus, 235. 95. Leiocephalus Herminieri 217 8. ornatus, 235. 96. carinatus, 217. 9. maculatus, 236. > 29 > 2 > 29 99 9 tus, 235. 22 22 INTRODUCTION. xxvii 99 > 99 > 9 10. Dracunculus spilopterus, 236 50. Grammatophora maculata, 11. Sitana ponticereana, 236. 253. 12. Lyriocephalus scutatus, 237. 51. Decresii, 253 13. Ceratophora Stoddartii, 237, 52. ornata, 253. 14. Otocryptis bivittatus, 238. 53. Laudakia tuberculata, 254. 15. Gonyocephalus chameleon- 54. Stellio Cordylinus, 255. tina, 238. 55. Caucasicus, 255. 16. Dilophyrus grandis, 239. 56. cyanogaster, 255.0 17. Tiaris megapogon, 239. 57. Agama colonorum, 256. 18. Bellii, 239. 58. occipitalis, 256. 19. Sophia, 240. 59. atra, 256. 20. Acanthosaura armata, 240. 60. agilis, 257 21. Bronchocela cristatella, 241 61. aculeata, 257. 22. Celebensis, 241 62. hispida, 257. 23. gutturosa, 241. 63. Trapelus Savignii, 258. 24. marmorata, 242 64. ruderatus, 258. 25. tympanistriga, 65. sanguinolentus, 259. 242. 66. Sinaitus, 259. 26. Salea Horsfieldii, 242. 67. Phrynocephalus Olivieri, 259 27. Calotes Maria, 242. 68. helioscopus, 28. ophiomachus, 243. 260. 29. versicolor, 243. 69. caudivolvu- 30. minor, 243. lus, 260. 31. Emma, 243. 70. Tickelii, 260 32. Rouxii, 244. 71. Megalochilus auritus, 261. 33. mystaceus, 245. 72. Uromastix ornatus, 261. 34. Chelonasia brunnea, 245. 73. spinipes, 261. 35. Charasia dorsalis, 246. 74. acanthiurus, 262. 36. Gindalia Bennettii, 247. 75. fasciatus, 262. 37. Lophura Amboinensis, 247. 76. Saara Hardwickii. 262. 38. Shawii, 247. 77. Leiolepis Bellii, 263. 39. Physignathus concinnus, 247 78. Reevesii, 263. 40. Lesueurii, 248 79. Moloch horridus, 263. 41. Chlamydosaurus Kingii, 249 42. Hatteria punctata, 249. Tribe V. DENDROSAURA, 264. 43. Lophognathus Gilbertii, 250 Fam. XXV. CHAMELEONIDÆ, 44. Diporophora bilineata, 250 264. 45. Grammatophora cristata, 251 46. muricata, 1. Chameleo cristatus, 264. 251. 2. lateralis, 264. 47. reticulata, vulgaris, 265. 252. 4. Senegalensis, 266. 48. barbata, 252 5. dilepis, 266. 49. angulifera, 6. pardalis, 266. 252. 7. verrucosus, 267. 9 92 3. 99 xxviii INTRODUCTION. 8. Chameleo rhinoceratus, 267. 14. Chameleo ventralis, 268. 9. tuberculiferus, 267. 15. pumilus, 269. 10. cucullatus, 267. 16. Parsonii, 269. 11. nasutus, 268. 17. Owenii, 269. 12. bifurcus, 268. 18. Brooksianus,270. 13. Tigris, 268. > The British Museum possesses 429 out of the 612 species which are known to exist in the different European collections. Many of those which are wanting are inhabitants of our own pos- sessions, or places with which we have a considerable trade; it is therefore to be hoped, now that the desiderata are known, that we shall soon be able greatly to reduce their number, and also, doubt- less, add to the species already described. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. British Museum, June 4, 1845. SYNOPTIC CATALOGUE OF REPTILES. - Class III. – REPTILES, (REPTILIA). Animal furnished with a distinct bony skeleton. The skin clothed with horny imbedded plates or imbricated scales, which are covered with a thin and often deciduous epidermis. They re- spire by cellular lungs. The heart has a single ventricle divided into two or more cells, giving origin to two arteries and receiving the cold red blood by two veins from two auricles. Penis distinct. Oviparous, but the egg sometimes hatched in the body of the mo- ther, often covered with a thick more or less calcareous shell. The young like the parent, and not undergoing any transformation. Synopsis of the Orders. Sect. I. SCALY REPTILES, (SQUAMATA). Body covered with overlapping scales. Skull formed of sepa- rate bones; the ear-bone external and only articulated to the rest. Vent a cross slit. The generative organs bifid. Tongue free. 1. LIZARDS, (SAURA). Mouth not dilatable: lower jaw-bones united by a bony suture in front. Limbs 4, distinct, rarely in such a rudimentary state as to be hidden under the skin. 2. SERPENTS, (OPHIDIA). Mouth very dilatable: bones of the lower jaws separate from each other, only united by ligaments. Limbs none, or only in the form of short spurs on the sides of the vent. B a 2 REPTILES. Sect. II. SHIELDED REPTILES, (CATAPHRACTA). Body covered with square imbedded shields. Bones of the skull adglutinated together, hard, with the ear-bone sunk into its substance. Jaws united into a solid mass : mouth not dilatable. Vent roundish or linear, plaited. The generative organs simple. 3. TORTOISES, (CHELONIANS). Body short, depressed. The bones of the thorax external, surrounding the muscles of the body like a case, out of which the head, limbs and tail are pro- truded. Jaws toothless, covered with a horny coat. 4. EMYDOSAURIANS. Body fusiform, covered with square hony plates placed in longitudinal lines. Limbs 4, free. Vent li. near, longitudinal. Jaws with teeth. 5. AMPHISBENIANS. Body elongate, cylindrical, covered with square imbedded plates, placed in cross rows. Limbs none or very short, weak. Vent transverse, plaited. Vent transverse, plaited. Jaws with teeth. . These orders appear to be analogous to the following orders of Mammalia and Birds. Reptiles. Lizards Climbers Serpents Carnivorous Emydosaurians Aquatic Tortoises Large-hoofed Amphisbenians ? Mammalia. . Primates Fera Cete Ungulata Glires Birds. Insessores. Accipitres Anseres. Gallinæ. Grallæ. LIZARDS. Sect. I. SCALY REPTILES, (SQUAMATA). Body covered with overlapping or granular scales. Skull formed of separate bones. The ear-bone external, and only articulated to the skull, Tongue free, elongate, nicked at the tip, often exten- sile. The lungs free in the cavity of the thorax. Vent a linear cross slit. The male organ and vagina forked. Oviparous, rarely ovoviviparous: the eggs when deposited covered with a more or less coriaceous shell. Order I. LIZARDS, (SAURA). Mouth not dilatable, jaws toothed, the lower jaw-bones being united by a bony suture in front. Eye generally with distinct eyelids. Drum of the ear generally distinct, exposed. Limbs 4, distinct, rarely in such a rudimentary state as to be hidden under the skin. Toes clawed. Body elongate, rounded, covered with imbricated or granular scales. Ribs distinct, mobile, and with a distinct sternum. Tail elongate, tapering, rarely prehensile, gene- rally covered with whorls of scales. Egg with hard skin. The young not undergoing any metamorphosis. Synopsis of the Families. Suborder I. LEPTOGLOSSÆ. Tongue flat, elongate, end bifid. Tribe I. Cyclosaura. Scales of the belly square, in cross bands; of the back and tail rhombic and imbricate, or circular and subgranular. Tongue elongate, flattened, free, nicked, or with 2 elongate, cylindrical, horny tips. Eyes diurnal, with 2 val- vular lids. Feet for walking. Toes unequal, compressed. a. Head with small many-sided shields. Tongue sheathed at the base. 1. MONITORIDÆ. Head-shields flattish, scales small. Old world and Australasia. 2. HELODERMIDÆ. Head-shields and scales of body convex, tu- bercular. Teeth with a groove behind. New world. b. Head with large regular shields. Tongue mostly free at the base. b * Sides fattish, covered with small often granular scales. 3. TEIDÆ. Supra-orbital plate horny. Teeth solid, rooted. Scales small, granular, often with larger plates. New world. B2 4 REPTILES. 4. LACERTINIDÆ. Supra-orbital plate bony. Teeth hollow, root- ed. Scales small, granular or lozenge-shaped. Old world. ** Sides with a distinct longitudinal fold covered with small granular scales. 5. ZONURIDÆ. Ears distinct. Limbs distinct, or rarely quite hidden. 6. CHALCIDE. Ears hidden under the skin. Limbs very short; femoral pores none. pores none. Lateral fold indistinct. *** Sides rounded, covered with scales like those on the back. 7. ANADIADÆ. Scales of the back and sides thin, imbedded, smooth, in alternating cross series; of the tail elongate, smooth, in longitudinal series. Ears distinct. Femoral pores distinct. 8. CHIROCOLIDÆ. Scales of the back imbricate, 6-sided, lanceo- late, keeled, narrow, in cross series ; of the tail in rings, alter- nating with each other. Ears hidden. Femoral pores distinct. 9. CERCOSAURIDÆ, Scales of the back, sides, and upper part of the tail keeled, in longitudinal series. Limbs 4 : feet for walking 10. CHAMÆSAURIDÆ. Scales imbricate, all elongate, rhombic, keeled, in longitudinal series, the keels forming longitudinal ridges. Limbs simple, undivided. Temple scaly. Tribe II. Geissosaura. Scales of the belly and (almost always) of the back and sides quincuncial, rounded, imbricate. Sides rounded. Tongue narrow, short, flat, end slightly nicked. Head with regular shields. a. Eyes distinct, exposed, eyelid rudimentary. Head conical. 11. GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ. Head-shields normal. Nostrils lateral, in a nasal shield. Limbs 4 or 2. Body fusiform. 12. PYGOPIDÆ. Head-shields normal. Nostrils over the upper edge of the first labial. Pupil round or oblong. Abdominal shields 6-sided, in 2 or 3 series. Tail with a central series of larger shields. Limbs 2, posterior. Australasia. 13. APRASIADÆ. Head-shields normal. Nostrils in a suture be- tween the nasal and first labial, (sometimes united ?). Limbs none. Ventral and dorsal scales nearly similar. Australasia. 14. LIALISIDE. Head-shields subimbricate, scalelike. Cheeks scaly. Nostrils in a small single nasal on ridge of the face. LIZARDS. 5 b. Eyes distinct, eyelids distinct, connivent. Head conical. 15. SCINCIDÆ. Rostral shield moderate, triangular. Nostrils in . a plate between the frontal and labial shields. 16. OPHIOMORIDÆ. Rostral moderate, triangular. Nostrils in a notch on edge of uasal and the supernasal shields. 17. SEPSIDÆ. Rostral rather large, square. Nostrils in a notch in the hinder edge of the rostral. 18. AcontiADÆ. Rostral large, cuplike. Nostrils in the rostral, with a narrow slit to its hinder edge. c. Eyes hidden under the skin. 19. TYPHLINIDÆ. Head conical. Rostral shield cuplike. Nos- trils in the rostral shield, with a slit to its hinder edge. a 20. TYPHLOPSIDÆ. Head short, depressed. Rostral shield elon- gated, extended up the forehead. Nostrils in an elongated na- sal shield. Suborder II. PACHYGLOSSÆ. Tongue thick, convex, attached to the gullet at the base. Tribe III. Nyctisaura. Scales of the belly small, rhombic, imbri- cated; of the back and sides granular. Tongue thick, short, convex, end slightly nicked. Eyes nocturnal; eyelids circular, not connivent, pupil linear, erect. Feet for walking ; toes sub- equal, scaly beneath, and generally dilated. 21. GECKOTIDÆ. The Old and New World. Tribe IV. Strobilosaura. Scales of the belly small, rhombic, im- bricate; of the back and sides imbricate. Tongue thick, short, convex, end slightly nicked. Eyes diurnal, with valvular eye- lids; pupil round. Feet for walking; toes unequal, compressed. 22. IGUANIDÆ. Teeth on the inner side of the jaw-bone. New world. 23. AGAMIDÆ. Teeth on the edge of the jaw-bones. Old world and Australasia. Tribe V. Dendrosaura. Scales of the belly, sides and back gra- nular. Tongue elongate, subcylindrical, wormlike, very exser- tile. Eyes globular, very mobile, with a small, central, round opening. Toes equal, united into two opposing groups. 24. CHAMELEONIDÆ. Teeth on the edge of the jaw-bone. Old world. B 3 6 REPTILES. Suborder I. SLENDER-TONGUED Lizards, (LEPTOGLOSSÆ). Tribe I. CYCLOSAURA. Scales of the belly square (very rarely rhombic, keeled), in cross bands; of the back and tail rhombic, imbricate, or circular and subgranular, placed in cross rings; of the sides generally granular, rarely like the back. Tongue elongate, flattened, base sometimes sheathed, generally free, only attached to the gullet by a long fre- num, end with 2 elongate, cylindrical, horny tips. Tail elongate, with whorls of scales, generally conical, tapering, sometimes com- pressed, with 2 elevated crests above. A. Head with small many-sided shields. Tongue sheathed at the base. Sides flattish, granular. Family I. MONITORS, (MONITORIDA). Head with minute polygonal shields. Teeth adnate to the in- ner side of the jaws. Tongue elongate, slender, retractile into a sheath at its base. Scales small, roundish, placed in cross rings; those of the sides like those of the back. Legs 4, strong Toes 5-5, compressed, unequal. Thighs poreless. Superorbital plate bony. Old world, near water. Synopsis of the Genera. A. Tail round, without any keel above. 1. PSAMMOSAURUS. Nostrils large, oblique, near the eyes. 2. ODATRIA. Nostril moderate, longitudinal, near the apex of muzzle. B. Tail compressed, with a keel formed of 2 rows of scales above. 3. REGENIA. Nostrils large, oblique, near the eyes. Toes short. 4. EMPAGUSIA. Nostrils large, oblique, anterior. Toes short. 5. UARANUS. Nostrils oblong, longitudinal, subcentral. Toes elongate. 6. MONITOR. Nostrils round, subcentral. 7. HYDROSAURUS. Nostrils round, anterior. Teeth small. LIZARDS. 7 A. Tail round, without any keel above. Terrestrial. Gen. 1. PSAMMOSAURUS, Fitz. Nostrils ovate, oblique, near the orbits. Tail roundish, not keeled above, with convex sides, unarmed. Scales not pierced Toes unequal, rather elongate. Teeth slender, acute. The OUARAN. Psammosaurus Scincus, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 392. Wagler, Syst. 165. Uaranus Scincus, Merrem, Tent. 59. Gray, Griffith, A. K., i. 27. Tupinambis griseus, Daud. Rept. viii. 352. Monitor terrestre, Cuv. R. A. ii. 26. Schinz, Rept. t. 32, f. 2. Ouran de Forskal, Geoff. Rept. Egypt. t. 3, f. 2, t. 4, f. 14, 15. Tupinambis arenarius, I. Geoffr. Rept. Egypt. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 471. Grey, obscurely banded with an obscure streak on each side of the head and neck. a. Young, in spirits. Pale brown, with pale cross bands; tail with dark rings; head and neck with 2 black streaks on each side ; side of face black cross-lined. North Africa. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. b, c. Adult, stuffed and in spirits. N. Africa. Presented by James Burton, jun. d. Half grown, stuffed. The dark mark rather visible. N. Afri- ca. Presented by Sir J. G. Wilkinson. e, f. Adult, stuffed. N. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's collection. The CASPIAN QUARAN. Psammosaurus (?) Caspicus, Eichw. Zool. Spe. iii. 190, t. 1, f. 8—10. Fauna Casp. 48, t. 7–9, bones. Inhab. Caspian Sea. Mus. Moscow, a doubtful species. 2. ODATRIA, Gray. Nostrils ovate, longitudinal, subanterior. Teeth compressed, acute. Tail elongate, round, not keeled above, scales large, sharp- ly keeled, subspinose. Back with elongate, narrow, keeled scales. Ventral shield elongate. Toes rather unequal, elongate. The DOTTED ODATRIA. Odatria punctata, Gray, Ann. Hist. ii. 394. Grey, Trav. Aust. ii. 422. Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. Monitor tristis, Schlegel, Abbild. 73. Grey olive, with narrow black reticulated lines, leaving large hexagonal spots. Head, limbs and tail blackish, with a few pale spots, dark banded. Ventral shield twice as long as broad. Tail round, scales over the eye small, granular. Male ? with a tuft of . conical spine-like scales on each side of the vent. a. Half.grown, in spirits. Male? with tuft of spines. Western Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. 8 REPTILES. b. Adult, stuffed. N.W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. c. Young, stuffed. Blackish, with cross row of ocellated spots. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's collection, d. Very young, in spirits. Grey, with numerous narrow cross bands, without tuft of spines. W. Australia. From Mr. Tur- ner's collection. e. Young, in spirits. Olive blackish, with cross row of white rings, head closely white-speckled, limbs white-dotted. W. coast of Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. The EYED ODATRIA. Odatria ocellata, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. Black, with rather large yellow rings; limbs and tail yellow- spotted ; tail round, scales of the tail broad, oval, spinose; scales over the eyes small, granular; ventral shields twice as long as broad. a. Adult, in spirits. N.W. coast of Australia. The Timor ODATRIA. O datria Timorensis. Monitor Timor- ensis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. i. 36. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 394. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 473. Tupinambis viridimaculatus, Daud. Black, yellow-dotted, dots forming rings and spots, head yel- low and black dotted ; scales over the orbits small, granular, of forehead larger; ventral shields nearly as broad as long ; tail slightly compressed above, subtriangular, base of tail unarmed. a. Half-grown, in spirits. Timor. From the Leyden Museum. B. Tail with a compressed keel above, formed of two rows of scales. Nostrils large, oblong, oblique. Aquatic. 3. REGENIA. Nostrils large, oblong, oblique, near the orbit; tail shortish, thick, doubly keeled above, scales oblong, bluntly keeled ; toes short, subequal; teeth rounded; scales large, convex, surrounded with numerous granulations. Head short. The WHITE-THROATED REGENIA. Regenia albogularis. Tu- pinambis albogularis, Daud. Rept. iii. 72, t. 32. Gray, Griffith, A. K. is. 28. Ann. N. H. i. 393. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 495. A. Smith, Illust. S. A. Zool. t. 2. Monitor Gillii. A. Smith, Zool. Journ. Uaranus ornatus, var. Merrem, Tent. 59. M. exanthe- maticus, var. Capensis, Schlegel, Abbild. 71. Dark brown, with large white spots, pale beneath, with a dark streak on each side of the back of the neck; nostrils near the orbit; scales rather large, of the head convex. a-c. Adult, stuffed. S. Africa. From the S. African Museum. LIZARDS. 9 a, The EYED REGENIA. Regenia ocellatus. Uaranus ocellatus, Ruppell, Atlas N. A. 21, t. 6. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 469. Schinz, t. 33, f. 2. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 25. Tupinambis exanthe- maticus, Daud, R. iii. 80 ? Act. Soc. H. N. Par. 1790. 95, t. 5, f. 3? M. exanthematicus, var. Schlegel, Abbild. 70. Nostrils rather further from the orbit; scales large, of the neck largest, of the head tubercular. a. Stuffed. Senegal. From M. Parzudaski's collection. 4. EMPAGUSIA, Gray. Nostril large, oblong, oblique, in front of the muzzle; tail as long as the body and head, tapering, roundish, with a double-edged keel above, scales sharply keeled; toes rather short, subequal; teeth acute; scales ovate, keeled. Head short. The INDIAN EMPAGUSIA. Empagusia flavescens, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 393. Monitor flavescens, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii. 228. Griff. A. K. ix. 25. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Uaranus Russelii, Schlegel, MSS. U. Piquotii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 483, t. 35, f.5. M. exanthematicus, var. Indica, Schlegel, Abbild. 70. Olive, with yellowish cross bands; head-shields subequal; eye- brow with a central series of larger plates. b. Adult, stuffed. India. From M. Piquot's collection. c, d. Adult, stuffed. Nepal. Presented by H. B. Hodgson, Esq. é. Young, stuffed. Black, with narrow, irregular, often interrupt- ed white cross bands, beneath white, with black cross bands; head with a black streak from the back angle of the eye. In- dia. Presented by Genl. Hardwicke. M. Hardwickii, Gray, MSS. B. M. 5. UARANUS. Uaranus part, Merrem. Nostrils oblong, rather oblique, in the centre between the apex of the muzzle and the orbits; tail elongate, compressed, with a double-edged keel above; toes elongate, unequal, strong. Head elongate. a. Shields over the orbits small, subequal. The HERALDIC UARAN. Uaranus heraldicus. Monitor heral- dicus, Gray, Griff. A. K. 25. Ann. N. H. i. 393. Black, with cross rows of pale-eyed spots, beneath pale, black- banded; shields over the orbits small, subequal. a. Half-grown, stuffed. India. b, c. Adult and half-grown, stuffed. India. d. Adult, stuffed. India, Nepal. Presented by H. B. Hodgson, Esq. e-h. Half-grown, young. India. - i. Very young. Olive, with black and white spots. India. . j, k. Half-grown, stuffed. India. From Mr. Warwick's collection. a 10 REPTILES. The LUNATED U ARAN. Uaranus lunatus. Nostrils large, nearly central ; shields over orbit small, sube- qual; dark brown, with lunate bands, directed backwards on the neck, and forwards on the body, and with cross bands on the tail ; belly and under side of tail whitish. a. Half-grown, stuffed. India. The PHILIPPINE UARAN. Uaranus ornatus. Nostrils large, central; shields over orbit small, subequal; olive, neck and front of the body with pale-spotted, broad, black cross bands; the hinder part of the body and tail with pale spots. a. Half-grown, in spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cu- ming's collection. DUMERIL's UARAN. Uaranus Dumerilii. Monitor Dumerilii, . Muller, Verh. Rept. t. 6. Schlegel, Abbild. 78. Brown, with obscure cross bands, with a black spot on side of neck; shields of the head and over the orbit nearly equal, mode- rate; scales large, convex. a. In spirits. Borneo. From Mr. Argent's collection. The ROUGH-NECKED UARAN. Uaranus rudicollis. Nostrils large, nearer the orbit than the end of the muzzle ; shields over the orbits nearly square, the hinder central ones ra- ther larger; scales of the back triangular, keeled, of the neck large, prominent; muzzle elongate ; black, with white streaks on back of neck, and bands across the back. a. Adult, stuffed. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's col- lection. b. Scales over the orbit small, with a central longitudinal series of larger plates. The CLOUDED UARAN. Uaranus nebulosus. Monitor nebu- . losus, Gray, in Griff. A. K. ix, 27. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 483, t. 35, f. 2, 3, head and scales. M. nebulatus, Schlegel, Abbild. 75, Nostril large, rather nearer the orbit than the end of the muz- zle; orbital shield with a larger series ; back of neck with con- verging dark streaks. a. Half-grown, in spirits. b. Young, in spirits. Olive, with white-eyed black rings. India. c. Half-grown, stuffed. From Mr. Warwick's collection. . C. Tail triangular, compressed, and with a doubly toothed crest above. Nostril small, round. Aquatic. 6. MONITOR, Gray. Polydædalus, Wagler. Uaranus, Fitz. Nostrils small, round, in the middle between the apex of the n. 7. LIZARDS. 11 muzzle and the front angle of the eye; tail elongate, compressed, with a double-edged keel above; toes elongate, unequal, strong ; teeth rounded. a. Scales over the eyes equal. Nape with lunate bands. African. The NILOTIC MONITOR. Monitor Niloticus, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 393. Geoff. Rept. Egypt. i. 121, t. 3, f. 1. Lacerta Niloti- ca, Hasselq. Iter. 361. Forsk. Fauna, t. Schneid. Amp. ii. 195. Daud. Rept. iii. 51. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 476. Wagler, Syst. 164. ? Lacerta Capensis, Sparm. Voy.t. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 393. Tupinambis ornatus, Daud. Rept. viii. 352. Merrem, Tent. 59. Stellio Saurus, Laur. Syn. 56. Tup. elegans, Daud. R. iii. 37, young. Tup. stellatus, Daud. R. iii. 59, t. 31, young. Mo- nitor pulcher, Leach, Bowd. Voy. Africa. Gray, Griff . A. K. t. young.-Seba, i. t. 94, f. 1, 2. t. 100, f. 3. t. 105, f. 1. ii. t. 49, f. 2. t. 97, f. 2. t. 105, f. 1. Head grey, when young with concentric rows of white spots; back of neck with lunate cross bands; under side of body and head greyish, white-spotted when young, black cross-banded; the shield over the eyes flat, subequal, many-sided. a. Adult, stuffed. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun. Esq. b. Young, in spirits. Africa. c. Half-grown, stuffed. Egypt. Presented by Sir J. G. Wilkinson - d–f. Half-grown and young, stuffed. N. Africa ? g. Young, in spirits. Ashantee. Presented by T. E. Bowditch, Esq. The specimen described by Dr. Leach. h-j. Young, in spirits. Africa. k. Young, in spirits. W. Africa. Presented by W. Raddon, Esq 1. Young, in spirits. Niger Expedition. Presented by Dr. W. Stanger. m. Young, in spirits. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum. n. Young. Africa, Fernando Po. From the Voyage of the Ethiope. 0—9. Young, stuffed. S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope. b. Scales over the eyes equal. Nape coloured like the back. The INDIAN MONITOR. Monitor Dracæna, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 393. Lacerta Dracæna, Linn. S. N. 360. Shaw, Zool.iii. 218, t. 67. Stellio Salveguardia, Laur. Syn. 57. Tupinambis Ben- galensis, Daud. Rept. iii. 67. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. t. 26. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 480. T. Indicus, Daud. Rept. iii. 46, t. 30. T. Cepedianus, Daud. Rept. iii. 42, t. 29. Uaranus guttatus, U. punctatus, and U. Argus, Merrem, 58-60. Monitor gemmatus, Guérin, Icon. t. 3, f. 1. Seba, i. t. 85, f. 2–4. t. 86, f.4, 5. t. 101. t. 105, f. 2. ii. t. 32, f. 3. t. 68, f. 2. Brown, black-spotted or yellow-eyed when young; nostrils cen- 12 REPTILES. tral; scales over the eyes flat, small, subequal, of the head rather larger. a, b. Young, in spirits. India. GOULD's Monitor. Monitor Gouldi, Schleyel. Hydrosaurus Gouldii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 394. Grey, Trav. ii. 422. Neck with 2 yellow streaks on the side; scales over the eyes small, granular, of forehead larger; ventral shields small, longer than broad. a-d. Half-grown, stuffed. North-western Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. e, f. Half-grown, stuffed. Western Australia. g. Young, stuffed. Western Australia. ħ-j. Adult, stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by Capt. Cham. bers, R.N. k. Adult, stuffed. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's collection. 1, m. Half-grown, stuffed. Adelaide. Presented by C. D. Fort- num, Esq. n, o. Half-grown, in spirits. Western Australia, From Mr. Gould's collection. c. Scales over the eyes with a larger central series. The DoTTED MONITOR. Monitor chlorostigma, Cuv. Mus. Paris. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. Schlegel, Abbild. t. 22, f. 6, head. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 394. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iii. 489. Olive, with greenish dots; nostrils rather nearer the muzzle than the eyes; head-scales flat; scales over the orbit unequal, the central series very large. a. Adult, stuffed. From the Paris Museum. . b. ? Young, in spirits. Black, with cross bands of white rings; belly black-banded; head white-dotted. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, R.N. 7. HYDROSAURUS, Wagler. Tupinambis, Fitz. Nostrils oblong, longitudinal, near the apex of the muzzle ; tail elongated, with a double-edged keel above; toes unequal, elon- gate; teeth compressed, sharp-edged, denticulated : scales small. * Scales over the orbit equal. Neck with lunate bands. The LACE LIZARD. Hydrosaurus varius, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 394. Lacerta varia, Shaw. White, Jour. N. S. W. 246, t. 3, f. 2. Nat. Misc. iii. t. 83. Merrem, Tent. 58. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 491. Gray, King's Voy. ii. 427. Tupinambis variegatus, Daud. Rept. iii. 76. Hydrosaurus v. Wagler, Syst. 164 Scales over the orbit very small, equal. LIZARDS. 13 - a. Half-grown, in spirits. New Holland. b, c. Adult, stuffed. New Holland. Presented by J. Gould, Esq. d, e. Adult, stuffed. New Holland. BELL’s Lace LIZARD. Hydrosaurus Bellii. Uaranus Bellii, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. iii. 493, t. 35, f. 1. Gray, in Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 422. Pale, body and tail with broad black cross bands; scales of the orbit dilated, equal. Inhab. ? Mus. Bell. ** Scales on the orbit equal, small. Neck spotted like the back. The Gigantic LACE LIZARD. Hydrosaurus giganteus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. - Brown, back and tail with cross bands of large black-edged white spots; neck and under side of body pale, with large black round reticulations; legs white-spotted; toes rather short, strong; shields of the head subequal, convex, over the orbits very small, granular. a. Adult, length 78 inches. N. coast of New Holland. Present- ed by Capt. Stokes, R.N. *** Scales over the orbits with a larger central longitudinal series. The Two-STREAKED LACE LIZARD. Hydrosaurus Salvator. H. bivittatus, Wagler, Syn. 164. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 394. Stel- lio Salvator, Laur. Syn. 56. Shaw, Zool. iii. 214, t. 66. Tupi- nambis bivittatus, Kuhl. Beitr. 125. Boie, Iris, xviii. 205. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 486. Uaranus vittatus, Lesson, Voy. Belang. 307. Monitor elegans, Gray, Zool. Jour. Seba, ii. t. 30, f. 2. cop. Shaw, Zool. t. 66. Lacerta Monitor? Herm. Obs. 254. M. marmoratus, Weigmann, N. Act. xviii. t. 14 ? U. Cumingii, Martin, Proc. Z. Soc. 1838, 69? Seba, ii. t. 30, f. 2. t. 86, f. 2. Tupinambis exilis, Reinu. a. Half-grown, in spirits. China. Presented by J. Lindsay, Esq. b, c. Half-grown, stuffed. India ? d. Half-grown, stuffed. S. Africa. From Dr. Krauss' collection. e. Half-grown, in spirits. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum. The GREEN LACE LIZARD. Hydrosaurus prasinus. Monitor prasinus, Muller, Verhan. Rept. t. 5. Schleg. Abbild.78, t. 22, f. 5. Green, with narrow dark cross-bands, generally placed in pairs, those of the neck lunate, the rest transverse, with a brown streak on the cheek behind the nostril; head-shields flat, rather large, those over the orbits larger in a series. Inhab. West coast of New Guinea. Mus. Leyden. ? Monitor inornatus, Schlegel, Abbild, 72. Inhab.“ N. Hol- land,” Schlegel. с a 14 REPTILES. Fam. II. CALTETEPONS, (HELODERMIDÆ). The head depressed, covered with many-sided subequal convex shields; muzzle rounded; rostral, nasal, and front labial plates thin, flat; teeth on the inner side of the jaws, incurved, with a groove on the front of the inner side. Femoral pores none. Tongue ? The back and sides with oblong, 6-sided, very convex, shield-like scales. The belly with oblong, rather convex plates. Tail round, with oblong, convex scales above, and flat, elongate, thin plates beneath. Legs 4, strong; toes 5-5; claws curved. 1. HELODERMA, Weigm. Trachyderma, Wagler. The CALTETEPON. Heloderma horridum, Weigm. Isis, 1829, 627. H. M.t. 1. Wagl. Icon. t. 18. Schinz, Rept. t. 33, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 499, t. 36, bad. De Caltetepon, Hernand, H. N. Hisp. 315. Brown, yellow-spotted. a. Half-grown. Mexico. b. Adult Mexico. Presented by Dr. John Richardson. B. Head with large regular shields. Tongue mostly free at the base. * Sides flattish, granular. Fam. III. TEGUEXINS, (TEIDÆ). Head pyramidical, covered with regular many-sided shields ; supraorbital plate horny; teeth solid, rooted; tongue elongate, flat, free (rarely slightly sheathed at the base). Scales of the back granular or keeled, rhombic. Sides flat, covered with small gra- nular scales. Throat scaly, with a double collar, rarely indistinct. The New or Western world. a LIZARDS. 15 Synopsis of the Genera. I. Throat with 2 cross folds, with larger 6-sided scales between. A. Ventral shields small, lony, smooth. Tongue contractile. 1. Teius. Toes 5-5. Femoral pores distinct. 2. CALLOPISTES. Femoral pores none. Toes 5-5. B. Ventral shields broad, smooth. * Tongue elongate, sheathed at the base. Teeth compressed. 3. AMEIVA. Toes 5-5. Teeth 3-lobed. ** Tongue not sheathed, free at the base. 4. CNEMIDOPHORUS. Teeth compressed longitudinally, 3-lobed. Toes 5-5. 5. DICRODON. Teeth compressed transversely, bifid. Toes 5-5. 6. ACRANTUS. Teeth compressed transversely, bifid. Toes 5-4. II. Throat with a collar of large shields. a a. Collar and ventral shields keeled. Tail round. 7. ACANTHOPYGA. Scales of back large, of sides granular. 8. CENTROPYX. Scales of back and sides moderate, in many series. b. Collar and ventral shields smooth, elongate. Tail round. 9. EMMINIA. Scales of back rhombic, keeled, equal. c. Collar and ventral shields smooth, elongate. Tail compressed. 10. CROCODILURUs. Scales of back equal, similar. 11. Custa. Scales of back unequal. Throat with a collar of large scales. 12. Ada. Scales of back unequal. Throat with 2 plaits. C2 16 REPTILES. I. Throat with two cross folds, the scales in the middle between them 6-sided. Abdominal shields smooth. Tail rounded. Nostrils between two large nasal plates. a. Abdominal shields small, longer than broad: dorsal scales small equal. Teiina. 1. TEIUS, Merrem. Podinema and Ctenodon, Wagler. Tupi- nambis, part, Daud. Monitor, Fitz. Salvator, Dum. et Bib. Exypneustes, Kaup. Toes 5-5. Tail round. Teeth of young adnate to the inner side of the jaws, pectinated in front and 3-lobed on the side. As the animal grows, the base of the teeth becomes surrounded by the bone of the jaw, and the front teeth lose their lobes and become more rounded. The TEGUEXIN. Teius Teguexim, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 276. T. Monitor, Merrem, Tent. 61. Variegated Lizard, Shau, Zool. t. 73. Lacerta Teguexin, Linn. Mus. Ad. 45. S. N. i. 368. Tupi- nambis Monitor, Daud. 111, 20. Spix, R. B. t. 19. Seps mar- moratus, Laur. Syn. 59. Seba, t. 96, f. 23. Pr. Max. Abbild. t. from life. Monitor Meriana, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816,111. Dum. et Bib. v. 85. Le Sauvegarde, Merian, Surin. t. 70, t. 4. Tegongouajou, Azara, Parag. 387. Green, black-varied, with 2 series of white spots on the upper part of each side; the cheek with 2 plates behind the nasal, the hinder one being rather the largest, and followed by an arched se- ries of square plates on the front of the eye; the upper edge of the temple with 4 or 5 small square equal shields; the hinder la- teral teeth of adult very large, rounded. a-c. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's collection. d-f. Adult, stuffed. g. Half-grown, stuffed. The SPOTTED TEGUEXIN. Teius nigropunctatus. Tupinam- bis nigropunctatus, Spix, Braz. t. 20. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. v. 90. Wagler, Syst. 153.—Seba, i. 150, t. 96, f. 2, 3. Green, black-varied, back with 6 series of white spots; cheek with only one plate behind the nasal, with a series of narrow shields under the eyes, the first rather the largest and trigonal; the upper edge of the temple with 5 rather large square shields; the cheek-teeth 3-lobed; gular shields large. , a, b. Half-grown and younger, in spirits. The first suborbital shield large to the middle of the third upper labial. c. Half-grown, in spirits, like a. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart. LIZARDS. 17 d. Young, in spirits. First suborbital shield smaller to the suture between the third and fourth upper labial. Black, with a nar- row white band and edges of the head-shields. e. Half-grown, stuffed. f. Adult, in spirits. Partly bleached. Lacerta Teguexin, Shaw, B. M. g. Adult, in spirits. Olive, black-spotted, with rows of black- edged white spots. Demerara. Presented by Col. Sabine, R.E. 2. CALLOPISTES, Gravenh. Aporomera, Dum. et Bib. Toes 5-5, slightly compressed, the hinder rather tubercular on the inner edge; femoral pores none; teeth separate; tongue not sheathed at the base ; palate toothed ; cheek-teeth compressed, arched, the hinder lobed; nostrils between 2 plates; ventral plates small, oblong, 4-sided, smooth, rather longer than broad; tail slightly 4-sided. The YELLOW-SPOTTED CALLOPISTES. Callopistes flavipunc- tata. A poromera flavipunctata, Dum. et Bib. È. Gen. v. 72. — Seba, i. 174, t. 110, f. 4,5. Brownish black, yellow-dotted. Inhab. The EYED CALLOPISTES. Callopistes celestis. Ameiva celes- tis, D'Orbig. Voy. A. M. t. 5, f. 6. Aporomera ornata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 76. Olive, with 4 series of white-edged black spots. a, b. In spirits. Tail orange beneath. Chili. From Mr. Bridge's collection. b. Abdominal shields smooth, broader than long. Thighs shielded beneath. Ameivina. 3. AMEIVA, Cuv. Cnemidophorus part, Wagler. Cnemid. sect. A. Weigm. Toes 5-5; femoral pores distinct; teeth tricuspid ; the palate toothed or toothless; tongue very long, narrow, contractile, and slightly sheathed under the glottis, with very long filiform tips. * Ventral shields 14-18-rowed, caudal scales elongate, keeled. The LARGER AMEIVA. Ameiva major, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 177. Heel simple; ventral shields 16 or 18 rowed. Inhab. Cayenne, (Mus. Paris). The PALE-HEADED AMEIVA. Ameiva punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 277. Ventral shields 14-rowed ; the scales of the hinder sides of the arm above the elbow rather larger rhombic, above the hind heel C3 18 REPTILES. granular, minute; outer row of shields under the hind legs 7, the second and third the largest and nearly equal; olive, with black wavy lines, sides darker, with white spots on the lower part; head in spirits pale reddish. a. Adult, in spirits. Demerara. Presented by Col. Sabine, R.E. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Demerara ? A. undulata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 277. ** Ventral shields 10-rowed ; caudal scales elongate, keeled. The AMEIVA. Ameiva Surinamensis. Seps Surinamensis, and S. Zeylanicus, Laur. Syn. 59. Lacerta graphica, Daud. R. iii. 112. L. gutturosa, Daud. R. ii. 119. L. literata, Daud. R. iii. 106. Teius Ameiva, Merrem. Spix, Braz. t. 23, 7. Pr. Max. Beytr.t good. good. T. lateristriga, and T. tritaniatus, Spix, Bras. t. 24, f. 2, p. A. vulgaris, Licht. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 100. A. maculata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 277. A. Argus, Fitz. Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 4, f. 1. Cnemidophorus undulatus, Weigm. H. . . Mex. 27? Seba, i. t. 88, f. 2,7. t. 90, f.7, 5. t.103, f.3,4,5. t. 88, f.1, 4. t.89, f.3, 4. ii. t. 63, f. 4,4. Shields on the hinder part of the arm just above the elbow rhombic, scarcely larger than the others; the fore foot with 2 or 3 large prominent scales at the back of the palm; heel of the hind- er foot simple above; preanal shields 3 or 5, in two series, nearly equal; olive, nape and front of back black-speckled ; side with cross bands of black-edged white spots; the outer part of the un- der side of the hind legs with 8 plates, the second, third and fourth nearly equal, the rest smaller. a. Adult, in spirits. Larger preanal scales 3, 1 anterior, 2 poste- rior ; ventral shields nearly 12-rowed. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Preanal plates 5, 2 in front, 3 behind. c. Young, in spirits. Preanal plates 3. d. Young, in spirits. Preanal plates rather irregular, 5, 2 front largest, shield on back of elbow larger. e. Young, in spirits. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's col- lection. The SPOTTED AMEIVA. Ameiva guttata. Shields on the hinder part of the fore arm just above the elbow rhombic, rather larger; fore foot with 2 or 3 larger tubercles be- hind; heel of the hinder foot with small scales above; the outer part of the under side of the hind leg with 6 plates, the second and third much the largest, especially the second, the rest gradu- ally smaller; preanal shields in 2 series, the hinder series largest ; olive, black-speckled, sides dark, with cross rows of black-edged white spots. LIZARDS. 19 a. Half-grown, in spirits. Demerara. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Brazils. From M. Clausen's collection. c. Adult, in spirits. d. Half-grown, in spirits. e, f. In spirits. Pernambuco. Presented by Mrs. J. P. G. Smith. The SHIELDED AMEIVA. Ameiva scutata. Shields of hinder part of arm just above the elbow rhombic, ra- ther larger; fore feet with 2 or 3 tubercles; heel of hind feet with small granular scales behind; the outer part of the under side of the hind leg with 6 or 7 shields, the second and third largest, the second nearly twice as large as the third, rest graduated ; preanal shields in 3 rows, the 2 anterior moderate, central one behind the other, with a cross row of 12 gradually diminishing scales behind them. a. Young, in spirits. PLEE's AMEIVA. Ameiva Plei, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. v. 114. Shields on the hinder part of the arm just above the elbow di- lated transversely; scales above and behind the heel small, granu- lar; the shields of the outer series under the hind legs very large. Inhab. St. Domingo and Martinique, (Mus. Paris). SLOANE's AMEIVA. Ameiva dorsalis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 277. Ameiva Sloanei, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. v. 107. Lacerta major, &c. Sloane, Jam. ii. 333, t. 272, f. 3. Edwards, Birds, iv. t. 203. Shields of hinder part of arm just above the elbow 6-sided trans- verse; heel of the hind feet with a group of acutely tubercled scales behind; the temples are granular; the hinder lower labials small, separated from the gular shields by series of granular scales; pre- anal shields in 3 series, subequal; shields under the hinder legs 6 or 7, the second and third larger, the third the largest ; olive, back with a pale streak commencing at the nape and becoming gradually wider; sides with a series of whitish spots. a. Half-grown, in spirits. Two front preanal shields one before the other. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Preanal shields in 3 series, the first of 1, the second of 2 shields. Jamaica. Presented by R. Hew- ard, Esq. MACLEAY'S AMEIVA. Ameiva trilineata, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 114. Olive, with 3 pale streaks ; shields of the hinder part of the fore arm just above the elbow rather dilated, rhombic; heel of the hind feet with a small group of acute tubercles behind; temple granular; the hinder lower labial and gular plates small, with 1 or 2 series of granular scales between them; the second and third shields on the outer part of the under side of the hind leg very . 20 REPTILES. 2 large, the second nearly as long as wide; preanal shields 6, the hinder 4 subequal; the outer series of abdominal shields small; occipital shields 3, large; tail with a white streak on each side. a-c. Half-grown, in spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. Mac- Leay Esq. d. Adult male. Spine on heel large. Cuba. Presented by W. . S. MacLeay, Esq. AUBER'S AMEIVA. Ameiva Auberi, Cocteau Sagra, Cuba Rept. 76, t. 6. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 112. Shields of the hinder part of the fore arm above the elbow ra- ther dilated; heel of the hind feet with a group of acute tubercles behind; temples granular, shielded in front; the hinder lower la- bial shields few and large, without any granules between them and the gular plates. Inhab. Cuba, Mus. Paris. *** Ventral shields 8-rowed. (Caudal plates keeled ?). The WAVED AMEIVA. Ameiva undulatus, Weigm. MSS. Cnemidophorus undulatus, Weigm. H. Mex. 27. “Scales of the middle of the throat and mesoptychis very large, shield-like, scarcely imbricate; greenish, sides varied with black and white spots. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. The MURINE AMEIVA. Ameiva murinus, Weigm. Cnemido- phorus murinus, Weiym. H. Mex. 27. • Scales of the chin and throat subequal, of the mesoptychis rounded or ovate, many-sided ; first upper labial shield entire ; sides and thighs white-spotted ; adult, back one-coloured, young, bluish-green, with 8 pale streaks.” Inhab. Surinam. Mus. Berlin. **** Ventral shields 8-rowed. Upper caudal plates rhomboidal, keelless. The LINED AMEIVA. Ameiva lineolata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 119. The upper part of the back of the elbow with some rather lar- ger rhombic scales; the second and third shields on the outer side of the under part of the leg very large ; scales at the upper part of the back of the heel small, granular. Inhab. St. Domingo. Mus. Paris, (1 spec.) 4. CNEMIDOPHORUS, Wagler.— Dum. f. Bib. Toes 5-5; femoral pores distinct. Cheek-teeth compressed, the hinder 3-lobed ; tongue short, base simple, rather dilated and swollen, and with 2 rather short depressed tips; palate toothed ; intermaxillary teeth 6; nostrils in, or rather within the edge of, the nasal plate. LIZARDS. 21 * Front of the upper arm with rhombic scales. Ventral shields in 10 series. Cnemidophorus. The MURINE TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus murinus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 126. Seps murinus, Laur. Syn. 63. Seba, Thes. ii. t. 105, f. 2. Lacerta Ameiva, Daud. Rept. iii. 98. Nostrils in the suture between 2 plates; front edge of the up- per arm with small rhombic scales only, the second shield on the under side of the hind leg largest, nearly as broad as long; pur- plish (in spirits), with a series of large bluish spots on each side of a the back. a. Half-grown, in spirits, discoloured ? The Long-TAILED TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus longicauda. LONG Ameiva longicauda, Bell, Zool. Beagle, 28, t. 15, f. 1. Nostril in the middle of the nasal; scales of the front of the fore arm large, rhombic, smooth, in 2 series; front upper labial trigonal, angle rather truncated ; shields under the legs 6-sided, third largest; tail elongate, scales rhombic, strongly keeled; white, upper part and sides with numerous black streaks. a. In spirits. Tail imperfect. Bahia Blanca, N. Patagonia. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. ** Front of the upper arm shielded. Ventral shields in 8 series. Taraguira. The TAGAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus lemniscatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 128. Lacerta lemniscatus, Daud. Rept. iii. 175, t. 36, f. 1, young Petiv. Gaz. t. 150, f. 11. Seba, i. 144, t. 91, f. 3. Ameiva lineata, Gray, Ann. N. H.i. Blue, back black-lined, sides white-spotted; nostrils on the su- ture of the nasal shield; front of the fore arm with 2 complete se- ries of dilated shields; male with a sharp spur on each side the vent; second, third and fourth shields on the outer side on the un- der part of the hind leg largest, transverse and subequal; preanal plates 4, in 2 series. a, b. Male, adult and half-grown, in spirits. Tropical America. The SHIELDED TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus scutata. Blue, with black dorsal streaks, sides paler spotted ; nostrils in the suture of the nasal shields; front of the upper fore arm with 2 series of dilated shields; the second and third shields on the out- er side of the under part of the hind legs very large, third largest, nearly as long as broad; preanal plates 3, large; males with a spur on each side of the vent. a, 6. Male, adult, and female, half-grown, in spirits. The Six-LINED TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 131 ? Lacerta sexlineata, Linn. S. N. i. 364. 22 REPTILES. Daud. R. iii. 183. Holbrook, N. A. Herp. i. 63, t. 6. Ameiva li- neata, var. 3, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 287. Nostrils within the edge of the nasal plate; first upper labial plate 4-sided, narrower above; olive, with 3 or 4 yellow streaks on each side; the front of the fore arm with 2 or 3 series of shields. Var. I. Fore arm with 2 series of shields; preanal plates 3; occipital plate variable. a-c. Half-grown, in spirits, partly bleached. N.? America. d. Young, in spirits. N. America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. y. Young. Preanal shields rather irregular. N. America. From Mr. Drummond's collection, Var. 2. Front of the fore arms with 3 series of shields; prea- nal plates 2, one before the other, (hinder 2 soldered ?). e. Half-grown, in spirits, partly bleached. f. Young, in spirits. N. America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. The LIZARD-LIKE TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus lacertinoides, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 134. Nostrils within the edge of the nasal plate; front upper labial plate quadrilateral; the upper part of the fore arm with 2 series of shields; olive or blue, with 2 yellow streaks with a series of black spots between them on each side. a. Chili, Monte Video. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. *** Fore arm ? Ventral shields 8-rowed. - . DEPPE's TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus Deppii, Weigm. H. Mex. 29. “Ashy with 8 pale greenish streaks, sides spotless; scales of the chin small, of the middle of the throat larger, of the middle of the fold moderate, imbricate, rhombic; the front upper labial shield denticulated ; male not spurred." Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. SACK's TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus Sackii, Weigm. H. Mex. 29. “Greenish, with black brown cross bands and 2 pale streaks; scales of the throat subequal, small, oblong, of the middle of the fold moderate, imbricate. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. The SPOTTED TARAGUIRA. Cnemidophorus guttatus, Weigm. H. Mex. 29. “Ashy, throat with white longitudinal spots, sides olive, black- ish, spotless, edged with 2 streaks; scales of the middle of the throat larger, of the middle of the fold large, nearly rhombic, im- bricate.” Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. LIZARDS. 23 5. DICRODON, Dum. et Bib. Tongue moderately large, rather dilated, not contracted and sheathed at the base, with 2 depressed tips; palate not toothed; cheek-teeth flattened, transverse, and bluntly 2-lobed at the tip; nostrils on the edge of the nasal plate. Toes 5-5, rather com- pressed, not keeled beneath. The SPOTTED DICRODON. Dicrodon guttulatum, Eydoux, MSS. Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 138. Olive, white-spotted, with 2 white streaks on each side. Inhab. Peru. Mus. Paris, (1 spec.) 6. ACRANTUS, Wagl. Teius, Fitz. Toes 5-4, the outer hind toe rudimentary and short. Tail round, with elongated keeled scales. Cheek-teeth flattened trans- versely, and bluntly 2-lobed at the tip; palate toothed. The CARAPOPEBA. Acrantus Teyou. Acrantus Teyou. Lacerta Teyou, Daud. Rept. iii. 195. Tejus viridis, Merr. Tent. 60. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 277. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 143. Ameiva oculata, D'Orbig. Voy. A. M. t. 5, f. 1, (toes wrong). Carapopeba, Marc. Braz. 238. Green, with a series of black spots and 2 pale streaks on each side; front of arm shielded; the third shield on the outer side of the under part of the bind leg very large; preanal shield 4-sided. a. Half-grown, in spirits. The second and third shields on one of the legs united into one. From the Berlin Museum. II. Throat with a collar of large shields. a. Collar and ventral shields lanceolate, imbricate, keeled. Thighs scaly beneath. Nostrils between two nasal plates. Tail round. Toes 5-5, compressed, not keeled beneath. Tongue enlarged be- hind, and sheathed at the base. Palate toothed. pressed, 3-lobed. Centropicina. Cer 7. ACANTHOPYGA, Gray. Pseudoameiva, Fitz. Scales of the back larger, keeled in 17 or 25 series, keels con- tinuous, of the sides granular; collar toothed. The STRIATED SPINE-TAIL.Acanthopyga striata, Gray. Ann. N. H. i. 278. Lacerta striata, Daud. Rept. iii. 247, from Merrem, Wetter Ann. i. t. 1. Pr. Max. t. 13. Guérin, Icon. t. Gray, Griffith, A. K. i. 31. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 151. Weigm. H. M.9. Olive, with white streaks, sides spotted. Inhab. Surinam. Mus. Paris and Leyden. 8. CENTROPYX, Spix. Trachygaster, Wagler. Acanthopyga, Leach. Pseudoameiva, Fitz. The scales of the back moderate, ovate, keeled, in many (40) series, of the sides rather smaller, of the belly very large ; scales of the collar not prolonged beyond their free edge. Teeth com- 24 REPTILES. The SPURRED Centropyx. Centropyx calcaratus, Spix, Br. CENTROPYX t. 22, f. 2. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 278. Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 4, f. 3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 149. Schinz, R.97, t. 36, f. 2. Weigm. H. M. 9. C. intermedius, B.M. Olive-green, with 3 paler streaks and 2 series of black spots on the back, beneath greenish white. a. Adult, in spirits. Female. Alabama. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. b. Adult, in spirits, discoloured. c. Adult, in spirits. Trop. America. Trop. America. Presented by Col. Sabine, R.E. b. Collar and ventral shields 4-sided, smooth, broader than long. Thighs beneath shielded. Tail round, tapering. Toes 5-5. Inguinal pores distinct. Collar indistinct. Emminiina. 9. EMMINIA. Scales of back rhombic, keeled, subequal, keels forming con- tinuous ridges; of the tail whorled, of the upper part elongate, 4- sided, keeled, keels forming ridges, of the lower side broad, smooth, in 2 series; of the sides of body smaller, ovate, convex, sub-imbri- cate; of the sides of the neck granular; of the throat broad, shield- like, in 2 longitudinal series; collar indistinct, formed of 3 shields. Tongue not sheathed at the base. Head-shields 19; the gullet . shielded all over. Nostrils between 2 nasal shields, over the mid- dle of the upper surface of the first labial. Toes 5-5, unequal, slender, rather compressed, each with 2 rows of rather convex scales beneath. Femoral pores 1 (or 2) at the base of each thigh. The EMMINIA. Emminia olivacea. Olive, back with a central brown streak, and a brown-edged pale streak on each side; sides greyish, beneath silvery, with a few minute brown dots; gular shields 9, anterior single, with 4 pair and a single one on each side between the suture of the fourth and fifth pairs and the angle of the mouth. a. Young, in spirits. Pernambuco. Presented by Mrs. J. P. George Smith. c. Collar and ventral shields 4-sided, smooth, as long as broad. Tail compressed, 2-crested above. Toes 5-5, not keeled below. Croco- dilurina. 10. CROCODILURUS, Spix. Ada, part, Gray. Scales of the back equal. Cheek-teeth on the inside of the jaws, the hinder tricuspid ; tongue not sheathed at the base, with 2 depressed tips; palate not toothed; nostrils between 3 shields. Femoral pores distinct. Toes 5-5, rather compressed, not keeled beneath, the outer hinder toothed on the side. a LIZARDS. 25 The LIZARDET. Crocodilurus Lacertinus, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 46. Tupinambis lacertinus, Daud. Rept. iii. 85. C.amazo- nicus, Spix, Braz. t. 20. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 278. Wagler, Icon. t. 15. Weigm. H. Mex. 8. C. ocellatus, Spix, Braz. t. 21, Jun. Brown, with black spots; throat and belly yellow; young, sides black, with reddish white spots, beneath whitish, black-spotted. Inhab. Brazils, Guiana. Mus. Paris. a 10. Ada, Gray. Dracæna, Daud. not Linn. Thorictes, Wagl. Dum. et Bib. Scales of the back unequal, larger oval. Tail with a serrated crest on each side above. Throat with a double plait. "Teeth on the edge of the jaw," the hinder 3-lobed ; palate toothless; nostrils in the keel, in the middle of the longitudinal suture be- tween the two nasal shields. The GREAT Dragon. Ada Guianensis. Dracæna Guianensis, Daud. Rept. ii. 423, t. 28. Wagler, Syst. 153. Weigm. H. M. S. Le Dragonne, Lucep. Q. 0. i. 243, t. 16. Bannot, Erpet. E. M. t. 3, f. 2. Teius crocodilinus, Merrem, Tent. 62. Thorictes Dra- cæna, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 56. Olive, beneath yellow, brown varied. Inhab. Tropical America. Mus. Paris. 11. Custa, Fleming. Neusticurus, Dum. et Bib. Dracæna, Guér. Scales of the hack unequal. Tail with a serrated crest on each a side. Throat with a collar of large scales. Tongue not sheathed at the base; palate toothless ; cheek-leeth compressed, 3-lobed ; nostrils lateral, small, in the centre of a large oval plate. Toes 5-5, not keeled beneath, nor toothed on the edge. The SMALLER DRAGON. Custa bicarinata, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 274. Lacerta bicarinata, Linn. S. N. i. 361. Guérin, Ic. t. 3, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 64, t. 49. Thorictis Guianensis, Wagler, Syst. 153, junior. Monitor crocodilinus, Gray, Griffith, 4. K, xi. t. 16. Brown, with large blackish spots and cross bands; sides and beneath yellowish. . a. Young, in spirits. Tropical America. D 26 REPTILES, Fam. 4. LIZARDS, (LACERTINIDÆ). Head pyramidical, covered with regular many-sided shields; supraorbital plate rigid. Throat scaly, often with a cross fold in front, and a collar of larger scales behind. Tongue elongate, flat, free at the base, exsertile, long-forked. Teeth hollow rooted. Scales granular or rhombic, keeled. Sides flat, covered with small granular scales. Inhab. Old or Eastern World and Australasia. Synopsis of the Genera. I. Nostril erect, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal shield, just above the labial shield, with 1 or 2 shields behind it. Eyelid distinct. A. Toes simple, compressed, not keeled nor fringed. Collar distinct. a. Scales granular or 6-sided, elongate. Posterior nasal shield single. Collar distinct. 1. ZOOTOCA. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque. b. Scales granular or 6-sided, elongate. Posterior nasal shields 2, small, one above the other. Collar distinct. 3. Theria. Lower eyelid transparent. THETIA 2. LACERTA. Lower eyelid opaque. Chin-fold distinct. Abdo- minal shields narrowed behind. 4. TEIRA. Lower eyelid opaque. Chin-fold distinct. Abdominal shields square. 5. NUCRAS. Lower eyelid opaque. Chin-fold indistinct. Abdo- minal shield narrow behind. Preanal shields one before the other. c. Scales rhombic, keeled. Posterior nasal shields 2, small, one above the other. 6. NOTOPHOLIS. Collar and throat-fold distinct. 7. TROPIDOSAURUS. Collar and throat-fold indistinct. d. Scales rhombic, keeled. Posterior nasal shields single. Collar indistinct. 8. Algira. Ventral shields roundish, thin. B. Toes keeled beneath, and sometimes fringed on the sides. Scales keeled. Posterior nasal single. 9. ACANTHODACTYLUS. Toes fringed on the sides. 10. PSAM MODROMUS. Toes not fringed on the sides. Collar in- distinct. LIZARDS. 27 II. Nostril horizontal on the ridge, between three swollen scales, one between the nostril and labial. Toes keeled beneath or fringed on the side. a. Eyelid distinct. 11. SCRAPTEIRA. Toes depressed, fringed on the edge, not keeled beneath. Collar indistinct. 12. EREMIAS. Toes compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the edge, Collar distinct. . Preanal shields small, in several series, in central series one behind the other. 13. MESALINA. Toes compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the edge. Collar distinct. Preanal shield single, semicircular, with 1 or 2 arched series of smaller ones round it. 14. CABRITA. Toes rather compressed, keeled beneath, not frin- ged on the sides. Collar none. b. Eyelid rudimentary. Eye circular, exposed. 15. OPHIOPS. I. Nostrils erect, lateral, subapical, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal plate just above the labial, and with 1 or 2 posterior nasals behind it. Eyelid distinct Dorsal scales somewhat granular. Ventral shields broad, smooth. A. Toes simple, compressed, not keeled beneath nor fringed on the sides. a. Scales granular or elongate, 6-sided. Collar distinct. Lacertina. + Posterior nasal single. 1. ZootoCA, Wagler. Lacerta, part, Linn. Nostrils on the side of the nose, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal shield, with 1 small posterior nasal. Lower eyelid opaque, scaly. Throat with a narrow cross fold under the ears. Abdominal shields square. Temple scales small, with a larger central one. Preanal shield single, surrounded by smaller ones. * Ventral shields 6-rowed. Dorsal scales rather long, 6-sided. The SCALY LIZARD. Zootoca vivipara. Lacerta vivipara, Jacq. N. A. Helv. i. 33, t. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 205. L. cro- cea, Wolf. Sturm's Fauna Germ. t. 4. Eversm. N. M. Mosq. iii. 347, t. 3, f. 1, 2. L. pyrrogaster, Merrem, Tent. 67. L. montana, Mikan, Sturm, Fauna, t. L. agilis, Penn. B. Z. iii. t. 3, f. 7. Licht. Doubl. 93. L. ædura, Sheppard, Linn. Trans. vii. 50 (male in summer). L. Schreibersiana, Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 83, t. 5, f. 5. Dugés, Ann. S. N. xvi. 37. L. chrysogaster, Andrz. L. uni- color, Kuhl, Beit. 121? L. praticola, Evers. N. M. Mosq. iii. 347, t. 30, f. 2. Z. Jacquini, and Z. Guerini, Coct. Mag. Zool. t. 9. Z. muralis, Gray, Ann. N. H. 279. D2 28 REPTILES. . Ventral shields 8-rowed ; the temple covered with many-sided shields with a larger central shield; olive, back with a white-edged blackish streak on each side, and a central black streak, belly orange (in summer), black-spotted. Var. 1. Black. Ireland, Lacerta nigra, Wolf. F. G. t. a-d. Adult, in spirits. Devonshire. a e. Adult, in spirits. Cheltenham. f. Adult in spirits. S. of Europe. 9, h. Adult, in spirits. Dalmatia. From M. Heckle's collection. Lac. crocea, Heckle. i-k. Adult, in spirits. Pool-heath. Presented by W. Thompson. Esq. ** Ventral shields 6 or 8 rowed. Dorsal scales small, broad, 6-sided. The TILIQUERTA. Zootoca muralis. Lacerta muralis, Mer- rem, Tent. 67. Licht. Doubl. 92. Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 67, 84, t. 6, f. 1, t. 7, f. 3, t. 8, f. 2. Duges, Ann. S. N. xvi. 380, t. 15, f. 5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 230. Bonap. F. Ital. t. —. Seps muralis, Laur. S. 61, 162, t. 1, f. 4. Koch, Sturm, Faun.t. - Seps sericeus, Laur. 61, 160, t. 2, f. 5. Merrem, Tent. 63. Ameiva Tiliquerta, Meyen, Syn. 28. Daud. Rept. iii. 167. L. agilis, Daud. Rept. iii . 211, t. 38, f. 1. Lezard gris, Daub. Q. Ovip. 636. L. Brongni- artii , Daud. Rept. iii. 221. Fauna Franc. t. 9, f. 1. L maculata, f Daud. Rept. iii. 208, t. 37, f. 2. L. olivacea, and L. puccina, Rafin.? L. Merremia, and L. fasciata, Risso, E. Merid. iii. 86, 87. Podarcis Merremi, Filz. MSS. L. saxicola, Eversm. Mem. Mosq. iii. 349, t. 30, f. 1. Z. quadrilineata, Gray, Ann. N.H. i. 279. Temple covered with small tubercular scales, with a large cen- tral circular shield; ventral plates 0-rowed, middle row rather the narrowest ; head rather depressed; scales of the back small, cir- cular, convex; collar continuous, even, not toothed, of 11 scales; green. a-c. Adult, in spirits. Green, sides black-varied, with 2 pale streaks. Sardinia. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. d-f. Adult, in spirits. Larger ; green, varied with black, with a pale streak on the upper part of each side. Sardinia. 9, h. Adult. Blue, with a central series of black spots. Malta. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. i-k. Adult. Smaller ; blue, spotless. Shores of the Mediterra- nean. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. 1. Adult, in spirits. Like d. Portugal. Presented by T. Bright- well, Esq. m. Half-grown, in spirits, had state. Like g. S. Europe. Pre- sented by T. Bell, Esq. . LIZARDS. 29 n. Adult, in spirits. Like d. S. Europe. Presented by T. Bell, Esq. 0, p. Adult, in spirits. Malta. Presented by Miss Emilie Attersoll. 9. Adult, in spirits. S. Europe. Presented by the Hon. A. Rus- sell. The LONG-HEADED LIZARD. Zootoca oxycephala. Lacerta oxycephala, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 235. Temple covered with small swollen scales, with a larger central one; dorsal scales oval, rather convex; ventral shields 6-rowed. a ? Young, in spirits. Spain? or Madeira ? Presented by P. B. Webb, Esq. The Taurian Lizard. Zootoca Taurica. Lacerta Taurica, Pallas, Z. Ross. Asiat. iii. 30. Ratke, Acad. Petersb. iii. 302, t. 2, f. 1,4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 225. L. Peloponesiaca, Bib. Exp. Morea, Rept. 66, t. 10, f. 4, (young). L. muralis, Bib. Exped. Morea, Rept. t. 10, f. 2, 7, f.3, 4. L. agilis, Menest. Cat. 60, 209. Temple covered with unequal, flat, polygonal and some circu- lar shields; scales of the back small, circular, convex; olive, with 2 white streaks on each side; throat-fold distinct. Inhab. Crimea, Morea, Corfu and Sicily. The STRIPED LIZARD. Zootoca taniolata. Lacerta tæniolata, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 93. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 247. Scales of the temples ovate, 6-sided, equal, convex, of the back rounded; subcollar of 9 scales; ventral shields 8-rowed; hinder legs not reaching the shoulders. Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Dr. A. Smith and Paris. *** Ventral shields 12-rowed. LORD DERBY'S ZOOTOCA. Zootoca Derbiana. Olive, with a white streak on each side of the back; scales of a the back roundish, convex, with a few minute granules between them; temples with flat scales, and a larger round central plate ; abdominal shields 12, middle series largest, the outer ones with the outer side rather oblique inwards. a. Adult, in spirits. Olive, with 4 rows of large, square, black spots. Australia ? Sydney ? Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. Half-grown ? (female ?), in spirits. Olive, wịth a broad white streak edged above with black on each side of the back. Aus- tralia? Presented by the Earl of Derby. D 3 30 REPTILES. a *** Ventral plates 12- or 14-rowed, the front row larger, forming a regular collar in front of the chest. GALLOT's ZooTOCA. Zootoca Galloti. Lacerta Galloti, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 238. Olive, with interrupted black streaks; scales of temple very small, with a rather larger central disk; of the back disco-quad- rangular, rather flattened ; ventral shields 12- or 14-rowed; femo- ral pores 25 or 30. a, b. In spirits. Madeira. Presented by P. B. Webb, Esq. , # Posterior nasal shields 2, small, one above the other. 2. LACERTA, Linn.. Bonap. Podarcis, Wagler. Nostrils lateral, erect, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal shield, with 2 posterior small scales, placed one over the other; throat with a narrow cross fold under the ears; abdominal shields square, the 2 central series narrower, with oblique sides; dorsal scales ovate, granular, thick, convex, small, not imbricate; lower eyelid opaque, covered with scales; teinple with many-sided une- qual ovate scales; preanal shield single, surrounded by smaller ones. * Ventral shields 8- or 10-rowed. Dorsal scales circular, granu- lar, side by side. Lacerta. The EYED LIZARD. Lacerta ocellata, Daud, Rept. iji. 125, t. 33. Edw. Birds, t. 202. Pet. Gaz. t. 92, f. 1. Bonap. F. ltal. t. Licht. Doubl. 92. Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 63, 82, t. 5, f. 1-10, t. 7, f. 6, t. 8, f. 4. Duges, Ann. S. N. xvi. 368, t. 15, f. 1, 2, 7,8,9. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 218. Lizard vert, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 309, t. 20. E. M. t. 6, f. 3. L. margaritata, Schinz. Abbild. 986, 33, f. 3. L. Jamaicensis, Daud, iii. 149. Green, reticulated or spotted with black, with large blue spots on the sides; temples covered with unequal polygonal convex scales. a. Very large, in spirits, partly bleached. Senegal ? Lac. Senegalensis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 279. 6. Adult, in spirits. Green, white or blue, closely dotted. S. Eu- rope. Presented by Mr. B. Leadbeater. c. Adult, in spirits. Black, netted and ringed with white specks. . Portugal. Presented by J. Brightwell, Esq. d. Half-grown, in spirits, bleached. S. Europe. e. Young, in spirits, partly bleached. S. Europe. Lac. Lepida, Daud, R. iii. 204, t. 37, f. 1. f,g. Half-grown, in spirits. Scales rather rhombic, obscurely fig keeled. Algiers. LIZARDS. 31 ** Ventral shields 6-rowed. Scales circular, granular. The SMOOTH LIZARD. Lacerta lævis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 279. Greenish grey, beneath greenish white, front of legs black- spotted ; dorsal scales roundish, 6-sided, convex; Preanal shields with an arched series of 6 rather large shields in front; temple with a large central circular disk, with flat, rhombic, smooth scales in front, and smaller, more convex ones behind. a. Adult, in spirits. Europe. . *** Ventral shields 6-rowed ; dorsal scales elongate, keeled. Throat-scales large, broad. Podarcis. The GREEN LIZARD. Lacerta viridis, Linn. S. N. Petiv. Gaz. t. 95, f. 1. Daud. iii. 144, t. 34. Wolf. Deut. Faun. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 210. Licht. Doub. 92. Exped. Morea, Rept. t. 10, f. 1. L. varius, Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 64, 83, t. 4, f. 3. Duges, Ann. S. N. xvi. 372, c. 15, f. 3. L. chloronata, and L. Serpa, Rafin. Seps terrestris, Laur. Syn. 61, 166, t. 3, f. 1. L. elegans, Andrz. L. smaragdina, and L. bistriata, Schinz, Rept. 99, t. 37, f. 1, 2. L. bilineata, Daud, Rept. iii. 152, t. 35, j. 1. Scales of temple inequilateral, many-sided, with a central lar- ger one; of back granular, oblong, with shelving sides; throat- fold distinct. Var. 1. Green, white-speckled. a. Adult, in spirits. Dalmatia. From M. Heckle's collection. “ L. viridissima," Heckle. 6- Adult, in spirits like a. S. Europe. From M. Heckle's col- lection. “L. chloronotus," Heckle. e. Adult, in spirits. S. Europe. Presented by the Hon. A. Russell. f-k. Adult, in spirits. Turin. Presented by Prof. Bonelli. 1. Very large, old, in spirits, not good state. Tail forked. S. Europe. u, v. Young and old, in spirits. Jersey. Presented by A. Chris- ty, Esų. w. Adult, in spirits. Xanthus, Asia Minor. Presented by C. Fellows, Esq. Var. 2. Green, black-varied, with a pale streak on each side. L. bilineata, Duud. Rept. iii. 152, t. 25, f. 1. m-n. Adult, in spirits. Dalmatia. From M. Heckle's collection. Lac. Tiliguerta, Heckle. 0-9. Adult, in spirits. Turin. Presented by Prof. Bonelli. 9-t. Adult, in spirits. S. Europe. x. Adult, in spirits. Jersey. Presented by A. Christy, Esq. M. Bibron confounds Zooioca exigua and chalybdea, which have the preanal plates of a Nucras, and Lac. gracilis, with those of an Eremias, with this species ! 32 REPTILES. The FIVE-STREAKED LIZARD. Lacerta strigata, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 188. Fauna Casp. 70, t. 20, f. 4—6. Lac. quinquevit- tata, Menetr. Lac. Michahellesii, Fitz. Lac. viridis, var. Dum. et Bib. E. G. 210, 218. Brown, black-spotted, with 5 narrow white streaks; scales of the temple large above and below, smaller in the centre. Inhab. Caucasus, Syria, Dalmatia. The SAND LIZARD. Lacerta agilis, Linn. Licht. Cat. Doub. Wolf. Sturm. Fauna, t. Bonap. F. Ital. t. Bell. B. R. t. Lac. Europa, Pallas. Lac. vulgaris, Muller, Z. D. L. angui- formis, Sheppard ? Lac. stirpium, Daud. R. iii. 153, t. 35, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 196. Duges, Ann. S. N. xvi. 376. Edw. Ann. N. S. xvi, 65, 83, t. 5, f. 4, t. 8. f. 1, 2. Seps varius, Laur. Syn. 62, 172, t. 3, f. 2. S. cærulescens, Laur. 62, 171, t. 1, f. 3. S. Argus, Laur. 61, 161, t. 1, f. 5. S. ruber, Laur. 62, 169, t. 3, f. 3. S. stellatus, Schrank, F. B. 117. Koch, Sturm, F. t. L. Laurenti, Daud, R. iii. 227. L. arenicola, Daud. R. iii. 230, t. 38, f. 1. L. sepium, Griffith, A. K. ix. 116. Seba, i. t. 97, f. 1. . tf ii. t. 4, f. 5. t. 79, f. 5. Edw. Glean. i. t. 244. Lac. rosea. L. ca- tenata, Fitz. The upper hinder nasal small, rather in front of the larger low- er one; scales of the temple small, unequal, irregularly many- sided, often with a larger central one; throat-fold indistinct; brown, spotted or eyed with black, sides green, brown-eyed, be- neath white. a. Adult, in spirits. S. Europe. Presented by the Hon. A. Rus- sell. b-d. Young, in spirits. Sometimes with a small scale behind the lower hinder nasal. S. Europe. Presented by the Hon. A. Russell e, f. Adult, in spirits. Pool-heath, Dorsetshire. Presented by W. Thompson, Esq. g-i. Adult in spirits. S. Europe. 3. ΤΗΕΤΙΑ. Nostrils between the anterior and 2 superposed hinder nasal plates. Lower eyelid transparent. Throat with a slight cross fold under the ears. Collar feebly marked, not toothed. Temples co- vered with scales. Scales of the back round, smooth, granular. Preanal shield single, surrounded by smaller ones. The THETIA. Thetia perspicillata. Lacerta perspicillata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 249. Scales of the temple small, granular, equal; of the back cir- cular, convex; sub-collar of 11 scales; ventral shields 10-rowed. Inhab. Algiers, (one young specimen, Mus. Paris). LIZARDS. 33 4. TEIRA, Gray. Nostril erect, in the hinder lower angle of the nasal, with 2 smaller posterior nasal shields. Lower eyelid opaque. Throat with a narrow cross fold under the ears, with small scales. Collar distinct, even. Abdominal plates all square, with parallel sides. Scales of the temple keeled, uniform ; of the back, round, granu- lar, smooth. DUGES' TETRA. Teira punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 286. Lacerta Dugesii, Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. xvi. 84, t. 6, f. 2 ? Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 236. L. maderensis, Fitz. Rept. 51. Dark blackish green, darker on the sides, closely and minutely white-speckled, beneath pale green; caudal scales obscurely keel- ed; ventral shield 6-Towed, square, with parallel sides. a, b. Adult, hack brown, minutely white speckled, not streaked. Madeira. Presented by T. Bell, Esq. c-i. Adult and young. Back with a white streak on each side. Madeira. 1. Adult in spirits. Presented by M. Bibron from Mus. Paris. k-0. Adult and young, in spirits. Madeira. Presented by A. Christy, Esq. 5. NUCRAS, Gray. Eremias, Sect. 1. Gray. Zootoca, Eichw. Nostrils lateral, in the lower binder angle of the nasal shield, with 2 posierior nasal shields. Lower eyelid opaque. The throat without any fold under the ears. Collar distinct, even, transverse. Abdominal plates rhombic, with the outer sides oblique and con- tracted behind. Temples covered with keeled scales. Preanal plates 2, triangular, small , one behind the other, with an oblong, 4-sided shield on each side of them. * Ventral shields S-rowed. S. African. LALAND'S LIZAR). Nueras Lalandii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 280. Lacerta Lalandii, Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. xvi. 70, 84, t. 15, f. 6, t. 7, f. 5. Dum. Ei Bib. E. G. v. 241, t. 48. L. intertexta, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 93. Scales of the temple oval, 6-sided, convex, equal ; of the back nearly circular, swollen ; ventral shields 8-lowed, 2 unter series smaller; the hinder legs not reaching to the arinpits. a. Adult, stuffed. Cape of G. Hope. From S. African Museum 6. Young, in spirits. Tail pale. Cape of Good Hope. The CHEQUE RED LIZARD. Nucras iessellata. Lacerta tessel- lata, A. Sm. Mag. N. H. ii. 92. Dum. et Lib. E. G. v. 244. L. livida, and L. elegans, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 92. Scales of the temples ovate, hexagonal, equal, convex; of the back circular, rather small; sub-collar scales 9–13: ventral shields 8-rowed; hinder legs reaching nearly to the armpits. Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Dr. A. Smith, and Paris. 34 REPTILES. ** Ventral shields 6-rowed. Russian. -. The SMALL LIZARD. Nucras? exigua. Zootoca exigua, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 188. Fauna Casp. ii. t. 10,f. 1–3. Lac. sylvico- la, Eversm. N. Mem. S. N. Mosq. ii. 344, t. 31, f. 3. Lacerta viridis, young, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 218. Lacerta chloris, Fitz. Blackish grey, with 3 white streaks, sides white-dotted, thighs white-spotted ; scales of the temple large in front, small behind; of the back minute, very smooth, abdominal shields 6-rowed. Inhab. Caucasus, Volga. The Steel BLACK LIZARD. Nucras ? chalybdea. Zootoca chalybdea, Eichw. Fauna Casp. 73, t. 11, f. 1–3. Lacerta saxi- cola, Eversm. N. Mem. Moscou, ii. 325. Violet brown, shining, black-dotted, sides obscurely banded, black-spotted ; scales of the temple minute, with 3 larger ones in a central series ; abdominal shields 6-rowed, middle one small. Inhab. Caucasus. b. Scales rhombic, keeled, imbricate. Collar indistinct. Algiraina. † Posterior nasal shields 2, small, one above the other. 6. NOTOPHOLIS. Ageroides, Bibron. Notopholis part, Weigm. Lacerta, Sect. 1. Dum, et Bib. Nostrils lateral, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal shield, with 2 smaller posterior nasal shields. Scales of the back large, rhombic, keeled, and distinctly imbricated. Throat with a distinct fold under the ears. Palate toothless. Preanal plate single, sur- rounded with small ones in front. Ventral shields in 6 rows, the outer and inner of each side narrower. FITZINGER's NotOPHOLIS. Notopholis Fitzingeri, Weigm. H. Mex. 10. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 194. Lacerta nigra, Mus. Vien- na, not Wolf. Back and sides uniform, olive; scales of the back and sides equal, of the temple unequal, with granules in front and below; the hind leg not reaching the armpits; the preanal shield with only 1 or 2 small scales on each side of its hinder edge. a. Adult, in spirits. Sardinia. From Dr. Heckle's collection. The Cape NoTOPHOLIS. Notopholis? Capensis. CAPE Bluish olive, (dry); scales of the back and sides equal, large, strongly keeled, of the temple smaller, rhombic, rather convex, sub- equal. a. Stuffed. Under side destroyed ; tail reproduced. S. Africa. LIZARDS. 35 a The ALGERINE NOTOPHOLIS. Notopholis Moresticus. Alge- roides Moresticus, Bib. Voy. Morea, Rept. 57, t. 10, f. 5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 192. Algera Cuvieri, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 283 ?? Back olive, with a yellow streak on each side, sides black, white- dotted ; scales of the back and sides equal, of the temples rhombic, with a central larger one; preanal plates with 12 very small scales on each side of the hinder edge. Inhab. Morea. Mus. Paris. The BLACK-SPOTTED NotOPHOLIS. Notopholis nigropuncta- ta. Lacerta nigropunctata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 190. Olive, irregularly black-dotted; scales of the sides smaller than those of the back; temple-shield polygonal, with a large plate; the hind legs as long as the body. Inbab. Island of Corfu. Mus. Paris, 1 spec. 7. TROPIDOSAURA, Boie. Trop. part, Dum. et Bib. Nostril lateral, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal plates, with 2 plates behind it. Eyelid distinct, lower scaly. Temple with small equal scales. Collar indistinct, but a fold on each side before the shoulder. Shields of the throat, chest and belly thin, small, 6-sided, hinder edge rather rounded. The MOUNTAIN TROPIDOSAURE. Tropidosaura montana, Boie, Erp. Java, MSS. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 172. Brown, with a blackish streak; femoral pores 6 or 7 on each thigh ; scales of the temple small. Inhab. Java, Boie. Mus. Leyden. # Posterior nasal shields single. 8. ALGIRA, Cuvier. Psammurus, Weigm. Psammuros, Wagler. Trepidosaura, part, Dum. et Bib. Tropidosaurus, Fitz. Nostril lateral, erect, in the lower hinder angle of the nasal with a single posterior nasal. Temple with keeled scales. Toes a rather compressed, smooth, with a single series of imbricate scales beneath. Shields of the throat and belly thin, smooth, 6-sided, hinder edge rather rounded. Collar none, with a fold on each side of the neck. Preanal shields numerous. * Ventral shields 6-rowed. The ZERMOUMEAH. Algira barbarica, Cuv. M. Paris. Gue- rin, Icon. t. 5, f. 2. Lacerta Agaria, Linn. S. N. 363. Daud. Rep. iv. 269. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 367. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 168. Wagl. Syst. 156. Weigm. H. M. i. The Zermoumeah, Shaw, Barb. 324 ? Fulvous or coppery, whitish beneath ; femoral pores 15 or 18. a. In spirits. Algiers. a 36 REPTILES. ** Ventral shields 10-rowed. The CAPE ZERMOUMEAH. Algira capensis, A. Smith, May. N. H. ii. 94. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 171. Reddish yellow ahove, with 2 or 3 series of black spots or streaks; femoral pores 10—13; head-shields rough, grooved, frontal with a groove. Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. DUMERIL'S ZERMOUMEAH. Algira Dumerilii. “Tropidosaura Dumerilii, A. Smith.” Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 167, (not described). Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. B. Toes keeled beneath, and sometimes fringed on the sides. Scales rhombic, keeled. Posterior nasal shield single. Psammodromina. 9. ACANTHODACTYLUS, Fitzinger. Podarcis, part, Wagler. Meroles, and Scrapteira, Gray. Ida, Gray, MSS. . Nostrils lateral, roundish, in the lower hinder angle of the na- sal, with a single posterior nasal. Palate not toothed. Eyelid dis- tinct, scaly. Collar distinct, scaly. Scales of the back rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth or keeled. Ventral shields rhombic, contracted behind, with oblique sides. Toes 5-5, rather compressed, keeled beneath and toothed on the sides. Preanal shields numerous, the central often placed one behind the other. * The central series of ventral shields narrowed on each side behind. Dorsal scales equal, smooth. The RAPID SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus velox. Lacerta velox, Duges, Ann. S. Nat. xvi. 383, not syn. A. vulgaris, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 268. Scrapteira pulchella, and S. leiocerea, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 280. Scales of the back small, equal, smooth; the front edge of the ear granular; the large shield under the eyes triangular, coming down between the fourth and fifth upper labial; collar of 9 or 11 scales, the middle largest; ventral shields 10-rowed; upper labial shields 5. a. Adult, in spirits. N. Africa ? b. Half-grown, in spirits. N. Africa. From the Berlin Museum. c. Adult, in spirits. N. Africa ? Presented by P. B. Webb, Esq. Bell's SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodaetylus Bellii. Scales very small, granular, equal, smooth; front edge of the ear granular; temple with minute scales, with a narrow elongate shield on the upper edge; preanal shields forming a lozenge- shaped spot; black, with 6 white streaks; hind legs with 3 series of white spots. a—d. In spirits. Algiers. LIZARDS. 37 The CAPE SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus Capensis, A. Smith, Illust. Z. S. Africa, Rept. t. 39. Scales of the back and sides small, circular, closely set and slightly convex, of the side of the base of the tail triangular, keel- ed, ending in a spine, of the middle of the tail oblong, quadrangu- lar, keeled, spinose, of the temple granular; abdominal plate quadrangular; brown, sides with 2 white streaks; male, sides black, with a central series of white spots. Inhab. S. Africa, Great Namaqua Land. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. The SHIELDED SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus scutellatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 272. Lacerta scutellata, Audouin, Rept. Egypt. 172. Suppl. t. 1, f. 7. Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 85, 94, t. 6, f. 3. Scales of the back small, equal, rhomboidal, smooth ; ventral shields 14-rowed; upper labial shields 6; the shield under the eyes elongated, rounded beneath; the front of the ear denticulated. a. Adult, in spirits, not good state. N. Africa, Egypt. Presented by M. Lefebre. # Dorsal scales equal, keeled. SAVIGNY'S SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus Savignii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 274. Lacerta Dumerillii, Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 76, 85, t. 7, f. 9. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 282. L. deserti, Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 79, 86, t. 6, f. 8. L. Savignii, Audouin, Desc. Egypt. i. 172. Savig. Suppl. t. 1, f. 8. Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 73, 85, t. 6, f. 4.-L. Olivier, Audouin, Desc. Egypt. i. 174. Savig. Suppl. t. 1, f. 11? L. grammica, Ratke, Mem. Petersb. iii. 303. Scrapteira ma- culata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 281. Scales of the back equal, small, rhomboidal, rather swollen lon- gitudinally ; ventral shields 11 or 13-rowed ; front of ear subden- tate; collar arched, with 11 or 13 nearly equal scales, the middle united to the chest. a, b. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Scales keeled. Tripoly. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. a. Adult, in spirits. Algiers. The SPOTTED SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus lineato-macula- tus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 276. Lacerta cruenta, Pallas, Voy. Rus. i. 456? Daud. Rept. iv. 278? L. coccinea, Merrem, Tent. 69? Scales of the back small, rhomboidal, imbricate, distinctly keel- ed; ventral shields 9-rowed; ear granular in front; collar trans- verse, slightly arched, of 9 well-developed scales, the middle largest Inhab. Marocco. Mus. Paris. E 38 REPTILES. + Dorsal scales larger in front. Bosk's SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus Boskianus, Fitz. MS. Weigm. H. M. 10. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 278. Lacerta Boskia- na, Daud. Rept. iii. 188, t. 36, f. 1, young. Licht. Doub. 100. L. aspera, Audouin, Rept. Egypt. i. 174. Savig. Supp. t. 1, f. 10. L. carinata, Schinz, Abbild. 102, t. 39, f. 4. L. longicaudata, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 30. Scrapteira inequalis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 280. Scales of the back rhomboidal, keeled, imbricate; of the hind- er part of the neck the largest; ear toothed in front; ventral shields 10-rowed; collar angular, of 9 or 11 shields, the middle one larg- est, not fixed. a. Adult, in spirits. N. Africa, Egypt. Presented by James Burton, Esq. ** The 2 central series of ventral shields narrowed on each side behind. The Plain SPINED-FOOT. Acanthodactylus inornatus. Scrap- teira inornata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 281. Greenish olive; tail with a dark streak on each side ; beneath silvery white; scales of the back small, ovate, acutely keeled ; of the base of the tail broad; preanal scales 10 or 12, subequal, pla- ced in 4 transverse subalternate series, with small scales on the sides ; ventral shields 12-rowed. a. Adult, in spirits. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. b. Adult, in spirits, not good state. Egypt. Presented by M. Lefebre. 10. PSAMMODROMUS, Fitz., Weigm. Notophilis and Aspistis, Wagler, Weigm. Nostrils lateral, in the lower hinder angle of a flat scale above the first labial, with a single shield behind it. Eyelids distinct, scaly. Scales of the back rhombic, keeled, imbricate. Throat with a distinct fold, covered with small scales. Collar none, but a small arched fold before each shoulder. Ventral shields 4-sided, smooth. Toes 5-5, rather compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the side. The GARRIQUES. Psammodromus hispanicus, Fitz. Rept. 52. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 283. Lacerta Edwardsiana, Duges, Ann. S. N. xvi. 386, t. 14, f. 1-6. Wagler, Syst. 142. Weiym. H. M. 10. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 253. Bonap. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. xii. 62, t. 4 A. f. 2. Olive, spotted with black, with 2 white streaks on each side; scales of the temple small, subequal, many-sided, not imbricate ; of the back rhomboidal, imbricate, keeled; ventral shields 6-rowed. Inhab. S. of France, Spain. Mus. Paris. Mus. Frank. LIZARDS. 39 The GREY GARRIQUES. Psammodromus cinereus, Bonap. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii. 62, t. 4 A. f. 1. Weigm. Arch. 1841, 118. Ashy bronzed, uniform, beneath white; temple scaly ; head large ; tail elongate. Inhab. South of France, Marseilles. II. Nostrils horizontal, in the ridge between 3 swollen shields, 1 between the nostril and the labial. Toes keeled beneath, or fringed on the sides. A. Eyelids valvular. Scrapteirina. 11. SCRAPTEIRA, Fitz., Gray. Nostrils on the ridge between 3 swollen pasal plates, the lower and anterior moderate, the hinder upper small, triangular. Eye- lids distinct. Collar transverse, free, with a few very small scales. a Scales of the back circular, not imbricate. Ventral shields square. Preanal shields small, numerous, subequal. Toes 5-5, flattened, smooth beneath, toothed on the sides. The SCRAPTEIRA. Scrapteira grammica, Fitz. MSS. Weigm. H. M.9. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 283. Lacerta grammica, Licht. Doubl. 100. Scales of the back small, equal, convex; ventral shields small, equal, in 18 or 20 oblique series of 18-22; collar of 5 or 6 scales; ear toothed in front. Inhab. Nubia. Mus. Berlin, Leyden. 12. Eremias, Fitzinger. Podarcis, part, Wagler. Scrapteira, part, Gray. Aspidorhinus, Eichw.? Nostrils on the ridge in the centre between 3 swollen nasal plates, the lower and anterior upper moderate, the hinder upper small, triangular. Eyelids distinct, lower scaly, opaque, or with 2 or more transparent spots. Collar transverse, straight, free. The throat with a slight fold under the ears. Ventral shields square, smooth, Toes 5-5, rather compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the edge. Preanal shields numerous. * Ventral shields in 16 or 18 rather oblique series. Ear not toothed in front. Lower eyelid scaly, nearly opaque. The ArguTA. Eremias arguta. Lacerta arguta, Pallas, Voy. Rus. iii. 470, viii. 87. L. variabilis, Pallas, Zoogr. iii. 31. Licht. Doub. 98. Weigm. H. Mex. 9. Dum.et Bib. E.G. v. 293. Eversm. N. Mem. Mosq. iii. 351, t. 29. Back with black-edged white spots, or irregular black cross bands, sometimes spotted with white; tail short, swollen at the base; scales of the back ovate, rhomboidal, smooth, surrounded by granules, under the legs lozenge-shaped, preanal small, numer- ous, equal, middle one sometimes larger. Inhab. Tartary. E 2 40 REPTILES. EVERSMAN'S ARGUTA. Eremias velos. Lacerta velox, Evers. N. Mem. Mosq. iii. 353, t. 30, f.3. Eremias cæruleo-ocellata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 295. L. argutus, Eichw. Z. S. iii. 188 ? Tail elongate, very slender; scales of the back ovate, rhomboi. dal, smooth, surrounded by granules, of the under side of the legs 6-sided, very large, preanal moderate, the central one largest; ven- tral shields nearly equal, square ; hinder legs long. Inhab. Crimea. ** Ventral shields in 6 to 16 straight longitudinal series. Meroles. † Lower eyelid opaque, subocular shield over the labials. Knox's EREMIAS Eremias Knoxii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 282. Lacerta Knoxii, Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 76, 85, t. 6, f. 6. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 299. Smith, Illus. Z. S. Afr. t. 43. Ear toothed in front; lower eyelid covered with small, sube- qual, convex, 6-sided shields; scales of the back lozenge-shaped, slightly convex, as if keeled, subimbricate, of front of vent equal, with 1 or 2 larger medial ones; ventral shields subrhomboidal, in 16 series ; subocular shields 2, over the fourth and fifth labial shields; femoral pores 16 or 20; collar of 11 or 13 scales. a. Adult, in spirits. Throat black-dotted. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b-e. Young and half-grown. Back with streaks of spots; legs with 3 rows of white spots. S. Africa. # Lower eyelid scaly, with a pellucid central spot: subocular shield between the labial shields, forming part of the lip. The CAPE EREMIAS. Eremias Capensis, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 302. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. A. t. Lacerta Capensis, Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 93. Ears granular in front; ventral shields in 14 series ; scales of the back lozenge-shaped, flattened, slightly imbricate, of front of vent subequal; collar of 11 scales; subocular shield to the edge of the lip between the seventh and eighth labial plates. a. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by Dr. A. Smith. BURCHELL'S EREMIAS. Eremias Burchellii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 303. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. A. t. Lacerta Burchellii, A. Smith, Mus. Chatham. Ears granular in front; the under eyelid with a central cross series of 4 large 6-sided shields; ventral shields square, 14-rowed; scales of the back small, granular, suboval, convex, not imbricate, of the front of the vent small, equal; the subocular shield to the edge of the lip, between the fourth and fifth plates. a. In spirits. Greyish brown, black-speckled, with a row of white specks on each side of the back, sides white-speckled, limbs with black-edged white spots. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby LIZARDS. 41 b. In spirits. Greyish brown, closely black-spotted, with 2 pale streaks converging along the middle of the back, the inner pair uniting and ending just behind the shoulders. S. Africa. Pre- sented by the Earl of Derby. The STREAKED-BACK EREMIAS. Eremias dorsalis, A. Smith, MS. Ill. Z. S. A. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 305. Ears granular in front; collar slightly arched, of 7 or 8 scales; ventral shields 8-rowed, rather transverse; scales of the back rhom- boidal, slightly ridged, subimbricate, of the front of the vent small, numerous, equal; eyebrow-disk rounded in front, entirely sur- rounded with granules; subocular plate between the fifth and sixth labial shields. Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. The NAMAQUA EREMIAS. Eremias Namaquensis, A. Smith, MSS. Ill. Z. S. Afr. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 307. Ears granular in front; collar straight, of 9 or 11 scales; ven- tral shields equal (keeled ?), 10 or 12 ; suborbital plate between the fifth and sixth labial shields; scales of the back rhomboidal, smooth, not imbricate, before the vent moderate, few, equal-sized. a. In spirits. b, c. Dry. S. Africa. Presented by Dr. A. Smith. The DuLL EREMIAS. Eremias lugubris, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 309. Smith, III. Z. S. Afr. t. Lacerta lugubris, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 93. Ears granular in front, suborbital plate -? collar straight, slightly arched, free, of 9–11 scales; the ventral shields 6-rowed; scales of the back lozenge-shaped, smooth, not imbricate, of front of vent hexagonal, rhomboidal. a. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by Dr. A. Smith. The SPOTTED EREMIAS. Eremias guttulata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 310. Lacerta guttulata, Licht. Doub. 101. L. Olivieri, Au- douin, Rept. Egypt. i. 175. Savig. Supp. t. 2, f. 1. t. 2, 2.- Edw. Ann. S. Nat. xvi. 94, t. 6, f. 5. Collar curved, free, of 9 or 11 scales; ear granular in front ; subocular plate between the third and fourth or fifth and sixth la- bial shields; scales of the back lozenge-shaped, slightly convex, smooth, not imbricate ; eyebrow disk angular, outer side edged with granules; ventral shields subrhombic, equal, in 10 rows; out- er smaller; preanal plate large, edged with 2 series of small scales. Inhab. N. Africa, Egypt, Algiers. Mus. Paris. H Lower eyelid with 2 transparent plates. The EYED EREMIAS. Eremias lineo-ocellata, A. Smith, MSS. Ill. Z. S. Afr. t. — Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 314. Lower eyelid with 2 large transparent plates in the middle form- ing a longitudinal spot; collar of 11 or 12 scales ; scales of back E 3 42 REPTILES. a thin, rhomboidal, keeled, imbricate ; palate toothed; ear slightly toothed in front; ventral shields lozenge-shaped, in 14 series; pre- anal scales small, numerous, subequal. a. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by Dr. A. Smith. The WAVED EREMIAS. Eremias undata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 316. Smith, Ill. Z. S. Afr. t. Lacerta undata, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 93. Lower eyelid with 2 central transparent plates; ears with a few prominent granules in front; subocular plate between the fifth and sixth labial shields; scales of the back subrhomboidal, smooth, not imbricate; ventral shields in 13 series, subrhomboidal, the cen- tral series narrower on each side behind; preanal scales subequal, moderate-sized. a. In spirits. Back dark blackish, 2 pale streaks on each side. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The BEAUTIFUL EREMIAS. Eremias pulchella. . Reddish olive, black varied, with 2 rows of black rings on each side; lower eyelid with 2 transparent plates, forming an oblong, transverse spot; collar of 11 or 13 scales; scales of the back small, granular, rhombic, thick, convex, obscurely keeled, of the hinder part of the back rather larger and not imbricate; edge of the ear slightly toothed; ventral shields rather rhombic, in 14 se- ries ; preanal scales 5 or 6, moderate, surrounded by smaller ones. a. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. Half-grown. In spirits. Presented by the Saffron Walden N. Hist. Society. H- ? Aspidorhinus gracilis, Eichw. Fauna Casp. Caus. 74, t. 11, f. 4-6. Lacerta g. Eichw. J. S. iii. L. vittata, Eversm. not Gmel. Scales of the temple very small, with 1 superior and 2 inferior larger plates, of the back very minute, granular; “preanal shield variable, single, large, or numerous and small;" black, with nar- row white streaks; hind legs white-spotted, beneath white. Inhab. Shore of the Caspian Sea. 13. MESALINA, Gray. Scrapteira, part, Gray. Eremias, Sect. Dum. et Bib. Head rather depressed. Nostrils on the ridge between 3 swol- len scales, the lower and anterior moderate, hinder upper small, triangular. Eyelids distinct. Collar indistinct, subangular, at- tached in the middle, free on the sides. Throat without any fold under the ears. Ventral shields smooth, central, contracted be- hind. Scales of the back rhombic or circular, not imbricate. Toes 5-5, rather compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the LIZARDS. 43 edge. Preanal shield single, posterior, large, with 1 or 2 series of smaller ones round it. * Lower eyelid with 2 transparent plates. The DOTTED MESALINA. Mesalina Pardalis. Lacerta par- dalis, Licht. Doub. 99. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 312. Scrapteira punctulata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 281. The collar subcrenated, subangular, fixed in the middle to the chest, free on the sides; ear not toothed in front; lower eyelid with 2 transparent plates, forming an elongated spot; scales of the back rhombic, conic, not imbricate; ventral shields 10-rowed; preanal plate large, edged with 2 rows of scales, the outer largest. a, b. In spirits. N. Africa. From the Berlin Museum, ** Lower eyelid pellucid, scaly. The Red-SPOTTED MESALINA. Mesalina rubropunctata. La- certa rubropunctata, Licht. Doub. 100. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 297. Scrapteira sabulosa (nebulosa), Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 281. Greyish green, with 3 rows of black spots; tail with a row of black spots on each side; ear not toothed in front; collar even, of 9 or 11 small scales; lower eyelid with a central larger and 2 or 3 smaller half-transparent plates; scales of the back minute, smooth, convex, with intervening granules; ventral shields square, sube- qual, in 12 straight series; preanal plate central, with 2 series of smaller scales. a—d. In spirits. Egypt. Presented by Sir. J. G. Wilkinson. . e. Young, in spirits. N. Africa. From the Berlin Museum. Mesalina Lichtensteinii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 282. 14. CABRITA, Gray. Callosaura, Dum. et Bib. Nostrils on the muzzle-ridge, between a superior and inferior rather swollen nasal plates, with a small hinder nasal. Upper eye- lid short, lower large, with a transparent disk. Collar none, with a small fold in front of each shoulder. Throat-fold indistinct. Scales of the back rhomboidal, keeled, imbricate. Ventral shields 4-sided, smooth. Preanal shield single, surrounded by smaller Femoral pores distinct. Toes 5-5, slightly compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the sides. The CABRITE. Cabrita Leschenaultij. Lacerta Leschenaultii, Edw. Ann. S. N. xvi. 80, 86, t. 6, f. 9. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 284. Cabrita brunnea, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 282. Brown, with 2 white streaks on each side; temple covered with small, equal, hexagonal, keeled, subimbricate scales; ventral shields 6-rowed, the middle row on each side largest; femoral pores 15-16. Inhab. India. Mus. Bell. Coromandel. Mus. Paris. , ones. 44 REPTILES. B. The Eyelid rudimentary, circular. Eye exposed. Ophiopina. 15. Ophiops, Menestries. Amystes, Weigm. Nostrils longitudinal, in the muzzle-ridge, between a superior and inferior rather swollen nasal shields, with 3 small shields behind them. Eyelids none. Tongue elongate. Cheek-teeth tricuspid. Palate toothless. Collar none, a small fold before each shoulder. Scales of the back rhombic, keeled, imbricate. Ventral shields 4- sided, rhombic, smooth, 2 middle series narrowed on each side be- hind. Femoral pores distinct. Toes 5-5, rather compressed, keeled beneath, not toothed on the sides. The ELEGANT OPHIOPS. Ophiops elegans, Menetr. Cat. 60. Eichw. Fauna Casp. Caus. 78, t. 12, f. 1-5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 259. Amystes Ehrenbergii, Weigm. Berl. Mag. 1835. Lacerta nudipes, Hemp. et Ehrenb. Algira punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 283. Olive or bronzed, black-spotted, with 2 whitish streaks on each side of the back; temples covered with small many-sided shields; ventral shields 8-rowed ; femoral pores 9-12. a, b. Adult and young, in spirits. Shores of the Mediterranean. Smyrna? Presented by J. Miller, Esq. R.N. The LONG-TOED OPHIOPS. Ophiops macrodactylus, Berthold. Weigm. Arch. 1841, 118. Olive-green, black-spotted, without any dorsal streaks or eyed spots on the thighs; toes very long; tail twice as long as the body. Inhab. Asia Minor, LIZARDS. 45 ** Sides with a distinct longitudinal fold, covered with small granular scales. Back with large squarish shields. Fam. V. CORDYLES, (ZONURIDA). Head pyramidal or depressed, covered with regular many-sided shields. Tongue flat, nicked at the tip. Scales of the back and tail large, rhombic. Sides with a distinct longitudinal fold, co- vered with small granular scales. Ears distinct. Eyes with 2 valvular lids. Limbs 4, strong, or rarely entirely wanting or hid under the skin. A. Femoral pores distinct. Nasal shield without any or only one pair of supra nasals. Legs 4. Occipital shields few. Old World. a. Tail spinose. Head depressed. Fronto-parietal and parietal plates forming a large square. Tongue velvet-like. Collar none, with a slight cross fold on the side of the neck. Femoral pores numerous. 1. CORDYLUS. Scales of back and sides square, in close cross se- ries. Lower eyelid transparent. Nasal small : supra-nasals square, contiguous. 2. ZONURUS. Scales of back and sides square, keeled, in close cross series. Lower eyelid opaque. Nasal triangular: supra- nasal none. 3. HEMICORDYLUS. Scales of back small, square, in cross rows; of the sides granular. Nasal triangular: supranasal none. 4. PSEUDOCORDYLUS. Scales of the back suboval, in cross rows, surrounded with granules, with a fold on each side of the neck. Nasal triangular : supranasal none. b. Tail unarmed. Head pyramidical. Tongue scaly. Supra- nasal none. 5. PLATYSAURUS. Toes 5-5. Head depressed. Frontu-nasals 2, fronto-parietals and parietals distinct, equal. Body fusiform. 6. CICIGNA. Toes 5-5. Head square. Fronto-nasals 2, fronto- parietal and parietal united on each side. Body fusiform. 7. GERRHOSAURUS. Toes 5-5. Head square. Fronto-nasals 2, fronto-parietals and parietals distinct, equal. Body fusiform. 8. PLEUROSTRICH US. Toes 5-5. Fronto-nasals none, fronto-parietal and parietals equal. Body and tail elon- gate. 9. SAUROPHIS. Toes 4-4, very short. Body and tail elongate. Head square. 46 REPTILES. 10. CAITIA. Feet undivided, front very slender, elongated, hinder compressed, thick. Body and tail elongate. Femoral pores 2-2, c. Tail unarmed. Head pyramidical, elongate. Collar distinct, of keeled scales. Inguinal pores 2-2. 11. TACHYDROMUS. Ventral shields keeled. Throat with keeled scales. 12. TACHYSAURUS. Ventral shields smooth. Throat granular in front. B. Femoral pores none. Nasal plates with 2 or more pairs of supra- nasal shields above. Occipital plates numerous. Collar none. Throat shielded. a. Limbs 4. Body fusiform. Tongue velvety. Western hemisphere. 13. ABRONIA. Head depressed. Inter-nasals small, distinct. Scales of back smooth. 14. GERPHONOTUS. Head pyramidical. Internasal small, su- pranasal large. Scales of the back keeled. 15. ELGARIA. Head pyramidical. Internasal large, supernasal very narrow. Scales of the back keeled, of sides smooth. Tail elongate, slender. 16. Barissia. Head pyramidical. Internasal plates none. Scales of back keeled. b. Legs 2 or none. Body snake-like. 17. PSEUDOPUS. Limbs 2, posterior, undivided. 18. OPHISAURUS. Limbs none. A. Femoral pores distinct. Supranasal shields none or only 1 pair. Occipital shields few. Legs 4. Eastern World. a. Tail spinose. Head depressed, broad. Fronto-parietal and pari- etal plates large. Tongue velvet-like. . Collar none, or only a slight fold on each side of throat. Nostrils in a single plate. Femoral pores numerous. Zonurina. 1. Cordylus. Zonurus, $ a. Gray. Dum. et Bib. Head depressed, fronto-parietal and parietal plates forming a square. Temple-shield keeled ; nasal small , oblong ; supranasal large, square, contiguous. Eyelids distinct, lower with a central transparent smooth spot. Scales of the back moderate, rhombic, keeled, striated and pierced with a pore, in close cross rows; of the back unarmed. Toes 5-5, compressed, keeled beneath. Tail spinose, squarish. LIZARDS. 47 a The CORDYLE. Cordylus polyzonus, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 34. Illust. Zool. S. Africa, Rept. t. 28, f. 1. t. 30, f. 7. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 357. Grey, black-varied, with a black streak behind the ears; scales of the back ovate, rhombic, slightly keeled, in 40 cross rows; of the sides rather more keeled; tail and sides of the neck rather spi- nose; ventral shields 18-rowed. a. Young, in spirits. Olive, black-spotted; tail with alternate pale rings. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 2. ZONURUS. Head depressed, fronto-parietal and parietal plates large, form- ing a square ; interparietal square. Neck spinose. Temple-shields keeled. Nasal triangular, contiguous, supranasal none. Eyelids distinct, lower opaque, scaly, with a central longitudinal series of larger 6-sided scales. Scales of the back and sides square, keeled, in close cross series. Toes 5-5, compressed, keeled beneath. Tail round, spinose. * Ventral shields square, truncated behind. The ROUGH-SCALED CORDYLE, Zonurus Cordylus, Merrem, Tent. 57. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 388. Lacerta Cordylus, Linn. S: N. 361. Daud. Rept. iii. 8. Cordylus verus, Laur. Syn. 52. C. griseus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 33. Seba, ii. t. 62, f. 5. Dum.et Bib. E. G. v. 350. A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. t. 28, f. 2, 3. t. 30, f. 8. Stel- lio niger, Daud. Rept. iii. 48. Cuv. R. A. 33. C. dorsalis, Cuv. R. A. ii. 33. Seba, t. 109, f. 5. Le Cordyle, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 324. Pet. Gaz. t. 58, f. 12. Head-shields smooth. Scales of the back large, rhomboidal, keeled, in 19 cross rows, central series broadest, the rest keeled ; of the sides with the keels prolonged into spines; of the tail sharply keeled the whole length; nasal plate not swollen; side of the neck spinose; ventral shields 10 or 12-rowed; lateral series very nar- row; tail slender, angular. a. Adult, in spirits. S. Africa. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult, in spirits. Larger. S. Africa. The ShieldED ZONURUs. Zonurus cataphractus, Gray, Grif- fith, A. K. ix. 63. Ann. N. H. i. 388. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 355. Cordylus cataphractus, Boie, N. Act. N. Cur. xiv. 139. Z. Cor- dylus, Schlegel, Zon. t. 7, f. 2. C. maculosus, A. Smith, Mag. N. Head-shields rugose; scales of the back 4-sided, oblong, keel- ed, in 16 cross rows, of the sides equally large and spinose; of the tail broad, thick, keeled, rugose, and ending in a conical point; nasal plate swollen; tail and sides of neck strongly spinose; ven- tral shields 12 or 14-rowed, lateral series moderate ; tail thick, roundish. H. ii. 31. 48 REPTILES. a, b. Adult, stuffed. Central dorsal series of scales smooth. S. Africa. From the S. African Museum. Z. vertebralis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 388. c. Adult, stuffed. S. Africa. d. Adult, in spirits. Reddish. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. e. Adult, in spirits. Olive, black-spotted. S. Africa. Presented by John Lee, LL.D. f-h. In spirits, partly bleached. S. Africa. ** Ventral shields oblong, central rounder, the lateral ones slightly keeled and angular behind. LORD DERBY'S ZONURUS. Zonurus Derbianus. Head-shields very rough, back of head with a ridge of conical spines ; scales of the nape, sides and tail ending in broad conical spines; tail conical, very spinose; ventral shields rounded, lateral ones angular. a. Adult, in spirits. Brown, head black. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. Young, in spirits. Black and white banded, tail black-ringed, end red. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 3. HEMICORDYLUS, A. Smith. Zonurus, Sect. 2. Dum. et Bib. Head depressed. Fronto-parietal and parietal plates large. Temple-scales smooth. Neck granular. Palate not toothed. Na- sal triangular, contiguous; supranasal none. Throat with a fold on each side. Scales of the back small, quadrangular, keeled, sub- imbricate, in close cross rows; of the sides granular, with a series of larger scales. Toes 5-5, compressed, keeled beneath. Tail spinose; lower eyelid scaly. The BASTARD CORDYLE. Hemicordylus capensis, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 32. Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. t. 27, f. 2. t. 30, f. 6. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 360. Ventral shields 8-rowed; tail subspinose. Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Chatham, 1 specimen. 4. PSEUDOCORDYLUS, A. Smith. Head depressed. Fronto-parietal and parietal plates large; temple-scales smooth. Neck granular, with a strong plait on each side. Throat with an indistinct collar attached in the middle, and with a distinct fold on each side. Palate not toothed. Nasal tri- a angular, contiguous; supra-nasal none. Eyelids distinct, lower opaque. Scales of the back and s!des granular, with transverse series of ovate, trigonal, convex, slightly keeled larger scales, lar- gest on the sides of the back. Toes 5-5, compressed, keeled be- neath. Tail compressed, spinose, a LIZARDS 49 merous. The False CORDYLE. Pseudocordylus microlepidotus. Zo- nurus Wittii, Schlegel, Zon. t. 7, f 1. Cordylus microlepidotus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 33. Guerin, Icon. t. 6, f. 1. Illust. S. Afric. Zool. t. 24–27, f. 1; t. 30, f. 1-5. C. montanus, C. fasciatus, C. me- lanotus, C. algoensis, C. subviridis, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 22. Z. Davyi, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 388 ? Ventral shields 12 or 14-rowed; femoral pores in 3 rows. a. Adult, in spirits. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. C. fasciatus, A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. t. 27, f. 1, t. 30, f.5. b,c. Adult, stuffed. S. Africa. From the S. African Museum. b. Tail unarmed. Head pyramidical. Tongue imbricately scaly. Supranasal none ; nasals small, contiguous. Ear with a plate a in front. Cicignina. * Toes 5-5 or 4-4. Femoral pores numerous. 5. PLATYSAURUS, A. Smith. Head depressed Frontonasals contiguous; parietal plates distinct, equal, forming a square shield; fronto-parietal and pal- pebral plates edged with rows of narrow plates. Teeth short, nu- Nostrils lateral. Ears open, oblong. Gular collar rudimentary. Body depressed. Scales of back very small. Ab- dominal shields quadrangular. Femoral pores small. small. Limbs 4. Toes 5-5, unequal. Tail round, tapering, unarmed. The CAPE PLATYSAURE. Platysaurus capensis, A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Africa, Rept. t. 40. Grey brown, with 3 white streaks, beneath greenish yellow. Inhab. S. Africa. Great Namaqua Land. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. 6. CICIGNA, Gray. Gerrhosaurus, Weigmann. Head 4-sided; fronto-nasal distinct; fronto-parietal and pari- etals united on each side; interparietal small, central, or wanting; temple shielded. Palate not toothed. Nostrils lateral, between the upper labial and an anterior and posterior shield. Eyelids distinct. Ears with a plate in front. Scales of the back square, in cross series. Body fusiform. Toes 5-5, unequal, compressed, smooth beneath. Femoral pores distinct. Tail rather compress- ed, unarmed. * Interparietal none. The Two-STREAKED CICIGNA. Cicigna Madagascarensis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. is. 64. Gerrhosaurus bifasciatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 375, t. 47. A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. t. 42, f. 25-27. Olive, with a black-edged white streak; scales of the back in 24 cross rows, finely striated, with a very small central keel; 2 small shields between the second pair of submaxillary. F a 50 REPTILES. a, b. Adult and young, in spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. ** Interparietal very small, central. The BEAUTIFUL CICIGNA. Cicigna ornata. C. Madagascar- ensis, var. ornata, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 64. Gerrhosaurus li- neatus, Cocteau, Mag. Zool. t. 5, 6, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 378 A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. t. 42, f. 21, 24 ? Back with 5 alternate black and yellow streaks ; scales of the back in 24 cross rows, strongly striated and keeled; a small shield between the second pair of submaxillaries. a. Adult, in spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 7. GERRHOSAURUS, Weigmann. Pleurostrichus, A. Smith. Head pyramidical; frontoparietals 2; frontonasals and pa- rietal plates separate, equal ; interparietal small. Temple shield- ed. Palate toothless. Nostrils lateral, between the upper labial and an anterior and posterior nasal shields. Eyelids distinct. Ear with a long scale in front. Scales of the back square, in cross se- ries. Body fusiform. Toes 5-5, unequal, compressed, smooth be- neath. Femoral pores distinct. Tail rather compressed, unarmed. The YELLOW-THROATED GERRHOSAURUS. Gerrhosaurus fla- vigularis, Weigm. Isis, 1828, 379. Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 379. Wagler, Icon. t. 34, f. 1. G. ocellatus, Cocteau, Mag. Zool.iv. t. 5, 6, f. 1. Cicigna sepiformis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 63. Ann. N. H. i. 389. Pleurostrichus chrysobranchus, and P. Dujardinii, A. Smith, Mag. Zool. S. Bot. i. 144, 143. Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept. t. 42, f.1-4. Back brown, with black-edged white spots, a black-edged pale streak on each side; scales of the back striated and keeled, of the sides smooth, in 23 series ; ventral shields 8-rowed. a. Adult, stuffed. Tail wanting. S. Africa. From the S. Afri- can Museum. The GERRHOSAURUS. Gerrhosaurus typicus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 383. Pleurostrichus typicus, A. Smith, Mag. Zool. ii. 143. Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept. t. 42, f. 58. Back brown, with a black and white streak on each side; scales of the back striated, slightly keeled, of the sides smooth, in 23 series; ventral shields 16-rowed. a. Adult, stuffed. S. Africa. Presented by Dr. A. Smith. BIBRON'S GERRHOSAURUS. Gerrhosaurus Bibronii, A. Smith, Zool. S. Afr. Rept. t. 49, f. 9—12, not described. Inhab. S. Africa. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. a LIZARDS. 51 a 8. PLEUROSTRICHUS. Head pyramidical; internasal large; frontonasal none (or unit- ed to the former); frontoparietal and parietal separate (or united?) Nostrils lateral. Eyelids distinct. Ear with a long narrow scale in front. Body elongate, subcylindrial. Toes 5-5, unequal. Tail elongate. The PLEUROSTRICHUS. Pleurostrichus sepiformis. Scincus sepiformis, Schn. Amph. 291. Merrem, Tent. 70. Dum.et Bib. E. G. v. 385. Bell . Zool. Voy. Beagle, 29, t. 15, f. 2. A. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. t. 42, f. 13-16. Yellowish brown, with 12 brown streaks; scales of the back and sides large, equal, strongly striated, in 13 series; of the tail slightly keeled; ventral shields 8-rowed. a. Half-grown, in spirits. S. Africa, b. Half-grown, in spirits. S. Africa. Presented by Charles Dar- win, Esq. The SMOOTH-TAILED PLEUROSTRICHUS. Pleurostrichus sub- tessellatus. Gerrhosaurus subtessellatus, A. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Afr. Rept. t. 41, f. 1. G. tessellatus, A. Smith, I. c. t. 42, f. 17, 20. Back yellow brown, edged on each side with a brown and white tessellated streak, beneath greenish; body elongate, depressed ; scales of body and tail smooth, not keeled; “ fronto-parietal and parietal united on each side." Inhab. S. Africa. Great Namaqua Land. Mus. Dr. A. Smith. 9. SAUROPHIS, Fitzinger, Weigm. Tetradactylus, Merrem, (not Peron). Chalcides, Daud. Head pyramidical, shielded. Temple shielded. Palate tooth- less. Nostrils lateral, in the upper labial, an anterior and a pos- terior nasal plate. Eyelids distinct. Ear with a lobe in front. Body very long, narrow. Sides with a groove. Scales of back rhombic, smooth. Legs very short. Toes 4-4, short, compressed, smooth below; claws elongate. Femoral pores distinct. The SAUROPHIS. Saurophis tetradactylus. Tetradactylus Chalcididus, Merr. Tent. 75. Lacerta tetradactyla, Lacep. Ann. Mus. ii. 351, t. 59, f. 1. Schinz, Rept. t. 42, f. 1. Daud. Rept. iv. 362. Guerin, Icon, t. 16, f. 2. Saurophis Seps, Fitz. Rept. 50. S. Lacepedii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 389. Fulvous, scales brown-edged ; lips and lower edge of the tem- ple white, black-spotted ; scales of the back striated, with a small central keel, in 14 series ; ventral shields 6-rowed ; femoral pores 5 or 6. Inhab. S. Africa ? Australia ??? Mus. Paris. F2 52 REPTILES. ** Feet undivided. Femoral pores 2-2. 10. CAITIA, Gray. Head pyramidical. Body very long, subcylindrical. Legs undivided, rudimentary, front legs very slender, elongate. Hind feet short, compressed, thick, undivided. Femoral pores 2, large, on each thigh. Tail very long, tapering, slender. The CAITIA. Caitia Africana, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 389. Olive brown, rather paler on the sides. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Chatham. c. Tail elongate, unarmed. The head pyramidical, elongate. Col- lar distinct, formed of keeled scales. Nasal lateral, supra-nasal none. Inguinal pores 2-2. Tachydromina. 11. TACHYDROMUS, Daud. Nostrils in the muzzle-ridge, in a single plate. Eyelids dis- tinct. Collar scaly, toothed, slightly marked. Scales of the back angular, keeled, in cross bands; of the sides granular; of the bel- ly and throat imbricate, keeled. Inguinal pores 2-2, distinct. Toes 5-5, slightly compressed, (not keeled beneath). Tail very long, with rhombic scales. The TACHYDROME. Tachydromus sexlineatus, Daud. Rept. iii. 256, t. 39. Brong. Class. 43, t. 2, f. 8. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 158. T. 4-lineatus, Daud. Rept. iii. 252. T. ocellatus, Guerin, Icon. R. A. t. 5. T. typicus, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 389. Olive, with a black-edged white streak, sides with black-edged white spots; dorsal scales in 4 longitudinal series, nearly square, slightly imbricate, strongly keeled ; ventral shields strongly keel- ed; parietal plates oblong. a—d. Adult, in spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. e. Adult, in spirits. Borneo. From the Leyden Museum. f.g. Adult, in spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Bel- cher, C.B., Ř.N. 12. TACHYSAURUS. Throat granular, with keeled scales on the middle behind. Collar toothed, of keeled rhombic scales. Ventral shields elon- gate, narrowed on each side, the lateral ones keeled. The Size Musi. Tachysaurus Japonicus. Tachydromus Ja- ponicus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 161. Lacerta Tachydromoides, Schlegel, Fauna Jap. 101, t. 1, f. 5–7. Olive-green, with a yellow streak on each side; scales of the back rhomboidal, keeled, imbricate, in 6 longitudinal series; shields of the belly slightly keeled; head short; parietal plates nearly as broad as long a. In spirits. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. LIZARDS. 53 II. Femoral pores none. Nasal with 2 or more pairs of supranasals above. Occipital plates numerous. Collar none. Throat shielded. a. Limbs 4. Head pyramidical. Tongue velvet-like. Nostrils in a nasal plate. Body fusiform. Western Hemisphere. Gerrhonotina. 13. ABRONIA, Gray. Gerrhonotus, Weigm. Head depressed; internasal small; supernasals 2, moderate, contiguous ; frontonasal, frontoparietal and interparietal distinct, subequal; parietal rather larger; occipital shields numerous. Eye- lids distinct. Scales of the back and tail smooth, or obscurely keeled. Body fusiform, with a groove on each side. Toes 5-5, smooth beneath. Femoral pores none. Tail round, tapering, as . long as the body. The CUTEZPALIA. Abronia Deppii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 389. Gerrhonotus Deppii, Weigm. Herp. Mex. t. 9, f.3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 398. Black, with cross bands of white spots; tail with 14 or 15 brown half-rings; scales of the back and sides very large, flat, smooth, in 16 or 17 series, in 30 cross bands; ventral shields 14-rowed. Inhab. Mexico, (Mus. Berlin). The STREAKED CUTEZPALIA. Abronia teniata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 390. Gerrhonotus tæniatus, Weigm. H. M. 32, t. 9, f. 1, 2.-Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 399. Whitish, with 8 black cross bands; a black streak on the tem- ple, and 15 black half-rings; scales of the back slightly swollen on the tail; the central line of the sides smooth ; ventral shields 12-rowed. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. 14. GERRAONOTUS, Weigm. Pterogasterus, Peale et Green. Cordylus, Blainv. Head pyramidical ; internasal, supernasal, and the rest of the shields small; occipital numerous, small. Eyelids distinct. Scales of the back and tail unarmed, keels forming continued ridges. Body fusiform, with a groove on each side. Toes 5-5, smooth beneath. Femoral pores none. Tail round, tapering, as long as the body. The CHECQUERED GERRHONOTE. Gerrhonotus tessellatus, Weigm. H. M. 31, t. 10, f. 3. head. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 390. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 405. G. liocephalus, Weigm. Iris, 1828, 379, young. Scincus (Pterogasterus) ventralis, Peale and Green, Journ. Acad. N. S. Phil. vi. 233. Olive, with a range of black dots and square black spots on the side plait; scales of the back keeled, of the sides smooth, in 53 cross series; ventral shields 12-rowed; supranasal small, rhombic, internasal rhombic; frontonasal and interparietal subequal small. Inhab. Mexico. F 3 54 REPTILES. The Bluish GERRHONOTE. Gerrhonotus cæruleus, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 31. Scales of the back and sides equally keeled; dusky blue, black- spotted; head, throat and belly blackish ; sides black and white varied. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Berlin. BURNETT'S GERRHONOTE. Gerrhonotus Burnettii, Gray, Beechey's Voy. Rept. 96, t. 31, f. 1. Ann. N. H. i. 390. Pale brown, sides with 10 or 11 oblique brown cross bands, with white tips to the scales; scales of the back and sides equally keeled, forming regular ridges; supranasals 2 pair, equal, rather transverse; internasal, frontonasal and frontoparietal moderate, equal; ventral shields 12-rowed; tail elongate, compressed at the base, brown-varied. a. Adult, in spirits. Tail reproduced. S. America. Presented by Sir William Burnett, R.N. WEIGMANN's GERRHONOTE. Gerrhonotus Weigmannii. Pale brown, sides with oblique brown cross bands, with white tips to the ends of the scales; scales of the back and sides equally keeled, forming regular ridges; head broad behind, supranasals 2 pair, front small, upper larger, transverse; internasal broad 6-sid- ed; frontonasal and frontoparietal moderate, subequal; ventral shields 12-rowed ; tail elongate, brown-varied, compressed at the base, angular at the end. a. Adult, in spirits. Mexico ? 15. ELGARIA, Gray. Head pyramidical, shielded; internasal large, rhombic; su- pranasals 2 pair, very narrow, band-like; fronto-nasal and fron- toparietal 6-sided, equal; the occipital plates scale-like. Scales of the back and tail slightly keeled, armless. Limbs weak. Toes 5-5. Tail slender, tapering, much longer than the body. The ELGARIA. Elgaria Kingii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 390. Gerrhonotus Kingii, Bell, MSS. G. multifasciatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 401. Brown, with 15 white-spotted brown bands, and numerous half- rings on the tail ; scales of the back obscurely keeled, of the sides smaller; ventral shields 12-rowed. a. Adult, in spirits. Mexico. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. 16. BARISSIA, Gray. Gerrhonotus, part, Weigm. Head pyramidical; shields convex; supranasals 2 or 3 pair, square, contiguous ; internasal none; frontonasal and fronto-pari- etal square; occipital shields keeled. Scales of the back round, keeled and unarmed. Toes 5-5. Tail round, as large as the body. LIZARDS. 55 The BARISSIA. Barissia imbricata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 390. Zool. Beechey's Voy. Rept. 99, t. 31, f. 1. Gerrhonotus imbrica- tus, Weigm. H. M. 34, t. 10, f. 2,5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 407. Greenish grey, varied with olive; scales of the back keeled, ending in a point, of the lower part of the sides smooth, in 37 cross bands; ventral shields 12-rowed. a. Adult, in spirits. Wants end of tail. Mexico. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. The ROUGH-NECKED BARISSIA. Barissia rudicollis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 390. Gerrhonotus rudicollis, Weigm. H. M. t. 10, f.1, 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 410. Greenish grey, varied with olive and dotted with black; sides blackish banded; scales of the back and sides large, keeled, point- ed behind, in 28 cross rows; ventral shields 14-rowed. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. The SPECKLED BARISSIA. Barissia lichenigerus, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 390. Gerrhonotus lichenigerus, Wagler, Icon. t. 34, f. 2. Weigm. H. M. 35. Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 408. G. adspersus, Weigm. H. M. t. 10, f. 6. Olive, whitish spotted, and with a whitish streak on each side; scales of the back keeled, not pointed, of the sides smooth, in 39 cross series; ventral shields 10-rowed. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. b. Snake-like. Legs 2, rudimentary or none. Ears small. Eye- lids distinct. Nostrils in a shield. Supranasal shields band- like, many pairs, with a central suprarostral. Tongue granular in front, villose behind. Pseudopina. 17. PSEUDOPUS, Merrem. Bipes, Oppel, Wagler. Proctopus, Fischer. Histeropus, Bory. Chamæsaura, part, Schneid. Seps, part, Daud. Ophisaurus, part, Eichwald. Head pyramidical, 4-sided ; supranasals many, band-like, transverse. Palate toothed. Nostrils lateral in a nasal plate. Ears a very small. Body elongate, lateral groove double. Legs 2, pos- terior, rudimentary, undivided. The Eastern World. The SHELTOPUSIK. Pseudopus Pallasii, Cuv. R. A. ii. 69. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 417. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 391. Lacerta apoda, Pallas, N. Com. Petrop. xix. 435, t. 9-10. L. apus, Gmel. S. N. 1079. Pseudopus serpentinus, Merrem, Tent. 78. Bipes Pallasii, Oppel, Rept. 43. Wagler, Icon. t. 14. Sheltopusik di dactylus, Latr. Rept. ii. 273. Seps Sheltopusik, Daud. Rept. iv. 351. Mem. Soc. Mosq. ix. t. 2, 3. P. Oppellii, Bory, Exp. Mo- rea, t. 12, 13. Bonap. Faun. Ital. t. 56 REPTILES. Chesnut ; scales dark-edged or spotted, of the back in 13 lon- gitudinal series, very obscurely keeled, more distinctly so on the upper and lower part of the tail ; internasal short, 6-sided ; inter- parietal triangular, narrow, acute behind; frontonasal 3, subequal, in a cross series. a. Adult, in spirits. Europe. Presented by Dr. John Richardson. b, c. Adult, in spirits. Dalmatia. From M. Heckle's collection. d. Young, in spirits. Grey, with brown cross bands; scales of the back and tail acutely keeled ; ventral shields keeled. Epi- darus, Morea. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. Apodous Lizard, Shaw, Zool. t. Pseudopus D'Urvillii, Cuv. R. A. ii. 69. Guerin, Icon. t. 17, f. 1. Bory, Voy. Morea, Rept. t. 12, f. 2. P. Fischeri, Menetries, Cat. 65. e-g. Adult, in spirits. Xanthus, Asia Minor. Presented by Charles Fellows, Esq. The SLENDER PSEUDOPUS. Pseudopus gracilis. Brownish, with a dark streak on each side ; back with cross rows of pale-edged black spots; scales of the back in 15 longitudi- nal series, bluntly keeled, rounded behind, keel more obscure near the nape, forming distinct ridges, more distinct on the hinder part of the body; of the belly smooth; of the under side of the tail very obscurely keeled ; internasal and interparietal shields taper- ing or rounded behind, without any central shield between the frontonasals a. In spirits. Khagic Hills. Presented by the Hon. East India Company 18. OPHIsaurus, Daud. Hyalinus, Merrem. Chamæsaura, part, Schn. Head pyramidical ; supranasal shields numerous, band-like. Nostrils lateral, in a nasal plate. Ear very small. Eyelids dis- tinct. Palate with many rows of teeth. Body serpentiform, with 2 deep grooves upon the sides. Limbs none. The GLASS SNAKE. Ophisaurus ventralis, Daud. Rept. vii . 252, t. 88. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 391. 0. punctatus, and 0. stri- atulus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 70. Anguis ventralis, Linn. S. N. 391. Glass Snake, Catesb. Carol. ii. t. 59. Ophisaurus lineatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 391, (var.) Brown, black and yellow spotted and streaked. a. Adult, in spirits. Partly bleached. N. America. b. Adult, in spirits. Brown-speckled, with a brown band on each side of the back. N. America. Presented by Dr. R. Harlan, Philadelphia. LIZARDS. 57 Fam. VI. CHLACIDES, (CHALCIDA). Head covered with regular many-sided shields. Temples shielded. Tongue squamose, with 2 small pointed tips., Palate toothless. Nostrils lateral, between the first labial, and a nasal plate. Eyelid distinct, Ears hidden under the skin. Limbs 4, very short, rudimentary. Femoral pores none. Body elongate, cylindrical, with a slight granular groove on the front of each side. Scales of the back and tail 4 or 6-sided, imbricate, in cross bands; of the belly square. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. BRACHYPUS. Hind feet with 4 clawed toes. 2. MICRODACTYLUS. Hind feet with 3 tubercles, 3. CHALCIS. Hind feet undivided. Scales square. 4. Bacha. Hind feet undivided. Scales 6-sided. 1. BRACHYPUS, Fitz., Weigmann, not Swains. Head with 2 internasals; the interparietal as large as the pa- rietal ; 4 pair of palpebrals. Scales of the back 6-sided, narrow, thin, flat. Toes 4-4, clawed. The SHORT-FOOT. Brachypus Cuvieri, Fitz. Rept. 50. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 453. Chalcide de quadredoigts, Cuv. R. A. ii. 66. Brown or fulvous, with a pale streak on each side; ventral shields 6-rowed. Inhab. N. America, Columbia. Mus. Paris. 2. MICRODACTYLUS, Tschudi. Head with an internasal ; 3 pair of palpebral plates, and an oblong triangular interparietal and no frontonasal shield. Scales of the back and sides rectangular, very narrow, smooth. Legs ve- ry short. Toes 3-3, like tubercles. The MICRODACTYLE. Microdactylus gracilis, Tschudi, Mus. Leyd. Chalcides Schlegelii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 457. Olive brown, below fulvous; dorsal scales in 25, and ventral shields in 8, longitudinal series; preanal plates 3. Inhab. “India, Calcutta.” Mus. Leyden. 3. CHALCIS, Merrem. Chalcides, Bonat, Weigm. Chamæsaura, Schn. Colobus, Merrem, not Illiger. Head without any internasal, rostral or interparietal shields, with 2 pair of palpebral. Scales of the back and sides rectangu- lar, narrow, smooth. Toes 3-1, front tubercular, hind style-like. 58 REPTILES. The CHALCIS. Chalcis flavescens. Chalcides flavescens, Bon- nat, E. M. 67, t. 22, f. 3. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 443, t. 32. Chamæsau- ra Cophias, Schneid. Amph. 209. Merrem, Tent. 75. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 459. Chalcides tridactylus, and C. monodactylus, Daud. Rept. iv. 367, 370. Colobus Daudinii, Merrem, Tent. 76. Scales of the back in 20, of the belly in 6, longitudinal series preanal plates 4,2 medial one before the other. Inhab. Tropical America, Guiana. Mus. Paris. 4. BACHIA. Head with no internasal nor interparietal plate, and with 2 very narrow palpebral shields. The fore feet with 3 small tuber- cles like toes, the hind feet very narrow, undivided. Scales of the back and sides 6-sided, narrow, smooth. Preanal plates 4,2 mid- dle one behind the other. The Chilian CHALCIS. Bachia D'Orbignii. Chalcis D'Or- bignii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 462. The dorsal scales in 19 and the ventral ones in 6 longitudinal series. Inhab. Chili, Santa Cruz. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. 1 II. The sides rounded, covered with scales like the back. Fam. VII. ANADIAS, (ANADIADÆ). Head with regular many-sided shields. Ears distinct, tympa- num rather sunken. Eyelids distinct, lower pellucid. Scales of the back and sides squarish, 6-sided, thin, smooth, imbedded, not overlapping, in alternating cross rings; of belly 4-sided, smooth ; of the tail 4-sided, smooth, in rings, one scale behind the other, so as to form longitudinal series. Sides rounded, with scales like the back. Scales of the throat square. Toes 5-5, unequal, clawed, ra- ther depressed with a series of tubercles beneath. Nostrils in the facial ridge, in the suture between 2 nasal shields. The temples shielded. Preanal plates numerous, in 3 cross series. Femoral pores numerous. 1. ANADIA. Toes 5-5, rather depressed. The EYED ANADIA. Anadia ocellata. Pale brown, bronzed, sides darker, with white-eyed black spots in front, beneath silvery, rather iridescent. a. Adult, in spirits. Tropical America ?? a LIZARDS. 59 Fam. VIII. CHIROCOLES, (CHIROCOLIDÆ). Head covered with regular many-sided shields. Tongue scaly, imbricate. Palate toothless. Nostrils lateral, in a single plate. . Eyelids distinct, lower transparent. Collar double. Ears hidden under the skin. Body and tail elongate subcylindrical. Scales of the back, sides and tail slender, 6-sided, lanceolate, keeled, imbri- cate, in regular rings, those of the neighbouring rings alternating with each other; of the belly square, smooth, imbricate, in longi- tudinal series. Legs 4, short. Femoral pores numerous, in the , centre of a scale. 1. HETERODACTYLUS, Spix. Chirocolus, Wagl. Chalcides, Cuv. Toes 5-5, hinder elongate, very unequal, the front thumb very short, rudimentary. The CHIROCOLE. Heterodactylus imbricatus, Spix, Braz, t. 27, f. 1, not good. Gray, Ann. N. H.i. 392. Schinz, Rept. 106, t. 41, f. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 447. Brown, with a pale streak upon each side ; scales of the back keeled; abdominal shields 6-rowed; preanal plates 3. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Zool. Soc. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. a Fam. IX. CERCOSAURES, (CERCOSAURIDÆ). Head with regular many-sided shields. Upper eyelids very short. Ears distinct. Throat with a double series of shields. Col- lar rather distinct. The body subcylindrical. Sides rounded, with scales like the back. Back and upper part of the tail with rings of large keeled scales forming longitudinal series. Belly and tail beneath with flat square shields in longitudinal series. Legs 4, moderate. Toes 5-5, unequal, smooth beneath. Tail round. America. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. CERCOSAURA. Body elongate. Scales of back oblong, bluntly keeled. Femoral pores none. 2. LEPISOMA. Body fusiform. Scales of back narrow, keeled. Femoral pores distinct. 60 REPTILES. 1. CERCOSAURA, Wagler. Ecpleopus, Dum. et Bib. Crichochalcis, Weigmann. Scales of the back large, oblong, quadrate, compressed, keeled, scarcely imbricate; of the tail imbricate. Toes 5.5, unequal, sub- cylindrical, smooth beneath. Femoral pores none. The Eyed CERCOSAURUS. Cercosaura ocellata, Wagler, Syst. 158. Weigm. H. Mex. 10. Black, with 4 white streaks, continued on the base of the tail, the outer from the back of the eyes and above the ears; head and body beneath yellowish; sides sprinkled with green, and with 8 or 9 white-eyed black spots; labial plate black-spotted. Inhab. Asia ? SCHREIBER'S CERCOSAURUS. Cercosaura Schreibersii, Weigm. H. Mex. 10. Tachydromus Schreibersii, Fitz, Sys. 50. Olive brown, with 5 obscure black brown streaks, 3 continued on to the tail. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Berlin. GAUDICHAUD'S CERCOSAURUS. Cercosaurus Gaudichaudi. Ecpleopus Gaudichaudi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 437. Fulvous brown, with 1 or 2 whitish streaks on each side, be- neath silvery. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris, (M. Gaudichaud). Perhaps the same as the former. 2. LEPISOMA, Spix. Lepidosoma, Wagler, Weigm. Pantodactylus, Dum. et Bib. Head covered with large shields. Temples shielded. Teeth rather compressed, 3-cut, front simple. Tongue squamose. Pa- late toothless. Nostrils lateral, in a single nasal plate. Eyelids 2, distinct. Ear distinct. Body fusiform, sides rounded, without any groove. Scales of the back, sides and tail thin, 4-sided, elon- gate, narrow, keeled, keels forming longitudinal ridges ; of the ab- domen square, smooth; of the sides of neck very small, granular. Femoral pores distinct, (none, Spix). Legs 4, moderate. Toes 5-5, unequal, subcylindrical, smooth below. The LEPIDOSOME. Lepisoma scincoides, Spix, Braz, 24, t. 27, f. 2,"descriptio et icon. pess.” Wagler, cop. Tropidosaurus scin- . 2, coides, Schinz, Abbild. Rept. 91, t. 30. Pantodactylus D'Orbignii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 431. Scales of the back narrow, nearly lanceolate, keeled ; of the sides of the neck very small, equal; ventral shields square, 6-rowed. , 6. Inhab. Buenos Ayres ? Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. Mus. Berlin. LIZARDS. 61 Fam. X. CHAMÆSAURES, (CHAMÆSAURIDA). Head covered with regular many-sided shields. Tongue nicked. Palate toothless. Temple scaled like the back. Eye- lids distinct, lower scaly. Body subcylindrical, elongate, the whole except the head covered with rings of elongate keeled scales, forming longitudinal series. Limbs rudimentary. Ears distinct, small. No lateral groove. Sides rounded, covered with scales, like the back. Africa. 9 1. CHAMÆSAURA, Fitz. Chalcides, Laur. Chalcida, and Monodactylus, Merrem. Feet fin-shaped, ending in a single claw. Nostrils in the low- er hinder edge of the nasal shield. Back with 6 series of broad, belly and sides with many narrow, long, keeled scales. Head- plates keeled, elongate, scale-like, rather imbricate. The ANGUINE LIZARD. Chamæsaura anguina, Schn. Amph. 210. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 392. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 441. La- certa anguina, Linn. S. N. 371. Seba, Thes. ii. t. 8, f. 7,8. Lac. monodactylus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. N. H. ii. t. 59, f. 1. Daud, Rep. iv. 342. t. 58, f. 1. Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 947. Chalcides pinnata, Laur. Syn. 64. Chalcida anguina, Merrem, Tent. 31. Lizard Serpent, Vosmaer, 6. t. 1. Brown, with a yellow streak on each side. a. Adult, in spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Sir James Macgregor, M.D. 62 REPTILES. Tribe IT. GEISSOSAURA. Scales of the belly and (almost always) of the back and sides rounded, quincuncial, imbricate, formed of a more or less thick, vascular, bony plate, covered with a thin epidermis, often showing the vessels through it. Sides rounded, covered with scales like those of the back. Tongue narrow, short, flat, slightly nicked at , , the end. Head covered with regular many-sided shields (rather scale-like in Lialisidæ); neck not contracted. Body fusiform or subcylindrical. Preanal pores none, (except in Pygopus and Lialis). A. Eyes distinct, exposed. Eyelid rudimentary. Head conical, Fam. XI. GAPE-EYED SCINCks, (GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ). Nostrils lateral, in a single nasal plate. Teeth conical, sim- ple. Palate toothless. Tongue scaly, nicked at the tip. Eyes naked; eyelids rudimentary, circular, ring-like and immoveable. Ears distinct. Body fusiform. Limbs 4, weak, unequal. Fe- moral pores none. Synopsis of the Genera. a. Head conical. Rostral rounded. * Scales keeled. 1. GYMNOPHTHALMUS. Toes 5-4. ** Scales smooth, keelless. 2. ABLEPHARUS. Toes 5-5. Supranasal none; frontoparietal plate double. Ears exposed. 3. CRYPTOBLEPHARUS. Toes 5-5. Supranasal none; frontopa- rietal plate single. Ears exposed. 4. MORETHIA. Toes 5-5. Supranasal 2, band-like; fronto-pa- rietal single. Ears distinct. 5. Menetia. Toes 4-5. Frontoparietal single. Ears hidden. 6. MICALIA. Toes 4-4. Frontoparietal double ; rostral truncat- ed; nasal transverse, band-like. Ears hidden. b. Head wedge-shaped. Rostral rather produced. 7. LERISTA. Toes 2-3. Scales smooth. LIZARDS. a. Head conical. Rostral rounded. * Scales keeled. American. 1. GYMNOPHTHALMUS, Merrem. Salamandra, Lacep. Latr. Head 4-sided, rather depressed. Rostral plate large, 6-sided. Eyelid none apparent. Eyes distinct, open. Nostrils lateral, in a large square nasal plate; supranasal none. Tongue scaly, nick- ed at the tip. Palate toothless, with a longitudinal groove. Body fusiform. Scales of the back and tail keeled, 6-sided, wider than long. Legs 4. Toes 4-5, unequal, clawed. Preanal scales 4. The AMERICIMA. Gymnophthalmus lineata, Gravenh. Cat. Mus. Bres. t. 25. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 335. Gymn. quadriline- ata, Nieuvied, Braz. Abbild. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 820. G. Merremii, Coct. Scinc. 1. Seps lineatus, Laur. Syn. 60. Scin- cus quadrilineatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 266. S. cyanurus, Schinz. Seba, Thes. ii. 43, t. 46, f. 6. Petiver, Gaz. t. 59, f. 4. Lacerta lineata, and L. 4-lineata, Gmel. Brownish-green bronze, sides blackish, with a yellowish streak above and below. Inhab. Brazils and Martinique. Mus. Paris. ** Scales smooth. Old World and Australasia. 2. ABLEPHARUS, Cocteau, Weigmann. Head subquadrangular. Nostrils lateral, in the middle of tri- angular approximating nasals; frontoparietal plates 2; suprana- sal none; internasal single. Eyelids rudimentary, circular, more or less mobile. Pupil round. Pupil round. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Teeth simple, conical. Palate not toothed, with a triangular notch. Ears distinct. Body fusiform. Scales smooth. Legs 4. Toes 5-5, unequal, rather compressed. Preanal plates 2, large. * Ears very small, nearly hidden. Eyelid half-circular. The HUNGARIAN ABLEPHARUS. Ablepharus Pannonicus, Licht. Doub. 103. Fitz. Berol. Mag. 1824, 297, t. 14. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 335. Scincus Pannonicus, Schreib. Mus. Vienna, S. platycephalus, Peron, Mus. Paris. Lacerta nitida, Kitaibel, Mus. Paris. Ablepharus Kitaibelii, Exped. Morea, Rept. 69, t. 11, f. 4. Coct. Scincoide, t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 809. Coppery green, with a white-edged brown band on each side ; eye with only a posterior half-circular lid; body elongate; ears very small, nearly hidden; limbs short, front only as long as the neck. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Eastern Europe. Hungary. From Dr. Heckle's collection. c. In spirits, not in a good state. E. Europe. From the Berlin Museum. G2 64 REPTILES. ** Ear moderate. Eyelid circular. The Two-STREAKED ABLEPHARUS. Ablepharus bivittatus. Scincus bivittatus, Menest. Cat. 64. A. Menestriesii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 811. Copper green, scales brown-edged, with 4 series of brown- edged grey spots; eyelid circular; ears moderate, circular, even, simple-edged; limbs moderate, fore legs extending to the eye. Inhab. Talysche Mountains, Perimbal, Menestries. 3. CRYPTOBLEPHARUS, Cocteau, Weigmann. Ablepharus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head pyramidical. Frontoparietal plate single. Nostrils la- teral, in a single nasal; supranasal none. Eyelid rudimentary, circular. Ears moderate, open. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Palate toothless. Body fusiforin, scales smooth, or very finely and indistinctly grooved. Legs 4. Toes 5-5, unequal, ra- ther compressed. Tail roundish, tapering, acute. Preanal scales in 3 rows. * Eyelid complete, with a series of larger scales above. The PETE. Cryptoblepharus Boutonii . Scincus plagiocepha- lus, Peron, Mus. Par. S. Boutonii, Desjard. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. 1831. 298. S. arenarius, and S. furcatus, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. S. aureus, Mus. Paris. Cryptoblepharis Peronii, Coct. Scincoi- des, i. t. Mag. Zool. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 812. C. Leschenaultii, Coct. Scinc. t. Ablepharus pecilopleurus, Weigm. N. Act. N. Cur. xv. 183, t. 8, f. 1. Gray, Ann N. H. ii. 335, and Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 426. Seba, Thes, ii. 4, t. 2, f. 9-10. Tiliqua Buchanani, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 291. Olive or bronzed, brown-varied; scales black-streaked; eyelid circular, scaly, with the three upper scales largest; ears moderate, suboval, open, simple-edged; rostral plate very large, triangular; preanal plates 6 or 7, nearly equal. a. Adult, in spirits. Dark bronze green, with 3 or 4 streaks of black dots. Isle of France. Presented by M. Bibron, of Mus. Paris. 6-d. Adult, in spirits. Brownish, with a bright yellowish streak on each side. Timor. From the Leyden Museum. d-m. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's col- lection. n-p. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. T. Buchanani, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 291. LIZARDS. 65 ** Eyelid incomplete, no scales between the eye and eyebrow above. The EYED PETE. Cryptoblepharus lineo-ocellatus, Gray, in Grey, Trav. in Austr. ii. 427. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Ablepharus lineo-ocellatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 817. Back grey or reddish, with 4 series of white-edged black spots and edged with a pale streak, and a black-edged white streak on each side; upper lip white; eyelids circular, covered with small equal scales, without any between the eye and superciliary plates; rostral plate small, very broad, 6-sided; frontal plate broader than long; ears moderate, suboval, with 2 or 3 denticulations in front; head short. u-d. In spirits. Swan River. 4. MORETHIA. Head pyramidical. Frontoparietal shields single. Nostrils lateral, in a small shield, with a small supranasal above it, and a smaller nasoloreal shield behind it; eyelid rudimentary, circular; ears moderate, open, denticulated in front; body fusiform ; scales smooth; legs 4, weak; toes 5-5, unequal, rather compressed ; tail roundish, tapering, acute; preanal scales rather larger. This only differs from Cryptoblepharus in the nasal shields; it is as if the nasal shield of that genus was divided into three small plates. The MORETHIA. Morethia anomalus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Olive, bronzed, black-spotted ; eyelid, scales equal; ears with 3 or 4 small denticulations in front. a. Adult, wants tail. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collec- tion. b. Young. Sides with a dark-edged white streak. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. 5. MENETIA. Head subquadrate. Muzzle rounded. Rostral plates mode- rate. Nostril lateral, in an oblong nasal shield; supranasal none; frontoparietal shield single, rhombic. Eyes moderate, the pupil round. Eyelid rudimentary, circular. Ears small, covered with the scales. Body elongate, fusiform, subcylindrical, rounded on the sides. Scales smooth. Legs 4, weak. Toes 4-5, slender, ra- ther compressed, unequal, clawed. 'Tail subcylindrical, tapering. Australia. G3 66 REPTILES. The Menetia. Menetia Greyii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Ter- ror, Rept. t. Olive, bronzed, with a pale narrow streak, externally edged with a very narrow black line. a-e. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Turner's collection. f. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. 6. MICULIA. Head conical, Muzzle rounded; rostral plate rather large, with a straight edge behind. Nostrils lateral, in the middle of 2 transverse nasal scales edging the back of the rostral ; supernasal none; frontoparietal shield double. Eyes moderate, pupil round. Eyelid rudimentary, circular, granular. Ears, none visible. Body subcylindrical, rounded on the sides. Scales smooth. Legs 4, weak. Toes 4-4, slender, rather compressed, simple, unequal, clawed, the 2 middle front subequal, longest, the third hinder ve- ry long. Tail cylindrical, tapering Australia. The MICULIA. Miculia elegans, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Olive, with a dark streak on each side, with a narrow white edge below; beneath pale whitish; tail brown-dotted ; eyelid in- terrupted above. a-c. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. b. Head wedge-shaped. Rostral rather produced. Australia. 7. LERISTA, Bell. Muzzle rather wedge-shaped. Rostral plate large, bent back on the upper and lower part of the muzzle. Nostril lateral, in a large nasal plate; supranasal none. Eyelid rudimentary, circu- lar, granular. Ears distinct, very small. Palate with a slight triangular nick behind. Body fusiform, rounded above, flat be- neath. Scales smooth. Tail conical. Legs 4. Toes 2-3, unequal, clawed, subcylindrical, simple. Preanal plates 2. “The ear-hole is so small that it was overlooked by Mr. Bell." The LERISTA. Lerista lineata, Bell, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1833, 99. Zool. Journ. v. 393, t. 26, f. 2. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 335. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 825. Greenish grey, with 2 black streaks. Inhab. New Holland. Mus. Bell. LIZARDS. 67 Fam. XII. The PYGOPODES, (PYGOPIDÆ). Head pyramidical, shielded, short, with 2 or 3 pair of band- like supranasal shields above the nasal shield, with a large inter- nasal and frontal shields. Nostrils oblong, in the lower angle of the band-like transverse nasal, appearing in the suture between the outer angle of the nasal, the front loreal shield, and the lower labial plates. Throat covered with small scales. Teeth conical, simple. The palate toothless, with a broad longitudinal groove. Tongue flat, scaly in front, velvety behind, rounded and nicked at the end. Ears distinct, exposed, tympanum sunk. Eyelid rudi. mentary, circular, immovable, scaly. Body cylindrical, elongate. Ventral shields broad, 6-sided, in 2 or 4 series. Tail with 3 series of broader shields, the central broadest. Limbs 2, posterior, rudi. mentary, undivided, scaly, on the side of the vent. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. PYGOPUS. Scales of the back keeled. Preanal pores numer- ous. The hinder limbs elongate. Pupil circular. 2. DELMA. Scales smooth. Preanal pores none. Pupil ellip- tical, erect. Hinder limbs short. a 1. Pygopus, Fitz., Merrem. Bipes, Cuv. Hysteropus, Dum. et Bib. Sheltopusik, Oppel. Head short, truncate, rounded, with 2 parietal and a pair of occipital plates. Rostral plate large. Pupil circular. Scales of the back keeled. Ear ovate. Vent with a series of pores in front. Hinder limbs elongate, ovate, compressed, scaly. Tail cylindri- cal, rather tapering: The PYGOPUS. Pygopus lepidopodus. Bipes lepidopodus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. N. H. iv. 193, 209, t. 55, 1. Schinz. Abbild. t. 42, f. 2. Pygopus lepidopus, Merrem, Tent. 77. Bory, Res. Er- pet. 142, t. 27, f. 2. Hysteropus Novæ Hollandiæ, Dum. et Bib. , E. G. v. 828, t. 55. Sheltopusik Novæ Hollandiæ, Oppel, Rept. 40. Coppery grey, with 5 series of oblong, 4-sided, white-edged, black spots and some oblique black streaks on the side of the neck; muzzle with 2 pair of broad transverse frontals, similar in shape to the nasals. a. Adult, in spirits. Australia. b. Adult, in spirits. Australia. Presented by the Rev. N. Wilton. c, d. Adult, in spirits. With 3 rows of large, white-sided, black spots, with a small plate between the supranasals. Swan River. Presented by Dr. Richardson. 68 REPTILES. The SCALY-FACED PYGOPUS. Pygopus squamiceps, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Muzzle with 5 series of supranasal plates ; grey, with a series of small spots on each side. a. Adult, in spirits. Australia. Presented by Dr. Mair. 2. DELMA, Gray. Pygodactylus, part, Weigm. Head elongate, shielded, with 2 parietal and a pair of large occipital shields. Rostral plate transverse, moderate. Eye cir- cular ; pupil elliptical, erect. Ears ovate, open, simple-edged. Body subcylindrical. Tail tapering. Scales smooth. Hinder limbs short, scaly. Vent without any pores in front. FRASER'S DELMA. Delma Fraseri, Gray, Zool. Misc. 14. Grey, Trav. in Austr. ii. 427, t. 4, f. 3. Olive, head white, with 4 more or less confluent black bands; sides of neck white-spotted, beneath white. a. Adult, in spirits. Western Australia. Presented by James Hunter, Esq. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Western Australia. From Mr. Gil- bert's collection. Fam. XIII. APRASIAS, (APRASIADE). Nostrils small, in the suture between the top of the first upper labial and the square supranasal. Head small, half-conic, shield- ed. Muzzle rather produced, acute. Frontonasal large, cover- ing the cheeks. Frontal shield large, elongate, 6-sided. Supercili- ary shields 2 pair, small. Labials few, large. Eyelid rudimen- tary, circular, edged with a series of small scales. Pupil round. Ear's hidden under the scales. Body and tail cylindrical, taper- ing, covered with hexagonal scales, and rather broader ventral shields. Limbs none. Preanal pores none. 1. APRASIA, Gray. Limbs none. Scales smooth. The APRASIA. Aprasia pulchella, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 322. Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 428-438, t. 4, f. 2. Pale brown, with a series of brown spots, 1 spot in the centre of each scale; sides with the spots more connected, forming in- terrupted streaks ; lips yellow. a, b. Half-grown, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchan- an's collection. c. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Turner's collection. LIZARDS. 69 Fam. XIV. LIALISES, (LIALISIDÆ). Head elongate, depressed. Cheeks scaly, covered with rather imbricate scales. Muzzle flattened in front. Nostrils in the bind- er edge of a small nasal shield in front of the face-ridge. Eyelid rudimentary, circular, scaly. Pupil elliptical, erect. Ears dis- tinct. Body elongate, subcylindrical. Scales oval, smooth, im- bricate. Belly with 2, tail with 1, series of larger shields. Limbs 2, posterior, short, undivided, flat, scaly. Tail rather tapering, elongate. Vent with a series of pores in front, in the front edge of a scale. 1. Lialis, Gray. The only genus. BURTON'S LIALIS. Lialis Burtoni, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 134. Grey's Travels, ii. 437, t. 3, f. 1. Zool. Misc. 52. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 831. Above, grey olive, in spirits, with 5 rather interrupted brown longitudinal streaks, the central streak divided into two over the nape, and united together again over the nose, the outer lateral streaks narrowest and more interrupted, edged with the two colors; beneath blackish grey, with large white spots; lips and streak un. der ear and along the side of the neck white. a, b. Adult female, in spirits. W. Australia, Houtman's Abrol- hos. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. c. Half-grown, in spirits. W. Australia. The Two-LINED LIALIS. Lialis bicatenata, Gray, Zool. Misc. 52. Voy. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Above brown grey, in spirits, with a series of distant black spots (one on the centre of each scale) along each side of the back; top of the head and nape with an indistinct double band, forming an elongated loop; beneath blackish grey, whitish dotted; chin and throat blackish, white-spotted ; lip-shields brown. a, b. Half-grown, in spirits. Partly bleached. Throat like rest of under side. Australia. Presented by Sir James Macgregor. c. Adult, in spirits. Port Essington. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. d, e. Half-grown, in spirits. Not good state. Australia. The DOTTED LIALIS. Lialis punctulata, Gray, Zool. Misc. 52. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Brownish grey, very minutely black-dotted, beneath darker brownish grey, the two colours separated by a very narrow brown edge and a distinct white line; sides of the head and neck dark chocolate brown, edged above with a very narrow, and beneath by a broader white band; front upper and side lower labial plates white, the rest dark brown. 70 REPTILES. a. Adult female, in spirits. Tail reproduced, shortened. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. 6. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Dring's collection. II. Eyes distinct, eyelids distinct, valvular. Head conical. Fam. XV. THE Scincs, (SCINCIDÆ). Head sul quadrangular, regularly shielded. Rostral plate mo- derate, erect, sometimes rather produced and transversely keeled. Nostrils lateral, in a more or less large nasal shield, with some- times a supranasal over it between the nasal and internasal. Body fusiform or subcylindrical. Tail cylindrical or tapering. Scales smooth, or keeled, or striated. Limbs 4, more or less strong, sometimes wanting, or rather hidden under the skin. Femoral pores none. Synopsis of the Genera. I. Scales thin, smooth, not striated nor keeled, Nostrils in a sin- gle smooth plate, without any lunate groove behind. Tail round, tapering, unarmed. A. Toes depressed, fringed on the sides. Head wedge-shaped. Ros- tral depressed, keeled in front. Nostril in the middle of the upper edge of the nasal, with a triangular supranasal above the rostral. Scincina. 1. Scincus. Body fusiform, flat below. Toes 5-5. B. Toes compressed, simple. Head subquadrangular. Rostral erect, triangular. Nostril in the middle of a shield. a. Supranasal plate none. * Body fusiform. Lower eyelid covered with scales ; fronto- parietals 2. 2. HINULIA. Head subquadrangular. Heel surrounded with granules. 3. KENEUXIA. Head depressed in front. Rostral and labials low. Heel with a flat oval plate behind. 4. ELANIA. Head conical. Rostral rather produced. Heel sur- rounded with granules. ** Body fusiform. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. 5. Mocoa. Rostral erect, triangular. Palate toothless. 6. LEILOPISMA. Rostral erect, triangular. Palate toothed. Pa- rietal plates 2, large, square. LIZARDS. 71 7. LIPINIA. Rostral depressed, large. Head flattened. Nasal lateral, square. *** Body and tail cylindrical, elongate. Limbs 4, weak, far apart. Rostral erect, rounded. Fronto-nasals distinct. + Toes elongate, unequal. 8. LYGOSOMA. Toes 5-5. Lower eyelid scaly. 9. ? RISTELLA. Toes 4-5. Lower eyelid — Supranasal 10. TETRADACTYLUS. Toes 4-4, the third longest, the fourth short. Lower eyelid transparent. 11. HEMIERGUS. Toes 3-3, unequal, middle one rather longest. Lower eyelid transparent. 12. CHELOMELES. Toes 2-2, unequal. Lower eyelid transparent. # Toes short, thick, subequal. 13. OMOLEPIDA. Toes 5-5, rather short, subequal. Lower eyelid scaly. Ear deep, simple in front. 14. PODOPHIS. Toes 5-5, short, suhequal. Lower eyelid scaly. Frontoparietal single. **** Body and tail cylindrical, elongate. Limbs rudimentary or wanting. Rostral rather produced ; frontonasal very small, lateral. Head half conical. 15. Siaphos. Legs 4. Toes 3-3, very short, the middle longest. 16. RHODONA. Legs 4 ; fore legs rudimentary, undivided, claw- less, hinder with 2 short, unequal, clawed toes. 17. Soridia. Legs none. b. Supranasal plates 2, rarely 4 or 6. * Body fusiform. Tail tapering. Limbs strong. Supranasals 2. 18. PLESTIODON. Lower eyelid scaly. Scales large. Body fusi- form. Palate toothed. Frontoparietal double. 19. EUMECES. Lower eyelid scaly. Scales large. Body and tail elongate. Palate toothless. Frontoparietal double. 20. OTOSAURUS. Lower eyelid scaly. Scales small. Body fusi- form. Palate toothless. Frontoparietal double. 21. MABOUYA. Lower eyelid transparent. ** Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Legs 4, short. 4 Toes compressed, unequal. Supernasal 1 pair. 22. RIOPA. Toes 5-5, unequal. 72 REPTILES. 23. Hagria. Toes 5-4, unequal. 24. CHIAMELA. Toes 4-4, unequal. *** Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Legs 4, very short. Toes very short, subequal or rudimentary. Supernasals 1 pair. 25. SENIRA. Toes 5-5, rounded, thick, very short. . 26. BRACHYMELES. Fore feet very short, with 2 very short toes; hinder tapering, undivided. **** Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Legs 2, posterior, or none. Supranasals 2 or 3 pair. 27. OPHIODES. Legs 2, on side of vent, undivided. 28. ANGUIS. Legs none external. II. Scales thick, bony, rugose, striated, or 1 or more keeled. Ros- tral rounded in front. Body fusiform. Limbs 4, strong. Toes 5-5, compressed C. Tail compressed, keeled above. Scales of the tail keeled, spinose, of the body smooth. Head-shields rugose, closely applied to the skull. Temples shielded. Lower eyelid scaly. Preanal plates few, large. 29. TRIBOLONOTUS. Tail with 4 spinose keels above, and spinose on the sides. Preanal plates 2, large. 30. TROPIDOPHORUS. Tail with 4 spinose keels above, smooth on the sides. Preanal plates 3, large, central triangular. 31. NORBEA. Tail with 2 close rows of keeled scales above, smooth on the sides. Preanal plates single, square, very large. D. Tail rounded, tapering, rarely spinose, not keeled above, thick, bony, rugose, or 3 or 5 keeled, rarely smoothish. * Supranasal shields none. + Lower eyelid scaly. Toes 5-5. Nostril with a curved groove behind it. § Toes short, thick, subequal. Scales rugose, unarmed. Orbit with a series of plates beneath. 32. TRACHYDOSAURUS. Tail short, thick, depressed, truncated. Body fusiform. Scales very thick, rugose. Ears lobed in front. 32. Cyclodus. Tail moderate, round, tapering. Body fusiform. Scales moderate, subequal. Ears lobed in front. LIZARDS. 73 $$ Toes elongate, compressed, unequal. Scales 1-5-keeled. , . Orbits simple. 33. SilubosAURUS. Tail short, depressed, spinose. Scales 1- keeled. 34. EGERNIA. Tail elongate, round, tapering, spinose. Scales 1-keeled, dagger-pointed. 35. TROPIDOLEPISMA. Tail elongate, round, tapering, armed. Scales 3. or 5-keeled, slightly toothed behind. Frontal short. 36. LARDELLA. Tail elongate, tapering, unarmed. Scales 2- keeled. Frontal very long. H Lower eyelid scaly. Toes 5-5. Nasal plate flat, without any groove behind it. 37. ATEUCHOSAURUS. TH Lower eyelid transparent. Toes 4-5. Nasals -? 38. HETEROPUs. Tail and body elongate, subcylindrical. Scales 3-keeled. Legs weak. Ears — ? ** Supranasals 1 pair. Scales moderate, 3- or 5-keeled. Palate toothed. 39. Dasia. Lower eyelid scaly. Toes dilated at the base. 40. TILIQUA. Lower eyelid scaly. Toes compressed the whole length. 41. EUPREPIS. Lower eyelid transparent. Ears oblong, lobu- lated in front, or covered with the scales of the temple. Toes compressed the whole length. E. Tail round, tapering, unarmed, not keeled above. Scales minutely striated, and sometimes 1-keeled. Supranasals two pair. 42. MICROLEPIS. Body fusiform. Head depressed. Tail elon- gate, compressed. 43. CELESTUS. Body fusiform. Tail tapering. Head depressed. Internasal and frontonasal united into 1 shield. Claws short. 44. CAMILIA. Body fusiform. Tail tapering. Internasal and frontonasal separate. Claws broad, blunt. 45. DIPLOGLOSSUS. Body and tail cylindrical, elongate. Head square. H 74 REPTILES. I. Scales thin, smooth, not striated nor keeled, unarmed. Nasal flat, smooth, without any lunate groove behind the nostril. Tail round, tapering, unarmed. A. Toes depressed, fringed on the side. Head wedge-shaped. Ros- tral depressed, keeled in front. Nostril in the middle of the upper edge of the nasal, with a triangular supranasal above the nostril. Scincina. 1. Scincus, Fitz., Gray. Muzzle wedge-shaped. Rostral depressed, sharp-edged, trun- cated in front. Frontoparietal plates 2. . Nostril lateral, in the upper front edge of the nasal, immediately under the triangular supranasal. Lower eyelid scaly. Tongue scaly, nicked. Palate toothed, with a longitudinal notch. Ears small, toothed in front. Limbs 4, short. Toes 5-5, nearly equal, flatted, toothed on the edge. Body angular below. Scales smooth. Tail conical, pointed. Bury themselves with great rapidity in the sand, Bruce. Ly- on's Trav. 184-5. The OFFICINAL SKINK. Scincus officinalis, Laur. Syn. 55. Schn. Savig. Rept. Egypt. t. 2, f. 8. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 288.- Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 564, t. 57, f. 3, the foot. Lacerta Stincus, Hassela. L. Scincus, Linn. S. N. i. ed. 10, 205. El Adda, Bruce, Voy. v. 226, t. 39, cop. Shaw, N. Misc. t. 1031. Sav. Rep. Egypt. i. t. 2, f. 8. L. agilis, Meyer, 133, not Linn. L. Edda, Donndroff, Zool. Beytr. ii. 134. Asilis, Lyon, Trav. 184-5. Fulvous, with brown cross bands; preanal scales 2. a. Adult, in spirits, bleached. N. Africa. b. Adult, in spirits. N. Africa, Egypt. Presented by M. Lefebre. e, d. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. N. Africa, Egypt. Pre- sented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. B. Toes compressed, simple. Head subquadrangular. Rostral erect, triangular. Nostril in the middle of nasal shield. Lygosomina. a. Supranasal plate none. Body fusiform. Lower eyelid covered with scales. Frontoparietal separate. 2. Hinulia. Lygosoma, part, Dum, et Bib. Le Keneux, part, HINULIA Cocteau. Frontal plate oblong. Rostral erect, triangular. Palate tooth- less, with a deep triangular notch in front. Body fusiform. Scales smooth, thin ; the 2 central preanal scales larger than the rest. Tail tapering, roundish. Legs moderate. Toes 5-5, slender, com- pressed. Heel of the hind feet surrounded with granules. LIZARDS, 75 * Ears simple, in front roundish. + Scales small, numerous. The BLACK-BEARDED HINULIA. Hinulia nævia. Tiliqua nævia, Gray, in Grey, Trav. Aust. ii. 426. Scincus nævius, Per- gon, Mus. Paris. S. erythrolamus, and S. melanopogon, Muller, Mus. Leyd. Lygosoma melanopogon, Dum. et Bib. Ě. G. v. 723. Brown, with irregular, interrupted, brown, cross bands, be- neath whitish ; legs with a pale streak in front; chin black, spot- ted or varied ; scales small; head large, short; supraocular plates 6 or 7 pair ; nasal lateral, square ; tail rather compressed. a. Adult, in spirits. New Guinea. From the Leyden Museum. b. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The WHITE-BANDED HINULIA. Hinulia fasciata. Black, with a series of narrow white cross bands on each side, interrupted in the middle of the back, beneath white; legs white- spotted; scales small, in many series; supraocular shields 5-5; nostrils in a subtriangular nearly touching shield ; tail rather compressed a. In spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collec- tion. # Scales moderate, in 8 series. Supraocular shields 3-3 or 5-5. DUSSUMIER'S HINULIA. Hinulia Dussumieri. Lygosoma Dussumieri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 725. Keneux de Dussumier, Coct. Tab. Back fulvous, with a black streak upon each side ; sides with white-edged black streaks, beneath whitish; tail round; legs long; toes simple ; supraocular plates 4; nostrils lateral; nasal square, , internasal rhombic, truncated in front; ears large, oval, open, sim- ple-edged. Inhab. Malabar, Dussumier. Mus. Paris. Gerrard's HINULIA. Hinulia Gerrardii, Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Silvery grey (when dry), with a broad irregular brown band across the back of the neck, with a streak to the occiput, and a broader one to each fore leg; body with 6, tail with 12 or 14 broad crescent-like cross brown bands, which are spotted with grey when they cross the side; limbs with brownish streaks; head brown above, head-shields black-edged, with a brown streak on the temple, to- wards the ear; chin white, brown-lined, belly brown-spotted ; ear open, simple in front, partly covered by the temple-scales; supra- ocular plates 3-3, nasal nearly contiguous, frontonasal and fronto- parietal contiguous. 2, b. Adult, stuffed. Australia ?? Length 14 inches. H 2 76 REPTILES. a The ELEGANT HINULIA. Hinulia elegaus, Gray, Zool. Ere- bus and Terror, Rept. t. Pale brown, back varied with black spots, more close forming an irregular broad dark streak on the upper part of each side; be- neath whitish ; chin varied with black; lips and limbs blackish varied; nasal and frontonasal nearly contiguous; ears ovate, open, simple-edged. a. In spirits. New Holland. The Swan RIVER HINULIA. Hinulia Greyii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Olive, black-varied, with a dark-edged yellow streak on each side of the back, sides black-spotted, with a yellow streak below; legs brown-streaked ; lip-shields black-edged; ears oblong, smooth- edged; frontal triangular, elongate, frontonasal contiguous, fron- toparietal and parietal small, similar; body thick, fusiform. a. In spirits. Swan River. The SLENDER HINULIA. Hinulia tenuis. Tiliqua tenuis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 71. Ann. N. H. ii. 291. Scincus Eruca- tus, Peron, Mus. Paris. Lygosoma erucata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 726. Keneux de Busseuil, Coct. Tab. Pale brown, varied, with an irregular edged brown streak on each side; scales in 8 series ; feet long, toes very slender; muz- zle rather short; supraocular shields 4 ; ears round, open, simple- edged; nostrils lateral, nasal triangular, frontonasal nearly conti- guous; tail elongate, rather compressed. a. In spirits. Australia. b, c. Sides white-speckled. W. Australia, Swan River. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. REEVES'S HINULIA. Hinulia Reevesii. Tiliqua Reevesii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. Scinque à flanc noir, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uran. t. 42, f. 1. Keneux de Quoy, Coct. Tab. Lygosoma Quoyii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 728. Pale olive, with a white-dotted dark streak on the upper part of each side; head short; supraocular shields 5-5; ears ovate, open, simple-edged ; nasals lateral, rhombic, nearly contiguous; tail slightly compressed. a, b. In spirits. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. The JAVAN HINULIA. Hinulia sancta. Scincus sanctus, Boie, MSS. Mus. Leyd. Lygosoma sancta, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v.730. Greyish, with a rather darker band on each side; nasal small, lateral; ear round, open, simple-edged; supraocular shields 5-5. Inhabits Java. Mus. Paris. A young specimen in a bad state, probably the same as the former. > a a LIZARDS. The NEW ZEALAND HINULIA. Hinulia ornata. Tiliqua or- . nata, Gray, Dieff. N.Z.ii. 202. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Bright pale brown, varied with black and white spots, sides with an irregular narrow pale streak above; scales with short black streaks, some black on each side, white in the centre; ears mode- rate, roundish, simple-edged. a. In spirits. Brown, with black and white spots. Cook's Straits N. Zealand. Presented by R. Owen, Esq. b. In spirits. Brown, with 3 blackish streaks, sides blackish, edged above and below with an irregular edged pale line. N. Zealand. ** Ears denticulated in front. + Scales moderate, in 4 series. LABILLARDIERE'S HINULIA. Hinulia Labillardieri, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Keneux de Labillardiere, Coct. Tab. Tiliqua Labillardieri Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 289. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 734. Bronze green, speckled or lined with black, sides black, white- dotted and with 2 white streaks; nasals rhombic, large, nearly con- tiguous, frontonasal plates separate; ears ovate, slightly dentici- lated in front; scales of the back large, in 4 series. a. In spirits. Australia, King George's Sound. From the Paris Museum. b. Swan River. From Mr. Gould's collection. c. Young, in spirits. Bronze green, with a series of round white spots in the black on the sides of the back. W. Australia. The AUSTRALIAN HINULIA. Hinulia australis, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Tiliqua australis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 291. Lygosoma Lesueurii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 733. Gray, Grey's Austr. ii. 425. Pale brown, with a central white-edged brown streak; sides black with a narrow white streak above, a series of oblong white spots, as if formed of an interrupted streak, and a rather wide in- distinct pale streak below; ears half ovate, with 4 strong teeth in front; temple white, brown-spotted; scales of the back in 4 series. a, b. In spirits. Back pale, with a white-edged central streak. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. c, d. Back with several white-edged streaks. W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection, e, f. Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gould's collection. g. In spirits. Back brown, without a streak. Port Essington From Mr. Gilbert's collection. H 3 78 REPTILES. GILBERT'S HINULIA. Hinulia Essingtonii, Gray, Zool. Ere- bus and Terror, Rept. t. Tiliqua Essingtonii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 51. Pale brown, nape with 3 indistinct black streaks, with a very distinct narrow broadly black-edged silvery streak from the back angle of the eye to over the base of the tail, and with a broader more indistinct streak from the front to the hinder legs; sides of throat brown, white-spotted ; chin, under side of limbs and be- neath yellow; tail elongate, brown, with 2 narrow black streaks on each side; limbs brown, with 3 indistinct black-dotted lines; ears large, with 3 small scales on the front edge. a. Young ? in spirits. Port Essington, North coast of Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. Like the preceding, but it has no white-edged central streak, and the lateral streak has indications of a white border to its up- per edge. The BRONZED Hinulia. Hinulia inornata, Gray, Zool. Ere- bus and Terror, Rept. t. Pale nearly uniform brown bronze above, back with a rather narrow bright yellow rather darker edged streak on each side; the sides pale, with an indistinct yellow streak on the lower part of each, both streaks extending along the side of the tail ; chin and beneath whitish, with rather darker edges to the sides ; ears ob- long, with 4 or 5 small compressed yellow scales in front. a. In spirits. Swan River. The LINEATED HINULIA. Hinulia tæniolata. Lacerta tæni- olata, Shaw. White, Jour. N. H. t. 32, f. 1. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 68. Ann. N. H. ii. 289. Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 734. Scincus undecim-striatus, Kuhl, Beytr. 129. S. octolineatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 285. S. multilineatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 3, f. 2. Keneux de Lesueur, Coct. Tab. Brown or black, with 6 white streaks, continued and margin- ing the shields of the head ; sides brown, with 2 white streaks ; tail pale, with 3 tapering streaks ; nasals contiguous; scales of the back in 4 series; ears denticulated in front; frontonasal plates contiguous. a. In spirits, rather bleached. Australia. Presented by Capt. J. White. The specimen described by Dr. Shaw. b, c. In spirits. Australia. d, e. In spirits. N. Holland. f. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 2 LIZARDS. 79 a r. Half grown. tt Dorsal scales small, in 8 series. Head large. WHITE's HINULIA. Hinulia Whitei, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Scincus Whitei, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. 192. S. ocellatus, and S. Lewecinensis, Peron, Mus. Paris. S. tænio- latus quadrilineatus, Merrem, Tent. 72. S. moniliger, Valenc. Mus. Par. Lygosoma moniligera, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 736. Keneux de White, Coct. Tab. Tiliqua leucopsis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 291. Pale olive, back with a central pale streak and a regular white spotted black streak on each side; sides white-spotted; eyelid and ear-lobes white; lips black-varied; scales of the back as long as broad, in 8 series; nasal plates contiguous; ears strongly denti- culated in front ; frontonasal plates contiguous. a. In spirits. Kangaroo Island. From the Paris Museum. b. In spirits. Swan River. Swan River. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. c. In spirits. Swan River. d-k. In spirits, young and old. Australia. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. 1, m. In spirits. Australia. Presented by Lieut. A. Smith, R.N. n, o. H. Abrolhos, Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. P, q. Young. Australia.. Presented by the Earl of Derby. . Dorsal streaks each with 2 rows of linear white specks. Swan River. s. Adult, stuffed. Back with a central reddish streak. Australia. Presented by W. Shuckard, Esq. 3. KENEUXIA. Le Keneux, part, Cocteau. Lygosoma, part, Dum. et Bib. Head depressed in front. Nostrils lateral, in a small oblong longitudinal nasal. Rostral low notched above. Internasal large, subtrigonal. Loreal shields 2, oblong. Frontoparietal separate, interparietal small. Labial plate low, elongate, Mental shields large, with a small triangular central one behind. Ear small, simple in front. Body fusiform. Scales smooth. Tail round, ta- pering, with a series of broad plates beneath. Legs 4, strong Toes 5-5, compressed, elongate, unequal. Soles granular. Heel of the hind feet with a flat oval plate behind. Preanal shields l'a- ther larger in a curved series: the scales behind the vent small, numerous. The KENEUX. Keneusia smaragdina. Scincus smaragdinus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. iii. t. 3, f. 1. Schlegel, Alb. Amph. 33, t. 11. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 738. S. viridipunctatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. 44, 1. 4, f. 1. S. celestinus, Valenc. Mus. Par. Guérin, Icon. Ř. A. t. 15, f. 2. S. oxycephalus, and S. Tressianus, Reinw. Mus. Leyd. Keneux de Valenciennes, Coct. Tab. 9 80 REPTILES. Olive, black-spotted, with a pale streak on each side, (it and the spot becoming obliterated with age), beneath silvery ; inter- nasal as long as broad, subtrigonal; frontonasal contiguous. a. Adult, in spirits. Uniform pale greenish. Molucca. From the Leyden Museum. b, c. Younger, in spirits. Olive, black-spotted, with a pale streak on each side of back. Molucca. From the Leyden Museum. d. Adult, in spirits. Green, black-spotted. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. 4. ELANIA. Lygosoma, part, Dum, et Bib. Head small, slender, conical. Rostral plate bent back on the muzzle. Frontal plate very large, rhombic, broader than long, soldered in front to the internasal. Nasal large, nearly contigu- ous, supranasal none, frontonasal separate, lateral. Eyebrow with 5 plates. Frontoparietal 2. Ears very small. Body fusiform, large in the middle. Scales moderate, smooth. Limbs strong Tail very long and gradually tapering. The 2 middle preanal shields largest The ELANIA. Elania Mulleri. Scincus Mulleri, Schlegel, Abb. Amph. 13, t. 3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 740. Reddish, with cross series of black spots; end of the muzzle, chin and lips black, beneath yellow; sides with a yellow-edged brown streak; limbs black, with a longitudinal yellow streak; a spot under the eyes and streak on side of neck black. Inhab. New Guinea. Mus. Leyden. b. Supranasal plate none. Body fusiform. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. 5. Mocoa. Lygosoma, part, Dum. et Bib. Head subquadrangular. Rostral erect, triangular, convex. Nasal lateral, nearly contiguous, supranasal none, frontoparietal separate or unitel into one. Palate toothless, picked behind. Ears oblong, slightly denticulated in front, tympanum deep. Lower eyelid with a central transparent disk. Chin with several pairs of large shields. Body fusiform. Scales smooth, with 3 or 4 black streaks. Limbs 4, strong. Toes 5-5, compressed, une- qual. Tail round, tapering, unarmed. Central preanal scales rather larger than the others. * Frontoparietal plate single, lozenge-shaped. + Scales of the back moderate, in 6 series. GUICHENOT's Moco. Mocoa Guichenoti, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Lygosoma Guichenoti, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 713. Gray, in Grey, Austr. ii. 425. Bronze green, with blackish streak on each side; scales of the back moderate; frontoparietal plate single, larger, elongate, lo- LIZARDS. 81 zenge-shaped, frontal triangular, equal-sided ; nasal plate small, quite lateral, internasal broad, truncated in front; ear large, near- ly circular, open, simple-edged in front; 2 of the 4 scales of the last preanal series larger than the rest. a. In spirits. N. Holland, King George's Sound. From the Paris Museum. “Scincus Duperreyi,” Bibron. b. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The NEW HOLLAND Moco. Mocoa trilineata, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. i. Tiliqua trilineata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 291. Lygosoma Duperreyii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 715. Olive, black-spotted, with a pale streak on each side, sides blackish, white-dotted; ears moderate, oval, front edge covered with 2 scales; nasal lateral, nearly contiguous, frontoparietal plate single, lozenge-shaped, frontal rhombic, short and blunt before, long and acute behind. a. In spirits. Olive, scales of the back and sides black-edged, not spotted. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. b-d. Like a. W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. e-g. In spirits. Like a. Swan River. h. In spirits. Olive, black and white spotted, sides blackish, white-dotted. W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. 1–1. In spirits. Like h. Swan River. m. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. tt Scales of the back small, in 8 or 10 series. CUMING's Moco. Mocoa Cumingii. Olive-green, with scattered black and white spots, sides black- varied, beneath silvery green ; nasal lateral, nearly contiguous, internasal lozenge-shaped, nearly as long as broad, frontonasal large, contiguous, frontal moderate, interparietal single, lozenge- shaped, slightly nicked behind, parietal small, superciliary shields 4-4; scales of back rather small, of the sides small; lower eyelid disk moderate. a. In spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collec- tion. The BLACK-CHINNED Moco. Mocoa melanopogon, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Olive, varied with black, and with 2 or 3 white streaks on some of the scales; side of the head and neck black, with a white streak under the eyes from the back edge of the ear; chin and throat black, with a central white spot on each scale, beneath silvery; nasal lateral, frontonasal contiguous; scales of the back rather small, in 8 or 10 series, of the sides smaller ; disk of lower eyelid very large. a. In spirits. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. 82 REPTILES. Ht Scales of the back very small, in numerous series. The EYED Moco. Mocoa ocellata, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Olive, varied with numerous sometimes confluent black dots, forming rings on the sides, beneath whitish; scales very small, in many series ; pasal rhombic lateral; disk of lower eyelid large. a-c. In spirits. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. d, e. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. ** Interparietal plates 2, separate. † Ear ovate, partly covered with the scales above. Australia. ENTRECASTEAUX's Moco. Mocoa Entrecasteauxii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Lygosoma Entrecasteauxii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 717? Olive, back with a broad blackish central streak, sometimes with series of spots on the side, sides blackish, with 2 narrow white streaks; nasal plates small, nearly continuous ; temple covered with large scales; transparent disk of the lower eyelid very large; ears moderately open, nearly circular, simple-edged; preanal scales nearly equal; frontoparietal plate double, frontonasal nearly contiguous. a-f. In spirits. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. d-i. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Lords of the Ad- miralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. j, k. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The Moko Moko. Mocoa Zelandica, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Tiliqua Zelandica, Gray, Dieff. N. Z. ii. 202. Tiliqua Moko,“ Gray, MSS.” Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 718. Pale brown, bronzed, with 2 narrow black-edged bright streaks on each side, the lower one continued down the front of the legs; sides blackish ; the frontonasal nearly contiguous, the fronto-pa- rietal separate, similar to the parietal, nasal nearly contiguous ; ears moderate, nearly circular, simple-edged; preanal scales near- ly equal; palpebral disk moderate. a. In spirits. Cook's Straits, N. Zealand. Presented by R. Owen, Esq. b. In spirits . New Zealand, Bay of Islands. Presented by the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. Smith's Moco. Mocoa Smithii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Pale brown, with 3 indistinct series of black spots and a pale streak on each side ; sides black-varied, beneath whitish ; limbs black-spotted ; nasal and frontonasal nearly contiguous, fronto- LIZARDS. 83 parietal and parietal nearly equal; ears open, simple-edged ; pre- anal plates nearly equal, larger; disk of the lower eyelid very large, oblong a—c. In spirits. New Zealand. Presented by Lieut. Alexander Smith, R.N. d–h. In spirits. N. Zealand. Presented by the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. The SMALL-EARED Moco. Mocoa microtis, Gray, Zool. Ere- bus and Terror, Rept. t. Olive, with a narrow dark streak on each side of the back; sides black, with a subcentral broad pale streak; nasal contiguous, in- ternasal triangular, outer angle truncated, frontonasal small, far apart, frontal 5-sided; ears small, partly covered with the scales above; lower eyelid disk large, oblong; 2 central preanal plates largest. a. In spirits. Swan River, W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. The BRONZED Moco. Mocoa cuprea. Ablepharus cupreus, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 335. A. Peronii, part, Dum. et Bib. E. G. 814. Golden green, mottled with brown (perhaps discoloured), with a narrow pale sinuous streak on each side of the back; nasal nearly contiguous, frontonasal small, contiguous, frontal elongate lozenge-shaped ; ears oblong, moderate; head depressed ; lower eyelid disk large, oblong; 2 central preanal plates larger. a. In spirits. ? # Ears round, moderate, simple-edged, drum sunken. African. The AFRICAN Moco. Mocoa Africana. Brown, darker spotted (perhaps discoloured ?); lip and throat brown-spotted, beneath silvery; scales rather larger, nearly as long as broad; nasal oblong, lateral, separated by the 4-sided interna- sal, frontonasal nearly contiguous, frontal elongate, rhombic, ra- ther truncated in front; tail short, tapering, with a central series of broad shields beneath. a. Young, in spirits. W. Africa. Ht Ear circular, large, entirely exposed. American. The North AMERICAN Moco. Mocoa lateralis. Scincus lateralis, Say, Long's Exped. R. N. ii. 324. Holb. N. A. Herp. i. t. 8. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 70. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 719. S. unicolor, Harlan, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. v. 156. Olive, black-dotted, with a white-edged dark streak on each side; nasal nearly contiguous; ears very large, circular, the edge 84 REPTILES. Lower eye- simple, rounded ; frontal very long, narrow in front; 2 middle preanal scales largest; frontoparietal plate double; palpebral disk moderate. a-e. In spirits. N. America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. 6. LEIOLOPISMA, Dum. et Bib. Rachites, part, Coct. Head short, quadrangular. Rostral erect, triangular. Nos- trils lateral. Nasal subtrigonal, nearly contiguous, supranasal none, frontoparietal plate separate, interparietal large square. Palate with a slight nick behind, armed with teeth. lid with a transparent disk. Ear oblong, simple-edged, tympa- num sunk deep. Chin with a large mental shield in front, with a pair of rather larger behind, and with two series of small scales below the lower labials. Body fusiform. Tail round tapering. Scales smooth, in many series. Preanal scales moderate, rather larger, the middle rather the largest. Limbs 4, strong. Toes 5-5, compressed, unequal. Soles granular. Claws short, compressed . The LEIOLOPISMA. Leiolopisma Bellii. Tiliqua Bellii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 70. Ann. N. H. 292. Rachite de Telfair, Coct. Tab. Scincus Telfairii, Desjardin, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. 292, 1831. Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 742. Pale brown, with irregular cross bands of brown-margined pale scales; sides brown-spotted. a. Adult, in spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Madagascar. Olive, brown-varied. Presented by Dr. Johnson. 7. LIPINIA. Head rather depressed. Muzzle depressed. Rostral rather depressed, large, truncated behind, rounded in front. Supranasal none, interparietal 2. Nostrils lateral, rather in front of the mid- dle of an elongate 4-sided nasal. Tongue depressed, nicked. Eyes moderate, pupil round. Eyelids short, edged with granules, the lower with a transparent disk. Ears round, large, tympanum ra- ther sunk. Body fusiform. Scales smooth. Legs 4, moderate, sleuder. Toes 5-5, slender, simple, unequal, clawed. Tail elon- gate, tapering The LIPINIA. Lipinia pulchella. Brown, whitish beneath, with a broad central white (yellow) streak from the tip of the nose to the middle of the tail, edged on each side by a broad dark brown streak; legs brown-spotted. a. In spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. a LIZARDS. 85 *** Supernasal plates none. Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Limbs 4, weak, far apart. Rostral erect, triangular. + Toes elongate, rather compressed, unequal. 8. Lygosoma, Gray. Lygosoma, part, Dum. et Bib. Head subquadrangular. Nasal lateral, nearly contiguous, su- pranasal none. Rostral rounded, triangular, erect, frontoparietal double (or single). Palate toothless, nicked behind. Ears oblong, tympanum sunk. Lower eyelid scaly, with a transverse series of larger scales. Chin with several pair of large shields. Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Scales smooth. Limbs 4, weak, far apart. Toes 5-5, compressed, unequal. The SWAN RIVER LYGOSOMA. Lygosoma australis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 332. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Back golden brown, darker varied, with a broad pale golden green streak down each side; sides grey, closely black-dotted ; na- sal lateral, triangular, nearly contiguous, frontonasal contiguous, frontoparietal 2; ears simple, round. a. Adult, in spirits Back dark brown, with 3 series of black ob- long longitudinal spots, beneath white. Swan River. From Mr. Dring's collection. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Back pale brown, scarcely spotted, be- neath white, with black edges to the scales. Swan River. From Mr. Dring's collection. TEMMINCK'S LYGOSOMA. Lygosoma (?) Temminckii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 727. Scincus Cuvierii, Mus. Leyd. Dull chesnut, with a narrow black streak on each side, beneath white; chin and throat closely black spotted ; limbs short, weak; toes rather short, stout, subcylindrical; tail conical ; supraocular shields 4 ; ears large, circular, open, simple-edged; nasal lateral, internasal lozenge-shaped, strongly truncated in front, frontona- sal nearly contiguous. Inhab. - ? Mus. Paris from Mus. Leyden, (1 specimen). BOUGAINVILLE's LYGOSOMA. Lygosoma Bougainvillii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 716. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 332. Scincus Bou- gainvillii, Cocteau, MSS. Ears very small, simple, partly covered by the ends of the tem- ple-scales above; preanal scales 2, very large; nasal plates large, contiguous, internasal very large. Inhab. New Holland. Mus. Paris, (1 specimen). 9. RISTELLA, Gray. Muzzle conical. Supranasal - ? Ears distinct, subor- bicular, sunken. Lower eyelid ? Body and tail elon- I 86 REPTILES. gate, subcylindrical, the latter tapering at the end. Legs 4, weak, far apart. Toes 4-5, compressed, front very short, hinder unequal. RURK's RISTELLA. Ristella Rurkii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 333. Crown and back pale brown, shining ; scales 6-rowed, each of those in the 4 central rows with a black central spot, forming 4 longitudinal series of spots; sides ashy, white-dotted ; chin and belly white; tail similar, but rather paler, nearly as long as the body. Inhab. N. India, Dr. Rurk. Mus. Fort Pitt, Chatham. 10. TETRADACTYLUS, Peron. Seps, Fitz., Weigm. Head subquadrangular. Nasal plates lateral, nearly contigu- ous, supranasals none, frontoparietal — -? Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Teeth conical, simple. Palate toothless, slight- ly notched behind. Ears distinct, partly covered by the scales in front of it. Occipital plates none. Lower eyelid with a transpa- rent disk. Body elongate, cylindrical, sides rounded. Scales smooth. Legs 4, far apart, weak. Toes 4-4, subcylindrical, sim- ple, unequal, clawed, the first to the third gradually longer, fourth short, low down. Tail elongate, conical, pointed, with a central series of rather broader scales beneath. The 2 central preanal scales largest. This genus differs from Chiamela in having no supranasal, and in having a distinct external thumb-like toe to the hind foot. The TETRADACTYLUS. Tetradactylus Decresiensis, Peron, Mus. Paris. Cuv. R. A. ii. 64. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 333. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 764. Dict. Sci. Nat. Add. t. f. 3. Seps Peronii, Fitz. 52. Chiamela Du- vaucellii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 333. Dark brown, with series of black spots, the central series the broadest ; scales of the under side pale edged. a. Adult, in spirits. Kanguron Island. From the Paris Museum. 11. HEMIERGIS, Wagler. Tridactylus, Peron, not Lacep. Zygnis, part, Fitzinger. Seps, part, Cuvier. Head conical. Nasals lateral, large, rhombic, nearly contigu- ous, supranasals none, 2 frontoparietals and interparietal similar in size. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Tongue scaly, nicked. Teeth simple, conical. Palate toothless, slightly notched behind. Ears exposed. Body elongate, cylindrical, sides round- ed. Scales smooth. Limbs 4, far apart, weak. Toes 3.3, simple, subcylindrical, clawed, the middle one rather longest, the inner shortest. Tail conical, pointed, with a central series of very broad scales beneath. The 2 central preanal scales rather larger. LIZARDS. 87 The TRIDACTYLE. Hemiergis Decresiensis, Wagler, Sys. 160. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 766. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Tridactylus Decresiensis, Peron, Mus. Par. Cuv. R. A. ii. 64. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 333. Fitz, Class. 53. Back olive, with 2 lines of small indistinct black spots and a broad black streak on each side, extending to the tip of the tail, beneath yellowish. a. In spirits. Swan River. 12. CHELOMELES, Dum. et Bib. Muzzle conical. Nostrils lateral, in the middle of a nasal shield. Supranasal none, 2 frontoparietal and interparietal simi- lar in size. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the end. Palate not toothed, notched behind, without any central groove. Teeth co- nical, simple. Ears very small, hidden under the scales. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Body cylindrical, elongate. Scales smooth, of the under side larger. Legs 4, far apart. Toes 2-2, subcylindrical, simple, unequal, clawed. Tail elongate, conical, acute. The FOUR-LINED CHELOMELE. Chelomeles quadrilineatus, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 774. Gray, in Grey, Austr. ii. 428. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Fulvous, with 4 longitudinal black lines, 2 in the middle and 1 on each side of the back ; beneath whitish, scales grey-edged. a. In spirits. W. Australia, Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. # Toes short, thick, cylindrical. 13. OMOLEPIDA. Cyclodus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head 4-sided, rounded in front. Nasal ovate, oblique, sub- anterior, nearly contiguous, with the round nostril in the centre, without any curved groove behind. Supranasal none. Rostral triangular, erect. Frontonasal and frontoparietal separate, mode- rate, contiguous, frontal and interparietal distinct, parietal elon- gated. Orbit with a series of small shields beneath. . Temple shielded. Ear oblong, simple-edged, deep. Lower eyelid with a series of larger scales. Body and tail subcylindrical, elongate. Scales 6-sided, smooth, of the under side thinner. Limbs 4, short, moderate. Toes 5-5, cylindrical, rather short, subequal. Tail elongate, with 3 series of rather larger broad scales beneath. M. Bibron arranged this genus with Cyclodus, but it differs from it in the nasal shield being quite flat, without any groove behind the nostrils, and the scales smooth and thin. I 2 88 REPTILES. The OMOLEPIDE. Omolepida Casuarinæ. Cyclodus Casia- rinæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 749. Gray, in Grey Trav. Austr. ii. 423. Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. t. 15, f. 3. Keneux de la Casua- rine, Coct. Tab. Olive green, varied with black interrupted cross bands formed of the back edges of the scales, beneath grey white, with black edges to the scales. a. In spirits. V. D. Land. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b, c. In spirits. V. D. Land. Presented by the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. d, e. In spirits. V. D. Land. From Mr. Gould's collection. 14. Podophis, Weigm. Lygosoma, part, Gray, Dum. et Bib. Chalcida, Meyen. Mabouya, part, Fitz. Head subquadrangular. Nasal lateral, triangular, nearly ap- proximating, supranasal none, frontoparietal single, interparietal triangular, parietals 2, oblique, large. Ears very small, nearly hidden under the skin. Lower eyelid scaly, with a cross series of larger scales. Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Scales smooth, of the under side rather larger. Limbs 4, very far apart, weak, short. Toes 5-5, short, thick, subequal, cylindrical, clawed. Tail cylindrical. Scales of the under side similar to those of the belly. The PODOPHIS. Podophis Chalcides. Lacerta Chalcides, Linn. S. N. i. 369. Anguis quadrupes, Linn. S. N. i. 390. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 437. Lacerta serpens, Bloch, Naturf. ii. 28, t. 2. Meyer, Syn. Rept. 31. Gray, Zool. Journ. iii. 228. Lygosoma aurata, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 72. L. brachypoda, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 721. Scincus brachypus, Schn. Amph. ii. 192. Seps pentadactylus, Daud. Rept. iv. 325. Lacerta abdominalis, Thunb. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 332. Tiliqua de Vosmaer, Coct. Tab. Frontal plate oblong, frontoparietal plate single; last range of of preanal scales largest. a. Adult, in spirits. Java. From the Leyden Museum. d. Supranasal plates none. Body and tail cylindrical, elongate. Limbs rudimentary or wanting. Rostral rather produced and depressed in front. Frontonasal rudimentary, the internasal and frontal being separated by a broad straight suture. conical. 15. SIAPhos, Gray. Peromeles, Weigm. Tetradactylus, Dum, et Bib. Head rather depressed, half conical. Supranasal none. Ros- tral rather produced but rounded in front. Nasal triangular, ob- lique, lateral, internasal truncated behind, frontonasal none, fron- Head half LIZARDS. 89 tal large, truncated in front, 2 frontoparietal and interparietal similar in size. Body elongate, subcylindrical. Scales smooth. Legs 4, far apart, weak, short. Toes 3-3, very small, unequal, middle longest, the hinder outer smallest. Tail elongate, sub- cylindrical, tapering, with a central series of broader scales be- neath. The 2 central preanal scales larger. The Siaphos. Siaphos equalis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 72, SIAPHOS Ann. N. H. iii. 334. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Weigm. H. M. ii. Seps equalis, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 1825, 202. Anguis lacertina, E. W. Gray, B. Mus. 1804. Hemiergis Decresiensis, part, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 767. Pale olive; sides of body and tail black, beneath white. a. In spirits, bleached. New Holland ? b. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 16. RHODONA, Gray. Ronia, Gray. Brachystopus, Dum.et Bib. Muzzle rather wedgeshaped. Rostral rather depressed, round- ed in front. Frontoparietal plates 2. Nostril on the ridge in the middle of a large triangular nasal plate, which converge together in front. Supranasal none. Tongue flat, covered with granular papillæ, nicked at the tip. Teeth blunt. Palate toothless, with a short posterior groove. Ears very small. Eves small. Lower eyelid transparent. Body cylindrical, rather elongate. Scales smooth. Legs 4, far apart, the front pair simple, undivided, ta- pering, the hind pair divided into 2 unequal subcylindrical sim- ple clawed toes. Tail conical, pointed, with 3 or 5 series of larger scales beneath. The Dotted RHODONA. Rhodona punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 335. Brachystopus lineapunctulatus, “ A. Smith, MSS.” Mus. Chat. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 779. Ronia caten ulata, Gray in Grey Trav. Aust. ii. 426, 437, t. 4, f. 1. Greyish silvery, with 6 or 8 series of small black specks, one in the centre of each scale, beneath white. a, b. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. C-f. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. 17. Soridia, Gray. Præpeditus, Dum, et Bib. Head wedge-shaped. Muzzle half conic. Rostral convex above, sharply keeled in front. Frontoparietals and interparietal united into a single triangular plate, internasal and frontal broad, separated by a broad straight suture. Nostrils lateral, in the mid- dle of a triangular oblique nasal, supranasal none. Tongue scaly. Ears hidden under the skin. Body cylindrical. Scales smooth. I 3 BAYANT WALKER LIBRARE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 90 REPTILES. Legs 2, posterior, simple, undivided. Tail cylindrical, with scales like the belly below. Preanal shields 2, large. Australia, (not S. Africa, as supposed by M. Bibron). The LINEATED SORIDIA. Soridia lineata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 336. Grey, Trav. in Austr. ii. 428, t. 3, f. 2. Præpeditus line- atus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 788. Silvery grey, with 2 very narrow black longitudinal lines, and a broad black streak on each side, beneath white, black-spotted. a-f. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Bucbanan's collection. g-i. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. j. Adult, in spirits. Tail double. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. e. Supranasal plates 2. Body fusiform. Tail tapering. 18. PLESTIODON, Dum. et Bib. Euprepis, part, Cocteau. Head subquadrangular. Supranasal 1 pair, transverse, conti- guous. Nostril in the middle of an oblong scale, often divided by a suture above and below the nostril, as if in the middle be- tween two scales. Frontoparietal 2, contiguous. Palate with a central slit, widened at its front end and toothed behind. Low- er eyelid scaly, with a cross series of larger scales. Body fusi- form. Scales smooth, large, transverse. Toes 5-5, compressed, keeled, slightly serrated beneath, sometimes with 2 or 3 rounded tubercles at the base. Palms and soles unequally warty. Tail rather compressed, tapering. The 2 central preanal scales larger. In some of the species the nasal appears to be formed of two plates soldered together, with the nostril in the suture. Some- times the front portion is much the largest, triangular, as in P. auratus, and may be mistaken for a second supranasal plate. * A small scale betwcen the nasal and loreal. Plestiodon. + Ear tubercled in front. Nostril posterior, with a small triangular space in front of it. The BROAD-HEAD PLESTIODON. Plestiodon laticeps, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 705, Scincus laticeps, Schn. Amph. 189. Daud. Rept. iv. 301. S. erythrocephalus, Gilliams, Journ. Acad. N. S. P. t. 18, f. 2. Holb. N. Am. Herp. ii. t. 22. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. S. Americanus, Harlan, Med. and Phys. Reg. 138. Eupre- pis de Petiver, Coct. Tab. The Scorpion, Lawson, Carolina. Back fulvous, head reddish ; ears large, oblong, with a series of oblong oblique tubercles in front; temples smooth, swollen, co- vered with large shields; toes short, edged beneath with 3 or 4 rounded tubercles at the base; 2 central preanal shields longer ; nasoloreal plate distinct square. LIZARDS. 91 a. Adult, in spirits. North America. Presented by E. Double- day, Esq. b. Adult, in spirits. Head bruised. N. America. Presented by Dr. R. Harlan. c. Adult in spirits. Head bruised. W. Indies. Tiliqua similis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. d. Half-grown ? in spirits. Back with 4 dark streaks. N. Ame- rica. Scincus tristatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 296. — Bosc. N. Hist. H. N. xvii. 524, t. 15, f. 2. Plestiodon quinquelineatum, var. A. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 707. Enprepes de Bosc, Coct. Tab. Scincus trilineatus, Schneid. Amph. ii. 202 ?? Scincus bicolor, Harlan, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. iv. 286, t. 18, f. 1. Tiliqua Sloanii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. Scincus quinquelineatus, Hol- brook, N. Amer. Herpet. iii. 39, t. 6. tt Ear denticulated in front. Nasal shield oblong. The BLUE-TAIL. Plestiodon quinquelineatum. Lacerta quin- quelineata, Linn. S. N. i. 366. Daud. Rept. iv. 272, t. 55, f. 1. Lac. fasciata, Linn. S. N. i. 369. Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. iii. 43, t. 7. Euprepis de Catesby, Coct. Tab. E. Lynxe, Weigm. H. Mex. i. 36. Le Queue Bleue, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 360. Catesby, Carol. ii. 67. Petiver, Mus. t. 1, f. 1. Fauna Japon. 49, t. 1, f.1-4. P. quinquelineatum, var. ß. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 707. Black or brown, with 5 white streaks, the middle one forked in front; ears with several small lobules in front; nasoloreal plate distinct, square. a—d. In spirits. N. America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. In spirits. N. America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. f, g. Young, in spirits. N. America. From Mr. Drummond's collection. h. In spirits. N. Holland. i-o. In spirits. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. * No small shield between the nasal and loreal shields. † Ear strongly toothed in front. Nasal shield broad in front. Nostril central, with a triangular space rather above it, (an up- per nasal ??) Cyprius. The CYPRIUS. Plestiodon auratus. Lacerta Cyprius, Aldrov. Quad, i. 660. Scincus Cyprius, Cuv. R. A. ii. 62. S. auratus, Schn. Amph. ii. 176. S. Schneiderii, Daud. Rept. iv. 291. Geoff Rept. Egypt. t. 3, f. 3. S. Cepedii, Merr. Tent. 74. Le Dora, Lacep. Q.0.i.384, t. 25. Anolis gigantesque, Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 3, f. 3. Euprepis de Geoffroy, Coct. Tab. Plestiodon Aldro- vandii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 701. e. 92 REPTILES. Brown or fulvous, red spotted ; ears vertical, ovate, with seve- ral large lobules in front; phrenonasal plates wanting, the front upper labial short, obliquely truncated above (for the nasal); toes with convex cross plates beneath. a. Young, in spirits, bleached. North Africa ? t Ears simple. Nostrils in the middle of an oblong longitudinal shield. Euprepis. The CHINESE PLESTIODON. Plestiodon pulchrum, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 710. Tiliqua pulchra, Gray, Brit. Mus. (not Il- lust. Ind. Zool.) Tiliqua de Gray, Coct. Tab. Black, back with 7 alternately broad and narrow white streaks, sides white-spotted, beneath white; ears simple; temples flat, shielded, 2 frontoparietal and the interparietal nearly of the same size. a. In spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. BELL'S PLESTIODON. Plestiodon Bellii. Blackish, with 3 broad dark-edged white streaks, most distinct in the fore part of the back, the central one simple in front; sides with a broad black streak in front; no small naso-loreal shield; ears simple in front; nasal plate oblong, 4-sided. a. In spirits, wants the tail. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. The CHINESE PLESTIODON. Plestiodon Chinensis. Tiliqua Chinensis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 289. P. Sinense, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 704. Euprepis d' Hardwick, Coct. Tah. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. t. Tiliqua rufoguttata, Cantor, Ann. N. H. 1842, (spec. Mus. Ind. Comp.) Greenish, sides and tail varied and spotted with brown ; ears vertical, ovate, with some very small lobes in front; nasoloreal plates none, nasal shield oblong 4-sided. a. In spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. 19. EUMECES. Eumeces, part, Weigmann, Dum. et Bib. Head short, sub quadrangular. Muzzle conical, rounded. Frontoparietal 2, approximate. Nostrils lateral, Nasal oblong, with nostrils in the middle of its upper edge, supernasals 2, sub- contiguous. Lower eyelid scaly, with a cross band of larger scales. Palate with a very slight triangular notch behind, not toothed. Ears large, circular, with 2 or 3 small lobes in front. Body rather elongate, subcylindrical. Limbs strong. Toes 5-5, beneath warty. Tail elongate, rounded, subcompressed. Scales smooth, moderate sized. Preanal scales equal, larger. ? LIZARDS. 93 The EUMECES. Eumeces Oppelii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 657. Scincus fasciatus and S. annulatus, Oppel, MSS. Mus. Paris. S. elongatus, Boie, MSS. Mus. Leyd. Fulvous, with brown cross bands; scales brown-edged. a. Adult, in spirits. New Guinea. From the Leyden Museum. 20. OTOSAURUS. Eumeces, part, Dum. et Bib. Le Keneux, part, Cocteau. Head short, thick. Muzzle conical, rounded. Frontoparie- tal single or 2 separate. Nostrils lateral. Nasal oblong, 4-sided, supernasal 2, contiguous. Lower eyelid scaly, with a cross series of larger scales. Occipital plates none. Palate with a triangular nick behind, toothless. Ears large, circular. Body fusiform. Limbs strong. Toes 5-5, compressed. Tail conical, compressed. Scales smooth, very small, very numerous, and closely imbricate, the preanal rather larger. * Ears tubercular in front. Eyebrow plates 5-5. The OTOSAURE. Otosaurus microlepis. Eumeces microlepis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 659. Keneux de Gaimard, Coct. Tab. 660. Fulvous or brown, beneath whitish; the anterior loreal plate small, triangular, the frontoparietal single, hexagonal, interparie- tal very small, obtusely triangular; superciliary shields 5 on each side; ears large, circular, with several small tubercles on the front edge. Inhab.Tongataboo. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. ** Ears simple in front, drum superficial. Eyebrow-plates 7-7. Cuming's OTOSAURE. Otosaurus Cumingii. Brown, with black interrupted cross bands, sides black above, with yellow oblique cross bands, beneath pale yellow, throat black- spotted ; ears large, oblong, simple in front; drum nearly superfi- cial; eyebrow shields 7-7, transverse, the front one triangular, hinder small; the first loreal shield square, nearly as large as the second, frontoparietal plates separate, the interparietal as large as the former, obtusely trigonal. a, b. Half grown, in spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. This species has much the appearance of Hinulia nævia, p. 75, but is easily known by the two large supranasals. 21. MABOUYA, Fitz. Spondylurus, Fitz. Euprepis, part, Wagler. Eumeces, part, Dum, et Bib. Head subquadrangular. Muzzle conical. Frontoparietal double, or 2 united into 1. Nostril lateral, near the hinder edge 94 REPTILES. of the nasal shield, supranasal 2. Lower eyelid with a transpa- rent disk. Palate not toothed, with a triangular notch behind. Ears moderate, open, simple. Body fusiform. Limbs 4, mode- rate. Toes 5-5, elongate. Scales smooth. Tail conical, acute. Preanal scales subequal. Frontoparietal plates separate. + Transparent disk of eyelid rather posterior. Internasal discoidal. SLOANE's M ABOUYA. Mabouya Sloanei. Scincus Sloanei, Daud. R. iv. 287, t. 55, f. 2. Pr. Max. Abbild, t. Sloane, Jam. ii. 332, t. 273, f. 5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 639. Scincus Ri- chardii, Coct. Mus. Par. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. Back with 4 black streaks from the end of the muzzle, 2 mid- dle extending to the middle of the body, and the side ones to above the thighs; the internasal plate half discoidal, frontonasal 5-sided, contiguous, frontal elongated behind, frontoparietal and interpari- etal equal-sized; ears moderate, simple; tail rounded; preanal scales moderate, equal. Inhab. Jamaica. Mus. Paris. # Transparent disk of the eyelid central. Internasal rhombic. The Two-LINED MABOUYA. Mabouya agilis, Fitz. Rept. 32. Scincus agilis, Raddi, Soc. Ital. xix. 62. S. bistriatus and S. ni- gropunctatus, Spix, Braz. 23, t. 26, f. 1,2. Tiliqua Spixii, Coct. Tab. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 642, (not syn. Gray). Tiliqua albo- labris, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. Bronze, black-dotted, with a white-edged black streak on each a side; internasal plate rhombic, as long as broad, the front part of the frontal with 2 sides ; ear moderate, slightly covered above with the scales of the temple; soles of feet with flat subequal tu- bercles; eyes sinall. a. In spirits. Tropical America. b. In spirits._Jamaica, “in holes in rocks.” Presented by R. Heward, Esq. c. In spirits, bleached. The BRONZED MABOUYA. Mabouya ænea, Tiliqua ænea, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 70. Ann. N. H. i. 292. Scincus lævi- gatus, Guilding, MSS. Bronzed, black-spotted, with a broad black streak on each side, edged above and below by a narrow interrupted white streak ; in- ternasal plate rhombic, broader than long, frontal shield with 2 angles in front, acute in the middle; ears moderate, slightly co- vered above by the end of the temple-scales; eyes large. a. In spirits. W. Indies. b. In spirits. St. Vincent's. From the Rev. L. Guilding's col- lection. LIZARDS. 95 The M ABOUYA. Mabouya Cepedii. Scincus Mabouya, Coct. Mus. Par. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 647, not syn. Tiliqua Cepe- dii, Coct. Tab. Bronzed, black-dotted, with a broad black streak on each side and a pale streak from the lip under the ear to the shoulder; the internasal plate rhombic, rather broader than long, the front end of the frontal truncated so as to have 6 sides; the ears moderate, slightly covered with the temple-scales above. a. In spirits. Brazils. The Indian MABOUYA. Mabouya elegans. Olive brown, back with 6 narrow brown streaks of close dots, and with a broad silvery streak on each side, sides brown, tail pale brown, uniform ; legs with series of minute brown dots; fronto- parietal and interparietal plates distinct, pale-edged, frontal plate broad, very short in front, internasal rather broader than long, su- pranasal triangular, contiguous, frontonasal lateral, separate; ears small, round, simple-edged. a. Young, in spirits. India. Presented by Joseph Wright, Esq. Like Riopa Hardwickii, p. 96, but fusiform, and the pale streaks are wider apart. ** Frontoparietal plate single, (2 united). Emoia. + Interparietal plate distinct from the frontoparietal. The BLACK-SIDED Emo. Mabouya atrocostatus. Scincus atro- costatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. ii. 50, t. 4, f. 3. Tiliqua Freycinetii, Coct. Tab. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 648. Bronzed, black-dotted, sides black, white-dotted ; the interpa- rietal plate distinct; the scales under the toes broad, smooth; pre- anal scales moderate ; ears with a solitary scale in front. a Inhab. Isle Vanicoro and Oualan. Mus. Paris. CARTERET's Emo. Mabouya Carteretii. Eumeces Carteretii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 651. Chocolate brown, beneath white; interparietal shield distinct ; scales on the toes very narrow, numerous; ears moderate, circular, with a free produced scale in front. Inhab. New Ireland. Mus. Paris, 1 spec. # Interparietal plate united to the frontoparietal. Baudin's Emo. Mabouya Baudinii. Eumeces Baudinii, Dum. et Bib. E.G. v. 653. Back brown bronzed, sides of the neck and body black, white- dotted, sides black and white dotted; the interparietal plate want- ing; ears large, circular, simple in front. Inhab. New Guinea. Mus. Paris, 3 specimens. 96 REPTILES. 9 The EMO. Mabouya cyanura. Scincus cyanurus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. ii. 49, t. 4, f. 2. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 28. S. celesti- nus, Mus. Leyd. Eumeces Lessonii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 654. Tiliqua Lessonii, and T. Keenii, Coct. Tab. Black. with 3 golden streaks, middle broadest from the end of the nose, beneath greenish bronze; the interparietal plate want- ing; ears suboval, partly covered above by the end of the temple scales; nasal small, nostril large, as if in the centre of 3 nasal plates; tail tapering. a-c. In spirits. Molucca. From the Leyden Museum. d, e. In spirits. New Guinea. From MM. Quoy and Gaimard, Mus. Paris. f. Supranasal 2. Body and tail subcylindrical, elongate. Limbs 4, short, weak, or rudimentary. 22. R10PA, Gray. Eumeces, B. Weigmann. Eumeces, part, , Dum, et Bib. Head pyramidical. Muzzle rounded in front. Rostral erect. Frontoparietal shields double, interparietal distinct. Nostrils la- teral, near the hinder edge of the nasal plate, supranasals 2, con- tiguous. The lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Palate not toothed, with a triangular notch behind. Ears small, circular, drum sunken. Body elongate, cylindrical. Scales smooth. Limbs very short, weak. Toes 5-5, short, unequal, with a series of com- pressed tubercles beneath, palm and soles equally granular. Tail elongate, cylindrical. The DOTTED RIOPA. Riopa punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 332. Seba, ii. t. 12, f. 16. Weigm. H. M. 36. Dum, et Bib. E.G. v. 634. Lacerta punctata, Linn. Mus. Ad. 46. S. N. i. 369. L. interpunctata, Gmelin, S. N. i. 1075. Seps scincoides, Cuv. R. A. ij. 64. Lygosoma punctata, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. “Tili- qua Cuvieri, and T. Duvaucellii,” Coct. Scincus bilineatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 256. Le Double Raie, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 408. Fulvous or brown, with 4 series of black dots, the 2 central series largest, and a pale streak on each side, beneath silvery; the cheeks, sides and limbs with series of black spots; preanal scales subequal; ear simple in front; tail thick, with lines of spots above and below. a. Adult, in spirits, tail broken. India. HARDWICKE's RIOPA. Riopa Hardwickii. Pale brown, back with a broad pale streak ou each side, edged above with a series of very minute dark dots, sides brown, the dor- sal streak 2 series of scales wide, sides brown, with some indistinct white lines; feet short, toes short; tail slender, cylindrical, uni- form pale brown. a. Young? in spirits. India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. LIZARDS. 97 RUPPELL'S RIOPA. Riopa ? Ruppellii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 332. Seps scincoides, Mus. Francf. not Cuvier. Pale olive, silvery, very finely punctated, with a whitish streak on each side, edged beneath with a dark line, beneath whitish; a supranasal shields ? Inhab. Arabia Petrea. Mus. Francfort. See Lygosoma à grosse queue, H. & J. Voy. à Pol Sud, Saur. t. 2, f. 1, not described. 23. HAGRIA, Gray. Campsodactylus, Dum. et Bib. Muzzle conical. Nostrils lateral. Nasal shields separate, su- pranasal 2, contiguous, frontonasal small, lateral, not contiguous, frontal large. Eyebrow shields 4-4. Frontoparietal single, trian- gular, nicked behind, interparietal moderate. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked. Teeth conical, simple. Palate not toothed, slightly nick- ed behind. Lower eyelid with a central transparent disk. Ears small, oblong, with simple edges. Body elongate, sides rounded. Scales smooth. Legs 4, short, far apart, weak. Toes 5-4, subcy- lindrical, unequal, simple, clawed. Tail conical, pointed. The HAGRIA. Hagria Vosmaerii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 333. Scincus Vosmaerii, Coct. MSS. (fide Mus. Paris). Campsodac- tylus Lamarrei, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 762. Lacerta Chalcides, Hardwicke, Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. t. 115. Body and tail above and below with alternate brown and yel- low narrow streaks, equal in number to the series of scales; head brown. Inhab. India, Bengal. Mus. Paris. 24. CHIAMELA, Gray. Head subquadrangular. Nasal lateral, 4-sided, separate, su- pranasals 2, band-like, transverse, contiguous, frontonasal lateral, frontoparietal single, interparietal large, triangular, parietal ob- lique. Lower eyelid with a central transparent disk. Ears small, oblong, nearly hidden under the scales. Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical. Limbs 4, weak, far apart. Toes 4-4, subcylin- drical, elongate, clawed, the first hinder very short, the second and third gradually longer, the third and fourth equal and longest. This genus differs from Tetradactylus in its being the large thumb-like outer toe that is deficient, and not, as in that genus, where that toe is well developed, whilst it is the smaller inner toes that are wanting HARDWICKE's CHIAMELA. Chiamela lineata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 333. Golden brown, with longitudinal black lines, one in the centre of each series of scales ; head brown, shields pale-edged. a. Young, in spirits. India. K 98 REPTILES. 25. SENIRA. Head depressed. Rostral triangular. Nostrils large, lateral, occupying nearly the whole of the small oblong nasals; supra- nasal large, contiguous, frontonasal moderate, approximate, frontoparietals 2, moderate, interparietal triangular. Eyes small, lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Tongue - ? Body cylindrical, elongate. Scales smooth. Limbs 4, very short, stout, . very far apart. Toes 5-5, thick, rounded, clawed, front very short, subequal, hinder short, unequal, third and fourth longest, nearly equal. Tail round, elongated, tapering. The SENIRA. Senira bicolor. Black, lower part of sides and beneath white; young above whitish, with interrupted black streaks; rostral, supranasal, naso- loreal and upper labial shields rather swollen. a. Adult, in spirits. Back deep black, sides and beneath white, limbs black-spotted in lines. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. b, c. Half-grown. Pale, back with rows of black spots, one on each scale, sides and legs black-spotted, a band of spots from the eye to over the ear. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. d. Adult, like a, but the tail more tapering, and with some of the scales of the tail showing indistinct indications of 3 keels. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. 26. BRACHYMELES, Dum. et Bib. Cuminia, Gray. Nostril lateral. Nasal very small, separate, subanterior. Su- pranasal triangular, nearly contiguous, frontoparietal double, in- terparietal triangular. Tongue flat, slightly nicked, covered with circular convex papillæ. Palate not toothed, with a large trian- gular nick. Ears hidden under the skin. Lower eyelid trans- parent. Body cylindrical, rather elongate. Sides rounded. Limbs 4, rudimentary, short, front truncated, with 2 very short claws, the hinder rather tapering, undivided. Tail conical. Scales smooth. Teeth simple, conical. The BRACHYMELES. Brachymeles Bonitæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 777. Cuminia, Gray, Syn. B. M. Ed. 42, 110. Dark brown. a, b. Adult and young. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. LIZARDS. 99 g. Supranasals 4 or 6. Body and tail subcylindrical, elongate. Limbs 2 or none. Scales placed in transverse lines on the back, and in oblique ones on the sides. 27. OPHIODES, Wagler. Pygodactylus, Fitz., Wagler. Pygopus, Spix. Bipes, part, Cuvier. Nostrils lateral, in the middle of a small nasal shield. Supra- nasal 4, transverse, contiguous. Tongue granular in front, velvet- like behind, end nicked. Lower eyelid scaly. Palate toothless, with a longitudinal groove. Teeth conical, simple. Ears very small, covered with the scales. Body cylindrical, sides rounded. Scales striated, when without the epidermis, with 3 or 4 divergent central lines. Legs 2, posterior, short, flattened, undivided, point- ed. Tail conical, pointed. The tongue and scales are like Diploglossus. The CARIOCOCCA. Ophiodes striatus, Wagler, Isis, xxi. 1828, 740. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 789. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 73. Ann. N. H. ii. 334. Pygopus striatus, Spix, Braz. 25, t. 28, f. 1. P. cariococca, Spix, Braz. t. 28, f. 2, (young). Seps fragilis, Raddi. Pygodactylus Gronovii, Fitz. Class. 53, not Merrem. Pseudopus Olferii, Licht. Bipes lineata, Mus. Paris. Pale, back with 2 brown narrow lines; sides brown, dark-edged above; lips white-spotted. a. Adult, in spirits. Brazils. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Pale olive, with 3 or 4 darker streaks on each side. Brazisl. Presented by T. Bell, Esq. c. Stuffed. Brazils. Presented by Mrs. Parker. 28. Anguis, Linn. Otophis, Fitz.? Siguana, Gray? Dorfia, Gray ? Head conical, 4-sided, blunt. Nostril lateral, in the centre of a small ring-like nasal plate. Supranasal 4, contiguous, fronto and interparietal united into one shield. Tongue partly granular and partly velvet-like, nicked at the end. Teeth long, acute. Pa- late not toothed, with a longitudinal groove. Ears very small, linear, generally hidden under the scales, near the angle of the mouth. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque. Body cylindrical, elongate. Legs none, bones hidden under the skin. Tail elongate. Scales smooth, subverticillate, of the back, belly and tail 6-sided, of the sides of the body oblong, 4-sided, oblique, subimbricate, the lower part of the upper series being covered by the upper part of those of the series below them. Sometimes ovoviviparous, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. 374. K2 100 REPTILES. M. Bibron observes that the genus Siguana (Otophis, Fitz.) only depends on the accident of the ear being sometimes more ex- posed. I have unfortunately not the opportunity of verifying the accuracy of this remark. I have placed Dorfia in this genus, un- til I can again examine the specimen. The BLIND WORM. Anguis fragilis, Linn. S. N. i. 392. Daud. Rept. vii. t. 87, f. 2. Guérin, Icon. t. 17, f. 2. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 334. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 792. A. Eryx, Linn. S. N. i. 262. Daud. Rept, viii. 337. A. lineata, Laur. Syn. Rept. 68, 178, t. 5, f. 2. A. clivica, Laur. Daud. Rept. vii. 281. A. bico- lor, Risso, E. M. iii. 89. A. incerta, Krynick, Bull. Mosq.52, t. 1. A. cinereus, Risso, E. M. iii. 88. Siguana Ottonis, Gray, Grif- fith, A. K. ix. 74 ? Ann. N. H. ii. 334 ? Otophis Eryx, Fitz. Verz. Cæcilia, Gesner, Serp. 36, f. 9. C. vulgaris, Aldrov. Serp. xi. 243, f. C. typhlus, Charl. Exer. 31. C. anglica, Pet. Mus. ii. Ray, Syn. L' Orvet, Lacep. Q. 0. ii 430, t. 19, f. 1. Blind Worm, Penn. B. Z. t. 4. Hazelworm, Van Lier. Silvery grey, sides darker, with a dark upper edge; young with a central longitudinal dorsal.streak. a-c. Adult and young, in spirits, bleached. Europe. From Sir Hans Sloane's collection. d. Devonshire. Presented by Dr. W. E. Leach. e-i. Adult and young, in spirits. Aberdeen. Presented by Dr. Brine. j. Adult, in spirits, bleached. Europe. The DORFIA. Anguis ? punctata. Dorfia punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 334. Crown and back white; nape with a central black streak end- ing in a line of spots; cheeks, sides and beneath black ; lower lip white-dotted. Inhab. S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope ? Mus. Fort Pitt, Chatham. RUSSEL'S BLIND WORM. Anguis ? melanosticta. Tortrix melanosticta, Merrem, Tent. 82. Russel, Ind. Serp. i. t. 42. Reddish pale brown, black-spotted ; end of tail grey, beneath white. Inhab. India. Quickly buries itself in the sand. "Palate toothed.” II. Scales thick, bony, rugose, 1- or more keeled, or closely longitu- dinally striated. Rostral rounded in front. Body fusiform. Limbs 4, generally strong. Toes 5-5 (rarely 4-5), compressed. C. Tail compressed, keeled above. Scales of the tail keeled, spinose. Head-shields rugose, closely applied to the skull. Temple shield- ed. Lower eyelid scaly. Preanal plates few, large. Tympanum superficial. Tropidophorina. LIZARDS. 101 29. TRIBOLONOTUS, Dum. et Bib. Zonurus, part, Schlegel. Head depressed, covered with plates quite soldered to the bone, spinose behind. Frontal and eyebrow shield distinct, more or less soldered, Palate not toothed. Tongue scaly. Nostrils lateral, in a single plate. Eyelids distinct, lower one scaly. a Scales of the back bony, strongly spinose, of the belly rhombie, keeled. Toes 5-5, rather compressed, not keeled, beneath. Femoral pores none. Preanal plates 2, very large. Tail compressed, with 4 spi- nose keels above, and spinose on the sides above. The TRIBOLONOTE. Tribolonotus Nova Guineæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 366, t. 6. Zonurus N. Guineæ, Schlegel, Zonurus, 19, t. 7, f. 2. Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 388. Brown, whitish beneath, Inhab. New Guinea. Mus. Leyden, (Mus. Paris). 29. TROPIDOPHORUS, Dum, et Bib. Tropidosaurus, Gray, not Boie. Leposoma, Cuvier, not Spix. Head squarish, with keeled rugose shields. Rostral erect, triangular. Nasal lateral, supranasal large, like the frontonasal, frontal and interparietal large, frontoparietals separate, small, in- ternasal very small, triangular. Tongue scaly. Teeth compress- ed. Palate toothless, with a deep triangular notch behind. Lower eyelid with a band of large scales. Tympanum nearly superficial. Body fusiform, rather compressed. Scales of the back and upper part of the tail rhombic, keeled, spinose, of the throat and sides lozenge-shaped, keeled, of the belly roundish, 6-sided, smooth. Preanal shields 3, large, central triangular. Tail compressed, with 4 keels above, with moderate lozenge-shaped keeled scales on the sides, and a row of broader keeled scales beneath. Legs 4, strong. Toes 5-5, unequal, compressed, clawed. The TroPIDOPHORE. Tropidophorus Cocincinensis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 556, t. 57, f. 1. Leposoma Cochincinensis, Cuv. R. A. ii. 38. Tropidosaurus montanus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 35. T. Boiei, Cuv. MSS. Mus. Paris. Brown, with black cross bands. a—c. Adult, in spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. 30. NORBEA. Head rather depressed, shields thick, even, granular. Rostral squarish, erect. Nasal square, lateral, supranasal none, interna- sal squarish, large, nicked behind, frontonasal lateral, distinct, frontal elongate, tapering behind, eyebrow-shields 4-4, large, the frontoparietals 2, small, contiguous, interparietal and parietals K3 102 REPTILES. large, rather elongate. Temple covered with scales. Orbits gra- nular. Lower eyelid with a central series of larger scales. Tym- panum round, superficial. Body fusiform, rather depressed. Scales of the back roundish, 6-sided, keeled, the keels forming continued ridges, of the sides smooth, in oblique series, of the throat and under part similar but rather thinner. Preanal shields single, large, 4-sided. Tail elongate, tapering, compressed, above flattened, with 2 close series of keeled scales, with smooth scales on the sides, and a single series of rather larger scales beneath. Limbs 4, strong, rather short. Toes 5-5, compressed, unequal. The NORBEA. Norbea Brookei. Dull blackish brown; throat and beneath white. a. In spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. D. Tail round, tapering, rarely spinose, not keeled above. Scales thick, bony, rugose or 3- or 5-keeled, rarely smoothish. Drum of ear deep. Tiliquina. * Supranasal shields none. + Lower eyelid scaly. Toes 5-5, short, strong. Nostrils with a curved groove behind them. Teeth large. Preanal scales rather large. 31. TRACHYDOSAURUS, Gray. Trachysaurus, Weigm. Sibubolepis, Cocteau. Brachydactylus, A. Smith. Head pyramidical; shields thick, convex. Nasal lateral, with a curved groove behind the nostril, nasoloreal small, supranasal none, internasal rhombic, frontonasal large, contiguous, frontal and interparietal rather short, frontoparietal 2, moderate, parietal moderate. Occiput and temple shielded. Orbit surrounded by a series of small shields. Lower eyelid scaly. Teeth short, conic. Palate not toothed. Ears oblong, rather narrow. Body thick, fusiform, back rather flattened on each side. Scales thick, con- vex, rugose, imbricate, of the under side thinner, crenulated round the binder edge. Limbs 4, very short, moderate. Toes 5-5, short subequal. Palms and soles granular. Tail short, convex, cover- ed with large convex scales, like the back above, rapidly tapering at the end. The RUGOSE STUMP-TAIL. Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray, King's Voy. Austr. ii. 424. Ann. N. H. ii. 288. Wagler, Amph. t. 36. Brachydactylus typicus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Jour. fig. young. Gray, Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 423. Trachysaurus Peronii, Wagler, Syst. 163. “Scincus pachyurus, Peron, MSS.” Sibulo- lepis - Coct. Tab. Scinc. LIZARDS. 103 Pale brown, with broad rather irregular yellow cross bands; scales rather rugose; interparietal plate 6-sided, longer than broad. a-c. Stuffed. W. Australia. From Mr. Gould's collection. d-f. Stuffed. Western Australia. g. In spirits, not good state. W. Australia. Presented by Capt. P. P. King, R. N. h. In spirits. Houtman's Abrolhos, From Mr. Gilbert's collec- tion. The SPINOSE STUMP-TAIL. Trachydosaurus asper, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. T. rugosus, Gray, Grey's Trav. Aust. ii. 428. Interparietal plate 6-sided, as broad as long; scales very ru- gose; dark brown, with yellow tips to some of the scales of the back and sides in the young, of the sides only in the adult. a-c. Adult, stuffed. Adelaide, W. Australia. Presented by C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq. d. Half-grown, stuffed. Adelaide, W. Australia. Presented by C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq. 32. CYCLODUS, Wagler. Tiliqua, part, Fitz. Head square, rounded in front, head-shields thick, rather ru- gose. Nasal ovate, trigonal, rather anterior, contiguous. Nostril central, with a curved groove behind. Internasal rhombic, fron- tonasal 2, moderate, contiguous, frontal large, broad, frontoparie- tal 2 large or 4 small, interparietal distinct. Occiput and temple with polygonal shields. Orbit suurrounded by a series of small shields. Lower eyelid scaly. Ear oblong, partly hidden, with a series of scales in front. Body fusiform, thick, elongate. Scales of the back 6-sided, rather convex, slightly rugose, with very ob- scure diverging central grooves, of the under side thinner, smooth. Limbs 4, short, strong. Toes 5-5, short, cylindrical, subequal. Claws short, thick. Tail subcylindrical, tapering, half the length of the body, covered with rather thicker scales than the back, with a central series of broad scales beneath. The Giant Cyclodus. Cyclodus gigas. Scincus gigas, GIANT CYCLODUS Bodd. N. Act. Cur. vii. 5. Schn. Amph. 202. Daud. Rept. iv. 244. Tiliqua Whitii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 158. Ann. N. H. ii. 288. Lacerta scincoides, Shaw, Zool. t. 81. Nat. Misc. t. 179. White, Jour. 242, t. 30. S. crotaphomelas, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. 192. S. tubercatus, Merr. Tent. 73. Cyclodus flavigularis, Wagler, Ic. t. 6. Keneux de Boddaert, Coct. Tab. C. Boddærtii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 752. Ears toothed; face with a groove over the labial; internasal shield broad, frontal long; temporal plate near the eye much lar- ger than the rest ; brown, darker on the sides, with a dark streak before the orbit; sides with 9 or 10 rather oblique cross bands. 104 REPTILES. a. Adult, in spirits. N. Holland. Presented by Capt. White. L. scincoides, var. australis, Shaw, Brit. Mus. b. Adult, stuffed. New Holland. c. Adult, stuffed. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. d. Half-grown, paler, stuffed. Port Essington. From Mr. Gil- bert's collection. e-h. Half-grown and young, stuffed, paler. V. D. Land. From Mr. Ronald Gunn's collection. 9, n. Very young, in spirits. V. D. Land. Presented by Dr. Ri- chardson. The BLACK AND YELLOW CYCLODUS. Cyclodus nigroluteus, Wagler, Syst. 162. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 781. Scincus nigrolu- teus, Quoy, Voy. Uran. t. 41. Cuv. R. A. ii. 63. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 290. Keneux de l' Uranie, Coct. Tab. Scincus erucotis, Pe- ron, MSS. Mus. Paris. young. Black brown, with 2 rows of yellow spots on the back; inter- nasal plate as long as broad, frontal short; the temporal shields moderate, rather narrow, equal-sized. Var. 1. Blackish. a. Adult, stuffed. Australia. b. Half-grown, stuffed. Australia. i, j. In spirits. H. Abrolhos. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. k,l. In spirits. Frontoparietal shields 4 (2 pair), small. Austra- lia. Presented by the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedi- tion. m. In spirits. Frontoparietal shields 2, large. Australia. Pre- sented by the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. Var. 2. Paler, dark marbled, very like the young of C. gigas, but with small nearly equal-sized temporal scales. c-e. Half-grown, stuffed. Van Diemen's Land. From Mr. R. Gunn's collection. f–h. Half-grown, stuffed. Australia. 33. SILUBOSAURUS. Head subquadrangular, rounded in front. Head-shields flat, thin, rather rugose. Nasal ovate, triangular, rather anterior, with a groove behind the nostril. Rostral triangular, erect. Supranasal none, internasal broad, frontonasal large, contiguous, frontal and interparietal small, frontoparietal and parietals moderate. Eye- brow shields 4-4. Temple scaly, no shield between the orbits and labial plates. Eyes rather small, lower lid scaly. Ears oblong, with 2 large scales in front. Body fusiform, roundish, thick. Scales of the back broad, lozenge-shaped, keeled, keel ending in a dagger-point, largest on the hinder parts of the throat and belly, transverse, ovate, 6-sided. Limbs 4, strong. Toes elongate, com- LIZARDS. 105 pressed, unequal, clawed. Tail short, conical, tapering, depress- ed, with rings of large, broad, lozenge-shaped, dagger-pointed, spinose scales, with a central series of very broad 6-sided smooth scales beneath. The SiluBOSAURE. Silubosaurus Stokesii, Gray, Stokes' Trav. Aust. t. Olive brown varied with black, with large white spots ; shields of the head white, black-edged. a-c. Adult and young, in spirits. H. Abrolhos. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. d–g. Adult and young, in spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Dring's collection, h, i. Stuffed. W. Australia. "From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. “ 34. EGERNIA, Gray. Head quadrangular, rather tapering in front. Head-shields convex, rugose. Nasal ovate, triangular, rather anterior, approx- imate, supranasal none, rostral triangular, erect, internasal lozenge shaped, as long as broad, frontonasal rhombic, lateral, separate, frontal and interparietal moderate, elongate, frontoparietals 2, ra- ther diverging, contiguous in front, parietal moderate, half ovate. Temple shielded. Orbit without any scales between it and the labial shields. Ears oblong, with 4 small scales in front. Body fusiform. Scales of the back, sides and upper part of the limbs broad 6-sided, with a large central keel ending in a spine, larger on the loins, those of the nape 3- or 5-grooved, of the throat and belly thin, broad, ovate, 6-sided. Legs 4, strong. Toes elongate, compressed, unequal, clawed. Tail as long as the body, round, tapering, with 6 series of broad, 6-sided, keeled, strongly-spined scales, with a series of broad 6-sided smooth scales. CUNNINGHAM'S EGERNIA. Egernia Cunninghami, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 288. Stokes' Trav. Austr. t. Tiliqua Cunning- hami, Gray, Proc. Z. Soc. 1832, 40. Olive, white-spotted, head brown, chin and beneath white; ears with 3 or 4 pointed scales in front. a. Adult, stuffed. Australia, lat. 29. Presented by Allan Cun- ningham, Esq., F.L.S. 35. TROPIDOLEPISMA, Dum. et Bib. Head subquadrangular, rounded in front. Head-shields ra- Nasal ovate, trigonal, rather anterior, nostrils cen- tral, with a curved groove behind them, supranasal none, rostral triangular, internasal rhombic, as broad as long, frontonasal mo- derate, nearly contiguous, frontal and interparietal elongate, the former largest, frontoparietal contiguous in front, diverging be- ther rugose. а 106 REPTILES. hind, parietal moderate. Lower eyelid covered with granular scales, with a larger series on its upper edge. Temple covered with shields. Orbits surrounded with a series of small scales. Pa- late toothless, acutely nicked behind. Ears oblong, erect, with a series of large scales in front. Body fusiform, stout. Scales mo- derate, transverse, ovate, 6-sided, with 3 (or on the nape 5) paral- lel central scales, of the throat and belly thin, smooth. Preanal shields rather larger. Legs 4, strong. Toes elongate, compress- ed, unequal. Tail elongate, cylindrical, rather 4-sided, tapering, covered with rather larger 3-keeled scales, and with a central se- ries of broader smooth scales beneath. * Back with 12 rows of moderate-sized scales. Scales of the legs keeled. The TROPIDOLE PISMA. Tropidolepisma Kingii, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept. t. 13. Tiliqua Kingii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 280. “Scincus Nuittensis and trifasciatus, Peron, MSS. Mus. Par.” “S. Napoleonis, Cuv. MSS. Mus. Paris.” Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 290. “Psammate de Dumeril et de Napoleon, and Keneux de Delaborde, Coct. Tab.” Tropidolepisma Dumerilii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 745. Olive, varied with small greenish spots, placed in longitudinal series; chin brown, greenish spotted, belly whitish; scales rugu- lose, with 2 (and sometimes 3) close parallel central keels. a. Adult, in spirits. New Holland. Presented by Capt. P. P. King, R.N. b. Young. Back pale olive, black-varied, with a pale streak on each side; sides black, white-spotted, chin and beneath white. Swan River. From Mr. Gould's collection. c, d. Half-grown, stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gil- bert's collection. e. ? Adult, stuffed. Scales rather smaller and keels 3, rather wider apart. Western Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. T. Gilbertii, Gray, B.M. f. Adult, in spirits. Black and yellow spotted. Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. The SHINING TROPIDOLEPISMA. Tropidolepisma nitida, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 12. Dark olive, varied with black, sides black and white spotted ; tail elongate; scales smooth, shining, in 12 series on the back, each marked with 3 short, smooth, close, rather converging keels; of the tail rather larger, with rather larger but equally smooth and sharp keels; of the upper part of the limbs with 3 close distinct keels. a. Adult, stuffed. Australia. LIZARDS. 107 ** Back with 8 rows of very large scales. Scales of the legs scarcely keeled. The Large TROPIDOLEPISMA. Tropidolepisma major, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. 14. Dark olive, chin and beneath whitish; scales very large, broad, smooth, in 8 series on the back, each with 3 slightly raised dis- tinct smooth parallel keels, of the tail similar but rather larger, of the upper part of the legs nearly smooth ; tail elongate. a, Adult, stuffed. Australia. H Lower eyelid scaly. Toes 5-6, compressed. Nasal shield flat, # without any groove behind the nostril. 37. ATEUCHOSAURUS. Nasal subtriangular, lateral, with the nostril in the centre, without any curved groove behind it, supranasal none, rostral tri- angular, internasal broad, short, frontonasal small, lateral, frontal very long and broad, frontoparietals 2, rhombic, contiguous at the angle, interparietal triangular. Lower eyelid with a series of lar- ger scales, Ears round, simple-edged. Body fusiform. Scales 6-sided, with 2 strong separate keels, of the chin and under side similar, thinner and smooth. Limbs 4, moderately strong. Toes 5-5, subcylindrical, moderate, unequal. Tail about as long as the body, round, tapering, with 2-keeled scales above and small smooth scales beneath. The CHINESE KEELED SCALE. Ateuchosaurus Chinensis. Brown, head paler; the keels of the scales far apart; scales in 6 series on the back; nasoloreal shield subtriangular, oblique. a. In spirits, not good state, left hind foot with only 4 toes. Chi- na. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. At Lower eyelid transparent. Toes 4-5. Body and tail cylin- drical, elongate. 38. HETEROPUS, Fitz.? Dum. et Bib. Muzzle conical. Nostrils lateral, in the middle of a nasal plate, supranasal none, nasal frontal single. Tongue scaly, nick- ed. Teeth conical, simple. Palate not toothed, with a deep tri- angular notch behind. Ears distinct, open. Lower eyelid trans- parent. Body elongate, cylindrical, sides rounded. Scales keeled. Legs 4, far apart. Toes 4-5, elongate, rather compressed, simple, clawed, hinder unequal. Tail conical, pointed. The BROWN HETE ROPUS. Heteropus fuscus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 759. Lower eyelid transparent; scales of the neck smooth, of the back 3-keeled. Inhab. Isle Waigiou and Rawach, M. Quoy. Mus. Paris. 108 REPTILES. Peron's HETEROPUS. Heteropus Peronii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 760. Olive brown, a yellow-edged white-spotted black streak on each side ; lower eyelid transparent ; scales of the neck 3-keeled, of the back 2.keeled. Inhab. Isle of France, MM. Peron and Lesueur. Mus. Paris. ** Supranasal shields 2, distinct. Scales 3- or 5-keeled. Palate toothed. Nasal oblong, with the nostril in its hinder end, and a small nasoloreal behind it. 39. Dasia, Gray. Euprepes, part, Dum. et Bib. Psammites, part, Cocteau. Head 4-sided. Nasal small, lateral, rounded behind, square in front, supranasal elongate, narrow, not contiguous, internasal rhombic, frontonasal 5-sided, contiguous, frontal 6-sided, oblong, frontoparietals 2, contiguous, interparietal distinct. Lower eyelid covered with scales. Ear small, partly covered by the ends of the temple-scales. Body fusiform. Scales feebly keeled. Limbs 4, strong Toes 5-5, base dilated and flat beneath, end much com- pressed and slightly arched, sharp-edged beneath, first and second toes nearly equal, longest. Claws compressed. Tail round, ta- pering The OLIVE DASIA. Dasia olivacea, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 331. Scincus Ernestii, Boiei, MSS. Mus. Leyden. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 696. Olive; back of the head-shields black; back with 12 cross se- ries of scales with a white central spot, and a black spot upon the sides, the bands sometimes interrupted ; scales of the back 3 or 5 keeled, toothed behind, the 2 lateral keels close together; hinder part of the sides of body and tail with 2 broad white streaks; the chin and beneath green, not spotted. Inhab. Prince of Wales' Island. (Mus. Fort Pitt, Chatham). Java, Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. 40. TILIQUA, Gray. Euprepes, part, Wagler, Dum. et Bib. Head squarish. Nasal small, oblong, lateral. Nostril rather large, subcentral or posterior, frontonasal distinct, triangular, con- tiguous in front, frontoparietal shields 2, contiguous, interparietal triangular. Lower eyelid with a central longitudinal band of 4 or 5 square scales. Ears moderate, open, lobed in front. Body , fusiform, stout. Scales 3- or 5-keeled. Limbs 4, stout, rather far apart. Toes 5-5. Palms slightly granular. Scales under the toes smooth. Tail round, tapering, with 3 or 5 series of rather wider scales beneath. 5 LIZARDS. 109 a * Tail and toes elongate, slender. Asiatic. The INDIAN TILIQUA. Tiliqua rufescens. Lacerta rufescens, Shaw, Zool. iii. 285. Cuv. R. A. ii. 62. Weigm. H. M. i. 36. Scincus multifasciatus, Kuhl, Beitr. 12? Wagler, Syst. 162. Eu- prepis Sebæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 692. — Seba, ii. t. 105, f. 3, t. 10, f. 4-5. Tiliqua carinata, Gray, Zool. Journ. Bronze or olive, varied with a pale streak on each side, or va- ried with black spots; ears moderate, oval, open, with some small lobules in front; nostril subposterior; scales of the back 3-keeled; tail rounded, longer than the body, thin at the end. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Olive, scales 3-keeled, sometimes brown- edged, forming streaks, sides white-spotted, tail rather short. Molucca. From the Leyden Museum. Scincus Kuhlii, Boie, MSS. Mus. Leyden. c. In spirits, like a, but with a distinct pale streak on each side. India, Dum Dum. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. T. carinata, Gray, Zool. Journ. d-f. Adult, in spirits, like c, but sides, body and tail dusky, upper lip pale, with a streak on the lower part of the side. Madras. Presented by the Rev. Gerard E. Smith. g, h. Half-grown, in spirits. Like d. Madras. Presented by Capt. Bevan. i-1. In spirits. Dark olive, scales 3-keeled, sometimes dark on the sides, forming 5 or 7 narrow black streaks, cheeks and sides black and white varied, without any distinct lateral streaks. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. m, n. Young, in spirits. Dark olive, not spotted or streaked, sides dark, with a narrow pale streak above and below in front, scales 3-keeled. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. q. Young. Dark olive, with a black dorsal streak, sides black, white-spotted, sides of the throat, chin and beneath greenish white. Madras. Presented by Capt. Bevan. r, s. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Back pale brown, younger with a few black streaks, sides darker, white-dotted, white be- neath, keel of the scales distinct, rather far apart, parallel. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N. t. Half-grown, in spirits. Discoloured. Tiliqua affinis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 289. The MANY-KEELED TILIQUA. Tiliqua multicarinata. Scin- cus multicarinatus, Kuhl ? Dark olive, nape with a white-edged black streak; with 2 white streaks above and below, on each side of the front of the body, edged with black spots; chin and throat black-spotted ; beneath whitish; head-shields rather rugose; internasal plates rhombic, as long as broad; nostrils subposterior; scales large, ovate, trans- L 110 REPTILES. verse, regularly and sharply 7-keeled; ears small, round, partly covered by the scales of the temple above and in front; tail elon- gate, slender, rather compressed. a. Adult, in spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection, b, c. ? Young, in spirits. Chin white, not spotted. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. Perhaps T. rufescens, var.? The GREYISH TILIQUA. Tiliqua grisea. Olive grey ; scales 6-sided, 3-keeled, dark-sided, forming dark streaks on the back and sides, with an indistinct interrupted pale streak on each side; beneath whitish ; nostril in the centre of the nasal, supranasal triangular, contiguous, internasal broader than long, frontonasal 5-sided, squarish, contiguous; ears very small, oblong, covered by the ends of the temple-scales in front. a. Adult, in spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. ** Tail and toes short. African. The Fernando Po TILIQUA. Tiliqua Fernandi, Burton, Proc. Z. Soc. i. 37. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 203. Brown, with the dark sides to the scales forming brown streaks; sides dark brown, white-spotted, and with oblique darker cross bands ; chin and beneath brown, with rows of white spots, largest and most distinct on the chin; ears oblong, with a few small den- ticulations in front; tail thick, tapering, not so long as the body; toes rather short, thick. a. Adult, in spirits. Fernando Po. b. Adult, in spirits. Head bruised. Fernando Po. 41. EUPREPIS. Euprepis, part, Wagler, Dum. et Bib. Mabouya, part, Fitz. Rachite and Heremites, Cocteau, MSS. Nostrils in the hinder edge of the nasal plate, frontoparietal shields 2, or united, supranasal plates 2. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Palate with a triangular notch behind, and with Pterygoid teeth. Body fusiform. Limbs strong Toes 5-5. Scales 2- to 7-keeled. * Frontoparietals and interparietal separate. + Scales small, 2-keeled. Ear with short lobes in front. COCTEAU'S EU PREPES. Euprepis Coctei, Dum. et Bib. E. G. , v. 666. Grey, brown, brown-varied, yellow-spotted; scales of the back small, with 2 distinct keels; ear large, open, with 3 or 4 short lo- bules; orbit with a series of small scales beneath ; preanal scales 6, large; internasal broad, lozenge-shaped, frontonasal contigu- ous, 5-sided. LIZARDS. 111 Inhab. Africa ? Mus. Paris. A single very large specimen, 5 feet 4 inches long, part of the collection “taken from the Lisbon Museum in 1809.” # Scales 3-keeled, moderate. Ear open, with rather large granules in front. American. Sabine's EUPREPES. Euprepis maculatus. Tiliqua maculata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 289. Olive, with series of white spots, generally with a black spot on each side of them, with a series of spots on each side, begin- ning from the back angle of the eye; beneath whitish; cheeks white-spotted ; scales moderate, 3-keeled, 3-toothed behind; su- pranasal transverse, contiguous, internasal broad, lozenge-shaped, frontoparietal and interparietal separate, subequal; ears oblong, deep, open, with a series of 4 rather rounded tubercular scales in front; tail rather compressed, as long as the body. a, b. In spirits, partly bleached. Demerara. Presented by Col. Edward Sabine. The Dotted EUPREPES. Euprepis punctatus. Tiliqua punc- tata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 289. Dark olive, varied with dark brown and dotted with white; chin and beneath white, with rather dark edges to the scales; the head brown-varied ; orbit blackish; eyelid white; scales rather small, 3-keeled and 3-toothed behind; frontoparietal and interpa- rietal separate, frontal and interparietal elongate, narrow behind, supranasal and frontonasal contiguous; ear oblong, open, very deep, with a series of 6 small subconic scales in front; tail elon- gate, rather compressed. a, b. Adult and young, in spirits. Fernando de Noronha. Pre- sented by the Admiralty, from H.M.S. Chanticleer. H Scales moderate, 3-keeled. Ear open, with short lobes in front. African. PERROTET'S TILIQUA. Euprepis Perrotetii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 669. Back greyish brown, yellow-spotted ; scales of the back large, 3-keeled; ear large, with short lobules in front; scales under the toes, palms and soles smooth ; preanal scales nearly equal; supra- nasal narrow, elongate, contiguous, internasal broad, lozenge- shaped, frontonasal 5-sided, contiguous, frontal lanceolate, fronto- parietal smaller than the interparietal. Inhab. Senegal Mus. Paris. A single specimen, 2 feet 9 inches long L 2 112 REPTILES. RadDon's EUPREPES. Euprepis Raddoni. Olive, with 5 narrow black streaks, I between each series of scales; sides dark, with a pale streak above and below, the lowest broadest ; lips, chin and beneath white; tail elongate, rather com- pressed, slender ; scales 3-keeled, of the back in 8 series; fronto- parietal and interparietal plates distinct, subequal, frontal plate elongate, frontonasal not contiguous; ear oblong, open, with 2 small angular compressed lobules, and some smaller ones in the upper part of the front edge; palms and soles with flat tubercles. a. In spirits. West Africa. From Mr. Raddon's collection. Dr. A. SMITH's EUPREPES. Euprepis Smithii. Olive, back with 7 broad black streaks, 1 between each series of scales, with a broad yellow streak on each side; sides dark, with a broad yellow streak rather below the middle, both yellow streaks dark edged; head-shields dark-edged ; tail elongate, ra- ther compressed ; scales 3-keeled, of the back in 10 series, the frontoparietal and interparietal shields distinct, subequal, the fron- tonasals rhombic, contiguous, the frontal elongate; ears oblong, open, with 3 or 4 short acute conical tubercles in front, upper largest. a. a. Stuffed. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. DR. STANGER'S EUPREPES. Euprepis Stangeri. Olive, with narrow interrupted streaks between the rows of scales, with a narrow darker pale streak on the upper and lower part of each side; lips pale olive, upper with a groove above, chin and beneath white; scales with 3 sharp keels ; ears oblong, open, with 4 or 5 short conical scales in front; supranasal, frontonasals and frontoparietals contiguous, internasal transverse, interparietal small, triangular, frontal broad; tail elongate, rather compressed, tapering, thin at the end. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Olive, back with 2 streaks of broad dark spots, lateral streak indistinct. W. Africa, Niger Expedition. Presented by Dr. Stanger. e. In spirits. Tail reproduced, back slightly varied with black, e lateral streak distinct. S. Africa. Presented by the Admi- ralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. SAVIGNY'S EU PREPES. Euprepis quinquetæniatus Wagler, 162. Scincus quinqueteniatus, Licht. Doub. 103. S. Savignii, Aud, Rept. Egypt. 177, t. 2, f. 3, 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 677. Heremite d'Olivier, Coct. Tab. Tiliqua quinquestriata, Gray, , Ann. N. Hii. 290. Bronzed, with 5 black-edged white streaks, the 4 lateral ones continued on the tail; sides of neck black, white-dotted ; lips and chin white; ears large, oval, with 3 or 4 short lobules in front; LIZARDS. 113 scales moderate, with 3 distinct keels; frontoparietal and inter- parietal distinct, subequal, supranasal and frontonasal each conti- guous; ears oblong, with 4 very low compressed scales in front. a, b. Adult, in spirits, partly bleached. Africa. d. Younger, in spirits. W. Africa, from the Ethiopie. f, g. Young, in spirits. W. Africa, Senegal. Presented by M. Petit. h. Adult, in spirits, partly bleached, throat black, white-spotted. Africa. Fellows' EUPREPES. Euprepis Fellowsii. Olive, back with 2 series of broad 4-sided spots; temple and sides black, with cross rows of white spots, and with a distinct con- tinued superior and an indistinct interrupted inferior pale streak; back part of upper lip and lower side of ear, chin and beneath white; legs and tail black and white spotted; ear oblong, open, with 3 or 4 short conical scales in front; supranasal rather broad contiguous, internasal broad, interparietal triangular, moderate, longer than the frontoparietals, parietals 2, rather small; tail elon- gate, rather compressed at the base. a—d. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Xanthus. Presented by Charles Fellows, Esq. The SEVEN-STREAKED EU PREPES. Euprepis septemtæniatus, Russ. Mus. Senck. i. 47, t. 3, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 680. Tiliqua Ruppellii, Coct. Tab. Scincus pavimentus, Geoff. Rept. Egypt. ? Back with many alternate black and yellow streaks; ear oval, large, with 3 or 4 small lobules in front; scales of the back nearly smooth, with 3 scarcely visible keels, of the under side of the toes smooth; palm and soles with conical tubercles; tail slender. Inhab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankf. (Mus. Paris, 2 specimens). The QUAKER EUPREPES. Euprepis inornata. Pale yellow brown, scales rather darker edged, sides rather paler, chin and beneath whitish; head-shields brown; cheeks and sides of the throat with a few oblong whitish spots; ear oblong, with 3 or 4 short compressed lobules in front; scales with 3 dis- tinct parallel keels; palm and soles with conical tubercles; tail elongate, rather compressed. Very like Tiliqua carinata. a. Adult, in spirits. ? Presented by A. MacLeay, Esq. tot Scales 3-keeled, moderate. Ears with long lobules in front. Heremites. The STREAKED EUPREPES. Euprepis vittatus. Scincus vit- tatus, Oliv. Voy. ii, 58, t. 29, f. 1. Audouin, Rept. Egypt. i. 178, t. 2, f. 5. S. Jomardii, Audouin, Rept. Egypt. i. 178, t. 2, f. 6. L 3 114 REPTILES. S. auriculatus, Gravenh. Mus. Berol. Euprepes Olivieri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 674. Lacerta rufescens, var. Shaw, Zool. iii. 285. Merrem, Tent. 71. Tiliqua subrufa, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 289. Olive, with 4 interrupted series of irregular brown spots, with yellow streaks on each side; head-shields brown-edged; ears mo- derate, oval, with 2 or 3 long lobules in front; scales of the back and tail 3-keeled; preanal scales equal. a. Half-grown, in spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. J. Lee. b, c. Half-grown, in spirits, rather bleached. S. Africa. Dr. Shaw's specimens. HH Scales 5- or 7-keeled, moderate. Ears open, with short lobules in front. The SPOTTED-LIPPED EUPREPES. Euprepis maculilabris. Dark olive, black-varied on the edge of the scales, with a se- ries of very distant small yellow spots on each side; cheeks and sides black, with a few small spots beneath, with a yellow streak from under the eyes, extending to the base of the fore legs ; lip- shields dark, with a central yellow spot; chin and beneath white, varied with the dark edges of the scales; scales broad, 6-sided, with 5 distinct keels, of the vent rather larger; ears oblong, with several rather larger granules in front; the palm and soles with rounded tubercles; tail elongate, rather compressed. a. In spirits, wants end of tail. W. Africa. From Mr. Raddon's collection. The Blue-BELLIED EUPREPES. Euprepis cyanogaster. Scin- cus oxyrhynchus, Peron, Mus. Par. S. cyanogaster, Lesson, Voy. Coq. 47, t. 3, f. 3. Psammite du Geographe, Coct. Tab. Eupre- pes Sechellensis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 682. Bronzed, black-dotted, with a whitish-edged black streak on each side; ears moderate, rounded, with 2 small scales in front; scales of the back and tail 5- or 7-keeled, of the under side of the toes smooth; palm and soles with small flat tubercles; tail slen- der, compressed at the end. Inhab. Sechelle Islands. Mus. Paris. Hit Scales 6-keeled, moderate. Ears with long lobules in front. BIBRON'S EUPREPES. Euprepis Bibronii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. v. 675. Tiliqua Bibronii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 290. Rachite de Bibron, Coct. Tab. Fulvous or olive, black-edged white vertebral streak, the sides dark brown, with 2 white streaks below, the upper one from the front of the upper lip; ears large, with 2 or 3 long lobules in front; scales of the back and tail 6-keeled, of the under side of the toes smooth; soles and palm covered with small rounded tubercles. a. Half-grown, male. S. Africa. LIZARDS. 115 HHHH Scales 3-keeled. Ear small, covered with the scales of the temple in front above. The KEELED EUPREPES. Euprepis carinatus. Tiliqua Ca- pensis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 68. Ann. N. H. ii. 290. Scin- cus carinatus, Schn. Amph. 184. Merrem, Beitr. 109, t. 9. Daud. Rept. iv. 304. Scincus trivittatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 62. S. Schnei- deri, Gravenh. Mus. Berol. Tiliqua Ascensionis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 290. Euprepes Merremii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 671. Back with 4 series of broad black squarish spots, divided by 3 yellow streaks, with 4 series of distant yellow spots; head-shields brown; ears oval, oblique, simple, covered in front by 2 or 3 of the temporal scales; scales of the back 3-keeled, of the tail smooth; scales under the toes keeled; soles and palms minutely spinose; tail slightly compressed at the end. a, b. Stuffed. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. c. Adult, in spirits. Partly bleached. d. Half-grown, in spirits. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. e. Adult, in spirits. S. Africa. f. In spirits, rather bleached. S. Africa. g. Half-grown, in spirits, rather bleached. Island of Ascension. Tiliqua Ascensionis, Gray. h. In spirits, partly bleached. S. Africa. Presented by Sir J. Macgregor. i. Dry, from spirits. S. Africa. Presented by Jas. Sowerby, Esq. j. k. Young, in spirits. S. Africa. 1. In spirits, partly bleached. S. Africa. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. ** Frontoparietal single (united), cordate. Interparietals distinct. Racbites. The MADAGASCAR EUPREPES. Euprepis bistriatus. Tiliqua bistriata, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. Ann. N. H. ii. 280. Scincus vittatus, Gravenh. Mus. Berol. Euprepes Gravenhorstii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 686. Brown, with 4 rows of black-sided white spots, sides black, with 2 yellow streaks, the lower widest; head-shields and lips pale olive, chin and beneath white; ears moderate, oval, with 2 or 3 lobes on the front edge; scales of the back 5 or 7 keeled, of the edge of the front of the vent larger than the other; tail rounded; interparie- tal shields triangular. a. In spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. *** Fronto parietals united into one plate. Parietals 2. Interpa- rietal none. Supranasal far apart. Occipital none. Trissia. The New GUINEA EUPREPES. Euprepis Physicæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 688. Rachite de la Physicienne, Coct. Tab. 116 REPTILES. Brown, beneath whitish; ears large, circular, open, with 4 very small lobules on the front edge; scales of the back 3-keeled; interparietal plate none, parietal plate double. Inhab. New Guinea, (Mus. Paris, 1 specimen). **** Frontoparietal united into one plate. Parietal single, cres- cent-shaped. Interparietal none. . Supranasals contiguous. Chioninia. DELALAND'S CHIONINIA. Euprepis Delalandii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 690. Rachite de Delalande, Coct. Tab. Chesnut, with a yellow streak upon each side; ears moderate, oval, open, with some lobules in front; scales of the back 3-keel- ed; interparietal plate none, parietal plate single ; crescent-shap- ed, truncated at the front end, frontoparietal 6-sided ; tail long, slender; body rather slender. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Paris. BELCHER'S CHIONINIA. Euprepis Belcheri. Brown, with a broad yellow streak on each side; sides dark, with a narrow rather inferior pale streak; scales 3-keeled, small, of the back in 12 longitudinal series; interparietal plate none, parietal plate single, crescent-shaped, truncated at the front end, frontoparietal single, short, vase-shaped, narrow in front, sides concave, broad and rounded behind; occipitals 2, small. a, b. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, K.C., R.N. E. Tail round, tapering, unarmed, not keeled above. Scales minute- ly striated longitudinally, and sometimes keeled along the centre, regular, hexangular, flat. Preanal scales large, scarcely imbri- cate, generally in several series. Diploglossina. 42. MICROLEPIS, Gray. Head depressed, broad behind, head-shields very thin. Nos- trils lateral, in the hinder end of a triangular small distant nasal, just over the suture of the first and second labial. Supranasal plates 2 pair, transverse, internasal very small, triangular, fronto- nasal united into one broad plate, frontal elongate, frontoparietal small, far apart, interparietal elongate, parietals 2, moderate. Eyes large. Pupil round. Lower eyelid very short, rudimentary, transparent. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the end. Throat co- vered with scales. Ears large, exposed, simple-edged. Toes 5-5, elongate, slender, compressed, unequal, clawed. Legs 4, slender, elongate. Palms and soles warty. Body fusiform, 4-sided. Scales small, sharply keeled, striated. Tail elongate, compressed. LIZARDS. 117 The Waved MICROLEPIS. Microlepis undulata, Gray, Ann. WAVED N. H. ii. 334. Tiliqua microlepis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 71. Pale brown, with transverse wavy bands. a. Adult, in spirits. - ? 43. CELESTUS, Gray. Diploglossus, Weigmann. Diploglossus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head depressed. Nostrils lateral, nasals and supranasals 2 pair, contiguous, the internasal and frontonasals united into a large shield, frontoparietal small far apart, interparietal triangular, elon- gate. Eyebrow-shields 5-5. Tongue with scale-like papillæ in front and filiform behind, nicked. Teeth conical. Palate not toothed, with a longitudinal nick. Ears circular, open, with a simple edge. Lower eyelid scaly, Body fusiform, sides rounded. Scales striated, slightly keeled in the centre. Limbs 4, strong. Toes 5-5, unequal, elongate, compressed, clawed. Claws small, compressed, acute. Tail pointed, rather compressed, tapering. Preanal scales in 4 rows, 6-sided, flat. * Internasal and frontonasal united into a single large plate. Scales with an indistinct keel. Head depressed. Celestus. The GALLIWASP. Celestus occiduus. Diploglossus Shawii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 590. Lacerta occidua, Shaw, Zool. iii. 288. Sloane, Jam. ii. t. 273, f. 9. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. Scincus Galliwasp, Daud. Rept. iv. 288. S. fossor, Merrem, Tent. 74. Scincus monotrophis, Kuhl, Beitr. 128? Brown or fulvous, with darker cross bands; internasal and frontonasal united in a broad 7-sided shield; tail compressed, channelled on the sides; scales finely striated, with a very narrow slight central keel; ears rather large and subtriangular; scales in front of the vent elongate, 6-sided, as long as broad ; tail elon- gate, as long as the body; infraocular shield 5-sided, slightly com ing down below the seventh and eighth, or the eighth and ninth labial shields. a. Adult, in spirits. Pale brown, darker marbled, infraocular be- tween the seventh and eighth labial. Jamaica. Presented by J. Weeks, Esq. Dr. Shaw's specimen. b. Young, in spirits. Back with interrupted brown irregular transverse spots, sides brown-spotted, infraoculars between the eighth and ninth labial. Jamaica. Presented by R. Hew- ard, Esq. The GOLDEN GALLIWASP. Celestus striatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 288. Diploglossus Cliftii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 596. La- certa aurata, Shaw, MSS. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1180. Brown, brown-varied, sides brown-spotted; ears circular, open, 118 REPTILES. with a simple edge; tail slightly compressed ; scales moderate, with numerous longitudinal striæ, and sometimes a very indistinct central keel or larger rib, of the front of the vent regular, 6-sided, as long as broad, in 4 cross rows; the interparietal plate much longer than broad; head flattened; the triangular infraocular shield partly placed between the sixth, seventh and eighth labial shields, the eighth and tenth labials small, triangular. a. In spirits, bleached. W. Indies. The THREE-STREAKED GALLIWASP. Celestus Hewardii. Ti- liqua striata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 293. Grey brown, with numerous oblique irregular cross bands; nape with a central straight and 2 lateral converging black-edged streaks; cheeks and sides black, with oblique rather irregular transverse series of white spots; throat varied with grey; scales small, with numerous striæ and a slight central keel, of the front of the vent regular, 6-sided, broader than long, in 4 cross series; interparietal plate triangular rather longer than broad; tail elon- gate, compressed; ear oblong; the infraocular long, above the suture between the sixth and seventh labial, hinder labial trian- gular. a. In spirits. Keels of scales distinct. Jamaica. Presented by R. Heward, Esq. b. In spirits. Keels of the scales very indistinct. Jamaica. b c. In spirits, larger, in a bad state. W. Indies. From Dr. Man- tell's collection. The LARGE-SCALED GALLIWASP. Celestus macrolepis. Brown; internasal and frontonasals united into a broad 7- sided shield; scales large, finely striated, with a very slight cen- tral keel, in front of the vent regular, 6-sided, scarcely as long as broad; ears large, subtriangular ; tail compressed, shorter than the body; the infraocular shield oblong, over, but not produced down between, the seventh and eighth labial shields; labial shields 4-sided, high. a. Adult, in spirits, rather discoloured. W. Indies. 44. CAMILIA. Muzzle rounded. Nostrils lateral. Nasal rhombic, lateral, supranasals 2 pair, contiguous, internasal broad, frontonasals 2, distinct, rhombic, contiguous at the angle, frontal large, frontoparietal distinct, far apart, interparietal triangular. Tongue scaly in front, papillary behind, nicked at the end. Pa- late not toothed, with a longitudinal slit. Ears ovate, open, sim- ple-edged. Lower eyelid scaly. Body fusiform, sides rounded. Scales striated, slightly keeled in the centre. Limbs 4, strong. Toes 5-5, short, cylindrical, unequal. Claws large, broad, slightly compressed, blunt. Tail roundish, compressed, tapering. Prea- nal scales large, 6-sided, in a single series. Head square. LIZARDS. 119 The JAMAICA CAMILIA. Camilia Jamaicensis. Tiliqua Ja- maicensis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 293. Olive; nape with 2, back with 8, base of tail with several, narrow dark-edged white cross lines; sides pale, with broad irre- gular olive cross bands; chin and beneath white; head-shields white, olive-varied; tail white, with olive cross bands; scales stri- ated, olive, with a pale central line or slight keel. a. Adult, in spirits. Jamaica. 45. DIPLOGLOSSUs. Diploglossus, part, Dum. et Bib. Weigm. Muzzle rounded, blunt. Nostril lateral, in the very small nasal plate, supranasals 4, contiguous, frontoparietals 2, small, interparietals distinct, frontonasals 2 or none. Tongue with scale- like papillæ in front and filiform ones behind. Teeth conical. Palate toothless, with a longitudinal groove. Ears open, round, simple-edged. Lower eyelid scaly. Body and tail subcylindrical, elongate, sides rounded. Scales striated, sometimes with a central keel. Limbs 4, strong, far apart. Toes 5-5, unequal, short, cy- lindrical. Palm and soles granular. Tail elongate, subcylindri- cal, tapering. Preanal shields hexangular. * Frontonasal none. Toes short. Oneyda. + Tail compressed. Scales keeled. OWEN'S DIPLOGLOSSUS. Diploglossus Owenii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 394. Fulvous, with numerous reddish grey streaks ; supranasals contiguous, frontonasal shield none, nasal very small, frontoparie- tals 2, very small, internasal large, triangular; tail elongate, com- pressed ; toes short; scales with a small central keel and 15 deep striæ ; ear circular, Inhab. America. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1111. tt . # Tail round. Scales keelless. SAGRA'S DIPLOGLOSSUS. Diploglossus Sagræ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 602.—Coct. Sagra, Cuba, 180, t. 20. Bronzed grey, with a black streak on each side; tail rather 4-sided; toes short ; ear small; scales with 4 feeble striæ, not keeled ; frontonasal plates none, supranasals 2 pair, contiguous, internasal broad, superciliary shields 6-6, frontoparietals 2, small, far apart, interparietal triangular. Inhab. Cuba. Mus. Paris? Plee's DIPLOGLOSSUS. Diploglossus Pleii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 605. Fulvous, waved with brown, and with a brown streak on each side; tail rather 4-sided; ears large; toes short; scales not keel- - 120 REPTILES. ed, with 6 or 8 striæ; frontonasal plates none, supranasals 2 pair, internasal broad; eyebrow-shields 6-6 ; frontoparietals small, far apart, interparietal triangular. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris. ** Frontonasal scales 2. Toes elongate. Scales not keeled. Tail round. Preanal scales 6-sided, in 3 rows. Diploglossus, Weigm. The BANDED DIPLOGLOSSUS. Diploglossus fasciatus, Weigm. H. M. i. 36. Tiliqua fasciata, Fitz. Rept. 52. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 71. Ann. N. H. i. 289. Reuse, Mus. Senck. t. 3, f. 2. D. Houttuynii, Cocteau. — Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 598. Lacerta Scincoides cærulescens, Mus. Houttuyn. Schn. Rept. ii. 204. Back with broad black-edged brown bands, alternating with blue or fulvous grey bands; toes rather elongate; tail round, elongate; scales finely striated, not keeled; frontonasal plates lo- zenge-shaped, contiguous, infranasal 2 pair, contiguous, fronto- parietal small, far apart, interparietal triangular, preanal shields hexangular, in 3 cross series. a. Adult, in spirits. Brazils. b. In spirits. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. On reconsideration, the genus OPHIODES, p. 99, should be re- ferred to this tribe, and placed after Diploglossus. Fam. XVI. OPHIOMORES, (OPHIOMORIDE). Head regularly shielded. Muzzle rather produced. Rostral triangular, erect. Nostrils lateral, in a notch in the nasal and the supranasal shield. Teeth strait, conical, blunt. Palate not tooth- ed. Tongue flat, scaly, feebly nicked at the tip. Ears hidden under the skin. Eyes distinct, with valvular eyelid. Body cylin- drical, elongate, without any external limbs. Scales smooth, 6- sided. Tail elongate, cylindrical. This family appears intermediate between Scincide and Acon- tiada, and makes it appear as if the large rostral of the latter fa- mily was formed of the rostral, supranasal and nasal shields of this family and Scincide being united together. LIZARDS. 121 1. OPHIOMORUS, Dum, et Bib. Eryx, part, Daud. Tortrix, part, Merrem. Anguis, part, Bib. Rostral large, triangular, erect. Supranasal large, contiguous, internasal transverse, frontonasal very small, lateral far apart, fron- tal very broad, frontoparietal and interparietal united together into one large subtrigonal shield, parietal lateral oblique. Lower eye- lid transparent. Scales 6-sided, smooth, 2 central preanal scales large, subtriangular. The OPHIOMORE. Ophiomorus miliaris, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 799. Anguis miliaris, Pallas, Reise, ii. 718. Lacep. Serp. ii. 439. Schn. Amph. 322. Daud. Rept. vii. 270. Merrem, Tent. 80. Anguis punctatissimus, Bibron, Exped. Morea, 71, t. 11, f.5, (details not accurate). Brown, dotted with very small black specks, forming lines along the body, those of the sides larger; sides grey; beneath white; 2 middle preanal shields large, subtriangular. Inhab. Algiers. Mus. Paris. a Fam. XVII. SEPS, (SEPSIDÆ). Rostral plate rather large, square. Nostrils in the front edge of a small shield, in a notch at the hinder side of the rostral plate. Supranasal distinct, contiguous or united, frontonasal none (or small on the side of the face), frontoparietal often wanting, some- times united, interparietal triangular. Tongue flat, scaly, picked at the tip. Teeth conical, simple. Palate not toothed, with a deep central longitudinal groove behind. Eyes distinct, with con- nivent eyelids. Lower eyelid scaly, or with a transparent disk. Body fusiform or subcylindrical, elongate. Scales smooth. Toes simple, unequal, clawed. Tail conical, pointed. Synopsis of the Genera. a. Rostral rather produced, sharp-edged, with a large nasal notch. Head wedge-shaped. 1. SPHÆNOPS. Legs 4. Mental shield small. Lower eyelid transparent. 2. SCELOTES. Legs 2, posterior. Mental shield large. Lower . eyelid scaly. M 122 REPTILES. b. Rostral rounded, erect. Head pyramidical. 3. GONGYLUS. Legs 4. Toes 5-5. Body subfusiform. Lower . eyelid transparent. Frontoparietal shield none. Ears simple. 4. Thyrus. Legs 4. Toes 5-5. Body fusiform. Lower eyelid THYRUS transparent. Frontoparietal shield distinct. Ears toothed in front. 5. AMPHIGLOSSUS. Legs 4. Toes 5-5. Body elongate, cylin- drical. Ears distinct. Lower eyelid scaly. 6. Seps. Legs 4. Toes 3-3. Body cylindrical, elongate. Ears SEPS distinct. Lower eyelid transparent. 7. HETEROMELES. Legs 4. Toes 2-3. Body cylindrical, elon- gate. Ears indistinct. Lower eyelių transparent. a. Rostral large, rather produced, with a large nasal notch. Head wedge-shaped. 1. SPHÆNOPS, Wagler. Head wedge-shaped, rounded in front. Rostral large, keeled in front. Chin flat. Upper lip covering the mouth. Nostrils lateral, in a notch in the hinder edge of the large rostral, super- nasals united into a cross band, small, frontonasal and frontopa- rietal none, internasal and frontal large, broad, interparietal small, triangular. Tongue scaly, nicked. Teeth conical, simple. Pa- late not toothed, with a longitudinal nick. Lower eyelid trans- parent, Ears small, covered by the last scales of the temple. Body elongate, angular below. Limbs rather weak. Feet small. Toes 5-5, unequal, subcylindrical, not toothed on the edge, clawed. Tail conical, pointed. The SPHÆNOPS. Sphænops sepsuides, Reuse, Mus. Senk. 64. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 288. Scincus sepsoides, Aud. Geoffr. Rept. Egypt. t. 2, f. 2-10. Sav. Rept. Egypt. t. 2, f. 9, 10. Sphænops capistratus, Wagler, Syst. 161. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 578, t. 57, f. 3. S. frenatus, Rupp. Mus. Francf. S. de Seba, Coct. Scinc.f. Seba, Thes. iii. 15, t. 12, f. 6. Pale brown, with longitudinal series of black dots and a black streak on each side of the muzzle. a-c. Adult, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by Dr. Edw. Ruppell. d-9. Adult, in spirits. (? Tail reproduced). N. Africa. Pre- sented by M. Lefebre. LIZARDS. 123 2. SCELOTES, Fitzinger. Bipes and Pygodactylus, Merrem. Zygnis, Wagner. Chamæsaura, Schneid. Chalcida, Meyen. Muzzle rather wedge-shaped. Rostral large, keeled in front, deeply notched on the side. Nostrils lateral, in a notch in the hinder edge of the rostral. Supranasals 2, contiguous, transverse, frontona- sal none, internasal and frontal large, frontoparietal and interparie- tal united into a large triangular plate. Teeth conical, simple. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked. Palate toothless, with a longitudinal groove. Ear-opening very small. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque. Legs 2, posterior. Toes 2, unequal, subcylindrical, simple, clawed. Body cylindrical, elongate, sides rounded, belly flattish. Scales smooth Tail conical, pointed, elongate. . The Bipes. Scelotes bipes. Anguis bipes, Linn. Mus. Adolph. i.t. 28, f. 3. S. N. i. 390. Seba, i. t. 86, f. 3. Gmel. S. N. i. 1079. Wagler, Syst. 160. Meyer, 31. Schneid. Amph. 213. Seps Gro- novii, Daud. Rept. iv. t. 58, f. 2. S. lineata, Harlan, J. Acad. Philad. iv. t. 18, f. 2. Bipes anguinus, Merr. Tent. 76. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 336. Pygodactylus Gronovii, Merr. Tent. 76. Beitr. iii. t. 10. Scelotes anguinus, Fitz. S. Linnæi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 786. Silvery brown, back with 10 longitudinal black lines, the late- ral ones most distinct, beneath white; scales sometimes with a central black dot. a-f. Adult, in spirits. Cape of Good Hope. b. Rostral erect, rounded in front. Head pyramidical. 3. GONGYLUS, Wagler, Weigmann. Mabouya, part, Fitz. Head conical. Muzzle rounded. Rostral square, with a deep, angular, nasal notch. Nostril lateral, in the hinder edge of the rostral. Supernasals 2, contiguous, frontonasal and frontoparie- tal none, internasal broad, frontal large, interparietal very small, triangular. Palate not toothed, with a longitudinal nick. Ears distinct, simple-edged. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Body fusiform, subcylindrical, elongate, sides rounded. Legs 4, short, straight, far apart. Toes 5-5, unequal, rather compressed. Scales smooth. Tail round, tapering. The Tiligugu. Gongylus ocellatus, Wagler, Syst. 162. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 616. Tiliqua ocellata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. Scincus ocellatus, Meyer, Syn. 30. Daud. Rept. iv. t. 56. Oliv. Voy. t. 16, f. 1. S. variegatus, Schn. Amph. 185. Licht. Doub. 103. S. Tiligugu, Gmel. S. N. 1073. Daud. iv. 251. S. Ma- bouya, Daud. R. iv. 246. S. tirus, Raff. 9. S. Tiligugus, Merr. Tent. 73. S. Thyro, Metaxa. S. viridanus, Gravenh. Mus. Berl. Lacerta ocellata, Forsk. F. Arab. 13. Geoff. Rept. E. t. 5, f. 1, 2, M2 124 REPTILES. t. 2, f.7. T. microcephalus, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 292. Petiver, Gaz. f. 120. Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. La Mabouya, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 378, t. 24. Thyro, Imper. H. N. xxviii. 684. Grey or bronzed, with black-edged white spots; ears subtrian- gular, open, simple in front; palate with a longitudinal slit; fron- toparietal plates none, interparietal small; body subcylindrical ; limbs short ; preanal scales nearly equal. Var. 1. Olive, with irregular cross series of black-sided white spots. Scincus ocellata, Daud. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by M. Lefebre. c. Young, in spirits. Tripoly. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. d. Half-grown, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard- wicke. e-h. Half-grown, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. 0-r. Young, in spirits. Sides black. Madeira ? Spain ? Pre- sented by P. B. Webb, Esq. Var. 2. Pale olive, with 2 yellow streaks and white-spotted irregular brown cross bands. Scincus Tiligugu, Gmel. i. In spirits. Sardinia. Presented by Prof. Bonelli. j. In spirits. Malta. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. k. In spirits. Malta. Presented by Miss Emilie Attersoll. 1, Young, in spirits. Malta. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. m. Young, in spirits. Sicily. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. Var. 3. Dark olive, with irregular, pale yellow spots and a few streaks. Tiliqua microcephalus, Gray. n. Adult, in spirits. Mediterranean shores. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. 4. THYRUS. Gongylus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head conical. Muzzle rounded. Rostral square, with a slight rounded notch behind for the nostril. Nostril lateral. Su- pranasals 2, contiguous, frontonasal none (or united to the fron- tal ?), internasal broad, frontal large, interparietals rhombie, far apart, interparietal triangular, broad, large. Palate toothless, without any notch. Ears denticulated in front. Body fusiform Limbs 4, moderate. Toes 5-5, elongate, compressed, unequal. Scales smooth. Tail round, tapering. The Thyrus. Thyrus Bogerii. Scincus Bogerii, Desj. Ann. THYRUS Sci. Nat. xxii. 296. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 625. Body fusiform, bronzed, fulvous or brown, black-spotted or streaked; ear a longitudinal slit, as if operculated, the lower part of the front edge toothed; frontoparietal rhombic, not contiguous, interparietal large, triangular; two middle preanal shields larger. a, b. In spirits. Isle of France. From the Paris Museum. LIZARDS. 125 5. AMPHIGLOSSUS, Dum. et Bib. Keneux, Cocteau, MSS. Muzzle blunt, conical. Nostrils lateral, between the nasal and the rostral, supernasal contiguous, internasal large, triangular, frontonasal none, frontal large, frontoparietal and interparietal united, triangular. Tongue scaly at the base, naked and nicked at the tip. Palate toothless, entire (not grooved nor nicked). Cheek-teeth straight, short, slightly compressed, rather sharp- edged. Ears small, longitudinal, simple-edged. Lower eyelid scaly Body elongate, cylindrical, sides rounded. Scales smooth. Limbs 4, short, far apart. Toes 5-5, unequal, rather compressed, simple, clawed. Tail conical, pointed. Preanal scales like the ventral. The KENEUX. Amphiglossus Astrolabi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 608. Keneux de l'Astrolabe, and K. de Goudot, Cocteau, Mus. Paris. Brown, beneath greyish. Inhab. Madagascar. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. 2 6. SEPS, Daudin. Zygnis, Oken, Fitz., Weigmann. Muzzle conical, simple. Rostral square, with a rounded na- sal notch. Nostril lateral, in the hinder edge of the rostral, supra- nasal contiguous, the internasal and frontal large, frontonasals 2, large, frontoparietals none, interparietal very small, parietals 2, large. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Teeth conical, sim- ple. Palate toothless, with a longitudinal groove. Ears oblong, simple-edged. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. Body cy- lindrical, elongate, sides rounded. Scales smooth. Legs 4, far apart, weak. Toes 3-3, subcylindrical, simple, unequal, clawed. Tail conical, pointed. The CICIGNA. Seps tridactylus, Rapp. Seps Chalcidica, Merrem, Tent. 75. s. quadrilineata, and S. concolor, Metaxa. Seps vittatus, and S. lineatus, Leuk. Breves. 9. S. chalcides, Bo- nap. Fauna Ítal. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 768. Lacerta chal- cidica, Aldrov. L. chalcides, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 209. L. Seps, Shaw, Zool. iii. 252. Vandelli, M. Acad. Lisb. i. 37. Zygis striata, Fitz. 53. Guérin, Icon. t. 15, f. 3. Ameiva meridio- nalis, Meyer, Syn. 28. Chamæsaura Chalcis, Schn. Amph. 287. Seps, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 433, t. 31. Cicigna, Cetti, Sard. ii. 28, fig. Pale, with series of small black specks. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Turin. Presented by Prof. Bonelli. c, d. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Europe. e-9. Adult and young, in spirits. Dalmatia. From Dr. Hec- kle's collection. h. Adult, in spirits. Europe. M 3 126 REPTILES. 7. HETEROMELES, Dum, et Bib. Muzzle conical. Nostril lateral, in the hinder edge of the large rostral. Supranasal large, contiguous, internasal large, frontonasals 2, frontoparietal none, frontal large, interparietal small, triangular. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Teeth simple, conical. Palate toothless, with a broad longitudinal groove behind. Ears small, hidden under the scales. Lower eye- lid with a transparent disk. Body cylindrical, elongate, the sides rounded. Scales smooth. Legs 4, weak, far apart. Toes 2-3, subcylindrical, simple, unequal, clawed. Tail conical, pointed. The HETEROMELE. Heteromeles Mauritanicus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 772. Greenish, finely black-dotted, beneath whitish, the sides often blackish. Inhab. Algiers. From Mus. Paris. Fam. XVII. ACONTIAS, (ACONTIADE). Head small, shielded. Muzzle conical. Rostral rather large, cup-shaped, internasal short, frontal large, frontoparietal none, interparietal triangular, moderate. Eyes distinct. Eyelids, lower well developed, upper small or wanting. Nostrils in the middle of the side of the rostral shield, with a slit to its hinder edge. Tongue scaly, imbricate, nicked at the point. Ears very small or hidden. Femoral pores none. Body cylindrical. Limbs 4, very short, or none. Scales smooth. Synopsis of the Genera. * Leys 4, short. Ears small. Upper eyelid distinct. 1. NESSIA. Toes 3-3, short, subequal. 2. EVESIA. Feet undivided, short. ** Legs none. Upper eyelid rudimentary, 3. ACONTIAS. Limbs none. Eyes with a lower lid. 1. NESSIA, Gray. Muzzle conical. Ears very small, dot-like. small, dot-like. Body cylindri- cal, elongate, sides rounded. Scales smooth. Legs 4, very short, far apart. Toes 3-3, subequal, clawed. The Nessia. Nessia Burtoni, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 336. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 781. Pale brown, beneath paler; scales darker in the middle. Inhab. - Mus. Chatham. - ? LIZARDS. 127 2. EvESIA, Gray. Muzzle conical. Nostrils lateral. Rostral large, internasal half circular, frontal square, interparietal triangular, supranasal, frontonasal and frontoparietal none. Tongue flat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Teeth conical, simple. Palate not toothed, nicked behind, without any central groove. Ears very small, dot-like, hidden under the scales. Lower eyelid transparent ? Body cy- lindrical, elongate, sides rounded. Scales smooth. Limbs 4, far apart, very short, weak, undivided, style-like. Tail rounded, pointed. The EVESIA. Evesia monodactyla, Bell, MSS. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 336. E. Bellii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 783. Fulvous, scales brown-edged, beneath paler. Inhab. India. Mus. Beli. (Mus. Paris, given by Mr. Bell). 3. ACONTIAS, Cuvier. Head conical. Nostrils lateral. Internasal broad, 6-sided, frontal large, 6-sided, frontonasals and frontoparietals none, inter- parietal small, triangular, parietal moderate. Tongue fat, scaly, nicked at the tip. Teeth conical, blunt. Palate not toothed, with a longitudinal groove. Eyes very small. Upper eyelid wanting, lower short, scaly, opaque. Ears hidden under the skin. Body cylindrical, elongate. Scales smooth. Limbs none exserted. Tail cylindrical, short, rounded at the end. The ACONTIAS. Acontias meleagris, Cuv. R. A. ii. 71. Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 337. Guérin, Icon. t. 17, f.3. Dum. et Bib. Ē. G. v. 802. Anguis meleagris, Linn. Mus. Adolph. ii. 48. S. N. i. 390. Seba, i. t. 53, f. 1, ii. t. 21, f. 4. Daud. Rept. vii. 272. La Peintade, Lacep. Serp. ii. 439. Labial scales 4-4. a. Adult, in spirits. Pale brown, back with 8 series of dark spots, the outer series smaller. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Ford, Esq. b, c. Half-grown, in spirits. Pale brown, back with 6 series of brown spots. Cape of Good Hope. d-f. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Back brown, with very numerous very minute brown dots. Cape of Good Hope. 9. Adult, in spirits. Back nearly uniformly lead-coloured. Cape of Good Hope. 128 REPTILES. Fam. XVIII. Typhlines, (TYPHLINIDÆ). Rostral rather large, cup-shaped. Nostril in a slit in the ros- tral shields. Chin with a cup-like shield. Limbs 2, posterior, undivided, or none. Body cylindrical. Tail cylindrical. Scales smooth, equal, 6-sided. Eyes and ears hidden under the skin. Synopsis of the Genera. a. Head shielded. Preanal shield single, large. 1. TYPHLINE. Limbs none. Rostral large, cup-shaped. Pre. anal shield single, large. b. Head-shields small, scale-like. Preanal scales numerous. 2. FEYLINIA. Limbs none. Rostral moderate, depressed. 3. DIBAMUS. Limbs 2, posterior. Rostral large, cup-shaped. a. Head shielded. Preanal shield single. 1. TYPHLINE, Weigmann, Dum. et Bib. (not Typhlina, Wagler). Muzzle produced. Rostral covering half the head, keeled on the edge, flat beneath, internasal very broad, band-like, frontal broad, crescent-like, interparietal triangular, parietals 2, oblique, moderate. Limbs none. Nostril in the front of the side of the rostral, with a long groove in its hinder edge. Preanal shield single, semicircular. Eyes none, only slightly seen through the skin. M. Bibron says this genus has no cephalic, plates; his animal may be different. The TYPALINE. Typhline Cuvierii, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 11. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 836. Gervais, Dict. Sci. Nat. Suppl. t. Acontias cæcus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 60. Yellow, with a violet spot on the hinder edge of the scales. a. Adult. Pale brown, with a purplish band across the hinder part of each dorsal scale. Cape of Good Hope. b, c. Half-grown. Pale brown, nearly transparent. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. John Lee. LIZARDS. 129 b. Head-shields 6-sided, scale-like. Preanal scales numerous. 2. FEYLINIA. Head rather depressed, covered with 6-sided scales, narrow in front. Rostral moderate, depressed. Nostrils in the middle of the side of the rostral, with an arched groove to the hinder edge, Eyes none. Body cylindrical, rather depressed, covered with 6- sided smooth scales, those in front of the vent like those of the belly. Limbs none. Tail round, tapering. The FEYLINIA. Feylinia Currori. Dark brown ; head with 3 scales in the central series, the first (internasal) 6-sided, rounded behind, with 2 transverse supranasals in front of it, the second (the frontal) rather wider, truncated be- hind, the third (the interparietal) 6-sided, with the hinder edge rather produced into an angle; the lateral scales smaller. a. Adult, in spirits. Thick, tail very short, conical, reproduced. Angola. Presented by J. Curror, Esq., R.N. b 6. Young, in spirits. Thinner, head and head-shields propor- tionally larger, tail half the length of the body, cylindrical. Coast of Africa. Presented by J. Curror, Esq., R.N. 3. DIBAMUS, Dum. et Bib. Limbs 2, posterior, kidney-shaped. Preanal scales like the rest of the body. The DIBAME. Dibamus Nova Guineæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 834. Gervais. Dict. Sci. Nat. Serp. t. f. Acontias subco- cus, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Olive brown. Inhab. New Guinea. Mus. Leyden. 130 REPTILES. Fam. XIX. TYPHLOPS, (TYPHLOPSIDE). Head depressed, broad, rounded in front, with a large oblong erect rostral plate. Nostrils lateral, in a distinct nasal shield be- hind the edge of the muzzle, and with a slit to the hinder lower and sometimes to the front upper edge of the plate. Mouth sinall, lunate, inferior, above edged by the shields on the side of the head, upper labial shields none. Crown covered with 3 series of 6-sided scale-like shields, the middle ones representing the internasal, frontal and interparietal shields. Eyes lateral, covered by and only to be seen through the ocular shields, sometimes wanting. Tongue elongate, flat, forked at the tip. Body cylindrical, some- times rather larger behind. Scales 6-sided, smooth. Tail cylin- drical, suddenly contracted and obliquely convex and scaly above at the end, tip covered with a conical or spinose shield. They move with considerable swiftness (Russell), sometimes found three or four feet under ground (Trinbrill), where they bury themselves in the rainy season (Spix), and are often found under stones (Ince). They are quite innocent, and not inclined to bite (Spix and Russell), and live some time after they are immersed in ordinary spirits of wine (Russell). The diameter of the body, after a certain age, appears to in- crease during growth, much more rapidly than the length. Dr. Schlegel, in his Abbildungen, t. 32, has figured the heads and tails of eleven species, but the scales of the head are scarcely sufficient- ly accurate for the determination of the species with certainty. Synopsis of the Genera. I. Tail short. Vent edged with scales in front. The frontonasal shield lateral, narrow below. The upper lip edged by nasal and ocular only. * Head nearly covered with the large oblong rostral, which is sharp- edged or keeled and concave beneath, and rather bent down in front. Nostril inferior. 1. TYPHLOPS. - Rostral very large, oblong. Rostral very large, oblong. Nasal, frontonasal and eye shields very narrow, rest of head covered with scales like the body. 2. ONYCHOPHIS. Rostral moderate, oblong. Nasal, frontonasal and eye shields oblong, subangular. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. LIZARDS. 131 The na- ** Head depressed. Rostral regularly rounded in front, convex above and below, with a central, oblony, erect rostral. sal, frontonasal and eye shields moderate, the rest of the head co- vered with 3 series of 6-sided shields. 3. TYPHLINALIS. Head rounded. Rostral oblong, convex, 1a- ther swollen, broad. Nasal rather large, convex. Nostril inferior, with a slit to the lower edge of the plate. Suprana- sal none. Eyes none. Temple-shield elongate. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. 4. ANILIOS. Head rounded. Rostral flat, oblong, erect, not narrowed below, regularly arched in front. Nostril with a slit to the lower edge of the nasal. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields oblong, subangular. Eyes distinct. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. 5. STENOSTOMA. Head rounded. Rostral oblong, flat, erect, re- gularly arched in front, narrowed below. Nostril with a slit to the upper as well as the lower edge of the nasal. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields oblong, subangular. Eyes dis- tinct, Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. 6. MEDITORIA. Head rather narrowed in front. Rostral ob- long, rather produced and slightly angularly bent in front, tapering below. Nostril with a short slit towards the upper and one to the lower edge of the nasal. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields distinct, oblong, subangular. Eyes distinct. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. II. Tail elongate, cylindrical. Vent with a single transverse shield in front. The frontonasal low down, inferior, wide and square below, forming, with the nasal and ocular, the edge of the upper " lip. 7. GLAUCONIA. Rostral shield rounded above. Crown-shields subequal. The frontonasal plate very short, to the nasal slit. 8. EPICTIA. Rostral shield truncated above. Central crown- shields small, 6-sided, the lateral broad, transverse, the fronto- nasal plate moderate, to the front of the eyes. 132 REPTILES. A. The tail short. Vent edged with scales in front. Frontonasal shield lateral, narrowed below. The upper lip edged with the base of the nasal and ocular shields only. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided scale-like shields. * Head nearly covered with a large rostral, which is sharp-edged and keeled, and rather bent down in front. Tail very short. Preanal scales like the others, numerous. Typhlopsina. 1. TYPHLOPS, part, Schneider. T. sect. 2. Cuv. Head depressed, almost entirely covered with a very large ob- long nail-like rostral, which is horny, sharp-edged, keeled, and rather bent down in front. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields very narrow, the rest of the head covered with scales, like the bo- dy. Scales all small and uniform. Tail very short, suddenly ta- pering, convex above, apex incurved. The TYPHLOPS. Typhlops Russellii. Yellowish white; rostral rather darker; tail much shorter than broad, apex incurved. a. In spirits. “India. Presented by Dr. Patrick Russell.” 2. ONYCHOPHIS. Head depressed, rounded. Rostral moderate, oblong, erect, rather produced, keeled, sharp-edged, horny, and slightly bent down in front. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields subangular, distinct. The crown of the head with 3 series of 6-sided scale- like shields. Scales all smooth, uniform. Tail cylindrical, end suddenly tapering, convex above. * Tail very short. Rostral broad, oblong, more than half the width of the head, keeled the whole width in front. FRANKLIN'S CLAW-HEADED SNAKE. Onychophis Franklinii. Pale brown above, paler beneath; the hinder half of the dor- sal scales darker coloured; rostral broad, oblong, more than half as wide as the head ; tail nearly as long as broad, apex conical, nearly straight. a. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. LALAND's CLAW-HEADED SNAKE. Onychophis Lalandii. T. Lalandii, Schlegel, Abbild. 40, t. 32, f. 17, 20. Pale brown, paler beneath ; rostral half as wide as the head, not contracted beneath ; tail short. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Leyden. LIZARDS. 133 * Tail short. The rostral large, broad, oblong, nearly half as wide as the head, obscurely keeled in the middle of the front. The first crown-shield (frontal ?) the largest, witả its side-angles be- hind the tips of the nasal. Barrow's ClawED SNAKE. Onychophis Barrowii. Black, back irregularly marbled and spotted with pale brown; chin and beneath pale brown; head-shields black, with a narrow yellow submarginal line; scales smooth, pale-edged in front, ra- ther small, in many longitudinal rows; rostral rather bluntly keel- ed in the middle of the front, concave beneath ; the front central crown-shield largest, 6-sided; tail very short, apex incurved. a. In spirits. India ? Presented by Sir John Barrow. Bowdich's CLAWED SNAKE. Onychophis punctata. Acontias punctatus, Leach, (MSS. B. M. 1816). Bowdich, Africa. Ty- phlops Eschrichtii, Schlegel, Abbild. 37, t. 32, f. 13, 16? Pale brown; each of the scales with a squarish white spot; head-shields pale brown; the first central crown-shield much the largest, rather crescent-shaped ; the rostral very obscurely keeled in front, rather concave below. a. In spirits. Fantee, Africa. Presented by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. ** Tail elongate. Rostral moderate, oblong, erect, about half the width of the head, keeled in the middle of the front. The OLIVE CLAWED SNAKE. Onychophis olivaceus. Dark olive; upper lip and beneath yellowish; scales of the back yellow-edged in front; head blackish, shields rather paler edged; rostral moderate, about one third the width of the head, rounded above, convex on the sides, slightly keeled, horny and bent down in the centre of the front; the central crown-shields equal, the two first rounded and the third rather truncated behind, rather the widest; the two shields over the eye-shield equal in size; tail elongate, cylindrical, 4 or 5 times as long as broad, apex conical. a. In spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. Cuming's CLAWED SNAKE. Onychophis Cumingii. Pale olive or blackish grey, rather paler beneath ; head rather pale; head-shields closely and minutely punctulated; the rostral moderate, rounded above, straight on the sides, about one third the width of the head; the central crown-shields unequal, rounded be- hind, the first largest, broad, the second smallest, and the third or hinder intermediate in size; tail subcylindrical, elongate, four or five times as long as broad, apex rather incurved. N 134 REPTILES. a. In spirits. Blackish grey, rather paler beneath; scales nearly uniformly coloured. Indian Ocean. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., R.N. b, c. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Olive above, upper lip and beneath yellowish, dorsal scales yellow-edged in front. Phi- lippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The CAPE CLAWED SNAKE. Onychophis Fordii. Pale brown, with triangular white tips to the scales; beneath white; rostral rather produced with a sharp horny margin; tail subcylindrical, elongate, nearly three times as long as broad, apex incurved. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope, Dr. Ford. Mus. Fort Pitt, Chatham. Typhlops multicarinatus, Schlegel, Abbild. 40, t. 32, f. 39, 42, silver grey, white streaked, from New Guinea, appears to belong to this division of this genus. B. Head regularly rounded in front, with a central, oblong, erect rostral. The nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields moderate. The crown of the head covered with three series of 6-sided shields. Aniliina. 3. Typhlinalis. Typhlina, Wagler, (not Typhline, Weigm.) Rostral oblong, broad, convex, rather swollen. Nostril infe- rior, in one shield, with a slit to the lower edge of the nasal. Na- sal rather large, convex, supranasal none. Eyes none. Temple shields elongate. Crown with 3 series of broad 6-sided shields. The body thinner in front, rather enlarged and thicker behind. Tail very short, suddenly attenuated, apex acute. The TYPHINALE. Typhlinalis lineatum. T. lineatum, Boie, Isis, 1827, 563. Schlegel, Abbild. t. 32, f. 32, 34 ? (not good ?) Wagler, Syst. 196 ? Typhlops septemstriatus, Schn. Amph. ii. 341 ? Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. Rept. t. 118. Pale brown, with 8 regular brown streaks above, with 2 series of small brown spots on each side, the lines and spots are in the suture between the longitudinal series of scales; tail shorter than broad, apex acute. a. In spirits, rather discoloured. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. b. Rather younger, in spirits. India. LIZARDS. 135 4. Anilios. Typhlops, Wagler ? Rostral oblong, regularly arched in front, erect, not narrowed below. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields flat, oblong, subangu- lar, well developed. Supranasal none. Nostril inferior, with an arched slit to the lower edge of the nasal. Eyes distinct. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields, the central smallest. Body sub- cylindrical, rather larger behind. Scales smooth, equal-sized. Preanal scales several, like the others. Tail very short, suddenly tapering, convex above, tip acute. * The rostral large, broad, oblong, nearly half as wide as the head. The AustralIAN ANILIOS. Anilios australis. Typhlops aus- AUSTRALIAN tralis, Gray, B. M. 1838. Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Pale yellow, uniform; rostral shield broad, nasal shield broad and rounded above; the central crown-shield nearly as long as broad, 6-sided, the second (frontal) the smallest, the first and third nearly equal-sized; tail very short, about as long as wide. a, b. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. ** The rostral moderate, oblong, erect, about one third the width of the head. LEACH'S ANILIOS. Anilios Leachii. Acontias, n. s. Leach, MSS. B. M. Body subcylindrical, rather thicker behind; pale brown; chin and beneath yellow, the line of separation of the colours rather ragged; the front edge of the dorsal darker scales pale; head- shields brown, pale-edged ; the rostral moderate, rounded above, very slightly concave on the sides; the 3 central crown-shields equal, the first rather rounded, and the second most truncated on the hinder edge; tail very short, scarcely so long as wide, the tip acute, incurved. a, b. In spirits. The largest most alike above and below. From Mr. Stuchbury's collection. The Black AUSTRALIAN ANILIOS. Anilios nigrescens, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Body slender, blackish; chin and under side white, the line of separation rather ragged; the dorsal scales pale-edged, especially on the front; head whitish in front, the head-shields more or less clouded with grey in the centre; the rostral moderate, rounded above, rather convex on the sides ; central crown-shields rhom- bic, as long as broad, the first the largest, the second and third equal-sized ; tail short, tapering, rather longer than wide, tip ra- ther blunt, scarcely incurved. a. In spirits. Australia, Paramatta. Presented by G. Newport, Esq. b. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. N 2 136 REPTILES. 2 The RED-TAILED ANILIOS. Anilios ruficauda. Black; upper lip, under side and end of tail red, the line of junction between the two colours rather irregular; head paler, the shields with black clouds in the centre; rostral oblong, rounded above, straight on the sides; the central crown-shields rounded behind, the first larger, then the third, the second smallest ; tail very short, shorter than wide, tip acute, incurved. a-c. Adult and young. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. T. Mulleri, Schlegel, Abbild. 39, t. 32, f. 25—28, from Suma- tra, agrees with this species in colour &c., but the rostral shield is represented much broader than in our specimens. The Black ANILIOS. Anilios? ater. Typhlops ater, Schlegel, Abbild. 39, t. 32, f. 29, 31. Black; tail twice as long as wide, nearly straight, apex coni- cal, tip subcentral. Inhab. Java. Mus, Leyden. The SMALL-SHIELDED ANILIOS. Anilios? squamosus. Ty- phlops squamosus, Schlegel, Abbild. 36, t. 32, f. 9, 12. Brown, beneath yellowish, head pale; head-shields very small, short. Inhab. Guiana. Mus. Leyden. 5. ARGYROPHIS. Stenostoma, part, Fitz.' Wagler? (not Latr. nor Bibron). Typhlops, part, Wagler. Rostral oblong, erect, regularly arched in front and slightly convex above and below, narrow below. Nostrils inferior, with a slit extending to the upper as well as the lower edge of the nasal. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shields flat, oblong, subangular, well developed. Eyes distinct. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. Body subcylindrical. Scales smooth, equal-sized. Preanal scales many, like the others. Tail very short, suddenly tapering, convex above, tip acute, conical, incurved. * The upper nasal slit arched, not extending quite to the edge. The BLACK AND WHITE SILVER SNAKE. Argyrophis bicolor. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. Mus. Rept. t. 119 (good), t. 120 ? Black, upper lip and beneath white, the two colours being se- parated from end to end by a straight line; head-shields varied with white on the edge; the scales often whitish at the tip; upper part of tail black ; the central crown-shields equal, 6-sided, the 2 first rounded behind, the second, if anything, rather the widest ; rostral oblong, even-edged, about one fourth the width of the head, broad above, rounded at the tip, contracted beneath directly it reaches the bulge of the head; tail shorter than its breadth. a. In spirits. Singapore. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. LIZARDS. 137 HORSFIELD'S SILVER SNAKE. Argyrophis Horsfieldii. Black, greyish beneath, the colours gradually passing into each other; scales with a subterminal white cross band; the central crown-shields equal, 6-sided, small, rounded behind; rostral shield even-edged, about one fourth the width of the head, rounded above, rather contracted beneath ; tail shorter than its breadth. a. In spirits. Khassia, Hill. Presented by the India Company. The YELLOWISH Silver SNAKE. Argyrophis vermicularis. Anguis lumbricalis, Daud. Rept, vii, 308, (not Linn.) Cuv. R. A. ii. 74. Le Lombric, Lacep. Q. O. ii. 355, t. 20, f. 1. Anguis vermicularis, Merrem, Syst. 158. Bonap. Act. Torin, ii. 427. Ty- phlops flavescens, Bibron, Voy. Morea, 72, t. 14, f. 3. Schlegel, Abbild. 37. Pale yellowish brown, head uniform brighter brown, with very minute distant tubercles; rostral oblong, even-edged, about half the width of the head, contracted below; the central crown-shields 6-sided, nearly of the same width, rather angular behind, the first rather the largest; tail short, about as long as broad, apex slightly incurved. a. In spirits. Bay of Salamis. Presented by Lieut. John Ince, R.N. The DEMERARA SILVER SNAKE. Argyrophis reticulatus. An- guis reticulata, Linn. S. N. i. 391. Scheuch. P. Sacra, iv. t. 747, f. 4. Seba, i. t. 86, f. 2. ii. t. 6, f. 4. t. 7, f. 4. Typhlops crocota- tus, Schn. Amph. ii. 325. Le rezeau, Lacep. Q. O. ii. 446. E. M. t. 31, f. 4. A. rostralis, Weigm. Berlin Naturf. iii. 190. Merrem, Tent. 159. A. nasuta, Shaw, Zool. iii. 587 ? A. rostratus, Latr. Rept. iv. 223? T. lumbricalis, Schlegel, Abbild. 35, t. 32, f. 1–4. Reddish brown ; scales rather paler edged, especially those on the sides, beneath paler; head-shields brown, with broad pale edg- es; rostral oblong, even-edged, about one fourth the width of the head, rounded above, with a broad erect club-shaped white mark on each side, contracted below; the first central crown-shield as long as wide, rather angular behind the second and third shorter, slightly truncated behind, the third the widest of the three ; tail much shorter than broad, tapering, with a rather elongate termi- nal spine. a. In spirits. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. The BROWNISH Silver Snake. Argyrophis lumbricalis. An- guis lumbricalis, Linn. S. N. i. 391. Silver Snake, Brown, Jam. 460, t. 44, f. 1. A. Jamaicensis, Shaw, Zool. iii. 588, (not figure). Typhlops Cubæ, Bibron. Sagra, Cuba, 204, t. 22? Le Lombric, Daub. Q. 0. 648 ? T. cinereus, Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 18, f. 2 ?? Brown, beneath greyish white; the body very slender in front; tail rather longer than wide, rather blunt. Inhab. Jamaica, Cuba. N 3 138 REPTILES. ** Upper nasal slit sinuous and extending quite to the margin of the nasal. The TRUNCATED SILVER SNAKE. Argyrophis truncatus. Greyish green, opaque; head rather truncated in front; ros- tral moderate, scarcely one third the width of the head, even-edged, rounded above and contracted below; the central crown-shields equal-sized, nearly as long as broad, the first and second rounded and the third rather angular behind; tail rather shorter than broad, tapering, slightly incurved. a—c. In spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The CRENULATED SILVER SNAKE. Argyrophis Bramicus. Eryx Bramicus, Daud. Rept. vii. 272. Tortrix Russelii, Merrem, Tent. 84. Schlegel, Abbild. 39. Punctulated Slow Worm, Shaw, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. Rept. t. 116, t. 117? Rondo Taloa- too Pam, Russell, Ind. Serp. t. 43. Cuv. R. A. ii. 73. Black or greyish black, rather paler beneath; head regularly rounded and pale in front; rostral and nasal shields with a pale crenulated submarginal edge, rostral oblong, scarcely one fourth the width of the head, rounded above, contracted beneath; the crown-shields equal, rather broad, rounded behind, the fourth shield rather wider, the fifth longer than the other three. a. In spirits. Ceylon. Presented by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. b-d. In spirits. Bengal. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. e, f. In spirits. Scales brown, with a white spot in front, and a very narrow dark edge. India. Presented by Sir James Mac Gregor. g, h. In spirits. Scales blackish, with a lead-coloured spot in 9 front. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. i. In spirits. Black. Manilla. From Mr. Cuming's collection. j. In spirits. Grey brown. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. k,l. In spirits. Pale brown, bleached ? m? In spirits. Head-shields with a broader white margin, the scales pale, hinder half brown. N.E. Australia. *** The STREAKED Silver SNAKE. Argyrophis polygrammicus. Typhlops polygrammicus, Schlegel, Abbild. 40, t. 32, f. 35, 38. Pale yellow, with series of brown dots; scales brown, pale- edged; tail about as long as broad, incurved. Inhab. Timor. Leyden Museum. LIZARDS. 139 6. MEDITORIA. Head rather narrowed in front. Rostral oblong, slightly con- vex above and below, rather produced in the centre in front, and slightly angularly bent over the muzzle, tapering near the upper labial. Nostrils with a short slit towards the upper edge and one to the lower edge of the nasal. Nasal, fronto-nasal and eye-shield distinct, oblong, subangular. Eyes distinct. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided shields. Tail about as long as broad, incurved, acute. Preanal scales numerous. The SHARP-NOSED SNAKE. Meditoria nasuta. Typhlops nasutus, Cuv. Fitz. Cat. 53 ? Brown above, yellowish beneath, the two colours divided by an even line; scales brown in the centre and pale on the edge; the spots on the back forming 11 series; head-shields with a narrow brown submarginal line; upper part of tail brown. a. In spirits. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. II. Tail elongate, cylindrical. Vent with a single transverse subtri- gonal shield in front. The frontonasal low down, inferior, wide and square below, forming with the nasal and ocular the edge of the upper lip. Glauconiina. 7. GLAUCONIA. Head broad, rounded in front. Rostral broad, oblong, round- ed above. Nostril with a short slit to the upper and a longer to the lower edge of the nasal. Nasal, frontonasal ? and eye-shields forming the edge of the upper lip below, the eye-shield large, erect, the frontonasal ? very small, square, only reaching to the level of the hinder nasal slit. Crown with 3 series of 6-sided sub- equal shields. Eyes distinct. Preanal shield subtriangular, pro- duced behind. Tail elongate, rather tapering, rounded at end, with 3 rows of scales beneath. The CAPE GLAUCONIA. Glauconia nigricans. Typhlops ni- gricans, Schlegel, Abbild. 38, t. 32, f. 21, 24. Blackish; rostral full one third the width of the head; the first crown-shield rather the smallest, the second and third equal, rather larger, truncated behind; the first lateral shield over the eye small, square, the second longer, oblong, transverse. a. In spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. John Lee. 8. Epictia. Stenostoma, Bibron, Spix ? (not Fitz, nor Latr.) Head regularly rounded in front. Rostral oblong, erect, regu- larly arched, truncated at the tip. Nostril with a short straight slit towards the front, and a rather larger one towards the hinder a 140 REPTILES. edge of the nasal. Nasal, frontonasal and eye-shield distinct, the three forming below the edge of the upper lip, the frontonasal ob- long, erect, short, only reaching to the level of the eye, the eye- shield large. Crown with 3 series of shields, the central series small, 6-sided, the lateral ones oblong, transverse. Eyes distinct. Preanal shields subtriangular, produced behind. Tail rather elongate, slightly tapering, with a conical tip, and 3 series of broad 6-sided scales beneath. From the structure of the nasal shield of this genus, it appears that in this family the nostril is normally placed between two shields (the nasal and supranasal), and that these two shields are more or less perfectly united in front of the nostrils in the differ- ent species. Cook's EPICTIA. Epictia undecimstriata. Typhlops unde- cimstriatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 74. Schlegel, Abbild. 36. Stenostoma albifrons, Dum. et Bib. in D'Orbig. Voy. Amer. Merid. Rept. t. 6, (not Spix). Brown, rather paler beneath; scales all pale-edged, the brown spots forming lines; the tip of the tail white; the head-shields brown, very minutely tuberculated ; central crown-shields small, 6-sided, equal, white-edged, the first lateral crown-shield rhombic, oblique, the second and third behind the tip of the eye-shield, broad, 6-sided, transverse. a—e. In spirits. Tropical America. Presented by E. Cook, Esq. The Stenostoma albifrons, Spix, Braz. 69, t. 25, f. 3, appears to be different. The DOUBLE-LINED EpicTIA. Epictia bilineatus, Schlegel, Abbild. 36, t. 32, f. 5, 8. White, with series of brown spots, with a rather wider whitish streak on each side; tail elongate. Inhab. West Indies. Mus. Leyden. Family XX. Rough Tails, (UROPELTIDÆ). Head conical, compressed, shelving and acute in front, flat above, behind. Crown covered with regular shields. Rostral pro- duced, moderate, convex, horny, subtriangular, erect, produced and acute behind. Nostrils roundish, lateral, simple, in the mid- dle of the front of an erect subtriangular band-like nasal. Inter- nasal none, frontonasal subtriangular, truncated below, contiguous above, frontal and frontoparietal distinct. Nape scaly. Labial shields 4, distinct. Eyes distinct, lateral, in the middle of the . LIZARDS. 141 front of an erect eye-shield, and covered by the shield without any eyelids. Eyebrow-shields none. Tongue elongate, flat, forked at the tip. Body cylindrical. Scales 6-sided, smooth, those of the hinder part and above the tail sometimes 2-keeled. Vent with 3 scales in front. Tail cylindrical, obliquely truncated above. This family is intermediate between the Lizards and the Snakes ; following Cuvier and others, I was induced to refer it to the latter order, and therefore did not insert it in the Synopsis of the Families : but on reexamination, and comparison with the various modifications presented by the genera of Typhlopsidæ, I have been induced to place it in this order. Cuvier seems to have been in doubt, for though he placed the genus with the snakes, he also regarded the species as a section of the Typhlop- ses. Schlegel names the group Pseudo Typhlops. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. RHINOPHIS. Tail truncated, covered with an oblong smooth shield, rather produced below. 2. UROPELTIS. Tail truncated, and covered above by a mode- rately granular shield. Lower edge rounded. 3. SILUBOURA. Tail convex, and covered above with 2-keeled scales. Lower edge with a sharp-edged 2-tubercled scale. 1. RHINOPHIS, Hempr. Tail obliquely truncated, upper part rather convex, covered with a small oblong shield, lower edge rounded, simple, rather produced. Head acute, tapering in front. Vent-shields in one marginal row. The RHINOPHIS. Rhinophis oxyrhynchus, Wagler, Syst. 195, Hemp. Berl. Mag. Typhlops oxyrhynchus, Schneid. Amph. ii. 341. Schlegel, Abbild. t. 12. Pale brown, with series of brown spots, one on each scale. Inhab. ? Mus. Leyden. 2. UROPELTIS (part), Cuvier. Typhlops, part, Cuv.? Tail obliquely truncated, flattish, and covered with a flat roundish radiating granular shield, lower edge rounded, the under side of the tail with 6 series of small scales. The PHILIPPINE SHIELD-TAIL. Uropeltis Philippinus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 76. Eydoux, Mag. Zool. Rept. 1837, t. 13. Muller, Tri- verian Zeitsch. Phys. 1831, 248. Typhlops Philippinus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 74. Brown, beneath white, the two colours separated by a very re- gular waved line. Inhab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Paris. 142 REPTILES. 3. SILUBOURA. Uropeltis, part, Cuv. Typhlops, part, Cuv. Schn. Tail obliquely truncated, upper part of end rather convex, co- vered with 2-keeled scales, the lower edge acute, with a depressed sharp-edged 2-tubercled scale, lower surface with 3 series of broad larger scales. Vent-shields 1 before and 2 marginal. The Rough TAIL. Siluboura Ceylonicus. U. Ceylonicus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 76. Cocteau, Mag. Zool. 1833, t. 2. Brown, minutely and indistinctly yellow-spotted, with a yel- low band in front of the vent, continued in a band on each side of the tail, a. In spirits. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. Suborder II. THICK-TONGUED Lizards, (PACHYGLOSSÆ). Tribe III. NYCTISAURA. Scales of the belly small, rhombic, imbricated, of the head, back and sides granular. Tongue thick, short, convex, slightly nicked at the end. Eyes nocturnal. Eyelids circular, not conni- vent. Pupil linear, rarely round, erect. Body depressed, some- times fringed on the sides. Feet for walking. Toes subequal, la- mellar beneath, and generally dilated. Family XXI. The GECKOES, (GECKOTIDÆ). The only Family of the Tribe. They live on insects and worms, which they swallow whole, the æsophagus being very large. They produce a sound by the movement of their tongue against their palate, which has given rise to their name, similar to the double click often used in riding, which has been attempted to be imitated by the word Gecko, Foc- kaie and Geitge, and also to be called postilions, claqueurs and spitters. Nocturnal, avoiding the heat of the sun, and catch their food in cracks in rocks, houses, &c. Their movements are very brusque, without sound, and exceedingly rapid. They hiber- nate, and are provided with one or two fatty masses in front of the pubis, which are said to be a provision for their nourishment dur- ing that period. The males are smaller, and often have femoral pores which are wanting in the female. The egg is spherical, with a hard calcareous shell, LIZARDS. 143 When the tail has been reproduced, it is generally covered with small square uniform scales, placed in cross series. Care should be taken not to confound these with the tails of the nor- mal structure, which has the scales all of the same structure and form as those of the back, and generally (but not always) has a central series of larger plates beneath. Synopsis of the Genera. I. Toes dilated, with 2 rows of membranaceous plates beneath, under the dilated part. A. Last joint of the toes short, inflexed, sheathed in the notch between the front of the 2 series of plates. Claws 5.5. a. Toes dilated, ovate, with 2 series of transverse equal plates beneath. 1. THECADACTYLUS. Toes half webbed. Femoral pores none. . Tail uniformly granular. b Toes linear, truncated, middle of the toes with 2 rows of square plates beneath, the 2 terminal plates larger. 2. EDURA. Tail subcylindrical, with square scales, unarmed. Toes all with 2 rows of small plates beneath. 3. STROPIURA. Tail cylindrical, with 2 rows of spines above, tip revolute. The 2 middle toes with 2 rows, the rest with 1 row of plates beneath. c. Toes linear, truncated, middle of toes with a single series of plates beneath, 2 terminal plates larger. 4. DIPLODACTYLUS. Terminal pair of toe-plates convex, round- ed at the end. Back and tail granular, uniform. 5. PHYLLODACTYLUS. Terminal pair of toe-plates thin, square at the end. Back and tail tubercular. d. Toes slender, dilated at the end, with 2 diverging series of plates beneath. 6. PTYODACTYLUS. Toes free. Body simple. Tail round. . . 7. UROPLATES. Toes webbed. Tail and sides of the head and body fringed. 8. CAUDIVERBERA. Toes webbed. Tail and back with a mem- branous crest. 144 REPTILES. B. Toes, last joint slender, compressed, elongate, produced, clawed, free from the dilated penultimate joints. a. Thumb with a compressed clawed terminal joint, like the toes. 9. HEMIDACTYLUS. Tail rather depressed, angular above, with cross rings of spines, lower edge simple. Toes free. 10. VELERNESIA. Tail rather depressed, angular above, with cross rings of spines, lower edge denticulated. Toes half webbed. Skin of sides and limbs lax. 11. DORYURA. Tail depressed, uniformly granular, denticulated on the edge. Toes free. Sides and limbs simple. 12. PLATYURUS. Tail depressed, uniformly granular, denticulated on the edge. Toes half webbed. Sides and limbs with a thin membranous expansion. 13. LEIURUS. Tail cylindrical, uniformly granular, tapering. Toes slightly webbed. Sides and limbs simple. 14. CROSSURUS. Tail cylindrical, granular, with a festooned fringe on each side. b. Thumb with a compressed, clawless, terminal joint. 15. BOLTALIA. Toes free. c. Thumb without any compressed terminal joint, clawless. 16. PERIPIA. Toes all free. 17. PEROPLUS. Toes two middle united at their base. II. Toes more or less dilated, with a single series of transverse plates beneath. C. Toes dilated, the last joint (only) compressed and rather pro- duced or wanting, the plates beneath the toes membranaceous, smooth. a. Claws 5-5. Thumb with a compressed, free, clawed last joint. 18. THECONYX. Toes free, dilated. Sides simple. 19. PENTADACTYLUS. Toes free, base slender. Sides simple. 20. PLATYDACTYLUS. Toes webbed. Sides with a margin. b. Claws 4-4. Thumb without any compressed, free, clawed, last joint. 21. GECKO. Toes free, last joint short. Back tubercular. 22. GEHYRA. Toes free, last joint rather elongate, very com- pressed. Scales granular. LIZARDS. 145 23. AMYDOSAURUS. Toes half webbed. Back granular. Limbs and body simple. 24. LYPEROSAURUS. Toes half webbed. Back granular. Hinder edge of legs with a slight fold of thin membrane. Tail with a slight fringe. 25. Ptychozoon. Toes webbed. Head, body and tail with membranes on the side. c. Claws 2-2. All but the two middle toes without any compressed last joint. 26. TARENTOLA. Lower rostral shield very long. d. Claws none. Toes all without any compressed last joint. 27. PHELSUMA. Toes dilated, ovate. Tail rather contracted. 28. PACHYDACTYLUS, Toes slender, short, apex rather dilated. 29. SPHÆRODACTYLUS. Toes slender, with a single rounded disk at the tip. D. Toes and thumbs clawed, slightly dilated below at the base, the two or three last joints compressed, angularly bent, the membra- nous plates beneath the toes transverse, smooth. a. Toes rather thick, tapering. Tail round. 30. NAULTINUS. Tail cylindrical, tapering, granular. Preanal pores in 2 or 3 cross series. Back granular. 31. EUBLEPHARIS. Tail cylindrical, ringed with cross series of tubercles. Back tubercular. 32. HOMONOTA. Tail cylindrical, tapering, granular. Preanal pores none. Back scaly. 33. PISTURUS. Tail compressed, dentated above. b. Toes elongate, slender, compressed, versatile, joints bent at angle. 34. GONIO DACTYLUS. Tail round, tapering, granular. Scales granular. Preanal pores none. 35. CYRTODACTYLUS. Tail round, tapering, with rings of tuber- cles. Back with rows of tubercles. Preanal pores in 2 paral- lel rows. 36. HETERONOTA. Tail round, tapering, with rings of tubercles. Back tubercular. Preanal pores in an arched series. 37. CUBINA. Tail round, tapering, with rings of tubercles. The Back tubercular. Preanal and femoral pores none. o 146 REPTILES. 38. GYMNODACTYLUS. Tail rather depressed, tapering, with rings of tubercles. Back tubercular. Preanal pores in a curved series. 39. PHYLLURUS. Tail depressed, cordate, end round, tapering. D. Toes and thumbs clawed, cylindrical, tapering, toothed on the side, the plates beneath transverse, many-keeled, denticulated. 40. STENODACTYLUS. I. Toes dilated, with 2 rows of membranaceous plates beneath the dilated part. A. The last joint of the toes short, compressed, clawed, sheathed in the notch between the front of the 2 series of plates. Claws 5-5. Thecadactylina. a. Toes ovate, notched. Plates under the toes transverse, equal. Toes dilated to the base. 1. THECADACTYLUS, Cuvier. Thecodactylus, Gray, Wagler, Weigmann. Platydactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. , Toes half webbed, clawed, dilated, ovate, with a regular series of close transverse scales beneath, separated by a deep central groove, inclosing the claw. Thumb clawed, like the toes. Scales of the back very minute, equal. Body with a very slight fold on each side. Femoral nor preanal pores none. Vent with a blunt tubercle on each side. Tail round, tapering (often swollen near the base when reproduced), covered with squarish scales, which are rather larger on the under side. The TURNIP-TAILED GECKO. Thecadactylus rapicaudus. Gecko rapicauda, Houtt. Act. Acad. Harl. ix. 322, t. 3, f. 1. Gmel. S. N. 1068. Daud. Rept. 141, t. 51. Stellio perfoliatus, Schneid. Amph. 26. Shaw, Zool. iii. 268. Gecko lævis, Daud. Rept. iv. 112, t. Merrem, Tent. 42. Tilesius, Munich Trans. 1811, t. 1, f. 1, 2, (tail entire). G. Surinamensis, Daud. Rept. iv. 126. Pla- tydactylus Theconyx, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 306. Brown, darker marbled ; scales of the back 6-sided, with mi- nute brown specks; lower labial shield with a marginal series of chin-shields, the 2 front the largest, oblong; base of the tail with a conical tubercle on each side. a—d. In spirits. Tail reproduced, swollen at the base, tapering at the end, acute. Trop. America. e. In spirits. Tail slender, coloured like the back. Nevis. Pre- sented by Thomas Cottle, Esq. f. In spirits. Tail short, reproduced. Trop. America. LIZARDS. 147 b. Toes linear, truncated. Plates under the toes transverse, the 2 last larger, thick. 2. EDURA, Gray. Toes rather depressed, slightly dilated, linear, truncated at the end, with 2 series of a few square transverse membranaceous plates beneath, the last pair being rather the largest, with the claws between them. Claws 5-5. Back and under side covered with ovate convex equal scales, those of the side rather smaller. Tail cylindrical or rather depressed, brittle, covered above and be. low with close rings of square smooth scales, with 2 or 3 conical spines on each side of the base. Preanal pores in an interrupted rather arched series in the males, wanting in the females. Front lower labial shield rather large, without any chin-shields below. * Tail very thick, ovate, depressed, with a tapering point. Preanal pores in an arched series. The MARBLED EDURA. Edura marmorata, Gray, Zool. Misc. 52. Zool. Ereb, and Terror, t. Above black, spotted and banded with white, beneath white; head and limbs above black, spotted with white, a whitish band across the nape, 1 over the shoulder, 2 across the back and 1 over the hind legs; tail marbled black and white, end with 1 or 2 black bands and a white tip; sides of the head whitish; chin and under sides of the body and limbs white; tail with 2 large convexities just behind the vent, covered with larger scales, and with 2 close conical tubercles on each side of the base. a-e. In spirits. N. Australia, Port Essington. From Mr. Gil- bert's collection. ** Tail cylindrical, rather fusiform. Preanal pores extending on part of the thigh. The LOZENGE-SPOTTED EDURA. Edura rhombifer, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Phyllodactylus Lesueurii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 392 ?? Pale brown, back and tail paler, with a zigzag brown line on each side, as if formed by a series of pale confluent rhombic spots, a brown streak on the temple from the back of the eye; tail as long as the body, cylindrical, tapering or fusiform. a-c. In spirits. W. Australia, - Ph. Lesueurië is described as having under the toes square plates at the base, and 3 or 4 very close plates in chevrons just before the 2 small terminal plates. 02 148 REPTILES. 3. STROPHURA. Phyllodactylus, part, Drum. et Bib. Toes all clawed, linear, truncated at the tip, the lower part of the middle of the toes with 2 series of small square plates, and the lateral with 1 series of transverse rather curved plates beneath, all with 2 oblong rather thick shields at the tip. Back unequally granular, with a series of tubercles on each side. Tail round, ta- pering, flexible, not brittle, rolled up beneath at the tip, and with 2 rows of subcylindrical tubercles above. Preanal pores in a dou- ble transverse series, the hinder series shortest. The STROPHURE. Strophura spinigera, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Diplodactylus spinigerus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 53. Phyllodactylus Strophurus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 397, t. 32, f. 1. Olive, minutely black-speckled, beneath pale; scales granular, rather unequal, larger black-tipped, with a series of subcylindrical spines along each side of the back and the upper side of the tail, scales of the tail more unequal; lower labial shields moderate, gradually diminishing in size, lower rostral moderate; the plates under the middle of the lateral toes sometimes united together into a lunated shield; preanal pores distinct, in a long anterior and a short posterior row. a, b. In spirits. Houtman's Abrollos. From Mr. Gilbert's col. lection. 4. DIPLODACTYLUS, Gray. Phyllodactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. , Sphærodactylus, part, Wagler. Toes all clawed, linear, truncated at the tip, middle of the un- der side of the toes with a few broad transverse plates, ending with 2 oval convex rather thick plates, and sometimes there are a few small ones between the two kinds. Back granular, square. Tail round or fusiform, brittle, with rings of small square scales, simi- lar above and below. * Vent granular in front. The plates under the middle of the toes moderate. Australia. + Front lower labial large. Tail with rings of rather large scales. The YELLOW-CROWNED DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus vit- tatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, 40. Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 400. Brown; back with a pale dorsal streak, and a series of small spots on each side; the crown yellow; limbs and tail yellow-spot- ted; the 3 front lower labial shields on each side large, the rest very small; front of the vent with distant cross series of rather larger scales; tail with an oblique series of 3 or 4 small tubercles on each side of the base. LIZARDS. 149 a. In spirits. Back with a tapering streak. N. Holland. . Pre- sented by Allan Cunningham, Esq., F.L.S. b. In spirits. Back with a series of oblong transverse and angu- lar spots; hinder lower labial rather larger ; tail reproduced, unarmed at the base. W. Australia. Presented by G. F. Moore, Esq. # Lower labial gradually diminishing in size. The BEAUTIFUL DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus ornatus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. Brown, with an irregular black-edged pale streak on each side of the crown, an irregular spot on each side of the nape, a series of rhombic spots on the centre, and unequal oblong spots on each side of the back; limbs white-spotted ; tail (reproduced ?), thick fusiform, pale, black-dotted, with a rounded group of 5 ovate ra- ther acute tubercles on each side of its base; scales small; labial shields small, subequal. a. In spirits. Houtman's Abrollos. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. The EYED DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus ocellatus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. Brown, with a series of brown-edged white spots on each side of the back; lower labial shields small, gradually diminishing; lower rostral moderate ; chin-scales small, granular; tail vent scaly in front. a. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. The MARBLED DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus marmoratus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. Phyllodactylus porphy- reus, part, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 393, t. 33, f. 5 ?? Gecko porphyreus, Daud. Rept. iv. 130 ? Pale, back and tail reticulated with dark brown, and generally with a central series of oblong pale spots; tail elongate, subcylin- drical or fusiform, males with a round convex tubercle on each side of the base; lower labial shields small, very gradually smaller; the lower rostral small, squarish, truncated behind. a—d. In spirits. Houtman's Abrollos. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. e. In spirits. Australia. The Two-LINED DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus bilineatus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. Dark brown, white-dotted, with a white streak along each side of the head ; body and tail rather paler beneath, and brown-dot- ted; scales minutely granular; tail rather fusiform, with a conical tubercle on each side of the base ; lower labial shield small. a, b. In spirits. Houtman's Abrollos. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. 03 150 REPTILES. ** Vent granular in front. The plates under the middle of the toes very narrow. Africa. The LINED DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus lineatus. Brown; back and tail with 2 narrow dark brown streaks on each side ; sides obscurely brown-lined ; tail subcylindrical, fusi- form; lower labials 7-1-7, gradually smaller; the lower rostral triangular, with 2 or 4 larger 6-sided chin-shields in front. a. In spirits. Cape of Good Hope. b. In spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. *** Vent with a large naked heart-shaped plate in front. Gerrhopygus. The Naked DIPLODACTYLE. Diplodactylus Gerrhopygus, Weigm. Acad. N. Cur. xvii. 242. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 399. Scales small, granular; grey, with blackish cross bands on the back and tail; front of the vent with a large heart-shaped plate ; lower rostral shield large; toes slender. Inhab. - ? 5. PHYLLODACTYLUS, Gray. Toes all clawed, truncated at the tip, under side of toes with transverse square plates in the middle, ending in two thin square plates. Back granular, with lines of tubercles. Tail rather de- pressed, brittle, with rings of rather larger tubercles? with a series of rather larger scales beneath. Femoral and preanal pores none. Lower rostral shield very large, pentangular, with a pair of large chin-shields. The PHYLLODACTYLE. Phyllodactylus pulcher, Gray, Spic. Zool. 3, t. 3, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 397. Whitish, with brown marbling; scales of the back with 20 or 22 longitudinal series of triangular tubercles; chin-shields 2, ra- ther large, with some 6-sided scales, one on each side; tail with rings (often in pairs) of rather larger 6-sided scales. a. In spirits, bleached. Tropical America ? The LARGE TUBERCLED PHYLLODACTYLE. Phyllodactylus tuberculatus, Weigm. Act. Nat. Cur. xvii. t. 18, f. 2. Ďum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 396. Grey, brown-marbled; back with 14 or 16 series of large tri- angular backed tubercles; chin-shields large. a. In spirits, wants tail, California. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. LIZARDS. 151 c. Plates under the dilated cordate last joint but one of the toes in 2 diverging series. Toes slender at the base. 6. PTYODACTYLUS, Cuvier, Wagler, Weigmann. Nostrils tubular, superior, at the angle of the rostral plate. Chin with soine dilated scales. Fingers and toes free, slender and rounded at the base, with small cross plates beneath, dilated at the end, terminal disk notched in front, with 2 series of diverging plates beneath. Claws 5-5, each sheathed in the notch of the disk. Back granular, with rows of larger tubercles. Preanal and femo- ral pores none. Tail rounded, tapering, slightly ringed, with cross series of small tubercles. The Fan Foot. Ptyodactylus Gecko. Lacerta Gecko, Has- selq. Reis. 356. Stellio Hasselquistii, Schn. Amph. ii. 13. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 378, t. 33, f. 3. Gecko ascolabotes, Merrem, Tent. 40. G. lobatus, Geoffr. Rept. Egypt. t. 5, f. 5. t. 1. Supp. f. 2. Schinz. Abbild. t. 17. Ptyodactylus guttatus, Rupp. Atlas, 13, t. 4. Le Gecko des Maisons, Bory, Dict. Class. N. H. vii. 182. Cuv. R. A. ii. 56. G. maculatus, Schinz, Rept. t. 16. Reddish brown, white-spotted ; lower rostral very narrow, elon- gate; chin with a series of marginal shields. a. Adult, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun. Esq. b, c. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. d. Half grown, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by A.Christy, Esq. 7. UROPLATES, Fitz. Rhacoessa, Wagler, Weigm. Toes half-webbed, with small square scales beneath, dilated at the end, terminal disk notched in front for the claws, and with 2 series of diverging scales beneath. Tail depressed, edged with a thin membrane. Preanal nor femoral pores none. lar, with larger scattered tubercles. The Sarroubé, Lacep. Q. 0. ii. 493, forming the genus Sar- rouba, Fitz., and Chiroperus, Weigmann, is probably only a badly described (perhaps from a mutilated) specimen of this species; it is said to have only four fingers, and no expansions on the sides. The FAMOCANTRATA. Uroplates fimbriatus. Stellio fimbria- tus, Schneid. Amph. 32. Dond. Zool. iii. 138. Latr. Rept. ii. 54. Daud. Rept. v. 160, t. 52. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 381, t. 33, f. 4. Schinz. t. 17. La Tete plate, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 425, t. 30. Yellow; membrane of the sides of the head and body torn and furnished with short processes; tail depressed, broad, with a slightly scalloped membrane, rounded at the end. a, b. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 9 Back granu. 152 REPTILES. The SHARP-TAILED FAMOCANTRATA. Uroplates lineatus. Pty- odactylus lineatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 384, t. 31, f. 1-3. Yellowish white, with 5 or 6 brown streaks above; sides with a simple fold of skin; tail round, with a membrane on each side, ending in a point. Inhab. - ? Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. 8. CAU DIVERBERA. Caudiverbera, part, Laur. Toes half webbed, rather narrow at the base (granular beneath), dilated at the end, terminal disk notched in front for the claws, with 2 rows of diverging scales beneath. Tail with a deeply scal- loped membrane on each side. Sides simple, rounded. Back and tail with membranaceous crest. Preanal and femoral pores none. The CAUDIVERBERA. Caudiverbera Peruviana, Laur. Syn. 43. Salamandre aquatique et noire, Feuillee, Journ. Observ. Phys. fc. i. 319. Lacerta Caudiverbera, Linn. S. N. i. 359. Merrem, Tent. 40. Gecko cristatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 167. Ptyodactylus Feuil- læi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 386. Bluish black; eyelids and beneath slate-coloured. Inhab. Chili, near Conception. This species is only known from M. Feuillee's description ; it is said to grow to 45 inches long. B. The two last joints of the toes free, compressed, produced beyond the dilated joints, clawed. Hemidactylina. *** Thumb with a compressed and clawed last joint, like the toes. 9. HEMIDACTYLUS, Cuv. Toes free, pear-shaped, dilated towards the end, with 2 series of diverging scales beneath, the last joint compressed, free, ex- serted, clawed. Thumb elongated, like the toes, clawed. Back granular, generally with cylindrical series of large tubercles. Bo- dy with a very slight ridge upon the lower part of the side. Tail rather depressed, hexangular above, with cross rings of spines, ra- ther convex beneath, rounded on the side beneath. The chin- scales are very variable in specimens of the same species. * Tail with rings of spines. Back tubercular. + Tubercles of back large, keeled. The TRIANGULAR TUBERCLED HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus trihedrus, Lesson, Belanger, Voy. 311, t. 5, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 356, t. 38, f. 8. Daud. Rept. iv. 155. Merrem, 41. Wolf. Abbild. t. 20, f. 1. LIZARDS. 153 Grey, with rather darker brown spots, whitish beneath ; tem- ples brown, with white and tubercular line above and below; the back with white-spotted brown bands, back with large triangular tubercles, some opaque, white; toes broadly dilated ; tail thick, rounded, with rings of triangular acute spreading spines, roundish beneath, subcaudal plate broad, 6-sided ; males with angular line of preanal pores, 8-8. a. In spirits. Chin-shields 4, large, rest small, preanal pores 8-8. Madras. Presented by W. Elliott, Esq. b. In spirits. Male ? Chin-shields 2, large, rest small, preanal pores 8-7, in an angular line. India. Presented by Sir Jas. MacGregor. The SPOTTED HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus maculatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 358. H. Sykesii, Gray, B. M. Back grey, black-spotted, with longitudinal series of nearly 3-sided large tubercles; toes broad, last joint very long; the male with distinct femoral pores; cheek-shields 4, 2 middle elongate, with some smaller hinder ones ; tail thick, rounded, with rings of triangular acute spreading tubercles, rounded beneath, subcaudal plate broad, 6-sided, regular. a. In spirits. Female? India, Dukun. Presented by Col. Sykes. b. Half grown, in spirits. Presented by Charles Bowring, Esq. c. Half grown, in spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. H. Chinensis, Gray, B. M. d, e. Young, in spirits. Bengal. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. H. domesticus, Hardw. Brook's HEMIDACTYLUS. Hemidactylus Brookii. Pale, with irregular brown spots forming bands across the back; the head and nape brown-spotted ; cheek with a broad streak from the nostrils to the eye, and 2 diverging streaks from the back of the eye, the lower to the ear; back with irregular lon- gitudinal series of short broad ovate rather trigonal tubercles ; tail with rings of triangular acute tubercles; lower rostral short- ish; chin-shields 2-2, middle largest; femoral pores in a continued angular line. b. In spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. c, In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The GROOVE-TAILED HEMIDACTYLUS. Hemidactylus de- pressus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. Tail depressed. rather broad, sides shelving, with a broad cen- tral groove above and below, lower broadest; back and hinder part of the thighs with rather distinct, large, oblong, triangular, keeled tubercles. a, b. In spirits. - ? 154 REPTILES. tt Tubercles of the back round, of the side angular. The Warty HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus verruculatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 54. Edwards, Birds, t. 204. Bory, Exped. Morea, 68, t. 11, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 360. Gecus cyanodactylus, Rafin. N. Gen. 9. H. granosus, Rupp. Atlas Zool. t. 5.f. 1. H. verrucosus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 50. H. trihedrus, Bonap. F. Ital. t. f. 2. H. Burtonii, Gray, B. M. Greyish, marbled with brown; back with large rather triangu- lar tubercles ; chin-scales 4, the 2 front subtriangular, large, the hinder oblong, small, the front lower labial very large, to the back of the chin-shield; toes slightly dilated ; male with an angular series of preanal pores. a, b. In spirits. Shores of the Mediterranean. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. c. In spirits. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, Esq. d. In spirits. Xanthus, Asia Minor. Presented by Charles Fel- lows, Esq. e. In spirits. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. f. In spirits. tit Tubercles moderate, roundish. The BANDED HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus fasciatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 58. Pale brown, minutely black-speckled, with a broad arched dark band from the ears, across the nape, 3 broad bands across the back; back with 20 regular longitudinal lines of rather small rounded tubercles; chin with 2 small shields behind the lower ros- tral shields, and 3 or 4 rather larger scales behind the first under central plate; tail rounded on the sides, and slightly ringed with distant small tubercles; femoral and preanal pores interrupted in the middle. Inhab. ? Brit. Mus. The BRAZILIAN HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus Mabouia, Cuv. R. A. ii. 54. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 362. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 51. Gecko aculeatus, Spix. Braz. 16, t. 18, f. 3. G. incanascens, Nieuw. Abbild. t. f. 2. Thecadactylus pollicaris, Spix, Braz. t. 7. t. 18, f. 2 ? G. armatus, Nieuweid, Abbild. t. f. 3—6. Fulvous, with 5-sided brown spots across the back ; back with small conical tubercles; femoral and preanal pores continued, distinct. a--c. In spirits. Brazils. From Dr. Gardiner's collection. d. In spirits. Brazils. e. Young, in spirits. Pernambuco. Presented by Mrs. J. P. G. Smith. LIZARDS. 155 The WANDERING HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus mercatorius, Gray, Z. M. 58. Pale brown; head with 2, back with 3, interrupted angular black cross bands; tail with irregular black cross bands; beneath yellowish white; back with small roundish trihedral tubercular scales; male femoral pores in a continued subangular series, each in the front edge of a scale, female with an angular continued se- ries of preanal pores. a. In spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. In spirits. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart de Rothsay. The STREAKED HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus frenatus, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 366. H. lateralis, Gray, B. M. H. quinquelineatus, Gray, B. M. Grey; sides with small granuliform tubercles ; thumb short; chin-shields 4; tail rounded, with cross rows of small spines ; fe- moral and preanal pores in a continued line. a. In spirits. - ? b, c. In spirits. Ceylon. LESCHENAULT'S HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus Leschenaultii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iii. 364. Stellio Argyropus, Tilesius, Mem. Petersb. vii. 334, t. 11? Back with small scattered conical tubercles in the middle; the edge of the orbits prominent and prolonged on the muzzle ; toes moderate ; tail very slightly depressed; males with 26 femoral pores, in 2 lines, which are pierced in the front edge of the scales. Inhab. Ceylon. Mus. Paris. The STREAKED CHEEKED HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus vittatus. Grey, with 2 black streaks on each cheek, and a broad black streak on each side of the neck and shoulders; lips brown-spotted; back granular, with 2 rows of distant rounder tubercles on each side; tail with rings of 6 distant small triangular acute tubercles. b. In spirits. Borneo. b Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Bel- cher, C.B., R.N. ** Tail squarish, with rings of spinose tubercles. Back equally granular. Bell's HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus Bellii. BELL'S Pale olive, blackish marbled, with a streak from the back of the eyes to the ear; beneath pale ; tail nearly square, the upper series of spines on each side nearer together than the lower; fe- moral pores interrupted in the middle; chin-shields 4, the 2 cen- tral long, rhombic, rather narrower behind, the hinder triangular, rounded at the hinder angle. a. In spirits. ? Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. a, 156 REPTILES. WEIGMANN'S HEMIDACTYLE. Hemidactylus Peruvianus, Weigmann, Act. Nat. Cur. xvii. 240. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 369. Grey, blackish marbled, with roundish white spots ; scales of the back equal, granular, nearly circular; tail rather depressed; sides rounded, spinose; thumb small, perfect, clawed. Inhab. Peru. Mus. Berlin. 10. VELERNESIA. Toes united by a web at the base, rather dilated towards the end, with 2 rows of diverging plates beneath. Thumb free, di- lated at the base, with a distinct compressed last joint, clawed. Skin of the sides and binder part of the thigh very lax and puck- ered. Tail rather depressed, flat beneath, sharp-edged, with a close series of depressed spinés on each margin, upper part 4-sided, with distant rings of conical tubercles. Femoral and preanal pores in an angular series. The VELERNESIA. Velernesia Richardsonii. Scales of the back equal, nearly circular, with a few scattered large round, convex tubercles; tail rather depressed, sides erect, upper part subangular, with 4 series of small conical spines, pla- ced in cross series. a. In spirits. Presented by Dr. John Richardson. 11. DORYURA. Toes free, or very slightly webbed at the base, dilated towards the end, with 2 diverging series of plates beneath, last joint com- pressed, rather elongate, clawed. Thumb like the toes, with the clawed, compressed, terminal joints. Back with minute, uni- form, granular scales. Tail depressed, rounded above, flattish be- neath, with a sharp denticulated edge to the lower side, and a central series of larger scales beneath ; sides of body and limbs simple. * Tail rather convex, slightly toothed on the sides. Bowring's HEMIDACTYLE. Doryura Bowringii. Grey-brown, with minute specks; tail with narrow pale cross bands, darker-edged in front; limbs and tail white-speckled; the back with small equal granules; tail 6-sided, covered withequal granules above, unarmed, with a narrow series of central plates beneath; chin-shields 4, subtrigonal, angles truncated or rounded, the two middle largest; tail lanceolate, convex above and slightly margined on the side. a, b. In spirits. ? Presented by Charles Bowring, Esq. LIZARDS. 157 ** Tail depressed, closely toothed on the side. Garnot's DoryuRE. Doryura Garnotii. Hemidactylus Gar- notii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iii. 358. H. lævis, Gray, B. M. 1836. Back with very fine equal granules; chin-shields 4, forming a square, isolated from the labial plates; tail lanceolate, flat, ta- pering, distinctly toothed on the sides. a. In spirits. South Sea Islands. From Mr. S. Stuchbury's col- lection. . 12. PLATYURUS. Toes half webbed, ovate, dilated towards the end, with 2 di- verging rows of scales beneath, last joint free, compressed, pro- duced, clawed. Thumb small, like the toes, and clawed. Sides and thighs with a membranaceous expansion. Tail flattened, lanceolate, unarmed, thin and fringed with spines on the edge. Males with the femoral and preanal pores continued. The PLATYURE. Platyurus Schneiderianus. Stellio platy- urus, Schneid. Amph. 30. Mun. Acad. 1812, t. 1, f. 3. Merrem, Tent. 41. Weigm. Acad. Nat. Cur. xvii. 288. Lacerta Schneide- riana, Shaw, Zool. 41, 278, Hemidactylus marginatus, Weigm. Amp. 145. Cuv. R. A. ii. 584. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 370, t. 50, f. 2. Skin with very small equal granulations. a, b. In spirits. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c. In spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., R.N. d-f. In spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. g. In spirits, bleached. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 13. LEIURUS. Toes webbed at the base, rather dilated towards the end, with 2 series of close rather diverging plates beneath, the last joint ra- ther elongate, compressed, free, clawed. Tail cylindrical, taper- ing, covered with minute granulations, and with a series of large 6-sided shields beneath. Sides and limbs rounded. Back with minute equal granular scales. Preanal and femoral pores in an angular series (very small). The BANDED LEIURUS. Leiurus ornatus, Pale, with a horse-shoe shaped band on the nape, with a streak over the ears to the back of the eye; back with 3 and tail with 6 or 7 broad black bands, broader towards the black tip of the tail ; back with series of sunken rather convex circular tubercles; tail slender, subangular, equally granular, unarmed, tapering. a. In spirits. W. Africa. From Mr. Raddon's collection. P 158 REPTILES. 14. CROSSURUS, Wagler. Caudiverbera, part, Laur. Fingers webbed. Toes half webbed, both dilated at the base, compressed at the end, with 2 rows of diverging scales beneath. Claws 5-5. Sides and limbs rounded, without any membranace- ous expansion. Tail elongate, with a festooned fringe on each side, becoming wider at the end. Preanal and femoral pores ? The Crossurus. Crossurus Caudiverbera, Wagler, Syst. 141. Merrem, Tent. 40. Lacerta Caudiverbera, Linn. S. N. 359. From Seba, ii. t. 103. cop. Shaw, Zool. 678, f. 1. Caudiverbera Ægyptiaca, Laur. Syn. 43. Hemidactylus Sebæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 373. Dirty yellow, with stellate white spots; scales very finely gra- nular, of the muzzle rather larger, scattered with small tubercles, surrounded with rather larger scales; the fingers webbed, the toes half webbed. Inhab. — ? Only known from Seba's figure. ** Thumb with a free last joint, but clawless. 15. BOLTALIA. Toes free, ovate and dilated towards the end, with 2 series of straight narrow nearly transverse closely adpressed plate beneath, divided by a deep narrow groove, last joint compressed, free, ra- ther exserted, clawed. Thumb dilated, and with a compressed last joint, like the toes, but clawless. Back with granular scales and a few scattered larger granules. Sides simple. Tail rather depressed, tapering, ringed, with a central series of broad scales beneath. The BOLTALIA. Boltalia sublævis, Gray, Z. M. 58. Hemi- dactylus Coctei, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 365. Grey, yellow beneath ; the back covered with small granular scales, with 2 or 3 interrupted series of rather larger ones on each side ; scales of chin small, granular, of belly smooth, moderate- sized, of the back flat-topped, grey, with several black dots. a. In spirits, India. *** Thumb small, without any free last joint and clawless. 16. PERIPIA. Toes free, dilated for their whole length, with 2 series of di- verging plates beneath, last joint compressed, exserted, clawed. Thumb short, truncated, dilated, and with plates beneath, without any compressed last joint or claw. Males with femoral pores, fe- males poreless. Tail roundish. Back with equal granular scales. LIZARDS. 159 Peron's PERIPIA. Peripia Peronii. Hemidactylus Peronii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iii. 352, t. 30, f. 1. H. leiurus, Gray. Tail depressed, enlarged at the base, roundish; chin with 6 shields ; " pupil elliptical.” a. In spirits, discoloured. Isle of France ? VARIEGATED PERIPIA. Peripia variegata. Hemidactylus variegatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 353. Chin with 4 shields; fulvous or brown, varied with black or chesnut; "pupil rounded." a. In spirits. New Holland, Houtman's Abrollos. 17. PEROPUS, Weigmann, Toes dilated at the base, with 2 series of diverging plates beneath, last joint compressed, exserted, clawed, the two middle hinder toes united at their base. Thumb dilated its whole length, clawless. Scales granular. Femoral pores ? Tail de- pressed, lanceolate, tapering, rounded above, flat beneath, toothed on the edge. The Peropus. Peropus mutilatus. Hemidactylus mutilatus, Weigmann, Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xvii. 288. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 354. Grey, with obscure brown spots, white beneath ; scales small, smooth,convex, many-sided, those of the middle of the back small- er; the chin-shields few. Inhab. Manilla. Mus. Berlin. II. Toes more or less dilated, with a single series of transverse plates beneath. C. Toes dilated, flat below, last joint (only) compressed, rather produced, often altogether wanting. The plates beneath the toes membranaceous, smooth. Platydactylina. a. Claws 5-5, thickish, with the compressed last joint clawed. 18. THECONYX. Platydactylus, part, Dum, et Bib. Toes free, clawed, dilated the whole of their length, with entire transverse plates beneath, last joint compressed, short, inflexed, claws incurved. Thumb like the toes, clawed. Head pyramidi- cal, triangular. Back grooved. Skin with very close conical granules. Preanal pores distinct. . The SEYCHELLE GECKO. Theconyx Seychellensis. Platy- dactylus Seychellensis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 318, t. 28, f. 1. Fulvous, with 2 series of chesnut spots on the middle of the back. Inhab. Island of Seychelles. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. P 2 160 REPTILES. 19. PENTADACTYLUS. Toes free, clawed, narrow at the base, rather dilated towards the end, with a series of transverse plates beneath, last joint com- pressed, short, inflexed. Thumb like the toes, clawed. Femoral pores distinct, in 2 series. Preanal pores in several angular series in the males. Skin very finely granular. Sides of the body sim- ple. Upper eyelid well developed. DUVAUCEL's PENTADACTYLUS. Pentadactylus Duvaucelii. Platydactylus Duvaucelii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 312. Grey, back waved with brown ; scales very minute. Inhab. India, Calcutta. Mus. Paris. 20. PLATYDACTYLUS. Platydactylus, part, Cuv., Dum. et Bib. Toes webbed, dilated towards the end, with entire scales be- neath, the last joint short, compressed, inflexed, clawed. Thumb like the toes, clawed. Sides of the body, head and limbs with a membranaceous expansion. Scales very minute, granular. Tail ? LEACH's GECKO. Platydactylus Leachianus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 54. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 315, t. 28, f. 6, foot. Greyish, (bleached ?) Inhab. - ? Mus. Paris, an imperfect specimen, sent by Dr. Leach. b. Claus 4-4. The thumb without any last compressed joint, clawless. 21. Gecko, Linn. Platydactylus, Fitz. Plat. sect. Wagler, ? Weigm. and Dum. et Bib. Toes free, unequal, dilated towards the end, with a series of broad transverse membranaceous plates beneath, the last joint short, compressed, inflexed, clawed. Thumb dilated, without the compressed last joint, clawless. Eyelid membranaceous. Back granular, with scattered larger tubercles. Femoral and preanal pores distinct in the males. * Back largely tubercular. The GECKO. Gecko verus, Merrem. G. teres, and G. verti- cillatus, Laur. Syn. 44. Lacerta Gecko, Linn. S. N. i. 365. Schneid. ii. 12. L. guttata, Herm. Obs. 156. Daud. Rept. iv. 122, t. 49. Cuv. Guérin, Icon. t. 13. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 328, t. 28, f. 4. G. annulatus, Kuhl, Beitr. 132. Reddish grey, white-spotted ; scales square, flat, smooth, with 12 distant rows of large tubercles, with a series of hexagonal lar- ger gular shields in front, under the under labials. LIZARDS. 161 a, b. Adult, in spirits. India. Presented by Capt. Stafford. c. Adult, in spirits. India. d. Adult, in spirits. Tenassem coast. Presented by Dr. Packman. e. Adult, in spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. f. Adult, in spirits. Port Essington, N. Holland. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. g. Half grown. India. g h. Young, discoloured, no tail. India. i. Young. India. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. REEVES's Gecko. Gecko Reevesii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 48. Olive grey; scales with series of moderate tubercles, and with a series of 6 hexangular larger gular shields in front, under the under labial; preanal pores in an angular series ; tail -? a. Adult, in spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. ** Back with small tubercles. The JAPAN GECKO. Gecko Chinensis, Gray, B. M. 1837. Zool. M. 57. Platydactylus Japonicus, “ Schlegel, Mus. Leyd." Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 337. P. Jamori, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. , Hemidactylus nanus, Cantor, Ann. N. H. 1842, 27. Greyish, brown-shaded; skin with very fine rounded grains, scattered with other rather larger grains; chin with 6 or 7 6-sided plates. a. In spirits. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. b. In spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. c. In spirits. China, Chusan. Presented by the India Compa- ny, from Dr. Cantor's collection. H. nanus, Cantor. The AMBOYNA GECKO. Gecko monarchus. Platydactylus monarchus, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Dum, et Bib. E. G. ii. 335. Back covered with numerous conical tubercles, scattered with very small flat polygonal scales; brown, back with 2 longitudinal series of 6 or 7 large black spots; beneath white; chin with 2 ob- long plates ; male with the femoral pores in a curved line on each side; chin-shields 2, elongate, narrow, with 2 or 3 rows of small hexagonal ones on each side. a. Half grown, in spirits. Head and nape brown-spotted, female preanal pores none. Amboyna. From Mus. Leyden. b. Adult, in spirits. Head and nape brown-spotted, preanal pores large, in an angular series, extending on the upper part of the thigh, rather pinched up in the centre. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. c-e. In spirits. Paler, head spotted, nape with a narrow irregu- lar horse-shoe-shaped band, preanal and femoral pores large on the side, angular in the middle. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., R.N. P 3 162 REPTILES. DR. A. Smith's Gecko. Gecko Smithii, Gray, Zool. Mis. 54. Black, with minute white-tipped tubercles; back with cross bands of white spots, the two front bands lunate; tail with 8 white spots, the front small, next round, the rest oblong, longer towards the tip, last spot subapical; beneath grey, brown-marbled; head grey, occiput with 3 diverging, and the sides of the throat with 2 black streaks. Inhab. Prince of Wales' Island. Mus. Fort Pitt, Chatham. The STREAKED Gecko. Gecko vittatus, Houtt. Act. Uliss. ix. 325, t. 2. Latr. Rept. ii. 61. Brong. Bull. Soc. Phil. i. t. 6, f. 3. Daud. Rept. iv. 136. Gmel. S. N. i. 1067. Cuv. R. A. ii. 53. Dum, et Bib. É. G. ii. 331. Stellio bifurcifer, Schneid. Amph. ii. 22. L. zeylonica, Nau. L. striata, Shaw, N. Misc. t. 88. , Fulvous, with a longitudinal white streak, forked in front ; back with very numerous very granular small rounded tubercles. a. Adult, in spirits. Amboina. From Mr. Brandt's collection. b. Young, in spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Lacerta unistriata, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 209. The DOUBLE-STREAKED GECKO. Gecko bivittatus. Platy- dactylus bivittatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 334. Violet or brown, with 2 dorsal streaks; back covered with small smooth flat scales, scattered with very minute tubercles. Inhab. New Guinea. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. Perhaps a variety of the former. 22. AMYDOSAURUS. Platydactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. Toes free, very unequal, narrow at the base, dilated towards the end, with 5 or 6 angular plates beneath the base, transverse 6 ones at the end, the last joint short, compressed, clawless. Thumb with the last compressed joint clawless. Scales finely granular, uniform. Sides simple. Tail cylindrical, — duced fusiform, covered with square scales. Femoral pores none. . The SOMBRE GECKO. Amydosaurus lugubris. Platydacty- lus lugubris, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 304. White, black-spotted; lower rostral triangular; the front chin- scales polygonal, the rest granular. Inhab. Otaheite. Mus. Paris. 23. GEHYRA, Gray. Peropus, part, Weigmann. Toes free, depressed, oval, much dilated towards the end, with transverse entire scales beneath, last joint compressed, elongated. Thumb dilated, without the elongated compressed last joint, claw- less. Back with small granular scales. Males with preanal pores, females poreless. Tail round, tapering, slightly ringed, covered with equal granular scales, with a series of 6-sided scales beneath. ? when repro- LIZARDS. 163 The OCEANIC GEHYRA. Gebyra oceanica, Gray, Z. M. 57. G. gularis, Gray, B. M. Gecko oceanicus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 2, f. 3, bad. Hemidactylus Oualensis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 350, t. 28, f. 7? Chin with a cross row of 3.3 shields, the two middle lowest narrow, oblong, elongate, 4-sided ; lower labial 8-8, and some small square ones near the angle of the eye, the 5-5 front subequal. . a. Adult, in spirits. Bleached. Islands in the Pacific. The Swan RIVER GEHYRA. Gehyra australis, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Purplish grey; chin and beneath white; scales brown-punc- tured; lower labial shields 6-6, the 2 front subequal, 4-sided; the chin-shields 3-3, the middle largest, oblong, elongate, 4-sided, ra- ther wider in front; preanal pores in an angular series. a. Adult, in spirits. Swan River. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. b. In spirits. The chin-shields 2-2, the lateral ones small, with some sinall 6-sided on their sides. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. 24. LUPEROSAURUS. Toes webbed at the base, dilated towards the end, with rather curved entire transverse folds beneath, last joint short, compress- ed, with a sharp incurved claw. Thumb with similar but rather less lunated cross plates, without any last joint or claw, but with a flat scale in its place, above. Sides of the chin with a very indis- tinct fold. Legs rather depressed, with a slight fold of the skin on the lower part of the side. The 2 lower rostrals small. Tail slender, tapering, rather depressed, subannulated, with a slight de- pressed margin, rather wider at the rings. Preanal and femoral pores in a continued series. The LUPEROSAURE. Luperosaurus Cumingii. Purplish brown, black-spotted ; head marbled, with 2 oblique brown lines on the temple; chin and beneath white; belly flat, with narrow black transverse lines. b. Adult, in spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. 25. Ptychozoon, Kuhl, Fitz., Wagler, Weigm. (male). Pteropleura, Gray, (female). Toes webbed to the end, last joint short, compressed, clawed. Thumb dilated, without the compressed last joint, clawless. Sides of head, body, limbs and tail with broad scaly membranaceous ex- pansions, that of the tail scalloped. Male with distinct femoral pores, (wanting in the females). Scales of the back smooth, flat, placed side by side, scattered with larger tubercles on the sides. 164 REPTILES. “Living on trees, uses the expansions on its sides as a para- chute, like the dragons,” (Boie). Not aquatic, as believed by Cuvier, when referring to the expansions of Gecko fimbriatus. The FRINGED TREE GECKO. Ptychozoon homalocephala, Kuhl, Isis, 1822, 476. Fitz., Verz. 47. Weigm. H. M. 20. La- certa homalocephala, Creveldt, Naturf. Beri. iii. 266, t. 8, (male, tail imperfect). Tilesius, Acad. Petersb. vii. t. 10. Cuv. R. A. ii. 54. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii, 339, t. 28, f. 6, t. 29, f. 1, 2. Ptero- pleura Horsfieldii, Gray, Phil. Mag. ii. 56. Zool. Journ. 1827, 221, (female, tail imperfect). a. In spirits. Tail imperfect, with a simple edge. Singapore. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. b. In spirits. Tail half reproduced. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c. In spirits. Tail complete, scalloped on each side. Java. From the Leyden Museum. d. Dry. Tail complete. Java. Presented by Dr. Thomas Horsfield. c. Claws 2-2. All but the two middle toes without any terminal joint. 26. TARENTOLA, Gray. Ascalobates, Fitz., Bonap. (not Licht.) Platydactylus, Wagler, Weiymann, Dum. et Bib. Toes free, subequal, the third and fourth with a compressed last joint, clawed, rest without the compressed last joint, clawless. Thumb clawless. Eyelid with a bony or cartilaginous plate. The back with granules and interrupted larger scales. Sides of body rounded. Femoral and preanal pores none. Tail rather depress- ed, obtusely angular above, with cross rings of spines. Chin- shields elongate, produced behind. * Head convex behind. Back with groups of tubercles. The TARENTOLA. Tarentola Mauritanica. Lacerta facet- anus, Aldrov. Q. 0. i. 654. L. Tarentula, Mus. Worm. 314. Jonst. H. N. i. t. 77. L. Mauritanica, Linn. S. N. 361. Bosc. Dict. H. N. xii. 513. Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. Gecko muricatus, Laur. Rept. 44. G. fascicularis, Daud. R. iv. 144. Wagler, Sys. 142. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 143. G. Stellio, Merrem, Tent. 13. Le Geckotte, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 420. Shaw, Zool. iii. 267. Platydactylus muralis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 319. Pale yellowish; back with cross bands of oval strongly keeled tubercles, surrounded with smaller tubercles or scales at the base. a—d. Adult and young, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by J. Bur- ton, jun. Esq. e. Half grown, in spirits. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. LIZARDS. 165 f, g. Adult, in spirits. Shores of the Mediterranean. Presented by J. Miller, Esq. h, i. Young, in spirits. Sicily. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. ** Head convex behind. Back with isolated tubercles. The EGYPTIAN TARENTOLA. Tarentola Ægyptiaca. Platy- dactylus Ægyptiacus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 323, t. 28, f. 3. Gecko annulaire, Geoff. Rept. Egypt. t. 5, f. 67. G. Savignii, Audouin, Rept. Egypt. Supp. t. 1, f. 1. Pale yellowish; young with 2 white spots on each side of the back over the shoulder, surrounded with black in front; back with longitudinal series of small oblong convex tubercles, sides with ra- ther larger isolated conical tubercles; front of the ear toothed. a—c. Adult, in spirits. Chin-shields 4-4, 6-sided, subequal. Egypt. Presented by A. Christy, Esq. d-9. Adult and young, in spirits. Chin-shields 3-3, oblong, elongate, 4-sided, gradually smaller. Egypt. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. LALAND'S TARENTOLA. Tarentola Delalandii. Platydactylus Delalandii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 324. Pale brown, with irregular brown cross bands, generally edged with white behind; tail black ringed; back with simple oval very slightly keeled tubercles, side with conical ones; front edge of the ear not toothed ; lower rostral shield large; chin-shields 3-3, ob- long, 4-sided, elongate, gradually smaller. a, b. Young and adult, in spirits. Madeira. Presented by P. B. Webb, Esq. d-f. Young and adult, in spirits. West coast of Africa, Niger. g. Young, in spirits. Madeira. Presented by P. B. Webb, Esq. h. Adult, in spirits. — ? Presented by the Earl of Derby. The AMERICAN TARENTOLA. Tarentola Americana. Platy- dactylus Americanus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 44. P. Mibbertii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 325. Back and sides with oval simply convex equal tubercles ; in- ner edge of the ear toothed; rings on the tail and a streak behind the eye, black. Inhab. N. America. Mus. Paris. The BORNEAN TARENTOLA. Tarentola Borneensis. Purplish grey; the chin and beneath white; sides of the neck pale, grey lined; back with many series of round tubercles, with a subposterior rather raised apex, each surrounded by a series of granules rather larger than the others on the back, those of the side rather more conical ; granules of the head moderate, flat; chin-shields 3-3, oblong, 4-sided, elongate, rapidly smaller ; ear not denticulated in front. a-d. In spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. 166 REPTILES. *** Head flattened, edged with a cross rib behind. Clypeosaurus. The SHIELDED TARENTOLA. Tarentola clypeata, Gray, Zool. Misc. 57. Head flattened and circumscribed by a cross rib behind, co- vered with larger convex scales ; back granular, with cross ridges of tubercles; greyish in spirits ; limbs and tail slender. Inhab. ? Museum of the Andersonian Institution, Glasgow. d. Claws none. Toes slender at the base, without any compressed free last joint. 27. PHELSUMA, Gray. Pachydactylus (a.), Weigmann. Toes free, rather elongate, base rather slender, apex ovate, di- lated, without any compressed last joint, clawless. Thumb very small, slender, rudimentary, with plates beneath. Back with gra- nular scales. Preanal pores in an angular series, extending more or less along the thighs. LACEPEDE's PhELSUMA. Phelsuma Cepedianus. Gecko Ce- pedianus, Peron, Mus. Par. Cuv. R. A. ii. 46, t. 5, f. 5. Merrem, Tent. 43. I. Geoff. Mag. Zool. t. 3 (not good). Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 301, t. 28, f. 2. Phelsuma ornatum, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 49. King, Voy. ii. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 297. Muzzle short, rather depressed; violet brown, sometimes red- spotted ; with 6 large gular plates in the front row, the two mid- dle much the largest, with 2 rather large plates behind them ; lower labial 6-1-6, the central very large; preanal pores extending half the length of the thighs. a. In spirits. Isle of France. Presented by Capt. P. P. King, R.N. The MADAGASCAR PHELSUMA. Phelsuma Madagascariensis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 47. Muzzle short, rather depressed ; the chin with 6 large gular shields in the front row, the two middle rather the largest, with 2 very small 6-sided plates behind them ; lower labial 7-1-7, the central rather large. a. Adult, in spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. The LINED PHELSUMA. Phelsuma lineatum, Gray, Z. M. 57. Gecko inunguis, Cuv. R. A. i. 46, t. 5,f.4. Schinz, Rept. t. 15, f. 1. Platydactylus ocellatus, var. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 298. G. Madagascarensis, jun. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 49. Femoral and preanal pores forming an angular line; brown in spirits, with a black upper and darker lower edged white streak on each side ; beneath whitish ; scales of back ovate, tubercular, LIZARDS. 167 keeled; chin with 8 large gular shields in the front row, the two middle rather the largest; scales in front of the throat larger than those behind ; the lower labial shields 5-1-5, with 3 or 4 addi- tional small plates at the back. a. Adult, in spirits. Femoral pores distinct. Madagascar. Pre- sented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. Adult, in spirits. Preanal pores in an angular line. Mada- gascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. Phelsuma trilineatum, Gray, Zool. Misc. 57. 28. PACHYDACTYLUS, part, Weigmann. Cantinia, Gray, MSS. Toes free, base compressed, slender, middle part with sometimes 2 or 4 double scales beneath, apex dilated, suborbicular, with some transverse plates beneath, and without any compressed last joint, clawless. Thumbs similar in form and size to the toes. Back with small granular scales. * Toes short. Back uniformly granular. Pachydactylus. The EYED GECKO. Pachydactylus ocellatus. Gecko ocel- latus, Oppel, MSS. Cuv. R. A. ii. 46, t. 5, f. 4. Merrem, Tent. 43. Dum. et Bib.iii. 298. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 47. Pachydac- tylus Bergii, Weigm. H. M. Cantinia Ascensionis, Gray, MSS. B. M. 1837. Brown, white-spotted, with a black streak behind the eyes; beneath and edge of eyelid white; throat black-speckled ; labial scales brown, pale-edged, labial shields brown and white, lower 4-1-4, large; scales minute, uniform. a-c. In spirits. Island of Ascension. Presented by the Admi- ralty, from H.M.S. Chanticleer. d-f. In spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. John Lee. ** Toes short. Back granular, with minute tubercles. The SPOTTED PACHYDACTYLE. Pachydactylus maculatus. . Olive, with a series of oblong white-edged green spots on each side of the back, and with an irregular broad converging white- edged green streak on each side of the crown and nape; the sides green-marbled; back with small scattered subconic tubercles, about twice the size of the scales; toes moderate. a. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by the Saffron Walden Nat. Hist. Soc. 168 REPTILES. *** Toes elongate, slender. Back and tail with cross series of large tubercles. Cantinia. The ELEGANT PACHYDACTYLE. Pachydactylus elegans. Pale brown, brown and white dotted ; tail brown-banded ; back and tail with cross series of trihedral tubercles. a. In spirits. S. Africa. Presented by Dr. John Lee. 29. SPHÆRODACTYLUS, Cuv., Gray, Weigmann, Wagler. Toes and thumbs free, slender, subcylindrical at base, with a small, entire, circular, terminal disk, convex beneath, clawless, without a terminal compressed joint. Scales of the back equal, granular or rhombic. “Pupil round.” Eyelid circular. Tail with a central series of shields. Femoral nor preanal pores none. * Back and tail with small scales. The BANDED SPHÆRODACTYLE. Sphærodactylus sputator, Cuv. R. A. ii. 57. Wagler, Syst. 143. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 402. Lacerta sputator, Sparm. N. Act. Stockh. v. 164, t. 4. f. 1—3. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 409, t. 28, f. 1, 2. Schn. Daud. R. iv. 99. Bosc. Black and yellow, cross banded ; muzzle pointed ; head with a white streak on each side; scales equal. a-c. In spirits. S. America. From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. The LINED SPHÆRODACTYLE. Sphærodactylus punctatissi- mus, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iii. 405. Reddish, speckled with white; throat streaked; scales equal. a. In spirits. Head white-lined. Martinique. From the Paris Museum. The BLACK-HEADED SPHÆRODACTYLE. Sphærodactylus fan- tasticus, Cuv. Mus. Par. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 406, t. 33, f. 2. Fulvous; head black, vermiculated with white; scales of the middle of the back smaller than those of the sides. a. In spirits. S. America. S. America. Presented by Edw. Laforest, Esq. The BLACK-DOTTED SPHÆRODACTYLE. Sphærodactylus ni- gropunctatus. Reddish grey, with very numerous minute black specks. a. In spirits. S. America. From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. ** Back and tail with cross series of rhombic keeled scales. RICHARDSON'S SPHÆRODACTYLE. Sphærodactylus Richard- sonii. Head with a black-edged wbite streak on each side, from the nostril just above the eye, with a streak from the back angle of the eye to the ear, and another oblique one from each ear to the LIZARDS. 169 throat, a streak on the middle of the chin, and a diverging one on each side from the angle of the gape; neck with 2, back with 5, pale black-edged cross bands; the tail with 4 or 5 broader black- edged pale rings; limbs black-ringed. a. In spirits. America. Presented by Dr. Richardson. D. Toes and thumb slightly dilated at the base, the two or three last joints compressed, angularly bent, clawed, the scales beneath the toes membranaceous, transverse, smooth. Goniodactylina. a. Toes rather dilated at the base, end cylindrical. Tail round. . 30. NAULTINUS, Gray. Toes free, base rather dilated, thick, rather compressed, end thin- ner, rather compressed, arched, clawed. Thumb similar, but its base shorter, clawed. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with gra- nular scales. Body with a slight fold along each side beneath. Males? with 2 or 3 spines on each side of the base of the tail, and 3 or more transverse series of preanal pores, forming 1 and some- times two patches. * Brown. The PACIFIC NAULTINUS. Naultinus pacificus, Gray, Z. M. 58. Dieffenb. N. Z. ii. 203. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Gecko pacificus, Gray, Brit. Mus. Platydactylus Duvau- celii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iii. 312 ? Pale brown, with irregular dark brown cross bands and a dark streak on each side; front lower labial shield very large; the chin granular; scales uniformly granular, rather larger before and be- hind the vent. a. In spirits, rather bleached. The front gular scale like the rest. Islands of the Pacific. From Mr. Stuchbury's collection. b. In spirits. The front gular scales large, 6-sided. New Zea. land, Dr. Dieffenbach. Presented by R. Owen, Esq. c, d. In spirits. Front gular scales rather larger. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Admiralty. ** Green. Preanal pores in a line. The KAKARIKI. Naultinus elegans, Gray, Zool. Misc. 72.- Dieffenb. N. Z. ii. 203. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Green, rather paler beneath ; back sometimes varied with dark edged white spots; lower lips white; toes moderate ; tail with a transverse series of compressed scales at each side of the base. Q 170 REPTILES. a. In spirits. Green, rather paler beneath ; a streak along the under lip, the ears, 2 arched stripes on the top of the head, irregular shaped spots on each side of the back and hind legs, an interrupted streak along each side of the body and tail, white, with a narrow black edge. New Zealand, Auckland ; Dr. Dieffenbach. Presented by Richard Owen, Esq. b. In spirits. Green, lower lip white. New Zealand. Presented by W. E. Cormack, Esq. c. Young, in spirits. Purplish (discoloured), pale beneath, with a white streak on each side of the crown. New Zealand, Bay of Islands. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Admi- ralty. The LONG-TOED KAKARIKI. Naultinus Grayii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 27, t. 14, f. 2. Green, rather paler beneath, sometimes varied with white spots; toes elongate; tail with 4 ovate convex scales, forming an arched series on each side of the base. a. Green, 3 ovate white spots on each side of the back. New Zea- land. From Mr. Egerley's collection. b, c. Green. New Zealand. From Mr. Egerley's collection. d. Pale green. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition. Present- ed by the Admiralty. *** Green. Preanal pores in larger patches. The BLACK-DOTTED KARAKIKI. Naultinus punctatus, Gray, Dieffenb. N. Z. iii. 204. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Dark green, with very small scattered black specks, the size of a granule; beneath yellow green ; preanal pores in a triangular patch, with 2 series of pores under each thigh. a. In spirits. New Zealand. Presented by Dr. J. Richardson. 31. EUBLEPHARIS, Gray. Toes subcylindrical, rather tapering, base thickened below, with distinct cross plates, end rather compressed, slightly arched, rounded beneath, with narrow transverse plates. Thumb like the toes, but shorter, clawed. Tail cylindrical, covered with square flat scales, rather tapering, ringed, with rings or cross bands of tubercles above, Preanal pores in an angular line, in the centre of a scale. Head depressed. Labial shields broad, low. Gular scales 6-sided, larger in front. Edge of the eyelid reflexed, ex- panded. Back covered with large ovate convex tubercles, belly with 6-sided scales. HARDWICK'S EUBLEPHARIS. Eublepharis Hardwickii, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827. Zool. Journ. iii. 223. Griffith, A. K. ix. 49. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. cop. Hardwicke, Icon, ined. B. Mus. t. LIZARDS. 171 Brown, with a white horse-shoe-shaped band on the nape from the upper lip; back, rump and tail with a broad transverse white band; beneath whitish; tail with an oblique series of 3 conical spines on each side of its base; tubercles of the crown and scales of the throat and chest smaller, a. In spirits. Penang, Chittagong. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. 32. HOMONOTA. Gymnodactylus, part, Dum, et Bib. Toes subcylindrical, rather tapering, with simple cross bands beneath, base very slightly swollen below. Palms and soles gra- nular. Thumb like the toe, but rather shorter. Tail elongate, round, tapering, covered with rather elongate scales, with a rather larger central series beneath, when reproduced fusiform. Scales of the back hexangular, smooth, scarcely imbricate, of the under side 6-sided. Lower labial shields large, few. Chin-scales gra- nular, with a few rather larger 6-sided plates in front. Femoral and preanal pores none. GUIDICHAUD'S SCALED GECKO. Homonota Guidichaudi. Gymnodactylus Guidichaudi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 413. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 26, t. 16, f. 1. Pale brown, darker varied; scales minutely black-dotted; the lower labial shields 5-1-5, the front larger, the two hinder on each side smaller ; scales of the throat many-sided; chin with a mo- derately dilated shield. a—c. In spirits. Chili. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. d. In spirits. America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq., 1837. 33. Pristurus, Ruppell. Gymnodactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. Toes slender, rather rounded, slightly swollen below at the base, with distinct cross plates. Back and tail with a small denticulated a crest. Scales small, granular. Femoral and preanal pores none. Tail compressed, denticulated above. Pupil circular? RUPPELL'S PRISTURUS. Pristurus flavipunctatus, Rupp. N. W. Fauna Abys. t. 6, f. 3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 417. Green, yellow-dotted. Inhab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort. b. Toes elongated, slender, compressed, versatile, the joints bent at right angles to one another. 34. GONIODACTYLUS, part, Kuhl. Toes very slender, compressed, elongate, versatile, under side of the base rather thickened, with distinct cross plates. Scales of the back granular, uniform. Sides rounded. Femoral and pre- Q 2 172 REPTILES. anal pores none. Tail round, tapering, unarmed, granular, sub- annulated, uniform, with a series of rather larger scales beneath. Pupil round. Eyelid complete, circular. BOIE'S ANGULAR-TOED LIZARD. Goniodactylus Timorensis. Gymnodactylus Timorensis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 411. Cyrto- dactylus Boiei, Gray, Zool. Misc. 58. Pale brown, marbled ; scales minute, of head rather larger, of under side 6-sided ; lower labial plates 2-1-2; lower rostral plate very large; gular plates 2 6-sided shields, the rest granular. a-c. In spirits. Discoloured, blackish. India. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. d. In spirits. Wants tail. Timor ? Presented by T. Bell, Esq. The AUSTRALIAN ANGULAR-TOED LIZARD. Goniodactylus australis, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Pale brown, darker marbled ; scales very minute, of head ra- ther larger; lower labial plates 10-1-10; the lower rostral small, trigonal, the other plates very gradually smaller ; chin granular; those in the centre of the front rather larger, 6-sided ; tail - ? a. In spirits, discoloured. Australia. From Mr. Buchanan's collection. The WHITE-THROATED ANGULAR-TOED LIZARD. Goniodacty- lus albogularis. Gymnodactylus albogularis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 415. Pale brown, brown-spotted ; scales small; lower labial plates 4-1-4, the hinder on each side very small; the lower rostral shield large; chin-shields smaller, in a cross line. a. In spirits. Tail slender, throat whitish. S. America. From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. b. In spirits. Tail thick, throat greyish. From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. The EYED ANGULAR-TOED LIZARD. Goniodactylus? ocellatus. Cyrtodactylus ocellatus, Gray, Z. M. 51. Head, neck and throat pale brown, with large irregular brown marblings; back brown, with 2 large white-eyed black spots on each side, behind the fore legs; legs and tail pale brown; base of the toes rather thick, end compressed, thin; labial plates 4-14; rostral large, broad; tail tapering, subcylindrical, with small scales above, irregular bands beneath. Inhab. Tobago; G. Buchanan. Mus. Zool. Soc. No. 117. The AlgerINE ANGULAR-TOED Lizard. Goniodactylus? Mauri- tanicus. Gymnodactylus Mauritanicus, Dum. et Bib. Ė. G. iii. 414. Scales square; tail round ; lower labial plates 10 ; scales of the throat triangular; chin with a lozenge-shaped shield, followed by 2 smaller triangular shields ; tail ? Inhab. Algiers. Mus. Paris. LIZARDS. 173 35. CYRTODACTYLUS, Gray. Goniodactylus, part, Kuhl. Gynodactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. Toes very slender, much compressed, elongate, versatile, under side of the base rather thickened, with distinct cross plates. The thumb like the toes. Back granular with series of angular tuber- cles. Belly with small 6-sided scales. Tail cylindrical, tapering, ringed with cross series of tubercles; sides slightly denticulated beneath. Males with 2 parallel longitudinal rows of preanal pores sunk in a groove in front of the vent. Chin granular, with 2 rhombic chin-shields. Lower labial plates numerous. * Tail granular beneath. Preanal pores in a sunken longitudinal slit. Gymnodactylus. The MARBLED CYRTODACTYLE. Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 51. Goniodactylus marmoratus, Kuhl, MSS. Schlegel, Icon. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 426. Brownish, with irregular black cross bands, and 4 series of darker spots; back granular, with longitudinal series of round ra- ther conical tubercles; labial plates 10-1-10, the hinder small; preanal pores in a deep groove, surrounded with rather produced scales; tail brown, ringed with cross rows of small angular tuber- cles, with minute granular scales beneath and 2 conical tubercles on each side of its base. a, b. Half grown, in spirits. Tail reproduced, covered with square scales. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c-f. Adult, half grown and young, in spirits. Tail with rings of tubercles. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's col- lection. ** Tail with a series of broad 6-sided scales below. Preanal pores not sunken. Cyrtodactylus. The BEAUTIFUL CYRTODACTYLE. Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, Gray, Zool. Jour. ii. 224. Illustr. Ind. Zool. t. Gymnodactylus pulchellus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 423, t. 33, f. 7. Wagler, Syn. 144. Yellowish, with brown cross bands, the front one lunate; scales of back flat, with scattered large 3-sided tubercles; preanal pores in two nearly parallel lines, not sunken ; tail cylindrical, with a series of broad 6-sided plates below, base with an oblique series of 3 conical spines on each side ; chin-shields 2-2, and some smaller ones behind, under the labials; femoral pores distinct. a, b. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. Q 3 174 REPTILES. 36. HETERONOTA. Toes very slender, much compressed, elongate, versatile, under side of the base rather thickened, with distinct cross plaits. The thumb like the toes. Back granular, with series of angular tu- bercles. Belly with small keeled ovate scales. Tail cylindrical, tapering, ringed with cross series of tubercles, underside of the tail granular, with a central series of ovate convex tubercular scales. Male with the small preanal pores in an arched series. Lower rostral shield very large, with 2 chin-shields behind. * Tubercles on back in distant series. The BORNEAN HETERONOTE. Heteronota Kendallii. Brown, with darker minutely white-dotted cross bands; back minutely granular, with longitudinal series of distant (whitish) angular conical tubercles; tail cylindrical, with distant cross rings of conical tubercles; lower labials 10-1-10, the five hinder on each side small, round; chin-shields large, with a half oblong chin- shield on each side of the hinder edge, with some small shields be- hind, the rest granular. a. In spirits. Male ? Tail with whorls of small tubercles, and with a continued series of convex tubercles beneath, the chin- shields very small, lower rostral broad behind. Borneo. Pre- sented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. b. In spirits. Female? Tail with rings of angular acute tuber- ? cles, and an interrupted series of similar tubercles beneath ; chin-shields 2, large, lower rostral narrow behind. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. ** Tubercles on the back in close series. The AUSTRALIAN HETERONOTE. Heteronota Binoei, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Brown, with black cross streaks; under side very closely and minutely black-dotted; back with close longitudinal and trans- verse series of roundish keeled angular-backed tubercles; the head with roundish tubercles ; lower labials 5-1-5; lower rostral mode- rate, triangular behind, with 2 lozenge-shaped gular shields; toes moderate, slender; tail — preanal pores in an angular series. a. In spirits, wants tail. Houtman's Abrollos. From Mr. Gil- bert's collection. 37. CUBINA. Gymnodactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. Toes slender, compressed, elongate, versatile, under side of the base rather thickened, with distinct transverse plates beneath. Thumb like the toes. Back granular, with series of angular tu- bercles. Belly with 6-sided smooth scales. Tail round (with LIZARDS. 175 rings of angular tubercles ?), when reproduced covered with square subequal scales. Male and female without any preanal or femo- ral pores. The BANDED CUBINA. Cubina fasciata. Gymnodactylus fas- ciatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 420. Back granular, with scattered triangular tubercles; lower ros- tral triangular ; chin-shields 2, lozenge-shaped; the lower labial shields 7-1.7; sides without any fold; toes rather shorter than in C. D’Orbignii, rather stronger, rounded, straight to the last joint, with a series of oblong quadrangular shields below; tail round, with a series of 6-sided shields beneath. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. D'ORBIGNY'S CUBINA. Cubina D'Orbignii. Gymnodactylus D'Orbignii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 418. Scales granular, with small scattered rounder tubercles; lower labial shields 8; lower rostral moderate, 6-sided, with 2 chin- shields; tail (reproduced ?) with squarish imbricate scales; toes long, straight,slender, very slightly compressed, with small 4-sided imbricate scales in a single line beneath. Inhab. Chili. Mus. Paris. 38. GYMNODACTYLUS, Spix. G. part, Dum. et Bib. Stenodactylus, Ruppell. Toes very slender, much compressed, elongate, versatile, under side of the base rather thickened, and with distinct transverse plates. Thumb like the toes. Back granular, with series of an- gular tubercles. Belly with 6-sided smooth scales. Tail elongate, rather depressed, angular, tapering, with rings of acute angular spines, with a central series of broad plates beneath. Male with the preanal pores in a curved series ? Lower rostral rather large, with a pair of large chin-shields. The GYMNODACTYLE. Gymnodactylus Geckoides, Spix, Braz. 17, t. 18, f. 1. Cyrtodactylus Spixii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 52. Stenodactylus scaber, Ruppell, Atlas, Zool. 15, t. 4, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 421, t. 32, f. 6. Cyrtodactylus minor, Gray, B.M. Gymn. Caspicus, Eichw. Faun. Casp. Cauc. 91, t. 15, f. 12. Uro- mastyx fasciatus, Menet. Cat. Caus. 34. Grey, with angular brown cross bands ; back granular, with longitudinal series of ovate sharply keeled tubercles; lower rostral shield triangular, with 4 smaller chin-shields. a, b. In spirits. Shores of the Mediterranean. Presented by J. Miller, Esq. 176 REPTILES. 39. PHYLLURUS, Cuv. Gymnodactylus, part, Dum. et Bib. Cyrtodactylus, part, Gray. Toes elongate, compressed, joints bent at right angles to each other, the base rather thickened beneath, with distinct cross plates. Sides with a slight fold of skin. Scales granular, with scattered tubercles. Preanal nor femoral pores none. Members long, slender. Tail broad, depressed, contracted at the base, attenuated at the tip. Skin closely attached to the bones of the head. WHITE's PHYLLURE. Phyllurus platurus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 58. Guérin, Icon. t. 14, f. 1. Lacerta platurus, Shaw, in White's N. S. W.246, t. 3, f. 2. Gen. Zool. ii. 247. Nat. Misc. t. 65. Daud. Rept. iv. 24. Merrem, Tent. 51. Wagler, Syn. 144. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 428. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 52. Stellio phyllurus, Schneid. Amph. ii. 31. Lacerta discosurus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. 191. Merrem, A. 51. Phyllurus Cuvieri, Bory, Dict. Class. H. N. vii. 183, t. Gecko platycaudus, Schinz, Ab- bild. t. 17. Brown ; back with small scattered spine-like tubercles ; tail depressed, very broad, with a central groove, thin and spinose on the edge, and with cross series of elongate conical tubercles, end slender, cylindrical, tapering ; labial shields 19, with a plate be- tween the nostrils. a. Dry. New Holland. b. In spirits. New Holland. Presented by Allan Cunningham, Esq. The THICK-TAILED PHYLLURE. Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory, Dict. Class. H. N. vii. 183, t. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 52. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 430, t. 33, f. 1. Chesnut, with white cross bands; back with rather convex co- nical tubercles; tail broad, thick, with scattered tubercles above, rounded and slightly tubercular on the sides, round, tapering to a fine point at the tip; chin-shields 4-sided ; labial shields , with no plate between the nostrils. a. In spirits. Tail tubercular, black and white banded. Hout- man's Abrollos. b. In spirits. Tail brown, subtubercular. Houtman's Abrollos. c. Young, in spirits. The SPINELESS PHYLLURE. Phyllurus inermis, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Brown, minutely black-speckled ; back with round convex and rarely pointed tubercles; tail depressed, cordate, covered with nearly uniform rather acute granules, thin on the edge, cylindri- cal, slender, tapering at the tip. a. In spirits. New Holland. LIZARDS. 177 E. Toes cylindrical, tapering, toothed on the side, lower surface with denticulated cross plates. Stenodactylina. 40. STENODACTYLUS, Cuvier, Dum. et Bib. Stenodactylus, part, Fitz. Gymnodactylus, part, Weigmann. Ascalobotes, Licht. Wagler. Tolarenta, Gray. Toes all clawed, cylindrical, pointed at the end, edge toothed beneath with denticular cross plates. Femoral nor preanal pores none. Scales granular, equal. Lower eyelid very short. Pupil linear. Tail round, swollen at the base, very slender at the end. This genus has the external appearance of the Agama, but distinctly belongs to this family. WILKINSON'S STENODACTYLE. Stenodactylus guttatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 58. Dum. et Bib. E. G.iii. 434. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 49. Tolarenta Wilkinsonii, Gray, Z. M. 58. Savigni, Rept. Egypt, t. 1, f. 3. L'Agame punctue, Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 5, f. 2. Tra- pelus Savignii, Audouin, Rept. Egypt, Suppl. t. 1, f. 3, 4. Asca. lobates Stenodactylus, Licht. Doubl. 1823, 102. Wagler, Syn. 143. Brown, white-dotted, beneath white; tail black, base with rings of white becoming confluent at the tip; the lower rostral squarish, rounded behind ; chin granular, without any shields. a. In spirits. Egypt. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. 178 REPTILES. Tribe IV. STROBILOSAURA. Scales of the belly small, rhombic, imbricate, of the back and sides imbricate. Tongue thick, short, convex, end slightly nicked. Eyes diurnal, with valvular eyelids. Pupil round. Feet for walk- ing. Toes unequal, compressed. Tail with more or less distinct whorls of scales. Fam. XIX. The IGUANES, (IGUANIDÆ). The teeth are round at the root, dilated and compressed at the tip, toothed on the edge; placed in a simple series on the inner side of the jaws, just below the edge, and covered on the inner side by the gums; they are replaced by the young ones, which grow at the base of the old ones, and gradually cause the absorption of their roots. These animals are confined to the New World. The skull with a single principal frontal bone and two nasals, the parietal hole is placed in the suture between the frontal and parietal bones; the palate generally with a series of teeth on the pterygoids, (Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 16, f. 23-25, t. 17, f. 4 & 34). 1. Body compressed, covered with rings of squarish small often keeled scales. Perchers. A. Nostril lateral, below the eye-ridge. Toes slender, simple. Back not crested. Interparietal plate small. a. Throat compressed, toothed in front. Third and fourth toes nearly equal. Eyes prominent. 1. POLYCHRUS. Femoral pores distinct. Scales of back and sides equal. 2. SPHÆROPs. Femoral pores none. Scales of sides larger. b. Throat rounded, with a cross fold be nd. The fourth toe the longest. Femoral pores none. 3. UROTROPHUS. Scales circular, smooth. Tail end revolute. 4. ECPAYMOTES. Scales rhombic, keeled. Head 4-sided. 5. LÆMANCTUS. Scales rhombic, keeled. Head dilated and rounded behind. LIZARDS. 179 B. Nostril lateral. Toes simple or fringed. Back crested. Interparietal plate small. a. Femoral pores distinct. * Throat-pouch large, compressed. Tail compressed. 6. IGUANA. Scales of back moderate. Throat-pouch toothed in front. 7. ALOPONOTUS. Scales of back very minute. Throat-pouch simple in front. ** Throat rather dilatable, with a cross fold behind. Middle hind toes toothed on the outside. + Tail compressed, with uniform keeled scales. 8. BRACHYLOPHUS. Head-shields flat. Femoral pores 1-rowed. 9. METAPOCEROS. Head-shields flat. Central frontal with a horn. Femoral pores 2-rowed. 10. TracHYCEPHALUS. Head-shields convex. Hinder outer toe short. 11. OREOCEPHALUS. Head-shields conical, very rugose. The outer hinder toe elongate. # Tail with rings of spinose scales. 12. CyclURA. Head-shields small, with 2 rows of large shields on the muzzle. Tail compressed. 13. CTENOSAURA. Head and muzzle shields small, uniform. Tail roundish, crested. 14. ENYALIOSAURUS. Head and muzzle shields small, uniform. Tail depressed, with 5 longitudinal spinose ridges. b. Femoral pores none. * Hinder toes fringed on the side, outer webbed at the base. Throat with a cross fold behind. 15. Basiliscus. Head elongate, with an erect crest behind. The back and tail with a fin-like crest. 16. CoryTHÆOLUS. Head elongate, with a low compressed crest behind. Back and tail with a low toothed crest. 17. THYSANODACTYLUS. Head short, with a low toothed crest, convex behind. Back and tail with a low toothed crest. ** Toes all slender, simple or slightly serrated on the sides. Outer hinder toes quite free. Head short. † Occiput compressed and produced behind. Throat-pouch compressed 18. CORYTHOPHANES. Nape crested. Throat-pouch toothed in front. 180 REPTILES 19. CHAMELEOPSIS. Nape not crested. Throat-pouch simple. tt # Occiput convex. Throat with a cross fold behind. 20. ENYALIUS. Tail round, not crested. Toes all simple. 21. OPHRYOESSA. Tail compressed Hinder toes slightly ser- rated on the outer edge. C. Nostril superior, above the eye-ridge, subapical. Toes dilated under the last joint but one, very unequal and united together at the base. Throat-pouch distinct, largely dilatable. Femoral pores none. Head subshielded. Interparietal distinct. a. Scales of the belly granular. 22. CHAMÆLEOLIS. Back and tail with a bony crest. Toes di- lated. b. Scales of the belly imbricate, flat. 23. XIPHOSURUS. Toes dilated. Tail with a bony crest. 24. DACTYLOA. Toes dilated. Back and tail with a crest of com- pressed scales. 25. RHINOSAURUS. Toes dilated. Back with a slight fold formed of 2 series of small scales. Rostral plate horizontal. Nose produced 26. ANOLIUS. Toes dilated. Back simple, or with a slight crest formed of 2 series of small scales. Rostral erect. Nose rounded. 27. ACANTHOLIS. Toes dilated. Back simple, with scattered tubercles. 28. DRACONURA. Toes scarcely dilated. Back simple. Tail round. 29. Norops. Toes slender, not dilated. Back simple. Tail round. II. Body subtrigonal or depressed. Terrestrial. D. Body subtrigonal, covered with large generally keeled scales, di- rected obliquely towards the back. Head generally shielded. Superciliary and interparietal shields distinct. Throat smooth, or with a cross fold behind. Toes simple. a. Caudal and dorsal scales similar. * Femoral pores distinct. Interparietal plate large. 30. TROPIDOLEPIS. Back not crested, Throat with a fold on each side. Nostril superior, subapical. LIZARDS. 181 ** Femoral pores none. Anal pores distinct, marginal. Back and tail not crested. Interparietal plate small. 31. LEIODERA. Nostril lateral on the face-ridge. Scales of the sides of the neck and back large, rhombic. Sides simple. 32. LEIOLEMUS. Nostril lateral on the face-ridge. Scales of the sides of neck granular, of back rhombic. Sides simple. 33. PTYDOGERUS. Nostril lateral on the face-ridge. Scales of the neck granular, of back rhombic. Sides with a crest of keeled scales. 34. PROCTOTRE PUS. Nostril above the face-ridge. Scales of the neck granular, of back rhombic, small. Sides simple. *** Femoral and anal pores none. + Interparietal plate linear small. Hearl-shields rather regular. 35. LEIOCEPHALUS. Back and tail crested. Scales of throat, back and tail rhombic, moderate. 36. STENOCERUS. Back and tail lowly crested. Scales of back rhombic, of the tail large, spinose. 37. TRACHYCYCLUS. Back and tail pot crested. Scales of back rhombic, of tail large, spinose. # Interparietal plate large. Back or tail crested. 38. TARAGUIRA. Back not crested. Scales of back small, of the throat granular. Tail round, with a slight crest and moderate scales. Ear toothed in front. 39. MICROLOPHUS. Back and tail lowly crested. Scales of the back unequal, small. Tail with moderate scales. The ear toothed in front. 40. OPLURUS. Nape with a small crest. Scales of back large, of the sides small. Tail round, with rings of large spinose scales. 41. STROBILURUS. Nape, back and tail slightly crested. Scales of back moderate. Tail with rings of large spinose scales. 42. URANISCO DON. Nape and back lowly crested. Scales of the back large, rhombic. Sides of body and throat simple. Tail round, slender, with moderate scales, slightly keeled above. 43. PLICA. Nape and back lowly crested. Scales of the back small. Sides with 2 folds. The throat with groups of spines. Tail round, slender, keeled above, with moderate scales. R 182 REPTILES. E. Body depressed, with small scales. Back rarely crested. Tail conical. a. Sides rounded. Femoral and preanal pores none. Eyebrow scales small. 44. LEIOSURUS. Tail with granular scales. Scales under the eye all small. 45. DIPLOLÆMUS. Tail with granular scales, with an elongated scale under the eye. 46. TROPIDURUS. Tail round, with rings of large scales. Nape lowly crested. Interparietal — ? 47. URANOCENTRON. Tail depressed, with rings of large scales. Nape not crested. Interparietal small. b. Sides rounded. Femoral and preanal pores distinct, néar vent. 48. PhryMATURUs. Tail round, with rings of large scales. The Nape not crested. c. Sides with a slight fold. Scales uniform. Body roundish. 49. CALLOSAURUS. Ventral scales smooth. Femoral pores dis- tinct. 50. TROPIDOGASTER. Ventral scales 3-keeled. Femoral pores none. d. Sides serrated. Body very depressed. Femoral Femoral pores distinct. 51. PHRYNOSOMA. Head spinose. Back and tail with scattered tubercular scales. I. Body compressed, covered with rings of small, squarish, often keeled scales. Perchers. A. Nostril lateral, below the eye-ridge. Back not crested. Toes slender, simple. Polychrusina. a. Throat compressed and toothed in front. Third and fourth toes subequal. Eyes convex, scaly. 1. POLYCHRUS, Cuv. Head 4-sided, short, shelving in front, covered with numerous nearly regular many-sided shields. Throat covered with an ob- lique series of square scales, a small dew-lap toothed in front. Pa- late toothed. Nostril lateral, in a shield, rather behind the top of the nose. Femoral pores distinct. Toes slender, third and fourth nearly of the same length, convex, and covered with very short LIZARDS 183 cross shields beneath, not fringed nor toothed on the sides. Body compressed. Scales small, rather imbricated and keeled, of the sides smaller, smoother, oblong. Back and tail not crested. Tail slender, elongate, tapering, covered with regular lozenge-shaped keeled scales, the keels forming slight ridges. The CAMALEAO. Polychrus marmoratus, Cuv. R. A. Merrem, Tent. 48. Spix, Braz. 14, t. 14. Guérin, Icon. t. 11, f. 3. Nieuw. Abbild. t. Weigm. H. Mex. 16. Schinz, Rept. t. 28, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 65. Lacerta marmorata, Linn. S. N. 368. Shaw, Zool. iii. 224. Lacep. Q. 0. i. 394, t. 26. Daud. Rept. iii. 433. P. fasciatus, De Laporte, Bull. Sci. Nat. ix. 110. P.virescens, Wag- ler, Sys. 149. Icon. t. 12, f. 1. P. strigiventris, Wagler, Icon. t. 12, f. 2. Agama variegata, Guilding, MSS. Brown, often with brown-edged fulvous bands and brown di- verging lines; scales of the back nearly equal, those of the middle of the back rather larger than those on the sides of the back; the head-shields rather larger in front; claws pale, with a black back and margin. a, b. In spirits. Brazil. c. In spirits. Iridescent purplish. Brazil. d. In spirits. Larger. e. In spirits. W. Indies. From the Rev. L. Guilding's collec- tion. f. In spirits. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. g. In spirits. Like f. a 2. SPHÆROPS. Polychrus, part, Weigm., Dum. et Bib. Head 4-sided, short, shelving in front, covered with numerous nearly regular many-sided shields, those of the face largest. Eye very prominent, globose. Eyelid granular, with a very small transverse opening. Throat with a small dewlap, covered with oblique series of square scales, toothed in front. Nostril lateral, far back, about one third from the end of the nose. Body com- pressed. Scales of the back small, keeled, of the sides larger, ob- long, in oblique series, smooth. Back and tail not crested. The limbs slender. Toes slender, moderate, the third and fourth near- ly equal, convex and covered with a series of cross plates beneath, not fringed on the sides. Femoral pores none. Tail slender, elongate, tapering, covered with rather rhombic keeled scales. The eye of this genus nearly resembles that of the chameleon, and it also changes colour with equal facility. Weigmann refers it to Polychrus, as if it had femoral pores; but our specimens, which agree in every other respect, have them not. R2 184 REPTILES. The BRAZILIAN CHAMELEON. Sphærops auomalus. Poly- chrus anomalus, Weigmann, Herp. Mex. 26. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 69. Pale green, with 3 spots on each side of the back, and 2 nar- row black streaks from the back edge of the eyes, the upper one extending along the side of the nape. a, b. In spirits. Brazils. The fourth toe b. Throat rounded, with a cross fold behind. longest. Femoral pores none. for the eye. 3. UROTROPHUS, Dum. et Bib. Head 4-sided, shelving in front, covered with numerous nearly regular small 6-sided shields, those of the forehead largest, in- terparietal small. Upper part of the orbit surrounded with a series of shields. Eyes rather convex, with rather small opening Nostril lateral, anterior round, small. Neck with a cross plait before the chest. Throat rather swollen. Palate toothed., Femoral pores none. Toes slender, the fourth longer than the others, with flat scales beneath, and not fringed or toothed on the sides. Claws sharp. Scales round, smooth, swollen, placed side by side, of the belly flat, square, subimbri- cate. Tail subcylindrical, long, slender, tapering, bent under at the tip, "prehensile” (Dum.), covered with squarish, keeled scales above and below. UROTROPHUS VAUTIERI Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 78, t. 37, f. 1. Muzzle short, blunt, covered with smooth irregular plates ; fulvous or brown, brown-banded. a, b. In spirits. Brazils. 4. EcPHYMOTES, Fitz. (not Cuv.) Læmanctus, part, Weigmann. Head 4-sided, covered with small shields. Crown horizontal and sloping backwards. Neck with a cross fold in front of the chest, no dewlap. Palate toothed. Back and tail not crested Body compressed. Scales small, convex, rather irregular, of the middle of the back polygonal, keeled, larger. Limbs rather long. Toes elongate, slender, the fourth longer than the third, with a series of convex shields beneath. Femoral pores none. The tail elongate, tapering, covered with keeled scales. # Tail round. FITZINGER'S ECPHYMOTES. Ecphymotes Fitzingerii. Læ- manetus Fitzingerii, Weigm. H. Mex. 46. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 74. LIZARDS. 185 Head moderate, top of the muzzle bluntly triangular; body reddish brown above, with a row of black spots on the upper part of the back, belly reddisb. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Berlin. The WavED ECPHYMOTE. Ecphymotes undulatus. Læmanc- tus undulatus, Weigm. H. Mex. 46. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 7. Head moderate; tip of the muzzle obtusely triangular; body olive ash, with 2 wavy black brown lateral bands, edged beneath with white. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Berlin. The BLUNT-HEADED ECPAYMOTE. Ecphymotes obtusirostris. Læmanctus obtusirostris, Weigm. H. Mex. iv. 75. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 75. Muzzle broad, rather truncated, above subtrapezoid; body brownish ash, brown-spotted, abdomen yellow ashy. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. ** Tail compressed. The EcPHYMOTE. Ecphymotes acutirostris, Fitz. Verz. 49. Polychrus acutirostris, Spix, Braz. t. 14 a. Wagler, Syst. 149. Schinz. Rept. t. 28, f. 2. Weigm. H. M. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 75. Head long, pointed in front; scales of the back large, flat. Inhab. Brazil. Mus. Berl. 5. LÆMANCTUS, part, Weigm. Head 4-sided, covered with scales. Crown shelving forwards, broad, rounded behind. Nostril lateral, rather distant from the end of the nose. Neck with a cross plait in front of the chest. Palate not toothed. Body compressed. Scales rhombic, imbricate, keeled, of the sides placed in cross series. Toes slender, elongate, the fourth longer than the third, with a series of tuber- a cles beneath. Femoral pores none. Hind legs and feet very long. Tail round, elongate, tapering, covered with lozenge-shaped keel- ed scales. Back and tail not crested. . The LONG-LEGGED LÆMANCTUS. Læmanctus longipes, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 46, t. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 72. Purplish red, brown banded, beneath orange; scales of the back large, rhombic. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. R3 186 REPTILES. B. Nostrils lateral, below the superciliary ridge. Toes simple, slender. Iguanina. . a. Femoral pores distinct. Back crested. Scales generally keeled. * Throat-pouch large, compressed. Toes not toothed on the outer side. 6. IGUANA, Laurenti. Hypsilophus and Amblyrhynchus, Wagler. Head short, 4-sided, covered with unequal flat or keeled many- sided shields. Lower jaw covered with large shields. Palate with 2 rows of small teeth. Teeth finely denticulated. Throat with a large compressed pendulous " not dilatable,” Guilding) pouch, toothed in front. Back and tail with a paleaceous crest. Toes unequal, simple, with 3 keeled cross shields beneath. Thigh with a single series of pores. Tail very long, slender, compressed, covered with small equal keeled scales. * A large circular plate on side of lower jaw. Hypsilophus, Wagner. The COMMON IGUANA. Iguana tuberculata, Laur. Syn. 49. Lacerta Iguana, Shaw, Zool. iii. 199. I. delicatissima, Latr. R. 155. Daud. Rept. iii. 263, t. 40, 277 and 280. I. cærulea, Daud. Rept. iii. 266. Spix, Braz. 7, t. 7. 1. sapadissima, Merrem, Tent. 49. I. squamosa, Spix, Braz. 5, t. 5. I. viridis, Spix, Braz. 6, t. 6. I. emarginata, Spix, Braz. 7, t. 8. I. lophyroides, Spix, Braz. 8, t. 9. Sides of the neck scattered with tubercles; a large circular plate on the head under the ear; the scales of the end of the muz- zle convex or flat. a. Adult, in spirits. West Indies. b. Half grown, in spirits. West Indies. c. Young, in spirits. West Indies. d-9. Young, in spirits. h. Young, in spirits. Tobago. Presented by Alfred Ludlam, Esq. i. Adult, stuffed. West Indies. Presented by J. Turner, Esq. k-n. Adult and half grown, stuffed. West Indies. 0. Half grown, stuffed. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. George Smith, Esq. p. Young, in spirits. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. George Smith, Esq. The RHINOCEROS IGUANA. Iguana rhinolophus, Weigm. H. Mex. 44. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 207. I. tuberculata, var. Weigm. Isis, 1828, 364. Plumier, MSS. t. Muzzle with 3 or 4 conical compressed horn-like scales, one behind the other; nape with a single longitudinal series of tuber- cles; head with a large circular plate under the ear. a. Half grown, stuffed. St. Christopher's, W. Indies. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. LIZARDS. 187 ** No circular plate under the ear. Iguana. The NAKED-NECKED IGUANA. Iguana delicatissima, Laur. S. R. 49. Seba, Thes.i.t. 96, f.5 (not Latr.) Wagler, Sys. 148. Eich. Z. S. iii. 103. I. pudicollis, Cuv. R. A. ii. 40. Guérin, Icon. R. 1.11, f. 1. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 37. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 208. Head with a series of large scales on each branch of the lower jaw, and without any large circular plate under the ear; scales of the neck equal. Inhab. Tropical America. 7. ALOPONOTUS, Dum. et Bib. Head with small equal flat many-sided plates. Lower jaw with small scales on the sides. Palate toothed. Throat with a small pouch, simple in front. Teeth 3-lobed. Back and tail with a low crest. Skin of the back scaleless, covered with much crowd- ed very minute granules. Tail compressed, with whorls of large equal keeled scales. Femoral pores in 2 series. The APLONOTE. Aloponotus Ricardi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 190, t. 38. Blackish, with many square fulvous spots. Inhab. St. Domingo. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. ** Throat rather dilated, not pouched. The middle hinder toes with triangular horny processes on the inner side. + Tail with unarmed scales. 8. BRACHYLOPHUS, Cuvier. Head-shields very small, polygonal, equal, flat. Sides of low- er jaw with small equal scales. Skin of throat lax, rather pen- dant, longitudinal. Scales of the back small, square, keeled, of the belly, palm and soles larger, keeled. Dorsal crest low, con- tinued. Teeth toothed on each side. Palate toothed. Tail very long, very slender, not crested, tapering, rounded, compressed at the base, with small equal keeled imbricate scales. Femoral pores in a single series, each in :he back edge of a scale. Toes with rather angular smooth cross plates beneath, the two middle hinder toes with triangular horny appendages on the inner edge. Cuvier by mistake says this genus has no palatine teeth, - R. A. ii. 41. The BANDED BrachYLOPHE. Brachylophus fasciatus, Cuvier, R. A. ii. 41. Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 9. f. 1. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 37. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 227. Iguana fasciata, Brong. Bul. Sci. Phil. 36, t. 6, f. 1. Class. Revt. 34, t. 1, f. 5. Daud, Rept. iii. 352. 188 REPTILES. Bluish brown, with paler blue cross bands. a, b. In spirits. South America. c. In spirits. S. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Lacerta longicaudata, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. 194. MM. Quoy and Gaimard are said to have brought this species from New Guinea. 9. METAPOCEROS, Wagler. Iguana, Cuvier. Head short, convex in front, covered with shields. Muzzle with some tubercular plates. Throat lax, without any distinct . pouch, with a cross fold behind. Palate toothed. Teeth 3-lobed. Nape, back and tail crested. Tail long, compressed, covered with equal imbricate shielded spineless scales. Femoral pores in two series, each surrounded by a ring of minute scales. The Horned IGUANA. Metopoceros cornutus, Wagler, Syst. 148. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 211. Iguana cornuta, Latr. Rept. ii. 267. Daud. Rept. iii. 282. Lacep. Q. 0. ii. 493. I. tubercula- ta, var. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 36. Forehead with a large horn-like tubercle, and between the nos- trils 2 pair of large convex or keeled plates; dorsal crest very low between the shoulders and interrupted at the loins. Inhab.“St. Domingo," Lacepède. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. 10. TRACHYCEPHALUS. Amblyrhynchus, part, Gray, Dum. et Bib., Bell. Head covered with numerous convex subangular rather small many-sided shields, highest and largest over the sides of the crown and granular over the eyebrows. Lower jaw with regular shields. Body covered with small squarish scales, placed in cross series. Back and tail with a low crest, formed of conical scales, which is interrupted over the loins and longest on the nape. Tail round, tapering, rather compressed at the end, covered with small square keeled scales, in cross series. Femoral pores distinct, each sur- rounded with a series of minute scales. Toes elongate, unequal, with a series of 3-keeled shields beneath, 2 or 3 series of small scales on each side and a row of small shields above. The two middle hinder toes with a series of triangular horny appendages on the inner side, the first hinder toe much the longest, the outer hinder toes short. The Rough HEAD. Trachycephalus subcristatus. Ambly- rhynchus subcristatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 6. Zool. Beechey's Voy. Rept. 93. Darwin, Journal, 469. Amblyrhynchus Demartii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 197. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 22, t. 12. Scales of the back small, of the outer side of the fore arm and the front of the thigh much larger, conical; crest of round coni- cal tubercles, those of the back low, of the nape longer, of the tail more compressed. LIZARDS. 189 a. Young, in spirits. Head-shields convex. Charles Island, Ga- lapagos. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b. Adult, stuffed, Head-shields subangular. Galapagos. Pre- sented by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. 11. OREOCEPHALUS. Amblyrhynchus, Bell, Gray, not Wagler. Head of young covered with moderate subsymmetrical rather convex shields; of adult, with unequal, conical, high, tubercular shields, those of the muzzle larger, angular, highly conical and rugose, as if formed of agglutinated hairs. Throat dilatable, crumpled, but without any distinct pouch. Body covered with conical tubercular scales, of the adult pointed, rough. Palate toothed ? Teeth 3-lobed. Nape and back with a high paleace- ous crest. Tail compressed, covered with whorls of small square keeled scales, and with a crest formed of rhombic compressed scales. Thigh with with 1 or 2 series of pores, each in the centre of a scale. Toes strong, rounded and simple on the sides, with smooth band-like shields beneath, the middle ones united by a web at the base, the middle hind toes with a series of triangular horny processes on the inner side, the outer hinder elongate, nearly as long as the others, and with a large compressed claw. Claws large. The Marine OREOCEPHALE. Oreocephalus cristatus. Am- blyrhynchus cristatus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 204, t. 12. Zool. Bea- gle, Rept. 23. Gray, Z. M. 6. Darwin, Jour. 466. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 195. A. ater, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 37. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 196. Iguana, Scouler, Brewster's Jour. Sci. v. 213. Dorsal crest formed of elongate compressed scales ; scales of the back moderate, conical, acute, of the outer side of the fore legs scarcely larger, acute. a. Adult, stuffed. Scales of the dorsal crest round, conical, cross waved. Galapagos. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. b. Half grown, stuffed. Scales of the dorsal crest compressed. Galapagos. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. A. ater, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 37. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 196. c. Adult, stuffed. Lost the scales of the head. Galapagos. d. Young, in spirits. Head-shields few, moderate, unequal, sym- metrical, convex, the central ones of the forehead keeled, those over the eyebrows small, convex, crest of the nape formed of blunt subcylindrical scales, of the back of small low compress- ed triangular scales, of the tail like those of the back but lar- ger, squarer, and forming a nearly even line; scales of the body small, conical, blunt, smooth, equal. Charles Island, Galapagos. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. BRYANT WALKER LIBRAR MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 190 REPTILES. a a # Tail with rings of large spinose scales. 12. CYCLURA, Harlan. Iguana, part, Cuv. Ctenosaura, part, Weigm. Head with flat or rather convex angular shields, those of the muzzle larger, placed in pairs. The lower jaw with elongated keeled scales on its sides. Throat with a las skin, plaited across but without any true pouch. Palate toothed. . Teeth 3-lobed. Femoral pores in a single series, numerous, each surrounded by a number of scales. Back and tail crested. Tail compressed, with whorls of scales and rings of larger spined scales, separated by 3 or 4 rings of small scales. Toes with 3 or 5 keeled plates beneath, the two middle hinder ones fringed with a series of 3 or 4 horny triangular processes on the inner side of each joint, forming a kind of lateral claw. * Shields on the muzzle approximate. MACLEAY's CYCLURE. Cyclura MacLeayii. Cyclura cari- nata, Gray, Ann. N. H. Muzzle with 3 or 4 pair of transversely keeled many-sided shields above, with only a few scales between the hinder pairs, the rest of the head-shields small, subequal, with a central keel. Olive, paler marbled and spotted ; lower jaw with ], then 2 series of elongated keeled scales, separated from the labial shields by small scales bebind. a. In spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. ** Shields on the muzzle separated by small scales. The ClouDED Cyclure. Cyclura nubila, Gray, Griffith, CLOUDED CYCLURE A. K. ix. 39. Weigm. Herp. Mex. 42. Lacerta nubila, Shaw. C. carinata, Harlan, Journ. A. Nat. Sci. Phil. iv. 242, 250, t. 15. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 39. Weigm. H. Mex. 42. Iguana Cy- clura, Cuv. R. A. ii. 45. C. Harlani, Coct. Sagra, Cuba, Erp. t. 6. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 218. Catesby, Carol. ii. t. 64 ? Muzzle with three large keeled many-sided shields upon each side, separated by small plates, and with a central shield behind them, and one near the middle of the head; dorsal crest of the adult interrupted between the shoulders and loins. Grey or bluish grey, with 6 or 12 crescent-like bands with irregular edges; the lower jaw with a single series of larger keeled scales, and several rows of minute scales between them and the labial plates. grown, in spirits. COLLEY's CYCLURA. Cyclura Collei. Muzzle with 4 transversely keeled many-sided shields on each side, rest of the head covered with small unequal shields ; dorsal a. Half LIZARDS. 191 crest low, suddenly interrupted over the shoulder and loins; olive, darker marbled ; lower jaw with 2, and behind 3 or 4 series of large elongated keeled scales, without any small many-sided ones between them and the labial plates. a. Adult, stuffed. Jamaica. Presented by the Admiralty, from Haslar Hospital. 13. CTENOSAURA, Gray, Weiym. Uromastyx, Merrem. Cyclura, part, Weigm. Head with numerous small subequal flat many-sided shields, those of the upper part of the nose similar to the rest. Side of the lower jaw covered with uniform rather elongated scales. Throat with a lax skin plaited across, but without any true pouch. Pa. late toothed. Teeth 3-lobed. Toes with 3 or 5 keeled plates be- neath. Femoral pores in a single series, few (5 or 6) on each side. Back with a crest often continued over the shoulder. Tail round, crested above, and covered with rings of spinose scales, rather de- pressed at the base, and with rings of spines, separated by 2 or 3 series of small scales. * Dorsal crest low. Tail round at the end. SHAW's CTENOSAURE. Ctenosaura acanthura, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 37. Blainv. Nov. Mem. Mus. iv. 288, t. 24, f. 1. Lacer- ta acanthura, Shaw, Zool.iii. 216. Merrem, Tent. 56. Gray, Ann. Phil. ii. 57. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 222. Ct. cycluroides, Weigm. . Isis, 1828, 371. C. lanceolata, Gray, Griffith, A. K..? Cyclura teres, Harlan, J. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 246, 250, t. 16. Weigm. H. M. 42. Ct. armata, Gray, l. c. 37. Cycl. articulata, Weigm. H. M. 42. Cycl. denticulata, Weigm. H. M. 42, t. 3. Ctenosaurus Shawii, Gray. Dorsal crest low, interrupted over the loins in the young, con- tinued in the adults'; the spinose scales of the tail large, separated by only 2 rings of small scales at the base, close to one another at the end. a. In spirits. Rather bleached. California ? b. Young, in spirits. Honduras. c. Young, in spirits. W. Indies ? Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. d. Adult, stuffed. Tropical America. Presented by the Admi- ralty from Haslar Hospital. ** Dorsal crest high. Tail compressed at the end. WEIGMANN's CTENOSAURE. Ctenosaura pectinata. Cyclura pectinata, Weigm. H. Mex. 42, t. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 221. Olive brown, yellowish varied; tail rather compressed; dorsal crest high, interrupted in front of the base of the tail. Inhab. Mexico, Mus. Berl. 192 REPTILES. 14. ENYALIOSAURUS. Cyclura, part, Gray. Head with numerous small subequal many-sided shields, those of the upper part of the nose and interparietal plate very small. Throat with a lax skin, plaited across in front, but without any true pouch. Palate toothed ? Teeth lobed. Back with a crest of compressed scales. Toes with 3-keeled plates below. Tail with alternate rings of small and large spinose scales, depressed at the base, the central and 2 lateral series of scales on each side (separated by 2 rows of smaller scales) larger, forming keels, the end roundish, tapering, the under side of the base with rings of many small scales. The Armed Lizard. Enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus. Cy- clura quinquecarinata, Gray, Z. M. 59. Olive, black-varied. a. Adult? stuffed. Demerara ? * Femoral pores none. Hinder toes fringed on the side, the outer hinder webbed at the base. † Head elongate, produced behind. 15. BASILISCUS, Laur. Head covered with small flat rather keeled uniform scales, of the occiput smaller. Occiput elongate, narrow behind, with a compressed vertical triangular crest of skin. Palate toothed. The throat with a slight pouch, and with a well marked cross fold. Back and tail (of the males ?) with a high compressed crest, sup- ported by horny rays. Scales of the back small, rhombic, smooth, of the belly larger, square, smooth. Femoral pores none. Toes elongate, compressed, unequal, with a series of broad scales above, and rhombic truncated keeled scales on the side, with a series of convex square plates beneath. The hinder toes with series of thick subtubercular plates on the inner side, and with a broad sub- dentate continued fringe on the outer side. The outer hinder toes webbed at the base. The BASILIC. Basiliscus Americanus, Laur. Syn. 50. La- certa Basiliscus, Linn. S. N. i. 366. Seba, i. t. 100, f. 1. Guérin, Icon, t. 11, f. 2. Latr. Rept. 258. B. mitratus, Daud. Rept. iii. 320, t. 42. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 181. Lion Lizard, Catesby, Carol. ii. 468. Bluish. a. Half grown, in spirits. Tropical America, Guiana ? 16. CORYTHÆOLUS, Kaup. Edicoryphus, Wagler. Basaliscus, part, Weigm., Wagler. Head rather elongate, covered with small uniform keeled scales. Eyebrows and back of head with rather small scales. Occiput LIZARDS. 193 a narrowed and with a triangular, compressed, vertical crest of skin behind. Lower labial with a series of larger chin-shields be- neath. Palate toothed. Throat with a cross fold and a small pouch in front. Back and tail with a low serrated crest of com- pressed scales. Scales of the back small, keeled, of the limbs and belly larger, rhombic, keeled. Tail rather compressed, with a low crest of compressed scales, with equal keeled scales on the sides. Femoral pores pone. Toes elongate, unequal, compressed, with 2 or 3 keeled rhombic scales above and on the sides, with a series of compressed scales beneath, each furnished with a central round tubercle, the hinder toes with a narrow dentated fringe on the outer side, and a very obscure one on the inner, the hinder outer a toes webbed at the base. The CoRYTHÆOLE. Corythæolus vittatus, Kaup. Isis, 1829, 1147. Weigm. H. M. 15, 40, t. 15 (male). Basiliscus vittatus, Weigm. Isis, 1828, 373. Wagler, Sys. 148. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 187. B. lineatus, Gray, MSS. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1306. Olive, with black cross bands, and 2 white streaks on each side; male with a high, female with a low rounded occipital crest. a. In spirits, female with eggs. Olive, back with 6 black cross bands, beneath pale, black-spotted, occipital crest low, head black-spotted, with a narrow black streak on the lower the temples. Honduras. From Mr. Johnson's collection. b. In spirits. Honduras. Like a, but pale streak more distinct, black-edged on each side, as it arises from the eye, the hinder edge of the gape of the mouth pale. part of H Head short, round and simple behind. 17. THYSANODACTYLUS. Head short, 4-sided, covered with small subequal keeled scales the interparietal plate small. Eyebrows, occiput and temple co- vered with smaller keeled scales. Eyebrows keeled. Chin with a series of shields on each side under the labial shields. Nostril lateral, anterior. Body compressed. Back with small squarish convex or bluntly keeled scales, and the belly with larger square smooth scales. Back and tail with a slight low crest of small compressed scales. Tail elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small square keeled scales, under side wider, with 3 or 4 ridges formed by the keel of the scales. Femoral pores none. Toes slender, very unequal, compressed, with a series of compress- ed keeled scales beneath, in the hinder ones forming a toothed edge to their inner side, the hinder ones are furnished with a broad continued scaly edge on the outer side, the outer hinder one with a web at the base. S 194 REPTILES. The Edged Toe. Thysanodactylus bilineatus. EDGED Ophyessa bilineata, Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy. Rept. 94. Olive, black spotted, with a narrow pale streak on each side of the back; chest and beneath pale whitish; temple with some nar- row black streaks. a. Half grown, in spirits. Fernando de Noronha. From H.M.S. Chanticleer. b. In spirits. South America. ** Back crested. Head short, compressed and produced behind. Toes not fringed. 18. CORYTHOPHANES, Boie. Head short, covered with small scales. Forehead rhombic, the hinder part elevated into a kind of crest. a Nape and back with a distinct uninterrupted crest. Palate toothed. Ear not armed above. Throat with a transverse fold, and with a small denticulated throat-pouch. Scales equal. Toes slender, simple, (not fringed nor dilated). Tail long, rounded, not crested. Fe- moral pores none. Thighs without any fold beneath. . The CorYTHOPHANE. Corythophanes cristata, (Boie), Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 55. Gravenh. Acad. N. Cur. xvi. 938, t. 65, f. 6, 10. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 174. Agama cristata, Merrem, Tent. 50. Seba, i. 147, t. 94, f. 4. La Sourcilleux, Bonnat, Enc. i Meth. t. 4, f. 1. Iguana pileata, Gravenh. Nov. Act. Lisp. xvi. t. (young) Scales small, irregular, close-pressed, smooth, those near the dorsal crest keeled, of the chest and belly slender, 4-sided, larger keeled, in oblique cross bands, of limbs and tail very large, rhom- bic, keeled, of tail rhombic. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin, Klenkenbergii. 19. CHAMÆLEOPSIS, Weigm. Corythophanes, part, Dum. et Bib. Head covered with small scales, the hinder part elevated into a kind of crest. Nape not crested. Back crested. Palate toothed. Ears with 2 spines above. Throat with a cross fold, and with a very small simple pouch. Scales unequal, smooth, with cross bands of keeled scales. Toes slender, simple. Tail long, rounded, not crested. Femoral pores none. Thighs with a longitudinal plait beneath. Claws of the front feet very long. The QUALTAPALCALT. Chamæleopsis Hernandesii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 45. Beechey, Voy. t. f. (jun.) (jun.) Gravenh. Acad. N. Cur. xvi. 944, t. 65, f. 1–5. Weigm. Herp. Mex. 15, 37, 39, t. 6. Chamæleo Mexicanus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, 296. Corythrophanes chamæleopsis, Weigm. H. Mex. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 176. LIZARDS. 195 Scales of the back close-pressed, unequal, with cross series of conical keeled scales, an arched series of large keeled scales across the shoulders and haunches, a little above the base of the legs, a group of 5 or 6 large scales, forming a prominent tubercle at the upper end of the ear; orbit with small granular scales. a. In spirits. Mexico. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. *** Back crested. Head short, simple, rounded behind. Toes simple, slender 20. ENYALIUS, Wagler. Uraniscodon, part, Kaup. Lophyrus, part, Spix. Xiphosurus, part, Gray. Head short, covered with equal, convex, small, polygonal plates. Eyebrows and temple with small granular scales. Skin of the throat slightly dilatable, with a fold on the chest. Back crested, with small convex roundish scales. Belly with square keeled scales. Limbs and tail with lozenge-shaped truncated keeled scales. Tail rounded, elongate, slender, angular beneath and at the tip, not crested. Palate toothed. Teeth 3-lobed. Fe. moral pores none. Toes slender, simple, elongate, unequal, co- vered with rhombic keeled scales above and on the sides, and with a series of narrow 2-keeled rough hexangular scales beneath, not fringed on the sides, the hinder outer toe quite free at the base. * Scales of back small, convex. The LoZENGE-MARKED ENYALIUS. Enyalius rhombifer, Wag- ler, Sys. 150. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 231. Lophyrus rhombifer, Spix, Braz. 9, t. 11. L. albomaxillaris, Spix, Braz. 11, t. 13, f. 3, (very young). L. margaritaceus, Spix, Braz. 10, t. 12, f. 1? Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. ? L. Braziliensis, Lesson, Voy. Coqu. Rept. t. 1, f. 3? Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 40. Agama catenata, Nieuw. Abbild. t. ? Schinz. Rept. t. 25, f. 1 ? lost scales of back. Scales small, nearly equal, of the supraorbital region very small, in 12 longitudinal series, of the abdomen square ; brown, with a series of white-edged brown rhombic spots on the back; chin with 2 diverging series of 3 flat 6-sided scales. a, b. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Scales of the front of the abdomen square. Brazils. From Dr. Gardiner's collection. c. Half grown, in spirits. Scales of the front of the abdomen ra- ther 6-sided, of the back square. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart. d. Stuffed, half grown. Olive. S. America. S 2 196 REPTILES. ** Scales of back and belly keeled, of sides smaller, granular. The Two-STREAKED ENYALIUS. Enyalius bilineatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 234. Scales of the back and belly keeled, of the sides much smaller, of the supraocular region placed in 6 or 7 longitudinal series ; brown, with a white ray on each side of the back. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. 21. OPHRYOESSA, Boie. Uraniscodon, part, Kaup. Xiphosurus, part, Gray Head short, it and the eyebrows covered with small nearly equal keeled polygonal plates. Interparietal plate small, surrounded with rather more convex ones. Nostrils lateral, anterior. Skin of throat with a slight longitudinal, and of chest with a distinct transverse fold. Palate toothed. Body compressed. Scales keeled, of the back small, of the belly larger. Back and tail with a toothed crest of low compressed scales, covered with keeled rhombic rather truncated scales. Femoral pores none. Toes slender, with keeled acute-tipped cross shields beneath, and with rhombic keeled scales above, the outer edge of the hinder ones slightly fringed and regularly serrated, the outer hind toe quite free at the base. Tail compressed. The EYEBROWED OPHRYOESSA. Ophryoessa superciliosa, Boie, Isis. Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 8, f. 1. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 40. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 238. Lacerta superciliosa, Linn. Mus. Ad. 41. S. N. i. Seba, i. t. 93, f. 1. t. 96, f. 6. t. 109, f. 4. ii. t. 14, f. 4. Daud. R. iii. 336. Kuhl, Beytr. 105. Lophyrus xiphos- urus, Spix, Braz. t. 10. L. aureonitens, Spix, Braz. 12, t. 13 a, very young. Brown; occiput with a cross band of 6 rather larger angular conical scales, the two middle largest. a. Adult, in spirits. America. "Lac. superciliosa," Shaw. b. Adult, in spirits. “Alabama, Mr. Mac Williams.” Presented b. by Thomas Bell, Esq. Femoral pores C. Toes dilated under the last joint but one. Throat-pouch dis- tinct, largely dilatable. Back often crested. none. Nostril superior, subapical. Anoliina. . 22. CHAMELEOLIS, Cocteau. Anolis, part, Dum. et Bib. Toes elongate, the last joint but one much dilated. Scales of the back and sides flat and smooth, circular and unequal in size, of the belly very minute and granular. Tail compressed, subden- LIZARDS. 197 a tated above. Back and nape with a crest formed of a fold of skin crowned with a series of short compressed scales. Chin and belly with a crest formed of 2 series of very small scales, those of the chin largest Head large, occiput produced, rounder behind. Jaws equal. Throat with an extensile pouch, toothed on its edge. The CUBAN CHAMÆLEOLIS. Chamæleolis Fernandina, Coct. in Sagra, Cuba, 145, t. 12. Anolis Chameleonides, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 168. Head ovate, triangular; neck and back with a dentated fold of skin; yellowish, with darker bands; throat-pouch notched. a. Adult, in spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. 23. XIPHOSURUS, Fitz., Gray, Ann. N. H. The penultimate joint of the toes dilated. Tail with a fin-like crest. Nostrils above the keel of the muzzle. The ventral shields imbricate. Jaws equal. Muzzle rounded. Rostral plate erect. * Back and nape with a crest of 1 series of compressed scales. The CRESTED ANolis. Xiphosurus velifer, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 111. Anolis velifer, Cuv. R. A. t. 5, f. 1. Guérin, Icon. t. 12, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 164. A. Cuvieri, Merrem. Tent. 45. Le grand Anolis à crête, Cuv. R. A. ii. 45, t. 5, f. 1. Bluish, with a black spot on each side; the head pyramidical, equally 4-sided, forehead triangular, hispid, covered with 6-sided flattish plates; throat-pouch very large ; nape and back with a toothed crest; tail very much compressed, with a fin-like crest at the basal half supported by bony rays; scales of the upper parts oval, keeled, of the belly similar, but imbricate, smooth and convex. Inhabits —? Mus. Paris. - Ricord's Anolis. Xiphosurus Ricordii, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 111. Anolis Ricordii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 167. Blue, sides with 2 broad black streaks; head equally 4-sided ; forehead oval, triangular, with large hexangular swollen shields, with a large lozenge-shaped concavity between the crown and oc- ciput; back tented ; nape and back with a toothed crest; the tail compressed, with a high crest supported by bony rays. . Inhab. St. Domingo. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. ** Back simple. Nape with a very indistinct crest of 2 series of scales. The SMALLER CRESTED ANOLIS. Xiphosurus cristatellus. Anolis cristatellus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 143. A. porphyreus, Oppel, Mus. Par. (female). Le petit Anolis a crêté, Cuv. R. A. ii. 49. a s 3 198 REPTILES, a Olive, with a few black spots; beneath silvery, black-dotted ; head pyramidical, quadrangular; nape and back with a fold edged with a double series of rather larger scales; scales of the back and sides very minute, granular, of the middle of the back rather lar- ger, 6-sided, of the belly ovate, thin, larger, flat, smooth; tail com- pressed, sharp-edged above; the males with a large crest, support- ed by bony rays. a. Male, in spirits. West Indies ? From Mr. Leadbeater's col- lection. 24. DACTYLOA, Gray. The penultimate joint of the toes dilated. Back and tail with a crest formed of a series of compressed scales. Ventral scales flat, imbricate. Jaws equal. Muzzle rounded in front. Rostral plate erect. * Scales large, flat, not imbricate. The EQUESTRIAN ANOLIS. Dactyloa equestris, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 111. Anolis equestris, Merrem, Tent. 45. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 157. Le grand Anolis à écharpe, Cuv. R. A. ii. 49, t. 5, f. 2. A. rhodolæmus, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 235, t. 20. Sloane, Jam. ii. 273, f. 2. Head very rugose, tubercular, shields conical; ears small; throat-pouch yellow or white; nape, back and tail with a simple denticulated crest; tail very compressed; scales of the upper parts flat, smooth, not imbricate, of the belly imbricate, keelless; blue or green, with an oblique whitish band above the shoulder. a. Adult, in spirits. Head very warty, temple with a round group of warts. Cuba. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. b. Half grown, in spirits. Head and temple rather warty. From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. ** Scales small, granular, convex. EDWARDS's Anolis. Dactyloa Edwardsii. Anolis Edwardsii, Merrem, Tent. 45. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 161. The Blue Lizard, Edw. Glean. i. 75, t. 245, f. 2. Green, with 4 or 5 pale cross bands; head elongate, depressed, covered with small nearly equal keeled plates; nape, back and tail with a small serrated crest; tail compressed, sharp-edged; scales ! of the upper parts small, close, granular, conical, of the belly square, smooth, imbricate. a. Adult, in spirits. Dorsal crest rather irregular, low. b. Adult, in spirits. Jamaica. Presented by Robert Heward, Esq. c, d. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Jamaica. . a ܪ LIZARDS. 199 e. Adult, in spirits. The crest of the back low, in some places irregularly, as if formed of 2 series of scales. f. Young, in spirits. Olive, throat black-lined, crest low over the nape, indistinct on the back, back with a central series of 8 round white spots. Jamaica. Presented by Robert Heward, Esq. D. maculata, Gray, B. M. Varies in the size of the chin-shields, the height of the crest, in the number and size of the lines of scales at the back of the vent, and of the disk of the scales over the eyebrows. 25. RHINOSAURUS. The penultimate joint of the toes dilated. Back and nape with a low crest formed of 2 diverging series of short triangular scales. Ventral scales flat, imbricate. Head elongate. Upper jaw produced beyond the lower, acute in front. Rostral plate tri- angular, horizontal, inferior. The SHARP-NOSED ANOLIS. Rhinosaurus gracilis. Anolis gracilis, Nieuw. Abbild. t. f. 2. A. nasicus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 115. Head elongated; muzzle pointed, swollen, compressed, slightly arched and produced beyond the lower jaw, with a rhomboidal anterior frontal pit; scales of the head oblong, convex in the cen- tre, of the back granular, very small, oblong, smooth, of the belly ovate, smooth, imbricate; throat-pouch very large, yellow; nape and back with a dorsal fold ; tail very long and slender, without any keel, strong and triangular at the base, slightly compressed at the end. . a. Stuffed. Blackish grey. Bahia. Presented by - Kerr, Esq. - 26. ANOLIUS, part, Cuv. Anolis, Merrem. The penultimate joint of the toes dilated. Back and nape simple, or with a low crest formed of 2 diverging series of short triangular scales. Ventral scales flat, imbricate. Head moderate. Upper jaw even with the lower, rounded at the end. The rostral plate erect. On leaves of trees, jumping from branch to branch. The species are very difficult to be distinguished from each other in spirits. The toes appear to vary in width and length in the same species; it may be a sexual distinction. a 200 REPTILES. A. Crest produced along the back. a. Tail much compressed, irregularly serrated above. Ventral scales square, smooth. The LARGE-CHEEKED ANOLIS. Anolius Leachii, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 153. A. maculatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 112. Lacer- ta bimaculata, Sparrman, N. Act. Stockh. v. 169, t. 4, f. 1, (not Linn.) Scales of the back convex, not imbricate, of the sides smaller, granular, of the belly smooth, roundish, imbricate; bluish, black- spotted; lip, streak over ear and shoulders white, and a streak from the nose including the eye and over the ears black; head elongate, depressed, swollen below behind; head-shields smooth. a. In spirits. S. America. b. In spirits. Nevis, W. Indies. Presented by Thomas Cottle, Esq. c. Half grown, in spirits. b. Tail compressed, regularly serrated above and many-keeled beneath. Ventral scales keeled. The OCCIPITAL ANOLIS. Anolius occipitalis, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 112. Scales of the back granular, keeled, near the vertebral line ra- ther larger, ovate, of the sides smaller, elongated, of the belly keeled, squarish ; occipital pit large, rounded, toothed; head- shields smooth; brown, with 5 dark cross bands, beneath bluish white; crest of the nape formed of 2 series of rather elongate co- nical scales, of the back of distant rather irregularly placed keeled scales; tail compressed, with strongly toothed keel, with a series of smaller scales on each side. a, b. Adult and young, in spirits. West Indies. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. The LINED ANOLIS. Anolius lineatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 66, t. 48, f. 1. Merrem, Tent. 45. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 146. Lacerta strumosa, Linn. S. N. i. 368. Seba, Thes. ii. t. 20, f. 4. Shaw, Zool. iii. 224. Salamandra s. Laur. Syn. 42. La Goitreux, La- cep. Q. 0. i. 463. Head moderately elongated; muzzle rounded at the end ; oc- cipital plate small; throat-pouch large, with a large black spot; nape and back with a longitudinal fold; scales of the back small, equal, circular, not imbricate and slightly keeled, of the belly 6- sided, imbricate, slightly keeled; tail compressed, slightly toothed above; grey, with 2 interrupted black streaks on each side. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. LIZARDS. 201 c. Tail compressed, slightly serrated above. Ventral scales small, squarish. The ALLIGATOR ANOLIS. Anolius Cepedii, Merrem, Tent. 44. Lacerta bimaculata, var. Shaw, Zool. iii. 223, (not Sparrm.) Se- ba, i. 139, t. 87, f. 4–6. Latr. R. i. 273. Daud. Rept. iv. 55. Ig. roquet, Brongn. Class. R. 32, t. 1, f. 3. La Roquet, Lacep. Q. 0. i. 397, t. 27. A. Alligator, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 135. Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 112. A. similis, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 112. Olive; head rather elongate, depressed, broad and rounded in front; head-shields flat, with 2 series of larger close transverse convex shields in front; throat-pouch large; ears moderate; nape back and tail with a small plait, furnished with a double row of rather larger scales; scales of the back small, many-sided, flat, granular, not imbricate, of the sides smaller, of the belly larger, smooth, imbricate; tail compressed, sharp-edged above. a. In spirits. Pale bluish, with scattered white spots; limbs and toes elongate. America. A. Alligator, Gray. b. In spirits. Olive, black-dotted; limbs and toes rather shorter and stouter. W. Indies ? A. similis, Gray. C--f. In spirits, like a and b. West Indies. From Mr. Scriven- er's collection. 9, h. Young, in spirits. Toes very narrow, back scarcely crested. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's collection. The MARBLED ANOLIS. Anolius marmoratus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 139, (not Gray). Head pyramidical, moderately elongated, rather depressed; muzzle rather truncated, rounded; frontal cavity rather rhomboi- dal; interparietal plate dilated; the eyebrows with a disk of 8 or 10 angular slightly keeled plates; the throat-pouch and ears large; nape and back with a fold, edged with a double row of rather lar- ger scales ; scales of the back and sides small, rhombic, convex, not imbricate, of the belly larger, imbricate, smooth; tail com- pressed, sharp-edged and unequally serrated above; blue, head and neck brown, paler marbled, with a black spot on the armpit. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris. Perhaps the short-headed variety of the former. a a B. Crest only on the nape or wanting. a. Ventral scales ovate, keeled. * Tail roundish, with only a slight central keel above. The RidgE-NOSED Anolis. Anolius porcatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 112. 202 REPTILES. Scales of the back moderate, 6-sided, keeled, of the tail large, keeled, keels forming continued ridges; muzzle elongated, with 5 very prominent keels; brown or green, with irregular black cross lines on the back, a streak on the side of the neck; beneath and sometimes the dorsal line silvery. a. In spirits. Back spotted. Cuba. Presented by W. S. Mac- Leay, Esq. b. Young, in spirits. With a yellowish dorsal streak, rather wider behind. Texas. C-e. In spirits. Cuba ? From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. The Carolina ANOLIS. Anolius principalis. Lacerta princi- palis, Linn. Mus. Ad. 43. S. N. i. 360. Amen. Acad. i. 286, t. 14, f. 2. Catesby, Carol. ii. t. 65. Merrem, Tent. 44. Iguana bullaris, Latr. H. R. i. 279. Merrem, Tent. 44. Weigm. H. M. 16. Wag- ler, Sys. 148. A. roquet, Daud. Rept. iv. 69. A. bimaculata, Daud. Rept. iv. 62. Iguana strumosa, Brongn. Class. Rept. 33, , f. 4. Dactyloa biporcata, Weigm. H. Mex. 47. H. Carolinen- sis, Cuv. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 121. Nostrils on the muzzle; head elongate, triangular, depressed (flat when young), strongly keeled on each side; head-shields large, keeled, of the orbits larger, in a crescent; nape and back not crested ; ears moderate; tail rounded, with a central series of larger more keeled scales above, thick at the base; scales of the back and sides equal, not imbricate, subrhomboidal, keeled, of the belly imbricate, slightly keeled ; blue, generally with a large black spot on each temple. a-e. In spirits. Throat black-lined. N. America. a Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. The YELLOWISH ANOLIS. Anolius flavescens. Yellowish; back with a flexuous brown band on each side. a. In spirits. N. America ? b, c. In spirits. From Mr. Leadbeater's collection. RICHARD'S ANOLIS. Anolius Richardii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 141. Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 113. Scales of the middle of the back ovate, keeled, of the sides small, granular, of the tail small, keeled; nape slightly crested ; head short; muzzle shelving, with 4 slight crests; bluish grey, crown black, beneath whitish. a. In spirits. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. LIZARDS. 203 ** Tail compressed, slightly crested. The DOTTED ANOLIS. Anolius punctatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 113. Scales of the back small, 6-sided, keeled, of the sides rather smaller, similar, of the base of the tail keeled ; nape scarcely keel- ed; head depressed; head-shields keeled ; blue, white-spotted ; belly and hind limbs whitish. a, b. In spirits. Presented by Sir James MacGregor. c, d. In spirits. Brazils. From Dr. Gardner's collection. e. Young, in spirits. With a narrow white streak on each side of the back of the neck, and along the back between the shoul- ders, and with 2 white-edged angular dark spots on each side of the middle of the back. Brazils. From Dr. Gardner's collection. The CLOUDED ANOLIS. Anolius nebulosus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 113. Dactyloa nebulosa, Weigmann, Herp. Mex. Anolis Sa- grei, Coct. in Sagra, Cuba, 131, t. 10. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv 150. Scales of the back rather rhombic, subequal, slightly imbricate, indistinctly keeled, of the sides rather smaller, similar, of the ver- tebral line, tail and limbs larger, keeled, of the belly imbricate- keeled; nape scarcely keeled; tail compressed, with a slight tooth, ed crest above; head short, shelving, shields keeled ; pale brown, throat brown-lined; young with a single brown triangular spot on each side. a. In spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. b. In spirits. Texas. The LineATED ANOLIS. Anolius lineatopus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 113. Scales of the centre of the back small, slightly keeled, of the sides smaller, granular; head elongated; muzzle slightly 4-keeled with strongly keeled scales; pale brown, with 5 longitudinal paler streaks; sides of the tail varied with triangular spots; the throat brown-lined. a. In spirits. Presented by Sir James MacGregor. The SPOTTED ANOLIS. Anolius maculatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 113. A. marmoratus, Gray, B. M. (not Dum. et Bib.) Scales of the middle of the back 6-sided, keeled, of the sides smaller, of the tail and limbs larger, keeled; nape slightly keeled; head elongated ; muzzle shelving, slightly 4-keeled; head-shields elongated, keeled; brown, with transverse white spots or streaks ; head white-spotted. a, b. In spirits. W. Indies ? Presented by Sir James Mac- Gregor. 204 REPTILES. The BEAUTIFUL ANOLIS. Anolius pulchellus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 97. Fulvous; side of head, sides and lower part of body and limbs yellowish white; head long, pyramidical, quadrangular, rather depressed, with 2 longitudinal ridges in front; tail compressed, sharp-edged and feebly toothed above; back and nape not crested; scales of the back tubercular, thick, as if keeled, of the sides small (half the size), subovate, smooth, imbricate, of the belly rounded, rhombic, slightly keeled (of the tail forming continued ridges). Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris, 3 specimens. The VERMICULATED ANOLIS. Anolius vermiculatus, Coct. in Sagra, Cuba, Rept. 140, t. 8. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 128. Head long, pyramidical, 4-sided, rather concave above, with 2 feeble ridges in front, and swollen above at the end ; scales of the head many-sided, keeled, the supraorbital series separated by 1 or 2 series of scales; scales of the eyebrows small, keeled, of the back and sides in tubercular grains, equal, of the belly imbricate, sub- ovate, keeled ; ears large, with 2 rows of 4-sided plates under the chin; nape with a large fold ; tail compressed, feebly dentated above; fulvous brown, vermiculated with brown. Inhab. Cuba. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. b. Ventral scales keeled, square. Tail rather compressed, slightly crested. The SLENDER-TOED ANOLIS. Anolius stenodactylus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 114. Scales of the middle of the back small, elongated, keeled, of the sides granular ; nape slightly double-ridged; muzzle depress- ed, slightly few-keeled; head-shields irregular; toes very slender; bluish, beneath whitish ; tail rather compressed, with a low crest of compressed scales. a. In spirits. Jamaica. Presented by J. E. Winterbottom, Esq. c. Ventral scales smooth, subovate. Tail rather compressed, slightly crested. The NETTED ANOLIS. Anolius reticulatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 114. Scales of the middle of the back small, angular, keeled, of the sides granular; nape slightly 2-crested; ventral shields subovate; muzzle depressed, slightly 4-keeled ; head-shields smooth; blue, black-spotted and varied ; throat brown-lined. a. In spirits. Tropical America. LIZARDS. 205 The CHILIAN ANOLIS. Anolius fusco-auratus, D’Orbigny, Voy. A. M. Rept. t. 13, f. 1–4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 110. Golden brown, beneath whitish; head rather elongate; muzzle broad, rather rounded; forehead concave; scales of the head sub- equal, keeled, of back and sides not imbricate, granular, the for- mer largest, of the belly suboval, imbricate, smooth ; nape, back and tail not crested; tail slender, rounded or very slightly com- pressed, with a very feeble keel. Inhab. Chili. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. d. Ventral scales smooth, 4-sided. Tail rather compressed, slightly crested. The BRONZED ANOLIS. Anolius æneus, Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 114. Scales small, elongate, slightly keeled, rather smaller on the sides; nape rounded; muzzle depressed, with a lozenge-shaped impression; head-shields smooth, flat, those between the eyes without any shields between them; golden brown, black dotted beneath yellowish, brown spotted. a. In spirits. Trop. America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. The PIKE-HEADED ANOLIS. Anolius Lucius, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 105. Cocteau, Sagra Cuba, Rept. 136, t. Head short, depressed ; muzzle broad, rounded; head-shields small, smooth, subcircular, shields of the suborbital edge very large, especially the two on the frontal region ; nape, back and tail not keeled ; tail conical, very long; ears very large; eyebrows granular, with a disk of 4 or 5 angular smooth scales; scales of the upper parts equal, not imbricate, subcircular, convex, smooth, of belly 4-sided, smooth, imbricate ; blue, with 4 white streaks. Inhab. Cuba. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. GOUDOT's ANOLIS. Anolius Goudotii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 108. Head long; forehead slightly concave; head-shields many- sided, smooth, the eyebrow-region, and the suborbital ridge co- vered with large smooth plates soldered together; ears large; the back and tail not crested; tail very long, very slender, tapering ; scales of the back small, rhomboidal, keeled, of the side rather granular, of the belly nearly square, smooth, imbricate ; brown, with a pale dorsal streak. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. The GREEN ANOLIS._Anolius punctatus, Daud. Rept. iv. 84, t. 66, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 112. A. viridis, Nieuw. Abbild. t. A. violaceus, Spix, Braz. 15, t. 17, f. 2. Head very long, depressed, cut square in front, with a lozenge- shaped frontal concavity; scales of the head irregularly many- T 206 REPTILES. sided, swollen, smooth, of the back oblong, very finely granular, smooth, not imbricate, of the belly square, imbricate, smooth; eyebrows with a disk of 16 or 20 small angular scales; nape, back and tail not crested ; tail very long and slender, 4-sided, rounded at the base; blue, with a dorsal series of black spots, white-dotted on the sides, and with black specks on the sides of the belly and limbs. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens. The RED-THROATED ANOLIS. Anolius bullaris. Lacerta bul- laris, Linn. S. N. 368. Catesby, Carol. i. t. 66. Lacep. Q. 0. ii. 401. A. chlorocyanus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 117. Head pyramidical, 4-sided, rather depressed, nearly flat above; scales of the head subequal, not keeled, those over the orbit's edge broader, separated by 1 or 2 series of small scales; ears small; nape and back pot crested; the tail thick, rather depressed at the base, then compressed, and slightly dentated above; scales of the back and sides equal, suboval, subgranular, not imbricated, of the central dorsal series rather the largest, of the belly smooth, squar- ish, 6-sided, imbricate; behind the vent are 2 large flat square smooth plates; greenish blue, uniform. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. VALENCIENNE'S ANOLIS. Anolius Valenciennii, Dum. et Bib. E, G. iv. 131. Head elongate, depressed, flat above; head-shields flat, smooth; eyebrow with a disk of 4 smooth shields; the plates of the upper orbital ridge soldered together; ears very small; the throat-pouch large; nape and back not crested ; scales of the back and sides moderate, equal, oval, rounded, flat and smooth, not imbricate, of the belly 4-sided, smaller than those of the back, flat, smooth, and rather imbricate ; tail compressed, serrated above. Inhab. - . ? Mus. Paris, 1 specimen, presented by Dr. Leach. 27. ACANTHOLIS, Cocteau. Head large, subquadrangular. Head-shields large, angular. Throat with an extensile pouch. Back, nape and tail not crested. Scales of the back and sides flat, smooth, placed side by side, not imbricate, and intermixed with tubercles, of the belly smooth, im- bricate. Tail conical, elongate, tapering. Femoral and preanal pores none. Toes unequal, antepenultimate joint dilated, oval, with imbricate plates beneath. Claws 5-5. The ACANTHOLIS. Acantholis Loysiana, Cocteau, in Sagra, Cuba, 141, t. Comptes Rend. 1836, 226. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 100. Bluish white, with a series of triangular brown spots on each LIZARDS. 207 side; head ovate, triangular; head-shields large, angular smooth; forehead concave; scales of the back polygonal, flat, smooth, not imbricate, with small scattered tubercles, of the belly imbricate, smooth. Inhab. Cuba. Mus. Paris. . 28. DRACONURA, Wagler. Head quadrangular. Head-shields small, subequal, keeled. Throat with an extensile pouch. Muzzle short. Palate toothed. Femoral pores none. Toes elongate, the last joint but one slight- ly dilated, lamellar beneath. Scales of the middle of the back larger than those on the sides, of the belly imbricate, keeled. Tail round, very long, slender. Back and nape not crested. * Back with 2 rows of larger scales. The SHINING DRACONURE. Draconura nitens, Wagler, Syst. 149. Gray, Ann. N. H. v. 114. Anolis refulgens, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 91. Back with only 2 rows of larger scales; muzzle with small ob- long strongly keeled scales. Inhab. Surinam. Mus. Leyden. ** Back with 4 or 5 rows of larger scales. The GOLDEN DRACONURE. Draconura chrysolepis. Anolis chrysolepis, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 94. Draconura Nitzchii, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 16? Back with 4 or 5 series of larger scales; muzzle with hexago- nal oblong equal 3-keeled scales; ears very small; green, with a vertebral series of black dots; sides with a brown streak. a a. In spirits. W. Indies. Presented by T. Bell, Esq. 29. NOROPs, Wagler. Throat with a small crested pouch. Palate toothed. Femo- ral pores none. Toes slender, fourth longer than the third, not dilated, with a series of keeled rhomboidal scales on each side, and of smooth imbricate plates beneath. Scales of the body keel- ed, imbricate, of the sides much smaller, of the belly keeled, im- bricate. Back and tail not crested. Tail moderate, not prehensile. The GOLDEN NOROPS. Norops auratus, Wagler, Syst. 149. Weigm. H. M. 16. Dum. et Bib. Ē. G. iv. 82, t. 37, f. 2. Anolis auratus, Daud. Rept. iv. 89. Head-shields oblong, many-keeled ; golden fulvous brown sometimes pale-banded. Inhab. Guiana, Surinam. Mus. Paris. a T2 208 REPTILES. II. Back subtrigonal or depressed. Terrestrial. D. Body subtrigonal, covered with large keeled scales, directed ob- liquely towards the back. Throat with a cross fold or smooth. Toes simple. Tropidolepina. a. Femoral pores distinct. Cloacal pores none. 30. TROPIDOLEPIS, Cuv. R. A. Sceloporus, part, Weigmann. Tropidurus, part, Wagler. Uromastyx, part, Merrem. The head short, flattened, rounded in front, with small head-shields, a large interparietal and large superorbital shields. Nostril subapical, on each side, just above the face-ridge, open. Throat smooth, with an oblique plait on each side. Palate tooth- less. Cheeks with 2 rows of scales. Body depressed, subtrian gular. Scales imbricate, of the back keeled, of the belly smooth. Back and tail not crested. Tail thick, short, depressed at the base, round and tapering at the end. Femoral pores distinct. Preanal or cloacal pores none. * Head-shields smooth. Scales of the back large, not denticulated. The Waved TROPIDOLEPIS. Tropidolepis undulatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 38. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 43. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 298. Hollbrook, N. A. Erp. iii. 51, t. 8. Lacerta undulata, Bosc MSS. Latr. R. ii. 40. Daud. R. iii. 884. L. hyacinthina, Green, J. A. N. S. Phil. i. 349, (male). L. fasciata, Green, l. c. i. 349, (female). Greenish or reddish bronze, with black cross bands; the head- shields smooth; scales of the back large, rhombic, entire-edged ; supraorbital shields 5, many-sided, with scales externally ; inter- parietal plate large, oblong or subcordate. a-c. Adult, in spirits. North America. Presented by Jacob Green, M.D. d, e. Adult and young, in spirits. N. America. Presented by Edw. Doubleday, Esq. ** Head-shields smooth. Scales of the back large, toothed. The COLLARED TROPIDOLEPIS. Tropidolepis torquatus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 43. Zool. Beechey, Voy. 95, t.30, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 301. Agama torquata, Green and Peale, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. ii. 231. Weigm. H. Mex. 49, t. 7, f. 1. Gravenh. Act. N. Cur. xviii. 763, t. 56, f. 6—12. Tecoixin, Hernand. Mex. 36–65. Coppery olive, with white or yellow-edged black collar on the shoulders; scales of the back very broad, rhombic, blunt, toothed on the edge and keeled, ending in a short straight point; interpa- rietal plate moderate, subcordate; chin-shields 5-5. a. In spirits. Mexico. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. LIZARDS. 209 WEIGMANN'S TROPIDOLEPIS. Tropidolepis formosus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 303. Sceloporus formosus, Weigm. Herp. Mec. 50, S. torquatus, jun. Weigm. H. M. t. 7, f. 2, 8. Yellow, green coppery; males with a plain black scapular sometimes interrupted band; scales of the back rhomboidal, toothed and ending in a large very pointed spine. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. The SPINOSE TROPIDOLEPIS. Tropidolepis spinosus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 43. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 304. Sceloporus spinosus, Weigmann, Isis, 1828, 369. Herp. Mex. 50, t. 7, f. 3. Olive grey, with series of brown spots; scales of the back rhom- boidal, slightly toothed, keeled, and ending in a strong point; frontal shields 8 or 9. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. The HORRID TROPIDOLEPIS. Tropidolepis horridus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 306. Sceloporus horridus, Weigm. H. Mex. 50. Olive, with a grey-edged yellow streak on each side; yellowish beneath ; scales very large, rhomboidal, ending in a solid point; frontal disk of 7 plates. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. The SPOTTED TROPIDOLE PIS. Tropidolepis grammicus, Gray, Syn. A. K. ix. 43. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 307. Sceloporus grammicus, Weigm. Isis, 1828, 369. Herp. Mex. 51. S. pleuro- stictus, Weigm. Isis, 1828, 369. Olive green, with angular black-brown bands across the back ; scales of the back large, rhomboidal, pointed, toothed on the edge. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. *** Head-shields smooth. Scales of the back small, not toothed. The SMALL-SCALED TROPIDOLEPIS. Tropidolepis microlepi- dotus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 308. Sceloporus microlepidotus, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 51. S. grammicus, var. Weigm. Isis, 1828. Ashy green, with dusky bands and spots; scales of the body small, with short points, entire on the edge; interparietal plate large, cordate (formed of interparietal and 2 occipitals united ?); superciliary shields 10, in 2 rows, . a. In spirits. Mexico. From the Berlin Museum. **** Head-shields rugose. Scales of the back toothed. The VARIABLE SCELOPORUS. Tropidolepis variabilis. Scelo- porus variabilis, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 51. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 308. Olive brown ; male with 2 whitish lateral bands, female with transverse brown spots, placed in 2 series upon the middle of the back ; supraorbital shields 5, broad, in one row, edged with small T3 210 REPTILES. scales; seales of the back rhomboidal, pointed, twice as large as those of the sides; interparietal large, cordate (of interparietal and 2 occipitals united?). a, b. In spirits, not very good state. Mexico. From the Berlin Museum. ***** Head-shields rugose. Scales of the back not toothed. The BRONZED SCELOPORUS. Tropidolepis æneus. Scelopo- rus æneus, Weigm. Herp. Mex. 52. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 309. Reddish olive, above coppery; eyelid with scaly plates; scales of the back rhomboidal, ovate, strongly keeled and rather pointed, of the sides rather smaller ; interparietal shield rhombic. Inhab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin, 1 specimen. The Spotted Sceloporus. Tropidolepis scalaris, Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 95, t. 30, f. 3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 310. Scelo- porus scalaris, Weigm. H. M. 52, t. 8, f. 2. Ashy brown above, with white-edged black transverse spots, placed in 2 series, a blue spot on the shoulder; scales of the back and sides oval, rhomboidal, nearly equal in size; eyelid covered with 4 or 5 series of keeled scales, the inner curved series largest. a. In spirits. Mexico. From the Berlin Museum. b. Femoral pores none. Cloaca with a series of pores in front. 31. LEIODERA, Dum. et Bib. Tropidurus, part, Weigm. Proctotretus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, with moderate many-sided smooth not imbricate head-plates and a rather distinct interparietal. Nostril lateral, on the face-ridge. Sides of the neck smooth, with- out any plait, covered with rhombic imbricate keeled scales. Pa- late toothed. Ear rather sunk. Cheek with a single row of scales. Infraorbital scales elongate. Body rounded or rather depressed. Scales large, rhombic, imbricate, of upper parts keeled, of belly smooth, of the loins in 8 or 9 longitudinal series. Back and tail not crested. Toes simple, unequal, with 2 rows of shields beneath. Tail long, conical, covered with imbricate rhombic scales. Fe- moral and preanal pores none. Males with pores upon the front edge of the cloaca. The Chilian LEIODERA. Leiodera Chilensis. Calotes Chi- lensis, Lesson, Voy. Coq. Rept. t. 1, f. 2. Weigm. Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. 233. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 269. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 2, t. 1, f.1. ? Trop. nitidus, Weigm. Act. N. Cur. xvii. 234, t. 17, f. 2, (very young). Gravenh. N. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 722, t. 54, f. 8—10 (head). ?T. olivaceus, Weigm. I. c. 268, (var. with a fork- ed streak on nape) ? L. lineatus, Gravenh. Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xviii. 743, t. 54, f. 1-5. L. marmoratus, Gravenh. l. c. t. 54, f. 11? L. unicolor, Gravenh. l. c. 743? LIZARDS. 211 Dark olive, with pale edges to the scales, and a black keel; head blackish-dotted ; beneath yellowish olive or dark green bron- zed; scales of the back large, rhombic, elongate, acutely keeled, dagger-pointed; scales of the sides of the neck large, and si- milar to those of the back, of the tail smaller, of the lower side of the base narrow, smooth ; ears with 2 conical scales below, and a broad concave one above, in front; tail round, or slightly polyhe- dral at the end, tapering. a. Stuffed. N. Chili, Guasco. From M. Bibron's collection. b-d. In spirits. Tail broken or reproduced. N. Chili, Guasco. e, f. In spirits. e. Tail reproduced and forked. N. Chili. Present- ed by Charles Darwin, Esq. g. Young ? or var., in spirits. Pale brown, with scattered black spots on the back. Chili. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. GRAVENHORST'S LEIODERA. Leiodera Gravenhorstii. Pale olive with bluish reflections; back black-varied, generally with a broad central and narrow lateral black streaks; beneath, greenish bronzed; head dark olive, black varied ; scales of the back very large, rhomboid, strongly keeled, dagger-pointed, of the sides of neck and nape rather smaller, of the sides larger, nearly smooth, of the tail very large, of the under side of the base of the tail rhombic, and a little way further on, distinctly keeled ; tail 6 or 10 angular at the end, from the ridges of the keels of the scales; ears with several small scales in front. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Chili. From Mr. Cuming's collection. C, d. Young. Pale olive, with 7 broad dark streaks. From Mr. Cuming's collection. e, f. Young, in spirits. Pale brown, with interrupted black bands, tail with 3 brown streaks. Chili. Presented by Charles Dar- win, Esq. Proct. Chilensis, var. Bell, MSS. The SLENDER LEIODERA. Leiodera gracilis. Proctotretus gracilis, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 4, t. 1, f. 2. be Olive, with 2 pale streaks on each side ; slender ; front edge of the ears minutely 2 or 3 toothed; scales imbricate; of the back small, rhomboidal, flat, with a low keel, not pointed at the tip; of the sides of the throat uniform and similar but rather smaller ; of tail more pointed. a. In spirits. Patagonia, Port Desire. Presented by C. Dar- win, Esq. b. In spirits. Valparaiso. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. See also Proctotrepe mosaique, H. et J. Voy. à Pol Sud, t. 2, f.1, not described. 212 REPTILES. a 32. LEIOLÆMUS, Weigmann. Proctotretus, Dum. et Bib. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, more or less depressed, with moderate, smooth, not imbricate, many-sided shields, with a rather distinct interparietal shield. Sides of neck with small, thick or granular scales, a longitudinal ridge and a cross fold in front of the shoulder. Nostril lateral, just on the face-ridge. Palate toothed. Cheek with 1 (rarely 2) rows of scales. Infraorbital shield elon- gate. Ear sunk. Eyebrows scaly, with 3 or 4 larger shields. Body roundish. Scales imbricate, of the upper part keeled, of the belly smooth. Back and tail not crested. Tail long, round- ish. Toes simple. Femoral and preanal pores none. Males with pores on the front edge of the cloaca. Body without folds on the sides. Scales of the hinder part of the thigh small, subequal, the lower ones rather larger. + Scales of the back elongate, rhombic, with a strong rather produced keel. The BLUE-BELLIED LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus cyanogaster. Proctotretus cyanogaster, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 273. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 12, t. 5, f. 2, (tail reproduced). Green, with a yellow streak on each side of the back, beneath blue; ears large, simple in front; scales of the sides of the neck small, rhomboidal, imbricate, keeled, of the back and sides large, lozenge-shaped, with a dagger-pointed keel; of the throat and belly entire; the back of the thighs completely granular. a. Adult, in spirits. Bronzed, black-spotted, tail with a central dark streak above. Chili. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. b. In spirits. Olive, with a broad pale streak on each side. Val- a divia. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. BELL'S LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolamus Bellii. Dark olive, yellow. varied ; head black, yellow-dotted ; beneath greyish; head-shields rather convex; ears with small blunt scales in front; scales rather large, yellow-edged, with a central, strong, rather produced keel, concave on the sides; of the sides of the neck rather large, thick, narrow, keeled; of the temples convex, bluntly keeled; of the tail rhombic, truncated. a. Adult, in spirits. Tail reproduced. Chili. Chili. From Mr. Cu- ming's collection. BIBRON'S LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus Bibronii. Proctotretus Bibronii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 6, t. 3, f. 1. Olive, with series of black spots; the tail with a central black streak above; scales of the head smooth, rather convex; of tem- ple and neck rounded, smooth, imbricate; of the neck very small; of the back rhomboidal, keeled, acuminated behind; of abdomen entire ; ears oval, front one toothed; cheek-scales in 1 series; the hinder face of the thigh entirely granular. LIZARDS. 213 a. In spirits. Port Desire. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b. In spirits. Darker, throat dark marbled, belly black-spotted. Chili. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The LINEATED LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus lineatus. Olive, with 3 or 5 narrow interrupted black streaks; the head black-varied; back with small yellow spots, forming short trans- verse spots on the sides; tail with pale rings; scales of the back and sides rhombic, flat, with a distinct central keel ending in an acute tip; of the sides of the neck moderate, rhomboidal, keeled ; of the throat and belly entire ; back of the thighs uniformly gra- nular; ears oblong, granular in front. a, b. In spirits. Chili. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The BLACK-SPOTTED LEIOLEMUS. Leiolæmus nigromacula- tus, Weigm. Act. Nat. Cur. xvii. 229. Proctotretus nigromacula- tus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 281. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 10, t. 4, f. 2. Grey fulvous, with 2 series of angular black spots on each side of the back; a large black spot on each scapular; hinder part of the thighs black-dotted ; scales of the sides of the neck very thick, rhomboidal; of the back and sides rather larger, rhomboidal, with a dagger-pointed keel; of the throat and belly often nicked; ears large, broad, toothed in front; cheek-scales 1-rowed. a. In spirits. Chili, Coquimbo. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. The INCONSPICUOUS LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus inconspicuus, Gray, B. M. 1836. Pale brown, slightly black-varied, (perhaps bleached); scales of the sides of the neck triangular, smooth, of the middle longi- tudinal fold larger, thicker, prominent, of the upper part smaller, convex, of the lower part thinner, broader; of the front of the shoulder granular; of the back rhombic, keeled, rather dagger- pointed ; of the hinder side of the thigh minute, uniform, granu- lar; of the belly thin, often bifid. a. In spirits. Chili. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. # Scales with a slight or indistinct (not produced) keel. The Painted LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus pictus. Proctotretus pictus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 276. Voy. à Pol Sud. t. 2, f. 1. Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 5, t. 2, f. 1, 2. L. bistriatus, Gray, B. M. 1836. Olive, black-varied and white-dotted, with a broad pale streak on each side of the back; beneath yellow, blue on the chin and sides, and black-dotted; the ears large, granular in front; cheek- scales in one row; eyebrow-shields 4 or 5; sides of the neck and hinder part of the thigh with small flat scales, the lower scales 214 REPTILES. 2 rather the largest ; scales of back moderate, rhomboidal, strongly keeled; of the sides nearly smooth; of the throat and belly entire. a. In spirits. Green. Chili, Valparaiso. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b, c. In spirits. Chili. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. The DOTTED LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus tenuis, Proctotretus tenuis, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iy. 279. Voy. à Pol. Sud. t. 2,* f. 2. Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 7, t. 3, f. 2. L. punctatus, Gray, B. M. 1836. Olive, black and green dotted, back with 2 series of short arch- ed black cross bands; head pyramidical ; ears large, with a pro- minence on the front edge; the eyebrows scaly, with 4 squarish shields; cheek-scales in one series; sides of neck and the hinder part of the thighs granular; scales of the back small, rhomboidal, blunt, feebly keeled; of the sides smaller, smooth, entire. a, b. In spirits. Olive, with interrupted brown arched cross bands, partly bleached. Valparaiso. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. L. tenuis, Bell. c. In spirits. Olive, green and black dotted. Chili, Valparaiso. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. L. pictus, Bell, MS. B. M. part, Bibron. d-f. In spirits. Olive, green and black dotted, forehead-shields small. Chili. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 9, h. Like d and e, but forehead-shield larger. Chili. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. inj. Adult, in spirits. 'Very large, discoloured, blackish. Chili. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The HEBREW-MARKED LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus signifer. Proctotretus signifer, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 288, t. 39, f. 2. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 8, t. 4, f. 1. Fulvous grey, with 4 series of letter-like black marks; head short; ears rather small, with 2 small tubercles on the lower part of the front; cheek-scales in 1 (or 2?) rows; scales of the back small, numerous, rhomboidal, rounded behind, flatly keeled and not pointed ; of the sides smooth, rather convex; of the throat and belly not nicked; of the hinder part of the thighs uniformly granular. Inhab. Peru. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. The SMALL-SCALED LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus maculatus. Tropidurus maculatus, Gray, B. M. 1836. Olive, with cross series of black-edged white spots; head rather depressed, shields smooth, flat; superciliary shields 5-5, many-sid- ed; interparietal plate roundish, distinct, with 2 pair of rather lar- ger occipital plates behind it; cheek-scales 1-rowed; ear with a prominence on the front edge; scales of the back small, rhornbic, LIZARDS. 215 keeled, placed nearly in longitudinal series; of the side smaller, granular; of the belly small, smooth ; of the hinder part of the thighs uniform, granular; preanal pores 4. a. In spirits, young. Peru. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. ** Body not folded on the side. Hinder side of the thighs granu- lar, with a roundish group of larger keeled scales. FITZINGER'S LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolamus Fitzingerii. Procto- tretus Fitzingerii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 286. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 11, t. 5, f. 1. Grey brown, with 4 series of white-edged black spots; head short, muzzle narrow, rounded; ears large, with 2 or 3 large and other small tubercular granules on the front edge; cheek-scales 1-rowed ; sides of the neck and part of the back of the thigh gra- nular; scales of back moderate, rhomboidal, blunt, very slightly keeled ; of the sides smooth ; of the throat and belly entire. a. In spirits. Tail reproduced. Patagonia Presented by C. . Darwin, Esq. DARWIN'S LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus Darwinii. Proctotretus Darwinii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. t. 7. Body rather depressed; scales of the head numerous, small, slightly elevated, smooth, not imbricate; of the temple and neck granular; cheek-scales 1-rowed ; hinder side of the thigh granu- lar (hinder) part covered with imbricate scales; ears entire in front. a, b. In spirits. N. Patagonia, Bahia Blanca. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. *** The Body with a distinct longitudinal fold on each side. CAPT. King's LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus Kingii. Proctotretus Kingii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 13, t. 6, f. 12. Pr. Magellanique, H.S. J. Voy. à Pol Sud, t. 2, f. 2, (young). Grey, with 4 series of square blackish spots, separated by 4 or rarely 5 streaks, the spots sometimes confluent; throat black- lined; scales of the back moderate, ovate, rhombic, with a distinct straight scarcely produced keel; of the sides of the neck rather thick, round; of the front edge of the ears sinall, with sometimes ; one larger one below; of the tail ovate-rhombic, keeled, with the hinder edge rounded; the sides with an obscure lateral longitu- dinal fold; cloacal pores 6, in pairs; thighs uniformly granular behind. a, b. Adult, in spirits. Brown, with irregular cross bands and a central pale streak. Patagonia, Port Desire. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. From Capt. King's collection. (-9. Young, in spirits. Back with 3 or 5 pale streaks and 4 se- ries of square brown spots; the ears with a larger tubercle in front. Patagonia. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. 216 REPTILES. a WEIGMANN'S LEIOLÆMUS. Leiolæmus Weigmannii. Procto- tretus Weigmannii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 284. Bell, Zool. Bea- gle, t. 8, f. 12. Greyish, with a fulvous streak between 2 series of angular black spots; a white-edged black streak on each thigh; the head rounded ; muzzle rounded, blunt; the ears moderate, granular in front; nostrils rather superior; cheek-scales 2-rowed, back of the thighs granular, with scales near the base of the tail like those of the under part; scales of the back moderate, rhomboidal, dagger- pointed, keeled; of the throat and belly entire, not nicked; thigh granular, with a group of large scales behind. a, b. In spirits. Bahia Blanca. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. c. In spirits. Peru. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. d. In spirits. Monte Video. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. e. In spirits. Maldonado. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. 33. PTYGODERUS. Proctotretus, part, Dum. et Bil. Head rather depressed, covered with equal, rhomboidal, keeled plates. Throat with a fold on each side. Palate toothed. Nos- trils lateral on the face-ridge. Ears sunk, toothed in front. Cheek-scales 1-rowed. Body with a crest of compressed scales on each side. Scales of the upper parts keeled, of the belly smooth. Back and tail not crested. Tail roundish, tapering. Toes sim- ple. Femoral pores none. Males with pores on front of cloaca. The PTYGODERE. Ptygoderus pectinatus. Proctotretus pecti- natus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 192. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 18, t.9, f. 2. Fulvous grey, with 3 series of large white-edged black oval spots, head with 3 white cross lines; ears moderate, toothed in front; labial plates very narrow; scales of the sides of the throat, back and sides rhomboidal, keeled, imbricate. a-c. In spirits. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. 34. PROCTOTRETUS, part, Dum. et Bib. Head depressed, broad, covered with numerous, very small, smooth, many-sided head-shields. Interparietal plate very small, surrounded with very small plates. Nostrils superior, subapical, on each side, just above the face-ridge. Throat granular, and with a fold on the sides. Ears sunk. Cheeks with 3 or 5 series of small scales between the lip-shields and the elongated infra- orbital shield. Body depressed, simple, scales rhombic, imbri- cate, of the belly smooth. Back and tail not crested. Toes simple. Tail elongate. Femoral and preanal pores none. Males with small pores on the front edge of the cloaca. LIZARDS. 217 The PROCTOTRETE. Proctotretus multimaculatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 290. Bell, Zool. Beagle, 17, t. 9, f. 1. Grey, with crowded black dots; ears very small, simple; sides of the neck and hinder part of the thighs completely granular; scales of the back small, numerous, lozenge-shaped, distinctly keeled, not dagger-pointed; of the sides smooth ; of the throat and belly entire. a-c. Adult and young, in spirits. Bahia Blanca, Patagonia. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. c. Femoral and anal pores none. † Interparietal plate small, linear. Head-shields regular. 35. LEIOCEPHALUS, Gray. Holotrophis, Dum. et Bib. Tropidurus, part, Fitz. Pristinotus, Gravenh. Head pyramidical, quadrangular. Nostrils lateral, upon the face-ridge. Head-shields moderate, angular, oblong, nearly equal, with a small interparietal and transverse supraocular shields, and 4 frontal shields between the eyes. Palate toothed. Ears toothed in front. Neck smooth below, irregularly plaited on the sides, and with an oblique plait in front of each shoulder. Body and tail 3-sided, covered with imbricate, keeled, sharp-pointed scales, placed in oblique lines, converging towards and forming the dor- sal crest. The outer edge of the 2 or 3 first hinder toes toothed. Femoral and preanal pores none. Does not change colour nor dilate its throat ; twists its tail spirally. * Ventral scales keeled. HERMINIER's ROQUET. Leiocephalus Herminieri. Holotro- phis Herminieri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 261, t. 44. The dorsal crest high, compressed; scales of the belly keeled ; tail strongly compressed. Inhab. Martinique. Mus. Paris. ** Ventral scales smooth, torn on the edge. † Eyebrow-disk covered with broad shields. Leiocephalus. The KEELED ROQUET. Leiocephalus carinatus, Gray, Phil. , Mag. 1837, ii. 208. Dorsal-crest moderate, low in front, higher on the loins and base of the tail; tail much compressed, distinctly crested ; olive, sides blackish-varied ; tail dark-ringed; muzzle with 2 pair of small equal, and some smaller central scales in front of the larger oblong longitudinal frontonasal pair ; scales of the nape smaller ; than those of the back, in 15 series; of the belly smooth, torn on the edge; head-shields smooth, the interparietal elongate, linear. a. In spirits. West Indies. U 218 REPTILES. The CUBAN ROQUET. Leiocephalus MacLeayii. L. carina- tus, Gray, Ann. N. H. Roquet, MacL. Trans. Zool. Soc. i. 183. Dorsal crest moderate, low, equal, on the back, loins and tail ; tail compressed, brown-ringed; olive, with indistinct, pale, cross bands; muzzle with 2 pair of moderate transverse scales in front of the pair of large broad squarish frontonasal plates, the interpa- rietal plate triangular; scales of the back large, rhombic, keeled ; of the nape nearly equally large, in 11 series; of the belly smooth, torn on the edge a. Adult, in spirits. Head-shields with longitudinal ridges. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. b. Half-grown, in spirits. Head-shields smooth. Cuba. Pre- sented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. Schreiber's ROQUET. Leiocephalus Schreibersii. Tropidu- rus Schreibersii, Fitz. Verz. 49. Gravenh. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 739, t. 54, f. 15, 16, (head). Holotrophis microlophus, Cocteau, Sagra, Cuba, Rept. t. 5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 264. Lion Lizard, Catesby, Carol. ii. t. 68. Tropidurus Leiolæmus Cubensis, Gray, . Ann. N. H. v. 110. The dorsal and caudal crest very small, equal; head-shields longitudinally rugose; tail roundish, slightly compressed ; scales thin, keeled, moderate; ventral scales scarcely larger, not keeled ; fulvous brown, with 2 pale streaks on each side. a. In spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. # Eyebrow-disk with scales in front and larger shields behind. Holotrophis. Gray's ROQUET. Leiocephalus Grayii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 21, t. 13, f. 1. Dorsal crest compressed, of the back and tail equally high ; tail rather compressed; the ears 4-toothed in front ; eyebrow-disk with imbricate scales in front and 4 band-like shields behind ; head-shields convex, smooth; interparietal plate sunken, united to the surrounding plates ; olive, black-spotted ; scales of the back broad, short, rhombic, dagger-pointed; of the nape smaller ; of the belly rhomboidal, smooth, torn on the edge. a. In spirits. Charles Island, Galapagos. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b. Adult, in spirits. With a pale streak on each side. Galapa- gos. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. (-e. Half-grown, in spirits. Scales of neck less dagger-pointed. Galapagos. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. f. Very young, in spirits. Pale olive, with a paler streak on each side and a dark one above. Galapagos. Presented by Chas. Darwin, Esq. LIZARDS. 219 # Eyebrow-disks covered like the crown with keeled scales. Pristinotus. The SHOULDER-SPOTTED Roquet. Leiocephalus ornatus. Olive, yellow-varied, back with black cross bands and a large black spot in front of each shoulder; crest of the back and tail high, compressed, equal; tail compressed; head-shields small, unequal, keeled ; eyebrows covered with 1 or 2 keeled scales like the head ; interparietal plate small; scales of the back broad, short, rhombic, dagger-pointed. a. In spirits. Guayaquil, Trop. America. 36. STENOCERCUS, Dum. et Bib. Head depressed, triangular, elongate, covered with small equal scales, a distinct interparietal plate, and many longitudinal rows of supraocular shields. Palate toothed. Nostrils rather lateral, directed backwards. Throat without any cross plait. Neck with a longitudinal fold on each side, and a curvilinear fold before each shoulder. Body rather elongate, rather 3-sided, with a very small toothed crest. Scales imbricate, of the back keeled, placed in oblique lines, of the belly smooth. Tail long, compressed, with whorls of large spinose scales. Femoral pores none. The STENOCERE. Stenocercus roseiventris, D'Orbigny, Voy. A. M. Rept. t. 4, f. 1-3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 350. Edge of the ear not toothed; dark brown above, rosy beneath. . Inhab. Bolivia. Mus. Paris, a single specimen, 37. TRACHYCYCLUS, Dum. et Bib. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, flattened, covered with nearly equal plates, interparietal very small. Nostril rather lateral. Pa- late not toothed. Neck with a plait on each side, and a fold in front of each shoulder. Body nearly round. Scales of back mo- derate, imbricate, keeled, in converging lines, of the belly smooth. Nape, back and tail not crested. Tail moderate, subconic, slight- ly depressed at the base, surrounded with whorls of spines. Toes toothed on the sides. Femoral pores none. The TrachYCYCLUS. Trachycyclus marmoratus, D'Orbigny, Voy. A. M. Rept. t. 4, f. 4–8. Dum. et Bib. E.G. iv. 356, t. 391, f. 1. Inhab. Brazil, Rio Grande. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. # Interparietal plate large. Back or tail crested. 38. TARAGUIRA. Ecphymotes, Cuvier, not Fitz. Tropidurus, part, Wied., Wagler, Weigm., Gravenh. Oplurus, part, Gray. Platynotus, Wagler ?? Head triangular, depressed, covered with unequal plates, with a moderate rather large interparietal scale, rather small occipital, a U2 220 REPTILES. a a and moderate supraorbital shields. Nostrils anterior, just above the face-ridge, directed backwards. Neck with a cross fold below and 2 stronger ones on each side. Palate toothed. Cheek with 1 row of unequal scales. Body rather elongate, depressed, with small imbricate scales, not folded on the sides. Scales of the back keeled, converging to the dorsal line; of the belly smooth. Back not crested. The tail long, strong, conical, with imbricate keeled scales and a slight compressed crest. Limbs moderate. Femoral pores none. * Tail roundish, with a slight crest above. The TaraguIRA. Taraguira torquata. Stellio torquatus, TARAGUIRA Weid. Abbild. t. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 41. Schinz, Rept. 89, t. 39, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 344. Gravenh. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 754, t. 56, f. 13-18, (head). Agama tuberculata, Spix, Braz, 12, t. 15, f. 1. Guerin, Icon. Rept. t. 12, f. 2. A. hispida, Spix, Braz. 12, t. 15, f. 2. A. nigricollaris, Spix, Braz. 13, t. 16, f. 2. A. Cyclurus, Spix, Braz. 14, t. 17, f. 1. A. taraguira, Licht. Doubl. 101. Olive, black-spotted and varied with a pale streak on each side of the back, and a broad white-edged black band on each side of the neck; scales of the back of the neck and back rather small, keeled ; of the base of the tail larger; of front of ear-hole narrow rather elongated, subequal ; tail very slightly compressed, with a central series of rather more keeled scales above. a, b. In spirits. Ears with 6 triangular scales in front. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart. , c, d. In spirits. Ears with 6 or 7 triangular scales. Brazils. From Dr. Gardner's collection. e-g. In spirits. h. In spirits. Rio Janiero. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. i. Stuffed. Brazils. Presented by Mrs. Parker. Agama semitæniata, Spix, Lac. Braz, t. 16, f. 2, on which Wagler established his genus Platynotus, appears to be allied to this species, but I have not seen the specimen, nor is it referred to by Dumeril and Bibron, nor seen by Weigmann. ** Tail rather compressed, distinctly crested. Darwin's TARAGUIRA. Taraguira Darwinii. Olive, pale-spotted, with irregular black cross bands on the sides; the bands in front of the shoulders most distinct (but not white-edged); scales of the nape and back moderate, rather small, keeled, especially at the tip, which is rather produced; of the tail larger; on front of the ear-hole broad, short, irregular, unequal ; tail rather compressed, with a central series of very compressed keeled scales above, forming a low crest; head rather elongated. a, b. In spirits. Brazils, Abrolhos Inlet. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. LIZARDS. 221 Smith's TARAGUIRA. Taraguira Smithii. Olive-green, with black cross-bands on each side, the 1 in front , of the shoulders rather the broadest, (not white-edged); scales of the neck and back larger keeled, the keels forming distinct ridges, of the tail larger ; of the front of the ear-hole broad, short, une- qual; tail compressed, higher than broad, with a distinct central ridge of rather more keeled scales. a-c. In spirits. Tail thick (males ?), under side of thighs and preanal space blackish. Brazil. d-f. In spirits. Tail more slender, under side of thighs and the space before the vent blackish. Pernambuco. Presented by J.P. G. Smith, Esq. . g. In spirits. Tail wanting, under side of thighs and space in front of vent yellow. Brazils. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. 39. MICROLOPHUS, Dum. et Bib. Tropidurus, part, Weigm. Head subpyramidical, quadrangular, depressed, covered with unequal flat subsymmetrical plates a dilated interparietal and band- like supraorbital shields. Nostrils lateral, rather tubular, just above the face-ridge. Palate toothed. Ear toothed in front. Neck with many cross folds, and an arched fold on each shoulder meeting on the chest. Body elongate, rather rounded, with 2 obscure folds on each side. Scales subimbricate, of the back mo- derate, feebly keeled or smooth, of the belly smooth. Nape, back and tail with a very low toothed or tubercular crest. subconical, rather larger, covered with rhombic keeled pointed ra- ther whorled scales. Femoral pores none. Toes 5-5, unequal, denticulated, clawed. The MICROLOPHE. Microlophus Peruvianus. Stellio Peru- vianus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. Rept. t. 2, f. 1, (var. C. Dum.) Lophy- rus Araucanus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. Rept. t. 2, f. 1, (var. B. Dum.) Tropidurus microlophus, Weigm. Bonn Trans. xvii. 223, t. 16, (var. A. Dum.) T. heterolepis, Weigm. I. c. 225, t. 17, f. 1, (var. , . D. Dum.) Mi. Lessonii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 336. Olive, black speckled and varied, or with a black or white side streak; dorsal crest toothed, or tubercular and rudimentary. ; a, 6. Young, in spirits. Peru, Copiapo and Iquique. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. 40. OPlurus, Cuvier. Uromastyx, Pr. Max. Head triangular, rather elongate, covered with moderate-sized plates; a moderate interparietal plate, and many small supraocu- lar, placed in several series. Nostrils rather lateral, tubular. Pa- late toothed. Ears sunk, toothed in front. Neck with a cross fold on the chest, going over the shoulder, and sometimes preceded by Tail long, a U 3 222 REPTILES. 2 others, and with a very small nuchal crest above. Body short, broad, angular. Scales large, rhombic, keeled. Tail moderate, conical, with whorls of large strong spinose scales. Femoral pores none. The Brazilian Oplurus. Oplurus Braziliensis. Cordylus Braziliensis, B. Laur. Syn. 32. Seba, i. 152, t. 97, f. 4. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 69. Uromastyx cyclurus, Merrem, Tent. 56. Oplu- rus torquatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 46.0. Sebæ, Dum. et Bib. E. G. , iv. 361. Tropidurus Cuvieri, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 41. Weigm. H. Mex. i. 18. Scales of the back keeled; front edge of the ear toothed; olive, with a black band across the shoulders. a. Adult, in spirits. With 3 cross bands, the front one narrower. Brazils. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. b. Adult, in spirits. With only 1 (the central) cross band. Brazil. c. Young, in spirits. Back with black cross bands, the front 2 white-edged behind. Brazil. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N. 41. STROBILURUS, Weigm. Head depressed, with numerous flat shields, with a large in- terparietal plate, surrounded by many small shields. Nostrils round, above the obscure face-ridge, in the middle of an oblong nasal shield. Eyebrows covered with small flat shields. Palate not toothed. Ear nearly superficial, front edge toothed. Neck with an oblique plait before each shoulder, branching into many small plaits on each side of the neck. Body rather 3-sided, scales moderate, imbricate; of the back keeled, forming oblique lines converging to the dorsal line, which has a low denticulated keel ; of the belly smooth. Tail moderate, covered with large spine- bearing scales, depressed at the base, and with 7 series of spines above and large spines beneath, rather compressed at the end. Femoral pores none. Toes slender, unequal, with a series of den- ticulated keeled scales beneath. The STROBILURUS. Strobilurus torquatus, Weigm. H. Mex. 18. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 354. Olive; head and neck black varied, with a broad black cross band on each side, in front of the shoulder ; tail depressed, and with 7 longitudinal series of large spinose scales above; the head- shields small, smooth. a. Stuffed. Brazils. Presented by Mrs. Parker. 42. URANISCODON, part, Kaup. Uperanodon, Dum. et Bib. Plica, Gray. Hypsibatus, Wagler. Calotes, Schinz. Head short, rounded in front, covered with unequal plates ; occipital plate large; superocular shields large. Nostrils lateral. LIZARDS. 223 Palate toothless. Throat with a slight longitudinal and distinct hinder cross fold. Body subtriangular, not plaited on the sides. Back covered with rhombic imbricate scales, obliquely directed towards the dorsal line, and slightly crested. Tail moderately (long, rounded, not crested. Femoral pores none. Femoral pores none. Toes fringed with small acute scales on the outer side. * Scales of body keeled. Uraniscodon. The URANISCODON. Uraniscodon umbra, Kaup. Bull. Sci. Lophyrus ochrocollaris, Spix, Braz, 10, t. 12, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 248. Lacerta umbra, Linn. S. N. 367 ? Scales of the body keeled; back with 7 brownish cross bands. a. Adult, in spirits. Rather bleached. S. America. 6. Very young, in spirits. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. ** Scales smooth. Uperanodon. The PAINTED URANISCO DON. Uraniscodon pictum, Kaup. Agama picta, Nieuw. Abbild. t. Schinz, Rept. 86, t. 25, f. 2. Gray, Griff. A. K. 40. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 251. Lophyrus panthera, Spix, Braz. 11, t. 13. Scales of the body smooth ; back with 5 blackish cross bands; palate - ? Inhab. Brazils. 43. Plica, Gray. Hypsibatus, Wagler. Lophyrus, Gray. Hypselopus, Gravenh. Uraniscodon, part, Kaup. Head depressed, rounded in front, covered with unequal scales, a large interparietal and superocular plates. Nape and ears with tufts of spine-like scales. Nostrils lateral. Palate toothed. The throat with a longitudinal and more distinct hinder transverse folds. Body rather depressed, with 2 longitudinal folds on each side. Back slightly crested, and covered with imbricate keeled scales. Tail rounded or compressed. Femoral pores none. The PLICA. Plica umbra, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 41. Seba, ii. t. 76, f.5? Iguana Chalcidica, Laur. Syn. 48? I. umbra, Latr. Rept. i. 263. Daud. R. iii. 375. Cuv. R. A. ii. 37. Harlan, 63. I. plica, Merrem, Tent. 55. Gravenh. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 771, t. 56, f. 1–5. Lophyrus agamoides, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1837, ii. 208. Griffith, A. K. ix. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 254. Tail rounded; back fulvous-brown, marbled with black trans- verse bands. a. In spirits. N. America ? Georgia ? si sliq 224 REPTILES. The DOTTED PLICA. Plica punctata. Hypsibatus puncta- tus, Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 258. Tail strongly compressed, with a toothed crest above; head- a shields numerous; grey, with white spots above, beneath whitish. Inhab. Tropical America. Mus. Paris. E. Body depressed, with small scales. Back scarcely crested. Tail conical. Phrynosomina. a. Scales of body and tail small, uniform. 44. LEIOSAURUS, Dum. et Bib. Head short, depressed, covered with very small flat or convex scales, the interparietal small, indistinct Eyes edged with small scales beneath. Back and tail not crested. Tail short, rounded, ick at the base, end slender, covered with small scales like the back. Palate toothed. Femoral pores none. Toes 5-5, short, thick, subcylindrical, furnished below with a row of smooth or keeled scales. Claws nearly straight. * Scales under the toes small. Toes not fringed. Leiosaurus. BELL'S LEIOSAURUS. Leiosaurus Bellii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 242, t. 39, f. 1. Back with a series of angular black spots, each formed of 3 spots more or less united, the central spot being the largest ; the scales under the toes narrow, keel-less; toes not fringed on the edge. a. In spirits. S. America. Presented by Thos. Bell, Esq., from the collection of Capt. P. P. King. ** Shields under the toes broad, 2 or 3 keeled. Toes fringed. Ptenodactylus. The BANDED LEIOSAURUS. Leiosaurus fasciatus, D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. Erp. t. 3, f. 6. 7. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 244. Back with broad black bands; toes very finely fringed on the inner side; scales under the toes very broad, 2 or 3 keeled ; inter- parietal plates very small. Inhab. S. America. Mus. Paris. 45. DIPLOLÆMUS, Bell. Head short, broad, subtriangular, covered with small rounded not imbricate scales. 'Ears smail, ovate, front edge smooth. Eyes with a large arched plate beneath. Nostrils large, rounded. The neck with a transverse plait below and folds on the sides. Body rather depressed, not crested, with very small, smooth, convex, scarcely imbricate scales; belly with flat smooth scales. The tail round, short, smooth. Feet strong, robust. Femoral and preanal Palate toothless. pores none. LIZARDS. 225 DARWIN'S DIPLOLÆMUS. Diplolæmus Darwinii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 20, t. 10. Scales of the head convex ; tail rather longer than the body and head. , a, b. Young and adult, in spirits. Patagonia, Port Desire. Pre- sented by Charles Darwin, Esq. Bibron's DIPLOLÆMUS. Diplolæmus Bibronii, Bell, Zool. Beagle, 21, t. 21. Scales of the head flat; tail shorter than the body and head. a, b. S. America. Chili. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. (from the collection of Capt. P. P. King, R.N.) , c, d. Adult. Chili. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. e. Young. Chili. With no large but equal small scales under the orbit. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b. Scales of back small, of tail larger, whorled. 46. TROPIDURUS, part, Schinz. Oplurus, part, Dum. et Bib. Uromastyx, Nieuwied. Head triangular, short, thick, covered with moderate-sized plates; interparietal plate moderate, oblong. Eyebrow-scales small, many-rowed. Nostrils lateral, tubular. Nape-crest formed of conical tubercles. Throat lax, with 2 folds behind, and a plait in front of the shoulders. The ear small, rather tubercular in front. Body depressed. Back not crested. Scales of the back smooth, convex, transverse, rhomboidal, not imbricate, of the sides rather smaller. Tail conical, tapering, with rings of large spinose scales. Cheek-scales 2-rowed. The False QUETZ PALEA. Tropidurus cyclurus. Uromas- tix cyclurus, Wied. N. Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. 127, t. 15. Tropidurus torquatus, Schinz, Rept. 90, t. 29, f. 1. O. Maximiliana, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 365. Scales of the back convex, smooth; the front edge of the ear not toothed; olive, with a black angular band across the shoulders. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris. 47. URANOCENTRON, Kaup., Wagler, Weigm. Uromastyx, part, Merrem. Doryphorus, Cuvier. Head short, triangular, flat in front, with many nearly square, small, polygonal scales, and a large interparietal plate. Palate toothless. Nasal plates nearly lateral, swollen, Throat with a double plait. Ears not toothed. Body short, depressed, longitu- dinally folded on the sides, with small, imbricate, smooth scales, and no dorsal crest. Tail rather elongate, broad, flat, surrounded with whorls of large spinous scales. Femoral pores none. 226 REPTILES. The DORYPHORE. Uranocentron azureum. Uranocentron azureum. Lacerta azurea, Linn. S. N. 362. Seba, ii. t. 62, f. 6. Daud. R. iv. 36. Cuv. R. A. ii. 34. Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 6, f. 3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 371, t. 42, f. 2. Stellio brevicauda, Latr. Rept. ii. 29, t. f. 1. Daud. R. iv. 40, t. 47. Azure, with black cross bands, and with black netted lines on the limbs. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Col. Surg., Mus. Paris. 48. PHRYMATURUS, Gravenh. Centrura, Bell. Head short, triangular, covered with small, round, not imbri- cate scales. Ears large, with a fold in front, scarcely toothed, partly hidden. Nostrils large, rounded. Eyebrows covered with small granular scales. Throat with a slight cross fold. Neck and body scarcely crested. Body depressed, broad, covered with very small, round, rather convex, smooth scales. Sides with a longitudinal fold of skin. Tail round, rather depressed at the base, with whorls of spinose scales. Femoral pores none, but the males with a series of pores a little distance in front of the vent, and one or two on the edge of the cloaca itself. Palate toothed. The preanal pores are not mentioned by either Gravenhorst or Bell. The PALLUMA. Phrymaturus Palluma, Gravenh. Act. Nat. Cur. 1837, xviii. 750, t. 55, f. 2. Lacerta Palluma, Molina Sag- gio. Daud. Rept. iv. 46. Centrura flagellifer, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 25, t. 13, f. 2. Greyish green, black spotted, beneath greenish white; scales of the tail moderate. a. In spirits. Discoloured. Body swollen, sides simple, vent with a series of pores in front. Chili. From Mr. Cuming's collection. b. In spirits. Body depressed, with a large fold formed of the loose skin upon each side, femoral and preanal pores none. Chili. Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. Centrura flagellifer, Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept. 25, t. 13, f. 2. 49. CALLISAURUS, Blainv. Hypsibates, Weigm.! Head short, depressed, rounded in front, covered with unequal plates, a very dilated interparietal plate, and broad square supra- ocular shields. Nostrils on the muzzle. Palate toothless. Teeth simple, conical. Throat with a longitudinal and hinder trans- verse fold. Neck with cross folds on the side. Ear-hole simple. Body depressed, with a slight fold of skin upon the lower part of each side. Scales of the body small, numerous, close, imbricate, LIZARDS. 227 smooth, without any dorsal and caudal crest. Tail elongate, flat, thick at the base, attenuated, covered with small, square, smooth, whorled scales. Limbs strong. Toes very long, slender. Claws slender. Femoral pores in a long series. . The CALLISAURUS. Callisaurus draconoides, Blainv. N. Ann. Mus. iv. t. 24, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 326. Grey, with irregular brownish bands. Inhab. California. Mus. Paris. a 50. TROPIDOGASTER, Dum. et Bib. Head short, triangular, blunt in front, covered with keeled scales, with a moderate interparietal shield, and many small keel- ed supraocular scales. Nostrils lateral, tubular. Palate toothless. Throat with 2 or 3 entire cross folds. Neck with 1 or 2 longitu- dinal plaits on each side. Front edge of ear denticulated. Body rather depressed, with a fold of skin on each side. Scales of the back small, 1-keeled; of the belly 3-keeled. Back with a slight toothed crest. Tail long, rather conical, slightly depressed at the base, covered with whorled keeled scales, and slightly crested above. Toes and claws slender, very small. Femoral pores none. The TROPIDOGASTER. Tropidogaster Blainvillii, Dum.et Bib. E. G. iv. 330, t. 39*, f. 2. Agama undulata, Mus. Paris. Fulvous, waved with black, and with a grey band on each side. Inhab. Mus. Paris. c. Scales of body and tail unequal. Sides serrated. Body depressed. Femoral Femoral pores distinct. 51. PARYNOSOMA, Weigmann. Tapayea, part, Cuv., Fitz. Head short, rounded in front, with large spines on the sides behind, and equal many-sided head-shields, interparietal shield small, circular. Palate toothless. Throat folded across. Ears simple-edged. Body short, very much depressed, oval. Scales of the upper part keeled, with scattered spinose tubercles. Sides granular, fringed above, and sometimes below, by a series of com- pressed elongate scales. Back and tail not crested. Tail short, tapering, depressed at the base. Limbs short. Toes short, tooth- ed on the edge. Thigh with a series of pores. * Head tubercular. Belly without any lateral spines. Ventral scales smooth. Femoral pores numerous, in 2 arched series. DOUGLAS'S PHRYNOSOMA. Phrynosoma Douglasii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 44. Zool. Beechey's Voy. t. Agama Doug- lasii, Bell, Linn. Trans. xi. 105, t. 10. P. orbiculare, jun. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 323. 228 REPTILES. Olive, whitish marbled, black spotted; back irregularly gra- nular, with scattered groups of elongated conical angular spines; head with short tubercles on the eyebrows and lower part of the oc- ciput and temple; head-shields keeled ; chin with uniform small scales, and a short series of large keeled scales, separated from the similar-shaped lower lip-shields by small scales, and not connect- ed behind with the larger lip-shields; belly granular, not fringed on the sides; femoral pores in 2 nearly contiguous arched series ; tail with a group of large scales near the hinder edge of the cloaca. a. In spirits. California. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. ** Head spinose. Belly without any lateral spines. Scales of the belly smooth. The TAPAYAXIN. Phrynosoma orbiculare, Weigm. Isis, 1828, 367. H. Mex. 53, t. 8, f. 1. Wagler, Icon. t. 23, f. 1, 2. Schinz, Rept. 88, t. 27, f. 2. Gravenh. Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. 915, t. 63. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 321. Agama Tapaye orbicularis, Cuv. R. A. ii. 37. Tapayaxin, Hern. Mex. iv. 67. P. Weigmanni, Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 96. Lower jaw with a series of triangular keeled scales, separated from the lower lip-shields by some small scales, and with a paral- lel series of larger triangular scales from the angle of the mouth, behind; chin with small uniform scales; ventral scales smooth; belly not fringed on the sides ; back with scattered rather broad angular keeled conical spines, with some large keeled scales at the base ; lower edge of the temple with a series of large compressed tubercles; occiput with 2 elongated spines ; head-shields rugose, uniform, flat, in front of the occiput convex. a. Stuffed. Mexico. Presented by William Ogilby, Esq. *** Head spinose. Back and belly with a series of lateral spines. Scales of the belly smooth. Femoral pores continued, or only separated by a narrow preanal space. The CROWNED TAPAYAXIN, Phrynosoma Blainvillii, Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 96, t. 29, f. 1, (young). P. coronatum, Blainv. N. Mem. Mus. iv. 28, t. 25, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 318. Lower jaw with a series of compressed triangular keeled shields, parallel and close to the lower labial shields; chin with 4 rows of rather larger scales on each side, the outer on each side largest, and forming a toothed crest ; ventral scales smooth ; back with scattered short broad keeled scales, with small granules at their base; femoral pores continued or only separated by a narrow pre- anal space; tail with some large plates beneath, just behind the cloaca ; head-shields convex; lower part of the temple and occi- put with a series of compressed spines. a LIZARDS. 229 a. Young, in spirits. The hinder occipital spines longer, with a small one rather in front between them. California. Present- ed by Professor De Blainville. P. Blainvillii, Gray, l. c. b, c, Young, in spirits, like a. California. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. d. Adult, in spirits. The spines on the occiput forming a conti- a nued frill. California. P. solaris, Gray, B. M. **** Head spinose. Back and belly with a series of lateral spines. Scales of the belly keeled. Femoral pores indistinct, separated by a wide preanal space. The TEXIAN TAPAYAXIN. Phrynosoma cornutum, Gray, A.K. ix. 45, t. P. Harlani, Weigm. H. M. 54. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 314. P. Buffonium, Weigm. Isis, 1828, 367. H. Mex. 54. Agama cornuta, Harlan, J. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 299, t. 20, iv. 14. Cuv. R. A. ii. 37. Tapayaxin, Barton, Med. Phys. Journ. viii. . Four-horned Agama, Fennell, Mirror, 1837, 121, f. Lower jaw with a series of triangular keeled scales, separated from the keeled lower labial shields by some scales behind; chin with a diverging series of rather larger compressed spines on each side; ventral scales keeled; back with scattered elongated conical angular spines, surrounded at their base with smaller similar spines; 2 middle occipital spines elongate, rather compressed ; femoral pores distinct, without any on the preanal space; belly edged with a series of slender spines on each side; head-shields convex ; lower part of temple with a series of compressed spines; occiput with 2 elongated spines. a. Half grown, in spirits. Arakansas, N. America. Presented by Dr. Macauley d, e. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Texas. From Mr. Drum- mond's collection. f. Adult, in spirits. Texas. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. g. Half-grown, stuffed. Mexico. Х 230 REPTILES. Fam. XX. The AGAMAS, (AGAMIDA). Teeth implanted on the edge of the jaws. Tongue short, de- pressed, apex entire or slightly nicked. Eyelids connivent, valvu- lar. Feet for walking. Toes all free, unequal, the thumb of the hind feet on the same plane as the other toes, the little toes lower down on the ankle than the thumb. The thumb is anterior and internal, and the great toe of the hind feet occupies the same position, the thigh and foot being bent forwards. This is proved by analogy; this toe being the one that is clawless in the Gecko, which have the clawless thumb, and in Anolis, where the thumb and great toes are simple, and not dilat- ed beneath, like the other toes. nou Synopsis of the Genera. I. Body compressed. Living on trees. A. Femoral and preanal pores none. Scales imbricate. Asiatic. a. Ribs elongated, exserted, supporting wing-like lateral expansions. Throat with 3 pouches. 1. Draco. Ears naked. Nostril below the face-ridge. 2. DRACOCELLA. Ears naked. Nostril above the face-ridge. 3. DRACUNCULUS. Ears covered with scales. b. Ribs simple. Back crested. * Toes 5-4. Ears exposed. 4. SITANA. Males with an elongated pouch. Females without any pouch, ** Toes 5-5. Tail with elongated keeled scales beneath. Scales of back small, often with scattered larger ones. + Ears hidden under the skin. 5. LYRIOCEPHALUS. Head lyrate. Muzzle with a round tuber- cle in front. Scales unequal. 6. CERATOPHORA. Head square. Muzzle with a prolonged horn-like process. Scales unequal. 7. OTOCRYPTIS. Head squarish. Muzzle nearly flat, simple. Eyebrows bluntly angular behind. LIZARDS. 231 # Ears exposed. 8. GONYOCEPHALUS. Scales of the belly smooth, of the back un- equal. Eyelids angular, produced. 9. DILOPAYRUS. Scales of the belly smooth, of the back equal. Eyebrow rounded, simple. 10. TIARIS. Scales of the belly keeled, of the back unequal. Eyebrow and paratoids unarmed. 11. ACANTHOSAURA. Scales of the belly keeled, of the back un- equal. Eyebrows and paratoids armed. *** Toes 5-5. Tail with broad rhombic keeled scales beneath. Scales of back uniform. 12. BRONCHOCELA. Nuchal crest simple. Scales in descending series. 13. SALEA. Nuchal crest double. Scales large, in longitudinal series. 14. CALOTES. Back crested. Scales in ascending series. Head swollen behind, with 1 or 2 ridges of spines. **** Toes 5-5. Tail with truncated, keeled scales beneath ; scales small, keeled, in cross rings. 15. CHELASONIA. Paratoids swollen, armless. Throat lax. The nape and back with a low crest. Tail rather compressed. Face-ridge rounded, with small scales. 16. CHAPASIA. Paratoids swollen, with some spines above. The nape and back with a low crest. Tail tapering. Face-ridge distinct, with enlarged imbricate scales. 17. GINDALIA. Paratoids rather swollen, with 2 or 3 spines above. Nape and back not crested. Tail tapering, round. Face-ridge indistinct. B. Femoral pores distinct. a. Scales rhombic, placed in rings. Toes fringed on each side. Back crested. Throat lax, folded across. 18. LOPHURA. Back and tail with a fin-like crest, supported by bony rays. Head squarish. 19. PHRYSIGNATHUS. Back and tail with a crest of compressed scales. Head swollen behind. b. Scales irregular, imbricate. Australian. . . * Neck with a frill-like expansion on each side. 20. CHLAMYDOSAURUS. Head rhombic. a X 2 232 REPTILES. ** Neck simple. 21. HATTERIA. Back and tail crested. Head elongate. Preanal pores numerous. Scales small. 22. LOPHOGNATHUS. Back crested. Head elongate. Preanal pores 2-2. Femoral pores 2-2. 23. DIPOROPHORA. Back keeled. Head short. Preanal pores 1-1. Scales rhombic, of belly larger. 24. AMPHIBOLURUS. Back crested, with longitudinal series of larger keeled scales. Femoral pores numerous. 25. GRAMMATOPHORA. Back not crested, with cross rows of lar- ger scales. Femoral pores numerous. II. Body depressed. Back with imbricate scales. Throat with a a cross fold. Terrestrial. a. Preanal pores distinct. Femoral pores none. pores none. Ears exposed. * Preanal and abdominal pores in several rows. 26. LAUDAKIA. Tail with rhombic keeled scales. Paratoids spinose. 27, STELLIO. Tail with rings of large spinose scales. Paratoids spinose. ** Preanal pores in a single line. Abdomen poreless. 28. AGAMA. Paratoids spinose. Scales rhombie keeled. 29. TRAPELUS. Paratoids unarmed. Scales minute. b. Preanal and femoral pores none. * Ears exposed Body and limbs with large spinose tubercles. 30. Moloch. Neck with a convex tubercle above. ** Ears hidden. Scales small, granular. Back not crested. 31. PHRYNOCEPHALUS. Angle of mouth simple. Toes toothed on the sides. 32. MEGALOCHILUS. Angle of mouth fringed. Toes fringed on the sides c. Femoral pores distinct. Preanal pores none. Ears exposed. Scales small, granular. Back not crested. 33. UROMASTYX. Tail broad, depressed, with complete rings of spinose scales. 34. SAARA. Tail broad, depressed, with scales of the upper part of the rings spinose, of lower armless. 35. LEIOLEPIs. Tail round, elongate, tapering, with whorls of smooth scales. LIZARDS. 233 I. Body compressed. Living on trees. A. Femoral and preanal pores none. Scales imbricate. Asiatic. a. Ribs 6-6, elongate, exserted, supporting wings like lateral expan- sions. Throat with 3 pouches. Draconina. 1. Draco, part, Linn., Weigm. Head small. Nostril in a scale, rather tubular, on the side of the face-ridge. Tympanum of the ear visible, opaque, white. They live on trees, walking with agility, with their wings fold- ed on their sides, but they expand them and use them as a para- chute when they throw themselves from the tops of trees; they spread out their pouches as they lie on the trunks of the trees. * Scales unequal, some larger, keeled. Nape crested. The Flying LIZARD. Draco volans, Linn. S. N. 358. Seba, i. t. 102, f. 2, ii. t. 86, f. 3. D. prepos, Linn. S. N. 358. D. ma- jor, Laur. Syn. 50. D. minor, Laur. Sy. 51. D. viridis, Daud. Rept. iii. 301. Wolf. Abbild. i. t. 3, f. 3. Schlegel, Abbild. 89, t. 24, f. 1. Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 70. D. fuscus, Daud. Rept, iii. 307. D. bouroniensis, Lesson, Illust. Zool. t. 37 ? D. Daudini, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 451. Scales of the back rather broad, generally smooth; of the throat granular, of the same size; lateral pouches of males mode- rate, rounded at the end, covered with ovate keeled scales; throat black-spotted ; wings grey, fulvous or brown spotted and marbled with black, sometimes forming 4 or 5 oblique black bands near the outer edge; sides with a series of large broad-keeled scales. a, b. In spirits. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c, d. In spirits. Smaller, many of the dorsal scales keeled. In- dia. Presented by the East India Company. e. In spirits. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B. f. In spirits. Wings red at the base. g. In spirits. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. . The Timor FLYING LIZARD. Draco Timorensis, Peron, MS. Kuhl, Beytr. 103. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 59. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 454. D. viridis Timorensis, Schlegel, Abbild. 91. Scales flat, rather large, smooth, unequal, with a row of rather larger keeled scales upon and on each side of the vertebral line; wings reddish, brown-spotted ; lateral pouches (of male) moderate, rounded at the end, covered with large keeled scales; sides with an interrupted series of large keeled scales. a. In spirits. Timor. From the Leyden Museum. b. In spirits. With a short toothed crest on each side of the neck, scales of back subequal. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. X3 234 REPTILES. ** Scales small, equal. Nape crested. The FRINGED FLYING LIZARD. Draco fimbriatus, Kuhl, Beit. 101. Guérin, Icon. t. 10, f. 1. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 448. Schle- gel, Abbild. 2, t. 24, f. 2, 4, skull. D. abbreviatus, Gray, Zool. Journ. 1827, iii. 219. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 20. Griffith, A. K. ix. 59. Hardw. Icon, ined. t. 71, 72. Scales of the back small, equal, mostly smooth; the throat with many circular spaces covered with larger granular scales ; head white, brown-netted ; lateral pouches of male elongate, an- gular, acute, covered with large keeled scales; wings with short, whitish longitudinal lines ; sides with a series of small triangular keeled scales, placed in groups of 2 or 3 ; nostrils subsuperior. a, b. In spirits. Suinatra. From the Leyden Museum. c. In spirits. Singapore. d. In spirits. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. e. Young, in spirits. Lateral tubercular scales very minute. Sin- gapore. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. D. abbreviatus, Gray, Zool. Jour. iii. 219. "Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 20 ? 2. DRACOCELLA. Head small, covered with small unequal scales. Nostrils roundish, in a scale, erect, vertical, on the face-ridge. Tympa- num exposed, opaque. * Nape crested. DUSSUMIER'S DRAGON. Dracocella Dussumieri. Draco Dus- sumieri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 456. Schlegel, Abbild. 95. Scales moderate, rather rhombic; sides with a series of rather larger scales, placed in roundish groups; orbit with a small bony point at back and front angle; wings with large brown spots near the body, and largely marbled near the outer edge; a black band across the throat ; base of the pouch blue black ; limbs moderate. a, b. In spirits. India. From Mr. Gardner's collection. ** Nape not crested. The RED-THROATED DRAGON. Dracocella hæmatopogon. Draco hæmatopogon, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 59. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 458. Schlegel, Abbild. 95, t. 24, f. 6, 9. Orbit with a small bony point above, upon the front and back edge; scales of the back equal, smooth; the sides with a series of large keeled scales; nape not crested ; a large round black spot on each side of the base of the pouch ; wings brown-spotted; the limbs elongate. b. In spirits. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. a, LIZARDS. 235 3. DRACUNCULUS, Weigmann. Head quadrangular, covered with small unequal scales. Nos- trils lateral, on the face-ridge. Tympanum hid under the skin, covered with scales. Weigmann described D. lineatus as having but 5 exserted ribs, but our specimens, like the other dragons, have 6 on each side. * Nape not crested, with a longitudinal fold. The BANDED FLYING LIZARD. Dracunculus quinquefasciatus. Draco quinquefasciatus, Gray, Zool, Journ. 1827, 219. Illustr. Ind. Zool. t. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 455. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. t. 69. Wings with 5 cross bands; scales of the back keeled; nape with a longitudinal fold, not crested; nostrils superior, erect; ears covered with many equal granular scales. a. In spirits. Penang. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke, ** Nape crested. Ears slightly concave. The LINED FLYING LIZARD. Dracunculus lineatus, Weigm. H. Mex. 14. Act. Acad. N. Cur. xvii. 217. D. lineatus, Daud. Rept. iii. 298. Wolf. Abbild. i. t. 3, f. 10. Schlegel, Abbild. 93, t. 24, f. 5. Gray, Griff. A. K. 59. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 459. D. Amboinensis, Lesson, Ill. Zool. t. 38. D. volans, Blumb. Abbild. t. 68. Head grey, white-spotted ; wings dark-banded, with small white longitudinal lines; the sides and throat bluish black, with large white spots; the ears indistinctly marked, covered with thin flat scales; base of the tail rounder above, with a slight crest on each side. a. In spirits. Amboina. From the Leyden Museum. b-d. In spirits. Java. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, R.N. The BANDED-HEAD DRAGON. Dracunculus ornatus. Grey, head black cross-banded, chin black-dotted; wings grey, reticulated with black, and with broad black bands at the edge; scales rhombic, of the middle of the back larger, keeled, of the sides smaller, smooth ; ears covered with small equal granular scales; tail slender, compressed, with 5 keels above and 2 strong- er keels beneath, rather depressed at the base, with 5 slight keels above. a, b. In spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's col- lection. c. In spirits. Male, crest higher. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. d. Very young, in spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cu- ming's collection. 236 REPTILES. The SPOTTED WINGED DRAGON. Dracunculus maculatus, Gray, B. M. 1837. Grey, black-spotted ; wings black-spotted ; throat grey, pouch of the male elongate; scales of the back rather unequal, rhombic, keeled, of the sides rather smaller, sides with a series of large keeled scales ; ears rather sunk, with unequal flat scales; tail slender, with a central keel above and 5 more small ones on the sides, base dilated, with 5 nearly equidistant equal keels above. a. In spirits. Penang. From Capt. Hay's collection. b, c. In spirits. Asia. Presented by Sir James MacGregor.ad . WEIGMANN'S FLYING LIZARD. Dracunculus spilopterus, Weigm. Act. Nat. Cur. xvii. 216, t. 15. Gervais, Voy. Favour. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 461. Schlegel, Abbild. 92. Wings reddish near the body, with large brown spots, yellow near the edge; throat yellow, black-spotted. Inhab. Manilla? Mus. Paris. May be the same as the former, but the wings subelliptic, but the scales in the figure do not exactly agree. b. Ribs simple. Back crested. * Toes 5-4. Scales subequal. Ears exposed. Sitanina. 4. SITANA, Cuv. Semiophorus, Wagler f. Weigm. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, short, covered with small nearly equal keeled scales. Ear-drum small, round, superficial. Tongue thick, fungous, entire. Throat without any cross fold in front or plaits upon the sides; the males with a large compressed ; throat-pouch. Nape with a rudimentary crest. Body subquad- rangular. Back rounded. Scales rhombic, keeled, imbricate, ge- nerally equal, of the sides rather smaller. Tail long, conical, not keeled. Toes 5 in front, 4 behind. Femoral pores none. The SITANA. Sitana Ponticereana, Cuv. R. A. ii. 43, t. 6, f. 2. Guérin, Icon. t. 10, f. 2. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 57. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 437. Wagler, Sys. 152. Weigm. H. M. 14. Fulvous; back with a central series of rhombic spots, and pale streak down each side; the pouch of the males 3-coloured. a, b. Adult, stuffed. Male, scales of the sides equal. India. c. In spirits. Male. India. d, e. In spirits. Male. India. f, g. In spirits. Male and female. Throat of male pale, sides with a few larger scattered scales, occiput rather tubercular. India. a LIZARDS. 237 a ** Toes 5-5. Tail with elongated keeled scales beneath. Scales small, generally with cross bands of larger ones. Lyriocephalina. + Ears hidden under the skin. 5. LYRIOCEPHALUS, Merrem. Head short, triangular. Eyebrow-ridges high, prolonged be- hind. End of the muzzle with a large rounded scaly prominence. Tongue thick, broad, entire. Ear-drum hidden under the skin. Throat-pouch small, compressed, with an angular fold in front of the chest. Body, neck and tail compressed, with a small toothed crest. Scales small, subimbricate, with cross bands of larger ones. Femoral and preanal pores none. The LYRIOCEPHALE. Lyriocephalus scutatus, Wagler, Syst. 150. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 54. Lacerta scutata, Linn. S. N. 360. Seba, i. t. 109, f. 3. Shaw, Zool.iii. t. 68. Latr. Rept. i. 267. Kuhl. Beytr. 106. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 54. Lyr. mar- garitaceus, Merrem, Tent. 49. Guérin, Icon. t. 8, f. 2. Schinz, t. 26, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 427. Lyr. Macgregorii, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. t. Bluish white, beneath paler ; head yellowish grey. Inhab. East Indies. Mus. Chatham. 6. CERATOPHORA, Gray. Head quadrangular, with small rather convex scales. Eye- brows rather produced horizontally. Muzzle prolonged into a coni- cal horn-like process. Nostril lateral, anterior. Throat with oblique series of slightly dilated rhombic shieldlike scales on the sides, and 2 rows of smaller scales in the middle. Ear-drum hidden under the skin. Occiput and temples rather tubercular. Nape with a crest of conical scales. Back slightly keeled. Scales of the back rhomboidal, unequal, placed in oblique bands, of the belly small- er, equal, smooth. Femoral pores none. Tail elongate, tapering, with 2 rows of narrow keeled scales beneath. STODDART'S CERATOPHORA. Ceratophora Stoddartii, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 434. Bluish, black-banded ; throat pale whitish; tail brown-ringed. a. In spirits. Ceylon. Presented by Col. Stoddart, R. Staff C. 7. OTOCRYPTIS, Weigmann. Head short, pyramidical, 4-sided, sides vertical. Muzzle flat, blunt, not swollen, concave between the eyes, flattened behind. Orbital ridges ending in obtuse angles, covered with imbricate scales, but not supported by bones. Ear-drum hidden hy the skin. Throat bag-like. Body compressed. Limbs slender, very long. Femoral pores none. Tail round, long, slender, base compressed. 238 REPTILES. The OTOCRYPTE. Otocryptis bivittata, Weigm. Isis, 1831, 291. Herp. Mex. i. 14. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 432. 0. Weig- manni, Wagler, Sys. 150. Scales of the eyebrows keeled, oval, of the crown small, tuber- cular, of the occiput large, ovate, transverse. Inbab. ? Mus. Berlin. a a # Ears exposed, superficial. Scales of belly smooth. 8. GONYOCEPHALUS, Kuhl. Lophyrus, part, Dum. et Bib. Forehead subtriangular, concave. Orbit-edge high, without any spine behind. Sides of neck with scattered tubercles. Throat with a large compressed pouch, keeled and toothed in front, with an angular fold in front of each shoulder. Nape with a high com- pressed toothed crest. Back keeled, with a toothed crest. Scales of the back small, rhombic, with a series of larger scales on each side. Tail elongate, compressed, with a series of elongate keeled scales beneath. Femoral pores none. The GONYOCEPHALE. Gonyocephalus chameleontina. Iguana chameleontina, Laur. Syn. 47. Lacerta tigrina, &c. Se- ba, Thes. i. 157, t. 100, f. 2. Lac. superciliosa, Shaw, Zool. iji. 220, t. 68. Gray, Zool. Jour. Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 73. Agama gigantea, Kuhl, Beytr. 106. A. Tigrina, Merrem. Kaup. Isis, 1825, 590. Gray, G. A. K. ix. 58. Dum et Bib. E. G. iv. 421, t. 4. Lophyurus furcatus, Dumeril. L. gigas, Boie. L. Kuhlii, Boie. Gray, Griff. A. K. 55. Galeotes Lophyrus, Schlegel, Abb. 79, t. 23, jun. Green, with white oblique cross bands. a. In spirits. Bencoolen. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. b. In spirits. Java. e. Young, in spirits. Eyebrows scarcely produced. From the Leyden Museum 9. DILOPHYRUS. Head 4-sided. Forehead rather concave, face-ridge high. Eyebrows rounded. Occiput with 3 or 4 larger tubercles on each side. Paratoids unarmed. Nape and back with a crest of high compressed scales, with series of smaller scales at their base. The throat rather lax, with a cross fold behind, extending up the front of the shoulders. Scales of the back small, rhombic, equal, of the belly rather larger, smooth. Tail compressed, keeled and toothed above, with 2 series of elongated keeled scales beneath. Femoral and preanal pores none. LIZARDS. 239 The Dilophyrus. Dilophyrus grandis. Olive green; sides white-spotted, beneath whitish ; tail black- banded; head with lines of rather larger scales; crest very high, formed of broad compressed close-set scales, with 3 or 4 series of scales on each side of the base, interrupted over the shoulders. a-b. Adult, in spirits. Rangoon. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. # Ears exposed, superficial. Scales of belly keeled. 10. Tiaris, Dum. et Bib. Lophyrus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head triangular, shelving in front. Orbital edge straight, un armed. Paratoids with only scattered tubercles. Throat with a large compressed pouch, toothed in front and covered with une- qual scales, with an angular cross fold in front of the shoulder. Neck and back with a crest of very long compressed scales. Tail compressed, sharp-edged, toothed above, with 2 rows of elongate keeled scales beneath. Scales of the back rhombic, rather imbri- cate, with scattered larger ones on sides and nape, of the belly ra- ther larger, keeled. Femoral pores none. * Crest interrupted over the shoulders. The BLACK-THROATED TIARIS. Tiaris megapogon. Ca- lotes megapogon, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Lophyrus dilophus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 419. Tiaris d. Dum. et Bib. E. G. t. 46. . Reddish brown, brown-spotted ; crest-scales olive; the throat- pouch grey-brown, black-dotted ; sides of the head, throat, pouch and body with scattered broad keeled scales; crest of the tail high like that of the back (from the plate). Inhab. New Guinea. Mus. Paris, 1, Mus. Leyden, 2 specim. ** Crest continued. The SPINOSE TIARIS. Tiaris Bellii. Calotes Bellii, Gray, MS. Mus. Bell, 1836. Lophyrus Bellii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 416. Pale olive, obscurely brown-banded; scales small, sides with some larger keeled scales placed in cross bands, largest towards the belly; throat-pouch with equal acute scales, with 2 or 3 rather larger more acute ones at the back angle of the lower jaw; lower jaw with 3 or 4 series of larger more acute scales on the side under the labial plates; crest formed of broad compressed scales, of the tail low; head-scales keeled, with a series of rather larger ones on the nose. a-c. Half grown and young, in spirits. Philippine Islands From Mr. Cuming's collection. 240 REPTILES. a Sophia's Tiaris. Tiaris Sophiæ. Brown, with darker cross bands; occiput with 2 conical poly- hedral tubercles; temples with some rather larger tubercular scales; nape and back with a crest of elongated lanceolate spines; tail triangular at the base, with a toothed crest; the scales small, rhombic, with a few scattered convex larger scales. a. Adult, in spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. b, c. Young, in spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collection. 11. ACANTHOSAURA, Gray. Lophyrus, part, Dum. et Bib. Head triangular, shelving in front. Orbital edge curved, end- ing in a spine. Ear-drum superficial, thick but distinct. Para- toids with a group of elongated spines. The throat with a slight scarcely compressed pouch, not toothed in front, covered with scales like those of the back, and with an angular cross fold in front of the chest. Nape and back with a crest of elongate subulate spines. Back keeled and toothed. Scales of the back small, rhombic, subimbricate, with scattered larger scales, of the belly keeled. Tail elongate, subtriangular, slightly toothed above, with 2 rows of elongate keeled scales beneath. Femoral pores none. The ACANTHOSAURE. Acanthosaura armata, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 56. Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 75. Agama armata, Gray, Zool. Jour. 1827, iii. 216. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 413. Calotes Tropidogaster, Cuv. MS. Calotes lepidogaster, Cuv. R. A. ii. 39, young Brown, darker varied. , a, b. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Singapore. Presented by Gen. Thos. Hardwicke. c. Adult, in spirits. Singapore. From M. Argent's collection. *** Toes 5-5. Tail with series of broad keeled rhombic scales. + Scales small, equal, in longitudinal or descending series. 12. BRONCHOCELA, Kaup. Calotes, part, Dum. et Bib. Head pyramidical, 4-sided, not swollen on the sides, covered with small equal-sized scales. Interparietal scales very small. Paratoids unarmed. Scales of the back equal, imbricate, placed in cross series, with the free edge directed towards the belly; of the belly and under side of the tail larger, rhombic, keeled. The throat more or less lax beneath, without any cross fold in front of the chest. Nape, back and tail with a crest of compressed scales. LIZARDS. 241 * Scales elongate, keeled. The FALSE GHIRGET. Bronchocela cristatella, Kaup. Dum. et Bib. E. G iv. 395. Agama cristatella, Kuhl, Beytr. 108. Seba, Th. i. t. 89, f. 1. Schinz, t. 26, f. 1. A. gutturosa, Merrem, Tent. 51. Guérin, Icon. t. 7, f. 3. Weigm. H. M. 14. A. Moluccana, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 1, f. 2. Schinz, t. 30. A. vultuosa, Gray, Hardw. Icon, ined. t. 80, 81-83. Weigmann, H. Mex. 14. Blue or green, uniform, (young with paler cross bands); crest continued to the tail, suddenly lowered over the nape; scales of the sides narrow, elongate, keeled, scarcely half the size of those on the belly; nape not tubercular. a, b. Adult and half grown, in spirits. Penang. Presented by Gen. Thos. Hardwicke. c. Adult, in spirits. India. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. d. In spirits. Singapore. From Mr. Argent's collection. e, f. In spirits. Singapore. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B., R.N. g. In spirits. Singapore. From Mr. Warwick's collection. h. In spirits. Amboina. From the Leyden Museum. inj. In spirits. Scales rather larger, nape with 2 narrow white cross bands. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's collection. The CELEBES FALSE GALEOTE. Bronchocela Celebensis. Calotes Celebensis, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Blue, with a violet tinge; scales of the sides rather elongate, lanceolate, keeled, rather smaller than the ventral scales, keels distinct, rather produced; scales of the nuchal crest narrow, far apart. a. In spirits. Celebes. From Mus. Leyden. The ManED FALSE GALEOTE. Bronchocela gutturosa. Ca. lotes gutturosus, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. Bronchocela jubata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 397. Reddish blue (in spirits), with 2 white streaks on side of head, and band of white spots across front of body; crest of nape elevat- ed, lower behind, continued on the back and gradually diminish- ing in height to the root of the tail; the scales of the body rather elongate, lanceolate, keeled, moderate, rather smaller than those of the belly, of the nuchal crest rather slender; back crested. a. Half grown, in spirits. India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. b. Half grown, in spirits. India. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. c. Very young, in spirits. India. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. d. Adult, in spirits. India. Presented by the East India Com- pany. e, f. Half grown, in spirits. Java. From the Leyden Museum. Galeotes cristatellus, Mus. Leyden. Y 242 REPTILES. ** Scales short, rhombic, rather blunt, slightly keeled.blo The MARBLED FALSE GALEOTE. Bronchocela marmorata. Lophyes epineux, H. et J. Voy. à Pol Sud, Saur. t. 3? not de- scribed, tail crested ? Purplish grey, head and neck green-marbled ; scales of the back and sides moderate, bluntly rhombic, slightly keeled, half the size of those of the belly, of the nuchal crest rather broad; tail elongate, tapering (not crested). a. In spirits. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's collec- tion. *** Scales of sides large, smooth. The STREAKED FALSE GALEOTE. Bronchocela tympanistriga, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 56. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 399. A large spot on the muzzle, a band across the neck, and a large disk on the side of the chest, brown ; crest serrated, gradu- ally lowering to the base of the tail; scales of the sides smooth, as large as the ventral; a subconic tubercle at the hinder end of the eyebrow, 2 others on each side of the nape, and 1 a little behind the ear; tail compressed. Inhab. Java. Mus. Leyden. 13. SALEA. Head subquadrangular, covered with flat, keeled, not imbri- cate scales. Occiput and sides of nape with a few scattered ra- ther tubercular scales. Drum of ear exposed, superficial. Nape with a crest of two diverging series of rather compressed scales. Scales of the back rhombic, keeled, placed in longitudinal series, those of the lower part of the sides tending downwards, of the neck and belly elongated, rhombic, keeled, of tail rhombic, im- bricate. Back keeled, not crested. Tail elongate, tapering, with imbricate keeled scales, rather larger beneath; rather keeled above. Femoral and preanal pores none. Toes 5-5, unequal. HORSFIELD'S SALEA. Salea Horsfieldii. Olive, varied with large brown spots, with a white streak at the back edge of each thigh. a, b. In spirits. India, Affghanistan. Presented by the India Company. 14. CALOTES, Cuvier. Galeotes, Schlegel. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, covered with small equal- sized angular scales, interparietal scale very small. The tongue thick, fungose, slightly nicked. Nostrils lateral, near the end of the muzzle, in a small shield, Throat more or less lax, without any cross fold in front of the chest, sometimes with a longitudinal LIZARDS. 243 fold on each side. Scales of the body directed towards the back, uniform, imbricate, in oblique cross rows; of the back large; of the crown smooth. Paratoids spine-bearing. Nape, back and tail with a crest of compressed scales. Femoral pores none. * Nape with 2 rows of spines from the back of the eye over the ears. The AFFGHAN GALEOTE. Calotes Maria. Green, with 2 spinose keels over the ears, one from the back edge of the eyebrow and the other below it; tail conical, elongate; neck with a broad scaly pit in front of the shoulder ; legs varied with yellow. a-c. Young, middle-aged and adult. Affghanistan. Presented by the India Company. d. Half-grown, in spirits. Khassia hill. Presented by the India Company. ** Nape with an oblique row of spines on each side, above the ears. The GALEOTE. Calotes ophiomachus, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 55. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 402. Weigm. H. M. 14. Lacerta Calotes, Linn. S.N.367. Seba, Thes. i. t. 89, f. 2. t. 93, f. 2. t. 95. f.3, 4. Laur. Syn. 49. Latr. Rept. i. 260. Daud. Rept. iii. 361, t. 43. Kuhl, Beitr. 108. Agama ophiomachus, Merrem, Tent. 51. A. lineata, Kuhl, Beitr. 108. A. acanthocephala, Kuhl. Blue or green (in spirits), with white cross bands; a crest of large spines on each side of the nape, above the ears; tail conical, with large rhombic scales; neck with a slight fold on each side, covered with small scales. a. Adult, in spirits. Spines over ears flat, broad, forming a con- tinued line. India. b. Half grown, in spirits. Not in a good state. Spines over ears slender, interrupted. India. Presented by Thos. Bell, Esq. c. In spirits, like b. India. From Mr. Argent's collection. *** Nape with 2 isolated spines above the ears. Neck without any pit in front of the shoulders. The GHIRGET. Calotes versicolor, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 405. Seba, i. t. 72, f. 1. t. 93, f. 4. t. 92, f. 1. Agama versicolor, Daud. Rept. iii. 393, t. 44, (young). Merrem, Tent. 51. A. Tiede- manni, Kuhl, Beitr. 109. Kaup, Isis, 1827, 619, t. 8. Gray, Griff A. K. ix, 55. A. vultuosa, Harlan, J. A. N. S. Philad. iv. 296, t. 4. A. flavigularis, Daud. A. Indica, Gray, Zool. Journ. Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 74,76—79. Reddish yellow, with brown cross bands, (and a white streak on the back in young); sides of the face and throat black-streaked; 2 isolated spines, one before the other, on each side the nape above Y 2 244 REPTILES. the ears; tail compressed ; no plait in front of the shoulders ; the eyebrows keeled, unarmed behind; scales of the back equal, regu- lar; sides of neck covered with scales like the back. Var. 1. Yellow, with black cross bands. a, b. Adult and half grown. In spirits. India. c. Adult, in spirits. Ceylon. d–f. Half-grown, in spirits. India. Presented by Mrs. Ken- naway. 9-i. Half-grown and young. In spirits. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. j. Half-grown, in spirits. Madras. Presented by Major Bevan. k. Half-grown, in spirits. Affghanistan. . Presented by the In- dia Company. 1. Half-grown, in spirits. India. Presented by Charles Bowring, Esq. m. Young, in spirits. India. Var. 2. Young. Yellowish, with black cross bands, the throat black. n. Stuffed. India. 0, p. In spirits. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Var. 3. Young. Yellowish, with black cross bands, and a streak down each side of back. q,r. In spirits. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. s. In spirits. Nepal. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. t. Young, in spirits. India, Affghan. Presented by the India Company. u. Young, in spirits. Madras. Presented by Capt. Bevan. The SPINOUS-EYED CALOTES. Calotes minor. Agama mi- nor, Gray, Zool. Journ. from Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 82. Yellowish, black-varied, ; cheeks blackish-rayed ; 2 isolated groups of spines on each side of nape, above the ears ; eyebrows keeled, with a short spine behind ; tail rather compressed; neck without any plait in the front of the shoulder. a—c. Half-grown and young, in spirits. Affghanistan. Pre- sented by the India Company. d. Half-grown, in spirits. Khassia hill, India. Presented by the India Company. **** Nape with 2 isolated spines above the ears. Neck with a fold in front of the shoulders. EMMA'S GAIRGET. Calotes Emma. Yellowish grey ; eyebrows keeled, with a spine behind ; nape with 2 groups of spines on each side, over the ears ; crest of nape high, of back rudimentary; scales of back and sides moderate, thin, smooth, of tail similar, the upper ones on each side slightly a LIZARDS. 245 keeled, of belly and throat keeled ; neck with an oblique (black- ish) fold on each side in front of the shoulders. a. Half-grown ? in spirits. Affghanistan. Presented by the In- dia Company Roux's GALEOTE. Calotes Rouxii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 407. Fulvous, uniform (or with some black spots); 2 small spines, one after the other, on each side of the nape; an oblique plait in front of each shoulder; scales of the sides small, rather less than the ventral ones; upper part of the base of the tail angular, with very large strong scales; eyebrows unarned. Inhab. India. Mus. Paris, 2 specimens, not good state. The WHISKERED GHIRGET. Calotes mystaceus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 408. Fulvous, with a white streak from under the eye to the shoul- ders; 2 small spines in a line on each side of the nape; an oblique plait before each shoulder; scales of the sides large, rather larger than the ventral ones ; upper part of the base of the tail suban- gular, with (moderate) scales like the rest near them. Inhab. Birman Empire. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen, given by Mr. Tennant. **** Toes 5-5. Tail rather compressed, with several series of trun- cated keeled scales beneath. Scales of the body small, keeled, rough, in cross rings. 15. CHELOSANIA. Head large, covered with small rather unequal not imbricate scales. Sides of the face rounded, without any large scales upon the edge of the eyebrows. Paratoids swollen, unarmed. Nostrils lateral, medial. Throat lax, with a slight cross fold behind. The sides of the neck unarmed. Nape and back with a crest of low angular distant scales. Body compressed, with rings of rather small rhombic keeled rough uniform scales placed in cross rings ; of the belly rather larger, obliquely keeled, of the limbs larger. Tail elongated, tapering, rather compressed, with keeled scales, those of the under side rather truncated, the keel of the scales of the end forming ridges, the upper surface slightly keeled, subden- tated. Toes 5-5, moderate, unequal. Femoral and preanal pores none. The CHELOSANIA. Chelosania brunnea, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Pale brown, rather paler beneath. a. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Bynoe's collection. Y 3 246 REPTILES. 16. CHARASIA. Agama, part, Gray. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, large, elongated, crown co- vered with small scales. Sides of the face angled, it and the eye- brows edged with series of larger imbricate scales. The nostrils upon the front of the side of the face, just under the face-ridge. The throat rather lax, with a cross fold behind. The paratoids swollen, with a few larger scattered conical scales upon the side of the nape. The nape and back with a very low dentated crest. . Scales of the back small, 6-sided, those of the limbs larger, equal, keeled, of the belly rather larger, rhombic, smooth. Tail elon- gate, conical, tapering, with several series of rather larger rhombic scales below, and with a series of larger keeled scales along the middle of the upper surface, the scales of the upper and lower part of the base of the tail larger, callous, horn-like. Femoral and preanal pores none. M. Bibron describes the males of this genus as having 6 or 10 rhomboidal porous scales in oblique and crossing series in front of the vent: they are not to be seen in our specimens. The CHARASIA. Charasia dorsalis. Charasia dorsalis. Agama dorsalis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 56. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 486. Pale brown, beneath paler; sides of the head, body and limbs black-varied; lips and streak on each side of the face, under the ears, pale. a. In spirits, rather bleached. India. Presented by Gen. Hard- wicke. b. Adult, in spirits. India. Presented by the India Company. c, d. Young, in spirits. Back darker cross-banded, and with sym- metrical oblong dark-edged pale spots, base of tail not swollen, and without any larger scales. India. Presented by the In- dia Company 17. GINDALIA. Head moderate, subquadrangular, covered with regular keeled scales, of the occiput rather smaller. Face-ridge rather angular, edged with small scales. Paratoids rather swollen, with a ridge of rather larger conical scales over the ears above. Nostrils lateral, medial. Throat rather lax, with a cross fold behind. Nape and back rounded, not crested. Scales of the back equal, rhombic, keeled, placed in longitudinal series ; of the sides smaller, but with the keels forming rather ascending ridges; of the belly simi- lar, in longitudinal series, with the keels sharp and rather produ- ced at the tip. The tail round, tapering, with imbricate rhombic scales, with the keels forming longitudinal ridges. Femoral and preanal pores none. Toes 5-5, unequal. LIZARDS. 247 The GINDALIA. Gindalia Bennettii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Pale brown, rather paler beneath; the scales of the back small, sharply keeled, forming longitudinal ridges, which converge toge- ther just at the base of the tail towards the two upper ridges form- ed by the keels of the scales of the tail; of the limbs rather larger. a. In spirits. N. W. coast of Australia. Presented by Dr. Ri- chardson. B. Femoral pores distinct. a. Scales rhombic, placed in rings. Toes fringed on each side, Back crested. “Throat lax, folded across. Lophurina. 18. LOPHURA, Gray. Istiurus, Cuv. Physignathus, Cuvier. Hydrosaurus, Fitz. Basiliscus, part, Daud. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, covered with small equal keeled scales. Superciliary edge keeled. Nostrils lateral. Ear- drum superficial, exposed. Throat-pouch small, with an angular plait in front of the neck. Neck, body and tail compressed, with a crest supported by bony rays to the base of the tail. Femoral pores distinct. The SOA AJER. Lophura amboinensis, Gray, Phil . Mag. ii. 54. Wagler, Sys. 151. Icon. t. 28. Lacerta amboinensis, Schlos- ser, Epist. Gmel. S. N. 1064. Latr. Rept. i. 271. Daud. Rept. iii. 322. Kaup, Isis, 1828, 1147. Cuv. R. A. ii. 41. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 380. Le Port crête, Daub. Rept. 663. Histiurus pustu- latus, Esch. Zool. Atlas, t. 7. Weigmann, Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 214. Green, vermiculated with black ; scales of the body moderate, unequal, with cross ridges of larger keeled scales; of the belly smooth ; of the head small, nearly equal, keeled ; nose crested in front. a. Stuffed. Amboina. From the Leyden Museum. b, c. Young, in spirits. Nose with a low crest in the middle of the front, grey, blackish varied, head black varied, neck with oblique black streaks. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's col- lection. Shaw's LOPHURA. Lophura Shawii. Lac. Lophura, Shaw, Zool. iv. t. 62. Lac. Javanica, Hornst. N. A. Stockh, vi. t. 5? Loph. Amboinensis, Weigm. Act. Acad. N. Cur. xviii. 914. Green, vermiculated with black ; scales unequal, with cross ridges of larger scales; of head small, keeled, all equal; nose not crested in front. a. In spirits. Dr. Shaw's specimen. 248 REPTILES. 19. PhysIGNATHUS, Cuv. Lophura, part, Gray. Istiurus, part, Dum, et Bib. Head pyramidical, quadrangular, swollen behind, covered with small equal keeled scales. Paratoids with ridges of large acute scales. Superciliary edges keeled. Nostrils lateral. Ear-drum superficial, exposed. Throat-pouch small, with an angular plait in the front of the neck. Back and tail with a regular crest of compressed scales. Tail compressed. Femoral pores distinct. Cuvier's PHYSIGNATHUS. Physignathus concinnus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 41, t. 6, f. 1. Lophura concinna, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 61. P. Iguanoides, Cuv. Mus. Paris. Istiurus Physignathus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 307. I. Cochinchinensis, Guérin, Icon. t. 9, f. 1. Loph. Cuvieri, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 60. Cheek with 3 or 4 large tubercles behind ; back sharp-edged ; scales of the sides very small, equal, of the head very small, deep- ly grooved, of the belly smooth; the scales of the back-crest of the adult elongate and becoming closer, and the back edge of the low- er jaw is much swollen. Inhab. Cochinchina. LESUEUR'S PHYSIGNATHUS. Physignathus Lesueurii. Lo- phura Les. Gray, Syn. Rept. Griff. A. K. ix. 60. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 384, t. 40, f. 1, 1 a. Grey-brown, with large black spots; scales of the back une- qual, of the head small, rhomboidal, keeled, of the end of the muz- zle similar to those behind them, of the belly keeled ; the back angular. a, 1. Adult, stuffed. Australia. b. Scales irregular, imbricate. Australia. * Neck with a frill-like expansion on each side. 20. CHLAMYDOSAURUS, Gray. Head pyramidical, 4-sided, covered with small subequal keel- ed scales. Throat not pouched. Ear-drum superficial. Neck with a large plaited membrane on each side, covered with scales, and toothed on the edge. Nape with a rudimentary crest. Back not crested. Scales imbricate, keeled, those of the sides smaller. Legs strong. Toes 5-5, unequal. Femoral pores distinct. Tail elongate, tapering, not crested. The frill increases in size compared with the size of the ani- mal as it grows in age; in the young, it does not reach to the base of the fore limbs, in the adult it becomes much fuller, and reaches considerably beyond the axilla. a LIZARDS. 249 The FRILLED LIZARD. Chlamydosaurus Kingii, Gray, King's Voy. Aust. ii. t. 1. Zool. Misc. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 441, t. 45. Voy. à Pol. Sud, t. 6. Griffith, A. K. ix. t. Fulvous, obscurely brown varied. a. Stuffed specimen. Presented by Allan Cunningham, Esq. b, c. Adult and young, stuffed. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's collection. d, e. Adult and young, in spirits. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's collection. f. Adult, in spirits. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's collec- tion. g. Young, in spirits. Grey, with narrow irregularly waved and twisted black streaks, forming broad bands across the back, limbs and tail; the bands are indistinctly marked upon the body, but more distinctly on the limbs and tail, where they are to be seen of a brown colour on a much more grown specimen: the head and face marked with symmetrical twisted and curv- ed lines. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's collection. 21. HATTERIA, Gray. Head quadrangular, covered with small scales. Throat lax, with a cross fold behind. Nape and back with a crest of compress- ed spines. Body covered with small and larger scales. Belly and under side of tail with large, squarish, keelless, flat scales, placed in cross series. Tail compressed, triangular, covered with small scales, and with a ridge of large compressed spines. Legs strong. Toes 5-5, short, strong, cylindrical, slightly webbed at the base, covered above and below with small scales. Claws short, blunt. Femoral pores none. Preanal scales small, a few of them are pierced in the centre. The TUATERA or NARARA. Hatteria punctata, Gray, Z. M. 72. Dieffenb. N. Z. ii. 204. Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept. t. Gigantic Lizard, Cook's Third Voy. i. 153. Guana, Polack, N. Z. i. 317. Olive; sides and limbs with minute white specks, beneath yel- lowish; the spines of the nuchal and dorsal crests yellow, of the caudal brown; scales of the back, head, tail and limbs small, gra- nular, nearly uniform ; the irregular folds in the skin are fringed at the top with a series of rather large scales; an oblique ridge of larger scales on each side of the base of the tail, and a few shorter longitudinal ridges of rather smaller ones on each side of the up- per part of the tail. a. In spirits. New Zealand. From Dr. Dieffenbach's collection. b. Stuffed. New Zealand. Presented by F. Knox, M.D. c. Skeleton of b. New Zealand. Presented by F. Knox, M.D. 250 REPTILES. the thigh. 22. LOPHOGNATHUS, Gray. Head elongate. Forehead shelving, nearly flat, covered with keeled scales. Eyebrows keeled. The back covered with keeled rhombic scales, placed in oblique rather ascending series. Limbs, tail, chest and belly with larger scales placed in longitudinal se- ries. Nape and paratoids with a crest of short compressed scales. The nuchal crest is continued in a slight keel down the back. Tail elongate, tapering. Femoral pores 2 or 3, rather irregular. Two preanal pores on each side, near the base of the lower side of This genus differs from Calotes in being furnished with pores. The LOPHOGNATHE. Lophognathus Gilbertii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 53. Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Olive-green, chin and throat greener; the upper lips, a broad streak under the ears, bent up and continued along the sides, be- coming narrower near the hind legs, and a second small streak on the sides of the throat, white; tail obscurely black-ringed; nuchal crest short, low, continued by a very slightly raised keel to the base of the tail; scales of the back small, keeled, of the limbs, tail, chest and belly longer, lozenge-shaped. a, b. N. Australia, Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. c-e. N. Australia, Port Essington. Presented by Dr. Richardson. 23. DIPOROPHORA, Gray. Head short, forehead shelving, nearly flat, covered with small keeled scales. Eyebrows keeled. The back covered with keeled rhombic scales. Limbs, tail, chest and belly with larger keeled rhombic scales, all placed in longitudinal series. Back slightly keeled on each side. Nape with a very obscure keel. Tail elon- gate, tapering, subangular. Femoral pores none. One preanal pore on the side, near the base of the lower side of the thigh. This differs from Grammatophora in having only 2 preanal pores; in form it is intermediate between that genus and Calotes. The DIPOROPHORE. Diporophora bilineata, Gray, Z. M. 54. Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Pale brown (in spirits), with black spots forming 7 cross bands on the body and black rings on the tail; a narrow streak on each side of the neck and front of the body, and a few scales in cross series on the sides of the body, yellow; throat grey; chest, belly and under side of limbs and base of tail, yellow; the feet pale; a group of 2 or 3 small conical spines in front, one over the top and one or two on the paratoid behind the ear, a-c. In spirits. N. Australia, Port Essington. From Mr. Gil- bert's collection. d. In spirits. N. Australia, Port Essington. Presented by B. Bynoe, Esq. LIZARDS. 251 a 24, 25. GRAMMATOPHORA, Kaup. Amphibolurus, Wagl., Weigm. . Head triangular, flattened, muzzle subacute, with small une- qual angular keeled scales. Nostrils lateral, anterior. Tympanum external. Cutting teeth 5-5, canines 2-2. Throat not pouch- ed, with a plait across the chest. Back not crested. Scales of the back imbricate, unequal, with cross bands of larger scales. Femoral pores distinct. Tail long, conical, depressed at the base, with keeled imbricate scales. In the Synopsis of the Genera at p. 232, I have regarded the first section as a genus; but on consideration, I have thought it better to reduce it again. + Back and sides with a central and longitudinal series of larger, keeled, compressed scales. Amphibolurus. The CRESTED GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora cristata, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Olive; head black varied, beneath pale, throat, chest and un- der side of the thighs black; tail black-ringed; scales rather irre- gular, with a central and two lateral series of compressed keeled scales; nape with a crest of compressed elevated distant scales; sides of the neck with scattered single elongated conical spines; tail tapering, with uniform keeled scales, keeled above, rather di- lated at the base, with indistinct cross series of rather larger scales. a. In spirits. Western Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. The GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora muricata, Kaup, Isis, 1827, 621. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 60. Zool. Erebus . Ter- & Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 475. Lacerta muricata, Shaw, Zool.iii. 211, t. 65, f. 2. White, Jour. 144, t. 31, f. 1. Daud. Rept. iii. 391. Weigm. H. M. 17. Agama Jacksoniensis, Kuhl, Beytr. 113. Schinz, Rept. t. 30. Guerin, Icon. t. 3, f. A. grandoculis, Lacep. Nape and back with an equal crest of triangular compressed scales, and with 2 or 3 similar series on each side of it; sides with scattered larger keeled scales, and with a series of small compress- ed ones above; sides of the nape and paratoids with series of tri- angular keeled scales; tail elongate, tapering, with uniform equal keeled scales; pale, a series of angular spots down the back, and brown varied and streaked on the sides; head large. a. In spirits. Australia. Capt. White's specimen. b. Dry. Australia. c. Half grown, in spirits. N. Holland. Presented by J. Hunter, Esq. d. In spirits. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. e. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. f. In spirits. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Charles Dar- win, Esq. g-i. Stuffed. Australia. ror, t. a 252 REPTILES. ** Back with a central series of keeled scales, and with cross rows of larger keeled scales on each side. The NETTED GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora reticulata. Grammatophora Decresii, Gray, Grey's Trav. Austr. ii. Zool. Ere- bus and Terror, t. (not Dum. et Bib.) Black, yellow-spotted and varied, beneath grey, vermiculated with blackish; tail black-ringed; back and nape with a central series of larger keeled scales, with distant cross series of similar scales; sides of the nape and paratoids with series of rather larger keeled scales; scales of the back small, subequal; tail tapering, with regular nearly equal keeled scales, and 1 or 2 cross bands of larger scales at the base. a-c. In spirits. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's collection. *** Back without any central crest. Nape very obscurely crested. Sides with series of larger scales. The BEARDED GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora barbata, Kaup, Isis, 1827, 621. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 60. Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Dum. et Bib. E.G. iv. 478. Agama barbata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 35. Weigm. H. M.7. Pale olive, obscurely cross banded, with a dark spot on each side of the neck; chin and throat of the young brown-lined; head enlarged, and with a transverse ridge of spines behind ; scales of the back irregular, the larger placed in cross series, of the throat, paratoids and sides very long, slender, spreading, of the tail une- qual, with irregular cross bands of larger keeled scales. a. Adult, stuffed. Australia. Presented by A. Cunningham, Esq. F.L.S. 6. Adult, stuffed. Australia. c-e. In spirits. Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gilbert's col- lection. f-h. In spirits. W. Australia, Swan River. Presented by Capt. G. Grey. i. In spirits. W. Australia. Presented by G. F. Moore, Esq. j, k. Young, in spirits, with cross lines of spines on occiput, ſike adult. W. Australia. The Lozenge-MARKED GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora . angulifera, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Pale brown, with a central series of angular spots; sides with cross bands; beneath white, brown-dotted; back with a longitu- dinal series of larger keeled scales on each side of the dorsal line, and with 1 or 2 other series of more keeled scales on each side; nape and back sometimes very slightly keeled and subcrested; the tail tapering, with 5 series of keeled scales at the base. LIZARDS. 253 a Var. 1. The dorsal spots in one series, a-c. Adult and young, in spirits. Van Diemen's Land. d, e. In spirits. V. D. Land. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. f. In spirits. V. D. Land. Presented Presented by the Earl of Derby. g-i. Stuffed. V. D. Land. Var. 2. or young, with the dorsal spots in 2 series, separated by a broad central streak. G. muricata Adeladensis, Gray, Grey's Trav. ii. j-1. Young, in spirits. Throat and chest black varied. Swan River. m—o. Young, in spirits. Throat sometimes black-lined. W. Australia. Var. 3. or young, pale olive. p. In spirits. Throat black-varied, with a black abdominal streak. W. Australia. 9,r. In spirits. Throat paler. W. Australia. **** Nape slightly crested. Scales subequal uniform. The BLACK-SPOTTED GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora maculata. Uromastyx maculata, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 62. Grammatophora Gaimardi, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 470. Back black-spotted, with 2 black streaks along the tail, a rhomboidal black spot across the chest, and an angular black band under the throat; scales rhomboidal, oblong, strongly keeled, im- bricate ; nape with a rudimentary scaly crest; ears large, without any tubercles near them ; hinder toes and claws very slender, ta- pering; nostril near the orbit. Inhab. New Holland, at the Bay of Sea Dogs. Mus. Paris. The Swan RIVER GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora De- cresii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 472. Back olive brown; throat yellowish, veined with black; chest brownish ; scales of the body rhomboidal, high, tented, as long as broad, of the belly similar, but flat; hinder toes and claws mode- rate ; nostril in the middle of the side of the face; plait on the sides of the neck and round the ears rough with small tubercles, and with 2 groups of tubercles on the side of the neck. Inhab. Australia, Swan River. Mus. Paris. The YELLOW-SPOTTED GRAMMATOPHORE. Grammatophora ornata, Gray, Zool. 'Erebus and Terror, t. Black; the back with a series of large yellow spots, smaller on the sides; the tail and limbs yellow-banded, beneath yellow; the throat black-dotted ; chest blackish ; nape with a slight scaly crest; ears with a few tubercular scales in front; neck with 3 or 4 groups of short tubercular scales on each side; the scales small, ovate, imbricate, keeled, of the middle of the back rather larger, Z a 254 REPTILES. а Toes 5-5, and with a few rather larger (white) ones scattered on the sides ; nostril near the front edge of the orbit. a. Adult, in spirits. W. Australia. II. Body depressed. Back with imbricate scales. Throat with a cross fold. Terrestrial. a. Femoral pores none. Preanal pores distinct. Ears exposed. Agamina. * Preanal and abdominal pores in several rows. Tail ringed. 26. LAUDAKIA. Head moderate, covered with small scales. Face-ridge dis- - tinct, angular. Nostril lateral, anterior. Throat rather lax, with a cross fold behind. Paratoids and sides of the neck with groups of tubercular scales. Nape with a slight crest. Back not crested. Scales of the back moderate, rhombic; of the sides smaller, with scattered larger keeled ones; of the belly rather larger and smooth; of the limbs larger, keeled. Vent with several series of porous scales in front forming a callous patch, with a similar spot of po- rous scales in the middle of the abdomen. Tail elongate, tapering, with imbricate keeled rhombic scales, and with distant ring-like wrinkles, rather dilated and depressed near the base. elongate, unequal, the middle hinder nearly as long as the fourth. The TUBERCULAR LAUDAKIA. Laudakia tuberculata. Agama tuberculata, Gray, Zool. Jour. iii. 218. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 16, from Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 84. Griffith, A. K. ix. 56. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ix. 488. Brown, with dark-edged paler spots on the sides; the lower part of the middle of the sides with cross bands of large keeled scales ; upper part of the thighs with scattered tubercular spines. a. In spirits. Presented by General Hardwicke. b. In spirits. Singapore. From Mr. Argent's collection. 27. STELLIO. Head triangular, rather elongate, covered with unequal scales, the hinder larger, sub-spinose. Face-ridge angular. Face-ridge angular. Paratoids and sides of the neck with groups of tubercular scales. Throat lax, with a posterior cross fold. Body depressed, with a longitu- dinal plait on each side. Scales of the back unequal; of the middle of the back larger, convex; of the sides small, with scat- tered larger convex, and groups of small spine-like scales; of the belly moderate, smooth ; of the limbs larger, spinose. Toes 5-5, elongate, the third and fourth hinder toes equal. Femoral pores Preanal pores in several cross rows, forming a triangular callous patch, and with an elongate linear callous group of pierced scales on the middle of the belly. Tail conical, round, ringed and with whorls of spinose scales. none. LIZARDS. 255 + Neck not crested. The STELLION or HARDUN. Stellio Cordylina. Lacerta Stellio, Linn. S. N. 361. Seba, i. t. 107, f. 1, 2. Iguana corda- lina, Laur. Syn. 47. S. vulgaris, Latr. Rept. ii. 22. Daud. Rept. iv. 16. Rupp. Zool. N. Afr. t. 2. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 57. Agama Sebæ, Merrem, Tent. 55. A. Cordylea, Merrem, Tent. 55. St. antiquorum, Cuv. R. A. i. 17. Geoff. Řept. Egypt. i. t. 2, f. 3. Cordylus sive Uromastyx, Aldrov. i. 665. Le Stellion, Daub. Rept. 683. Ency. Meth. t. 8, f. 4. Nape not crested; belly yellow; scales of the tail large, form- ing very distinct rings. a. Adult, in spirits. N. Africa, Egypt. Presented by M. Lefebre. b, c. Half grown and young, in spirits. in spirits. N. Africa. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. d. Adult, in spirits. Asia Minor. Presented by A. Christy, Esq. e. Adult, in spirits. Asia Minor. Presented by Charles Fellowes, Esq. f. Adult, in spirits. Asia Minor. Presented by Dr. Richardson. The CAUCASIAN STELLION. Stellio caucasicus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 80, t. 13, f. 1–8, skeleton. Lacerta Stellio, Pallas. Lac. muricata, Pallas, (not Gmel.) Stellio vul- garis, Menest. Cat. 64. Eversm. N. Mem. Mosc. 1834, t. 23, f. 1, Above greenish ash, varied with rings of black spots ; belly yellowish; tail mucronate, black-ringed; feet and side of ears spi- nose mucronate. Inhab. Caucasus, Tiflis. H Neck with a small crest. The BLUE-BELLIED STELLION. Stellio cyanogaster, Rupp. Abys. Fauna, 10, t. 5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 522. Agama gu- laris, Reuss. Mus. Senck. i. 36. Nape with a small crest; belly blue; scales of the tail mode- rate, forming simply imbricate whorls. Inhab. Arabia. Mus. Francfort and Paris. 28. AGAMA, part, Cuv. Trapelus, Wagler. Head moderate, rounded, triangular, depressed. Face-ridge angular, with imbricate scales. Crown with irregular scales. Nos- tril lateral, near the front of the muzzle. Ear-drum distinct, sunken. Throat with a longitudinal and one or two cross folds behind. Paratoids and sides of neck with groups of spines. Back slightly crested. Body depressed, with rhombic keeled scales and sometimes with scattered spinose ones. Tail elongate, tapering, with imbricated rhombic scales. Femoral pores none. Preanal pores in a series in front of the cloaca. Toes 5-5, the third and fourth of nearly equal length. a Z 2 256 REPTILES. + Back simple. Scales of back equal or subequal, flat, keeled ; of belly smooth Crown-shields flattish. Third and fourth toes subequal. The SPINOSE AGAME. Agama colonorum, Daud. Rept. iii. 356. Kuhl, Beytr. 107. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 490. Lacerta Agama, Linn. S. N. Seba, t. 93, f. 3, t. 107, f. 3. Iguana Sala- mandrina, Laur. Rept. 47. A. macrocephala, Merrem, Tent. 52. , A. spinosa, Gray, Griffith. A. K. ix. 56. L'Agame, Daub. Rept. 587. Brown; head moderate, with an elongate narrow convex plate on the middle of the nose; nostrils rather large, distinctly tubular; ear with small points in front; the scales of the nape, crest, and groups of spines upon each side of the neck elongate, slender; scales of the back broad, rhombic, equal-sized, keeled, dagger- pointed; of the belly smooth; tail long, strong, with large rhom- bic scales and keeled above. a. Adult, in spirits. Pale brown, tail rather slender, toes moderate. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, Esq. b. In spirits. Dark brown, tail strong, with distinct keels above, toes moderate. Egypt. Presented by Sir John Gardner Wil- kinson. c. Half grown, in spirits. Anal pores 5-5, pale brown, tail slen- der, toes slenderer, elongate. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, Esq. The OCCIPITAL AGAME. Agama occipitalis, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 214. Griff. A. K. ix. 56. A. colonorum, var. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 490. Olive, with a pale streak down the back; head moderate, with an elongate narrow convex plate on the middle of the nose ; nos- trils rather large, distinctly tubular; ear with some small points in front; scales of nape, crest and groups of spines on each side of the neck short and tubercular; of the back broad, rhombic, equal- sized, keeled, dagger-pointed, of the belly smooth ; tail elongate, with large rhombic scales and keeled above. a. Adult, in spirits. W. Africa. b, c. Adult, in spirits. W. Africa. Presented by W. Raddon, Esq. d, e. Adult, in spirits. W. Africa. Presented by Dr. Stanger. The CAPE AGAME. Agama atra, Daud. Rept. iii. 349. Seba, Thes. i. t. 87, f. 6. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 493. Agama subspi- nosa, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 214. Griff. A. K. ix. 57. Trapelus subhispidus, Kaup, Isis, 1827, 616. Merrem, Beit, Amph. t. 5. Olive, with a yellow streak down the back; head short, blunt; nostrils small, slightly tubular; scales of the head smooth, of the back small, rhombic, keeled, of the sides smaller, equal, of the belly LIZARDS. 257 Cape of moderate, smooth; ear-hole moderate, with thin spines in front; sides of the neck with a group of very small pointed spines; tail long, compressed. a. In spirits. Tail slender. Cape of Good Hope. b. In spirits. Tail thick, keeled above. Cape of Good Hope. c. Half grown, in spirits. Tail thick, keeled above. Good Hope. Presented by J. Ford, Esq. d. Stuffed, half grown. Cape of Good Hope. . The AGILE AGAME. Agama agilis, Oliv. Voy. Ottom. ii. 438, t. 29, f. 2. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 497. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 58. Trapelus flavimaculatus, Rupp. N. Afr. Zool. 12, t. 6, f. 1. A. leucostigma, Reus. Mus. Senck. i. 44 ? Muzzle short, blunt; nostrils small; scales of the forehead convex, of the back moderate, similar, equal, with a small keel ending in a point behind, of the belly smooth; ear-drum sunk, narrow, with some small spines on its upper side; the nape with a small group of fine-pointed spines; back not crested ; tail long, conical. Inhab. Arabia, Bagdad. Mus. Paris. H Back with a fold on each side. Scales unequal, of belly smooth. The HISPID AGAME. Agama aculeata, Merrem, Syn. 53. Dum, et Bib. E. G. iv. 499. Lacerta Stellio, Shaw, Zool. iii. 229, t. 7. Seba, ii. t. 8, f. 6. Trapelus hispidus, Gravenh. Acad. Nat. Cur. xvi. 917, t. 64, f. 1—8. Head short, rounded in front; head-scales smooth; scales of the back unequal, with 2 or 3 series of triangular tubercles on each side of the dorsal line, of the belly smooth ; neck with some groups of spines on the side; nape, back, and base of tail with a small crest; ear-drum open, with some small points in front; third and fourth hind toe equal, short; tail long, strong, rather tapering. a. Young, in spirits. Pale ash, limbs black-dotted, tail black- banded. South Africa. Agama Capensis, Gray, Brit. Mus. 1837. b. Adult, stuffed. Scales rough, spinose, unequal, of tail large. Cape of Good Hope. c. Adult, stuffed. Olive, with a pale dorsal streak, scales smaller, keeled, more equal, with a plait down each side of the back on which are a few spinose scales. Intermediate between A. ater and A. aculeata. H Back with a central fold and one on each side. Scales unequal, tubercular, of belly keeled. The SPINOSE AGAME. Agama hispida. Lacerta hispida, Linn. S. N. ed. 13, 235. Kaup, Isis, xx. t. 7. L. orbicularis, Linn. S. z 3 258 REPTILES. N. ed. 12, 265. Seba, Thes. i. t. 83, f. 1, 2, t. 109, f. 6, ii. t. 8, f. 7. Laur. Rept. 51. Latr. Rept. ii. 26. Daud. Rept. iii. 406 (not fig.). Kuhl, Beytr. 114. A. gemmata, Daud. Rept. iii. 410. A. aspera, Daud. Rept. iii. 402. A. aculeata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 36, (not Mer- rem). A. spinosa, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 502, (not Gray). Pale brown, with 2 series of brown spots on the back; head brown cross-banded; the head short, blunt; head-scales convex, acute; forehead, temples and occiput with some many-sided tu- bercular scales; ear-hole small, upper and front edges armed with large points; sides of the neck with groups of tubercular spines; nape and back crested; scales of the back unequal, a central and 3 or 4 other series of large 3-sided spines, of the belly keeled; the tail short, conical. a-d. Stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. e-g. Adult and young, in spirits. Cape of Good Hope. h. Adult, in spirits. Presented by — Townsend, Esq. i. Adult, in spirits. From Mr. Mantell's collection. 29. TRAPELUS, part, Cuvier. Head moderate, convex, covered with unequal scales. Para- toids armless. Neck contracted. Eyelids with a fringe of small scales. Back not (or very slightly), crested with imbricate scales. Tail slender, with imbricate scales. Toes 5-5, slender. Femoral pores none. A series of pores on the front edge of the vent. * Third and fourth toes unequal. Ears with a series of small dependant scales. Trapelus. † Back slightly crested. The CRESTED TRAPELUS. Trapelus Savignii. Agama Sa- vignii, Audouin, R. E. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 508. Savigny, Rept. Egypt. Supp. t. 1, f. 5. Scales of forehead swollen, of the eyebrow nearly flat; interpa- rietal plate moderate ; nape and back with a crest; upper edge of the ears armed with points; scales of the back rather large, equal, rhomboidal, keeled; tail long, rather compressed ; scales of the head and nape ending in a pore. a, b. In spirits. Egypt. Presented by J. Burton, jun. Esq. # Back not crested. The VARIABLE TRAPELUS. Trapelus ruderata. Agama ru- derata, Oliv. Voy. Ottom. ii. 428, t. 29, f. 3. A. orbicularis, Daud. , Rept. iii. t. 45, f. 1. A. variabile, I. Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 3, f. 3, 4. Supp. t. 1, f. 6. A. mutabilis, Merrem, Tent. 50. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 505. Trapelus Ægypticus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 37. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 58. A. deserti, Licht. A. pallida, Reuss. Mus. Senck. i. 38, t. 3, f. 3. A. nigrofasciata, Reuss. Mus. Senck. i. 42. LIZARDS. 259 Scales of the forehead rather tubercular, of eyebrows smooth ; tympanum narrow, partly hidden by the scales of its upper edge; back not crested ; nape and sides of the neck with rather larger tubercular scales; scales of the back smooth or slightly keeled, with scattered flat tubercles or irregular rhombic scales; of belly smooth ; tail moderately long, conical. a—c. In spirits. Egypt. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. The BLOOD-SPOTTED TRAPELUS. Trapelus? sanguinolentus, Eichw. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 89, t. 14, f. 3, 4. Lacerta sang. Pal- las. L. Agama, Guld. Agama Aralensis, Licht. Eversm. A. Oxiana, Eichw. Zool. Spec. Lac. scutata, G. A. Gmelin. Ash, with waved cross bands and a violet spot on each side of the neck; scales of the back roundish, equal, keeled, near the ears larger, aculeate. Inhab. Eastern shores of Caspian. ** Third and fourth hind toes equal, short. Ears with 1 or 2 large tubercles in front. Claws largely sheathed, with scales at the base. Isodactylus. The EGYPTIAN TRAPELUS. Trapelus Sinaitus. Agama Si- naita, Heyden. Ruppell, N. Afr. Zool. 10, t. 3. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 58. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 510. Agama straminea, Mus. Berl. Licht. Cat. A. Lichtensteinii, Gray, B. M. A. arenaria, Van Heyden. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 58. A. Isodactyli, Licht. Mus. Berl. Muzzle short; scales of the forehead swollen, of eyebrows flat; interparietal plate small; scales of the back small, equal, of the belly smooth; tympanum large, with 2 or 3 small tubercles on the front edge; back and neck without any crest or tubercles; anal pores 6. a. Adult, in spirits. Egypt. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun. b, c. In spirits. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun. Esq. ** Preanal and femoral pores none. Ears hidden under the skin. Scales of the back small, granular. Back not crested. Phryno- cephalina. 31. PhrynOCEPHALUS, Kaup. Head nearly circular, flattened. Lips toothed on the edge. Nostrils oblique, suberect, anterior. Tympanum hidden under the skin. Neck contracted. Throat rather lax, with a cross fold behind. Body depressed, broad, not crested. Tail thin, flattened at the base, often prehensile. Toes toothed on the edge. Femo- ral and preanal pores none. Esq. 260 REPTILES. * Tail not prehensile. OLIVIER's PhrynOCEPHALE. Phrynocephalus Olivieri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 517. Back brown; sides of the neck and body black; interscapu- lars and loins grey ; tail not prehensile, nearly round, very slen- der, ringed with black and white; scales of the back small, with scattered larger and thicker ones. Inhab. - ? Mus. Paris, (M. Olivier). ** Tail prehensile. Back with scattered tubercular scales. The URAL PHRYNOCEPHALE. Phrynocephalus helioscopus, Kaup. Eichw. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 87. Eversm. Gravenh. N. Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. 934, t. 64, f. 9, 14. Lacerta helioscopa, Pallas, Z. R. A. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 519. Gmel. S. N. i. 1074. Latr. Rept. ii. 30. Daud. Rept. iii. 419, 422. Phryn. caudivolvu- lus, Eversm. N. Mem. Mosc. iii. 362, t. 32, f. 2. Lac. uralensis, Lepechin Gmel. S. N. i. 1073. Fitz. Verz. 47. Lac. gibba, Gmelin, Reiss..? Olive, shaded or spotted with brown, beneath whitish ; scales of the back small, with small scattered tubercles; tail slightly pre- hensile, subconic, spotted on each side, and tipped with black. a, b. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. Siberia. From the Ber- lin Museum. c. Half-grown, in spirits. Siberia. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. *** Tail prehensile. Back with small uniform scales. The PREHENSILE PHRYNOCEPHALE. Phrynocephalus caudivol. vulus, Fitz. Verz. 48. Eichw. Faun. Casp. Cauc. 85, t. 13, f.9–14. t. 12, f. 6,7. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 522. Lacerta c. Pallas, Z. Ross. Asiat. iii. 27. Agama ocellata, Licht. Eversm. Reiss. 143. Var. Phry. reticulatus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 186. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 515. Lac. guttata, Lep. Rus. i. 317, t. 22, f. 2,3. Gmel. S. N. 1078. Gravenh. N. A. Acad. N. Cur. viii. 780. Schn. Am. 204. Phryn. Pallasii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 59. Olive, with waved brown lines, beneath yellow white; tail pre- hensile, subconic at the end, elongate, black-ringed, with a yellow longitudinal streak above and a black tip; scales of back equal. Inhab. Siberia. Mus. Paris. The AFFGHAN PHRYNOCEPHALUS. Phrynocephalus Tickelii. Olive green, beneath yellowish ; scales of back equal, ovate; tail very long, slender, with brown-black rings and a long pale tip, base rather dilated, with some scattered tubercles on each side. a. In spirits. Affghanistan. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. See also P. varius, P. melanurus, P. nigricans, Eichw. Zool. Spicil. iii. and Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 515. LIZARDS. 261 32. MEGALOCHILUS, Eichwald. Phrynocephalus, part, Kaup. Gecko, part, Latr. Agama, part, Daud. Head depressed, rounded. The angle of the mouth fringed with a large toothed membrane. Nostrils oblique, on the edge of the face-ridge. Tongue entire, triangular. Ears hidden under the skin. Neck contracted, with a cross fold beneath. Body de- pressed, broad. Back not crested. The tail much depressed (its whole length), covered with small scales. The toes elongate, very strongly toothed on the edge. Femoral and preanal pores none. The EARED MEGALOCHILE. Megalochilus auritus, Eichw. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 88, t. 14, f. 1, 2. Lacerta mystacea, aut L. aurita, Pallas, Voy. Russ. viii. 84, t. 100, f. 1. Gmelin, S. N. i. 1073. Latr. Rept. ii. 61. Licht. Kaup, Isis. Daud. Rept. iii. 429, t. 45, f. 2. L. lobata, Shaw, Zool. iii. 244. Agama mystacea, Merrem, Tent. 53. Grey. a, 6. Adult and half grown Russia. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. *** Femoral pores distinct. Ear exposed. Scales of the back small, granular, of tail ringed. Back not crested. Uromasticina. 33. UROMASTIX, Merrem. Mastigura, Flem. Sphærodon, Gray? Head flat, triangular. Muzzle short, arched. Nostrils late- ral. Ear oblong, vertical, toothed in front. Skin of the throat plaited, partly covering the ears. Body oblong, depressed, not crested, covered with small smooth scales. Tail rather depressed, with rings of large keeled spinose scales above and below. Fe- moral and preanal pores distinct. . a. The lower caudal spines as large as the upper, without any alternating plates. Uromastix. . The EYED UROMASTYX. Uromastix ornatus, Ruppell, Zool. N. Afr. i. t. 1. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 61. Schinz. Rept. t. 21, f. 3. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 538. U. ocellatus, Licht. Green, vermiculated with brown, and with waved cross bands, formed of yellow spots; the spines and scales of the thighs crowd- ed, some of the scales of the pubic region thick and greasy; fe- moral pores 9-9 or 10-10. a, b. Half grown and young, in spirits. N. Africa, Egypt. Pre- sented by J. Burton, jun. Esq. b. The lower caudal plates small, oblong, in 2 or 4 series in each ring. Mastigura. The EGYPTIAN MASTIGURE. Uromastix spinipes, Merrem, Tent. 56. Stellio spinipes, Daud. Rept. iv. 31. I. Geoff. Rept. 262 REPTILES. a, b. Half Egypt. i. t. 2, f. 2. Flem. Phis. Zool. ii. 277. Caudiverbera, Be- lon. Aquat. i. 45. Gesner, Icon. v. 357. La Cordyle, Rondel. Pois. 176. Green or greenish grey (not spotted) above; with scattered spines on the upper side of the thigh, and a few small conical tu- bercles on the sides and loins ; femoral pores 16-16 or 18-18. grown and adult, in spirits. N. Africa, Egypt. Pre- sented by J. Burton, jun. Esq. c. Stuffed. N. Africa. Presented by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson. The SPINED MASTIGURE. Uromastix acanthinurus, Bell, Zool. Journ. 1825, i. 457, t. 17. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv, 544. U. dispar, Ruppell, Z. N. Afr. 5. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. f. 1. Yellowish grey or olive, black-dotted, sometimes black and white spotted; with crowded spines on the upper part of the thighs and small tubercles upon the sides; femoral pores large, 13-13 or 14-14. Inhab. N. Africa. Mus. Bell. Mus Paris. The BANDED MASTIGURE. Uromastix fasciatus, Menestries, Cat. Ries. 64. Scales small, irregular, far apart, with numerous larger scales placed in cross bands ; femoral pores continued. Inhab. Russia, Bakou. Mus. Petersburg. 34. SAARA. Uromastix, B. Dum. et Bib. Head very short, broad, much arched. Body depressed, with a fold on each side of the back. Scales minute, equal. Tail short, broad, depressed; upper part with cross bands of compress- ed conical scales, separated by other rings of granular and smooth square scales; beneath covered with square, smooth, imbricate scales. Femoral pores distinct. The Saara. Saara Hardwickii. Uromastix Hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii. 219. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Griff. A. K. ix. 62. Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 89—93. U. reticulatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 34. Guerin, Icon, t. 6, f. 4. U. griseus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 34. Gray, Gr. A. K. ix. 62. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 548, young ? Grey, reticulated with black; a large black spot on each groin. a. Adult, in spirits. Hindustan, Plains of Kanouge. Presented by General Hardwicke. b. Adult, in spirits. Hindustan. From Mr. Warwick's collection. c, d. Stuffed. India. 35. LEIOLEPIs, Cuvier. Cynosaura, Schlegel. Head triangular, covered with smooth scales, over the eyelids smaller. Muzzle arched. Nostril lateral. Throat lax, with a cross fold behind, and some folds on the sides of the neck. Scales LIZARDS. 263 of the back small, granular, flat, smooth ; of the belly larger. The tail round, elongate, tapering, with rings of smooth scales. Fe- moral pores distinct, in a continued line. Toes 5-5, unequal. The Indian LEIOLEPIs. Leiolepis Bellii. Uromastix Bellii, Gray, Zool. Journ. 1827, 216. Griff. A. K. ix. 62. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 18. Hardw. Icon ined. t. 86–88. L. guttatus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 37. Guerin, Icon. t. 7,f.2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iv. 465, t. 42, f. 1. L. guttato-lineatus, Mus. Paris. Cynosaura punctatus, Schlegel. Olive, with black-edged white spots, and a black-edged white streak on each side, beneath whitish. a. Adult, in spirits. India, Penang. Presented by Capt. Stafford. The CHINESE LEIOLEPIS. Leiolepis Reevesii. Uromastix Reevesii, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 62. Reeves, Hardw. Icon. ined. t. 85. Olive, with longitudinal series of pale whitish spots; when alive blackish, with orange spots on back, and a series of bright red spots on the sides. a. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. **** Preanal and femoral pores none. Ears exposed. Body, limbs and tail spinose. 30. Moloch, Gray. Head small, depressed, with large spines over each eyebrow. Nape with a large roundish protuberance, covered with spines. Throat rather lax, with a cross fold in front. Body depressed, covered above and below with irregular unequal small scales, each furnished with a more or less prominent central spine, and above with a series of large conical convex acute spines, each surrounded with small spines at the base. Head and limbs covered with si- milar scales and spines. Tail with irregular rings of large acute spines. Femoral and preanal pores none. Toes 5-5, short, co- vered above and below with keeled scales. Claws long, acute. The Moloch. Moloch horridus, Gray, Grey's Trav. W. Aust. t. MacClelland, Calcut. Journ. N. H. 1842, 148, t. 5, (not good). Pale yellow, with regular dark brown spots; sides and beneath with black-edged dark red spots. a Adult, in spirits. Western Australia. . Presented by G. T. More, Esq. b. Adult, in spirits, wants tail. W. Australia. c. Half grown. W. Australia. Presented by Lady Harvey. d. Young. W. Australia. 264 REPTILES. a Tribe V. DENDROSAURA. Scales of the belly, sides and back granular, in circular bands. Tongue elongate, subcylindrical, wormlike, very extensile, rather enlarged at the end. Eyes globular, very mobile, covered with a circular lid, pierced with a small central hole. Body compressed. Toes 5-5, formed into 2 grasping opposable groups. Ears hidden under the skin. Old World. Fam. XXI. The CHAMELEONS, (CHAMELEONIDÆ). Living on trees, supporting themselves by their feet and pre- hensile tail: moving slowly, with regularity and affected gravity. Eating living insects and larvæ, which they procure by the very rapid ejection of their elongated tongue, which is viscid at the tip, and as quickly withdrawn. The eggs, which are placed on the ground, under leaves, are round, the shell calcareous, white, spot- less, very porous. The males are distinguished by the thickness of the base of the tail. They inbabit Africa and Asia, and are naturalized in South- ern Europe. 1. CHAMELEO. Chameleo, Laur. The only genus. a * Back with an erect fin. Belly crested. The FRINGED CHAMELEON. Chameleo cristatus, Stuch. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvii. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, 63. Occiput flattened, elevated, acute behind, edged with acute tubercles, especially on the tip; back and base of tail with a high crest, supported by bony rays; throat simple; belly with a denti- culated crest; scales small, granular, with some scattered larger grains, and a series of larger round convex scales on each side of a the back. a. Adult, in spirits. Fernando Po. ** Back high, compressed. Belly and sides with a toothed crest. The SIDE-CRESTED CHAMELEON. Chameleo lateralis, Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 220. Occiput convex, with an arched central keel and a short keel on each side ; face-ridge angular; back compressed, high, with a slightly denticulated crest of rather larger conical scales on each side; throat and belly with a denticulated crest; the scales small, equal, very convex, with scattered larger scales; grey, with a white band on each side. a, b. In spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. LIZARDS. 265 *** Back and belly with a toothed crest. Sides simple. + Scales equal, small. Muzzle simple. The CHAMELEON. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. Rept. iv. 181. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 204. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 210. C. mutabilis, Meyer, Syn. Rept. 27. C. cinereus, Aldrov. C. Pari- siensis, Laur. Syn. 45, from Perrault, Mem. Acad. Paris, 1699, i. t. 35, copied from Prosper Alp. H. E. t. 10. C. Mexicanus, Laur. from Seba, Thes. t. 82, f. 1. C. carinatus, Merrem, Rept. 162, from Seba, Thes. t. 82, f. 2. c. Zeylanicus, Laur. Rept. 46. C. Senegalensis, B. Daud. Rept. 201. C. subcroceus, Merrem, Rept. 162, all from Seba, Thes. i. t. 82, f. 3. C. Africanus, Laur. Rept. 46. Huehl. Lacerta Africana, Gmel. S. N. i. 1069. C. calcara- tus, Merrem, from Seba, Thes. i. t. 83, f. 4. C. candidus, Laur. Syn. 46. Chameleon trapu, Geoff. Rept. Egypt. t. 4, f. 3. C. Siculus, Grohm. C. zebra, Bory, Dict. Class. H. N. iii. 97, t. — Lacerta Chamæleon, Linn. S. N. 364. Occiput with a central curvilinear keel, high and pointed be- hind, with a more or less distinct flap on each side behind, edged and covered with large scales like the cheeks; scales small, close, rounded; dorsal and ventral line toothed. a. Adult, in spirits. The occiput with a high arched crest and small flaps, the throat-crest large. India. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. b. Adult, in spirits, like a. India ? Presented by Sir Robert H. Inglis, Bart. c. Adult, in spirits, like a. Calcutta. Presented by Capt. Livesay. d. Half-grown, in spirits, like a. Singapore. e. Adult, in spirits, like a, but occipital flaps larger, partly bleached f. Half-grown, in spirits. Occipital crest distinct, not so arched, flaps large, dorsal crest high, sides white-streaked. g, h. Half-grown, in spirits. Occipital crest low, nearly straight, flaps large, produced behind. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun. Esq. C. Trapu, Geoff i. Half-grown, in spirits, like g. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. k. In spirits, like g. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. 1. Adult, in spirits. Occipital arch high, flaps indistinct. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun. Esq. m. Half-grown, dry. Occipital crest high. Central Africa. Pre- sented by Col. Denham. n. Half-grown, in spirits. Occipital crest high, flaps very indis- tinct. India. 0-r. Stuffed. 2 A 266 REPTILES. The SENEGAL CHAMELEON. Chameleo Senegalensis, Daud. Rept. iv. 203. Cuv. R. A. ii. 52. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 212. Griffith, A. K. is. 154. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 221. C.gymno- cephalus, Kaup. Isis, 1825. C. Bonæ Spei, Laur. 46, from Seba, i. t. 83, f. 5. Lacerta Chameleon, Linn. S. N. i. 265. Shaw, Zool. iii. 253, t. 76, cop. Miller, Cym. Phys. t. 11. L. pumila, Gmel. S. N. 1069. Ch. calcaratus, part, Merrem, from Miller, Cym. Phys. t 11. Grey or bluish ; occiput flat, rounded behind; the superciliary ridge not jointed on the occiput or end of the muzzle; dorsal and ventral line denticulated ; scales small, equal; of the occiput ra- ther convex. a. In spirits, grey, bleached. Senegal ? a Presented by Joshua Brookes, Esq. b. In spirits, beneath pale. W. Africa. From Mr. Raddon's collection. c. In spirits, not good state. W. Africa. d. Stuffed. W. Africa. The FLAP-NECKED CHAMELEON. Chameleo dilepis, Leach, Bowdich, Ashantee, 493, (1819). Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 211. Griffith, A. K. ix. 53. Spic. Zool. 2, t. 3, f. 4,5. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 225. C. planiceps, Merrem, Syn. 162 (not syn.) C. bilobus, “Leach," Kuhl, Beytr. 104. Kaup. Isis. Blue, with a white spot over each shoulder and a white streak a on each side of the chest; occiput flat, with a rounded fleshy lobe on each side behind ; superciliary ridges not united together, ei- ther at the occiput or muzzle ; dorsal and ventral line denticulat- ed; scales small, close, equal. a. Adult male? in spirits. Occipital lobes very large, covered with flat large 6-sided scales. Africa, Gambroon. Presented by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. b, c. Adult, in spirits. Occipital lobes small, rudimentary. W. Africa, Senegal. Presented by Adam Gerard, Esq. d. Half-grown, in spirits. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum. Ch. Senegalensis, Schlegel. e. Half-grown, in spirits. Scales of crown and occiput very flat. Fantee. Presented by Capt. Marryat, R.N. # Scales unequal, larger tubercular. Muzzle simple. . The BOURBON CHAMELEON. Chameleo pardalis, Cuv. R. A. ii. 60. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ii. 154. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 228. C. niger, Lesson, Ill. Zool. t. 34. Occiput flat, with a well-marked central longitudinal keel ; face-ridge rather prominent, edged with larger tubercles and unit- ed in front; back, chin and belly with a denticulated crest; the scales moderate, with larger scattered ones. a. In spirits. Bourbon. From the Paris Museum. LIZARDS. 267 The WARTY CHAMELEON. Chameleo verrucosus, Cuv. R. A. ï. 60. Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 210, t. 27, f. 1. C. monilifer, Boie. P. G. Occiput triangular, pointed behind, with a high curved keel; dorsal, ventral and subcaudal line toothed; scales small, rounded, with scattered larger ones, and with a longitudinal series of circu- lar scales on each side. a, b. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. c, d. Half grown. grown. Madagascar. Madagascar. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, C.B., R.N. Scales unequal. Muzzle (of male!) with a central prominence. The RhinocerOS CHAMELEON. Chameleo rhinoceratus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1843, 46. Dark, white-spotted, in spirits, with a pale streak in the mid- dle of each side; nose with a large projecting trigonal promi- nence, with a single small keel on its lower edge, and 2 toothed keels on its upper edge; back and belly toothed, keeled ; occiput with a central keel. (Male of C. verrucosus ?). a. In spirits. Madagascar. Madagascar. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Bel- cher, C.B., R.N. **** Back with a toothed crest. Belly and sides simple. a + Chin and muzzle simple. The TUBERCULATED CHAMELEON. Chameleo tuberculiferus, Gray. Ch. Namaquensis, A. Smith, Zool. Jour. Pale grey; occiput squarish behind, with a tubercle upon the ; , hinder end of each lateral crest, and an ascending central crest, which is angular behind; muzzle and chin simple; back with a crest of distant conical tubercles; belly not crested ; scales sinall, equal, granular. , a, b. Stuffed. S. Africa, Namaqua Land. From the South Afri- can Museum, The HOODED CHAMELEON. Chameleo cucullatus, Gray, Syn. . Griff. A. K. ix. 54. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 227. Occiput compressed, flat, with a rounded fleshy lobe on each a side behind; dorsal and ventral line entire; muzzle straight; the scales oval, unequal. a. Adult, in spirits. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 2 A 2 268 REPTILES. 9 Ht Chin simple. Muzzle compressed, produced. The SHARP-NOSED CHAMELEON. Chameleo pasutus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 216. Occiput triangular, shelving backwards; muzzle ending in a small compressed lobe of skin ; back of the male with some round- ed soft distant tubercles. a. In spirits. Madagascar. From the Paris Museum. ttt Chin simple. Muzzle of male forked. The LARGE-NAPED CHAMELEON. Chameleo bifurcus, Brogn. Bull. Soc. Phil. iv. t. f. 2. Latr. Rept. ii. 18. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 269, t. 16, f. 32, 33. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 212. Griff. A. K. ix. 54. C. bifidus, Daud. Rept. iv. 217, t. 54. Merrem, Tent. 162. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 233, t. 27, f. 3. Occiput flat, semicircular; the muzzle prolonged into 2 large straight compressed lobes; front of the dorsal line denticulated. a. Adult, in spirits, male? Nose-horns elongate, compressed, acute. Madagascar. b, c. Nearly half-grown, in spirits, males ? Nose-horns short, ra- ther compressed, truncated. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. d. Half-grown, in spirits, female ? Nose without any horns, oc- ciput rather wider. Madagascar. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. tttt Chin bearded. Muzzle simple. The FRINGED CHAMELEON. Chameleo Tigris, Cuv. Mus. Paris, in Kuhl, Beytr. 155. Cuv. R. A. ii. 60. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 213. Spic. Zool. 3, t. 3, f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 212. C. Seychellensis, Peron, Kuhl, Beytr. 105. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 214. C. fimbriatus, Wiedem. Occiput pointed, shelving behind, with a toothed keel, forked in front; back and chin with a small conical compressed beard ; belly simple; scales small, flat, equal, quadrangular. a. In spirits. Seychelle Islands. Presented by T. Bell, Esq. F.R.S. The BELLY-SHIELDED CHAMELEON. Chameleo ventralis. Occiput triangular, elongate, produced behind, with a low central keel and strong warty ridges; throat with compressed crowded denticulated lobes of skin; back and tail denticulated ; belly simple; scales granular, with series of large flat circular scales on the sides of the body and tail, and crowded together on the sides of the belly. a—d. In spirits. S. Africa. - . LIZARDS. 269 The PEARLED CHAMELEON. Chameleo pumilus, Latr. Rept. 46. Daud. Rept. iv. 212, t. 53. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 210. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 218. C. Bonæ Spei, Laur. Rept. 46. C. mar- garitaceus, Merrem, Tent. 162. Seba, Thes. i. t. 82, f. 4, 5, bad. Occiput triangular, elongate, narrow, with a low strong keel, with strong warty ridges; throat with compressed lobes of skin ; back and tail denticulated ; belly simple; scales small, granular, unequal, crowded, with a few scattered rather larger scales, and i or 2 series of larger scales on each side, of the belly small, nearly uniform. a-c. Adult and half-grown, in spirits. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. d, e. In spirits. Cape of Good Hope. f, g. In spirits. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by A. Mac Leay, Esq. h. Young, in spirits. Cape of Good Hope. From H.M.S. Chan- ticleer. ***** Back and belly not crested. PARSONS's CHAMELEON. Chameleo Parsonii, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 16, f. 30, 31. R. A. ii. 60. Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 213. Griff. A. K. ix. 54. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 231. Ch. Madecas- sus, Lesson, Illust. Zool. t. 35. Lacerta Chameleon, d. Gmel. S. N. i. 1069. Parsons, Phil. Trans. lviii. 195, t. 8, f. 1, 2. cop. Na- turforscher, v. 184, t. Top of the head sloping, occiput broad, flattened, shelving; muzzle of male divided into 2 tubercular compressed erect lobes; dorsal and ventral line not toothed; scales small, quadrangular. a. Adult female, stuffed. Muzzle unarmed. Madagascar. From M. Parzudaki's collection. The THREE-HORNED CHAMELEON. Chameleo Owenii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 7, t. 4, old and young. Ch. tricornis, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 227. Ch. Bibronii, Martin, P. Z. S. 1828, 65. Occiput flat, with a slight central ridge, contracted behind head of male with 3 long subcylindrical conical pointed horns, 1 before each eye and 1 at the end of the muzzle; the scales small, roundish, uniform, close ; dorsal and ventral line not toothed. ; a. Adult male, in spirits. Fernando Po. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. b. In spirits, male. Fernando Po. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. c. In spirits, female with eggs, no horns. Fernando Po. Pre- sented by J. E. Gray, Esq. Chameleo Bibronii, Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, 65. 2 A 3 270 REPTILES. BROOKES' CHAMELEON. Chameleo Brookesianus, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 419. C. Brookesii, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, t. 3, f. 3. Griff. A. K. ix. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 235. C. supercilia- ris, Kuhl, Beytr. Head cubic, forked in front; eyebrows angular, produced ; dorsal and ventral line not denticulated, with a row of spines on each side of the back; tail rather short, thick at the base. a. Adult? in spirits. From Mr. Brookes' collection. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. - - --- Page 5, after Typhlopside, insert :- 20*UROPELTIDÆ. Head conical. Rostral shield short, triangu- lar, erect, produced behind. Tail obliquely truncated above. Page 17. Change the name of Callopistes flavipunctatus to C. maculatus, Gravenh. Act. A. Nat. Cur. xviii. 944, t. 55, f. 1. Page 39. Eremias arguta, add: a. Adult, in spirits. Kirghiz Steppes. From Mr. Brandt's col. lection. Page 48. Zonurus Derbianus, add Cordylus giganteus, A. Smith, Ill. Z. S. Africa, Rept. t. 35, 36, adult and young. Page 50, Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, add :- b. Adult, in spirits. Scales of the sides distinctly keeled. S. Afri- Presented by Dr. Richardson. Page 50. Gerrhosaurus typicus, ventral shields 10- (not 16-) row- ed; and add, occipital shields 5-sided. Page 50. Gerrhosaurus Bibronii, add A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept. t. 38, f. 1, male. Olive, with 4 longitudinal pale brown streaks on the back, the two central narrow and close; throat red; occipital shield rhom- bic; ventral shields 8-rowed. Page 56. Pseudopus Pallasii, add :- h. Young, in spirits. Interparietal plate large, convex, with some large plates near. Xanthus. Xanthus. Presented by Dr. Richardson. . ca. LIZARDS. 271 - Page 57. BRACHYPUS, add, Ventral shields smooth, in longitu- dinal series, square; dorsal and subcaudal scales 6-sided, in rings, in alternating series; the lateral groove slightly impress- ed in front, scarcely granulated. Page 57. Brachypus Cuvieri, add :- a, b. In spirits. West Indies. Presented by T. Bell, Esq. Chalcides terrestris, Guilding, MSS. Page 70. 5. Mocoa, add, Toes 5-5; and add 5.* Carlia. Rostral erect, triangular. Palate toothed. Toes 4-5. Page 72, line 26, between above and thick, insert ; scales. Page 73, line 7, before armed add un : and erase the genus LAR- DELLA. Page 73, after DIPLOGLOSSUS, add :- 27. OPHIODES. Body and tail cylindrical. Legs 2, posterior, on side of vent. See pp. 120 and 99. Page 79, after Hinulia Whitii, add :- ttt Dorsal scales large, in 8 or 10 series. RICHARDSON'S HINULIA. Hinulia Richardsonii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. Pale brown; body with 8 or 9, tail with 10 or 12 broad rather irregular dark cross bands; beneath silvery; the ears with 4 or 5 small slender denticulations in front; body rather elongate; tail elongate, subcylindrical, tapering ; temples with large shields; feet rather small. Like Plestiodon in habit, but has no supranasals. a. In spirits. Australia, H. Abrolhos. Presented by B. Bynoe, Esq. Page 81. Mocoa melanopogon. This species should be referred to a new genus, which may be thus characterized. 5.* CARLIA. Head subquadrangular. Rostral erect, triangular, convex. Nasals lateral, nearly contiguous; supranasal none. Palate tooth- less. Ears oblong, toothed in front. Lower eyelid with a trans- parent disk. Body fusiform. Scales smooth. Limbs 4, moderate. Toes 4-5, compressed, the two middle front elongate. Tail round, tapering The Black-CHINNED CARLIA. Carlia melanopogon. Page 82, line 9, for interparietal read frontoparietal. 272 REPTILES. - Page 83. After Mocoa microtis, add :- Owen's Mocoa. Mocoa Owenii, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Ter- f. ror, t. f. Lacerta Tæniolata, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 206. Rib- bon Lizard, White's Voy. Pale yellow; back with 3 darker-edged brown streaks; sides with a broad upper and a narrow indistinct lower streak; crown K brown-varied; limbs brown-streaked; tail with 3 brown streaks ; ears rounded, with 3 or 4 minute denticulations in front; fronto- parietals distinct; disk of lower eyelid moderate, subcentral. a. In spirits. “Australia.” Presented by the Trustees of the College of Surgeons. Page 83. After Mocoa cuprea, add : The LARGE Mocoa. Mocoa grandis, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. f. Black, closely yellow-spotted, forming interrupted streaks; be- neath whitish; soles of the feet black; ears rather large, roundish, with some granular scales in front; frontoparietals distinct; disk of lower eyelid moderate, subcentral. a. In spirits. South Island, N. Zealand. From Mr. Earl's col- lection. Page 86. Tetradactylus Decrescensis, add :- b. In spirits. Swan River. Page 87. Hemiergis Decresiensis, erase a. and add :- Inhab. Kangaroo Island. Mus. Paris, 1 specimen. Page 101. Tribolonotus Nova Guinea, add :- a. Adult, in spirits. New Guinea. From the Leyden Museum. Page 106, line 7, for scales read keels. Page 107. Tropidolepis major, add :- b. In spirits. Young? Black-varied, back with 4 series of white spots, sides pale varied. N.W. Australia. Presented by Dr. Richardson. Page 114. Euprepis maculilabris, add :- b, c. In spirits. Var. ? Scales of the back 3-keeled, of the sides 4 or 5 keeled. W. Africa. From the W. African Expedition. Perhaps a distinct species. Page 124, for Bogerii read Bojerii. Page 203. Add before Anolius punctatus, a. Page 131. STENOSTOMA change to ARGYROPHIS. See P. 136. Page 140, after Epictia bilineatus, insert Typh. bilineatus. - - - LIZARDS. 273 - រ Page 144, after 9. HEMIDACTYLUS, insert :- 9.*NUBILIA. Tail rather depressed, subangular above, with cross rings of spines, the lower edge denticulated. Toes nearly free. Sides simple. Page 154, line 31, for Inhab. - ? insert: - a. In spirits. - ? Page 156, before 10. VELERNESIA, insert :- 9.* NUBILIA. Toes very slightly webbed at the base, rather dilated, last joint compressed, clawed." Sides and hinder part of the thighs sim- ple. Tail rather depressed, flat beneath, sharp-edged, with a series of spines on the edge, and distant rings of spines with a series of broad shields beneath. Sides of body and limbs round- ed, simple. The back with a series of larger triangular tubercles. Femoral and preanal pores (none ?) Argent's NUBILIA. Nubilia Argentii. Pale brown, with irregular dark cross bands; face with a black a streak on each side; back with large high angular tubercles. a. In spirits. Singapore. From Mr. Argent's collection. Page 157, line 34, after scales add, and larger tubercles. Page 161, line 18, add after P. Jamori, Fauna Japon. Saur. t. 2, f. 1-4. Page 169. Naultinus pacificus, erase specimen b. add scales mi- nute; and add : e-9. Pale brown, with 3 more or less divided and longitudinal black streaks. New Zealand. From Mr. Earl's collection. Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. f. Toes vary in length, perhaps . sexual. N. brevidactylus, MSS. h, i. Brown, with scattered black spots. New Zealand. From Mr. Earl's collection. Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. f. Toes short, perhaps sexual. N. maculatus, MSS. The Granular NaultiNUs. Naultinus granulatus. N. pa- cificus, var. Gray, Dieffenbach, and spec. b. Catal. p. 169. Pale brown, with irregular darker cross bands, with white edges in front; scales granular, moderate, of under side larger; labial shields gradually smaller. a. In spirits. New Zealand, Dr. Dieffenbach. Presented by R. Owen, Esq. b. In spirits. New Zealand. From Mr. Earl's collection. 274 REPTILES. - - Page 170, before Eublepharis Hardwickii, insert: - * Tail annulate, with small square scales above and below. And after E. Hardwickii, insert :- ** Tail ringed, tubercular, with small scales above and larger shields beneath. LORD DERBY'S EUBLEPHARIS. Eublepharis Derbianus. Brown, black spotted and varied ; scales granular; back and limbs with keeled, larger, convex, half oblong, transverse tuber- cles; scales of the head granular, equal; tail with 3 tubercles on each side of the base, slightly ringed, with a series of broad shields beneath. a. In spirits. Not in good state. N. Australia, Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Part 175, after Cubinia fasciata, insert :- DARWIN's CUBINIA. Cubinia Darwinii. Brown, darker marbled and minutely white dotted ; scales mi- nute, granular, with 18 longitudinal series of small triangular tu- bercles; lower rostral plate large, 3-sided behind, with a small chin-shield on each side; lower labial shields 5-1-5. a. In spirits. Bahia. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. b. In spirits. Rio Janeiro. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. Page 203, after Dotted ANOLIS, insert Anolius Grahami; and after synonym add, not of Daudin. Page 218, after Leiocephalus Schrebersii, insert :- The SMALL-SCALED Roquet. Leiocephalus microlepis. Olive, darker varied ; scales of back small, rhombic, strongly keeled, of the tail larger, of the belly rather larger, of the middle smooth, of the sides keeled; crest of the back and tail compressed, of the tail higher; head-shields smooth; eyelid-disk with 7 or 8 broad plates, the hinder ones obscurely 3 or 4 keeled ; interparie- tal plate large, oblong. a. Stuffed. Tropical America. - INDEX OF DONATIONS. Antarctic Expedition, 79, 82, Cunningham, Allan, Esq.F.L.S. 83, 88, 104, 169, 170. 105, 149, 176, 249, 251. Attersoll, Miss E. 29, 124. Curror, J. Esq. 129. 9 Banks, Sir J. 138. Darwin, C. Esq. 21, 22, 51, 88, Barrow, Sir J. 133. 176, 189, 211, 212, 213, 214, Belcher, Capt. Sir E., R.N. 14, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 52, 102, 109, 116, 134, 150, 225, 226, 251, 253, 274. 153, 155, 157, 161, 165, 174, Denham, Col. 265. 221, 229, 233, 235, 241, 267 Derby, Earl of, 29, 40, 41, 42, Bell, T. Esq. 24, 28, 29, 33, 54, 47, 48, 49, 78, 79, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 99, 115, 124, 154, 115, 132, 135, 150, 153, 165, 155, 161, 171, 172, 191, 196, 251, 253, 274. 200, 202, 205, 207, 224, 225, Doubleday, E. Esq. 22, 84, 91, 226, 241, 268, 271. 204, 208. Bevan, Maj. 109, 244. Bibron, M. 33, 64. Elliot, Walter, Esq. 142, 153. Blainville, Prof. De, 229. Essex, Lady, 139. Bonelli, Prof. 31, 124, 125. Bowditch, T. E. Esq., 11, 133, Fellows, Sir Charles, 31,56, 113, 266. 154, 255. Bowring, C. Esq. 153, 155, 244. Fitz Roy, Capt., R.N. 189. Brightwell, T. Esq. 28, 30. Ford, J. Esq. 127, 257. Brine, Dr. 100. Fortnum, C. D. E. Esq.12, 103. Brookes, J. Esq. 266. Burnett, Sir W. R.N. 54. Gerard, A. Esq. 266. Burton, James, Esq. jun. 7, 11, Gould, J. Esq. 13. 38, 151, 154, 164, 256, 258, Gray, J. E. Esq. 50, 55, 84, 99, 261, 262, 265. 115, 151, 155, 166, 167, 186, Bynoe, B. Esq. 250, 271. 195, 208, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 239, 241, 260, 261, 265, Chambers, Capt. C. 12. 267, 268, 269. Christy, A. Esq. 31, 33, 151, Green, Dr. Jacob, 208. 165, 255. Grey, Capt. G. 252. Cook, E. Esq. 140. Cormack, W. E. Esq. 170. Hancock, Dr. 18, 137. Cottle, T. Esq. 146, 200. Hardwicke, Gen. Thos. 9, 96, Cross, Edw. Esq. 229, 265. 109, 124, 134, 136, 138, 153, 276 INDEX OF DONATIONS. 164, 171, 172, 173, 234, 235, Miller, J. Esq. R.N. 44, 165, . , 238, 240, 241, 244, 246, 254, 175. 262, 265. Moore, G. F. Esq. 149, 252, 263 Harvey, Lady, 263. Harlan, Dr. R. 56, 91. Newport, G. Esq. 135. Haslar Hospital, 191. Hennah, Rev. W. 28, 56, 124, Ogilby, W. Esq. 228. 154, 255. Owen, R. Esq. 77, 82, 169, 170, Heward, R. Esq. 19, 94, 117, 273. 118, 198, 199. Hodgson, B. H. Esq. 9, 244. Packman, M.D. 161. Horsfield, Dr. T. 164. Parker, Mrs. 99, 222. Hunter, James, Esq. 68, 251. Paris Museum, 124. Petit, M. 113. Ince, Lieut. John, R.N. 137. India Company, Hon. 56, 137, Raddon, W. Esq. 11, 256. 233, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, Reeves, J. Esq. 53, 76, 92, 107, , 246, 260. 138, 153, 161, 242, 263. Inglis, Sir R. H. Bart. 265. Richardson, Dr. J. R.N. 14,55, 56, 67, 104, 155, 168, 170, Johnson, Dr. 84. 247, 249, 255, 270, 272. Ritchie, J. Esq. 28, 37, 38, 124, Kennaway, Mrs. 244. 164, 265. Kerr, Esq. 199. Ruppell, Dr. E. 122. King, Capt. P. P. 103, 106, 166. Russell, Hon. A. 29, 31, 32. Knox, Dr. F. 249. Russell, Dr. Patrick, 132. Laforest, Edw. Esq. 168. Sabine, E. Col. R.E. 17, 18, 24, Leach, Dr. W. E. 100. 111. Leadbeater, Mr. B. 30. Saffron Walden N. H. Soc. 42. Lee, Dr. John, 48, 114, 128, Shuckard, W. Esq. 79. 139, 167, 168. Smith, Dr. And. 40, 41, 42, 50. Lefebre, M. A. 37, 38, 74, 122, Smith, Lieut. Alex. R.N. 79, 83. 124, 255. Smith, Mrs. J. P. G. 19, 24, 154 Livesay, Capt. 265. Smith, J. P. G. Esq. 120, 186, Lindsay, J. Esq. 13. 221, 223 Ludlam, A. Esq. 186. Smith, Rev. G. E. 109. Sowerby, J. Esq. 115. Macauley, Dr. 229. Stafford, Capt. 161, 263. Macgrigor, Sir James, 61, 69, Stanger, Dr. 112. 115, 138, 153, 208, 236. Stoddart, Col. 237. MacLeay, A. Esq. 113, 269. Stokes, Capt. E., R. N 13. MacLeay, W. S. Esq. 20, 190, Stuart de Rothsay, Lord, 16, 197, 198, 202, 203, 218. 155, 195, 220. Mair, Dr. 68. Surgeons, Col. of, 157, 162, 188, Marryatt, Capt. R.N. 266. 272. INDEX OF DONATIONS. 275 - Sykes, Col. 153. White, Capt. 78, 104. Wilkinson, Sir J. G. 7, 11, 43, Thompson, W. Esq. 28, 32. 74, 151, 165, 177, 256, 259, Townsend, - Esq. 258. 262. Wilton, Rev. N. 67. Webb, P. B. Esq. 29, 30, 36, Winterbottom, J. E. Esq. 204. 124, 165. Wright, J. Esq. 95 Weeks, J. Esq. 117. 2 B INDEX. ABBREVIATUS, DRAC. 234 abdominalis, Lac. 88 Ablepharus, 62, 63, 64 Abronia, 46,53 acanthinurus, Urom. 262 acanthocephala, Ag. 243 Acanthodactylus, 26, 36 Acantholis, 180, 206 Acanthopyga, 15, 23 Acanthosaura, 231, 240 acanthura, Lac. 191 Accipitres, 2 Acontiada, 5, 120, 126 Acontias, 126, 135 Acrantus, 15, 23 aculeata, Ag. 257, 258 aculeatus, Geck. 154 acutirostris, Polyc. 185 Ada, 15, 24, 25 Adeladensis, Gram. 253 adspersus, Gerrh. 55 Ægyptiaca, Caud. 158; Plat. 165 Ægypticus, Trap. 258 ænea, Tiliq. 94 æneus, Anol. 205 ; Scelop. 210 affipis, Til. 109 Africana, Cait. 52; Moc. 83 Africanus, Cham. 265 Agama, 232, 255; Lac. 256, 259 Agamidæ, 5, 230 agamoides, Loph. 223 agilis, Ag. 257; Lac. 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 74; Scin. 94 albifrons, Stern. 140 albogularis, Gymn. 172; Tropid. 8 albolabris, Tiliq. 94 albomaxillaris, Loph. 195 Aldrovandii, Plest. 91 Algira, 26, 35; Lac. 35 Algiroides, 34 Algoensis, Cord. 49 Alligator, Anol. 201 Aloponotus, 179, 187 Amazonicus, Croc. 25 Amblyrhynchus, 186, 188, 189 Amboinensis, Drac. 235; Lac. 247 Ameiva, 15, 17; Teius, 18; Lac. 21 Americanus, Basil. 192; Plat. 165; Scin. 90 Amphibolurus, 232, 251 Amphiglossus, 122, 125 Ampbisbanians, 2 Amydosaurus, 145, 162 Amystes, 44 Anadia, 58 Anadiadæ, 4, 58 Anadias, 58 Anguinus, Bipes, 123 Anguina, Lac. 61 anguiniformis, Lac. 32 Anguis, 72, 99 angulifera, Gramm. 252 Anilios, 131, 135 annulaire, Gecko, 165 annulatus, Gecko, 160 ; Scin. 93 Anolius, 180, 199 anomalus, Mor. 65; Polyc. 184 antiquorum, Stell. 255 Anseres, 2 Apoda, Lac. 55 Aporomera, 17 Aprasia, 68 Aprasiadæ, 4, 68 Apus, Lac. 55 Aralensis, Ag. 259 Araucanus, Loph. 221 arenaria, Ag. 259 arenarius, Scin. 64; Tropid. 7 arenicola, Lac. 32 Argenti, Nub. 273 Argus, Ameiva, 18 ; Seps, 32; Ua- arguta, Lac. 39 Argyrophis, 136 Argyrophus, Stell. 155 armata, Ag. 240; Cten. 191 armatus, Geck. 151 articulata, Cyc. 191 Ascalobates, 164, 177; Gecko, 151 Ascensionis, Cant. 167; Til. 114 Asilis, 74 asper, Trach. 103 aspera, Ag. 258; Lac. 38 Aspidorhinus, 36 Aspistis, 38 Astrolabi, Amp. 124 ater, Amb. 189; Typh. 136 Ateuchosaurus, 73, 106 atra, Ag. 256 Auberi, Ameiva, 20 aurata, Lac. 117; Lyg. 38 auratus, Anol. 207; Scin. 91 ran, 11 INDEX. 279 Brachypus, 57; Scin. 88 Brachystopus, 89 Bramicus, Tortrix, 138 Braziliensis, Cord. 222; Loph. 195 brevicauda, Stell. 226 Bronchocela, 231, 240 Brongniartii, Lac. 28 Brookii, Hem. 153; Norb. 102 Brookesii, Cham. 270 Brooksiana, Cham. 270 brunnea, Cabr. 43; Chelon. 245 Buchanani, Tiliq. 64 Buffonium, Phry. 229 bullaris, Ig. 202; Lac. 206 Burchellii, Lac. 40 Burnettii, Gerrh. 54 Burtonii, Hem. 154; Lial. 69; Ness. 126 aureonitens, Lac. 196 aureus, Scin. 64 aurocostatus, Scin. 95 auriculatus, Scin. 114 aurita, Lac. 26 australis, Gehy. 163; Gonio. 172; Lyg. 85; Tiliq. 77; Typh. 135 azurea, Lac. 226 BACHIA, 57,58 barbarica, Algira, 35 barbata, Agama, 252 Barissia, 46, 54 Barrowii, Ony. 133 Basiliscus, 179, 192; Lac. 192 Baudinii, Eum. 95 Belcheri, Eup. 116 Bellii, Acanth. 36; Cal. 239; Hem. 155; Leios. 224; Leiol. 212; Plest. 92; Tiliq.84; Uaran, 13; Urom. 263 Bengalensis, Tropid. 11 Bennettii, Gind. 247 Bergii, Pach 167 Bibronii, Cham. 269; Diplo. 225; Eup. 114; Gerrho. 50; Proct. 212 bicarinata, Lac. 25 bicatenata, Lial. 69 bicolor, Ang. 100; Argy. 136; Scin. 91 ; Sen. 98 bifidus, Cham. 268 bifurcifer', Stellio, 162 bifurcus, Cham. 268 bilineata, Dipor. 250; Lac. 31 bilineatus, Dipl. 149; Eny. 196; Ophy. 194; Scin. 96; Typ.140 bilobus, Cham, 266 bimaculata, Lac. 200, 201, 202 Binoei, Heter. 174 Bipes, 55, 67, 99, 123; Ang. 123 biporcata, Dact. 202 bistriata, Lac. 31; Til. 115 bistriatus, Leiol. 213; Scin. 94 bivittata, Otoc. 238 bivittatus, Gerrh. 49; Plat. 162; Scin. 64 ; Tropid. 13 Blainvillii, Phry. 228, 229; Trop. 227 Blind Worm, 100 Boddaertii, Cyc. 103 Bogeri, Scin. 124 Boiei, Cyrt. 172 Boltalia, 144, 158 Bonæ Spei, Cham. 266 Bonitæ, Brach. 98 Borneensis, Taren. 165 Boskiana, Lac. 38 Bougainvillii, Scin. 86 Bouroniensis, Drac. 233 Boutonii, Scin. 64 Bowringii, Dory. 156 Brachydactylus, 102 Brachylophus, 179 Brachymeles, 72, 98 brachypoda, Lyg. 88 CABRITA, 27, 43 Cæcilia, 100 cæcus, Acon. 128 cærulea, Ig. 186 cæruleo-ocellata, Erem. 40 cærulescens, Seps, 32; Lap. 120 cæruleus, Gerrho. 54 Caetia, 45, 52 calcaratus, Centr. 24; Cham. 265-6 Caltetepon, 14 Callopistes, 15, 17 Callosaura, 43, 182, 226 Calotes, 222, 231; Lac. 243 Camilia, 73, 118 Campsodactylus, 97 candidus, Cham. 265 Cantinia, 167, 168 Capensis, Acanth. 37; Ag. 257; Al- gira, 36; Hemid. 48; Lac. 11, 40; Monit. 8; Not. 34; Plat. 49; Til. 114 Carapopeba, 23 Carlia, 271 capistratus, Sphæ. 122 carinata, Cycl. 190; Lac. 38; Til. 109 carinatus, Cham. 265; Leiol. 217; Scin. 114 Cariococca, Pyg. 99 Carolinensis, Anol. 202 Carteretii, Eum. 95 Caspicus, Gymn. 175; Psamm. 7 Casuarine, Cycl. 88 Cataphracta, 2 cataphractus, Cord. 47 catenata, Lac. 32; Agam. 195 catenulata, Ron. 89 Caucasicus, Stell. 255 Caudiverbera, 143, 152, 158; Lac. 152, 158, 262 caudivolvulus, Phry. 260; Lac. 260 Celebensis, Cal. 241 celestinus, Scin. 79 celestus, 73, 117 celestis, Ameiva, 17 Centropyx, 15, 23 Centrura, 226 280 INDEX Cepedianus, Gecko, 166, Tupid. 11 Cepedii, Anol. 201 ; Scin. 91; Til. 95 Ceratophora, 230, 237 Cercosaura, 59 Cercosauridæ, 4,59 Cete, 2 Ceylonicus, Urop. 142 Chalcida, 61, 88, 123 Chalcide, 4, 57 Chalcides, 51, 57, 59, 61; Lac. 88, 97, 124 Chalcidica, Ig. 223; Seps, 124 Chalcis, 57; Cham. 124 chalybdea, Zoot. 31, 34 Chamæleon, Lac. 265, 266, 269 Chamaeleopsis, 179, 194; Coryp.194 Chamæsaura, 55, 56, 57, 123 Chamæsauridæ, 4, 61 Chameleo, 264 Chameleolis, 180, 196 Chameleon, 264 Chameleonidæ, 5, 264 Chameleonides, Anol. 197 Chameleontina, Ig. 238 Charasia, 231, 246 Chelasonia, 231, 245 Chelomeles, 71, 87 Chelonians, 2 Chiamela, 72, 86, 97 Chilensis, Calot. 210; Ateuc. 107; Gecko, 161; Hem. 153; Til. 92 Chirocles, 59 Chirocolus, 59 Chirocolidæ, 4, 59 Chiroperus, 151 Chlamydosaurus, 231, 248 chloris, Lac. 34 chlorocyanus, Anol. 206 chloronota, Lac. 31 chloronotus, Lac. 31 chlorostigma, Monit. 12 chrysobranchus, Pleur. 50 chrysogaster, Lac. 27 chrysolepis, Anol. 217 Cicigna, 45, 49, 124 cinereus, Ang. 100; Cham. 265; Psamm. 39; Typh. 137 Cliftii, Dip. 117 clivica, Ang. 100 clypeata, Tarent. 166 Clypeosaurus, 166 Cnemidophorus, 15, 17, 20 coccinea, Lac. 37 Cochincinensis, Lep. 101 Coctei, Eup. 110; Hem. 158 Collei, Cyc. 190 Colobus, 57 colonorum, Ag. 259 concinnus, Phys. 248 concolor, Seps, 124 Cophias, Cham. 58 Cordyle, 262 Cordyles, 45 Cordylia, Ag. 255 Cordylina, Iguan. 255 Cordylus, 45, 46, 53, 255; Lac. 47 cornuta, Ag. 229 cornutum, Phry. 229 cornutus, Ig. 188 coronatum, Phry. 228 Corythæolus, 179, 192 Corythophanes, 179, 193 Crichocalcis, 60 cristata, Gram, 251 cristatella, Ag. 241 ; Gal. 241 cristatellus, Anol. 197 cristatus, Agam. 194; Amb. 189; Cham. 264; Gecko, 152 crocea, Lac. 27, 28 crocodilinus, Teius, 25; Mon. 25 Crocodilurus, 15, 24 crocotatus, Typ. 137 Crossurus, 144, 158 crotaphomelas, Scin, 103 Cryptoblepharus, 62, 64 Ctenodon, 16 Ctenosaura, 179, 190, 191 cruenta, Lac. 37 Cubæ, Typh. 137 Cubensis, Trop. 218 Cubina, 145, 174 cucullatus, Cham. 267 Cuminia, 98 Cumingii, Leip. 163; Mocoa, 81; Monit. 13; Ony. 133; Otos. 93 Cunninghami, Tiliq. 105 cuprea, Able. 83 Cutezpalia, 53 Currori, Feylin. 129 Custa, 15, 25 Cuvieri, Alg. 35; Anol. 197; Brach. 57; Loph. 248; Lyg. 96; Phyll. 176; Scinc. 85; Trop. 222; Typh. 128 cyanodactylus, Gec. 154 cyanogaster, Proct. 212; Scin. 114; Stel. 255 cyanurus, Scin. 63, 96 Cyclodus, 72, 87, 163 Cyclosura, 3,6 Cyclura, 179, 190; Ig. 190 cycluroides, Cten. 191 cyclurus, Ag. 220; Urom. 222, 225 Cynosaura, 262 Cyprius, Lac. 91 Cyrtodactylus, 145, 173 DACTYLOA, 180, 198 Darwinii, Cub. 274; Diplo. 225; Tarag. 220; Proct. 215 Dasia, 73, 108 Daudinii, Col. 58; Drac. 233 Davyi, Zon 49 Decresii, Gram. 252, 253 Delabord, Ken. 106 Delalandii, Eup. 116; Plat. 165 delicatissima, Ig. 186, 187 Delma, 67 Demarlii, Amb. 188 Dendrosaura, 5, 264 denticulata, Cycl. 191 INDEX. 281 Enyaliosaurus, 179, 192 Enyalius, 179, 195 Epictia, 131, 139 epineux, Loph. 242 equalis, Seps, 88 equestris, Anol. 198 Eremias, 27, 33, 39, 42 Ernestii, Scin. 108 erucatus, Scin. 76 erucotis, Scin. 104 erythrocephalus, Scin. 90 erythrolamus, Scin. 75 Eryx, 121 ; Ang. 100; Otop. 100 Escbrichtii, Typh. 133 Essingtoniensis, Tiliq. 78 Eublepharis, 145, 170 Eumeces, 71, 92, 93 Euprepes, 73, 90, 92, 108, 110 Europa, Lac. 32 Evesia, 126 exanthematicus, Monit. 8,9; Tup. 9 exigua, Zoot. 31, 34 exilis, Tupid. 13 Exypneustes, 16 Decresiensis, Tetr. 86; Trid. 87; Hemi. 89 Deppii, Cnemid. 22; Gerrh. 53 depressus, Hem. 153 Derbiana, Lac. 29 Derbianus, Eub. 274; Zon. 48 deserti, Ag. 258; Lac. 37 Dibamus, 128, 129 Dicrodon, 15, 23 didactylus, Shelt. 55 dilepis, Cham. 266 Dilophyrus, 231, 238 Dilophus, Loph. 239 Diplodactylus, 143, 148 Diploglossus, 73, 117, 119 Diplolamus, 182, 224 Diporophora, 232, 250 discosurus, Lac. 176 dispar, Urom. 262 domesticus, Hem. 153 D'Orbignii, Chal. 57; Gymn, 175: Pant. 60 Dorfia, 99 dorsalis, Ag. 246; Amei. 19; Cord. 47; Lac. 41 Doryphorus, 225 Doryura, 144, 156 Douglasii, Ag. 227 Dracena, 25; Lac. 11; Thor. 25 Draco, 230, 233 Dracocella, 230, 234 draconoides, Call. 227 Draconura, 180, 207 Dracunculus, 230, 235 Dujardinii, Pleur. 50 Dugesii, Lac. 33 Dumerilii, Lac. 37; Monit. 10; Scin. 106; Tropid, 36 Duperryii, Scin. 81 D'Urvillii, Pseud. 56 Dussumieri, Drac. 234; Lyg. 75 Duvaucelii, Cham. 86, Lyg. 96; Pachy. 169; Plat. 160 ECPHYMOTES, 178, 184,219 Ecpleopus, 59 Edda, Lac. 74 Edwardsii, Anol. 198; Lac. 28 Egernia, 73, 105 Ehrenbergii, Amy. 44 El adda, 74 Elania, 70, 80 elegans, Hem.76; Lac. 31,33; Mab. 95; Mic. 66; Monit. 13; Naul. 169; Aph. 44; Pach. 168; Tu. pid. 11 Elgaria, 46, 54 elongatus, Scin. 93 emarginata, Ig. 186 Emma, Cal. 14 Emminia, 15, 24 Emoia, 95 Empagusia, 6,9 Emydosaurians, 2 Entrecasteauxii, Lyg. 82 FANTASTICUS, Spher. 168 fasciata, Hin. 75; Ig. 187; Lac. 91, 208; Til. 120 fasciatus, Cord. 49; Gym. 175; Hem. 154; Leios. 224: Scinc. 93; Urom. 175, 263 fascicularis, Gecko, 164 Fellowsii, Eup. 113 Fera, 2 Fernandesii, Cham. 197 Fernandi, Til, 140 Fieullæi, Ptyod. 152 Feylinia, 128, 129 flagellifer, Cent. 226 flavescens, Anol. 202; Chalc. 58 ; Monit. 9; Typh. 137 flavigularis, Ag. 243; Cyc. 103; Gerrh. 50 flavimaculatus, Ag. 257 flavipunctatus, Apor. 17; Prist. 171 fimbriatus, Cham. 268, Drac. 234 ; Stel. 151 Fischeri, Pseud. 56 Fitzingeri, Læm. 184; Not. 34; Proct. 215 Fordii, Ony. 134 formosus, Scelop. 209 fossor, Scin. 117 fragilis, Ang. 100; Seps, 99 Franklinii, Ony. 132 Fraseri, Del. 68 frenatus, Hem. 155; Sphæ. 122 Freycinetii, Tiliq. 95 furcatus, Loph. 238; Scin. 64 fusco-auratus, Anol. 205 fuscus, Drac. 233; Heter. 107 GAIMARDI, Gram. 253; Ken. 93 Galeote, 243 Gallinæ, 2 2c 282 INDEX. Gymnophthalmus, 62, 63 Gymnophthalmidæ, 4, 62 Galliwasp, Scin. 117 Galloti, Lac. 30 Garnotii, Hem. 157 Gaudichaudi, Ecple. 60; Gym. 171 Gecko, 144, 160 ; Lac. 151, 160 Geckoides, Gymn. 175 Geckotidæ, 5, 142 Gecus, 154 Gehyra, 144, 162 Geissosaura, 4, 62 gibba, Lac. 260 gemmata, Ag. 258; Monit. 11 geographe, Psam. 114 Gerrardi, Hin. 75 Gerrhonotus, 46, 53, 54 Gerrhopygus, Diplo. 150 Gerrhosaurus, 45, 49, 50 Ghirget, 241, 243 gigantea, Ag. 238 giganteus, Hydros. 13 gigas, Loph. 238; Scin. 103 Gilbertii, Loph. 250 ; Trop. 106 Gillii, Monit. 8 Gindalia, 231, 247 Glass snake, 56 Glauconia, 131, 139 Gongylus, 122, 123 Goniodactylus, 145, 171 Gonyocephalus, 231, 238 Goudotii, Anol. 205 Gouldii, Hydro. 12 gracilis, Anol. 199; Aspid. 42: Lac. 31Micro. 57: Proct. 211: Pseud. 56 Gralla, 2 Grammatophora, 232, 251 grammica, Lac. 37, 39 grammicus, Scelop. 209 grandis, Díl. 239; Moc. 272 grandoculis, Ag. 251 granosus, Hem. 154 granulatus, Naul. 273 graphica, Lac. 17 Gravenhorstii, Eup. 115; Leio. 211 Gray, Tiliq. 92 Grayii, Leioc. 218; Nault, 170; Hen. 76 Greyii, Men. 66 grisea, Til. 110 griseus, Cord. 47; Tupid. 7; Urom. 262 Gronovii, Pyg. 99; Seps, 123 Guerinii, Zoot. 27 Guianensis, Drac. 25: Thor. 25 Guichenoti, Lyg. 80 gularis, Ag. 255 guttata, Ameiva, 18: Lac. 160, 260 guttatolineatus, Leiol. 263 guttatus, Cnemid. 22: Leiol. 263 : Ptyod. 151: Ste. 177: Uar. 11 guttulata, Lac. 41 guttulatum, Dic. 23 gutturosa, Ag. 241: Lac. 18 gutturosus, Cal. 241 gymnocephalus, Cham. 266 Gymnodactylus, 146, 170, 173, 175 HÆMATOPOGON, Drac. 234 Hagria, 72,97 Hardun, 255 Hardwickii, Eublep. 170: Monit. 9: Riop. 95, 96: Urom. 262 Hardwicke, Eupr. 92 Harlani, Cyc. 190: Phry. 229 Hasselquistii, Stel. 151 Hatteria, 232, 249 Hazel worm, 100 helioscopa, Lac. 260 Heloderma, 14 Helodermidæ, 3, 14 Hemicordylus, 45, 48 Hemidactylus, 144, 152 Hemiergis, 71, 86 heraldicus, Monit. 9 Heremites, 110, 113 Hernandesii, Cham. 194 Herminieri, Holot. 217 Heterodactylus, 59, 122, 125 heterolepis, Trop. 221 Heteronota, 145, 174 Heteropus, 73, 107 Hewardii, Cel. 118 Hinulia, 70, 74, 271 Hispanicus, Psam. 38 hispidus, Trap. 257; Lac. 257 Histeropus, 55 Holotrophis, 217, 218 Homalocephala, Lac. 164 Homonota, 145, 171 horridum, Helod. 14 horridus, Mol. 263; Scelop. 209 Horsfieldii, Argyr. 137; Pterop. 164; Salea, 242 Houttoyni, Dip. 120 hyacinthina, Lac. 208 Hyalinus, 56 Hydrosaurus, 6, 12 Hypsilophus, 186, 223 Hypsibatus, 222, 223, 226 Hysteropus, 67 IDA, 36 Iguana, 179, 186, 188, 189; Lac. 186 Iguanidæ, 5. 178 Iguanoides, Phys. 248 imbricata, Gerrh. 55 imbricatus, Heter. 59 inæqualis, Terap. 38 incanescens, Geck. 154 incerta, Ang. 100 inconspicuus, Leiol. 213 Indica, Ag. 243 Indicus, Tupid. 11 inermis, Phyll. 176 inornata, Hin. 78: Scin. 113 inornatus, Monit. 13: Scrap. 38 Insessores, 2 intermedius, Centr. 24 intertexta, Lac. 33 inunguis, Gecko, 166 INDEX. 283 Isodactylus, 259 Isodactylii, Ag. 259 Istiurus, 247 JACKSONIENSIS, Ag. 251 Jacquini, Lac. 27 Jamaicensis, Ang. 137: Lac. 30: Til. 119 Jamori, Plat. 161 Japonicus, Plat. 161: Tach. 52 Jomardii, Scin. 113 jubata, Bronch. 241 KEENII, Tiliq. 96 Kendallii, Hetern. 174 Keneux, 124 Keneuxia, 70, 79 Kingii, Chlam. 249 : Gerrh. 54: Proct. 215: Tiliq. 106 Kitaibelii, Abl. 63 Knoxii, Lac. 40 Kuhlii, Loph. 238: Scin. 109 LABILLARDIERI, Tiliq. 77 Lacepedii, Saur. 51 Lacerta, 26, 30 lacertina, Ang. 89 Lacertinidæ, 4, 26 lacertinoides, Onemid. 22 Lacertinus, Tropid. 25 lævigatus, Scinc. 94 lævis, Geck. 146: Lac. 30 Lalandii, Lac. 33 : Typ. 132 Læmanctus, 178, 184, 185 Lamairii, Camp. 97 lanceolata, Cyc. 191 Lardella, 73 lateralis, Cham. 264: Hem. 155: Scinc. 83 lateristriga, Teius, 18 laticeps, Scin. 90 Laudakia, 232, 254 Laurenti, Lac. 32 Leachianus, Plat. 160 Leachi, Anil. 135; Anol. 200 Leiocephalus, 181, 217; Gerr. 53 leiocera, Scrap. 36 Leiodera, 186, 210 Leiolæmus, 181, 211 Leiolepis, 232, 262 Leiolopisma, 70, 84 Leiosurus, 182, 244 Leiurus, 144, 157; Hem. 159 lemniscatus, Lac. 21 Lepida, Lac. 30 lepidogaster, Cal. 240 Lepidoma, 59, 60 lepidopus, Bipes, 67 Lepidosoma, 60 Leposoma, 101 Leptoglossæ, 3, 6 Lerista, 62, 66 Leschenaultii, Cryp.64; Hem. 155; Lac. 43 Lessonii, Eum. 96; Micro. 221 Lesueurii, Loph. 248; Lygo. 77; Phyll. 147 leucopis, Scin. 79 leucostigma, Ag. 257 Lewecinensis, Scin. 79 Lialis, 69 Lialisidæ, 4, 69 lichenigerus, Gerrh. 55 Lichtensteinii, Mesal. 43 lineata, Ameiva, 21, 22; Ang. 100; Bipes, 99; Chiam. 97; Lerist. 66; Seps, 63, 123; Sor. 90 lineatomaculatus, Acan. 37 lineatopus, Anol. 203 lineatus, Anol. 200; Bas. 193; Di- plo. 150; Drac. 235; Gerrh.50; Leiol. 213; Oph. 56; Ptyo.152; Seps. 124; Trop. 210 lineatum, Typh. 134; Phil. 166 lineapunctatus, Bra. 89 lineolata, Ameiva, 20 líneo-ocellata, Erem. 41 lineo-ocellatus, Cryp. 65 Linnæi, Scel. 123 Lion Lizard, 192 Lipinia, 71, 84 literata, Lac. 18 livida, Lac. 33 Lizards, 1, 3 lobata, Lac. 261 lobatus, Gecko, 151 longicauda, Ameiva, 21; Lac. 38 longicaudata, Lac. 187 longipes, Læm. 185 Lophognathus, 232, 250 Lophura, 231, 247, 248; Lac. 247 lophyroides, Ig. 186 Lophyrus, 195, 223; Gal. 238 Loysiana, Anol. 206 Lucius, Anol. 205 lugubris, Lac. 41; Plat. 162 lumbricalis, Ang. 137 lunatus, Uaran. 10 Lygosoma, 71, 74, 79, 85 Lynxe, Eup. 91 Lyperosaurus, 145, 163 Lyriocephalus, 230, 237 MABOUIA, 71, 88, 93, 110, 123; Hem. 154; Scin. 95, 123 MacGregorii, Lyn. 237 MacLeayii, Cycl. 190; Leioc. 218 macrocephala, Ag. 250 macrodactylus, Oph. 44 macrolepis, Cel. 118 maculata, Dact. 199; Lac. 28; Scrap. 37; Til.41; Urom. 253 maculatus, Ameiva, 18; Anol.200, 203; Drac. 236; Geck. 151; Hem, 153; Pachy. 167; Trop. 214; Cal. 272 maculilabris, Eup. 114 maculosus, Cord. 47 Madagascariensis, Cicig. 49, 50; Phel. 166 284 INDEX. Madecassus, Cham. 209 Maderensis, Lac. 33 Magellanique, Proct. 215 major, Drac. 233; Trop. 107; Am. 17 margaritaceus, Cham. 260; Loph. 195; Lyr. 237 margaritata, Lac. 30 marginatus, Hem. 157 Maria, Cal. 243 marmorata, Bronch. 242; Lac. 183; Ed. 147 marmoratus, Anol. 201, 203; Dipl. 149; Gonio. 173; Monit. 13; Seps, 16; Trac. 219; Tro. 210 Mastigura, 261 Mauritanica, Lac. 164 Mauritanicus, Gymn. 172; Heter. 126 Maximiliana, Opl. 225 Meditoria, 131, 139 megapogon, Cal. 239 Megalochilus, 232, 261 melanosticta, Tort. 100 melanotus, Cord. 49 melanopogon, Carl. 271; Moc. 81; Scin. 75 melanurus, Phry. 260 meleagris, Ang. 127 Menetia, 62, 65 Menestriesii, Abl. 64 mercatorius, Hem. 155 Meriana, Monit. 16 meridionalis, Am. 124 Meroles, 36, 40 Merremii, Eup. 115; Gymn. 63 Mesalina, 27, 42 Metopocerus, 179, 188 Mexicanus, Cham. 194, 265 Michabellesii, Lac. 32 microcephalus, Tiliq. 123 Microdactylus, 57 Microlepis, 73, 116; Eum. 93; Lei. 274; Til. 117 microlepidotus, Cord. 49; Scelop. 209 Microlophus, 181, 221; Hol. 218; Trop. 221 microtes, Moc. 83 Micalia, 62, 66 Milbertii, Plat. 165 miliaris, Ang. 121; Ophi. 121 Miliusii, Phyll. 176 minor, Ag. 244; Cyrt. 175; Draco, 233 mitratus, Bas. 192 Mocoa, 70, 80 Moloch, 232, 263 Moluccana, Ag. 241 monarchus, Plat. 161 monilifer, Cham. 267 monjliger, Scin. 78 Monitor, 6, 10; Teius, 16 Monitorida, 3,6 Monodactylus, 61; Chal. 58; Lac. 61; Eves. 127 monotrophis, Scin. 117 montana, Lac. 27; Trop. 25 montanus, Cord. 49; Trop. 101 Morestica, Alg. 35 Morethia, 62, 65 mosaique, Proct. 211 Mulleri, Scin. 80 multicarinatus, Typh. 134; Scin. 109 multifasciatus, Gerrh. 54; Scin. 109 multilineatus, Scin. 78 multimaculatus, Proct. 216 muralis, Lac. 29; Plat. 164; Zoot. 27, 28 muricata, Lac. 251, 255 muricatus, Gecko, 164 murinus, Cnemid. 20, 21; Seps, 21 mutabilis, Ag. 258; Cham. 265 mutilatus, Hem. 159 mystacea, Lac, 261 mystaceus, Cal. 245 NÆVIA, Tiliq. 75. Namaquensis, Erem. 41; Cha. 267 nanus, Hem. 161. Napoleolis, Scin. 106. nasicus, An. 199 nasuta, Ang. 137; Cham. 268; Ty. 139 Naultinus, 145, 169 nebulatus, Monit. 10 nebulosa, Scrap. 43 nebulosus, Anol. 203; Monit. 10 Nessia, 126 Neusticurus, 25 niger, Cham. 266; Stellio, 47 nigra, Lac. 28, 34 nigrescens, Anil. 135 nigricans, Phryn. 260; Typh. 139 nigricollis, Ag. 220 nigrofasciata, Ag. 258 nigroluteus, Scin. 104 nigromaculatus, Proct. 213 nigropunctatus, Lac. 35; Scin. 94 ; Sphær. 168; Tupid. 16 Niloticus, Lac. 11 nitens, Dracon. 207 nitida, Lac. 63; Trop. 106 nitidus, Trop. 210 Nitzchii, Drac. 207 Norbæa, 72, 101 Norops, 180, 207 SVO Ninea, Deb. 129; Zon. 101 Novæ Hollandiæ, Hys. 67 nubila, Lac. 190 Nubiiia, 273 Nucras, 26, 33 nudicollis, Ig. 187 Nuittensis, Scinc. 106 Nyctisaura, 5, 142 OBTUSIROSTRIS, Læm. 185 occiduus, Lac. 117 occipitalis, Ag. 256; Anol. 200 INDEX 285 oceania, Gecko, 163 ocellata, Agam. 260; Anad. 58 ; Cerco. 60; Lac. 30; Moc. 82; Odat. 8 ocellatum, Plat. 166 ocellatus, Croc. 25; Cyrt. 172; Di- plo. 149; Gecko, 167; Gerrh. 50; Lac. 123; Scin 79; Tach. 52; Uaran. 9; Urom. 261 ochrocollaris, Loph. 223 octolineatus, Scin. 78 oculata, Ameiv. 23 Odatria, 6,7 Edura, 143, 147; Lac. 27 Edycoryphus, 192 officinalis, Scinc. 74 Olfersii, Pseud. 99 olivacea, Das. 108; Emm. 24 olivaceus, Ony. 133; Trop. 210 Olivieri, Her. 122; Eup. 114; Lac. 37,41 ; Phry. 259 Omolepida, 71,87 Oneyda, 119 Onychophis, 130, 133 Ophidia, 1 ophiomachus, Ag. 2, 43 Ophiomoridæ, 5, 120 Ophiops, 27, 44 Ophioues, 72, 99, 120 Ophisaurus, 46, 55, 56 Ophyoessa, 180, 196 Oplurus, 181, 221, 219, 225 Oppellii, Eup. 93 ; Pseud. 55 orbiculare, Phryn. 227, 228 orbicularis, Agam. 228, 258; Lac. 257 Oreocephalus, 179, 188 ornata, Apor. 17; Cicig. 50; Gram 253; Tiliq. 77 ornatum, Phel. 166 ornatus, Diplo. 149; Drac. 235; Leioc. 219; Leir. 157; Monit. 8; Tupid. 11; Uaran. 10; Urom. 261 Otocryptis, 230, 238 Otophis, 99 Otosaurus, 71,93 Ottonis, Sig. 100 Oualensis, Hem. 163 Ouaran, 7 Owenii, Cham. 269; Dip. 119; Moc. 272 Oxiana, Ag. 259 oxycephala, Lac. 29 oxycephalus, Scin. 79 oxyrhynchus, Scin. 114; Typh. 141 PACHYDACTYLUS, 145, 167 Pachyglossæ, 9, 142 pachyurus, Scin. 102 pacificus, Gecko, 169 Pallasii, Bipes, 55; Phryn. 260 pallida, Ag. 258 Palluma, Lac. 226 Pannonicus, Scin. 63 Panthera, Loph. 223 Pantodactylus, 60 Pardalis, Lac. 43; Cham. 266 Parisiensis, Cham, 265 Parsonii, Cham. 269 pavimentus, Scin. 113 pectinata, Cycl. 191; Proct. 216 Peloponesiaca, Lac. 29 Pentadactylus, 144, 160 ; Seps, 88 perfoliatus, Stel. 146 Peripia, 144, 158 Peromeles, 88 Peronii, Abl. 83; Cryp. 64; Hem. 159; Heter. 108; Seps, 86 ; Trach. 102 Peroplus, 144, 159 Perotettii, Eup. 111 perspicillata, Lac. 32 Peruviana, Caud. 152 Peruvianus, Hem. 156; Stel. 221 Pete, 64 Phelsuma, 145, 166 Philippinus, Typh. 141 Phrymaturus, 182, 226 Phrynocephalus, 232, 259 Phrynosoma, 182, 227 Phyllodactylus, 143, 148, 150 Phyllurus, 146, 176; Stellio, 176 Physicæ, Eup. 115 Physignathus, 231, 248; Ist. 248 pictum, Agam. 223 pictus, Proct. 213 pileata, Ig. 194 Piquotii, Uaran, 9 pinnata, Chal. 61 plagiocephalus, Scin. 64 planiceps, Cham. 266 platurus, Lac. 176 platy caudus, Gecko, 176 platy cephalus, Scin. 63 Platydactylus, 144, 159, 160 Platynotus, 219, 220 Platysaurus, 45, 49 Platyurus, 144, 157; Stel. 157 Plei, Ameiva, 19; Dip.119 Plestiodon, 71, 90 Plerostrichus, 45, 50, 51; Scelop. 209 Plica, 181, 222, 223; Iguan. 223 Podarcis, 30, 31, 36, 39 Podephis, 71, 88 Podinema, 16 pacilopleurus, Abl. 64 pollicaris, Thec. 154 Polychrus, 178, 182, 183 Polydædalus, 10 polygrammicus, Typh. 138 polyzonus, Cord. 47 Ponticereana, Sit. 236 porcatus, Anol. 204 porphyreus, Anol. 197; Gecko, 149 Porte Crete, 247 prasinus, Monit. 13 praticola, Lac. 27 prepos, Draco, 232 Primates, 1 principalis, Lac. 202 2 D 286 INDEX Rhinosaurus, Pristinotus, 217, 219 Pristurus, 145, 171 Proctopus, 55 Proctotrepus, 181, 210, 212, 216 Præpeditus, 89 Psammotes, 108 Psammurus, 35 Psammuros, 35 Psammodromus, 26, 38 Psammosaurus, 6, 7 Pseudocordylus, 45, 48 Pseudoameiva, 23 Pseudopus, 46, 55 Pseudotyphlops, 141 Ptenodactylus, 224 Pterogaster, 53 Pteropleura, 163 Ptychozoon, 145, 163 Ptyodactylus, 143, 151 Ptydogeres, 181, 216 pulchella, Apras. 68; Erem. 42; Lep. 84; Scrap. 26 pulchellus, Anol. 204; Cyrt. 173 pulcher, Monit. 11 ; Phyil. 150 pulchra, Tiliq. 92 pumilus, Cham. 269 punctata, Algira, 44; Acon, 133; Ameiva, 17; Dorf. 100; Hat- teria, 249; Hypsi. 224; Teira, 33; Lac. 96; Odat. 7; Rho. 89; Til. 111 punctatissimus, Ang. 121; Sphæ. 168 punctatus, Anol. 203, 205; Cyn. 263; Leiol. 214; Nault. 170 ; Oph. 56; Uaran, 11 punctulata, Lial. 69 ; Scrap. 43 pustulatus, Hist. 247 Pygopidæ, 4, 67 Pygopus, 67, 99 Pygodactylus, 123, 99, 68 pyrrhogaster, Lac. 27 QUADRILINEATA, Scin. 63 quadrilineatus, Chelom. 87; Scinc. 79; Seps, 124 quadrupes, Ang. 88 quatuorlineatus, Tach. 52 quinquecarinatus, Cycl. 192 quinquefasciatus, Drac. 235 quinquelineatum, Linn. 91 quinquestriata, Til. 112 quinquetæniatus, Scin. 112 quinquevittata, Lac. 32 Quoyii, Lygo. 76 RACHITES, 84, 110, 115 Raddoni, Eup. 112 rapicauda, Geck. 146 Reevesii, Gecko, 161; Tiliq. 76 refulgens, Dracon, 207 Regenia, 6, 8 Reptiles, 1 Reptilia, 1 reticulata, Gram. 252 reticulatus, Ang. 137; Anol. 204 ; Phry. 260; Urom. 262 Rhacoessa, 151 rhinoceratus, Cham. 267 rhinolophus, Ig. 186 Rhinophis, 141 180, 199 rhodolamus, Anol. 198 Rhodona, 71, 89 rhombifer, Loph. 195; Ed. 147 Richardii, Anol. 202; Scin. 94 Richardsonii, Sphær. 168; Veler. 156 Ricordi, Alop. 187 Riopa, 71, 96 Ristella, 70, 85 Rondo Taloa, 138 Ronia, 89 roquet, Ig. 201, 202 rosea, Lac. 32 roseiventris, Sten. 219 rostratus, Ang. 137 Rough Tails, 140 Rouxii, Cal. 243 ruber, Seps, 32 rubropunctata, Lac. 43 ruderata, Ag. 258 rudicollis, Gerrh. 55; Uaran. 10 rufescens, Lac. 108, 114 ruficauda, Anil. 136 rufoguttata, Tiliq. 92 rugosus, Trach. 102, 103 Ruppellii, Riop. 97; Til. 113 Rurkii, Rist. 86 Russellii, Typ. 132; Uaran. 9 SAARA, 232, 262 sabulosa, Scrap. 43 Sackii, Cnemid. 22 Sagræ, Dip. 119 Sagrei, Anol. 203 Salamandra, 63 Salamandrina, Ig. 256 Salea, 231, 242 Salvator, 16; Stellio, 13 Salveguardia, Stellio, 11 sanctus, Scin. 76 sanguinolenta, Lac. 259 sapidissima, Ig. 186 Saura, 1, 3 Saurophis, 45,51 Saurus, Stellio, 11 Savignü, Ag. 258; Gecko, 165; Lac, 37; Scinc. 112; Trap. 177 Sarrouba, 151 Sarroube, 151 saxicola, Lac. 34 scaber, Stenod. 175 scalaris, Scelop. 210 Scelotes, 121, 122 Sceloporus, 207 Schlegelii, Chalc. 57 Schneideri, Scin. 91, 114 Schneiderianus, Lac. 157 INDEX 287 Schreibersiana, Lac. 27 Schreibersii, Trach. 60; Tropid. 218 Sciaphos, 71, 88 Scincidæ, 5, 70, 120 Scincoides, Lac. 103; Lepid. 60; Seps, 96, 97 Scincus, 70, 74; Lac. 74; Uaran, 67 Scorpion, 90 Scrapteira, 27, 36, 39, 42 scutata, Ameiva, 19; Cnemid. 21; Lac. 237, 259 scutellata, Lac. 37 Sebæ, Ag. 255; Eupr. 109; Hem. 158; Oplur. 222 Sechellensis, Eup. 114 Semiophorus, 236 semitaniolata, Ag. 220 Senegalensis, Cham. 266; Lac. 30 Senira, 72, 98 sepiformis, Cicig. 50; Scin. 51 sepium, Lac, 32 Seps, 55, 86, 122, 124; Lac, 124; Saur. 51 Sepsidæ, 5, 121 Sepsoides, Scinc. 122 septemstriatus, Typh. 134 septemtaeniatus, Eup. 113 sericeus, Seps, 28 Serpa, Lac. 31 serpens, Lac. 88 serpentinus, Pseud. 55 Serpents, 1 sexlineatus, Lac. 21; Tach. 52 Seychellensis, Cham. 268; Eup. 114; Plat. 159 Shawii, Cten. 191; Dip. 117. Loph. 247 Sheltopusik, 55, 67; Seps, 55 Siculus, Cham. 265 signifer, Proct. 214 Siguana, 99 Siluboura, 141, 142 Silubolepis, 102 Silubosaurus, 73, 104 Silver Snake, 137 similis, Anol. 201; Tiliq. 91 Sinaita, Agam. 259 Sinensis, Tiliq. 92 Sitana, 230, 236 Size musi, 52 Sloanei, Ameiva, 19; Scin. 94 ; Tiliq. 91 smaragdina, Lac. 31; Scin. 79 Smithii, Eup. 112; Gecko, 162; Tarag. 221; Tiliq. 32 solaris, Phry. 229 Sophiæ, Tiar. 240 Soridia, 71, 89 Sphænops, 121 Sphærodactylus, 145, 148, 168 Sphærodon, 261 Sphærops, 178, 183 Spilopterus, Drac. 236 spinigera, Dipl. 148 spinipes, Stellio, 261 spinosa, Ag. 258 spinosus, Scelop. 209 Spixii, Cyrt. 175; Tiliq. 94 Spondylurus, 93 sputator, Lac. 168 Squamata, 1,3 squamiceps, Pyg. 68 squamosus, Typh. 136 Stangeri, Eup. 112 stellatus, Seps, 32; Tupid. 11 Stellio, 232, 255; Gecko, 164 ; Lac. 255, 257 Stellion, 253 Stenocercus, 181, 219 Stenodactylus, 146, 175, 177; Anol. 204; Ascol. 177 Stenostoma, 131, 136, 139 stirpium, Lac. 32 Stoddartii, Cerat. 237 Stokesii, Silub. 105 straminea, Agam. 259 striata, Lac 23, 162; Zygis, 124 striatulus, Oph. 56 striatus, Lac. 74; Cel. 117, 118; Pyg. 99 strigata, Lac. 32 strigiventer, Pol. 183 Strobilosaura. 5, 178 Strobilurus, 181, 222 Strophura, 143, 148 Strophurus, Phyll. 148 strumosa, Lac. 200, 202 subcæcus, Acon. 129 subcristatus, Amb. 188 subcroceus, Cham. 265 subhispidus, Ag. 256 sublævis, Bolt. 158 subrufa, Til. 114 subspinosa, Ag. 256 subtessellatus, Pleur. 51 subviridis, Cord. 49 superciliaris, Cham. 270 superciliosa, Lac. 196, 238 Surinamensis, Gecko, 146; Seps, 18 Sykesii, Hem. 153 sylvicola, Lac. 34 TACHYDROMOIDES, Lac. 52 Tachydromus, 46, 52 Tachysaurus, 46, 52 taniatus, Gecko, 53 taniolata, Lac. 29, 78, 79 Tapayaxin, 228, 229 Taraguira, 181, 219; Ag. 220 Tarentola, 145, 164; Lac. 164 Taurica, Lac. 29 Teidæ, 3, 14 Teius, 15, 16 Teira, 26, 33 Teguexim, Lac. 16 Teguexins, 14 Telfairii, Scin. 84 Temminckii, Lyg. 85 tenuis, Proct. 214; Til. 76 288 INDEX. Tupinambis, 125 tympanistriga, Bron. 242 Typhlina, 128, 134 Typhlinalis, 131, 134 Typhline, 128, 134 Typhlinidæ, 5, 128 Typhlops, 130, 132, 136 Typhlopsidæ, 5, 130 typicus, Brach. 102; Pleur. 50; Tach. 52 teres, Cyc. 191; Gecko, 160 terrestris, Seps, 31 tessellata, Lac. 33 tessellatus, Gerrho. 51, 53 Tetradactylus, 51, 71, 86, 88; Lac. 51 Teyou, Lac. 23 Thecadactylus, 143, 146 Theconyx, 144, 159; Plat. 146 Thetia, 26, 32 Thorictis, 25 Thyro, Scinc. 123, 124 Thyrus, 122, 124 Thysanodactylus, 179, 193 Tiaris, 231, 239 Tiedemanni, Ag. 243 tigrina, Ag. 238 Tigris, Cham. 268 Tiligugu, Scinc. 123 Tiliquerta, Ameiva, 28; Lac. 31 Tiliqua, 73, 103, 108 Timorensis, Drac. 233; Gymn. 172; Monit. 8 Tirus, Scinc. 123 Tolarenta, 177 torquatus, Agam. 208; Stel. 220; Strob. 222: Opl. 222; Trop. 225 Tortoises, 2 Tortrix, 121 Trachycephalus, 179, 188 Trachycyclus, 181,219 Trachyderma, 14 Trachydosaurus, 72, 102 Trachygaster, 23 Trachysaurus, 102 Trapelus, 232, 255, 258 Trapu, Cham. 265 Tressianus, Scin. 79 Tribolonotus, 72, 100 tricornis, Cham. 269 Tridactyle, 87 Tridactylus, 86; Chal. 58; Seps, 124 trifasciatus, Scin. 106 trihedrus, Hem. 152, 154 trilineata, Am. 19; Til. 81 trilineatum, Phel. 167; Scin. 91 Trissia, 115 tristatus, Scin. 91 tristis, Monit. 7 tritaniatus, Teius, 18 trivittatus, Scin. 114 Tropidogaster, 182, 227; Cal. 240 Tropidolepisma, 73, 105 Tropidophorus, 72, 101 Tropidurus, 82, 208, 210, 217, 225 Tropidolepis, 180, 208 Tropidosaura, 35 Tropidosaurus, 26, 35, 101 truncatus, Argyr. 138 tuberculata, Ag. 220, 254; Ig. 186, 188 tuberculatus, Phyll. 150; Scin. 103 tuberculiferus, Cham. 267 UARANUS, 6,9 Umbra, Ig. 223; Lac. 223 undata, Lac. 42 undecimstriatus, Scin. 78; Typhl. 140 undulata, Ag. 227; Lac. 208 undulatus, Cnemid. 18, 20; Lam. 185; Mic. 117 Ungulata, 2 unicolor, Lac. 27; Scin. 83; Typ. 210 unistriata, Lac. 162 Uperanodon, 222, 223 Uralensis, Lac. 260 Uraniscodon, 181, 222, 223 Uranocentron, 182, 225 Uromastyx, 191, 208, 221, 224, 232, 261 Uropeltidæ, 140 Uropeltis, 141 Uroplates, 143, 151 Urotrophus, 178, 184 VALENCIENNII, Anol. 206 varia, Lac. 12 variabilis, Ag. 250; Lac. 39, 40; Scelop. 209 variegata, Agama, 183 variegatus, Hem. 159; Trop. 12; Scinc. 123 varius, Hydro. 12; Lac. 31; Phry. 260; Seps, 32 Vautieri, Urotr. 184 Velernesia, 144, 156 velifer, Anol. 197 velox, Lac. 36, 40 ventralis, Ang. 56; Cham. 268 : Scinc. 53 vermicularis, Ang. 137 vermiculatus, Anol, 204 verrucosus, Cham. 267; Hem. 154 verruculatus, Hem. 154 versicolor, Ag. 243 verticillatus, Gecko, 160 verus, Cord. 47: Gecko, 160 violaceus, Anol. 205 virescens, Pol. 183 viridanus, Scinc. 123 viridimaculatus, Tropid. 8 viridipunctatus, Scin. 79 viridis, Anol. 205; Drac. 233; Ig. 186 ; Lac. 31, Teius, 23 viridissima, Lac. 31 vittata, Lac. 42 INDEX 289 Wilkinsonii, Tolar. 177 XIPHOSURUS, 180, 195, 196, 197; Lac. 196 ZEBRA. Cham. 265 Zelandica, Tiliq. 82 Zermoumeah, 35 Zeylandicus, Seps, 18; Cham. 265 Zeylonica, Lac. 162 Zonuridæ, 4, 45 Zonurus, 45, 46, 47, 101 Zootoca, 26, 27, 33 Zygnis, 86, 123 BRYA *R LORARY HER MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN vittatus, Bas. 193; Diplo. 148; Gecko, 162; Hem. 155; Scin. 113, 115; Seps, 124; Uaran. 13 vivipara, Lac. 27 volans, Draco, 233 Vosmaerii, Scinc. 97 vulgaris, Acanth. 36; Ameiva, 18; Cham. 265; Lac. 32; Stel. 255 vultuosa, Ag. 241, 243 WHITEI, Scin. 79 Whitii, Til. 103 Wiegmanni, Gerrh. 54; Phryn. 228; Proct. 216 E. NEWMAN, 9, DEVONSHIRE ST., BISHOPSGATE, LONDON. dupe CATALOGUE OF COLUBRINE SNAKES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY DR. ALBERT GÜNTHER. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1958. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. " а The object of this Catalogue is to give a description of all the species of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum, with an indication of their history and origin, and an account of the species, to be found in other Collections, which are desiderata to the National Museum. Dr. Günther observes, “In a part of the Animal King- dom, which, like the non-venomous Colubrinæ, shows so many forms intermediate between the most remote ex- tremes, the systematic arrangement is a difficult task, the more so as those forms do not offer any other well-marked characters. An attempt to base the distribution of these animals into families on a single character, instead of on a combination of external, anatomical and physiological characters, can never give a satisfactory result; and the seventh volume of the Erpétologie générale, by MM. Du- méril and Bibron, consequently offers a system far from a iv PREFACE. being a natural one. Having defined these snakes as Colubrine without grooved or perforated teeth in front,' we are obliged to abandon the principle of dentition for further subdivision, there being no other natural character which corresponds to its variations; therefore I consider the principles introduced by Boie and Schlegel to be the best upon which to base a natural arrangement, and I have followed the system laid down in the Essai. One great merit of the Erpétologie générale I well know how to appreciate :-The characters of the dentition offer in a great many cases a decisive method for distinguishing the species; but as regards the combination of the species into genera and families, it is of no greater importance than any other external character by itself. But still I am always glad to use the dentition as one of the cha- racters of genera or families wherever that is possible, namely wherever it corresponds with the mode of life, the general habits and the physiognomy.' Schlegel's two large genera, Coluber and Herpetodryas, include such a number of intermediate forms, that, for want of other means of dividing them into smaller groups, I have em- , ployed the principle of dentition ; but I am far from being satisfied with it, except in the one genus Zamenis, which is otherwise well defined even by its geographical distribution. I am perfectly aware that the characters of my families (Schlegel's genera) are not of absolute value; but where nature has not created distinctly separated PREFACE. families, the systematist must not establish them. I think that neither in the families nor in the genera here adopted, are there such heterogeneous forms comprised, as in the 8th, 10th, 11th and 12th families of the Ser- pens non venimeux' of Duméril, and in the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th of his . Opisthoglyphes ;' nor are the most allied forms so widely separated, as we often find to be the case in the same parts of that work. * The chief object of every branch of Zoology I consider to be the discerning of species, and I object to the ten- dency of those zoologists who establish a new species for almost every individual, and so destroy the entire basis of our science. In comprising sometimes many varieties under one species, I have no fear of going too far, as I think it preferable to characterize as a variety a form, which may afterwards prove a real species, rather than overburden science with nominal species. The number of specimens of Colubrine Snakes in the British Museum Collection (3100) has afforded me ample means for di- stinguishing the species; and I have again convinced my- self, that it is easier to characterize a peculiar form as a new species, than to recognize it as a variety. “In accordance with the plan adopted by Dr. Gray, I have prefaced each diagnosis with the synonymy of the species, –a task which would have been the most tiresome part of the work, but for Dr. Gray's kindness in giving me the free use of his own MSS. I have found vi PREFACE. many new species named and described therein; but I have introduced into the system the names of such snakes only as have not been described in the meanwhile by other authors." This Part completes the Catalogue of Snakes. British Museum, 1 March 1858. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. GEOGRAPHICAL INDE X. PALÆARCTIC REGION. (Europe, Shores of the Mediterranean, Western and Central Asia*.) Calamaria coronella (Persia). Rhinechis scalaris. Ablabes modestus. Coluber asculapii. Tachymenis vivax. quadrilineatus. Coronella austriaca. Elaphis dione. girondica. sauromates. cucullata. quaterradiatus. Tropidonotus natrix. Zamenis. hydrus. Colopeltis lacertina. viperinus. ÆTHIOPIAN REGION. (Africa, South of the Atlas.) Rhinostoma cupreum. Psammophis crucifer. occipitale. sibilans. Homalosoma. elegans. Simotes diadema. Dasypeltis. Ablabes rufulus. Bucephalus capensis. Psammophylax rhombeatus. Hapsidophrys. Coronella multimaculata. Chrysopelea præornata. olivacea. Ahætulla smaragdina. fuliginoides. chenonii. semiornata. Dryophis kirtlandii. cana. Langaha (Madagascar). Grayia silurophaga. Leptodeira rufescens. Heterodon madagascariensis Dipsas valida. (Madagascar). globiceps. Meizodon regularis. fasciata. Philodryas goudotii (Madagas- pulverulenta. car). Dipsadoboa unicolor. * Cfr. Sclater in Proc. Linn. Soc. 1858, p. 130. The Ophidians of Japan belong to the fauna of the East Indian Region. viii GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Simocephalus. Lamprophis. Alopecion. Lycophidion. Metoporhina. Boodon. Holuropholis. Naja haje. Cyrtophis scutatus. Elaps hygiæ. Chloroëchis. Atractaspis. INDIAN REGION. (Southern Asia and East Indies with Japan.) Cynophis helena. Spilotes radiatus. Calamaria. Rhabdosoma longicaudatum. melanurus. reticularis. Zamenis ventrimaculatus. Coryphodon fasciolatus. hexahonotus. korros. blumenbachii. fuscus. leporinum. microcephalum. oxycephalum. Brachyorrhos albus. Aspidura brachyorrhos. Haplocercus ceylonensis. Elapoidis fuscus. Trachischium rugosum. Oligodon. Simotes. Ablabes melanocephalus. collaris. baliodeirus. geminatus. Tomodon strigatus. Xenodon (with keeled scales). Tropidonotus quincunciatus. spilogaster. annularis. vittatus. stolatus. subminiatus. trianguligerus. chrysargus. chrysargoides. tigrinus (Japan). cerasogaster. auriculatus. vibakari (Japan). Coluber rufodorsatus. conspicillatus (Japan). mandarinus. callicephalus. Elaphis quadrivirgatus (Japan). virgatus (Japan). subradiatus. carinatus. Cyclophis major. frenatus. calamaria. tricolor. Gonyosoma. Euophrys modestus. Psammodynastes. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron. rubescens. ornata Dendrophis picta. formosa. caudolineata. Dryophis tropidococcyx. prasina. Passerita mycterizans. Eudipsas cynodon. Dipsas multimaculata. dendrophila. boops. drapiezii. irregularis. forsteni. Dipsadomorphus trigonatus. ceylonensis. Leptognathus indicus. Amblycephalus boa. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ix Pareas. Hologerrhum philippinum. Lycodon. Tetragonosoma. Leptorhytaon jara. Odontomus nympha. Ophites. Cercaspis carinatus. Cyclocorus lineatus. Hamadryas elaps. Bungarus. Naja tripudians. Elaps intestinalis. AUSTRALIAN REGION. (Australia and Islands of the Pacific.) Coronella australis. Tropidonotus picturatus. Dendrophis punctulata. picta. Dipsas fusca. Glyphodon. SOUTH AMERICAN REGION. (South and Central America.) Amblymetopon variegatum. Rhinostoma schlegelii. gracilis. bivirgatus. univirgatus. calligaster. maculiceps. Diemansia. Hoplocephalus. Pseudechis porphyriacus. Pseudonaja nuchalis. Brachysoma. Vermicella annulata. nasuum. Rhabdosoma semidoliatum. badium. crassicaudatum. maculatum. elaps. lineatum. Streptophorus. Homalocranium. Arrhyton. Simotes coccineus. Ablabes occipitalis. Tachymenis chilensis. Coronella decorata. fissidens. jaegeri. anomala. elegans. doliata Liophis. Stenorhina. Erythrolamprus. Hypsirhynchus ferox. Tomodon dorsatus. Xenodon (with smooth scales). Tropidonotus grahamii. medusa. Heterodon d'orbignyi. Spilotes corais. variabilis. pocilostoma. pocilonotus. Coryphodon pantherinus. Herpetodryas. Philodryas. Dromicus (West Indies). Psammophis lineatus. Ahætulla liocerus. mexicana. catesbyi. oxyrhyncha. Dryophis argentea. х GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Dryophis acuminata. fulgida. fronticincta. Thamnodynastes. Leptodeira annulata. Eudipsas leucocephalus. Dipsas cenchoa. Dipsadomorphus biscutatus. Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. Leptognathus mikani. nebulatus. variegatus. pavoninus. Leptognathus catesbyi. Tropidodipsas fasciata. (Hemidipsas.) Dipsadoboa maculata. Scytale coronatum. Oxyrhopus. Elaps corallinus. occipitalis. surinamensis. lemniscatus. fulvius. epistema. N.E. ARCTIC REGION. Conopsis nasus. Conocephalus striatulus. Carphophis amena. Simotes coccineus. Ablabes punctatus. purpureocauda. Coronella sayi. Tropidonotus saurita. ordinatus. fasciatus. cyclopion. (North America.) Heterodon catesbyi. Pituophis. Coluber quadrivittatus. getulus. guttatus. spiloides. eximius. Coryphodon constrictor. testaceus. Herpetodryas flagelliformis. flavigularis. Cyclophis æstivus. leberis. Ischnognathus. Heterodon platyrhinos. niger. vernalis. (Elaps fulvius.) SYSTEMATIC INDE X. a . . . The names of those authors are marked, who first gave the specific denomination. The numbers state, how many specimens are in the British Museum Collection, or whether that Collection is in want of the species. The new species are marked with a *. Fam. I. CALAMARIDÆ. Rhabdosoma. Calamaria, Boie. 7. *microcephalum, Gthr.. 1 1. linnæi, Boie. 12 8. *oxycephalum, Günther 2. quadrimaculata, D. et B. 2 (App.) 1 2 a. modesta, D. et B.(App.) 1 Rhabdion, D. et B. (App.) 3. albiventer, Gray 4 1. forsteni, D. et B. 2 4. gervaisii, D. et B.. 5 Brachyorrhos, Kuhi. 5. lumbricoidea, Boie 3 1. albus, L. . . 1 6. schlegelii, D. et B.. 2 Aspidura, Wagl. 7. temminckii, D. et B. 1 1. brachyorrhos, Boie. . 16 8. *grayi, Gthr.. 2 *Haplocercus, Gthr. 9. coronella, Schleg. . 1 1. *ceylonensis, G.. 2 *Conopsis, Gthr. Elapoidis, Boie. 1. *nasus, G.. 1 1. fuscus, B. 1 *Amblymetopon, Gthr. Streptophorus, D. et B. 1. *variegatum, G.... 2 1. drozii, D. et B.. · 6 Rhinostoma, Fitz. 2. sebæ, D. et B. . 11 1. schlegelii, Gthr. 3. bifasciatus, D. et B. . 1 2. nasuum, Oppel 4 Conocephalus, D. et B. 3. *cupreum, Gthr. 4 1. striatulus, L. 5 (4. occipitale, Hallow, 0) Carphophis, D. et B. Rhinosimus, D. et B. 1. amoena, Say 1. guerini, D. et B. 0 Homalocranion, D. et B. Rhabdosoma, D. et B. 1. melanocephalum, L. . . 17 1. semidoliatum, D. et B. 3 2. semicinctum, D. et B.. 1 2. badium, Boie 3 *Arrhyton, Gthr. (App.) 3. crassicaudatum, D. et B.. 3 1. *teniatum, Gthr.... 1 3 a. *maculatum, Günther Homalosoma, Wagl. (App.) 3 1. lutrix, L. . 29 36. *elaps, Gthr. (App.) 1 2. variegatum, Peters . 0 4. lineatum, D. et B.. 11 Oligodon, Boie. 5. longicaudatum, D. et B.. 1 1. subquadratus, D. et B.. 5 6. *leporinum, Gthr. 2 2. subgriseus, D. et B... 13 . ܘܟܛܙ ܥܛS . . xii SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Oligodon. 3. sublineatus, D. et B... 7 4. subpunctatus, D. et B. 0 5. dorsalis, Gray. 1 Wied Fam. II. CORONELLIDÆ. Liophis, Wagl. 1. bicinctus, Hermann . 2 2. cobella, L. . 59 3. merremii, Wied . 56 4. regina, L. 5 5. tæniurus, Tschudi 5 6. *conirostris, Gthr. Stenorhina, D. et B. (App.) 1. ventralis, D. et B. 0 2. freminvillei, D. et B.. 1 Erythrolamprus, Boie. i. venustissimus, Schl. . . 36 *Hypsirhynchus, Gthr. 1. *ferox, Gthr.. . 1 . HA Simotes, D. et B. 1. octolineatus, Schneid. 14 2. binotatus, D. et B.. . 2 3. russellii, Daud. 14 4. purpurascens, Schleg. 13 5. coccineus, Blumenb. 12 6. diadema, D. et B.. 2 Ablabes, D. et B. 1. modestus, Martin. . . 39 2. melanocephalus, Gray 3 3. collaris, Gray. 23 4. punctatus, L. 4 5. *occipitalis, Gthr. 2 5 a. *purpureocauda, Gthr. (App.) 2 6. baliodeirus, Boie 2 7. geminatus, Oppel. 2 8. rufulus, Licht.. 9 *Trachischium, Gthr. 1. *rugosum, G.. 4 Psammophylax, Fitz. 1. rhombeatus, L. ... 43 Tachymenis, Wiegm. 1. vivax, Fitz.. 2 2. chilensis, Schleg. 7 Coronella, Laur. 1. austriaca, Shaw 5 2. girondica, Daud. 1 3. cucullata, D. et B.. 9 4. *decorata, Gthr, 2 5. *fissidens, Gthr. 8 6. *bipunctata, Gthr. 1 7. *jaegeri, Gthr.. 2 8. *anomala, Gthr. 1 9. elegans, Tschudi 1 10. multimaculata, Sm. 4 11. olivacea, Peters 2 12. *fuliginoides, thr.. 3 13. semiornata, Peters 0 14. cana, L. 13 15. *australis, Gthr.. Fam. III. NATRICIDE. *Grayia, Gthr. 1. *silurophaga, G... 4 Tomodon, D. et B. 1. *strigatus, Gthr. 1 2. dorsatus, D. et B.. . 1 Xenodon, Boie. 1. severus, L. . 22 2. gigas, D. et B. . 0 3. *colubrinus, Gthr. . 1 4. rhabdocephalus, Wied . 21 5. typhlus, L. 3 6. viridis, D. et B.. 12 7. rhodomelas, Boie 1 8. *macrophthalmus, Gthr. 6 Tropidonotus, Kuhl. 1. natrix, L. . 35 2. viperinus, Latr. 5 3. hydrus, Pall.. 9 4. quincunciatus, Schleg. 75 5. spilogaster, Boie. 2 6. annularis, Hallow. 2 6 a. *punctulatus, Günther (App.) 1 7. vittatus, L. . 17 8. stolatus, L.. . 58 9. subminiatus, Reinw... 17 10. trianguligerus, Reinw. 7 11. chrysargus, Boie · 8 12. chrysargoides, Schleg. 1 13. tigrinus, Boie 1 16. sayi, Dekay 8 17. doliata, L.. . 20 4 14. picturatus, Schleg. . 10 15. saurita, L. . 29 16. ordinatus, L. . 71 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xiii . . 13 . · 6 . . . . . . . 35 . Tropidonotus. Spilotes, Wagl. 17. fasciatus, L. 34 1. radiatus, Reinw. . 11 18. cyclopion, D. et B. 4 2. melanurus, Schleg. . 16 19. leberis, L. 4 3. reticularis, Cant. 8 20. grahamii, Baird et Gir. : 4 4. corais, Cuv.. . 18 21. *medusa, Gthr. 2 5. variabilis, Wied 22. cerasogaster, Cantor 7 6. pæcilostoma, Wied 23. *auriculatus, Gthr. 1 7. *poecilonotus, Gthr. . . 2 24. vibakari, Boie. 2 Zamenis, Wagl. Ischnognathus, D. et B. 1. atrovirens, Shaw . . 25 1. dekayi, Holbr.. .6 2. hippocrepis, L. . 15 2. occipito-maculatus, Stor. 12 3. cliffordii, Schleg. . 9 Heterodon, Beauv. 4. *caudolineatus, Gthr. . 6 1. platyrhinos, Latr. . 11 5. ventrimaculatus, Gray . 19 2. niger, Catesby. 1 6. dahlii, Fitz. 9 3. catesbyi, Gray 7 Coryphodon, D. et B. 4. d'orbignyi, D. et B. 3 1. pantherinus, Merr. . 14 5. madagascariensis, D. et B. 1 2. constrictor, L. . . 4 3. testaceus, Say. · 3 Fam. IV. COLUBRID. 4. fasciolatus, Shaw . 11 5. hexahonotus, Cant. . 4 Rhinechis, Michah. 6. korros, Reinw. . 9 1. scalaris, Schinz 2 7. blumenbachii, Merr.. Pituophis, Holbr. 8. *fuscus, Gthr.. . 2 1. vertebralis, Blainv. 4 9. carinatus, Gthr. 9 2. melanoleucus, Daud.. 1 Meizodon, Fischer (App.). 3. catenifer, Blainv. 1 1. regularis, Fischer ... 1 4. bellona, Baird et Gir. 1 5. mexicanus, D. et B... 1 Coluber, L. Fam. V. DRYADIDÆ. 1. esculapii, Gesner . 2. quadrivittatus, Holbr. 3 Herpetodryas, Boie. 3. quadrilineatus, Pall. . 1. fuscus, L. . 17 4. rufodorsatus, Cant. 2. carinatus, L. . 16 4 a. getulus, L. (App.) . . 4 3. boddaertii, Seetzen . 15 5. guttatus, L.. 13 4. *brunneus, Gthr.. . 1 6. spiloides, D. et B.. 5. *rappii, Gthr.. . 14 7. eximius, Dekay 6. flagelliformis, Catesby . 1 8. conspicillatus, Boie . 2 7. flavigularis, Hallow. · 2 9. mandarinus, Cantor. 8. dendrophis, Schleg... 1 10. callicephalus, Gray *Cyclophis, Gthr. Elaphis, Aldrov. 1. æstivus, L.. . 16 1. dione, Pall. . 2 2. vernalis, Dekay 8 2. sauromates, Pall. 1 3. *major, Gthr.. . 1 3. quaterradiatus, Gm. 4 4. *frenatus, Gthr. . 1 4. quadrivirgatus, Boie . 3 4 a. *calamaria, Günther 5. virgatus, Schleg. 3 (App.) . 2 6. subradiatus, Schleg. 2 5. tricolor, Schleg. . 1 Cynophis, Gray *Dryocalamus, Gthr. 1. helena, Daud.. 11 1. *tristrigatus, G... . 1 . . . 10 + 9 V 01 - . . . . . . xiy SYSTEMATIC INDEX . . . Gonyosoma, Wagl. 1. oxycephalum, Reinw. 13 2. frenatum, Gray 1 Philodryas, Wagl. 1. viridissimus, L. . 16 2. olfersii, Licht.. 14 3. æstivus, D. et B. 4 4. schottii, Fitz. 3 5. serra, Schleg: 6. goudotii, Schleg. 0 7. *dorsalis, Gthr. 1 Dromicus, Bibron. 1. margaritiferus, Schleg. . 18 2. ater, Gosse 27 3. pleii, D. et B. 1 4. *affinis, Gthr.. 4 5. angulifer, Bibr. 2 6. antillensis, Schleg. 1 7. rufiventris, Mus. Berl. 14 8. *rufodorsatus, Gthr.. 5 9. triscalis, L. . 1 10. callilama, Gosse 9 11. temminckii, Schleg. 9 12. fugitivus, Donndorf . 20 13. melanotus, Shaw. . 20 14. lineatus, L. . 28 Fam. VIII. DENDROPHIDæ. Bucephalus, Smith. 1. capensis, Smith 8 Hapsidophrys, Fischer. 1. lineatus, Fisch. 3 2. cæruleus, Fisch. 0 Chrysopelea, Boie. 1. rhodopleuron, Reinw.. 1 2. rubescens, Gray . 6 3. ornata, Shaw . 28 4. præornata, Schleg. . 2 Dendrophis, Boie. 1. picta, Gm. . 50 2. punctulata, Gray . 15 3. formosa, Reinw. 5 4. caudolineata, Gray 6 Ahætulla, Gray. 1. smaragdina, Boie. .. 15 2. irregularis, Leach . . 30 3. liocercus, Wied 36 4. mexicana, D. et B. . 19 5. catesbyi, Schleg. 5 6. oxyrhyncha, D. et B... 1 . . . . . . Fam. IX. DRYOPHIDA. . 5 1H忆​04 - Dryophis, Boie. Fam. VI. PSAMMOPHIDÆ. 1. argentea, Daud. 2. acuminata, Wied 14 Psammophis, Boie. 3. kirtlandii, Hallow. . 8 1. lineatus, D. et B.. 4. *tropidococcyx, Gthr.. 9 2. crucifer, Merr. 17 5. fulgida, Daud.. 3. sibilans, L. 42 6. *fronticincta, Gthr. 3 4. irregularis, Fisch. 7. prasina, Reinw. . . 34 5. elegans, Shaw 14 Passerita, Gray. Calopeltis, Wagl. 1. mycterizans, L. ..36 1. Iacertina, Wagl. . . . 14 Langaha, Brug. *Euophrys, Gthr. 1. nasuta, Shaw . 2 1. *modestus, G... . 2 2. crista-galli, D. et B. · 0 Psammodynastes, Gthr. 1. pulverulentus, Boie . . 12 2. *pictus, Gthr. (App.) • 4 Fam. X. DIPSADIDÆ. Thamnodynastes, Wagl. Fam. VII. RACHIODONTIDÆ. 1. nattereri, Mikan 25 2. punctatissimus, Wagi. 2 Dasypeltis, Wagl. Leptodeira, Fitz. 1. scabra, L. 9 1. rufescens, Gm.. 23 2. palmarum, Leach 2 2. annulata, L. 90 . SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV . . . . . . . . . 4 . Eudipsas, Fitz. Oxyrhopus. 1. cynodon, Cuv.. 4 3. formosus, Wied . 2 2. leucocephalus, Mik. 5 4. petolarius, L. . 16 Dipsas, auct. 5. immaculatus, D. et B. . 2 1. multimaculata, Reinw..5 6. bipræocularis, D. et B. . 1 2. dendrophila, Reinw.. 11 7. trigeminus, D. et B... 10 3. *boops, Gthr.. . 2 8. doliatus, D. et B. . 2 4. drapiezii, Boie. 1 5. fusca, Gray 8 Fam. XII. LYCODONTIDÆ. 6. irregularis, Merr.. .6 Simocephalus, Gray. 7. forsteni, D. et B. 4 1. poënsis, Smith. 3 8. valida, Fisch. 2 Lamprophis, Fitz. 9. globiceps, Fisch. 0 1. aurora, L. 3 3 10 fasciata, Fisch.. 0 Alopecion, D. et B. 11. pulverulenta, Fisch. 2 1. annulifer, D. et B... . 0 12. cenchoa, L. 9 2. *fasciatum, Gthr.. 1 Dipsadomorphus, Fitz. Lycophidion, Fitz. 1. trigonatus, Schneid.. 23 1. Þorstokii, Schleg.. 4 2. *ceylonensis, Gthr. 7 2. semiannulis, Peters 0 3. biscutatus, D. et B. 1 *Metoporhina, Gthr. Rhinobothryum, Wagl. 1. irrorata, Leach. . 2 1. lentiginosum, Scop... 1. Boodon, D. et B. Leptognathus, D. et B. 1. geometricus, Bore. 5 1. nebulatus, L. 37 2. *infernalis, Gthr.. 2. mikani, Mus. Vienn.. 5 3. unicolor, Boie . 5 3. variegatus, Schleg. 0 4. lineatus, D. et B. . 8 4. pavoninus, Cuv. 0 Holuropholis, Dum. 5. catesbyi, Weig. 7 1. olivaceus, Dum. . 3 6. indicus, Laur.. 1 Lycodon, Boie. *Tropidodipsas, Gthr. 1. aulicus, L. 1. *fasciata, G. 5 2. mülleri, D. et B. . 3 *Hemidipsas, Gthr. 3. rufozonatus, Cant. 1 1. *ocellata, Gthr. 1 *Tetragonosoma, Gthr. (App.) *Dipsadoboa, Gthr. 1. effrene, Cant. 0 1. *maculata, G.. 1 *Leptorhytaon, Gthr. 2. *unicolor, G. 1 1. jara, Shaw 4 Amblycephalus, Kuhl. Odontomus, D. et B. 1. boa, Kuhi 4 1. nympha, Daud. Pareas, Wagl. Ophites, Wagl. 1. lævis, Kuhl. 2 1. subcinctus, Boie 2 2. carinata, Reinw. 4 2. albofuscus, D. et B. . 1 Cercaspis, Wagl. Fam. XI. SCYTALIDÆ. 1. carinata, Kuhl *Hologerrhum, Gthr. Cyclocorus, D. et B. 1. philippinum, G.. 1 1. lineatus, Reinh. 4 Scytale, Boie. 1. coronatum, Schneid. . . 19 Fam. XIII. ELAPIDE. Oxyrhopus, Wagl. *Glyphodon, Gthr. 1. plumbeus, Wied 7 1. ornatus, Gray 7 2. clolia, Daud. 6 2. *tristis, Gthr. 1 . . 64 . · 2 · 6 I Xvi SYSTEMATIC INDEX. . . · 2 . . . . Diemansia, Gray. Brachysoma, Fitz. 1. psammophis, Schleg.. 3 1. diadema, Schleg. 2 2. reticulata, Gray 10 2. bimaculatum, D. et B. 0 3. olivacea, Gray 4 3. calonotos, D. et B. 0 4. mülleri, Schleg. 0 Elaps, Schneid. 5. *annulata, Gthr.. 1 1. intestinalis, Laur.. . 7 Hoplocephalus, Cuv. 2. gracilis, Gray 1. bungaroides, Boie 1 3. bivirgatus, Boie · 5 2. variegatus, D. et B. 0 4. *univirgatus, Gthr. . 2 3. *pallidiceps, Gthr. 3 5. calligaster, Wiegm. . 1 4. gouldii, Gray 2 6. hygiæ, Merr. . 27 5. coronatus, Schleg.. 11 7. corallinus, L. . 26 6. *coronoides, Gthr. . 18 8. occipitalis, D. et B. . 2 7. curtus, Schleg.. 25 9. surinamensis, Cuv. . 0 8. *superbus, Gthr. 15 10. lemniscatus, L. 24 Pseudechis, Wagl. 11. fulvius, L.. 37 1. porphyriacus, Shaw .. 8 12. epistema, D. et B.... 0 Hamadryas, Cant. *Vermicella, Gray. 1. elaps, Schleg. 3 1. *annulata, Gray 4 Bungarus, Daud. 1. lineatus, Shaw . 16 Fam. XIV. DENDRASPIDIDÆ. 2. fasciatus, Schneid. 18 3. semifasciatus, Kuhl 3 Dendraspis, Schleg. 4. flaviceps, Reinh. 5 1. angusticeps, Sm.. . 6 *Pseudohaje, Gthr. 2. jamesonii, Traill 1. *nigra, G. 1 Naja, Laur. Fam. XV. ATRACTASPIDIDÆ. 1. tripudians, Merr. . . . 54 Atractaspis, Smith. 2. haje, L. 12 1. bibronii, Sm. . 1 Cyrtophis, Sundev. 2. corpulentus, Hallow.. . 0 1. scutatus, S. 2 *Pseudonaja, Gthr. 1. *nuchalis, G. 3 APPENDIX. . . · 2 SYNOPTIC CATALOGUE OF REPTILES. Order II. SNAKES (OPHIDIA). Section II. Colubrina. Belly covered with broad, band-like plates; head covered with shields. Vent without any spur-like feet. Tail conical, tapering. Both jaws provided with teeth. A. Colubrine Snakes without grooved or perforated fang in front. B. Colubrine Snakes with a permanently erect, grooved fang in front. C. Colubrine Snakes with a permanently erect, perforated fang in front. A. Colubrine Snakes without a grooved or perforated fang in front. Les serpens non venimeux, Schlegel. Les serpens non veni- meux et les Opisthoglyphes, Dumérii & Bibron. B 2 REPTILES. Fam. I. CALAMARIDÆ. Body generally moderate, cylindrical, sometimes elongate cylin- drical Tail generally short, cylindrical, rather tapering. Head not distinct from neck, with rounded or pointed muzzle; some shields of head always united. Cleft of mouth short. Nostril lateral, small. Eye generally small, with round pupil; never more than one anterior and two posterior oculars. Scales sometimes short and smooth, rounded behind, not much imbricate, some- times rather elongate and keeled, in thirteen to nineteen rows. Ventral plates without keels. Teeth generally equal and smooth, sometimes posterior maxillary tooth longest, sometimes grooved. Calamaria, Schlegel, Essai, ii. p.25. Calamariens, Dum.8. Bibr. vii. p. 48. Leptognathiens, pt., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 462. Sténocephaliens, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 831. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. CALAMARIA. Only one pair of frontals; scales in thirteen rows. Asia. 2. CONOPSIS. Only one pair of frontals; scales in seventeen rows. North America. 3. AMBLYMETOPON. Rostral shield with a sharp ridge above, and forming a suture with the vertical. Central America. 4. RHINOSTOMA. Rostral shield separated from vertical by the frontals, with a sharp ridge above; subcaudals two- rowed. America; Africa. 5. RHINOSIMUS. Rostral shield with a sharp ridge above; subcaudals entire. 6. RHABDOSOMA. Scales smooth; subcaudals two-rowed ; rostral rounded; two pairs of frontals; teeth smooth; loreal united with ante-ocular; anal entire. South Ame- rica; East Indies. 7. BRACHYORRHOS. Scales smooth; subcaudals two-rowed; rostral rounded; two pairs of frontals; teeth smooth; loreal united with frontal. East Indian Islands. 8. ASPIDURA. Scales smooth; subcaudals entire. Ceylon. 9. HAPLOCERCUS. Scales keeled; subcaudals entire. Ceylon. 10. ELA POIDIS. Scales keeled, in fifteen rows; subcaudals two-rowed. Java. 11. STREPTOPHORUS. Scales keeled, in nineteen (seventeen) rows; subcaudals two-rowed; one anterior pair of frontals. Central and South America. SNAKES. 3 12. CONOCEPHALUS. Scales keeled, in seventeen rows; sub- caudals two-rowed; one azygos anterior frontal. South America. 13. CARPHOPHIS. Scales smooth; subcaudals two-rowed ; rostral rounded; two pairs of frontals; teeth smooth; loreal united with ante-ocular; anal bifid. North Ame- rica. 14. HOMALOCRANION. Scales smooth; subcaudals two-rowed ; rostral rounded; two pairs of frontals; posterior maxillary teeth grooved. Central and South America. 15. HOMALOSOMA. One loreal ; one ante-orbital; teeth smooth; palatine teeth. South Africa. 16. OLIGODON. No palatine teeth. East India. 1. CALAMARIA, Boie. Body stout or elongate; tail short. Only one pair of frontals; one nasal, pierced by the nostril; loreal none, united with the frontal; one anterior, one posterior ocular; four or five upper labials. Scales smooth, rounded behind, in thirteen (in one spe- cies in seventeen) rows; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. East Indies (Persia). Calamaria, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519,539; Wagler, Natürl. Syst. der Amphib. p. 191; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 60. Calamaria, sp., Schlegel. Coluber, sp., Anguis, sp., auct. prior. 1. CALAMARIA LINNÆI. Coluber calamarius, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 6. f.3, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 375; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 596; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 318; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 43; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 180; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 180; Merr. Tent. p. 96. Anguis calamaria, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 68. Calamaria linnæi, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Wagl. Syst. p. 192; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 28. pl. 1. f. 17, 18, and Abbildg. t. 4. f. 1-3; Dum. 8. Bibr. Calamaria maculosa, Boie, l. c. p. 540. Calamaria multipunctata, Boie, l. c.; Wagler, l. c. Calamaria reticulata, Boie, 1. c. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials four; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture. Above lighter or darker brown, sometimes spotted, sometimes uniform. Belly generally with quadrangular black spots, sometimes uniform blackish, like the back. p. 63. B 2 REPTILES. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 6. Adult. Java. From M. Parzudaki's Collection, as Oligodon torquatus. c-h. Adult. Batavia. i. Adult. Batavia. 2. CALAMARIA QUADRIMACULATA. Calamaria quadrimaculata, Dum. & Bibr. p. 73. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials four; first pair of lower labials forming a suture. Above with more or less distinct lon- gitudinal streaks; beneath uniform whitish; tail above with two pairs of whitish spots. a. Half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. b. Half-grown. Sine patria. From Mr. Bartlett's Collection. 3. CALAMARIA ALBIVENTER. Changulia albiventer, Gray, Indian Zool.pl. f. 6-9. Cala- maria albiventer, Gray, MSS. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials five; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture. Above brown, with four yellowish longitudinal streaks from the occiput to the tip of the tail; beneath uniform whitish; medial suture of subcaudals black. a, b. Adult. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. c, d. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. There is no azygos scale between the chin-shields; behind the last upper labial shield a larger scale; one anterior and one pos- terior ocular. 4. CALAMARIA GERVAISII. Calamaria virgulata, Gervais, Mag. Zool. Guérin, Rept. pl. 16. f. 7-10, and Voy. autour du Monde de la Favorite, Zool. i. p. 75. Calamaria gervaisii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 76. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials five; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture; no azygos scale between the chin- shields. Above brownish, sometimes with darker longitudinal streaks; beneath whitish uniform, or with lateral spots; a black- ish streak along the medial suture of subcaudals. a, b. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection. c. Half-grown. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection. SNAKES. 5 d. Young. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Adult Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. (Belly uniform whitish, neck with a black collar; some ob- solete dorsal spots behind.) 5. CALAMARIA LUMBRICOIDEA. Calamaria lumbricoidea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 540; Wagl. Syst. p. 192; Schleg. Ess. pl. 1. f. 14-16; Cantor, Catal. p. 61; Dum. & Bibr. p. 89. Calamaria virgulata (young), Boie, l. c. (not Gervais). Upper labials five; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture; no azygos scale between the chin-shields; rostral just reaching the surface of head. Body cylindric, much elongated. Above brownish, beneath white, with large black square spots. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Half-grown: very bad state. Asia. 6. CALAMARIA SCHLEGELII. Calamaria schlegelii, Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 81. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials five; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture; an azygos scale between the chin- shields. Body and tail of moderate length. Reddish brown; head uniform yellow; belly yellowish, with black band-like spots. a. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Sir J. Brooke. b. Half-grown. Borneo. From Mr. Wallace's Collection. b The characters of our diagnosis are somewhat different from the description given by Duméril and Bibron, and founded upon a single specimen. The scales of the medial dorsal row are rather larger than the other ones. Native country the same. 7. CALAMARIA TEMMINCKII. Calamaria temminckii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 87. Upper labials five; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture; no azygos scale between the chin-shields; rostral pro- duced backwards between the frontals, pointed behind. Body cylindric, elongate. Above brown; beneath whitish, with black cross bands. a. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Wallace's Collection. 6 REPTILES. 8. CALAMARIA GRAYI. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials five; first pair of lower labials not forming a suture; no azygos scale between the chin- shields. Body cylindric, much elongate ; muzzle very short. . Young reddish white, with black rings; in older age the rings confluent on the back, and belly with black square bands. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Young. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Head very short, depressed, flat above, like that of Elaps ; muzzle very short, rounded in front; rostral shield just reaching the surface of head; vertical moderate, six-sided; fifth upper labial forming a suture with the occipital; two scale-like tem- poral shields behind ; body and tail as in C. lumbricoidea, but head much shorter. 9. CALAMARIA CORONELLA. Calamaria coronella, Schlegel, Essai, i. p. 48. Scales in seventeen rows. Brownish above, with a dorsal series of large brown spots. a. Adult. Persia. Only one pair of frontals. The specimens described by Schlegel have only fifteen longi- tudinal rows of scales. 2. CONOPSIS, Günther. Body and tail moderate. Only one pair of frontals; rostral shield protruding, pyramidal, slightly bent upwards; one nasal, pierced by the nostril ; loreal none, united with the frontal; one anterior, two posterior oculars; seven upper labials. Scales smooth, rounded behind, in seventeen rows; anal bifid; sub- caudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. California. 1. CONOPSIS NASUS. Uniform dark olive; on the anterior part of back some small black spots; beneath paler, with black spots. a. California. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. Description of the specimen.—Head rounded, conical, sharply pointed in front, not distinct from neck; body cylindrical, rather compressed; tail not distinct, stout, tapering; eye moderate, pupil round. Rostral shield forming a solid, protruding, four- sided pyramid with rounded edges, the top of which is slightly bent upwards (somewhat similar to the same shield in Rhinostoma, SNAKES. 7 but without sharp ridge); upper jaw much longer than lower ; mouth moderately cleft; only one pair of frontals, large, six- sided, bent on the sides; vertical very large, longer than broad, six-sided, with an obtuse angle in front, and an acute one behind; superciliaries elongate; occipitals rather large, rounded behind; one nasal, pierced by a very small nostril, in direct contact with the ante-ocular; one anterior ocular, not raised on the surface of crown; two posterior oculars; loreal none; seven upper labials, third and fourth forming the lower edge of orbit; one large elongate temporal, in contact with both hinder oculars, some scale-like shields behind; first pair of lower labials form- ing a suture behind the terminal shield; two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior one largest, each half irregularly five-sided, twice as long as broad. Scales smooth, rather short, rounded at the tip, in seventeen rows; ventral plates 118, anal bifid, subcaudals 38. Nearly uniform dark olive; on the anterior part of back some obsolete black spots; sides lighter; belly yellowish white; edges of each ventral plate with two or three black spots. Length of cleft of mouth 1" ; length of tail 2"; total length 10". 11 3. AMBLYMETOPON, Günther. Body rounded, moderate; tail short; head short, convex, not distinct from neck; neck not distensible; rostral shield promi- nent, recurved, sharp above, forming a broad suture with the vertical; one pair of frontals, separated by the vertical; nostril between nasal and first upper labial; scales smooth, short, in seventeen rows, square; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth in both jaws equal, smooth ; palatine teeth. Mexico. 1. AMBLYMETOPON VARIEGATUM. Whitish, with black cross bars; belly uniform whitish. a. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. b. Mexico. Adult female in a bad state. Description of the specimens.-Body moderate; tail rather short, tapering; head not distinct, convex, with rounded crown; muzzle not elongate; cleft of mouth rather short; eye mode- rate, pupil subelliptical. Rostral shield very peculiarly shaped : bent upwards, with a sharp, convex ridge above, as in Rhino- stoma, but much narrower, provided with a long posterior pro- cess, not tapering behind, forming a broad suture with the vertical, so as to separate entirely the frontals; only one pair of frontals, each quadrangular, large, spheroidal ; vertical large, 8 REPTILES. convex, seven-sided; front side in contact with the hinder pro- cess of rostral shield, two sides with each frontal, two with each superciliary, two with the occipitals. Occipitals rounded behind, rather small, bent on the sides. One anterior, two posterior oculars; loreal none; one small nasal ; nostril between the nasal and a process of the first labial, raised upwards between rostral and nasal ; seven upper labials, the third and fourth forming the lower edge of orbit; one elongate anterior temporal shield, two or three smaller ones behind; chin-shields regular. Scales smooth, nearly square, in seventeen rows; 151 ventral, one bifid anal, and 37 bifid subcaudal plates. Above reddish white, with 56 black narrow cross bars, two on the neck larger than the remainder; crown of head with symmetrical black markings; sides black-spotted; belly uniform whitish. In the oviduct of the second specimen I found four mature eggs, but without embryo; they were l" long and 3" broad. Length of cleft of mouth $"; length of tail 21"; total length 15)". 4. RAINOSTOMA, Fitzinger. Body rounded, moderate ; tail short; head short, not very broad, and not distinct from body; neck not distensible ; rostral shield pyramidal, prominent, sharp above, recurved; scales smooth, large, in fifteen to nineteen rows, rhombic; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed; two pairs of frontals; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Posterior maxillary teeth longest. America ; ; Africa. Rhinostoma, Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept. p. 56; Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 171; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 992. Heterodon, sp., Schlegel. 1. RHINOSTOMA SCHLEGELII. Heterodon rhinostoma, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 100. pl. 3. f. 17-19. Scales in fifteen rows; anterior frontals in direct contact one with the other; one pair of posterior frontals. Whitish (in spirits), with broad black rings; belly black-spotted. Posterior maxillary teeth? North America. 2. RHINOSTOMA NASUUM. Vipera nasua, Oppel, Mus. Paris. Rhinostoma nasuum, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 171 ; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 994. Hete- SNAKES. 9 rodon guianensis, Troschel in Schomburgk's Reise im Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 645. Scales in nineteen rows; anterior frontals in direct contact one with the other; one pair of posterior frontals; head and neck blackish brown, with a whitish collar. Posterior maxillary teeth channeled. a. Half-grown. Carthagena. From Paris. The specimen agrees in all characters with the young specimen described by Du- méril and Bibron, vii. p. 995. Body above scattered with small black points, beneath uniform whitish. In its stomach I found also an Ameiva. Troschel was the first who dis- covered the differences between this species and that de- scribed by Schlegel ; but it appears from Duméril's descrip- tion, in which both species are again confounded, that Oppel's specimen, the specimen of the Ancient Cabinet, belongs to the South American species, and not to the North American. Therefore we are obliged to restore this species to its first denomination, and to give a new one to the other. b. Half-grown: discoloured. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. c. Nearly 2 long. America. From Mr. Thomas's Collection. Greatly injured. 3. RHINOSTOMA CUPREUM. Scales in fifteen rows; anterior frontals separated one from the other by a long hinder process of the rostral shield, reaching the posterior frontal; posterior frontals confluent. Head brown, with whitish crown; body above reddish grey, with two series of brown distinct spots; beneath uniform whitish. Posterior max- illary teeth smooth. a. Adult. Africa. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b-d. Half-grown and young. South Africa. Description.-Head not very distinct from neck; eyes small, pupil round; mouth moderately cleft; rostral shield very broad, , its breadth nearly equal to the distance of the eyes, bent up- wards, with a sharp convex ridge, reaching the posterior frontal, and separating the anterior ones; anterior frontals triangular, small; posterior frontals united, broad, rather narrow, only in one young specimen with a slight longitudinal suture ; vertical large, five-sided, with nearly parallel lateral edges, and an obtuse angle behind; occipitals very small, smaller than vertical, rounded behind; nasal single, in the centre with the narrow nostril; one B 5 IO REPTILES. loreal ; seven upper labials; one anterior, two posterior oculars ; 155 abdominal, one entire anal, 33 bifid caudal plates. Tail short, thick, ending in an acute spine. Head and neck dark brown or black; vertical and occipitals dirty white; body and tail brownish grey, each scale darker-edged. Back with two longitudinal series of about fifty dark brown small spots; abdo- men uniform yellowish. Breadth of head }"; length of head "; total length 13"; length of tail 15". 5. RHINOSIMUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body rounded, moderate; tail moderate; head short, rather distinct from body; rostral shield pyramidal, prominent, sharp above, recurved; scales smooth, in nineteen rows; anal and subcaudals entire; two pairs of frontals, two anterior and two posterior oculars. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, grooved. Rhinosimus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 991. 1. RHINOSIMUS GUERINI. Rhinosimus guerini, Dum. & Bibr. l. c. pl. 72. Above uniform brown. Hab. - ? 6. RHABDOSOMA, Dum. & Bibr. Two pairs of frontal shields, front pair much smaller than the hinder one; rostral small; two narrow nasals surrounding the nostril; anterior ocular none, united with the loreal; two (one) posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rounded behind, in fifteen or seventeen rows; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. South America; East Indies. Rhabdosoma, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii.p.91. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 35. Brachyorrhos, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 540; Wagler, Syst. der Amph. p. 190. 1. RHABDOSOMA SEMIDOLIATUM. Rhabdosoma semidoliatum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 93. Upper labials five, temporal one. White, with large, broad, black cross bands. a. Adult. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. b. Half-grown. Mexico. e. Young. Mexico. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. Uniform black. SNAKES. 11 2. RHABDOSOMA BADIUM. Brachyorrhos badius, B. schach, B. flammigerus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 540; Wagl. Syst. p. 190. Calamaria badia, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 35. Rhabdosoma badium, Dum. & Bibr. p. 95. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit; one pair of chin-shields. Body and tail rather elongate. . Brownish, either with pairs of black cross bands, or with white equidistant transverse spots. a, b. Adult. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. Belong- ing to the white-banded variety. 3. RHABDOSOMA CRASSICAUDATUM. Rhabdosoma crassicaudatum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 103. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit; one pair of chin-shields. Body rather stout; tail short. Brown, uniform or with lighter spots; belly dull yellowish, marbled with black. a. Adult. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection, b. Adult. Caraccas. 4. RHABDOSOMA LINEATUM. Rhabdosoma lineatum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 105. Upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; one pair of chin-shields. Body and tail rather stout. Above brownish, with three (two) dark longitudinal streaks; beneath uniform whitish. a-c. Adult. Berbice. d. Adult. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. Medial streak wanting. e-i. Adult, half-grown, and young South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. k. Adult : not good state. America. Presented by Captain Forster. I. Adult : not good state. America. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq. Both the specimens upon which Duméril and Bibron based their description, are given as natives of Java. Nevertheless, without further evidence, we are obliged to apply the same name to our specimens, coming from America, and perfectly agreeing with the description of R. lineatum. Maxillary teeth eleven, all smooth. 12 REPTILES. 5. RHABDOSOMA LONGICAUDATUM. Rhabdosoma longicaudatum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 106. . Upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit; one pair of chin-shields. Body and tail elongate. Above brownish, darker marbled; beneath whitish, with large black square spots. Java. a. Adult. Asia. 6. RHABDOSOMA LEPORINUM. Upper labials seven, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; three pairs of chin-shields; body rather elongate ; tail moderate, very thin. Above uniform lead-coloured, beneath paler. a, b. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection. Description.-- Body rather elongate; tail moderate, thin, tapering; head narrow, conical, pointed in front. Rostral small, triangular, just reaching the surface of head, with a deep groove from the base to the tip (fissura leporina). Anterior frontals small; posterior ones very large, forming the upper anterior edge of orbit; vertical longer than broad, nearly triangular; occipitals rather elongate; two posterior oculars; ante-ocular forming with the loreal a united, very long, anteriorly broader shield; two small nasals, nostril between ; seven upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; one large front temporal shield, three or four smaller ones behind. Medial lower labial very narrow, broad; first pair of lower labials very narrow, form- ing a suture together; three pairs of chin-shields, front pair forming a nearly circular or elliptical disk. Scales rather large, in fifteen rows, rounded behind; anal entire; tail very thin, surrounded only by six rows of scales. Above uniform lead- coloured, beneath dull yellowish or whitish, without any spot. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of tail 32"; total length 28". 7. RHABDOSOMA MICROCEPHALUM. Upper labials five, the second and third coming into the orbit ; three or four temporals. Brown, with dark spots, confluent to streaks on the hinder part of body. a. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. Description of the specimen.-Body stout; tail short, not distinct from trunk, tapering; head small, short, conical, pointed - SNAKES. 13 in front, not distinct from neck. Eye small. Rostral shield small, grooved; anterior frontals very small; posterior ones moderate, forming the upper anterior edge of orbit. Vertical six-sided, not longer than broad, with an obtuse angle in front, and a right one behind; lateral edges short, nearly parallel ; occipitals elongate; superciliary small, posterior ocular one; ante-ocular forming with the loreal a united, elongate shield, pointed behind, broader in front; five upper labials, the second and third coming into the orbit; three or four temporal shields, one in direct contact with the posterior ocular. Medial lower labial very small; first, second and third pair of lower labials suppressed by the single, excessively large pair of chin-shields, and so small and narrow as to be hardly visible; I do not know whether this peculiarity is only accidental in the individual. Scales rather large, rounded behind, in thirteen rows; anal entire. Above brown, some scales darker coloured, and forming interrupted longitudinal streaks, more conspicuous on the pos- terior part of body; a similar broad band along the sides; on each side of the neck a yellowish streak, with the tendency towards forming a collar; belly brown, plates lighter edged. Length of cleft of mouth 3"; length of tail ?"; total length 12". 7. BRACHYORRHOS, Kuhl. Body cylindric, rather elongate; tail moderate, tapering ; head narrow; two pairs of frontal shields, front pair much smaller; rostral small; two narrow nasals surrounding the nostril; loreal none, united with the frontal; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rounded behind, in seventeen rows; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. East Indian Islands. Brachyorrhos, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 510. Brachyorrhos, sp., (Kuhl) Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519; Wugl. Syst. p. 190. Calamaria, . sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 33. Atractus, Wagl. Isis, 1828, p. 741. Anguis, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. BRACHYORRHOS ALBUS. Coluber albus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 14. f. 2 (discoloured), and Syst. Nat. i. p. 378; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 592; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 183; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 145; p Daud. Rept. vii. p. 49; Merr. Tent. p. 94. Anguis alba, Laur. Syn. p. 73. Stumpfschwanzige Natter, Merr. Beitr. ii. t. 7. Coluber brachyurus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 470; Kuhl, Beitr. ii . p. 89. Brachyorrhos albus, (Kuhl) Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519; 14 REPTILES. Dum. & Bibr. p. 511. Brachyorrhos Kuhlii, (Boie) Wagl. Syst. p. 190. Atractus trilineatus, Wagl. Isis, 1828, t. 10. f. 1-4. Calamaria brachyorrhos, Schlegel, Ess. ii. pl. 1. f. 21-23. Above brownish, beneath whitish. a. Adult. Timor. From the Leyden Museum. 8. ASPIDURA, Wagler. Body moderate; tail tapering, sometimes moderate, some- times stouter; two posterior frontals, one single anterior ; two very small nasals; loreal none, united with the frontal; one anterior ocular (sometimes united with frontal), two posterior ones. Scales smooth, rounded behind, in fifteen or seventeen rows; anal and subcaudals entire. Teeth equal, smooth. Cey- lon. Aspidura, Wagler, Natürl. Syst. der Amph. p. 191; Dum. $ Bibr. vii. p. 127. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 42. Scy- . tale, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 517. 1. ASPIDURA BRACHYORRHOS. Scytale brachyorrhos, Boie, Isis, 1827, p.517. Aspidura scy- tale, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph. p. 191; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 128. Calamaria scytale, Schleg. 1.c. Brownish or brown, uniform or spotted, generally a large dark spot on each side of neck. a, b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e, f. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. g-k. Adult and half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection. l. Adult female : very bad state. Ceylon. Presented by Cap- tain Gascoigne. m. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. n. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 0. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. p, q. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. 9. HAPLOCERCUS, Günther. Body much elongate; tail moderate, tapering ; two posterior frontals, one single anterior; two small nasals; loreal none, SNAKES. 15 united with the frontal; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales keeled, lanceolate, in seventeen rows; anal and subcaudals entire. Teeth equal, smooth. Ceylon. 1. HAPLOCERCUS CEYLONENSIS. Above blackish or brown, uniform, or with some indistinct spots; beneath uniform yellowish. a. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Description.-Body very thin and much elongate; tail mode- rate, not distinct, tapering; head narrow, rounded in front. Rostral small, just reaching the surface of head; only one an- terior frontal, obtuse in front, pointed behind; two posterior frontals, suppressing the loreal; vertical rather elongate, five- sided; occipitals narrow; one anterior, two posterior oculars; nostril between two small shields; seven upper labials, eye above the fourth; three temporal shields, one in front; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the medial one; two pairs of chin-shields, front pair largest. Scales in seventeen rows, elongate, lanceolate, provided with a strong keel, especially those of the tail; anal and subcaudals entire. Above uniform blackish or brown, with two dorsal rows of small indistinct black spots; occiput with a whitish dark-edged collar; beneath uni- form yellowish. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 21" ; total length 19". 10. ELAPOIDIS, Boie. Body and tail elongate; two pairs of frontals; two nasals, nostril between; ante-orbital none, united with the loreal; one posterior orbital. Scales keeled, elongate, in fifteen rows; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. Java. Elapoidis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519; Wagl. Syst. p. 194; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 122. Calamaria, sp., Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 44. 1. ELA POIDIS FUSCUS. Elapoidis fuscus, Boie, l. c.; Wagl. 1. c.; Dum.& Bibr. p. 123 (excl. Osceola elapsoidea, Baird & Girard). Calamaria elapoides, Schlegel, Ess. i. pl. 1. f. 31–33. Brown or blackish above, whitish beneath. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 16 REPTILES. 11. STREPTOPHORUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body and tail elongate; two pairs of frontals; two nasals, nostril between; ante-orbital none, united with the loreal ; two posterior orbitals. Scales keeled, elongate, in nineteen (seven- teen) rows; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. Central and South America. Streptophorus, Dum. 8 Bibr. vii.p.514. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. . Leyden Museum 1. STREPTOPHORUS DROZII. Streptophorus drozii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 518. Above brown, with a light collar, beneath paler; upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit. a. Adult. Columbia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. b. Adult. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. c. Half-grown. Caraccas. d. Half-grown. Honduras, ef. Adult. America. 2. STREPTOPHORUS SEBÆ. Streptophorus sebæ, Dum. & Bibr. p. 515. Whitish or brownish, with two rows of black, quadrangular, transverse spots; head and neck brown, with light collar ; beneath white. a. Adult. Belize. b. Adult. Honduras. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. c. Adult. Mexico. d-f. Adult and young. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Col- lection. g-i. Adult and half-grown. Mexico. From M. Salle's Col- lection. k, l. Half-grown. America. 3. STREPTOPHORUS BIFASCIATUS. Streptophorus bifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 520. Above uniform black, with a white collar; beneath white, each ventral plate and subcaudal provided with a black speck, forming together a punctated line along the middle of belly and tail, SNAKES. 17 a. Adult. Central America. From Mr. Gould's Collection. Duméril's specimen differs in having the black colour predo- minant beneath. 12. CONOCEPHALUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body and tail elongate; head narrow, conical ; two posterior frontals; one single anterior; two nasals; ante-orbital none, united with the loreal; one posterior ocular. Scales keeled, lanceolate, in seventeen rows; anal entire ; subcaudals bifid. Teeth equal, smooth. Central America. Conocephalus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 138. Haldea, Baird, Girard Catal. p. 122. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 43; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. iii. p. 123; Dekay, New York Fauna, iii. p. 49. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. CONOCEPHALUS STRIATULUS. Coluber striatulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 275; Daub. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 684; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ï. p. 285; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 84; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 200; Merr. Tent. p. 118; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1827, p. 354, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 117. Calamaria striatula, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 43; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 29; Dekay, New York Fauna, iï. p. 49. Haldea striatula, Baird, Gir. Catal. p. 122. p. Conocephalus striatulus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 140. Greyish or brownish above, whitish beneath. a. Adult. New Orleans. b. Adult: bad state. America. From M. Parzudaki's Col- lection. c. Adult : bleached. America. Old Collection. d. Half-grown. America. e. Half-grown. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. 13. CARPHOPHIS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body moderate, subcylindrical; tail short, tapering; head rather short; two pairs of frontal shields, front pair much smaller; rostral broad, well developed ; one large nasal, pierced by the nostril; ante-orbital none, united with the loreal ; one posterior orbital. Scales smooth, rhomboidal, in thirteen rows; anal bifid ; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. North America. 18 REPTILES. Carphophis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 131. Celuta, Baird, Girard Catal. p. 129. Brachyorrhos, sp., Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. p. 115. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 31. Coluber, sp., Say, Harlan, Storer. 1. CARPHOPHIS AMENA. Coluber amanus, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1825, p. 237; Harlan, ibid. 1827, p. 355, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 118; Storer, Report, p. 226. Calamaria amoena, Schleg. Ess. pl. 1. f. 19, 20. Brachyorrhos amenus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 27. Celuta amena, Baird, Girard Catal. p. 129. Carph- ophis amoena, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 131. . Above brown, beneath red (in spirits whitish). a. Adult. Delaware. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq. b. Adult. Pennsylvania. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Half-grown. North America. Presented by Sir R. Mur- chison. d. Adult : bad state. North America. e. Half-grown. North America. 14. HOMALOCRANION, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body and tail moderate; head depressed, with flat crown; two pairs of frontal shields, nearly equal in size; two nasals, nostril between ; loreal none (in one species present); one mode- rate anterior, one or two posterior orbitals. Scales smooth, rhomboidal, in fifteen rows; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal in length, posterior maxillary teeth grooved. Central and South America. Homalocranion, Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 855. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ï. p. 38, 47; Clelia, sp., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187. Lycodon, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 526. Elaps, sp., Coluber, sp., p auct. prior. 1. HOMALOCRANION MELANOCEPHALUM. Coluber melanocephalus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 15. f.2, and Syst. Nat.i. p. 378; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp.p. 685; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 293; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 34; Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 490; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 367; Merr. Tent. p. 110. Elaps melanocephalus, Wagi.& Spix, Nov. Serp. Bras. t. 26. f. 1. Lycodon melanocephalum, Boie, 1.c. Clelia melanocephala, Wagl. Syst. p. 187. Calamaria melanocephala, Schleg. Ess. pl. 1. f. 30. Homalocranion melanocephalum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 859. SNAKES. 19 Crown and neck dark brown, sides of head and neck with some white specks; above one or three or five black longitudinal streaks. Var. A. A single dorsal streak. a. Adult Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. b-d. Adult and half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Col- . lection. e, f. Half-grown. Fijucu. Presented by Robert Bennett, Esq. g. Adult. Berbice. h. Half-grown. Granada. From M. Salle's Collection. (Dusky variety.) i. Adult. Tobago. Presented by W. J. A. Ludlow, Esq. k. Adult: bad state. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. 1. Adult : not good state. America. m. Adult : discoloured. America. From the Haslar Col- lection. n. Half-grown. America. Presented by Edward Laforest, Esq. Var. B. Five longitudinal streaks on back. 0. Adult. South America. Presented by G. Busk, Esq. p. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by G. Busk, Esq. 9. Half-grown. Honduras. r. Young. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. 2. HOMALOCRANION SEMICINCTUM. Homalocranion semicinctum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 862. Above with alternate black and white rings; beneath uniform whitish. . a. Adult. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection (cf. Elaps fulvius). 15. HOMALOSOMA, Wagler. Body moderate; tail rather short; head small; two pairs of frontal shields, front pair rather smaller; one nasal, pierced by the nostril; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rhomboidal, in fifteen rows; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed; ventral plates rather narrow. Teeth equal, smooth. South Africa. Homalosoma, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 190; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 109. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 36. Elaps, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 20 REPTILES. 1. HOMALOSOMA LUTRIX, Homalosoma lutrix, Seba, i. 1. 6, ü. 86. 5. Coluber lutrix, Linn. Syst. Nat.i. p. 375; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 649; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 175; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 63; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 472; Latr. Rept. iv.p. 143; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 199. Schmalbauchige Natter, Merr. Beitr. i. t. l; Shaw, l. c. p. 474. Elaps duberria, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 297; Daud. I. c. p. 202. Coluber erathon, Hermann, Obs. Zool.p. 273. Coluber arctiventris, Merr. Tent. p. 100; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. p. 82; Daud. 1.c. p. 221. Homalosoma arctiventris, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 191. Calamaria arctiventris, Schleg. Ess. pl. 1. f. 24-26. Homalosoma lutrix, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 110. p Back brown ; sides bluish grey, minutely speckled with black ; belly yellow, on the sides greyish, black-spotted. a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. From the Berlin Museum. b. Many specimens. Cape of Good Hope. c. Young Cape of Good Hope. d. Adult. South Africa. e, f. Adult. Africa. g. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. h. Adult : bad state. Africa. 3-1. Adult. Africa. m-p. Adult. Africa. Presented by Sir F. Macgrigor. q, r. Half-grown. Africa. Presented by Sir. F. Macgrigor. . s, t. Adult. - ? Presented by Mr. Linsey. - u. Young Africa. . - 2. HOMALOSOMA VARIEGATUM. Homalosoma variegatum, Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 51. p Above black, variegated with brownish grey; beneath brown- ish grey, irregularly black-spotted. Vertical shield much longer than its distance from muzzle. Mozambique. 16. OLIGODON, Boie. Body and tail moderate; head blunt, conical; rostral shield rather fiat in front, pointed behind, and far produced backwards between the anterior frontals; two pairs of frontal shields; two nasals, nostril between; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, in fifteen or seventeen rows; subcau- dals two-rowed. Teeth equal ; posterior maxillary teeth rather longer, not grooved; no teeth on the palatine bones. East Indies. SNAKES. 21 Oligodon, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 191; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 54. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 40. Elaps, sp., Gray, Indian Zoology. 1. OLIGODON SUBQUADRATUS. Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. 34. Oligodon bitorquatus (Reinw.), and torquatus, Boie, 1.c.; Wagl.l.c. Calamaria oligodon, Schleg. Ess. pl. 1. f. 27-29, and Abbildg. t. 25. Oligodon subquadra- tum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 55. Belly with black square blotches. . a, b. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c. Adult. Batavia. d. Half-grown. Asia. e. Adult : bad state. [? Ceylon.] Presented by R. Tem- pleton, Esq. 2. OLIGODON SUBGRISEUS. Oligodon subgriseum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 59. Belly uniform whitish, without any spot. a, b. Adult. Madras. Presented by Captain Bevan. c. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. d. Adult. India. e. Adult : bleached. India. Old Collection. . f. Adult: discoloured. India. Presented by Colonel Lestil. g. Half-grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. . h. Large specimen. India. i. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection. k. Half-grown. India. Old Collection. 1. Half-grown. India. Purchased. m. Adult. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. , n. Adult female. [? Ceylon.] From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 3. OLIGODON SUBLINEATUS. Oligodon sublineatum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 57. Each ventral plate with three black specks, forming together three punctated lines. a. Adult. Kandy. Presented by Captain Gascoigne. b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Adult. Ceylon. d. Adult : not good state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Tem- pleton, Esq. 22 REPTILES. e. Half-grown : not good state. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. f. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. g. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by the Zoological Society. 4. OLIGODON SUBPUNCTATUS. Oligodon subpunctatum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 58. Belly whitish, with round, irregularly disposed, black specks. East Indies. 5. OLIGODON DORSALIS. Elaps dorsalis, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. f. 1. Belly black, with white spots; above reddish white, with a pure white dorsal streak from the occiput to the tip of tail, bor- dered with equidistant small brown spots; on each side a brown longitudinal streak, indistinct towards the tail. a. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. . Shields of head as in the other Oligodon. Scales in fifteen rows. The mouth of the specimen (original specimen of Dr. Gray's figure), and otherwise well preserved, is not in such a condition as to admit an accurate description of the dentition. I was not able to find any traces of teeth on the palatine bone. Head with the general coloration of Oligodon and Simotes; the dorsal streak interrupted on the tail by three equidistant large black spots; tail beneath uniform white. Fam. II. CORONELLIDÆ. Body moderate, rounded, with flat belly and broad back, never of large size. Tail rather short, not distinct from trunk, taper- ing. Head rather depressed, generally with short rounded muz- zle. Eye moderate. Shields of head regular (in one species anomalous), generally one loreal, two nasals (sometimes united); never more than two anterior and three posterior oculars, gene- rally two posterior ones. Scales moderate, smooth (in one genus partially granulated), not much imbricate, equal, almost in fifteen to nineteen rows. Ventral plates without keels. Sub- caudals two-rowed. Anterior teeth always shortest; no longer tooth in the middle of the series. Coronella, Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 50. SNAKES. 23 Synopsis of the Genera. 1. SIMOTES. Rostral conical, protruding, extending backwards between the anterior frontals. Scales in seventeen or nine- teen rows. East Indies; North America ; Algiers. 2. ABLABES. Rostral moderate. All teeth equal. All scales smooth. United States; Africa; Asia. 3. TRACHISCHIUM. Scales of the ischiadic region provided with granulated keels. Sikkim. 4. PSAMMOPHYLAX. Rostral rounded, not protruding, with a long posterior process. South Africa. 5. TACHYMENIS. Either two anterior oculars and a separate loreal, or loreal united with lower ocular. Posterior max- illary tooth grooved. South Europe; Chili. 6. CORONELLA. Rostral moderate; one anterior ocular. Pos- terior maxillary tooth either smooth, longer, and in a con- tinuous row with the anterior ones, or grooved. Almost every part of the globe. 7. LIOPHIS. Rostral moderate; posterior maxillary tooth longest, smooth, and separated from the anterior ones by an interspace. Warmer parts of America. 8. ERYTHROLAMPRUS. Body encircled by black rings. Pos- terior maxillary tooth grooved. South America. 9. HYPSIRHYNCHUS. Forehead concave; muzzle pointed and raised. Barbadoes. 1. SIMOTES, Dum. & Bibr. Head short, conical, not distinct from neck; rostral shield as in Oligodon, rather flat in front, pointed behind, and far produced backwards between the anterior frontals; two nasals, nostril between; one anterior ocular (in one species three), two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, in seventeen or nineteen rows (Duméril's S. trinotatus twenty-one ?). Posterior maxillary teeth longest, smooth. _Crown of head with regular, generally arrow-shaped marks. East Indies. (North America ; Algiers.) Simotes, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii . p. 624. Heterodon, sp., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 778. Coronella, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 77, 79, and Heterodon, sp., id. p. 102, and Xenodon, sp., id. p. 90. Rhino- . stoma, sp., Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. iii. p. 125; Baird, Girard Catal. p. 118. Coronella, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Elaps, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 24 REPTILES. 1. SIMOTES OCTOLINEATUS. Russell, Ind. Serp.ii.t. 38. Elaps octolineatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph.p. 299. Coluber octolineatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii. p. 540; Merr. Tent. p. 145; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 17. Coronella octo- lineata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539, 556; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 77. Simotes octolineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 634. Ferruginous, with two broader dorsal, and two or three nar- rower, lateral, black, longitudinal lines. a. Adult. Sumatra. Presented by Mrs. J. Crosley. b. Adult : not good state. Bomeo. From Mr. Low's Col- lection. c. Half-grown: head injured. Java. Presented by J. Bow- ring, Esq. d. Nearly adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. e-h. Young and egg. India. . i. Adult: bad state. India. k. Half-grown. India. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. l. Young: bad state. India. m. Half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. n. Large specimen. India. Presented by the College of Sur- geons. 2. SIMOTES BINOTATUS. Simotes binotatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 630. Whitish; back with a row of pairs of black, white-edged, con- fluent, quadrangular spots; on each side a row of smaller ones. Anal bifid. Scales in seventeen rows. a, b. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 3. SIMOTES RUSSELLII. Russell, Ind. Serp. i. t. 35 & 38. Coluber arnensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 526. Coluber russellii, Daud. Rept. vi. t. 76. f. 2; Merr. Tent. p. 98. Coronella russelii, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 79. . Simotes russelii, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 628. Above ferruginous, with twenty to forty narrow, continuous, black, white-edged cross bands; belly uniform whitish. a. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 6. Adult. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. c. Adult. India. d. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by Sir G. Banks. SNAKES. 25 1 e. Adult. Madras. Presented by the Rev. G. Smith. f. Adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 9. Half-grown. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. h. Half-grown : head injured. Malabar. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. i, k. Adult and young : bad state. India. Old Collection. l. Adult: very bad state. India. Old Collection. m. Adult. India. n. Young. India. 0. Adult. India. (Cross bands very large and broad, lozenge- shaped : fine specimen.) 4. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS. Xenodon purpurascens, Schleg. Ess. pl. 3. f. 13, 14, and Abbildg. pl. 14; Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 753; Cantor, Catal. p. 67. Coronella albocincta, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 50. Simotes albocincta, Dum. &. Bibr. p. 633. pl. 82. f. 1. Above purple or brown, either uniform or with lighter, black- edged cross bands; cross bands sometimes formed of two or three confluent quadrangular spots. Scales in seventeen or nine- teen rows. Anal entire. Var. A. Entirely uniform brown. a. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by Captain Gascoigne. 6. Adult : bad state. India. From the Haslar Collection. Var. B. Brown, with very indistinct cross bands; belly with square black blotches. c. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Var. C. Purple, marbled with brown; back with a row of two or three quadrangular, lighter, black-edged spots, confluent into cross bands; belly uniform whitish. d. Adult. Java. e, f. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Var. D. Like former, but belly with large square black blotches. 9. Adult: bad state. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. h. Half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. Var. E. Purple, with rather narrow, lighter, black-edged cross bands; belly marbled with brown, or with square spots. 1. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. k. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. с 26 REPTILES. Var. F. Belly uniform whitish; above purple; in younger individuals a dorsal series of whitish escutcheon-like spots, the tip of which is turned towards the front, emitting on each side an oblique whitish streak towards the belly; an obsolete, very narrow, whitish streak always between two spots. In older indi- viduals the spots are narrow, on the back broader, whitish, darker- edged cross bands, alternating with much narrower whitish trans- verse streaks. 1. Adult. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. m. Half-grown. Singapore. From the Haslar Collection. v 5. SIMOTES COCCINEUS. Bead-snake, Catesby, Nat. Hist. of Carol. pl. 60. Coluber coccineus, Blumenbach in Voigt's Magazin, v. pl. 5; Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1097; Harlan in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. 1827, p. 356, and Med. Phys. Researches, 1835, p. 119; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 138; Daud. Rept. vii. pl. 83. f. 1. Elaps coccineus, Merr. Tent. p. 145. Harlequin-snake, Audubon, Birds, t. 52. Hete- rodon coccineus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 3. f. 15, 16. Rhinostoma coc- cinea, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 30; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 118. Simotes coccineus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 637. pl. 82. f. 2. Rostral very prominent, but rounded, and not compressed into a ridge. Whitish (in spirits), crossed by pairs of narrow black bands, the posterior of each pair always forming with the ante- rior of the next pair a complete ring. a. Adult. Charlestown. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Half-grown. North Carolina. Old Collection. c. Half-grown. South America. From the Leyden Museum. d, e. Adult : discoloured. America. Old Collection. f. Adult: very bad state. America. g. Half-grown. America, h-1. Adult. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Var. Back with equidistant black cross bars, not reaching the side of belly; sides irregularly black-spotted; belly with a black medial band. Scales in seventeen rows. Perhaps a distinct species. m. Half-grown: bad state. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. a 6. SIMOTES DIADEMA. Heterodon diadema, Dum. & Bibr. p. 770. Three anterior, two posterior oculars. Whitish, with a dorsal SNAKES. 27 series of large blackish spots, alternate with smaller ones on the side. a. Adult. Algiers. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Half-grown: very bad state. North Africa. 2. ABLABES, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body rather elongate and slender ; head moderate, rather de- pressed, with flat crown; rostral moderate; two nasals, nostril between them (in A. modesta united); one loreal, one or two an- terior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, elongate, in thirteen to nineteen rows. All teeth equal, smooth. Generally a collar. United States; Africa; Asia. Ablabes, sp., Enicognathus, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 304. Calamaria, sp., Coronella, sp., Herpetodryas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. pp. 39,50, 194. Lycodon, sp., Gray, Indian Zoology. Homalo- soma, sp., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 191. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. ABLABES MODESTUS. Coronella modesta, Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 82. ? Tyria argonauta, Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Caucas. p. 114. t. 26. f. 1, 2. Scales in seventeen rows; upper labials seven, third and fourth touching the eye. Olive; crown of head black (some- . tinues only dark olive); suture of occipitals lighter ; neck with a black (sometimes only dark olive) collar; beneath uniform whitish. a-d. Adult. Xanthus. e-z. Adult and half-grown. Xanthus. Presented by Sir C. Fellows. a. Many specimens. Half-grown and young. Xanthus. B. y. Young. Euphrates Expedition. 8. Young. Ruins of Nineveh. Presented by Loftus, Esq. €. Adult. Xanthus. From the Haslar Collection. Especially adult specimens exhibit, instead of the black marks, the head and collar only dark olive-coloured, and they may then be very easily confounded with younger individuals of Zamenis atrovirens ; but they may be distinguished by the number of scales and upper labials, as well as by the dentition. Moreover, A. modestus is the only species of the genus having only one nasal. c2 28 REPTILES. 2. ABLABES MELANOCEPHALUS. Lycodon melanocephalus, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. . f. 2. Scales in seventeen rows; upper labials nine, fourth, fifth and sixth touching the eye. Above light brown, with two white longitudinal streaks, beginning from the occiput, becoming in- distinct towards the hinder parts of body, and interrupted by quadrangular, equidistant, black spots; crown of head and neck dark brown; beneath whitish, with a lateral punctated line. a-c. Adult. India. Presented by. General Hardwicke. 3. ABLABES COLLARIS. Psammophis collaris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 390. Scales in seventeen rows; upper labials nine, fourth, fifth and sixth touching the eye. Above olive, very minutely black- speckled; crown of head dark brown, variegated with olive; neck with a broad, dark brown, yellow-edged collar; the yellow edges crossed by a medial dark brown streak, continued as a dorsal series of small, equidistant, brown spots ; beneath yellow- ish, each ventral shield on the sides with a black speck. a, b. Adult and half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. Dark olive, nearly brown. c. Adult : bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. d. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. e. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. f-i. Young. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. k, l. Young. India. m-p. Young. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 9. Adult. India. r. Adult. India. Presented by the College of Surgeons. s. Adult: injured. India. Presented by the Zoological So- ciety. t-x. Half-grown. India. 4. ABLABES PUNCTATUS. Coluber punctatus, Linn. Syst. Nat.i.p.376; Lacép.ii. p. 287; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 10; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 136; Daud. vii. p. 178; Merr. Tent. p. 136; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 354, and Mcd. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 117; Storer, Reports, p. 225; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. t. 18. Coluber torquatus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 553. Homalosoma punctatum, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 191. Spilotes punctatus, Swains. Nat. Hist. p. 364. SNAKES. 29 Calamaria punctata, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 39. Ablabes punctatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 310. Diadophis punctatus, Baird & Girard Catal. p. 112. Scales in fifteen rows; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth touching the eye. Above black, with a yellowish occipital ring ; beneath yellowish, with three rows of small black spots, the medial one sometimes absent. a. Adult. North America. b. Half-grown. North America. From Mr. Stevens's Col- lection. c. Half-grown. Chippeway, Canada. d. Young. Delaware. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq. 5. ABLABES OCCIPITALIS. Scales in fifteen rows; upper labials seven, third and fourth touching the eye. Above black; on each side of the neck a ; yellow streak, not confluent on the occiput; beneath yellowish, with three rows of small black spots. a. Adult. Mexico. b. Adult. United States. 6. ABLABES BALIODEIRUS. Coronella baliodeira, Boie; Schleg. Ess. ii. f. 9, 10; Cantor, Catal. p. 66. Ablabes baliodeirus, Dum. 8. Bibr. P. 313. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials seven. Above uniform brownish or black, on the anterior part generally with some white spots, disposed in cross bands ; uniform yellowish beneath. a. Adult Java. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult : tail injured. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher. No white spots. 7. ABLABES GEMINATUS. Coluber geminatus, Oppel, Mus. Paris. Herpetodryas gemi- natus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 194. Enicognathus geminatus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 333. Lycodon catenatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. t. .f.2. Scales in fifteen or seventeen rows; upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the eye. Brown, with a broad a white collar, and two parallel white longitudinal streaks; belly white, but the brown coloration of the back extending on the edges of the abdomen. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult. Sumatra. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 30 REPTILES. . We were not able to find the original specimen, figured by Dr. Gray in the Indian Zoology,' pl. . f. 2, and named by him Lycodon catenatus. The comparison of specimens would no doubt show the identity of both snakes, and the priority of the latter denomination as the first published. 8. ABLABES RUFULUS. Coronella rufula, Lichtenstein, Verz. der Doubletten, p. 105; Schleg. Ess. pl. 2. f. 18, 19. Lamprophis rufulus, Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 58. Ablabes rufula, Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 308. Scales in nineteen rows; anal entire; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Above uniform brownish or black; the uniform whitish coloration of belly generally ex- tending on the sides. a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. From the Leyden Museum. b, c. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. d. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. e, f. Adult. South Africa. g. Adult : injured. South Africa. h. Adult : not good state. South Africa. i. Young South Africa, Var. A blackish medial line under the tail. k. Large specimen. Port Natal. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. 1. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. See Coronella olivacea, which is similar in general appearance. 3. TRACHISCHIUM, Günther. Body and tail moderate; head rather small, depressed, pointed in front, distinct from neck; one loreal, one anterior, one pos- terior ocular; two nasals, nostril between. Scales in thirteen rows; all smooth except those of the ischiadic region, which are provided with granular keels. Teeth equal, not grooved. Sikkim. 1. TRACHISCHIUM RUGOSUM. Uniform black. a. Sikkim Himalaya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. Description.-Habit like that of Coronella lævis; head rather smaller, eyes small. Rostral shield moderate, rounded above, just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals moderate; posterior ones united, forming an azygos broad shield; this SNAKES. 31 may be only accidental in the individual; vertical moderate, rather broad, with an acute angle behind; occipitals longer than superciliary and frontals together, divergent and rounded behind; one large posterior ocular, rounded behind; ante- ocular much smaller and not reaching the surface of crown; loreal elongate; two nasals, nostril between, and situated in front of the muzzle; six upper labials, foremost smallest, third and fourth reaching the orbit, last largest; one temporal in contact with posterior ocular, two or three smaller ones behind; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the medial one; two pairs of chin-shields, front pair largest. Scales shining, rhomboidal, rather large, in thirteen rows, perfectly smooth, except those of the five outer rows above the anus (regio ischiadica). The scales only of twenty transverse rows before the anus, and of thirteen of the tail are keeled, and each keel exhibits the peculiarity of being provided with one or two tubercles. Anal and subcaudals bifid. Entirely uniform black, beneath paler. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 21" ; "; total length 13". 4. PsAMMOPHYLAX, Fitzinger. Rostral shield produced backwards between the anterior fron- tals, so as often to reach the posterior frontals; one anterior, two posterior oculars; one loreal; two nasals, the nostril be- tween them and the anterior frontal; vertical narrow; scales narrow, ovate, moderate, in seventeen or nineteen rows; anal bifid. Eye moderate, pupil round; body and tail of moderate length; belly slightly flattened; head with flat crown, rather high, distinct from neck, pointed in front. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved ; anterior teeth in both jaws equal in length. South Africa. Psammophylax, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 26. Dipsas, sp., Dum.& Bibr. vii. p. 1154. Trimerorhinus, A. Smith, Ill. of S. Afr.p. Coronella, sp., Boie, Schlegel, Laurenti . Coelopeltis, sp., Wagl. Cerastes, sp., auct. prior. Coluber, sp., 1. PSAMMOPHYLAX RHOMBEATUS. Psammophylax rhombeatus, Seba, ii. 15. 2. 79. 2. Coluber rhombeatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. pl. 24. f. 2 (very bad), and Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 380; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 437; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 150; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 119; Merr. Tent. p. 111. . . Cerastes rhombeatus, Coronella tigrina, Coluber elegantissimus, Laurenti, Syn. Rept. pp. 82, 87 & 96; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. 32 REPTILES. Serp. p. 668; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 212; Bonnat. Ophiol. pl. 16. f. 24. Coluber rhombeatus and C. tigrinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. pp. 1099, 1113. Coronella rhombeata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Schleg. Ess. pl. 2.f. 14, 15. Colopeltis rhombeata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 189, and Icon. 1. 32. Psammophylax rhombeatus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 26. Trimerorhinus rhombeatus, p. Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 56 (Schaap-sticker). Dipsas rhombeata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1154. . Grey or yellowish brown, with three or four longitudinal rows of ovate or rhomboid, dusky, black-edged blotches. a, b. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. From the Haslar Col- lection. c. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Mr. Ford. d. Adult Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of . Derby. e. Adult : head injured. Cape of Good Hope. f. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. From the Berlin Museum. g, h. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Captain Ashburne. i. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. k. Half-grown: injured. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. 1. Young: head injured. Cape of Good Hope. m. Young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby n-p. Young: bad state. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Mr. Wing. p. Young: bad state. Cape of Good Hope. g. Adult. South Africa. r, s. Adult and half-grown. South Africa. t. Adult. South Africa. U-W. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 2. Adult. South Africa. Old Collection. y. Adult. South Africa. . 2, a. Adult South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. B, y. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 7 8. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. €. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. n. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 0, $. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 1. Adult. South Africa. Presented by Sir J. Macgrigor. K. Half-grown. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection 1. Half-grown. South Africa. p. Half-grown. South Africa. (Belly red.) v. Half-grown. South Africa. SNAKES. 33 ,o. Nearly half-grown: not good state. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Var. Spots confluent into three longitudinal bands. TI. Adult. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. 5. TachYMENIS, Wiegmann. Body rather stout; tail rather short ; belly rounded; head with flat crown, short, broad behind, distinct from neck, pointed and rounded in front; rostral shield small, rounded above, hardly reaching the surface of head; either two ante-orbitals and one separate square loreal, or one ante-orbital and an elongated loreal, reaching the eye (the lower ante-orbital united with the loreal); two posterior orbitals. Scales moderate (in nineteen rows), rhombic. Anal bifid. Eye moderate, pupil subelliptical ; nostril between two shields. Posterior maxillary teeth longest furrowed, anterior equal in length; anterior teeth of the lower jaw longer than the following (in both species). Tachymenis, Wiegm. Act. Nov. Acad. Cæs. Leop. 1834, p. 252. Tarbophis and Dipsas, sp., Dum. &. Bibr. vii. pp. 911 and 1159. Coronella, sp. and Dipsas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. pp. 70 & 295. Ailurophis, (Michah.) Bonap. Amph. Eur. p. 44. Trigenophis, , . p Eichw. Zool. Spec. Ross. ii. p. 174. Ophis, sp., (Fitz.) Tschudi, Wiegm. Archiv, 1845, p. 165. Tarbophis, Fleischmann, Dalmat. Nov. Serp. Genera, Dissert. Erlangen, 1831. Coluber, sp., Fitz- inger, Savigny. 1. TACHYMENIS VIVAX. Savigny. Eg. Rept. Suppl. pl. 4. f. 21-23. Coluber vivax, Fitz. Neue Classif. Rept. p. 57. Tarbophis fallax, Fleischmann, Dissert. Erlangen, 1831, t. 1. Trigonophis iberus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. Ross. iii. p. 175, and Fauna Caspio-Caucas. t. 18 (not good). Ailurophis vivax, Bonap. Faun. Ital. t Dipsas fallax, Schleg. Ess. t. 11. f. 35, 36; Nordmann, Voy. Russie Mérid. iii. pl. 4. f. 2. Tarbophis vivax, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p.913. Upper labials eight, the third, fourth and fifth touching the eye; only one anterior ocular, but the loreal reaching the orbit; above greyish or light brown, with a vertebral series of large dark brown blotches, and on each side a row of smaller spots; beneath whitish, brown-marbled; a pale brown streak from the eye to the angle of mouth. a. Adult. Xanthus. Presented by Sir C. Fellows. b. Half-grown. Dalmatia. c 5 34 REPTILES. 2. TACHYMENIS CHILENSIS. Coronella Chilensis, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 70; Guichenot, Faun. Chil. Rept. pl. 4. f. 1. Ophis peruana, (Fitz.) Tschudi, Faun. ( Per. Rept. p.58; Wiegm. Archiv, 1845, p. 165. Dipsas chilensis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1159. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth touching the eye; two anterior oculars; above brown, with four longitudinal blackish- brown bands, reaching the end of tail; the dorsal pair confluent on the crown and forming there an acute angle, the two laterals doing so on the forehead; the angles sometimes not sharp, ob- solete ; the bands with distinct black spots; beneath with three series of black spots, sometimes confluent and covering the whole abdomen; a black streak from the eye to the angle of mouth. a. Adult. Chili. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 6. Adult. Chili. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. c. Adult: bad state. Chili. d. Adult. Colchagua. e. Adult. Tichitata. Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq. f. Adult. Chili. g. Adult. [Chili?] From M. Parzudaki's Collection. 9. 6. CORONELLA, Laurenti. Body and tail moderate, rounded; head moderate, with rather short rounded inuzzle, flat above, more or less distinct from neck; rostral moderate; two nasals, nostril between (in one spe- cies united); one loreal (in one species united with the frontal); one anterior, two (in two species three) posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rather short, rhomboid, in fifteen to twenty-nine rows. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, either grooved or smooth, in a continuous row with the anterior ones. Almost every part of the globe. Coronella, Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 84; Holbr. N. Amer. Her- petol.; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 607. Lycognathus, sp., Dipsas, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. pp. 926, 1162. Amplorhinus, Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. Coronella, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 50. , . Herpetodryas, sp., Schleg. l. c. p. 198. Zacholus, Wagl. Nat. Syst. Rept. p. 190. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. . 1. CORONELLA AUSTRIACA. Coronella austriaca, Laurenti, Synops. pl. 5. f. 1. Coluber austriacus, Shaw, Zool. üi. p. 515; Sturm, Deutsche Fauna, t. A.B.; Lenz, Schlangenkunde, p.505. t. 7. f. 10; Bonap. Faun. Coluber lævis, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp.ii. p. 158; Ital.pl . SNAKES. 35 . Daud. Rept. vii. p. 19; Merr. Tent. p. 101. Coluber thuringicus, Bechstein's Uebers. von Lacép. iii. p. 181. Coluber ferrugineus, Sparmann, N. Schw. Abhandi. xvi.t.7. A. B. Zacholus austriacus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 190. Coronella lævis, Boie, Isis, 1827, pp. 519,539; Schleg. Ess. pl. 2. f. 12, 13; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 610. Scales in twenty-one rows; anal bifid; upper labials seven. Brown: back with two, sometimes confluent, series of irregularly rounded dark spots. Hinder maxillary tooth smooth. a. Adult. France. b, c. Adult. Hanover. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. d. Half-grown. Italy. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. e. Half-grown. Europe. From the Collection of the Zoological Society 2. CORONELLA GIRONDICA. Coluber girondicus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 432; Cuv. Règne Anim. Coluber riccioli , Metaxa, Mon. del Serp. di Roma, f. 3, 4; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. Coronella girondica, Dum. & Bibr. p. 612. . Scales in twenty-one rows; anal bifid; upper labials eight. Brown, with a dorsal series of irregularly rounded dark spots ; on each side of belly a series of quadrangular dark spots. Hinder maxillary tooth smooth. a. Adult. Italy. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. 3. CORONELLA CUCULLATA. Couleuvre à capuchon, Geoffr. Descr. de l'Eg. Rept. pl. 8.f.3. Coronella lævis, var., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 69. Lycognathus cucul- latus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 926. Scales in nineteen rows; anal bifid and rot entire ; upper labials eight. Light brown: on each side of the neck a dark streak, ent on the crown; neck with a dark spot, sometimes con- fluent with former, and forming a large black spot, covering the occiput and neck. Hinder maxillary teeth grooved. a-c. Adult and half-grown. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Col- lection. d. Adult. Algiers. e. Half-grown. Tangiers. f-h. Adult and half-grown. Tripoli. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. i. Adult : not good state. N. Africa. Presented by J. Burton, jun., Esq. 4. CORONELLA DECORATA. Scales in seventeen rows; anal bifid; upper labials eight, 36 REPTILES. the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Back greyish olive, the darker coloration of the sides well defined towards the back; a black streak through the eye; on both sides of the anterior part of trunk a bright yellow band, soon disappearing, beginning from the eye, but twice interrupted, so as to form a yellow spot behind the eye, and a second on each side of occiput. Belly yellowish, on each side of the ventral plates a small black spot. Hinder maxillary tooth longest, smooth, in a continuous row with the anterior ones. a, b. Adult. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. 5. CORONELLA FISSIDENS. Scales in twenty-one (nineteen) rows; anal bifid; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Back greyish olive, the darker coloration of the sides well defined towards the back; a black streak, sometimes beneath white edged, through the eye; on both sides of the anterior part of trunk a white band, beginning from the occiput, and soon disappearing. Belly white, on the sides some irregular small black spots. Hinder maxillary tooth longest, channeled. a. Adult. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. 6. Adult: tail injured. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. e. Adult. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. d. Adult: not good state. Mexico. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Col- lection. e, f. Adult and young. America. From M. Salle's Collection. . 9, h. Adult. America. Scales in nineteen rows. 6. CORONELLA BIPUNCTATA. Scales in twenty-one rows; anal bifid. Back brown, the darker coloration of the sides well defined towards the back ; beneath yellowish, along the middle of belly two punctated lines. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved. a. Adalt, male. Sine patria. Description.- Body moderate; tail rather elongate; head rounded, rather pointed in front, flat above, distinct from neck. Rostral just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, posterior much larger; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; vertical nearly twice as long as broad, with some- what concave lateral edges; nostril between two shields; one square loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars ; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; one elongate temporal shield in front, four or five smaller ones be- hind. Scales rhomboid, rather small, in twenty-one rows; anal bifid. Above brown, with a very indistinct darker dorsal streak; SNAKES. 37 darker coloration of the sides well defined towards the back; upper labials yellowish above, black-edged; beneath yellowish; from the chin to the tip of the tail two punctated lines, each ventral plate being provided with two black spots towards the middle; there is another indistinct punctated line on each edge of abdomen. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 5%"; total length 17". 7. CORONELLA JAEGERI. Scales in seventeen or nineteen rows; anal bifid ; posterior oculars two; above uniform dark olive, beneath paler. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, smooth, in a continuous row with the anterior ones. a. Adult. Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. b. Half-grown. Brazil. From M. Clausen's Collection. Description.- Body and tail moderate ; head small, not di- stinct from neck; shields of head regular and proportionate; vertical with nearly parallel lateral edges ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of orbit; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the terminal one; three temporal shields, anterior one largest and in contact with both posterior oculars. Scales rhomboid, in seventeen or nineteen rows. Anal bifid. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, not grooved, in a continuous row with the anterior ones. Above uniform dark olive, beneath paler. The anterior ocular in the younger individual reaches the vertical shield, in the older one it is raised on the crown, but does not reach that shield. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of tail 4\"; total length 23". The species is named in honour of Dr. G. v. Jaeger, of Stuttgart, the renowned author on fossils. 8. CORONELLA ANOMALA. Scales in nineteen rows; anal bifid. Brown, with two yellow longitudinal lines ; a series of black spots between ; on each side a series of black spots. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, smooth. [Loreal united with posterior frontal; an azygos shield between the posterior frontals.] a. Adult : tail injured. Banks of the Parana. From the Haslar Collection. Description.- Habit like that of Coron. austriaca ; head mo- derate, with flat crown and rather broad, rounded muzzle. Ros- tral shield rather large, broader than high, just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals pointed in front, moderate; three posterior frontals, one quadrangular medial one, and two 38 REPTILES. laterals; the latter united with the loreal, and forming only one shield, in contact with the second and third upper labials: as this may be only accidental in the individual, I do not venture to form a new genus for the species. Vertical shield elongate, five-sided, with nearly parallel lateral edges and a rather obtuse angle behind; occipitals rather small, pointed and divergent behind ; superciliaries narrow, elongate; anterior ocular just reaching the surface of crown; two posterior ones; loreal none; two nasals, nostril between ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of orbit; one elongate temporal shield in contact with both posterior oculars, three or four smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, rhomboidal, in nineteen rows; anal bifid. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, not grooved, in a con- tinuous row with the remainder. Above brownish olive, with two narrow yellow longitudinal streaks from the occiput to the tip of tail; between the streaks a row of about ninety black cross bars, each formed of two spots; on the sides a series of similar black cross bars, alternate with the dorsal series; each of the lateral cross bars provided with two or three yellow specks; crown of head black; vertical with two yellow spots behind ; beneath uniform yellowish ; outer edges of some ventral plates black, and forming a lateral series of equidistant spots. Length of cleft of mouthſ" ; length of the injured tail 29"; length of trunk 18"; length of the restored tail 5". 9. CORONELLA ELEGANS. Lygophis elegans, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Herpetol. p. 53. t. 6. Scales in fifteen rows; anal bifid; eight upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Above olive, with a dorsal series of brown spots, forming on the neck a continuous zigzag line, and on the tail a straight streak; beneath whitish; throat minutely black-specked; on the anterior part a lateral punctated line. a. Adult. Peru? From M. Parzudaki's Collection. 10. CORONELLA MULTIMACULATA. Amplorhinus multimaculatus, Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 57. Dipsas Smithii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1162. . Scales in seventeen rows; anal entire. Brownish olive above, with four series of black spots, and two more or less conspicuous whitish longitudinal lines; beneath greyish. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, grooved. The only species of Coronella exhibiting united nasals. SNAKES. 39 a. Adult: without intestines. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. Adult : discoloured. South Africa. c, d. Adult South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 11. CORONELLA OLIVACEA. Coronella olivacea, Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 52. . Scales in nineteen rows; anal bifid ; three posterior oculars. Above uniform black; belly in the middle uniform white, the dark coloration of the back extending on the edges of abdomen. Hinder maxillary teeth longest, smooth, in a continuous row with the anterior ones. (See Ablabes rufulus and Cor. fuliginoides.) . a. Adult female. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. . b. Adult male. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Description.-- Body rather elongate; tail moderate, pointed, but in both our specimens rather thick, even at the tip; head small, rather short, distinct from neck; eyes large; rostral shield hardly reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, pointed in front; posterior frontals moderate ; vertical narrow; occipitals moderate; two nasals, one loreal, one anterior, three posterior oculars; ante-ocular just reaching the surface of head; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; four or five temporal shields; scales rhomboid, in nineteen rows; anal bifid. Above uniform black; the coloration of back covering the edges of ventral plates, so as to be yellowish only in the middle of belly. In the stomach of one specimen I found some frogs. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of tail 3!"; total length 181". 12. CORONELLA FULIGINOIDES. Scales in seventeen rows; anal simple; three posterior oculars. Above uniform brownish black, with a lighter collar or an indi- stinct whitish spot on the neck; belly in the middle uniform white, the dark coloration of the back extending on the edges of abdomen. go a. Adult male. West Africa. From the Haslar Collection, b. Half-grown. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. c. Half-grown. Old Calabar. Presented by Logan, Esq. Closely allied to the former ; differing only in the above cha- racters. 13. CORONELLA SEMIORNATA. Coronella semiornata, Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 51. Scales in twenty-one rows; anal bifid. Above olive; anterior 50 40 REPTILES. half of body semi-annulated with black; beneath white, base of ventral plates black. Hab. Mozambique 14. CORONELLA CANA. Seba, ii. 12. 2; Scheuchzer, t. 747. f.5. Coluber canus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. t. 11. f. l; Merr. Beitr. iii. pl. 1; Schleg. Ess. pl. 6. f. 7, 8; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 193; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 147; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 359. Coluber margari- taceus, Merr. Tent. p. 100. Zwarte Slang, Levaillant, Voy. Afr. i. , . p. 121. Coronella cana, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 613; Smith, I. of S. Afr. t. 14-17. Head short, broad behind, sharply pointed in front; body thick. Scales in twenty-seven or twenty-nine rows; anal bifid.-In some specimens the longer posterior tooth of the upper jaw is smooth, in others it exhibits a linear groove near its base, which difference is quite independent of the variations of colour. A. Adult specimens : uniform blackish ash or reddish brown. a. Adult male (red). South Africa. b. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. c. Adult : head injured. Island of Schanna. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. e. Adult. South Africa? (29 rows.) f. Half-grown : not good state. South Africa ? (29 rows.) 9, h. Adult. South Africa. Presented by the College of Sur- geons. i. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. B. Younger specimens: reddish brown, with darker, white- edged round spots. k. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. 1. Young : injured. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. m. Young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. n. Half-grown. South Africa. Presented by the College of Sur- geons. 15. CORONELLA AUSTRALIS. Scales in seventeen rows; anal bifid. Above uniform olive, with a few small black specks; beneath uniform whitish. Longer maxillary tooth not channeled. a. Adult. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. SNAKES. 41 Description.-Body moderate; tail moderate, thin, distinct from trunk ; head rather broad and obtuse; shields of crown regular, proportionate; two nasals, one loreal, one ante-orbital, raised on the surface of the head, but not reaching the vertical ; two posterior oculars; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth narrow, and coming into the orbit; one front temporal shield in contact with both postoculars; two other ones behind ; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the terminal one. Scales moderate, rounded behind, in seventeen rows; anal bifid. Above nearly uniform olive, some scales with black tips or black- edged ; beneath uniform yellowish. Longer maxillary teeth not grooved, in a continuous row with the anterior ones. Length of head " ; length of tail 5"; total length 273". 16. CORONELLA SAYI, Herpetodryas gætulus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 198. Coluber sayi, Dekay, New York Fauna, Rept. p. 41. Coronella sayi, Holbr. N, Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 22; Dum. - Bibr. vi. p. 619. Ophibolus sayi, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 84; and in Marcy, Explor. of the Red River, pl. 7. Scales in twenty-one rows; anal entire. Above black, with numerous round or linear small yellow spots; beneath yellowish white, with large irregular blotches of black. a. Adult. Central America. Presented by Mrs. Drummond. b, c. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. d. Adult. Louisiana. e. Adult. New Orleans. From M. Salle's Collection. f,g. Half-grown. New Orleans. From M. Salle's Collection. h. Skin of a very large specimen (6 feet long). North America. Old Collection. 17. CORONELLA DOLIATA. Coluber doliatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 379; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 362, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 125; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 294 ; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 126; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 74. Coronella doliata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet, t. 24; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p.621. Ophibolus doliatus and 0.gentilis, Baird & Girard, Catal. pp. 89, 90, and in Marcy, Explor. of the Red River, pl. 8. Red (in spirits whitish), with twenty to twenty-five pairs of black cross bands. Anal entire. Scales in twenty-one to twenty- three rows. 42 REPTILES. Var. A. The black cross bands encircling the whole body; on the belly the rings of each pair confluent, and forming a large irregular spot; crown black. a. Large specimen. Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. b. Young: not good state. Brazil. Brazil. Old Collection. c. Large specimen. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. d-f. Adult and half-grown. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. 9, h. Adult and half-grown. Mexico. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. i. Young Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection as Coronella coccinea. k. Young. North America. Presented by Sir R. Murchison. 1. Adult. North America. m. Half-grown. North America. Old Collection. Var. B. Posterior band of one pair on the sides confluent with the anterior of the following pair, and forming a large dorsal ring; belly with some small irregular black spots; head black or white, with some obsolete markings. n-s. Half-grown and young. New Orleans. From M. Salle's Collection. t. Half-grown. North America. Presented by G. Henshaw, Esq. Var. C. Head and belly uniform black; the bands of each pair confluent on each side of the back, so as to form a dorsal and a lateral ring, each enclosing a round yellow spot. u. Half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Coronella coccinea, Schleg. Ess. p. 67, is quite unknown to us, and having only seventeen longitudinal rows of scales, it cannot be introduced into the synonymy. 7. LIOPHIS, Wagler. Body and tail moderate; head rather short, depressed; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars; two nasals, nostril between. Scales in seventeen to twenty-one rows. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, not grooved, and separated from the anterior ones by an interval. Ventral shields generally with square black blotches. Warmer parts of America. Liophis, Wagl. Syst. Amphib.p. 187; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 697. Coronella, sp., Xenodon, sp., Schleg. Ess. pp. 50,95. Natrix, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. SNAKES. 43 1. LIOPHIS BICINCTUS. Coluber bicinctus, Hermann, Observat. Zoologica, p. 276. Coronella bicincta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Xenodon bicinctus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 95. Liophis bicinctus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 716. Lower edge of orbit completely surrounded by small, scale- like shields; scales in nineteen or twenty-one rows. Brownish red, with pairs of black rings, each pair in front and behind white- edged. a. Large specimen. Demerara. b. Half-grown. South America. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 19; 2. LIOPHIS COBELLA. Coluber cobella, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. p. 24. Cerastes cobella, Laurenti, Syst. Amph. p. 82; Lacép. Hist. des Serp. ii. p. 248; Bonnat. Encycl. Ophiol. pl. 41. f. 2. Coluber cenchrus and C. cobella, Merrem, Beitr. zur Naturg. der Amph, fasc. 1. pl. 4; Ten- tamen, pp. 97 & 102; Boddaert, Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. vii. p. Donndorff, Zool. Beitr. p. 202. Elaps cobella, Schneider, Hist. Nat. ii. p. 296; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 171; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 493; Daud. Hist. Nat. Rept. vii. p. 139. Liophis cobella, Wagl. Syst. der Amphib. p. 138. Coronella cobella, Schleg. Ess. i. p. 62. pl. 1. f. 4,5; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. . p. 698. Head moderate; above blackish ash, with more or less white, linear, C-like spots. a. Adult. Brazil. b. Adult : bleached. Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. c. Half-grown: injured. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. d. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. e. Half-grown: not good state. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. f. Adult. Cayenne. Presented by H. Cadogan Rothery, Esq. g-0. Adult and half-grown. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. p. Half-grown. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. 9-t. Half-grown and young. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. u-V, W-Y, 2-. Adult. Berbice. B. Half-grown. Berbice. y. Young. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. d. Many specimens. South America. From Mr. Mather's Col- lection. 44 REPTILES. e. Young. South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. . 7,0. Adult : bleached. Central America. . 1, k. Adult. ? West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. 1. Half-grown. ? Antilles. From Mus. Guilding. u. Adult. America. v. Adult. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons €. Adult. America. o. Half-grown: not good state. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. TT. Adult. From the Berlin Museum. p. Adult. America. Var. A. With alternate white and blackish-ash bands or rings. S, T. Adult. Brazil. Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. v. Adult. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. p. Adult. Bahia. From the Haslar Collection. . V. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. w. Half-grown. Brazil. aa. Half-grown: bad state. Brazil. From Mr. Mather. bb. Adult. Brazil. . cc. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Sir Charles Lyell. N.B. The character of the longer posterior maxillary teeth is not very strongly marked in this species, and in the specimen p all the teeth are evidently equal. p. 135. ü. 3. LIOPHIS MERREMII. Seba, ii. 36. 4. & 57. 2. Coluber chiametla and C. perlatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. pp. 440, 480. Coluber merremii, Neuwied, Beitr. u. Abbildg. zur Naturg. Brasil, p. 368. Lief. 8. pl. 1. f. 1. Coluber doliatus and C. poecilogyrus, Neuwied, l. c. f. 1-3. Coluber alternans, Lichtenstein, Catal. p. 104. Natrix chia- metla et N. forsteri, Spix, Serpentes Brasil. pp. 14 & 16; Wagler, Natürl. Syst. der Amphib. p. 188. Coluber bicolor, Reuss, Mus. Senkenb. i. 8.i. Coronella merremii, Schleg. Ess. i. p. 58. pl. 2. f. 6–8; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 708. Head large behind; scales black, marked in the centre by a white or yellow spot.—Young with more or less distinct rings, by degrees disappearing with age, in which the individual spe- cimens vary infinitely. Adult specimens :- A. Scales black, marked in the centre by white or yellow spots. Coluber merremii, Wied. a-e. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. SNAKES. 45 f. America. From the Haslar Collection. g. Very large specimen. America. From the Haslar Collection. h. Very large specimen. America. h'. Very large specimen. America. From the Haslar Collection. i. Head injured. America. i'. Three feet long : female. America. From the Haslar Col- lection. B. Blackish ash, irregularly white and black varied. k, l. Brazil. m. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. n. Brazil. 0. Injured. Demerara. p. Demerara. Presented by the Rev. J. S. Henslow. 9-t. Berbice. Half-grown specimens : with more or less distinct darker cross bands; scales either black or only black-edged. Coluber poecilogyrus, Wied. u. Rio Janeiro. From the Haslar Collection. v. Rio Janeiro. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. w, X. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. y. Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. 2. Brazil. Purchased in Paris. a. Greatly injured. Brazil. From the Haslar Collection. B, yl, ya. Brazil. From the Haslar Collection. Half-grown and younger specimens: with alternate black and white cross bands. Coluber doliatus, Wied. 8, e. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. n. Head injured. Brazil. Old Collection. 8. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. 1. Brazil. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. K. Brazil. From M. Clausen's Collection. 2, u. Interior of Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. v. Brazil. É. Brazil. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. 0. Amazon. From Mr. Bates's Collection. TI. Fine specimen. Tijucu. Presented by Robert Bennett, Esq. '. Pernambuco ? Presented by J. G. Smith, Esq. p. Injured. Pernambuco. Presented by J. G. Smith, Esq. s. Brazil. T, v. Brazil. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. 9. Brazil. Presented by J. C. Taunton, Esq. tw. Brazil. aa. Brazil. Old Collection. . V, 46 REPTILES. P. 187; bb. Has been dried. Brazil. cc. Discoloured. Brazil. From the Haslar Collection. 4. LIOPHIS REGINÆ. Coluber reginæ, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. pl. 13. f. 3; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1096 ; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii. p. 521; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 145; Daud. Rept. . vii.p. 172. Coluber graphicus, (E. W. Gray, MSS.) Shaw, Zool. p. 474. Natrix reginæ, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 115. Liophis reginæ, Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 188. Coronella reginæ, Schleg. Ess.ii. p. 61; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 704. . Head moderate. Above olive, generally darker varied and spotted ; at the sides a series of black spots forming a band on the hinder part of the body and on the sides of the tail; a whitish streak from the back edge of the eye on each side of the occiput. a. Adult. South America. From the Berlin Museum. 6. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. c. Young. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. d. Adult : discoloured. America. Old Collection. Original specimen of Dr. E. W. Gray's Coluber graphicus, described by Dr. Shaw. e. Adult : bad state. America. 5. LIOPHIS TÆNIURUS. Liophis tæniurus, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Herpet. p. 51. t.5. Above more or less uniform dark olive, or with broad blackish cross bands; on each side of posterior part of body and of tail, two bluish-black longitudinal streaks, the outer ones broadest. a. Adult. Guayaquil. b. Aduit. South America. From the Collection of the Zoolo- gical Society 6. LIOPHIS CONIROSTRIS. Rostral shield protruding, rather pointed. Above brown, with two lighter dorsal longitudinal streaks, and indistinct, narrow, irregular black cross bands; beneath whitish, with large black blotches. a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. b. Adult. Bahia. From the Haslar Collection. Description.-Similar in general appearance to Liophis regina, but head with pointed muzzle. Rostral shield conically protru- ding, pointed behind, somewhat intruding between the frontals, but much more moderately than in Simotes ; frontals moderate; SNAKES. 47 vertical much elongate, with parallel outer edges and an acute angle behind ; occipitals rather small. Anterior ocular raised on surface of crown, but not reaching the vertical; two posterior oculars; loreal large, high ; two nasals; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of eye; one moderate, elongate temporal shield in front, four smaller ones behind. Scales in nineteen rows, moderate, rhomboidal; anal bifid. Above brown; some scales black-edged, forming indistinct narrow cross bands; two light longitudinal streaks on each side of back, be- coming more distinct on the tail ; beneath whitish with sub- quadrangular black spots, each occupying a half or an entire ven- tral plate. Length of cleft of mouth 12" ; length of tail 4"; total length 21". 311 8. ERYTHROLAMPRUS, Boie. Body rather elongate, cylindrical ; tail moderate ; belly flat; head not distinct from neck, rounded, with short muzzle. Ros- tral shield moderate, rounded above, just reaching the surface of head ; one anterior, two posterior oculars, one loreal. Scales rather large, in fifteen rows, rhombic; anal bifid. Eye moderate, pupil round; nostril between two shields. Posterior maxillary teeth rather longer, grooved; those of the lower jaw equal in length; body encircled by black rings. South America. Erythrolamprus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981; Wagl. Natürl. Syst. Amph. p. 187; Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 843. Coronella, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 53. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. p. 1. ERYTHROLAMPRUS VENUSTISSIMUS. Coronella venustissima, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 53. Red, in spirits white, with pairs of black rings; red scales black at the tip. Var. A. Coluber æsculapii, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 11. f. 2, and Syst. Nat.i. p. 380; Laur. Syn. p. 76; Merr. Naturg. Amph. i. t. 5; Cuv. Règne Anim.; Duv. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1833, pl. 4. f. A. Erythrolamprus æsculapii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 538; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187; Dum. & Bibr. p. 845. Coronella venustissima, var. de Surinam, Schleg. I. c. p. 55. Body rather stouter; shields of the muzzle, fifth and sixth upper labial, pure white. a, b. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. C-f. Half-grown. Berbice. g. Half-grown. Berbice. h. Adult. Para. 48 REPTILES. و i. Adult. Brazil. Presented by J. C. Taunton, Esq. k. Adult. Brazil. From Paris. 1. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. m. Adult. South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. n. Adult. America. o. Half-grown : bad state. America. America. Old Collection. p. Young : not good state. America. Old Collection. q-t. Half-grown. ? Presented by Sir C. Lyell. t'. Adult : bleached. America. Old Collection. Var. B. Coluber venustissiinus, Wied, Reise, ii.p.75, and Nov. Act. p. 110, and Abbildg. pl. and Beitr. i. p. 386. Coluber binatus, Licht. Verz, der Doubl. p. 105. Elaps venustissimus, Wagl. Spix, Serp. Bras. t. 2. f. 2. Erythrolamprus venustissi- mus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981; Wagl. 1. c. p. 187; Dum. & Bibr. p. 851. pl. 74. Coronella venustissima, var. du Brésil, Schleg. 1.c. Body rather more elongate; most of the shields of the head margined with black. u. Adult. Rio Janeiro. From the Haslar Collection. V. Adult. Bahia. From Paris. w. Half-grown. Para. Presented by J. G. Smith, Esq. Instead of pairs of black rings always three, the middle one broadest. x. Young: dried. Para. y. Adult: bad state. Brazil. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. 2. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. a. Half-grown. Brazil. - Brazil. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. . B. Adult : head injured. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. y. Half-grown. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. y 8. Adult. America. €. Half-grown: injured. America. n. Adult. America. 8. Young: bad state. America. Old Collection. Var. C. Erythrolamprus intricatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 855. Rings not complete, irregularly alternate on the belly. Š. Adult. Berbice. Var. D. Rings complete, but not arranged in pairs, broad, al- ternating with white rings of the same breadth ; muzzle black in front. 1. Young. Mexico? 9. HYPSIRHYNCHUS, Günther. Body and tail moderate, rounded, slightly compressed towards the tail ; head rather narrow, with pointed and raised muzzle ; SNAKES. 49 outline of forehead concave; one loreal, one anterior, one pos- terior ocular; two nasals, nostril between. Scales in nineteen rows, smooth. Anal bifid. Teeth strong, equal ; posterior max- illary tooth rather stronger, not grooved. Barbadoes. 1. HYPSIRHYNCHUS FEROX. Brownish grey, with a dorsal series of triangular brown spots. a. Adult. Barbadoes. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Description of the specimen.-Body moderate, rounded, slightly compressed towards the tail; tail moderate, tapering, not very distinct from trunk, triangular ; head not very distinct from neck, rather narrow with elongate muzzle, pointed and raised in front; superciliaries likewise raised above the level of crown. Rostral shield five-sided with rounded corners, flat, obliquely covering the front of snout; anterior frontals small, forming together an obtuse angle behind; posterior ones much larger, slightly bent on the side; vertical slender, more than twice as long as broad, with convex outer edges and slightly rounded behind; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; superciliaries spheroid; anterior ocular just reaching the surface of crown; one posterior ocular; there is beneath the large posterior ocular a second one, so small as to be hardly visible; one oblong breal; two nasals, forming together a narrow shield, in the centre pierced by the nostril. Eight upper labials, second much longer than third ; third, fourth and fifth forming nearly the half of orbit; one elongate temporal in front, not in contact with the ocular, some smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, short, rhomboid, in nineteen rows; the anal, being bifid, exhibits more- over another transverse streak, in appearance like the other suture, but produced by the insertion of a muscle, without being a true fold of the plate. All the teeth strong ; posterior maxillary tooth separated from the anterior ones by an interval, but not longer, not grooved ; anterior teeth of lower jaw rather larger than the remainder. Scales shining, polished: Brownish grey (without epidermis grey) powdered with brown; a dorsal series of rather irregular, triangular, irregularly black- and white-edged spots ; sides without spots; crown of head with a brown medial streak, and some other symmetrical marks; a greyish-white band, pow- dered with brown, from the back edge of eye to the side of throat. Rostral, lower edge of upper labials, lower labials and skin, dark brown; belly brownish yellow, minutely marbled with brown. The ferocious physiognomy of the snake, produced by the pecu- liar form of snout, in combination with the strong dentition, has caused the denomination. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of tail 5%"; total length 293". - This is the only snake known to mhabit Barbadoes. D 50 REPTILES. Fam. III. NATRICIDÆ. Body moderate, rather stout, generally depressed, with flat belly, sometimes rounded. Tail moderate or short, in one genus elongate, more or less distinct from trunk, tapering. Head generally depressed, broad, distinct from neck, with rounded muzzle, in Heterodon with pyramidal rostral. Cleft of mouth deep. Eye moderate or large, pupil round. Nostril between two nasals, in Tomodon only one nasal; number of oculars variable. Scales generally with strong keels, but often smooth, generally in nine- teen rows. Ventral plates without lateral keels. Posterior max- illary teeth longest, in a few species equal, in some grooved. Freshwater Snakes. Xenodon, Tropidonotus, Heterodon, Schlegel. Ischnognathus, Syncrantériens, gg., Diacrantériens, gg., Dum. 8. Bibr. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. GRAYIA. Scales smooth, rounded, hardly imbricate ; five very large temple-shields ; teeth equal, smooth. West Africa. 2. TOMODON. Scales smooth, rhomboid, much imbricate; pos- terior maxillary tooth very long, grooved. South America; India. 3. XENODON. Head very broad, short; anterior frontals broad, rounded in front; posterior maxillary tooth longest, and separated by an interspace. South America ; India. 4. TROPIDONOTUS. Scales keeled; muzzle rather narrow and pointed in front; anterior frontals narrow, pointed in front; one loreal; posterior maxillary tooth longest (in one species short), generally in a continuous row with the other ones. Almost every part of the globe. 5. IscHNOGNATHUS. Scales keeled ; loreal none; teeth equal, smooth. North America. 6. HETERODON. Rostral with a sharp ridge above; neck dis- tensible. America; Madagascar. 1. GRAYIA, Günther. Body rather stout, cylindrical, belly rounded; tail long, rounded, tapering, not distinct from trunk; head depressed, with flat crown and rather short and rounded muzzle, distinct from SNAKES. 51 neck; eye moderate, pupil round; two pairs of frontals; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars; temple-shields very large. Scales smooth, short, rounded, in seventeen rows, hardly imbricate; anal bifid. Teeth of equal length, strong, smooth. West Africa. 1. GRAYIA SILUROPHAGA. Purplish brown, with narrow, reddish-white, black variegated cross bands, widening towards the belly. a. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. b. Adult. Africa. . c. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. d. Half-grown. Africa. Description.-Body rather stout, cylindrical; tail long, taper- ing, not distinct from trunk; head depressed with flat crown, and rather short and rounded muzzle, distinct from neck; eye mo- derate, pupil round. Rostral shield as high as broad, rounded above, just reaching the surface of head ; anterior frontals small, rounded, rather pointed in front; posterior frontals small, bent on the sides, rounded behind. Vertical elongate, more than twice as long as broad, with somewhat convergent and concave outer edges and an acute angle behind; occipitals moderate, divergent and rounded behind; superciliary large, broad behind; two pos- terior oculars, one anterior, just reaching the surface of crown; loreal moderate; nostril somewhat raised on the surface of head, between two, not distinctly separated shields. Seven upper labials, only the fourth touching the eye; first, second, third and fifth being smallest ; seventh largest, as long as the four foremost together; in one specimen it is separated into two, but this is evidently not the rule. Temple covered with five large elongate shields, two of which are in contact with oculars. Scales per- fectly smooth, short, rounded, large, in seventeen rows; anal bifid. -Above greyish brown, with narrow, white and black variegated bands; each scale, coming into a band, being black with a reddish- white edge; the bands are more conspicuous on the anterior part of body, becoming gradually broader towards the belly; belly uniform yellowish, along the medial suture of subcaudals a blackish line; crown of head uniformly coloured.-Teeth nume- rous, strong, of equal length, smooth. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 8"; total length 26". In the stomach of two specimens I found well-preserved spe- cimens of Clarias hasselquistii, of 6" length. In the specimen, the measurements of which are stated, the stomach ceases six inches before the anus; the smaller intestines reach till two inches D 2 52 REPTILES. - before the anus, and measuring 21" in length, form twenty-three complete spirals, ending in a rectum two inches long. This highly interesting snake, I think, is the first freshwater Coluber known from Africa. Allied to some Homalopside, it differs by its form, by its scales, and by its dentition, which characters appear to be sufficient for establishing a new genus. I name it in honour of Dr. J. E. Gray, who, after gathering this rich collection during many years, has charged me with the task, as pleasant as it is difficult, of giving a systematic account of it. 2. TOMODON, Dum. 8. Bibr. Posterior maxillary tooth very long and grooved; anterior teeth short, of equal length. Scales smooth, narrow, very imbricate, in seventeen or nineteen rows; anal bifid. One anterior, two posterior oculars; anterior frontals pointed in front; one nasal, in the middle of which is the small nostril; rostral hardly reaching the surface of the forehead; vertical rather elongate. Head flat, triangular, distinct from neck. South America ; India. Tomodon, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 932. 1. TOMODON STRIGATUS. Brown: on each side from the nostril to the tip of tail a narrow black stripe ; on each side of belly a second one from the chin to the tip of tail. a. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Description.—Body very stout and thick, with slender neck and flat belly, rather compressed towards the tail; tail thin, distinct from body, tapering, moderate. Head conical, high, broad be- hind, distinct from neck, with flat crown and rounded pointed muzzle; eye moderate, pupil? Rostral shield small, not much convex, five-sided, rounded above, just reaching the surface of forehead ; anterior frontals small, rectangular, triangular, pointed in front; posterior frontals small, convex, bent on the sides; vertical elongate, more than twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel outer edges and a right angle behind. Occipitals mode- rate, hardly forked behind; superciliaries elongate, prominent above the eye; anterior ocular just reaching the surface of head, two posterior ones; loreal quadrangular (on one side united with frontal); one large nasal, pierced by the nostril; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of eye; two larger temporal shields in contact with oculars, some smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows, very imbricate in not very oblique rows; those of the back rather short, with rounded SNAKES. 53 equal tip, those of the outer row twice as large as the other ones, entirely rounded, and much imbricate. Anal bifid. Posterior maxillary tooth very long and deeply channeled ; all the other teeth in length.-Above and beneath brown; beneath paler, with two narrow, lateral, uninterrupted black stripes from the chin to the tip of tail ; along the middle of belly are two other punctated lines, more or less conspicuous; from the nostril, through the eye, along the sides of trunk and tail, a narrow black stripe ; each labial behind black-edged; an erect streak dividing the rostral in two equal parts; on the neck a medial yellowish line conspicuous. Length of cleft of mouth"; breadth of hinder part of head 12" ; length of tail 4\"; total length 23". - 2. TOMODON DORSATUS. Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 934. Scales in very oblique rows; nasal single, long, occupying the place of a loreal shield. Head triangular, broad behind, pointed in front; body rather elongate. Olive, with two brown longi- tudinal bands along the back of trunk and tail. a. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. Description.—Vertical narrow, twice as long as broad, lateral margins nearly parallel ; rostral not reaching the surface of the snout; one anterior, two posterior oculars; seven upper labials, the third and fourth touching the eye. Scales in seventeen longitudinal rows, transverse rows very oblique; 135 ventral, 65 subcaudal shields. Above olive; crown of head occupied by a large brown blotch, forking behind in two broad, lon- gitudinal, dorsal bands, reaching the end of tail; between them the vertebral row of scales olive-coloured; beneath uniform pale olive; a brown streak from the anterior ocular through the eye to the angle of mouth. Head cordate, very distinct from neck; body and tail elongate. Posterior maxillary tooth very long. Head 6'' broad, 6''' long; trunk 18"; tail 6'. 3. XENODON, Boie. Body stout; belly flat; head short, broad, flat; crown with broad, short shields; tail stout, tapering; eye large; two pairs of frontals; one loreal; one or two anterior, two or three pos- terior oculars; two nasals, nostril between ; rostral moderate, reaching the surface of head. Scales generally much imbricate, and in very oblique rows, smooth in the South American, keeled in the Indian species. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, not grooved. South America; East Indies. 54 REPTILES. Xenodon, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 80; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 753. Amphiesma, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 737. Tropidonotus, sp., Boie, 1.c. p. 535; Schleg. Ess.ü. p. 310. Ophis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. 172. Coluber, sp., Cerastes, sp., auct. prior. p. 28. 1. XENODON SEVERUS. Coluber severus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 8. f. l; Syst. Nat. ed. xii. t. i. p.379. Cerastes severus, Laur. Syn.p. 84. (Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. et Serp. ii. p. 106, belongs to Clotho arietans); Bonnat. Ophiol. Encycl. pl. 13. f. 19. Coluber breviceps, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 430. Coluber versicolor, Merr. Tent. P. 95. The Currucuicui, C. saurocephalus, Wied, Beitr. p. 359. pl. 2. f.6. Xenodon saurocephalus and X. æneus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541- 556. Ophis severus, Wagl. Syst. Rept. p. 172; Fitz. Syst. Rept. Xenodon severus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 3. f. 1-5; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 756. Scales in very oblique rows; ventral shields not more than 145. Head large, obtuse, body thick, tail short. In younger in- dividuals, back with about twelve large cross bands, and belly with black spots, both disappearing with age. Adult specimens : A. Uniform brownish grey. . a. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. b. Very large. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. c. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. d. Very bad state. Sine patria. Sine patria. From Mr. Mather's Col- lection. B. Grey; some scales black, and forming together square black spots. e. Very large male. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. C. Grey, with eleven large black cross bands. f. Head injured. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. g. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. Half-grown specimens :- A. With whitish cross bands. h. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. i. Surinam. k. Discoloured. Sine patria. From Mr. Bartlett's Collection. SNAKES. 55 B. Dusky variety. 1. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. Young specimens: abdomen white with a medial broad black band, confluent with which is a series of black square blotches a on each side. m. South America. n. Bahia. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. p. Berbice. 9 - 9, r. - ? From Mr. Mather's Collection. s. Sine patria. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 2. XENODON GIGAS. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 761. Anal entire; scales smooth, in nineteen rows; two anterior and two posterior oculars; brownish, with large rounded black spots. South America. No specimen in the British Museum. - 3. XENODON COLUBRINUS. Scales smooth, in very oblique rows; one anterior ocular ; anal entire. Head elongate; snout protruding, angular in front; nostril very large, between two nasals. Crown of head uniform, without spot or streak. Form and coloration of body as in X. rhabdocephalus. a. Adult. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. . Description of the specimen.-Vertical broad, short, anterior and lateral margins of equal length; rostral just raised to the surface of the snout, broader than high, obtuse-angled above; anterior frontals large, rather elongate; posterior frontals square ; occipitals rather short ; loreal very large, nearly square; two nasals, between them the very large rounded nostril; one anterior, two posterior oculars ; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth touching the eye. Scales in nineteen longitudinal rows, trans- verse rows very oblique; 15l ventral, 45 subcaudal shields. Crown of head uniform dusky brown; a brown marbled streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. Coloration of body as in X. rhabdocephalus. There are fourteen lozenge- shaped pale-edged blotches on the trunk, and four on the tail; belly yellowish, brown marbled. Head rather elongate, flat above; snout protruding, angular in front; eye large; form of body as in X. rhabdocephalus. Length of muzzle from the anterior edge 56 REPTILES. of the eye 3''; length of the eye 1}'"; length of head 13" ; breadth of head 8"; length of trunk 34"; length of tail 5". 4. XENODON RHABDOCEPHALUS. Coluber rhabdocephalus, Wied, Beitr. p.355; Abbildg.livr. x. pl. 3, 4. Ophis merremii , Wagl. & Spix, Serp. Brasil. pl. 12. Ophis rhabdocephalus, Wagl. Syst. der Rept. p. 172. Coluber decorus, Gravenhorst. Xenodon ocellatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541. Xenodon rhabdocephalus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 3. f. 10,11; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 758. Scales smooth, in very oblique rows; anal bifid (sometimes entire); snout not protruding, rounded in front; nostril mode- rate; ventral plates 140-180 ; in the adult state head and body more elongate than in Xenodon severus. Back with eighteen to twenty large, lozenge-shaped, pale or black-edged spots, extend- ing to both sides of the abdomen; between the eyes a brown cross band. a. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. (3.) b, c. Adult and young. Brazil. d. Half-grown. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. (4.) Dusky variety. e, f. Half-grown and young. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. (10.) g. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. h. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Dr. Andrew Smith. i. Young. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. (13.) k. Adult : has been dried. La Plata. 1. Half-grown. Brazils. m. Half-grown. Brazils. Presented by Mrs. Philips. n. Half-grown. Brazils. 0, p. Young. Brazils. From the Haslar Collection. Var. A. Like former, but anal plate entire. q. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. (2.) Var. B. Anal plate divided, but rostral high, triangular, behind lanceolate, and reaching between both anterior frontals; vertical elongate, twice as long as broad, as long as the anterior and pos- terior frontals together, longer than occipital. r. Half-grown. South America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. Vertical very narrow, more than twice as long as broad. s. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Captain E. Sabine. t. Young. Brazils. SNAKES. 57 Var. C. Shields of head like in the former, but anal plate entire. u. Half-grown. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. v. Half-grown. Brazil. From M. Clausen's Collection. Each posterior frontal divided into two. 5. XENODON TYPHLUS. Coluber typhlus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 378; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip.ii. p. 382; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 77; Daud. Rept. iv. p. 135. Xenodon typhlus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 94 ; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 760. Scales in rather oblique rows, smooth; anal bifid; body rounded; head and shields moderate; above uniform bluish olive, beneath uniform yellowish. a. Adult. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. b, c. Half-grown. Sine patria. "Stevens's sale. We are in - some uncertainty as to whether these specimens belong really to the above species, having the scales only in seven- teen longitudinal rows, and a lateral row of spots, confluent in a streak on the tail; there is moreover a black margin above the upper labials. 6. XENODON VIRIDIS. Dum. 8. Bibr. vii.p.763. ? Tropidonotus plumbicolor, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 54. Scales keeled, in twenty-five rows. Uniform dirty green, with a more or less obsolete darker blotch on the side of the neck. Young specimens greenish, with a broad, white, black-edged collar, pointed in front; the anterior black edge very broad, the posterior narrow; on the sides of the body some black, narrow, transverse streaks; the belly is more uniform black, the younger the individual. a. Adult. Madras. Presented by W. Elliott, Esq. b-e. Young. Madras. Presented by W. Elliott, Esq. f. Adult. Bengal. Presented by Sir E. Home. The black transverse streaks still conspicuous. g. Adult: not good state. India. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. h. Half-grown: bad state. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. i. Young. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. k. Adult. Sine patria. D 5 58 REPTILES. 1. Young. Sine patria. Presented by the College of Surgeons. m. Young. Madagascar (doubtful). Presented by Captain Bevan. 7. XENODON RHODOMELAS. Tropidonotus rhodomelas, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Schleg. Ess. t. 12. f. 10, 11. Amphiesma rhodomelas, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 737. Scales keeled, in nineteen rows. Red-brown (in spirits), with a broad black dorsal band, larger and furcated on the neck; belly black-spotted on the sides. a. Adult Java. From Paris. 8. XENODON MACROPHTHALMUS. Scales keeled, in seventeen or nineteen very oblique rows; more or less dark brown, either uniform, or with a dorsal series of reddish brown spots; belly yellowish, anteriorly with large black quadrangular spots, posteriorly marbled with brown. Young with a yellow collar. a, b. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J Hooker. . c. Half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. - d. Adult : injured. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. e. Young. Himalaya (4000 feet). Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. . f. Adult. Chikiang; China. From Mr. Fortune's Collection. Description.-Body as in X. rhabdocephalus, depressed; tail rather elongate, distinct from trunk; head rather depressed, broad, with flat crown and short rounded muzzle, distinct from neck; eye very large. Rostral shield rounded above, just reach- ing the surface of head; anterior frontals moderate, subquadran- gular, rounded in front; posterior ones moderate, bent on the sides; rostral shield broad, longer than broad, five-sided, front edge equal to outer edge, hinder edge short, outer edges much convergent, hinder edges forming a right angle; occipitals small; superciliaries large, reaching farther backwards than vertical; anterior ocular just reaching the surface of crown, three pos- terior oculars; loreal sometimes very large; nostril between two shields, lateral ; eight upper labials, first to fifth low, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; four or five temporal shields, two of which are in contact with the oculars. Scales lanceolate, much imbricate, in very oblique rows, keeled, those of the outer row very large and rounded; nineteen longitudinal rows (the speci- men from China exhibiting only seventeen); anal bifid.-Above olive, brown, or blackish, either uniform, or with a dorsal series of reddish-brown spots; belly yellowish, on the anterior part SNAKES. 59 with large quadrangular black spots, towards the tail marbled with brown. From the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth a dark streak; in half-grown individuals some yellow spots on the neck; in young ones a broad, yellow, black-edged collar. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, not channeled, separated from the anterior ones by an interval. Length of cleft of mouth $"; length of tail 7"; total length 39". 4. TROPIDONOTUS, Kuhl. Body moderate, rather stout (in one species slender); belly rounded; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk, tapering; head moderate, with flat crown, rather distinct from neck; snout pointed, rounded. Eyes moderate, pupil round; nostrils near the tip of the muzzle, small, between two shields; cleft of mouth deep and curved. Shields of head regular; two small anterior frontals, acute-angled in front, and forming together an isosceles; occipital plates often with a pair of yellow spots. Anal divided (in one species entire). Scales keeled, rhombic or sublanceolate, moderate, generally in nineteen rows, sometimes in more, in one species in fifteen. Teeth smooth, equal, except the posterior in the upper jaw, which is longest. In one species all the teeth equal. Almost every part of the globe. Tropidonotus, Kuhl, Isis, 1826, p. 205; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 518; Wagl. Syst. p. 179; Schleg. Ess. p. 296. Tropidonotus et Amphiesma, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 549,724. Hydrophis, Hy- . drus, Enhydris, Natrix, Coluber, sp., auct. prior. Instead of dividing this very natural genus into several, I separate the species in ten groups, showing at once their close relationship and their geographical distribution. A. Group with the type of Natrix. Europe; North Africa. 1. natrix. Var. natrix, colchica, atra, bilineata, persa. 2. viperinus. Var. viperina, chersoides. B. Group with the type of Hydrus. From South Europe through the continent of Asia, to the East Indian Islands. 3. hydrus. 4. quincunciatus. Var.quincunciata, melanozosta, funebris, hydroides (var. C and D), umbrata, ceylonensis. 5. spilogaster. 6. annularis. 60 REPTILES. C. Group with the type of Stolatus: East Indies. 7. vittatus. 8. stolatus. 9. subminiatus. 10. trianguligerus. 11. chrysargus. Var. chrysargus, ceylonensis. 12. chrysargoides. 13. tigrinus. flaviceps (of D. & B.). D. Group with the type of Picturatus. Australia. 14. picturatus. semicinctus (of D. & B.). E. Group with the type of Saurita. North and Central America. 15. saurita. 16. ordinatus. Var. ordinata, sirtalis, infernalis, concinna. F. Group with the type of Fasciatus. N. and Central America. 17. fasciatus. Var. fasciata, sipedon, pogonias, niger, erythrogaster. 18. cyclopion. 19. tarsispilotus. G. Group with the type of Leberis. Souther parts of North America; Central America; Northern parts of South America. 20. leberis. 21. rigida. 22. grahamii . 23. medusa. H. Group with the type of Cerasogaster. India. 24. cerasogaster. I. Group with the type of Auriculatus. Philippine Islands. 25. auriculatus. K. Group with the type of Vibakari. Japan. 26. vibakari. SNAKES. 61 p. 535. a. Species allied to T. natrix. 1. TROPIDONOTUS NATRIX. Natrix torquata, Gesner, De Serpent. Nat. p. 110; Merr. Tent. p. 124; Ray, Synops. Animal. p. 334; Séba, ii. 4. Coluber natrix, Linn. Mus. Ād. Fried. t. 21. f. 2, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 380; Boddaert, Nov. Act. Cæs. Leop. 1783, p. 24; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 147; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 446; Daud. Rept. vii. p.34; Latr. Rept. iv. p.38; Merr. Tent. p. 124; Lenz, Schlangen- kunde, p. 485; Sturm, Deutsche Fauna, p. ; Cuv. Règne Anim. Tropidonotus natrix, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 534; Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 179; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 302; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. ; Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Caucas. . 22. f. 1,2; Dum. & Bibr. p Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials seven, the third and fourth touching the eye; one anterior, three posterior oculars; anterior frontals not pointed, rather obtuse in front. Generally olive, with a series of narrow black spots on each side; generally on each side of the neck a broad yellow, behind black-edged collar-like spot; belly with large oblong black spots. The structure and number of the shields and scales are the most constant characters in the species. a. Adult. England. Presented by H. Harrison, Esq. 6. Adult and foetus: bad state. England. c. Young. England. d. Young. England. Presented by the Zoological Society. . e, f. Adult. Devonshire. Mus. Leach. 9 h. Half-grown and young. Devonshire. Mus. Leach. i. Foetus and eggs. Cobham. Cobham. Presented by General Buckley. k. Half-grown: not good state. South Europe. Presented by P. B. Webb, Esq. 1. Adult. Sine patria. Stevens's sale. m. Adult. Sine patria. n. Adult. Sine patria. Purchased of Mr. Gardiner. 0, p. Half-grown. Sine patria. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 9. Half-grown. Sine patria. Presented by Mr. Mauge. q r. Young. Sine patria. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater. s. Two-headed monstrosity. ? Var. A. colchica, Nordmann in Demidoff's Voyage dans la Russie Mérid., Rept. t. 12. f. 1. No specimen in the British Museum. Var. B. Collar black. t. Adult. Bononia. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. u, v. Half-grown. Bononia. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. 62 REPTILES. w. Adult. South Europe. Presented by R. B. Webb, Esq. X. Adult: head injured. Europe. Presented by Lord Orkney. y. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Var. C. atra, Nordm. I. c. t. 11. Uniform black above, with l an obsolete lighter collar; along each side of belly a series of white spots. 2. Adult. Epidaurus. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. Var. D. bilineata, Bibron. Back with two yellowish longitu- dinal lines. Coluber murorum, Vest. Tropidonotus natrix, var., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 307. Tropidonotus chersoides, pt., Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 564. Lines seventeen to nineteen. a. With a collar. a. Large specimen. Shores of Mediterranean. Presented J. Miller, Esq. B. Adult. Xanthus. Presented by Sir C. Fellows. 7. Half-grown. Epidaurus. Presented by the Rev. W. Hennah. 8. Adult. Bononia. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. €. Half-grown. Bononia. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. n, & Young. Bononia. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. 7. Adult. Europe. 1. Adult. ? From Mr. Argent's Collection. b. Without a collar. Tropidonotus persa, Eichw. I. c. t. 21. K. Adult. Asia. From the Haslar Collection. а b. Species allied to T. viperinus. 2. TROPIDONOTUS VIPERINUS. Schlegel, Essai, i. p. 325. pl. 12. f. 14, 15. Scales in twenty-one rows; upper labials seven, the third and fourth touching the eye; one anterior, two posterior oculars ; anterior frontals sharply pointed in front, narrow. Olive, with a lateral series of yellowish, dark-edged, round spots, or with two yellowish longitudinal lines on the back, dark spots between. Var. A. viperina. Coronella tessellata, Laurenti, Synops. p. 89; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 49; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 125. Natrix viperina, Merr. Tent. 126; Cuv. Règne Anim. Natrix tessellata, Merr. Tent. p. Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. Tropidonotus viperinus, Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 560. p 3 SNAKES. 63 Generally a vertebral row of more or less distinct spots; a lateral row of white, dark-edged spots; no longitudinal line. a. Adult and young. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. b. Half-grown. Algiers. From Paris. c. Nearly half-grown. Tangiers. From Mr. Fraser's Collec- tion. Var. B. chersoides. Natrix chersoides et ocellata, Wagl. f. Spix, Serp. Bras. t. 10, 11; Syst. Amph. p. 179. Tropidonotus viperinus, var., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 326. Îropidonotus chersoides, part., Dum.8. Bibr. P. 562. Back with two yellowish longitudinal lines. d. Adult. Tangiers. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. e. Half-grown. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. 3. TROPIDONOTUS HYDRUS. Coluber hydrus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 36; Rathke in Mém. de l'Acad. St. Petersb. iii. pl. 1. f. 1-7. Hydrus caspius, Schneid. Amph. Tropidonotus tantalus et T. gracilis, Eichwald, Zool. iii. p. 173. Coluber reticulatus, Ménétriés. Tropidonotus hydrus, Nordmann, Voy. dans la Russie Mérid, par A. Demidoff, . Rept. pl. 10; Eichwald, Fauna Caspio-Caucas. t. 24. f. 1-3; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 564. Scales in nineteen rows; anal bifid; eight upper labials, only the fourth reaching the orbit; three (two) anterior, four posterior oculars. Blackish ash above, sometimes with more or less regular black spots; belly whitish, towards the middle black-dotted and black. a, b. Adult and half-grown. Europe. Presented by Arthur Russell, Esq. c. Adult. Italy. Presented by J. J. Bianconi as T. gabinus. d. Adult. Odessa. e. Adult. Euphrates Expedition. Two anterior oculars. f. Adult. India ? From Mr. Warwick's Collection. g. Young. Euphrates Expedition. Two anterior oculars. 4. TROPIDONOTUS QUINCUNCIATUS. Hydrus piscator et palustris, Schneider, Hist. Nat. Amphib. p. 247 & 249. Shaw, Gen. Zool. p. 568 & 569. Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. t. 14, 15a, 20, 33. Enhydris piscator et E. palustris, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 203. Coluber anastomosatus and C. braminus, Daud. 64 REPTILES. Rept. vii. p. 140 & 176. Natrix piscator and N. palustris, Merr. Tent. p. 122, 124. Coluber rectangulus, Gray, Ind. Zool. Co- luber hippus, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. pl. 9. f. 2. Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 12. f. 4, 5; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 592. Scales in nineteen or twenty-one rows; two anterior nasals; one anterior, three posterior oculars; nine upper labials, the fourth and fifth touching the eye. Two narrow, black, oblique και streaks extending from the eye across the hinder upper labial shields. Above olive-grey, with three, five, or seven series of square or roundish blackish-ash blotches; beneath yellowish. The number and disposition of the shields of the head, the two black streaks-invisible only in one variety-appear to be the most permanent characters of the species, the distribution of the colours being liable to great variation. a. Fine specimen. India. b. Adult. India. c. Adult: not good state. India. Old Collection as Tr. um- bratus. d. Adult. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. e. Adult. India. f. Half-grown: bad state. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. g. Half-grown : head injured. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. h. Adult: not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, . Esq. i. Adult: bad state. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. k. Adult. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. 1, m. Adult. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. 11, 0. Half-grown. Benares. Presented by Dr. Sayer. p. Adult: skin. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. 9. Adult. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. r. Adult. India. Presented by J. Nimmo, Esq. s. Adult : bad state India. t-y. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 2. z. Young. India. From Mr. Lund's Collection. a. Young. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. B. Young. India. y. Young: head injured. India. 8. Young. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. Var. A. Coluber melanozostus, Gravenhorst, Vergl. Uebers. p. 402; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535. Tropidonotus quincunciatus, var., Schleg: Ess. p. 308. Var. C. Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 549. SNAKES. 65 The dark blotches confluent, and forming five black longitu- dinal bands. €. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. n. Half-grown. Java. From Mr. Argent's Collection. . Var. B. Coluber funebris, Oppel. Coluber sinuatus, Reinw. Tropidonotus quincunciatus, var., Schleg. I. c. Var. A. Dum. 8. Bibr. 1. c. The dark blotches confluent, and forming large transverse bands. $. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 0. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Čuming's Collection. 1. Adult. Sine patria. K. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by Capt. Gascoigne. This spe- cimen presents eleven upper labials, the fifth and sixth touching the eye. Var. C. No large distinct blotches; olive-grey, varied with black and white. 1. Large specimen. India. Purchased. p. Half-grown. India. Presented by Captain Stafford.—Ven- tral plates black-edged. v. Half-grown. Bengal. Presented by Dr. Burk. & Adult: not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. o. Nearly half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. T. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. p, s. Adult. Canton. From the Haslar Collection. T. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. v. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by J. Nimmo, Esq. 9. Nearly adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. w. Five specimens in fluid. China. aa. Young: not good state. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. bb. Half-grown : very bad state. Sine patria. Var. D. Nearly uniform greyish ash, only a few scales black- or white-edged. cc. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. dd. Half-grown male. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. ee. Half-grown. Java. From Paris.-Anal plate entire. 66 REPTILES. Var. E. Coluber umbratus, Daudin, Rept. t. vii. p. 144; Russ. Ind. Serp. ii. t. 5 and 3. f. 1 (young). Coluber brunneus . and C. atratus, Hermann, Obs. Zool.i. p. 283. Natrix umbrata and N. lugubris, Merr. Tent. p. 119, 133. Tropidonotus umbratus, Schleg. Ess. ü. p. 309. Head and body uniform blackish ash; head without black streaks; only a few scales black- or white-edged; belly pale. ff. Adult : head injured. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. gg. Adult: very bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, , Esq. hh. Half-grown: bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. i-nn. Adult and half-grown. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. oo. Adult. India. pp. Adult. Sandwich Islands. From the Haslar Collection. - Entirely uniform blackish ash. Var. F. Like var. D., but scales very strongly keeled. 99, rr. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by A. Paul, Esq. ss. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. tt. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Sir J. Banks. uu. Half-grown: bad state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Tem- pleton, Esq. vo, ww. Half-grown and young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. xx. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. yy. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 5. TROPIDONOTUS SPILOGASTER. Tropidonotus spilogaster, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 559; Dum.& Bibr. vii . p. 598. Tropidonotus quincunciatus, var., Schleg. Ess . ii. p. 309; Eydoux & Gervais, Voy. de la Favorite, v. pl. 28. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the orbit; anterior oculars two, posterior three. Above brown, with three series of black spots, two lighter longitudinal bands between ; ventral plates with small, round, black dots, in the middle and on the sides likewise. No streaks from the eye across the hinder upper labials, but an obsolete dark temple-streak; a roundish white spot behind the occiput. a, b. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Half-grown. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. , SNAKES. 67 6. TROPIDONOTUS ANNULARIS. Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 151. Scales in nineteen rows; anal bifid; occipital shields large and elongate; eight upper labials, only the fourth touching the eye; one anterior, three posterior oculars. Back uniform lead-coloured, sides paler, belly white; deep black, well-defined bands across the abdomen and extending on the sides, each occupying one to two ventral or subcaudal shields. a. Adult. Near Ningpo, China. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Half-grown. Chikiang, China. From Mr. Fortune's Col- lection. We add to the above diagnosis : Head narrow; trunk rather elongate; tail not distinct, moderate, tapering; rostral broad; an- terior frontals triangular, pointed in front, posterior ones rather narrow; vertical rather elongate; occipitals long, each pointed behind, and forming together an obtuse angle ; loreal shield nearly square; six temporals; only the nine medial rows of scales provided with moderate keels. The black ventral zones on the anterior part of belly entire and uninterupted, on the posterior sometimes broken in the medial line, and the half of one side alternate with that of the other. Length of head "; length of tail 4)"; total length 2'. c. Species allied to T. vittatus. 7. TROPIDONOTUS VITTATUS. Scheuchzer, Phys. Sacr. t. 661. f. 8; Seba, i. 35. 4, ii. 44. 5, and 60. f. 2, 3. Coluber vittatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 18. f. 2; Boddaert, in Nov. Act. Acad. Curios. vii. p. 21; Shaw, Gen. Zool. p. 533; Daubenton, Dict. Encycl. Erpét.; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 300; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 175; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 330; Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. t. 35. Natrix vittata, Merr. Tent. p. 119. Tropidonotus vittatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 318; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 600. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials nine. Above whitish, with three or five black longitudinal stripes, the middle one being much narrower than those on the sides; belly white, each plate deeply margined with black. a. Adult. China. Old Collection. b, c. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. d-h. Adult and young. Java. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. i. Adult: tail injured. Java. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. k-m. Adult. India. Old Collection. 68 REPTILES. n, o. Adult : rather discoloured. India. Old Collection. p. Adult. Sine patria. 9. Adult : tail injured. Sine patria. Presented by the College of Surgeons. r. Half-grown : very bad state. Sine patria. 8. TROPIDONOTUS STOLATUS. Coluber stolatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 22. f. 1, and Syst. Nat. ed. xii. t. i. p. 379; Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 95; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 542. Coronella cervina, Laurenti, 1.c. p. 88. Coluber cervinus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1114; Lacép. Hist. Nat. des Serp. ii . p. 107; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 80; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 161; Russell, Ind. Serp. i. t. 10, ii . 19, and ii. t. 15. B. (young). Natrix stolata, Merr. Tent. p. 123. Tropidonotus stolatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 317. Amphiesma stolatum, Dum.& Bibr. vii. p. 727. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials eight (seven), the third, fourth and fifth touching the eye. Above olive-brown, with two yellow or light bands, and a series of black cross bars between ; black streak under the eye along the meeting margins of the fourth and fifth upper labial shield; abdomen white, each plate on the sides black-spotted. a, b. Adult and half-grown. Ceylop. Presented by Sir J. MacGrigor. c. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by Sir J. Banks. d. d. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Čuming's Collection. e. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by A. Paul, Esq. f. Adult : bad state. Ceylon. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. 9. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Sir J. Banks. h. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Captain Gascoigne. i, k. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. l-n. Adult. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. 0. Adult. Madras. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. p-r. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by Captain Bevan. s. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. t. Not in good state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. u, v. Adult and young. Benares. Presented by Dr. Sayer. w. Young. Benares. Presented by Dr. Sayer. 8. Large specimen. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. y. Adult : tail injured. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bow- ring, Esq. z. Young. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. a. Adult : not good state. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. SNAKES. 69 B. Half-grown : bad state. China. Presented by J. C. Reeves, Esq. y. Half-grown. China. Presented by Mr. Bennett. 8. Young. China. €. Young. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher. 7, 0. Adult. India. 5. Adult : bad state. India. 1. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. K, 1. Adult and half-grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. H. Half-grown. India. V. Adult. -- ? É. & Adult. India. o. Adult. India. TT. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. -? From Mr. Argent's Collection. o. Half-grown. India. T. Half-grown. India. Presented by Sir J. MacGrigor. v. Half-grown. India. 9. TROPIDONOTUS SUBMINIATUS. Tropidonotus subminiatus, Reinwardt; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Schley. Ess. ii. p. 313. Rhabdophis subminiatus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27. Amphiesma subminiatum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 734. Tropidonotus junceus, Cantor, Catal. of Malayan Rept. p. Adult. p. 93. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials eight (seven), the third, fourth and fifth touching the eye. Above brown or greenish, with small, irregular, black spots; neck with a large black blotch, behind with a white or yellow collar, both disappearing in some adult specimens; a black streak under the eye along the meeting margins of the fifth and sixth upper labials; some- times with two whitish longitudinal lines, like T. stolatus ; abdo- men yellowish white, with two punctated lines on the side. a, b. Adult. Java. From Mr. Argent's Collection. c. Adult: tail injured. Java. From the Leyden Museum. d. Adult: tail injured. Java. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. e-h. Adult : not good state. Java. From Mr. Argent's Col- . lection. i-l. Adult and half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. m. Young. Chikiang, China. From Mr. Fortune's Collection. n. Adult. Tenasserim Coast. Presented by Dr. Packmann. 0. Adult : not good state. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. 70 REPTILES. p. Adult: without viscera. India. Presented by Prof. Oldham as T. junceus. q. Young. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. r. Young. India. 10. TROPIDONOTUS TRIANGULIGERUS. Tropidonotus trianguligerus, Reinw.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.535; Schleg. Ess. pl. 12. f. 1-3; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. P. 590. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the orbit; anterior ocular one, posterior three. Above brown; on the side of the trunk a series of large red (in spirits olive-brown) triangular blotches, separated one from the other by black spots, and becoming indistinct towards the middle of the body; ventral plates either uniform yellowish or dark-edged. Cantor (Catal. of Malayan Rept. p. 89) is wrong in identifying this species with Tr. umbratus ; the specimens in the British Museum, one of which is named by Herr Schlegel from the Leyden Museum, prove the difference in number and dispo- sition of the upper labials. a. Adult Java. From the Leyden Museum. . b. Adult: bad state. Borneo. From Mr. Low's Collection. c. Half-grown. Borneo. From Mr. Wallace's Collection. d. Half-grown: not good state. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. e. Half-grown: tail injured. India. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. f. Adult: bad state. Sipe patria. From the Haslar Collection. 11. TROPIDONOTUS CHRYSARGUS. Tropidonotus chrysargus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 534; Schleg. Ess. t. 12. f. 6, 7. Steriophis chrysargus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 27. Amphiesma chrysargum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 739. Scales in nineteen.or twenty-one rows; upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the eye; anterior oculars two, posterior three. Above brown; on each side of the trunk a series of black blotches, in the centre of which a yellow (in spirits white) spot; belly yellow, on the sides marbled with purple. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult: injured. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c. Nearly half-grown: not good state. Batavia. SNAKES. 71 with age. d. Young. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.-On the neck two yellow lines, confluent behind, disappearing e e. Young: very bad state. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. f. Adult: bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. g. Adult: bad state. India. Presented by Professor Oldham as Tropidonotus subcarinatus. Var. ceylonensis: the fourth and fifth upper labial shields are united so as to form only eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth of which touch the eye. Coloration vivid, as described; with a broad, black, temporal streak. h. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 12. TROPIDONOTUS CHRYSARGOIDES. Schlegel, Mus. Leyden. Scales in twenty-one rows; all rows keeled ; anal bifid; upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the eye; one anterior, three posterior oculars; anterior frontals larger than generally, obtuse in front; occipitals narrow. Above uniform black, beneath slate-blue, each plate clouded on the edge. The characters here referred to are based upon a single spe- cimen in the collection of the British Museum. a. Adult. Sine patria. From the Leyden Museum. 13. TROPIDONOTUS TIGRINUS. Tropidonotus tigrinus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 206; Siebold, Faun. Japon. Ophid. t. 4; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 315. Amphiesma tigrinum, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 732. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials seven, the third and fourth touching the eye; anterior frontals rather large; no lon- gitudinal band. Above olive or brown, with three or four longi- tudinal series of large, black, regular blotches; neck with a white collar, black-edged behind; abdomen yellowish, with two punctated lines, confluent towards the middle of the length, so as to cover the whole belly. a-c. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. d. Adult. Ningpo, China. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Species allied to T. picturatus. 14. TROPIDONOTUS PICTURATUS. Tropidonotus picturatus, Schleg. Ess. t. 12. f. 8, 9; Dum. & 72 REPTILES. Bibr. vii. p. 602. Tropidonotus australis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54. Scales in fifteen rows; anal bifid; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth touching the eye; one anterior, three posterior oculars. (In spirits) above uniform dark brown; belly olive, clouded, especially on the sides. a-c. Adult. Port Essington. . d. Adult. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. e. Adult. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. f. Adult: not good state. North-west Australia. g. Half-grown. North Australian Expedition. Presented by Dr. J. R. Elsey. . h. Adult. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. i. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. k. Adult : head injured. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. e. Species allied to T. saurita. 15. TROPIDONOTUS SAURITA. Ribbon Snake, Catesby, Nat. Hist. of Carol. ii. p. 50. t. 1. Coluber saurita, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. t. i. p. 385; Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii. p. 532; Fitz. Neue Class. Rept. p. 59; Storer, Rept. Massach. p. 229; Thompson, Hist. of Verm. p. 115; Daud. Rept. vii. pl. 81; Bonnat. Ophiol. pl. 73; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 308; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 178. Natrix saurita, Merr. Tent. p. 122. Coluber proximus, Say, Rocky Mount. i. p. 187. . Tropidonotus proximus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535. Coluber sau- rita and C. proximus, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 229; Med. and Phys. Researches, pp. 115 & 116. Tropido- notus saurita, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 323; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 585. Leptophis sauritus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 4; Dekay, New York Fauna, pl. 2. f. 1. Eutainia saurita, E. faireyi and E. proxima, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 24. Body and tail very slender, elongate. Scales in nineteen rows; anal bifid; upper labials eight ; anterior ocular one, posterior three. Above brown, with three yellow longitudinal bands; abdomen greenish white. a, b. Adult and young. Belize. Presented by J. Smith, Esg. c. Adult. Honduras. d. Seven specimens. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. e-i. Half-grown. Mexico. k. Many specimens. New Orleans. From M. Salle's Collection. 1. Adult. Texas. m. Adult : tail injured. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. n. Adult. North America. SNAKES. 73 o. Half-grown. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. p, q. Young : bad state. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. r. Young : bad state. North America. Presented by Edward r Doubleday, Esq. S. Adult. North America. From the Haslar Collection. t. Half-grown : not good state. N. America. N. America. Old Collection. u. Half-grown: very bad state. Mexico. 16. TROPIDONOTUS ORDINATUS. Green-spotted Snake, Catesby, Nat. Hist. of Carol. i. pl. 53. Tropidonotus bipunctatus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 320; Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 582. Body and tail moderately stout; scales in nineteen or twenty- one rows; anal entire ; upper labials eight, anterior ocular one, posterior three. Above on a darker ground three light longitu- dinal lines, intervals uniform or black spotted ; beneath without spots. Var. A. Coluber ordinatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 379; Merr. Tent. p. 93; Harl. Med. and Phys. Res. p. 113, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 349; Storer, Reports, p. 223. L'Ibibe, Dau- bent. Encycl. Méth. ; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 311; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 181. Coluber eques, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. t. 8. f.2. Tropidonotus ordinatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 12. Tropidonotus tænia, Dekay, New York Faun. Rept. pl. 13. f. 27. Eutainia leptocephala, E. ordinata, E. ordi- noides, E. vagrans, and E. marciana, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 12. Eutainia marciana, Marcy, Explor. of the Red River, pl. 3. Ground colour olive, greenish or brown; stripes not very con- spicuous; intervals black spotted. Subvar. 1. Two yellow spots on the occipital shields. a. Adult. North America. b. Adult. North America. c. Adult. North America. d. Adult: injured. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. e. Adult. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. f. Adult. North America. g. Adult. North America. h. Half-grown. Texas. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. i, k. Half-grown. North America. . 1. Young. North America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. E 74 REPTILES. m. Adult. North America. n. Adult. North America. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Adult. North America. From the Haslar Collection. p. Adult. North America. From the Haslar Collection. 9. Adult. North America. Subvar. 2. Without spots on the occiput. r, s. Adult and half-grown. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. t. Young. North America. u. Young. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. V, W. Adult and half-grown. North America. X. Adult. -? From Paris. Var. B. Coluber sirtalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 383; Shaw, Gen. Zool. j. p. 535; Merr. Tent. p. 132; Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. jii . Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 352; Storer, Reports, p. 221. Le Sirtale, Daubent. Encycl. Méth. ; Lacép.l.c. p. 323; Latr. Rept.iv. p. 69; Daud. 1. c. p. 146. Tropidonotus sirtalis, Holbr. N. Amer. Her- pet. iv. pl. 11. Eutainia sirtalis and E. dorsalis, Baird Girard, Catal. pp. 30, 31. Ground colour olive, greenish or brown; stripes very con- spicuous. Subvar. 1. Space between bands black-spotted ; two yellow spots on the occipital shields. y. Adult. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. z. Adult. Greatly injured. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. a. Half-grown. North America. Presented by Edward Double- day, Esq. B-8. Adult and young : not good state. North America. Old Collection as C. taniatus, Dr. E. W. Gray. €, n. Adult. North America. 0, Š. Half-grown: not good state. North America. 1. Half-grown. North America. Subvar. 2. Space between bands black-spotted, without spots on the occiput. K. Half-grown: tail injured. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. 1. Half-grown: bad state. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. pi. Adult. New York. Presented by Mr. J. Murray. v. Adult: fine specimen. North America. 9 SNAKES. 75 ť. Very large specimen : head injured. North America. Old Collection o. Young. North America. Subvar. 3. Space between bands uniform, olive, brown or black. Eutainia radix and E. elegans, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 34. T. Adult. North America. p-t. Adult and young. Lake Winipeg. Presented by Sir John Richardson. v, p. Adult and half-grown. North America. X. Some specimens in a bad state. North America. w. Half-grown : not good state. North America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. aa. Half-grown: bad state. North America. Subvar. 4. Each scale in the space between the bands with a yellow streak. bb. Adult. Sine patria. Var. C. Coluber infernalis, Blainv. N. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. iii. pl. 26.f.3. Eutainia infernalis, E. pickeringii, and E. parietalis, Baird & Girard, Catal.p.26 et seq. Tropidonotus(Col.) parietalis, Say, in Long's Exped. to Rocky Mount. i. p. 186; Sitgreave's Report of an Exped. pl. 17. Above black, with a very distinct yellow streak; lateral streaks indistinct, confluent with a series of red (in spirits white) spots. cc. Adult. California. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. . dd, ee. Adult and half-grown: injured. California. From the Haslar Collection. ff. Adult : injured. California. From the Haslar Collection. gg. Adult : female. California. From the Haslar Collection. hh, ii. Adult and half-grown. Monterey. Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq. kk. Young Monterey. Il. Four adult specimens. N. America. mm. Adult. N. America. From the Haslar Collection. nn. Adult: bad state. N. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 00. Young. N. America. From the Haslar Collection. Var. D. Tropiconotus concinnus, Hallow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 182. Eutainia concinna, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 146. Above black with a yellow dorsal streak; lateral streaks re- placed by a series of whitish blotches; belly slate-blue. pp. Adult. Columbia River. Presented by Mr. Loftus. E 2 76 REPTILES. f. Species allied to T. fasciatus. 17. TROPIDONOTUS FASCIATUS. Scales in twenty-three or twenty-five rows; upper labials eight, the fourth only touching the eye ; anterior ocular one, posterior three; anal bifid. The distribution of the colours is liable to great variation: ground colour olive-brown, brown or black with two or three series of large blotches. Var. A. The Brown Viper, Catesby, Nat. Hist. of Carol. t. 45. Coluber fasciatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 378; Shaw, Gen. Zool. p. 463. t. 120. Coluber porcatus, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 82; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 204 ; Harlan, Med. 8. Phys. Res. p. 119. Tro- pidonotus fasciatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 25; Dekay, New York Fauna, p. 47; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 566. Tropidonotus porcatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535. Nerodia fasciata, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 39. . On each side a series of large triangular red-brown blotches. a. Adult: head injured. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Col- lection. b. Adult: skin. Central America. c, d. Half-grown and young. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Young. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. f, g. Young. North America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. h. Adult: tail injured : bleached. N. America. Old Collection. i. Adult. N. America. Old Collection. k. Adult. N. America. From Paris. . 1. Adult. N. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. Var. B. Coluber sipedon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 379; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 496; Merr. Tent. p. 124; Storer, Re- ports, p. 228; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. p. 305; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 53; Latr. iv. p. 177; Daud. Rept. vii . p. 148. Tropidonotus sipedon, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 26. Nerodia sipedon, N. woodhousii, and N. transversa, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 38 et seq. Tropidonotus fasciatus, var., Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 568. Tro- pidonotus woodhousii and T. transversus, Sitgreave's Report of an Exped. pl. 14 & 16. On the back and on each side a series of large square black blotches; the blotches of the dorsal series alternating with those on the sides. Sometimes the blotches are obsolete. m. Adult. Canada. Presented by J. Cruickshanks, Esq. n. Half-grown : bad state. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. o. Young. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. SNAKES. 77 p. Young. North America. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. 9. Half-grown. Louisiana. r, s. Half-grown. New Orleans. From M. Sallé's Collection. t. Half-grown. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. u-w. Young. Mexico. Vertical shield behind broader, lateral margins concave. 8. Adult : not good state. N. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Quite agreeing with Holbrook's figure. y. Half-grown. North America. 2. Half-grown. North America. From Mr. Thomas's Collection. a-d. Adult and half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. €, n. Adult. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 0. Half-grown : bad state. Mexico. Var. C. Tropidonotus pogonias, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 574. Brown, with a lateral series of large obsolete blotches; shields of chin with small rough tubercles. 1. Adult. New Orleans. From M. Sallé's Collection. Var. D. Tropidonotus niger, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 9. Nerodia nigra, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 147. Tropidonotus fas- ciatus, var., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 572. Uniform brownish black. K. Adult: injured. North America, Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. Var. E. Above uniform blackish grey, belly marbled with brown. 2. Adult. North America. Presented by the Zoological Society. The geographical distribution of these varieties, as given by Holbrook in his North American Herpetology,' is not proved by the specimens contained in the British Museum. It may be admitted, that the native country, mentioned in some of the latter, is doubtful. 18. TROPIDONOTUS CYCLOPION. Duméril et Bibron, vii. p. 576, Scales in twenty-nine rows; orbit enclosed by a continuous chain of small shields, upper labials not touching the eye. Lead- coloured, obscurely black-spotted ; belly yellowish, with irregular black blotches. a, Adult, New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 78 REPTILES. g. Species allied to T. leberis. 19. TROPIDONOTUS LEBERIS. Coluber leberis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. t. i. p. 216; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 433; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 218. "Vipera leberis, . ; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 8. Coluber septemvittatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 240; Harlan, Med. and Phys. Res. p. 118. Tropidonotus leberis, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 13; Dekay, New York Fauna, Rept. pl. 11. f. 23. Regina leberis, Baird 8 Girard, Catal. p. 45; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 579. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials seven, the third and fourth touching the eye; anterior oculars two, posterior two. Above dusky olive-brown, with a lateral yellow band, and three dorsal black lines; abdomen pale yellow with four dusky lines. a. Adult : bleached. North America. Old Collection. b. Young. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. c. Adult. North America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Half-grown. North America. North America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 20. TROPIDONOTUS GRAHAMII. Regina grahamii, Baird 8. Girard, Catal. p. 47. Scales in nineteen rows, strongly keeled; upper labials eight, the third and fourth touching the eye; anterior oculars two, posterior two. Head small, narrow, indistinct. Above brown, a broad yellow, black-edged lateral band, occupying the three outer rows of scales; belly uniform yellow in the adult. a. Adult. North America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. b. Young. Western Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.- Along the middle of the belly a blackish band. c. Young : head injured. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.- Like the former. d. Half-grown. North America.-Middle of belly black. 21. TROPIDONOTUS MEDUSA. Scales in twenty-one rows; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth touching the eye; anterior ocular one, posterior two. Above dusky olive-brown, with five yellow bands, the lateral including the edge of abdomen ; the remainder of each ventral plate black, in the centre with a regular yellow triangle, forming together a longitudinal band in the middle of belly. a. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. b. Young. North America, SNAKES. 79 Description.-Rostral shield just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals rectangular triangular, pointed in front; pos- terior frontals nearly square, but bent on the sides; vertical and occipitals moderate; the nostril between two shields; loreal large; one large anterior and two posterior oculars, the anterior one sometimes furrowed, but not divided; eight rather narrow upper labials, the fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of orbit; lower posterior ocular in contact with one large temporal shield, three smaller ones behind. Scales in twenty-one rows, all keeled, even some of those in the outer row; anal bifid.- Dusky olive-brown; one yellow vertebral stripe, beginning on the occiput; another on each side of the back, beginning from the back edge of eye; along the side a broad yellow band, beginning from the muzzle, occupying the outer row of scales, the next upper half-row, and the contiguous edges of the ventral plates. The remainder of the latter black, each provided in the centre with a yellow triangle. The triangles, with the broad end behind, form together a very strongly marked band, or a chain of triangles from the chin-shields, which are yellow, to the tip of the tail. a h. Species allied to T. cerasogaster. 22. TROPIDONOTUS CERASOGASTER. Psammophis cerasogaster, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p.52. Tropidonotus cerasogaster, Cantor, Ann.& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 92. Scales in nineteen rows; one anterior, three posterior oculars; nine upper labials, only the fourth touching the eye. Above dark brown, sometimes with two lighter stripes ; belly black, or purple, marbled with black; from the muzzle along the upper labials and the edge of abdomen to the tip of tail a straw-yellow stripe. a. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. b. Adult. India. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. c, d. Adult. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. e. Adult. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. . f. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. g. Adult: head injured. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. The only species of the genus, exhibiting all the teeth of equal length; moreover it differs in having prominent superciliaries and a groove before the eye, a flat, not rounded, rostral shield, and а a narrow, elongated muzzle. But in all other characters it agrees with Tropidonotus, even in having two yellow spots on the occipitals. 80 REPTILES. i. Species allied to T. auriculatus. 23. TROPIDONOTUS AURICULATUS. Scales in seventeen rows; upper labials eight, third, fourth and fifth touching the eye; anterior frontals rather obtuse in front. Above brown, with an obsolete lighter dorsal stripe; a broad yellow streak behind the eye to the angle of mouth; belly white, with three black longitudinal bands, the middle one broadest. a. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Description.-Habit slender; head short, thick, distinct from neck; eyes large; rostral semicircular, hardly reaching the sur- face of head; anterior frontals subquadrangular, rather obtuse in front; posterior ones moderate; vertical moderate, with con- vergent outer edges; hinder ones forming an acute angle; occi- pitals large, spheroid; two anterior and two posterior oculars, one loreal, two nasals ; eight upper labials, third, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Scales elongate, keeled, in seventeen rows; anal bifid. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, not grooved, in a continuous series with the anterior ones.-Above brown, with a lighter dorsal streak on the anterior part of body; some scales black-edged; a yellow spot behind the eye, running ob- liquely to the angle of mouth; belly yellow, with a broad black medial band from the breast to the anus; on each side a narrower black streak, from the throat to the anus; tail beneath black, each plate provided with a yellow spot, forming together a punc- tated yellow medial line. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 41"; total length 181.". k. Species allied to T. vibakari. 24. TROPIDONOTUS VIBAKARI. Tropidonotus vibakari, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 207; Siebold, Faun, Japon. Ophid. t. 5; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 316; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 595. Body and tail rather slender; head not distinct from neck. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials seven, the third and fourth touching the eye. Above uniform pale brown, without spots; on each side of neck a white, oblique, narrow streak; belly pale, with a lateral series of small black spots. а a, b. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. 5. ISCHNOGNATHUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Small Natricide with teeth of equal length. Body and tail rounded, of moderate length; head short, narrow; nostril between SNAKES. 8 two nasals; no loreal shield; anal and subcaudal plates two- rowed. Scales elongate, keeled, in fifteen or seventeen rows. North America. Ischnognathus, Dum. 8 Bibr. Mém. de Sc. Nat. 1852, p. and Erpet. Gén. vii. p. 506. Storeria, Baird & Girard, Catal p. 135. Tropidonotus, sp., Holbrook, Storer. a 1. IsCHNOGNATHUS DEKAYI. Tropidonotus dekayi, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet.iv. t. 14; Dekay, Fauna New York, Rept. t. 14. f. 30. Tropidonotus saurita, var., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 321. Storeria dekayi, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 135. Ischnognathus dekayi, Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 507. Scales in seventeen rows. Olive-grey or brown, with a whitish vertebral band, margined by irregular small black spots. Head olive, varied with some black spots in the centre of the crown and on the occiput; neck without white blotch. a, b. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. c, d. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Adult. New Orleans. f. Adult. North America. 2. ISCHNOGNATHUS OCCIPITO-MACULATUS. Tropidonotus occipito-maculatus, Storer, Rep. Rept. Massach. p. 230. Coluber venustus, Hallow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iii. p. 274. Storeria occipito-maculata, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 137. Ischnognathus dekayi, var. B, Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 509. Scales in fifteen rows. Olive-grey or brown, sometimes with a paler vertebral band, bordered by blackish spots. Head olive, varied with some black spots in the centre of the crown; three whitish blotches on the occiput and neck. a. Adult. North America. Presented by Sir R. I. Murchison. b. Adult : bleached. North America. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. c, d. Half-grown. North America. e. Half-grown. N. America. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. f. Half-grown : tail injured. North America. g. Half-grown. United States. h. Adult: good state. North America. North America. From the Haslar Col- lection. i. Adult: greatly injured. North America. k. Adult: bleached. North America. 1. Half-grown. North America. m. Half-grown: bad state. North America. BRYANT WALKER EIBRARY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 82 REPTILES. 6. HETERODON, Palisot de Beauvais. Body short, thick; tail short; head short, large, flat; head and neck very distensible; rostral shield a trihedral pyramid, prominent, acute, recurved, with a sharp ridge above. Subcau- dal plates bifid. Posterior maxillary teeth longer, smooth, and separated from the anterior ones by an interval. America; Madagascar. Heterodon, Palisot de Beauvais; Gray, Synopsis, p. Fitzinger, Nov. Syst. p. 56; Schlegel, Essai, p. 95; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. p. 37; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 51; Dum. . 8. Bibr. vii. p. 764. Oxyrhina, Gray, Brit. Mus. Vipera, sp., Pelias, sp., Scytale, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. . 1. HETERODON PLATYRHINOS, Hog-nose Snake, Catesby, i. t. 56. Coluber simus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 375; Lacépède, Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 84. Heterodon platyrhinos, Latr. Rept. iv. f. 1-3; Daud. Rept. v. pl. 60. f. 28; Wagl. Nat. Syst. p. 171. Coluber heterodon, Merr. Tent.; Harlan, Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 120. Hete- rodon annulatus, var., Troost, Ann. Lyc. New York, iii. p. 188; Schleg. Ess. ii. p.97, var.; Storer, Reports of Massach. p. 131; p Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. t. 17. H. platyrhinos, H. cognatus, and H. atmodes, Baird & Girard, Catal.p.51, &c.; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 766. Scales keeled; behind the rostral an azygos shield, in direct contact with the frontals; orbit surrounded by small shields; upper labials not in contact with the eye. Ground colour dark or light brown, with a dorsal and a lateral series of large light or brown blotches, sometimes confluent into cross bands; head with a dark band between the eyes. a. Adult. North America. Presented by Dr. R. Harlan. b. Adult: discoloured. North America. Old Collection. c. Nearly half-grown. North America. Presented by Edward . Doubleday, Esq. d. Nearly half-grown. Charleston. From Paris as H. macu- latus. e. Half-grown. California. f. Adult: discoloured. Central America. Presented by Mrs. Drummond. g. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection as H. texianus. h. Half-grown. N. America. Old Collection. i. Young. N. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. k. Half-grown. North America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. SNAKES. 83 p. 2. HETERODON NIGER. Vipera nigra, Catesby, Hist. Nat. Carol. pl. 44. Coluber caco- dæmon, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. pl. 102. Scytale niger, Daud. , Hist. Nat. Rept. v. p. 342; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 367. Pelias niger, Merr. Tent. p. 149. Coluber thraso and Scytalus niger, Harlan, Phys. and Med. Res. p. 120. Hetero- don niger, Troost, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, iii. 186; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 16. H. vipera, Fitz. Syst. Nat. 56. H. platyrhinos, var., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 100; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 55; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 769. Scales keeled; shields of head like in H. platyrhinos. Whole body black above, without any spot; slate-colour below. a. Adult: partly bleached. N. America. Old Collection as Hete- rodon nigricans. 136 ventral plates. Perhaps only a variety of H. platyrhinos. 3. HETERODON CATESBYI. Oxyrhina catesbyi, Gray in Brit. Mus. 1836. Heterodon platyrhinos, var., Schleg. Ess. pl. 3. f. 20-22. Heterodon simus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 15. Heterodon simus and H. na- sicus, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 59, &c. Heterodon platyrhinos, var., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 767. Heterodon nasicus, Baird & Girard in Marcy, Explor. of the Red River, pl. 4. Scales keeled; behind the rostral an azygos shield, surrounded by smaller scale-like shields; orbit surrounded by similar shields; upper labials not in contact with the eye. Coloured like H. platyrhinos. a. Adult: bleached. N. America. From Sir H. Sloane's Collection. 6. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. c. Nearly half-grown. North America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. d. Nearly half-grown. North America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. e. Half-grown. N. America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. f. Young. N. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. g. Adult. N. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Specimens b, e, f, belong to the variety H. nasicus. 4. HETERODON D'ORBIGNYI. Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 772 Scales smooth; behind the rostral a small azygos shield, in 84 REPTILES. direct contact with the frontals; upper labials not touching the orbit, separated from it by suborbitals. Ground colour yellowish brown, with a dorsal and a lateral series of large dark blotches; beneath with oblong black spots. a. Adult. Buenos Ayres. From M. Parzudaki's Collection, b. Adult. South America. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. South America. 5. HETERODON MADAGASCARIENSIS. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 776. pl. 69. Scales smooth ; azygos shield behind the rostral none; two of the upper labials coming into the orbit. Brown, sometimes on the sides with broad, black, oblique, confluent cross bands. a. Adult. Madagascar. From the Leyden Museum. (Uniform.) Fam. IV. COLUBRIDÆ. Body moderate, sometimes elongate, in the last genera some- times slender. Tail generally of moderate length, not distinct from trunk, tapering. Head moderate, with flat crown, rather distinct from neck, quadrangular, with moderate rounded, some- times pointed muzzle. Shields of head exceptionally irregular. Cleft of mouth deep. Nostril lateral. Eye moderate, some- times large, with round pupil. Loreal shield never wanting. Nostril between two nasals. Scales ovoid, of nearly equal size on the back, moderately imbricate. Subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth never grooved, generally of equal length; in one genus posterior maxillary tooth longest; in another, maxillary teeth becoming gradually longer behind. Coluber, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 125. Plagiodontiens, Corypho- dontiens, Isodontiens pt., Periops, Zamenis (Diacrantériens), Dum. & Bibr. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. RHINECHIS. Rostral shield much protruding, rounded, higher than broad, far produced backwards, sharply pointed behind. Scales smooth. South Europe. 2. PITUOPHIS. Rostral shield as in Rhinechis. Scales keeled. North America. 3. COLUBER. Rostral moderate. Body with rounded back, generally moderate; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Teeth equal. Europe; Asia; North America. SNAKES. 85 4. ELAPHIS. Rostral moderate. Body and tail elongate, rather compressed; two anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales keeled. Teeth equal. Europe; Asia. 5. CYNOPHIS. Muzzle much elongate. Body and tail com- pressed; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales keeled. Pterygo-palatine teeth bent inwards. East Indies. 6. SPILOTES. Rostral moderate. Body and tail much elon- gate and compressed; one anterior, two or three posterior oculars. Teeth equal. East Indies; South America. 7. ZAMENIS. Body and tail moderate or slender. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, separated by an interspace. Shores of Mediterranean; Asia. 8. CORYPHODON. Maxillary teeth becoming gradually stronger and longer behind. East Indies; America ; Africa. 1. RHINECHIS, Michahelles. Body moderate, rounded; tail short; head conical, short, with pointed muzzle. Rostral much protruding, higher than broad, sharply pointed behind, far produced backwards; one loreal; one anterior, two or three posterior oculars. Scales smooth, small, in twenty-seven rows. Teeth equal, smooth. South Europe. Rhinechis, Michahelles in Wagler's Icon.; Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 227. Xenodon, sp., Schlegel, Ess. ii.p. 92. Coluber, sp., Schinz, in Uebersetzung von Cuvier's Thierreich; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 536. 1. RHINECHIS SCALARIS. Coluber scalaris, Schinz, in Cuvier's Thierreich übers. von Schinz; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 536. Rhinechis Agassizii, Micha- helles, Wagl. Ic. t. 25. Xenodon michahelles, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 92. Rhinechis scalaris, Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. ; Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 227. Two dark brown longitudinal stripes on the back. a. Half-grown. Europe. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. 6. Adult: bleached. Europe. 2. PITUOPHIS, Holbrook. Body moderate, rounded; tail moderate; head conical, with pointed muzzle. Rostral protruding, raised above the surface of head; one loreal, one or two anterior oculars, posterior ones 86 REPTILES. variable in number. Scales keeled, small. Anal entire. Teeth equal, smooth. Ground colour whitish, with a dorsal series of large quadrangular brown spots. America. Pituophis, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. p.7; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 64; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 232. Coluber, sp., Daud. Rept. vi.p.409; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1827; Blainville, Nouv. Ann. d'Hist. Nat. 1835. The separation of the specimens of this genus into species is attended with great difficulty, and we freely confess the follow- ing diagnoses are uncertain, as we think the species lately founded by herpetologists. Having only a few specimens in the collection, we are not able to unravel the contradictions between the Erpe- tologie générale and the descriptions of Baird and Girard, espe- cially as not one of our specimens quite agrees with those descrip- tions. But we feel certain that the number of the posterior oculars is liable to great variation (2-5), not only in the different specimens of one species, but often in the two sides of the same individual. 1. PITUOPHIS VERTEBRALIS. Coluber vertebralis, Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1835, pl. 27. f. 2; Baird 8. Girard, Catal. p. 152 (not Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 238). Scales in twenty-seven to twenty-nine rows; shields of crown regular; rostral nearly as broad as high ; eight upper labials; one anterior ocular. a. Adult. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. b. Half-grown. Mexico. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. c. Adult. Mexico. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult. Mexico. 2. PITUOPHIS MELANOLEUCUS. Coluber melanoleucus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 409; Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 359, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 122; Bartram, Trav. Carol. p. 276. Pituophis melanoleucus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 1; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 65; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 233. p Scales in twenty-nine rows; each posterior frontal divided into two ; rostral nearly as broad as high ; eight upper labials; one anterior, three posterior oculars. a. Young. America. SNAKES. 87 3. PITUOPHIS CATENIFER. Coluber catenifer, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1834, iv. pl. 26. f. 2. Pituophis catenifer, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 69. Scales in thirty-one rows; each posterior frontal divided into two; no azygos shield before the vertical; rostral as broad as high, moderately protruding ; eight upper labials, two anterior oculars. a. Adult: head injured. Monterey. Presented by J. H. Gur- ney, Esq., M.P. 4. PITUOPHIS BELLONA. Baird & Girard, in Stansbury's Explor. Valley of Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 350; Catal. p. 66. Pituophis affinis, Hallow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 181; Capt. Sitgreave's Re- port Exped. Zuni, 1853, p. 130. pl. 10. Scales in thirty-three to thirty-seven rows; each posterior frontal divided into two; a small azygos shield before the ver- tical ; nine upper labials (Baird & Girard, eight); one anterior, four posterior oculars. a. Half-grown: injured. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Col- lection. 5. PITUOPHIS MEXICANUS. Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 236. Scales in twenty-nine rows; each posterior frontal divided into two; rostral shield much higher than broad, very protruding; eight upper labials ("nine,” Dum.& Bibr.); one anterior ocular. a. Very large specimen. Mexico. 3. COLUBER, Linn. Body and tail rounded above, generally of moderate length ; head moderate, high, rounded, sometimes rather elongate; ros- tral rounded, moderate; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales generally weakly keeled, sometimes smooth. Teeth equal, smooth. Belly generally checkered with black. Europe, Asia; North America. Coluber, sp., Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried., and Syst. Nat. t. i.; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. t. i.; (Merr. Tent.;) Boie, Isis, 1826; Schleg. Ess. sur la Phys. Serp. Elaphis, Ablabes, sp., Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. pp. 243, 307. Calopeltis, Bonap. Amph. Eur. p. 47. 88 REPTILES. 1. CoLUBER ÆSCULAPII. Anguis Æsculapio sacer, Gesner, De Serpent. v. p. 44. Matrix longissima, Laurenti, Syn. p. 74. Coluber flavescens, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 1115; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 272; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.536; Lenz, Schlangenkunde,p.509; Schinz, Fauna der Schweiz, i. p. 142; Bonap. Fauna It. pl. ; Lacép. Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 165; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 43. Coluber æsculapii, Sturm's Fauna, iii. Heft ii. f. a; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 452; Latr. Rept. iv. p.54; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 30; Cuv. Règne An.; Boie, l. c.; Lenz, 1.c. p.517; Schleg. Ess.pl.5.f. 1,2. Coluber scopoli, Merr. Tent. p. 104; Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. iii. p. 90. Zamenis ascu- lapii, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 188. Calopeltis flavescens, Bonap. Amph. Eur. p. 47. Elaphis æsculapii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 278. p. Scales in twenty-one or twenty-three rows, those on the pos- terior part of the back so slightly keeled as to be hardly visible; anal bifid; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth reaching the orbit. Above uniform brownish grey, beneath yellowish; on each side of the neck a yellow or lighter spot. a. Adult. France. Presented by M. Verreaux. b. Adult. Europe. Presented by J. J. Bianconi, 2. COLUBER QUADRIVITTATUS. Chicken Snake, Bartr. Trav, in Florida, p. 275. Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 20; Dekay, New York Fauna, iii.p. 41. Scotophis quadrivittatus, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 80. Elaphis quadrivittatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 265. p. Body and tail slender. Scales keeled, in twenty-seven rows. Anal bifid ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Dull yellowish, with four longitudinal brown stripes. a. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. 6. Adult. N. America. c. Adult. N. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 3. COLUBER QUADRILINEATUS. Coluber quadrilineatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 40. Coluber cruentatus, Steven. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. viii. pl. 9. Coluber leopardinus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. ; Schleg. Ess. ii. 169. Calopeltis leopardinus, Bonap. Amph. Eur. p.48; Nordmann, in Voy. Russ. Mérid. par A. Demidoff, Rept. pl. 6. f. 1 (young), pl. 8 & 9. Ablabes quadrilineatus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 319. Scales smooth, in twenty-five or twenty-seven rows; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; anal bifid. Above reddish brown, with four series of rounded or ovoid black- SNAKES. 89 edged spots, sometimes confluent and forming four longitudinal bands; belly with quadrangular blotches of black; crown with a well-defined black cross band between the eyes, and a narrower black stripe from the lateral edge of the vertical shield to the angle of mouth; suture of the occipitals black. Snout blunt, rounded in front. Var. A. Coluber cruentatus et C. leopardinus. a. Adult. China. Haslar Hospital. b, c. Young. South Europe. Presented by R. B. Webb, Esq. d. Adult: injured. South Europe. e. Half-grown. Europe. Presented by W.Richardson, Chatham. f. Young: bad state. Europe. Presented by Mr. Petit. Var. B. Coluber quadrilineatus. Scales of the hinder part of the back sometimes very slightly keeled. g. Adult. Europe. From Mr. Argent's Collection. h. Young. Ionian Islands. Presented by Dr. Mann. i, k. Half-grown and young. Europe. 1. Adult. Europe. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 4. COLUBER RUFODORSATUS. Tropidonotus rufodorsatus, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 483. Body and tail stout. Scales smooth, in twenty-one rows; upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit. Above grey, with four darker, black-edged bands, very conspicuous on the posterior parts, anteriorly forming rows of elliptic spots ; crown with regular arrow-shaped marks; a black streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth; belly checkered with black. (In general appearance similar to Tachymenis chilensis.) a. Adult: fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Col- lection. b. Adult. Near Ningpo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c, d. Adult and half-grown. Chusan. e. Adult: bad state. Port Essington. Port Essington. From the Haslar Col- lection. f. Adult: not good state. India. From the Haslar Collection. 5. COLUBER GUTTATUS. Catesby, Hist. Carol. t. 55. Coluber guttatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 385; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 602; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 329; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 19; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 168, part. descr. ; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 14, Coluber 90 REPTILES. compressus (Zusammengedrückte Natter), Merr. Beitr. ii. t. 11. Coluber carolinianus, Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 460. pl. 119. Coluber maculatus, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 73. Coluber molossus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 269. Coluber guttatus, C. maculatus, and C. pantherinus, Merr. Tent. Coluber molossus, C. maculatus, and C. floridanus, Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 360, &c., and Med. Phys. Res. p. 124, &c. Scotophis vulpinus, S. confinis, S. lætus, and S.guttatus, Baird & Girard, Catal.p.75, &c. (Marcy, Explor. of the Red River, p. 227. pl. 6, Sc. lætus). Elaphis guttatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 273. Body and tail moderate, slightly compressed; head rather elongate. Scales in twenty-five or twenty-seven rows, weakly keeled; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; anal bifid. Red-brown above, with a dorsal series of large, lighter, black-edged blotches; crown generally with similar spots; generally a temple streak; belly checkered with black. a. Half-grown. New York. b. Young: injured. Delaware. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. c. Young. Monterey. d. Adult: female. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. e. Half-grown. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. f. Half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. g. Half-grown. Belize. h. Half-grown. North America. i. Young monster, presented by Lord Orkney: two individuals, but with united vertebral column. Var. Elaphis rubriceps, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 270. Head uniform reddish brown, without spots. m. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. n. Adult : head injured. North America. Presented by the Col- lege of Surgeons. 6. COLUBER SPILOIDES. Elaphis spiloides, Dum. &. Bibr. p. 269. Scales in twenty-five rows, those on the back strongly keeled ; anal bifid; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Reddish brown: on the vertebral line a series of large subquadrangular dark spots; head uniform brown, without streak; belly anteriorly dull yellowish, posteriorly marbled with brown. a. Adult. New York. From Paris. b. Skin, in spirit, 5' long. North America. SNAKES. 91 7. COLUBER EXIMIUS. Le Triangle, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 331. Coluber eximius, Dekay, New York Fauna, Rept. pl. 12. f. 25; Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 360, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 123; Storer, Rep. p. 227 ; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 15. Coluber guttatus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 168, part. descr. Pseudoelaps Y, Berth. Abh. Wiss. Gött. 1843, t. 1. f. 11, 12. Ophibolus eximius and O. clericus, Baird & Girard, Catal. pp. 87, 88. Ablabes triangulum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 315. Body and tail rather stout. Scales smooth, in twenty-one rows; upper labials seven, third and fourth coming into the orbit ; anal entire. Above yellowish grey, with three series of brown rounded blotches, dorsal ones largest; beneath checkered with black. a. Adult. North America. b. Half-grown: injured. North America. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. c. Young. North America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. d, e. Half-grown. New York. Presented by Mr. J. Murray. f. Young. Delaware. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. g. Young. Delaware. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. h. Adult. N. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. 8. COLUBER CONSPICILLATUS. Coluber conspicillatus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 210; Schleg. Ess. i. p. 171, and Faun. Japon. Rept. pl. 3. Elaphis conspicillatus, ii Dum. & Bibr. p. 285. Body and tail moderate, slightly compressed. Scales in twenty-one rows, with very weak keels; upper labials seven, third and fourth coming into the orbit; anal bifid. Above olive, with short, narrow, black cross bars; muzzle with a black cross band, a second between the eyes, extending to the lip, and an arrow-shaped mark behind ; belly checkered with black. a. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. b. Half-grown. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. 9. COLUBER MANDARINUS. Coluber mandarinus, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 483. Body and tail moderate. Scales in twenty-three rows (keels perhaps only in adult specimens conspicuous); upper labials eight, third and fourth coming into the orbit; anal bifid. Scarlet 92 REPTILES. above (in spirits whitish); a dorsal series of large lozenge-shaped black, in the centre yellow, spots; on each side a row of irregular black marks; muzzle with a black cross band, and a broad second between the eyes, extending to the lip; an arrow-shaped mark behind; belly checkered with black. Closely allied to C. con- spicillatus. a. Half-grown. Chusan. From Dr. Cantor. 10. COLUER CALICEPHALUS. Coronella calicephala, Gray, Ann. f. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 390. Body and tail moderate, head narrow, muzzle elongate. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; anal bifid. Above pale brown, with , darker, very broad, black-edged cross bands; on each side of the posterior part of back a narrow, interrupted black streak, becoming gradually more conspicuous and broader behind ; crown with a black streak from the centre of vertical along the suture of occipitals; a second from the back edge of eye to the first cross band; belly uniform whitish. a. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. 4. ELAPHIS, Aldrovandi, Body and tail generally elongate and compressed; head mo- derate, with rounded muzzle and moderate rostral shield; one loreal, two anterior, and two posterior oculars (in E. sauromates sometimes more). Scales keeled. Teeth equal, smooth. Europe; Asia. Elaphis, sp., Compsosoma, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 243, 291. Coluber, sp., Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1106; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 52; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 266; Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 450,541; Cuv. Règne Anim. ; Pall. Faun. Rosso-As. iii. p. 42; Merr. Tent. p. 117, 133; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 209, 536; Schleg. Ess. p. 125. Tropidonotus, sp., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 179; Eichw. Fauna Caspio-Caucas. p. 111. Coelopeltis, sp., Eichw. l. c. p. 120. 1. ELAPHIS DIONE. Coluber dione, Pallas, Itin. ii. p. 717, and Voy. ii. p. 20, and Zoogr. iii. p. 39, 40; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1106; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 541 , Merr. Tent. p. 133; Schleg. Ēss. ii. p. 124; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 244; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 159; Daud. SNAKES. 93 . Rept. vi. p. 339. Coluber eremita, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 174. Coluber trabalis, Schleg. l. c. p. 167. Coluber mæoticus, (Pall.) Rathke, Acad. de St. Petersb. iii. p. 433. Coluber poecilocephalus, Brandt, Revue Zool. de Guérin-Méneville, iii. p. 302. Celopeltis dione, Eichw. Fauna Caspio-Caucas. pl. 28. Elaphis dione, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 248. Scales in twenty-five rows, those on the back weakly keeled ; anal bifid; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit, the fifth forming only a small part of the hinder edge of orbit (cf. Zamenis caudelineatus). Coloration liable to great variation. Greyish or brown, either with three series of darker irregular spots (as in our specimens) or with paler longitudinal bands. Head always with symmetrical marks, a black streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth; neck with two sometimes confluent brown spots. a. Adult. Caucasus. b. Adult. China? Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher. 2. ELAPHIS SAUROMATES. Coluber sauromates, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 42; Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 174; Nordm. Voy. Russ. Mérid. par A. Demidoff, Rept. pl. 7 (probably with anomalous head shields). 7 Elaphis pareyssii, Fitz. in Wagler's Icones, t. 25. Tropidonotus sauromates, Eichw. Fauna Caspio-Caucas. pl. 25. f. 1, 2. Elaphis sauromates, Dum. & Bibr. p. 288. . Scales in twenty-three rows, strongly keeled ; anal bifid. Two or three anterior, two posterior oculars; yellowish brown with indistinct, irregular, black cross bands; ventral plates whitish, black-edged. a. Adult. Ningpo, China. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Our specimen agrees pretty well with the description and figure in Wagler's Icones, but it differs in having only eight upper labials, the third and fourth coming into the orbit, and in having no temple-streak. 3. ELAPHIS QUATERRADIATUS. Elaphis cervone, Aldrovandi, Serp. Drac. Hist. p. 267; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 163; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 44. Coluber . quaterradiatus, Gmel. in Naturf. x. pl. 3. f. 1; Schleg. Ess. pl. 6. f. 9, 10. Coluber quadrilineatus, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 52; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 266. Coluber elaphis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 450; Cuv. . p . 94 REPTILES. Règne Anim.; Merr. Tent. p. 117; Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mér. iii. p. 89; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 536; Lenz, Schlangenkunde, p.520. Tropidonotus elaphis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 179. Natrix elaphis, Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. Elaphis quaterradiatus, Dum. 8. Bibr. & vii. p. 254. Scales in twenty-three or twenty-five rows, those on the back strongly keeled; anal bifid. Reddish brown: on each side from the neck to the middle of tail, two black stripes ; a very distinct black streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. a. Adult. Europe. Presented by J. Cross, Esq. b. Adult: head injured. Italy. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. c. Adult. Europe. Presented by the College of Surgeons. d. Adult : bleached. Europe. . 4. ELAPHIS QUADRIVIRGATUS. Coluber quadrivirgatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 209; Schleg. Ess. pl. 5. f. 15, 16, and Faun. Japon. t. 84. f. 1. Compsosoma qua- drivirgatum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 301. Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Coloration :- - A. Either uniform black. a. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum (anal entire). B. Or dark brown, with four obsolete lighter longitudinal stripes. 6. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum (anal bifid). C. Or lighter, with four obsolete dark longitudinal stripes. c. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum (as C. virgatus : anal bifid). 5. ELAPHIS VIRGATUS. Coluber virgatus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 145, and Fauna Japon. Rept. pl. 2. Elaphis virgatus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 261. . Scales in twenty-three (twenty-five) rows; anal bifid; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Adult nearly uniform olive, with a darker temple-streak, and an obso- lete whitish line along the edges of abdomen. a. Adult. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. b. Half-grown. Japan. From the Leyden Museum. SNAKES. 95 c. Young. Chikiang (China). From Mr. Fortune's Collection. Scales in twenty-five rows; temple-streak black; back with brown transverse lines; sides of the hinder part of body and tail dark brown, separated from belly by a yellow band; sides of ventral plates black. 6. ELAPHIS SUBRADIATUS. Coluber subradiatus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 136, and Abbildg. t. 28. f. 7, 8, t. 29. Compsosoma subradiatum, Dum. 8. Bibr. & vii. p. 297 . Body elongate, compressed. Scales keeled, in twenty-three (twenty-one) rows; anal entire. Reddish brown: no occipital streak; a short black streak behind the eye; an interrupted series of elongate black blotches from the side of neck along the side of abdomen. Above with four longitudinal black lines, becoming indistinct towards the middle of trunk. a. Adult. Timor. b. Nearly half-grown. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Scales in twenty-one rows. 5. CYNOPHIS, Gray. Body slender, compressed; head narrow, with much elongate muzzle. Shields of crown regular; upper labials nine to ten; one loreal, one large anterior, two posterior oculars; nostril between two shields; eye moderate. Scales small, rhomboid, in twenty-one to twenty-seven rows, those of the back slightly keeled; anal entire. Teeth numerous, equal, smooth; pterygo- palatine teeth bent inwards. Plagiodontiens, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 169. Cynophis, Gray, Ann. 8. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, p. 246. Herpetodryas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 192. Coluber, sp., auct, prior. 1. CYNOPHIS HELENA. Russell, Ind. Serp.i. t. 32 (head bad). Coluber helena, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 277; Merr. Tent. p. 104; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537. Herpetodryas helena, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 192. Cynophis bistri- gatus, Gray, l. c. Plagiodon helena, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 170 (dentition: Mém. de l'Inst . Acad. des Sc. 1853, pl. 1. f. 6, and Gen. Erpét. pl. 76. f. 2). Scales in twenty-seven rows; upper labials nine, the fifth and sixth coming into the orbit; sometimes the fourth divided into two, the eye then being over the suture of the sixth and seventh. 96 REPTILES. On the side of the anterior part of body a series of large black spots (sometimes with a white centre), continued from the mid- dle of trunk to the tip of tail as a broad brown longitudinal band. a. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. b. Adult: not good state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. c. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by A. Paul, Esq. e. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. f. Adult. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. g. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Aduit: rather discoloured. India. Old Collection. i. Half-grown. India. k. Nearly half-grown. India. 1. Young: bad state. India. From the Haslar Museum. 6. SPILOTES, Wagler. Body and tail much elongate and compressed; head with rounded muzzle and moderate rostral shield; one loreal, one anterior, two or three posterior oculars. Scales keeled (in Sp. corais smooth). Teeth equal, smooth. South America; East Indies. Spilotes, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 179; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 218. Compsosoma, sp., Dum. & Bibr. p. 291. Coluber, sp., Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.536; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 125. Natrix, sp., Wagl. Serp. Bras. 1. SPILOTES RADIATUS. Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. t. 42. Coluber radiatus, Reinw.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 536; Schleg. Ess. t. 5. f. 5, 6; Cantor, Catal. p. 73. Colognathus radiatus, Fitz. Syst. p. 26. Compsosoma radiatum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 292. Body elongate, compressed. Scales in nineteen rows; anal entire; two posterior oculars. Above light brown, with four black longitudinal bands; a transverse black narrow streak across the occiput to the back edge of the eye, another broader from the eye to the angle of the mouth, and a third from the lower edge of the eye to the lip. a. Adult. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. b. Adult. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. . c. Half-grown. Khasya Hills. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. SNAKES. 97 d. Young. Mergui. Presented by Professor Oldham. e. Adult. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. f. Young: bad state. Penang. Presented by General Hard- wicke. No occipital streak. g. Young. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. h. Adult : not good state. China. Presented by Mr. Reeve. No occipital streak. 2. SPILOTES MELANURUS. Coluber melanurus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 5. f. 11, 12, and Abbildg. t. 5. Compsosoma melanurum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 299. Body elongate, compressed. Scales keeled, in nineteen or twenty-one rows; the sixth upper labial forming a part of the hinder margin of orbit; generally nine upper labials; two posterior oculars. Hinder part of trunk and tail uniform black; anterior part and head brown or dark brown; on each side of the neck a broad oblique black streak; on the anterior part of belly some large black lateral spots; streak and spots sometimes disappear- ing with age.—Young with a yellow vertebral band; two black streaks from the eye to the lip; no transverse occipital streak. This species exhibits a great tendency to irregularity in the structure of the cephalic shields. Var. A. Without spots or streaks. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Var. B. Black streaks on the neck, and black spots on the sides of belly. b. Adult. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming. c. Half-grown. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming. d. Adult. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum. e. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. f. Half-grown. Borneo. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. g. Nearly half-grown. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. h. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. i. Adult. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum as C. korros. Back with two very conspicuous black longitudinal bands. k. Half-grown: injured. Java. 1. Half-grown : without epidermis. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. m, n. Half-grown. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Some shields of head united, so as to form only six upper and four lower labial shields; no loreal. F 98 REPTILES. 0. Adult: head injured. Bengal. Presented by General Hard- wicke. p. Adult. India. From the Haslar Museum. q. Young. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. 3. SPILOTES RETICULARIS. Coluber reticularis, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 51. Body compressed, rather elongate. Scales keeled, in nineteen rows; the fifth upper labial hardly reaching the hinder margin of orbit; eight upper labials; two posterior oculars. Blackish brown, behind black, with whitish cross bands, on the anterior part of body less conspicuous than on the posterior, and some- times forming only netted spots; belly yellowish, spotted or marbled with black, sometimes uniform black; sometimes with two pale longitudinal lines on each side of back. There is the strongest resemblance between this species and S. melanurus as to the structure of the cephalic shields, having the same tendency to the same irregularities; but they differ constantly in the form of the fifth upper labial, which circum- stance, together with the coloration, bas warned us against uniting both species. Moreover S. reticularis does not appear to grow to the same length as S. melanurus. a. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker, F.R.S. b. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker, F.R.S. c. Adult: head injured. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker, F.R.S. d. Adult. Sikkim; Himalaya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker, . F.R.S. e. Half-grown. Sikkim ; Himalaya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker, F.R.S. f. Half-grown : head injured. Sikkim ; Himalaya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker, F.R.S. 4. SPILOTES CORAIS. Coluber corais, Cuv.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537; Schleg. Ess. pl. 5. f. 9, 10, and Abbildg. pl. 28. f. 9-11 (skull). Spilotes corais, Dum. & Bibr. p. 222. Uniforin blackish ash, tail whitish. Young with darker cross bands. Scales in seventeen rows, smooth. a. Adult. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. b. Adult. Caripe Para. Caripe Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. c. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. SNAKES. 99 d. Half-grown. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. e. Young Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. f. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. g. Adult: male. Berbice. h. Adult. Trinidad. i. Adult. Presented by the Zoological Society. Var. 1. Tail black. Spilotes melanurus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 224. k. Adult. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 1. Young : injured. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. Var. 2. Uniform black. m. Adult: injured. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. n. Half-grown. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. Var. 3. Blackish ash, with whitish cross bands. 0-q. Half-grown: not good state. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. r. Young. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. 5. SPILOTES VARIABILIS. Coluber novæ hispaniæ, Sebo, ii. 20. 1, & 105. 4; Scheuchzer, Phys. Sacr. t. 747.f.3, & t. 662. f. 11. Coluber pullatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 20.f.3. Cerastes mexicanus and C. coronatus, Laurenti, Synops. Rept. p. 83. Coluber mexicanus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1088. Coluber plutonius, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 324; Merr. Beitr. t. 12. Coluber caninana, Merr. Tent. p. 121. Coluber . variabilis, Neuwied, Beitr. p. 271, 276, and Abbildg. t. 14. f. 3-6; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537. Spilotes pullatus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 179; Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 26; Schleg. Ess. t. 6. f. 1, 2. Spi- lotes variabilis, Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 220. Body compressed, slender. Scales with a strong keel in fifteen rows; two posterior oculars. Above with alternating black and white or yellow, oblique, irregular cross bands; head above black with white spots, or white with black spots; labial shields always black-edged; beneath white, with a few black transverse streaks. A. White colour predominant. a. Adult. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. b. Adult. Mexico. Presented by the Zoological Society. c. Adult : bleached. ? F 2 100 REPTILES. d. Half-grown. N. America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Half-grown. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. . B. Black colour predominant. f. Adult. North America. g. Adult. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. h. Adult. Berbice. i. Adult. North America. k. Half-grown. Brazil. 1. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq., R.A. m. Young. Interior of Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. n. Young. North America. From the Haslar Museum. 6. SPILOTES PECILOSTOMA. Coluber poecilostoma, Wied, Beitr. p. 251; Abbildg. x. t. 1,2. Thamnobius poecilostomus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 26. Natrix sul- phurea, Wagi. & Spix, Serp. Bras. t. 9 (the Caninana); Schleg. Ess. t. 6. f.5,6. Spilotes poecilostoma, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 221. Scales keeled, large, in twenty-one rows; three posterior oculars. Colour variable, yellowish or olive or brown, with more or less distinct, darker, irregular, oblique cross bands; keels strong, forming together longitudinal brown lines. a. Adult: bleached. North America. A. Male. Lips, chin, and front of belly yellow. 6. Adult. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart. c. Half-grown. North America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. B. Female. Lips, chin, and front of belly reddish brown. d. Adult: injured. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Col- lection. e. Adult. North America. Presented by the Zoological Society. 7. SPILOTES PECILONOTUS. Scales in twenty-one or twenty-three rows, those of the back keeled; two posterior oculars. Above uniform brown, some scales of the medial row yellow with black tip; head yellowish, variegated with brown; belly anteriorly uniform yellowish, pos- teriorly uniform black. a. Adult. Honduras. b. Adult. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. Description.-Body elongate, compressed ; tail slender ; head moderate, rounded in front, distinct from neck; eye large; mouth SNAKES. 101 deeply cleft. Rostral shield much broader than high, very ob- tuse above, just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals short, much broader behind than in front; posterior ones much larger; vertical five-sided, very broad in front, with an obtuse angle behind, and convergent, very concave lateral edges; super- ciliaries posteriorly very broad; occipitals short, small, obtuse behind. Anterior ocular large, raised on the surface of head, but not reaching the vertical ; two posterior oculars; one loreal ; two large nasals, nostril between ; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth and sixth forming the lower edge of orbit; scales in twenty-one or twenty-three rows, those of the dorsal rows keeled; keels of the three medial rows excessively strong. Scales rather elon- gate, much imbricate, especially on the neck; ventral plates raised on the sides; anal entire. Above uniform brown, except some scales of the medial row, which are yellow with black tip; head yellow and brown variegated; belly anteriorly uniform yellowish, ventral plates black-edged about the middle of body, posteriorly entirely black. Length of cleft of mouth 13"; length of tail 18"; total length 5' 3". 7. ZAMENIS, Wagler. Body and tail elongate, rounded, sometimes very slender; head with flat crown, rounded muzzle and moderate rostral shield; shields of head have a tendency to divide in two and more pieces. Loreal entire, or divided ; generally two anterior and two posterior oculars; eye sometimes surrounded by separated pieces of the upper labials. Scales smooth or slightly keeled, Posterior maxillary tooth longest, not grooved, anterior ones equal in length. From the shores of the Mediterranean through the whole continent of Asia. Zamenis and Periops, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph. pp. 188, 189; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. pp. 674, 683. Coluber, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 389; Laurenti, Syn. p. 77; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 320; Latr. Rept, iv. p. 88, &c.; Daud. Rept. vi. viii.; Merr. Tent. p. 105; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. p. 42; Shaw, Zool. p.518; ; Gray, Ind. Zool.; Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Caucas. p. 113; Bonap. Amph. Eur. p. 46, and Faun. Ital.; Schleg. Éss. ii. p. 525. Psammophis, sp., Schleg. l. c. p. 215. Tyria, sp., Fitz. Neue Class. p. 60; Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Caucas. ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Natrix, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537; Wagl. Nov. Serp. Bras. Hæmorrhois, Boie, l. c. p. 538. 1. ZAMENIS ATROVIRENS. Anguis Æsculapii niger, Aldrovandi, Serp.lib.i.cap. xvi.p. 263; Lacép. Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. pl. 6. f. 1; Bonnat. 102 REPTILES. p. Ophiol. p. 28; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 88; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 292. Coluber atrovirens, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 449; Cuv. Règne Anim.; Merr. Tent. p. 110. Coluber luteostriatus, Gmel. Naturforscher, xxvii. t. 3. f. 4. Coluber personatus, Daud. Rept. viii . 324 (young). Coluber viridiflavus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 536; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. ; Schleg. Ess. ii. pl. 4. f. 11, 12. Zamenis viridiflavus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 188; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 686. Habit moderately slender. Above dark olive, each scale with a lighter or yellow streak; crown of head generally yellow- spotted, and with a narrow yellow transverse streak, uniform in some specimens of the varieties. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth touching the eye ; anterior oculars two, posterior two. (See Ablabes modesta.) a-d. Adult. e. Young. Bononia. Presented by J.J. Bianconi. f. Half-grown. Dalmatia. Presented by Dr. Heckel. g. Adult. Turin. Presented by Professor Bonelli. h, i. Half-grown. Rome. Presented by Sir W. C. Trevelyan. k, 1. Young. Sardinia. Presented by Professor Bonelli. m. Adult. Algiers. From Paris as 2. hippocrepis. n. Adult. South Europe. 0. Adult. South Europe. p. Adult. South Europe. 9. Adult. South Europe. Presented by the Zoological Society. r. Young. South Europe. Var. A. Coluber carbonarius, Schreibers ; Bonap. Amph. Eur. p. 51, Dark brown with hardly visible streaks, or uniform black. s. Adult. Naples. Presented by J. J. Bianconi. Var. B. Coluber caspius, Iwan, Voy. en Russ. i. p. 317. pl. 21; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1112; Nordmann in Voy. en Russie par Demidoff, Rept. pl. 5; Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Caucas. p. 113. Coluber trabalis, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. iii. p. 42. Hæmorrhois trabalis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p.538. Zamenis trabalis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 689. It was only after long deliberation, and a close examination of the specimens in the British Museum collection, that we came to the conclusion of the necessity of uniting this form with Z. atrovirens. But on comparing the descriptions of Pallas, Duméril, &c., we were not able to find any true specific character by which the species can be properly distinguished, or which may be equally applied to several specimens. We may add, that the specimen u perfectly agrees with the figure given by Nordmann, as to the structure of shields and the coloration. Olive, each scale with a lighter streak, forming together paler SNAKES. 103 longitudinal lines; head with or without a paler streak between the eyes. t. Adult. Greece. u. Adult male. South Europe. From the Haslar Museum. 0. Adult. South Europe. w. Young Shores of Mediterranean. Presented by the Rev. w W. Hennah. X. Adult. Xanthus (Dr. Armstrong). From the Haslar Museum. y. Young: bad state. South Europe. Presented by Sir J. Macgrigor. In the specimens v, w, x, some scales on the anterior part of the body have black outer edges, forming markings like || ; V, w, have a yellowish cross streak between the eyes, and com- pletely agree one with the other; they come very probably also from the coast of Asia Minor. Belly in x has small roundish black spots; tail beneath with a blackish medial band. . 2. ZAMENIS HIPPOCREPIS. Coluber hippocrepis, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 16. f. 2 (young), and Syst. Nat. p. 388; Laur. Syn. p. 77; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 518; Merr. Tent. p. 105; Bonap. Amph. Eur. p. 46, and Foun. Ital.; Schleg. Ess. pl. 6. f. 15, 16. Coluber domesticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 389; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 242; Shaw, l. c. p. 520; Lacép. p. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 320; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 130; Daud. 1. c. p. 249 ; Geoffroy, Descript. Eg. Rept. pl. 4. f. 3. Natrix bahi- ensis, Wagl. 8. Spix, Serp. Bras. t. 10. f.2; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.537. Periops hippocrepis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 189, and Icon. t. 6. Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 675. Lower edge of orbit surrounded by a series of scale-like shields; anal bifid. Scales smooth, in twenty-five or twenty-seven rows. Brownish yellow, with three series of large rounded or quadri- lateral dark spots. a. Adult. South Europe. Presented by the Zoological Society. b. Adult: injured. Spain. Presented by A. Christy, Esq. c. Young: head injured. Portugal. Presented by Dr. A. Farre. d. Adult : not good state. Gibraltar. Presented by the College of Surgeons. e. Adult. Tangiers. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. f. Young. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. g. Adult. North Africa. h. Half-grown. North Africa. i. Adult: head injured. South Europe. From the Haslar Museum. k. Adult. South Europe. From the Haslar Museum. 104 REPTILES. 1. Half-grown. South Europe. Mus. Leach. m. Nearly half-grown. S. Europe. From the Haslar Museum. n. Young. South Europe. From the Warwick Museum. One upper labial coming into the orbit. Nova species? young individuals of a variety? One or two upper labials coming into the orbit. Scales in twenty-three rows, along the middle convex (keeled ?). Anal bifid. Ground-colour greenish grey, spotted like the type. 0. 14" long. Xanthus. Presented by Sir C. Fellows. p. ll" long. Xanthus. From the Haslar Collection. а 3. ZAMENIS CLIFFORDII. Couleuvre à raies parallèles, Geoffroy, Descr. de l’Eg. pl. 8. f. 1,1 a. Coluber cliffordii, Schleg. Ess. pl. 6. f. 13, 14. Periops (Wagl.) parallelus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 678. Lower edge of orbit surrounded by a series of scale-like shields; anal entire. Scales on the hinder part of body keeled ; shields of head sometimes divided. Brownish yellow, with three series of large subquadrangular dark spots, the lateral ones sometimes margined with two parallel black longitudinal streaks. a. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. b. Adult: bad state. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. c,d. Half-grown and young. Egypt. Presented by J. Burton, Esq. e. Adult: discoloured. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. f. Adult. West Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society. g. Half-grown. West Africa. h. Young. West Africa. 4. ZAMENIS CAUDÆLINEATUS. Habit moderate. Dull yellowish, with five series of brown spots, the three middle ones forming three black streaks on the tail; spots of the dorsal series largest, forming in younger individuals a zigzag band; spots of the outer rows less conspi- cuous. Head with symmetrical marks. Scales keeled, in twenty- one (twenty-three) rows; three anterior, two posterior oculars ; occipitals behind rounded, obtusely forked; no larger scale behind; sixth upper labial forming the third part of hinder edge of orbit (see Elaphis dione). a-c. Adult. Schiraz ; Kurdistan. From Mr. Parreys's Collection. d, e. Adult and young. Schiraz ; Kurdistan. From Mr. Parreys's Collection. f. Adult: injured. (? Egypt; Burton). SNAKES. 105 - Description.-Habit moderate; head rather broad, flat above, with blunt, rounded muzzle ; eye moderate. Rostral shield large, spheroid, seven-sided, obtuse-angled above, reaching the surface of crown; anterior frontals moderate, broader than long; pos- terior frontals not much larger, sometimes united, bent on the sides ; vertical very broad in front, with much convergent and concave outer edges, and a right angle behind; occipitals mode- rate, irregularly rounded behind, no larger scale behind the oc- cipital; superciliary large, with semicircular inner edge, proni- nent above the eye; three anterior oculars, sometimes a super- numerary fourth; uppermost largest, before the eye grooved, with a prominent ridge, raised on the surface of crown and reaching the vertical. Two moderate posterior oculars; one (two) loreal ; two large nasals, nostril between; nine upper labials, sometimes seventh divided into two, fifth and sixth coming into the orbit, sixth high, and forming the third part of hinder edge of orbit; in one specimen the hinder process of the sixth upper labial is separated, forming a third posterior ocular ; temporals small, scale-like. Scales rather elongate, in twenty-one (twenty- three) rows, those of the back obscurely keeled; anal bifid. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, and separated from the anterior ones by an interval. Above and beneath dull yellowish, with a dorsal brown zigzag line, very conspicuous in younger indivi- duals; older ones exhibit a series of oblique rounded or lozenge- shaped spots, always confluent towards the tail, and forming on the tail a straight, tapering, medial line; along each side a series а of brown or black smaller spots, alternating with former, confluent towards the tail, and forming a straight, black lateral line. On the sides of belly a third, less conspicuous row of spots, alter- nating with those of the second row; remainder of belly uniform. Head with symmetrical brown marks, sometimes uniform : a cross band on the forehead, a pair of spots between the eyes, a second on the sutures of vertical with occipitals, a third pair of streak-like spots on the occipitals; a dark, short, oblique streak beneath the eye, a second longer one from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of tail 13"; total length 4' 10". a 5. ZAMENIS VENTRIMACULATUS. Habit very slender, moderate in females. Olive, with dark cross bands, more conspicuous on the anterior part of body; crown of head uniform, or with dark cross bands; under the eye an obsolete dark spot. Scales smooth, in nineteen or twenty-one rows; upper labials nine, fifth and sixth coming into the orbit; two anterior and two posterior oculars; occipitals behind not F 5 106 REPTILES. rounded or pointed, forming together a straight line, rectangular to the medial suture; a pair of larger rounded scales behind. Var. A. Coluber ventrimaculatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. 1832, pl. f. 1. The specimen figured by Dr. Gray is a pregnant female. Coluber chesneii, Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 81. p Cross bands black, interrupted towards the side of back, and forming a vertebral series of transverse oblong and a lateral one of roundish spots, obsolete towards the tail; cross band between the eyes, spot under the eye and temple-streak black; form and structure of head-shields completely the same as in the next varieties. . a. Adult. Euphrates Expedition. b. Adult : female. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Original specimen of Dr. Gray's figure, exhibiting evidently the keels of ventral plates. c. Young. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Var. B. Whitish, with large, black-edged, round brown spots; in older age the black edges may become confluent, forming simple black cross bars; or perhaps it is a species. d-9. Half-grown and young. India. Presented by W. Masters, g . Esq. Var. C. Olive, without cross bands; a broad rose-coloured band along the whole back; form and structure of head shields com- pletely the same as in the following varieties. h, i. Adult and half-grown. Schiraz ; Kurdistan. Var. D. Couleuvre à bouquets, Geoffr. Descript. de l'Eg. pl. 8. f. 1. Coluber florulentus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 166. Zamenis flo- rulentus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 693. ? Coluber nummifer, Reuss, Mus. Senck. Cross bands dark olive, some or all more or less continued on the sides of abdomen; crown sometimes with dark olive cross bands; temple-streak none; dark spot under the eye. k-m. Adult and young. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. n. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. , 0. Adult: bad state. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. p. Adult: bad state. Egypt. Presented by Mr. Burton. 9. Half-grown. Egypt. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. r. Young. Egypt. Presented by Mr. Burton. s. Young. Egypt. From Mr. Thornton's Collection. t. Young. North Africa. SNAKES. 107 6. ZAMENIS DAHLII. Savigny, Descript. de l’Eg. Suppl. t. 4. f. 4. Tyria dahlii, Fitz. Neue Class. Rept. p. 60; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. Coluber ocellatus, Ménétriés. Tyria naiadum, Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Cau- cas. t. 27. Psammophis dahlii, Schleg. Ess. pl. 8. f. 12, 13. Za- menis dahlii, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 692. Habit very slender ; above uniform greenish, without any streaks on the crown ; on each side of the neck a series of large brown, yellow-edged round spots. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth shields touching the eye (sometimes the third is divided into two); occipital shields behind broad, rounded. . a. Adult. Dalmatia. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult. Dalmatia. Presented by Dr. Heckel. c. Adult Dalmatia. d, e. Adult. Xanthus. Xanthus. Presented by Sir Charles Fellows. f. Adult. Xanthus. From the Haslar Museum. g. Adult. North Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. h. Adult. North Africa ? greatly injured. i. Adult. North Africa ? From the Collection of the Zoological Society. The three last specimens uniform greenish above, without con- spicuous spots on the neck. 8. CORYPHODON, Dum. & Bibr. Body and tail generally elongate and compressed, sometimes very slender, sometimes moderate ; head with flat crown, rounded muzzle and moderate rostral shield. Loreal entire or divided ; anterior oculars one or two, posterior two or three. Scales elon- gate, rhomboid, in fourteen to nineteen rows (in one species in twenty-three). Maxillary teeth gradually larger and longer be- hind, smooth. East Indies ; America; Africa. Coryphodon, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 178. Natrix, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. CORYPHODON PANTHERINUS. Merrem, Beitr. ii. t. 11. Panthérine, Daud. Hist. d. Rept. vi. p. 318. Coluber compressus, Hermann, Observ. Zool. p. 285; Merr. Tent. pp. 102 & 107. Coluber capistratus, Licht. Catal. p. 104. Natrix scurrula, Spix, Serp. Brasil. pl. 8. Coluber lichtensteinii, Wied, Nova Act. xii. pl. 46, and Abbildg. pl. 15. f. 1; Beitr. p. 305; Wagler, Descript. et Icones, fasc. i. t. 4; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537; Schleg. Ess. t. 5. f. 13, 14. Corypho- don pantherinus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 181. 108 REPTILES. Pale brown, with darker, black-edged large spots, extending down on the paler belly. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows. a. Adult : very large specimen. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. Pernambuco. d. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. e. Half-grown: injured. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. f. Adult. Rio Janeiro. From the Haslar Collection. g. Adult. Brazils. Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. h. Half-grown. Brazils. Presented by Sir C. Stuart. i. Young : bad state. Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. k. Adult. Brazils. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. 1. Young. Brazils. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. m. Adult: bad state. South America. n. Young. South America. From the Haslar Collection. . o. Young. South America. From the Haslar Collection. 2. CORYPHODON CONSTRICTOR. Black Snake, Catesby, Hist. Nat. Carol. ii. pl. 48, with fig. ; Lacép. Hist. Nat. Serp. ii. p. 309. Coluber constrictor, Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. xii., not edit. x. ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. p. 464 ; Merr. Tent. p. 108; Latr. Hist. Nat. Rept. iv. p. 178; Daud. Hist. Nat. Rept. vi. p. 402; Schleg. Ess. pl. 5.f.3, 4. Coluber flavi- ventris, Say, Exped. Rocky Mount. pp. 167,337; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 2 (bad). Bascanion constrictor, Baird 8. Girard, Catal. p. 93. Coryphodon constrictor, Dum. &. Bibr. vii. p. 183. Above shining black, beneath blackish ash, throat whitish. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; posterior oculars two. a. Adult. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Half-grown. St. Domingo. From M. Salle's Collection. c. Adult: greatly injured. North America. d. Adult: not good state. North America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 3. CORYPHODON TESTACEUS. Coluber testaceus, Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mount. ii. p. 48; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. 1827, p. 348, and Med. & Phys. Res. 1835, p. 113; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 13. Coluber constrictor, var., Schleg. Ess. p. 133; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 150. Above pale sanguineous or testaceous, without any spot; the SNAKES. 109 hinder part of the body and the tail salmon-coloured ; beneath sanguineous. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; posterior oculars two. a, b. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. Both spe- cimens as Coluber erythrogaster, Shaw. c. Half-grown. Mexico. From H. Finck's Collection. With some obsolete black spots; only fifteen rows of scales. 4. CORYPHODON MARGARITIFERUS. Above and beneath blackish olive; each scale with a black centre and a pearl-coloured speck at the upper edge; a darker collar. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows. a. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. Description of the specimen.-Habit like that of Coronella austriaca; head moderate, with flat crown, rather obtuse snout and moderate eye. Rostral shield broader than high, just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals rather obtuse in front, broader behind; posterior ones not much longer, bent down on the sides; vertical five-sided, broad, but longer than broad, with a right angle behind ; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; an- terior ocular raised on the surface of crown, but not reaching the vertical ; two posterior oculars; one square loreal; two nasals, nostril between; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of orbit; one large temporal shield in contact with both hinder oculars, five smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in nineteen rows; anal bifid. Maxillary teeth gradually longer and larger behind, not grooved. Blackish olive, nearly black, each scale black at the base, with a minute pearl-coloured speck at the upper edge; spots more conspicuous anteriorly; neck with a broad, darker, lighter-edged collar. Lower jaw and throat yellowish, belly blackish olive. In the stomach I found a half-digested mouse. Length of cleft of mouth 3"; length of tail 29" ; total length 15". ' 5. CORYPHODON FASCIOLATUS. Russell, Ind. Serp. i. t. 21. Coluber fasciolatus, Shaw, Zool. p. 528; Cantor, Catal. p. 72. Scales smooth, in twenty-three rows; two anterior, two pos- terior oculars; rostral rather protruding. Yellowish olive, with equidistant, narrow, white and brown variegated cross bands, more conspicuous on the anterior part of body; beneath uniform yellowish. a. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 110 REPTILES. b. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. c. Adult. Benares. Presented by Dr. Sayer. d. Adult. East Indies. Original specimen of Dr. Russell. e. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by the Rev. Gerard E. Smith. f. Largest specimen ; 3' long. India. Presented by the Zoological Society g. Adult. India.-- In f and g, rostral thick. h. Half-grown. India. i. Half-grown: injured. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. k. Adult : not good state. India. Presented by the College of Surgeons. (=f.) 1. Adult. India. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. (=f.) 6. CORYPHODON HEXANOTUS. Coluber hexanotus, Cantor, Catal. of Malayan Rept. p. 74. Above nearly uniform dark brown. Scales smooth, in seven- teen rows, those of the vertebral line larger, six-sided ; posterior oculars three; only one upper labial reaching the orbit. Q. Adult. Borneo. Fresented by Sir James Brooke. b. Adult. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. c. Adult : without tail. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. d. Half-grown. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke.- On the anterior part of back a dark longitudinal zigzag line. 7. CORYPHODON KORROS. Coluber korros, Reinw.; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 139, and Abbildg. t. 27, t. 28. f. 1-6. Coluber cancellatus, Oppel, Mus. Paris; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.537. Coryphodon korros, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 186. Olive : scales on the hinder part of body and on the tail black- edged. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows. a. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. b. Adult. China. c. Half-grown. Mergui. Presented by Prof. Oldham as Pole- pidotes lividus (?); without intestines. d. Adult. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. e. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. f. Adult. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. g. Adult : injured. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. . h. Adult. Java? From Mr. Argent's Collection. SNAKES. 111 8. CORYPHODON BLUMENBACHII. Coluber mucosus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 13. f. 2, t. 23. f. 2 (bad); Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 536. Russell, i. t. 34, ii. t. 18. f. 2, young; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. i1. pl. 34; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 156; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 355. Coluber blumenbachii, Merr. Tent. p. 119; Schleg. Ess. pl. 5. f. 7, 8. Coluber dhumna, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, and Catal. of Malayan Rept. p. 74. Cory- phodon blumenbachii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 184. Olive: scales of the hinder part of body and of tail with black edges, forming sometimes more or less regular, narrow, transverse streaks. Scales of the back keeled, in seventeen rows. a. Adult. India. Colonel Cobbe's Collection. b. Adult. India. Colonel Cobbe's Collection. c. Adult. India. Colonel Cobbe's Collection. d. Adult : bad state. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. e. Adult : discoloured. India. Purchased. f. Half-grown: discoloured. India. Purchased. g. Half-grown. India. h. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. i. Young : bad state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. k. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 1, m. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. n. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. . 0-9. Adult: bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. r, s. Young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. . t. Large specimen. Calcutta. Presented by the Zoological Society u. Half-grown: bad state. Bengal. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. v. Tail of a very large male. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. w. Adult: in fluid : bad state. China. X. Adult: bad state. China. Presented by Mr. Lindsey. y. Adult: bad state. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. 2. Adult. East Indies. From Mr. Argent's Collection. a. Adult: bad state. East Indies. oid Collection. B. Adult : rather discoloured. East Indies. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 7,8. Half-grown. East Indies. €. Half-grown : bad state. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. n. Half-grown. East Indies. 0. Half-grown: not good state. East Indies. 112 REPTILES. 1. Half-grown : not good state. East Indies. Presented by Dr. Packmann. k. Young : not good state. East Indies. 1. Young. East Indies. p. Young: bad state. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. eye; nine 9. CORYPHODON FUSCUS. All the scales smooth, in fourteen or sixteen rows; upper labials nine. a. Ten feet long. Borneo. b. Nearly adult. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. Description.- Habit slender, similar to Herpetodryas cari- natus; neck rather thin, head distinct ; eye large; shields of crown regular ; nostril rather large, between two shields; one to three loreals, as in Cor. blumenbachii ; two anterior orbitals, the upper one largest, raised on the crown, not reaching the vertical ; the inferior one small, elongate, situated in the anterior, inferior angle of upper labials, the fifth and sixth forming the lower edge of eye, the seventh triangular, the eighth nearly twice as large as ninth ; generally two posterior oculars, sometimes the hinder process of the sixth upper labial separated and forming a third post-orbital ; two pairs of temporal shields. Scales of the dorsal and outer rows broad quadrangular, those on the sides more elongate, all perfectly smooth, and the longitudinal rows arranged in pairs; anal bifid. Back uniform brown, shining ; belly uniform yellowish; from about the middle of body on each side a broad, first blackish, then black band, extending to the tip of tail; tail exactly one-fourth of total length. Coryphodon fuscus is different from Coluber dhumna, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839. We cannot think that he would only have considered a snake with scales, arranged in pairs, as "a variety of Coluber blumenbachii with uniformly smooth scales," as he considers the above species in his Catalogue of Malayan Reptiles, p. 74. 10. CORYPHODON CARINATUS. Coluber dhumnades, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 483, and Catal. of Mal. Reptiles, p. 74. Scales in fourteen or sixteen rows, the dorsal of which are keeled; upper labials eight. a. Adult: 10' long. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher. b. Adult. Chusan. Presented by Dr. Cantor. SNAKES. 113 c, d. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Dr. Hooker. e, f. Adult: bad state. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. Hooker. g. Adult. Affghanistan. a, b, present strong keels only on the pair of vertebral rows; C-9, weaker keels on four dorsal rows. Fam. V. DRYADIDÆ. Body generally elongate, not much compressed (except in a few species); tail proportionally elongate, slender, not distinct from trunk, tapering; head moderate, or with elongate muzzle, distinct from neck; shields of head regular, posterior frontals truncated behind, loreal sometimes wanting; generally one an- terior and two posterior oculars; scales elongate, lanceolate; subcaudals two-rowed; eye rather large, pupil round. No longer tooth in front, or in the middle of the maxillary bone. Herpetodryas, Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 173. Isodontiens, part., Dromicus, Dryophylax, Dum. 8. Bibr. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. HERPETODRYAS. Body not much compressed; two nasals; teeth equal, smooth. America. 2. CYCLOPHIS. Body rounded; one nasal; teeth equal, smooth. North America; East Indies. 3. DRYOCALAMUS. Body much compressed; one nasal ; teeth equal, smooth. 4. GONYOSOMA. Body much compressed; two nasals; teeth equal, smooth. East Indies. 5. PHILODRYAS. Hinder maxillary teeth grooved. South America; Madagascar. 6. DROMICUS. Hinder maxillary tooth longest, not grooved, separated by an interspace. West Indies; South America. 1. HERPETODRYAS, Boie. Teeth equal in length, none grooved. Body generally very slender, rounded or slightly compressed; head elongate, with flat crown, distinct from neck; one loreal; two nasals; one an- terior, two posterior oculars. Scales elongate, in not more than . nineteen rows. Eye large. Warmer parts of America, Herpetodryas, Boie, Isis, 1827; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 180; 114 REPTILES. Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 203. Psammophis, sp., Holbr. I. c. p. ii; Hallow. Journ. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 178. Herpeto- dryas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 173. Macrops, Wagl. I. c. p. 182. Coronella, sp., Boie, 1.c. p. 539. 1. HERPETODRYAS FUSCUS. Coluber fuscus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 17. f. 1. Coluber saturninus, Linn.l. c. t. 9.f. 1. Coluber subfuscus, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 229. Natrix saturnina, Laur. Rept. p. 77 ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 498. Coluber lævicollis, Wied, Beitr. p. 296. Macrops saturninus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 182. Herpetodryas carinatus, var., Schleg. Ess. t. 7. f. 3, 4 (not f. 1, 2). Herpeto- dryas fuscus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 209. . All the scales smooth, in ten or twelve rows. a. Very large specimen : 8' long ; circumference of body 57". Female. British Guiana? Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk. b. Adult: greatly injured. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. C. Adult : injured. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. d. Adult. Brazils. e. Adult: injured. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart. f. Half-grown : head injured. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. g. Half-grown : badly preserved. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. h. Adult. Guadaloupe. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. i. Adult: head injured. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Col- lection. k. Adult. Sine patria. 1. Adult : not good state. Sine patria. m. Half-grown male: bad state. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. Young specimens: Dendrophis viridis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 202. pl. 79 (coloration bad). Olive, with narrow, lighter, rather oblique cross bands. . n. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. 0. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. These specimens agree perfectly with the description of Den- drophis viridis given by Duméril , l. c., as to the arrangement and structure of the head-shields and scales. On the other hand, they agree quite as well with the specimens of H. fuscus which exhibit the fourth upper labial coming into the orbit. An accurate examination of all our specimens of H. fuscus shows that the above shield often enters the orbit. As to the SNAKES. 115 coloration, Schlegel mentions (Essai, ii. p. 179) young individuals provided with whitish cross bands; and the imperfect condition of the only specimen, upon which the species was founded by the French herpetologists, led them to believe that it was uniform green-coloured. 2. HERPETODRYAS CARINATUS. Coluber carinatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. p. 384. Cheronius carinatus, Fitz. Neue Classif. p. 60. Tyria quadricarinata, Fitz. Neue Classif. p. 69. Herpetodryas carinatus, H. bicarinatus, H. quadricarinatus, and H. sexcarinatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 548. Coluber bicarinatus, Wied, Beitr. p. 284, and Abbildg. viii. t. 2. Coluber pyrrhopogon, Wied, Beitr. p. 291, and Abbildg. ix. t. 3. Natrix bicarinata and N. sexcarinata, Wagl. Serp. Bras. t. 7, & t. 6.f. 1. Natrix cinnamomea, Wagl. Icones ; Wagl. Naturl. Syst. der Amph. p. 180; Schleg. Ess. t. 7. f. 5–7, and Abbildg. t. 44. f. 10-12 (skull); Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 207. Scales in ten or twelve rows, some of which are keeled. a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. 6. Adult: injured. Brazil. c. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. d. Adult: injured. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection, . e. Half-grown: injured. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. , f. Adult. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. g. Adult: injured. Trinidad. h, i. Adult. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. k. Adult. America. Presented by Mr. Tenrant. 1. Adult. America. From Mr. Bartlett's Collection. m. Adult: bad state. America. Old Collection. m . n. Adult. America. Presented by Mr. Tennant. 0. Adult male : bleached. America. Old Collection. p. Young : injured. America.-Anterior part of back with a yellow vertebral line; second and third pair of subcaudals united. 3. HERPETODRYAS BODDAERTII. Coluber boddaertii, Seetzen in Meyer's Archiv, ii. p. 59; Merr. Tent. p. 110. Coronella boddaertii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Herpetodryas boddaertii, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 185; Dum. & Bibr. p. 210. Upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth coming into the orbit; two posterior oculars, one ante-ocular reaching the vertical. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; habit moderately 116 REPTILES. slender. Uniform olive-green, sometimes with two narrow, paler, longitudinal streaks; beneath uniform pale olive; ventral shields recurved on the sides. A. With conspicuous longitudinal streaks. a. Adult. Para From Mr. Stevens's Collection. 6. Adult. Demerara. b From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. c. Adult: injured. Maracaibo. Maracaibo. Presented by Mr. Lowe. d. Adult. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. e, f. Young : not good state. W. Indies. Presented by Colonel . Reid. g. Adult: head injured. West Indies. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq. B. Without streaks. h. Adult. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. i. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. k. Adult. West Indies. Presented by G. Cook, Esq. 1. Adult. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. m. Adult. Berbice. n. Adult. America. From the Paris Museum. 0. Adult: greatly injured. America. p. Half-grown. America. 4. HERPETODRYAS BRUNNEUS. Scales keeled, in seventeen rows; nine upper labials; above uniform brown, beneath yellowish. a. Adult. Guayaquil. . Description of the specimen.-Habit like that of H. boddaertii. Shields of head proportionate; vertical rather broad in front, with concave outer edges and a right angle behind. Occipitals rather small, divergent behind, and forming a rather obtuse angle ; anterior ocular single, raised on the surface of crown, but not reaching the vertical; two posterior oculars; nine upper labials, the fourth, fifth and sixth coming into the orbit; five temporal shields, two of which are in contact with the oculars. Scales elongate, in seventeen rows, those of the seven dorsal rows keeled. Above uniform brown (without epiderinis olive); belly yellowish, the dark coloration of the back extending on the edges of ab- domen. Length of the cleft of mouth l"; length of tail 12"; total length 39". 5. HERPETODRYAS RAPPII. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; one anterior ocular; nine upper labials, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the orbit. SNAKES. 117 Adult: back with a broad, dark brown, anteriorly yellow-edged dorsal band; sides brown, irregularly black-spotted; belly uni- form yellowish, on the sides black-spotted; longitudinal bands along the middle of belly very obsolete. Younger individuals: back with quadrangular brownish-olive cross bars, alternating with more irregular lateral spots; belly more or less black-spotted, spots sometimes arranged in longi- tudinal rows. a. Adult. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. b. Half-grown. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. c, d. Half-grown. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. - e. Half-grown. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. f. Half-grown: not good state. Berbice. g. Young: bad state. Brazil. Old Collection. h. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. i. Young. America. k. Half-grown. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. 1, m. Half-grown. America. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq. n. Young : bad state. America. 0. Half-grown. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Description.-Habit slender ; head depressed, flat, rather narrow, but distinct from neck; eye moderate. Rostral shield broader than high, rounded above, reaching the surface of head; frontals moderate, subquadrangular; vertical more than twice as long as broad, with much convergent and concave outer edges, and a right angle behind; occipitals moderate, rather deeply forked (under a right angle), in young individuals pot forked; anterior ocular raised on the surface of crown, grooved before the eye, not reaching the vertical ; two posterior oculars; super- ciliary prominent, elongate ; loreal elongate, two moderate nasals; upper labials nine, fourth, fifth and sixth coming into the orbit; temporal shields five or six, two elongate in front, two broader ones behind, one or two small ones between. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in seventeen rows; anal bifid. Teeth equal, smooth. This species is one of the most interesting, on account of the differences of colour in old and young individuals. We may add to the above description of the colour, that some scales of the front part of the brown dorsal band, occupying the whole breadth of the back, are white-edged, forming together narrow white lines; upper labials yellow, above and beneath black-edged ; lower jaw, chin and throat black, with a few rounded white spots. In younger individuals the dorsal cross bands are very regularly quadrangular-oblong, the lateral ones subquadrangular; ground colour of the throat black, but the round white spots are pre- dominant. This species is named in honour of Professor W.von 118 REPTILES. Rapp, of Tübingen, the author of a celebrated work on the Edentata, who constantly directed my attention to the great variations of colour to which the lower Vertebrata especially are subjected. 6. HERPETODRYAS FLAGELLIFORMIS. Coach-whip Snake, Anguis flagelliformis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. ii. t. 54; Bartr. Trav. in Carol. p. 219. Coluber flagellum, Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii. p. 475. Herpetodryas psammophis, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 195; Abbildg. t. 44. f. 21-24. Psammophis flagelli- formis, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. pl. 2. Masticophis flagelli- formis, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 98. Herpetodryas flagelliformis, p Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. 210. Body very slender and elongated; tail one-fourth the length of body. Scales lanceolate, smooth, in seventeen (nineteen) rows. Above greyish brown, sometimes with darker blotches, beneath lighter, more or less blotched with purplish brown. a. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. p. 7. HERPETODRYAS FLAVIGULARIS. Psammophis flavigularis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 178; Sitgreave's Report of an Exped. pl. 11. Masti- cophis flavigularis, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 99; Marcy, Ex- plor. of the Red River, p. 230. Habit slender. Scales smooth, in seventeen or nineteen rows; two anterior and two posterior oculars; upper ante-ocular reaching the vertical; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Above dirty yellow, beneath yellowish; belly with a more or less conspicuous lateral series of darker spots. a. Skin of an adult, in spirit. Texas. From Mr. Cuming's Collection (seventeen rows). Var. On each side of body and tail a yellow, dark-edged band; а a second parallel yellowish line above it. Scales in nineteen rows. b. Adult North America. 8. HERPETODRYAS DENDROPHIS. Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 197, and Abbildg. t. 44. f. 25–28; Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 208. . Scales keeled, in fifteen rows. Olive, with darker cross-bands. a. Adult female : discoloured, in fluid. Cayenne. SNAKES. 119 2. CYCLOPHIS, Günther. Habit slender; belly rounded; head ovoid, distinct from neck; shields of crown regular; one anterior, two posterior oculars; one loreal (in one species wanting); one nasal, pierced by the nostril. Scales subelliptical, rather large, smooth, in fifteen rows (in one species keeled, in seventeen). Eye rather large, pupil round. All the teeth equal, smooth. East Indies; North America. Chlorosoma, Baird 8. Girard, Catal. p. 108. Leptophis, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. p. 17; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 106. Herpetodryas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 187. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. CYCLOPHIS ÆSTIVUS. Catesby, Hist. Carol. ii. t. 57. Coluber æstivus, Linn. Syst. Nat.i. p. 387; Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 551; Harl. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 357, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 121; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 395; Latr. Rept. iii. p. 88; Daud. Rept. viii. p. 101. Natrix æstiva, Merr. Tent. p. 121. Herpe- todryas æstivus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 7. f. 12, 13; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 209. Leptophis æstivus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. t. 3. Leptophis æstivus and L. majalis, Baird & Girard, Čatal.p. 106, and in Marcy, Explor. of the Red River, pl. 9. Scales keeled, in seventeen rows; seven upper labials; one nasal; snout rounded, rather blunt in front. Above uniform olive-green, beneath paler. (See Philodryas estivus.) a. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. New Orleans. From M. Salle's Collection. c. Adult. California. Presented by Mrs. Drummond. d. Adult. Michigan. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Adult. Delaware. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. f. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. g-i. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. k, l. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. m. Adult: male. N. America. Presented by Edward Double- day, Esq. n. Adult. America. From Paris. 0. Half-grown. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. p. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. 9. Adult. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 2. CYCLOPHIS VERNALIS. Coluber vernalis, (Dekay) Harl. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 120 REPTILES. 1827, p. 361, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 124; Storer, Reports, p. 224; Dekay, New York Fauna, Rept. t. 11. f. 22; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 17. ? Coluber cyaneus, Shaw, Zool. 506 (without synon.). Chlorosoma vernalis, Baird & Girard, Catal. p: p. 108. Uniform green, paler beneath. Upper labials seven. a. Adult. North America. Presented by Dr. J. Bell. b, c. Adult. North America. d. Young. North America. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. e. Half-grown: discoloured. Florida. Old Collection. f. Adult. North America. g. Adult. N. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Adult : discoloured. North America. Old Collection. Named by Dr. E. W. Gray, and described by Dr. Shaw as Coluber cyaneus. (The genus Chlorosoma, established by Wagler for Philodryas viridissimus, cannot be applied to Coluber vernalis; they are too different from one another.) 3. CYCLOPHIS MAJOR. Uniform green, paler beneath. Upper labials eight. a. Adult. Near Ningpo, China. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Quite similar to C. vernalis, except in the number of labial shields and in size. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 7"; total length 30%". 4. CYCLOPHIS FRENATUS. Upper labials seven. Olive (in spirits): on each side of the anterior part of body three black longitudinal stripes, the upper one broadest, beginning from the eye. a. Mountains near Affghanistan. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. Description.-Habit more slender than in the other species; head distinct from the slender neck, broad between the eyes, with short muzzle. Rostral broad, rounded, reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals narrow; posterior ones twice as broad, and bent on the sides; vertical broad in front, with very diver- gent lateral edges; superciliaries broad behind; occipitals rounded and divergent behind; one anterior, two posterior frontals; loreal square; nostril in the centre of nasal, its cleft reaching the first labial; seven upper labials, the third and fourth form- ing the lower edge of orbit; three large temporals; chin-shields regular. Anal bifid. Crown of head, back, posterior part of SNAKES. 121 body uniform olive; a broad black band beginning from the back edge of eye, tapering and disappearing on the second fifth of total length, a second from the throat along the edges of the ventral plates, and a third intermediate; both the latter much narrower than the first, and disappearing on the same region. Beneath uniform yellowish. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 8"; total length 27". 5. CyclopHIS TRICOLOR. Herpetodryas tricolor, Schleg. Ess. p. 187. pl. 6. f. 16-18. Loreal none; eight upper labials. Above greenish olive, be- neath yellowish, a black streak from the back edge of eye along the sides of the anterior part of body. a. Adult. Java. From the Java. From the Leyden Museum. 3. DRYOCALAMUS, Günther. Teeth equal in length, none grooved. Body very slender, much compressed; head short, with rounded muzzle, depressed; loreal united with anterior ocular, two posterior ones; one nasal, pierced by the nostril. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows. Ventral plates appearing to be formed out of three pieces, one medial and two lateral ones; latter raised on the sides, erect. Eye moderate. - 1. DRYOCALAMUS TRISTRIGATUS. Above brown, with three white longitudinal stripes; beneath whitish. a. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. Description.-In general appearance similar to Ablabes gemi- natus, but more slender and compressed; head with flat crown, depressed; muzzle rather short, rounded. Rostral shield broad, raised on the surface of head; frontals moderate, both pairs not bent on the sides; vertical twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel outer edges, and a right angle behind; occipitals elon- gate, obtuse behind; two posterior oculars, anterior ocular united with loreal ; one quadrangular nasal pierced by the nostril; seven upper labials, third and fourth forming the lower edge of orbit. Two temporal shields in contact with both posterior oculars; first pair of lower labials forming together a suture; two pairs of chin-shields behind. Scales short, rhombic, smooth, in fifteen rows. Ventral plates strongly keeled, and raised on the sides ; anal entire. Above brown, with three white streaks from the G 122 REPTILES. occiput to the tip of tail, each occupying one scale and two halves; belly and outer row of scales uniform whitish. Length of cleft of mouth a"; length of tail 31"; total length 143". 5 12 4. GONYOSOMA, Wagl. Dryadida with smooth teeth, equal in length. Head with flat crown and a much-elongated muzzle; one anterior and two posterior ocular shields; two nasals; body very long, com- pressed, much higher than broad; belly flat; ventral plates an- gularly keeled and recurved on the sides; tail long. Scales moderate, lanceolate, along the back less elongate than on the sides. Gonyosoma, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 184; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 213. Herpetodryas, sp., Schlegel, Cantor, &c. Tyria, . sp., Fitzinger. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. GONYOSOMA OXYCEPHALUM. Coluber oxycephalus, Reinw.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537. Tyria oxycephala, Fitz. Neue Classif. p. 60. ? Coluber cærulescens, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 20. f. 2; Daudin, Rept. vi. p. 320; Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii. p. 514; (Merr. Tent. p. 112. Natrix cæru- lescens = Dryophylax viridissimus). Coluber subcyaneus, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 239. Gonyosoma viride, Wagl. Icon. t. 9, and Nat. Syst. p. 185. Herpetodryas oxycephalus, Schleg. Ess. t. 7. f. 8-10, and Abbildg. t. 44. f. 1-9 (Java); Cantor, Catal. of Malayan Rept. p. 80. Gonyosoma oxycephalum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 213. Scales in twenty-three to twenty-five rows; loreal shield very slender, elongate. Head with a dark streak above the lips through the eye on each side of the neck. Var. A. Above green (in spirits blue), beneath yellowish. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. b, c. Adult and half-grown. Java? From Mr. Argent's Col- lection. d. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Sir James Brooke. e. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. f. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. g. Young: injured. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. (Posterior frontals divided into two.) h. Adult: rather discoloured. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke. SNAKES. 123 i. Adult: bleached. Singapore. Presented by General Hard- wicke. k. Adult : rather discoloured. India. Presented by Professor k Oldham. 1. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. m. Adult. India. n. Adult. India. Var. B. Brown, with a black band along the sides. 2. GONYOSOMA FRENATUM. Herpetodryas frenatus, J. E. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 390. Scales in nineteen rows; loreal shield none. Head with a very well-defined black streak through the eye to the cheek. Uniform green. a. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. 5. PHILODRYAS, Wagler. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved. Body and tail elongate, more or less compressed; head conical. One loreal ; anterior ocular generally one; posterior two or three. Scales moderate, in seventeen to twenty-one rows. Eye moderate. South America; Madagascar. Dryophylax, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1103. Herpetodryas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 173. Xenodon, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, 541; Schleg. l. c. p. 91. Philodryas and Chlorosoma, Wagl. Natürl. Syst. Amph. p. 185. Coronella, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. P: 1. PHILODRYAS VIRIDISSIMUS. Coluber viridissimus, Linn. edit. xii. p. 388; Mus. Ad. Fried. p. 46; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. Encycl. p. 697; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 315; Bonnat. Ophiol . Encycl. Méth. p. 12; p Merr. Beitr. i. pl. 12; Latr. Hist. Rept. iv. p. 128. Coluber janthinus and C. viridissimus, Daud. Hist. Rept. vi. p. 273 a, 302. Natrix cærulescens et viridissima, Merr. Tent. pp. 112 & 113. Coronella viridissima, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Chlorosoma viri- dissimum, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 185. Herpetodryas viri- dissimus, Schleg. Ess. t. 7. f. 10, ll; Filippi, Catal. (Bibl. Ital. t. 99). Dryophylax viridissimus, Dum.& Bibr. vii. p. 1106. . . Head moderate, with flat crown ; loreal shield rather elongate; body compressed; belly flat; abdominal plates angularly recurved 2 G 2 124 REPTILES. Uniform green on the sides; scales smooth, in nineteen rows. (in spirits blue); beneath paler. a. Adult. Cayenne. Presented by H. Cadogan Rothery. a b, c. Adult. Berbice. d. Adult: head injured. Berbice. . . e. Greatly injured. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. f. Adult : discoloured. America. g. Nearly adult : injured. America. h. Half-grown: injured. America. Presented by Mr. Tennant. . i. Half-grown. America. Presented by J. C. Taunton, Esq. k. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq. 1. Half-grown: bad state. Pernambuco. m. Young : bad state. Brazil. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. n. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. A black streak through the eye. 0. Adult. .? p. Adult : not good state. America. : 9. Adult : not good state. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. - 2. PHILODRYAS OLFERSII. Coluber olfersii, Lichtenstein, Doubl. p. 104. Coluber oliva- ceus, Olfers. Coluber pileatus, Wied, Beitr. p. 344, and Abbildg. Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537. Coluber herbeus, Wied, Beitr. p. 349, and Abbildg. viii. t. 3. Philodryas olfersii, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 185. Herpetodryas olfersii, Schleg. Éss. t. 7. f. 14, 15. Dryophylax olfersii, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1109. Body not much compressed. Scales smooth; upper labials eight. Green : crown of head and vertebral line reddish brown; temple with a black streak from the eye. a. Adult. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection. b. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. c. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. d. Half-grown. Brazil. e. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. f. Half-grown. Rio Janeiro. Presented by Mr. Busk. g. Adult female. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. h. Young. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. i. Half-grown. Bahia. From the Haslar Collection. k. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Captain Sabine. 1. Adult America. SNAKES. 125 m. Adult: injured. America. From the Haslar Collection. n. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. o. Fine specimen. Argentine Republic. Presented by the Zoological Society. Above uniform green. 3. PHILODRYAS ÆSTIVUS. Dryophylax æstivus, Dum. Bibr. p. 1111. Scales keeled, in nineteen or twenty-one rows; two nasals ; snout rounded in front; rostral conically pointed. Above uni- form olive-green, beneath paler. (See Cyclophis æstivus.) a. Adult. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection. b. Young. Brazil. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. c. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. Scales in twenty-one rows. d. 29" long. Argentine Republic. Presented by the Zoolo- gical Society. Scales in twenty-one rows. 4. PHILODRYAS SCHOTTII. Coluber schottii, Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept. p.57. Xenodon schottii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541; Schleg. Ess. pl. 3. f. 8, 9. Pseudophis schottii, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 26. Dryophylax schottii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1118. Scales smooth, lanceolate, in very oblique rows; nineteen rows. Greenish olive, each scale black-edged. a. Adult. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection. b. Adult: tail injured. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. c. Adult: not good state. Brazil. From the Haslar Collection. 5. PHILODRYAS SERRA. Herpetodryas serra, Schleg. Ess. pl. 7. f. 1, 2. Dryophylax serra, Dum. ſ. Bibr. p. 1113. , 8 Scales keeled, in twenty-one rows. Brownish: a dorsal series of large black square spots; posteriorly uniform blackish. Brazil. 6. PHILODRYAS GOUDOTII. Herpetodryas goudotii, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 187. Dryophylax goudotii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1122. Scales smooth, in twenty-one rows; brownish, paler beneath ; back with numerous black, narrow, oblique cross streaks. Mada- gascar. 126 REPTILES. 7. PHILODRYAS DORSALIS. Scales smooth; upper labials seven. Olive: back dark olive or brown; belly posteriorly marbled with black, a. Adult. St. Domingo. From M. Salle's Collection. Description.- Body moderately slender ; tail elongate; head with flat crown, and rather obtuse muzzle; rostral shield broad, obtuse above, not reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, circular, spheroid ; posterior ones bent on the sides ; ver- tical moderate, with rather convergent outer edges, and an acute angle behind; superciliaries large, broad behind, prominent ; occipitals behind rather narrow, rounded. Anterior ocular deeply grooved, raised on the surface of head, but not reaching the vertical; two posterior oculars ; loreal moderate; two small nasals; seven upper labials, third and fourth forming the lower edge of eye; only one elongate temporal in contact with one or both oculars, four shorter ones behind. Scales moderate, in nineteen rows; anal bifid. Back dark olive, nearly black ; sides ; and belly olive, about the middle of body marbled with black. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved. Length of cleft of mouth ?"; length of tail 14"; total length 44". 6. DROMICUS, Bibron. Posterior maxillary tooth largest, smooth. Body and tail generally moderate, sometimes slender, rounded; head with flat crown, moderate. One loreal (in D. ater wanting); anterior ocular one, posterior two. Scales rather short, generally in seventeen or nineteen, exceptionally in fifteen, in one species in twenty-three rows. Eye moderate. West Indies; S. America. Dromicus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 646. Leptophis, sp., Dum. Bibr. vii. p. 53. Psammophis, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 214, 218. Herpetodryas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii . p. 184, 199. Natrix, sp., Gosse, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica (note). Coronella, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 532; Wiegm. Nov. Act. 1835. Coluber, sp., auct. prior 1. DROMICUS MARGARITIFERUS. Coluber hickanella, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 511. Herpetodryas margaritiferus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 184, and Abbildg. t. 44. f. 19, 20, Leptophis margaritiferus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 53 Zamenis tricolor, Hallowell, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 34. f. 3. p One can hardly understand how a herpetologist could describe as a new species, a snake known for more than fifty years, twice described in the most perfect way in the two principal works on SNAKES 127 a Snakes, once figured, and so well known in all the Collections of Europe; we have not even a good figure to recompense us for such a mistake. Scales slightly keeled, in seventeen or nineteen rows; each scale black, marked in the centre with a blue (in spirits bluish- white or yellow) spot. a. Adult: large specimen. Honduras. b. Adult. Honduras. c. Many specimens. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. d. Many specimens. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. e. Adult. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. f. Half-grown : greatly injured. Mexico. . g. Half-grown. Central America. From Mr. Gould's Collection. h. Half-grown. Caraccas. i. Half-grown. Mexico. From M. Sallé's Collection. 2. DROMICUS ATER. Black Snake, Natrix atra, Gosse, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 228. Grey Snake, Natrix capistrata, Gosse, I. c. p. 371. We have not the least doubt that Duméril's Dromicus leuco- melas should be introduced into the synonymy, although he de- scribes the loreal shield as “une peu plus longue que haute," the absence of which is so characteristic of the species. Some parts of the seventh volume of the Erpétologie générale are so crowded with such mistakes, as to render the use of those portions of it only a loss of time. Loreal shield none. Uniform black or brownish black, or greyish brown or grey; sometimes with distant, large, distinct square spots. Var. A. Uniform black. a. Adult. West Indies. b. Adult. West Indies. c. Adult. West Indies. From the Zoological Society's Collection. d. Adult : injured. Jamaica. Presented by R. Heward, Esq. e. Half-grown. Jamaica ; Bluefields. From Mr. Gosse's Col- lection. The type of his description. f. Half-grown. Jamaica. g. Adult : not good state. Jamaica. Presented by the Zoo- logical Society. h. Adult: very bad state. Jamaica. From the Haslar Collection. i. Adult : discoloured. Jamaica. Old Collection. j. Half-grown: bad state. Jamaica. 128 REPTILES. Var. B. Black, with some large white spots. k Adult. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. Var. C. Uniform brownish black. 1. Adult : female. Jamaica. Presented by R. Heward, Esq. m. Adult. West Indies. n. Adult. West Indies. Var. D. Uniform greyish brown or grey: N.capistrata, Gosse. 0. Half-grown. West Indies. p. Half-grown. West Indies. q. Half-grown. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. r. Half-grown. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. s. Half-grown: bad state. Jamaica; Bluefields. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. t. Half-grown. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. u. Half-grown. Jamaica. Presented by Captain Parry. . v. Young : very bad state. bad state. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Col- lection. w. Adult. West Indies. Presented by J. C. Taunton, Esq. 2. Young. Delaware. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. Scales in seventeen rows. Var. E. Greyish brown or grey, with some large white spots. y. Adult. West Indies. Var. F. Greyish white, with large, square black spots. z. Adult. West Indies. a. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. 3. DROMICUS PLEII. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 661. Habit slender. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; one loreal, eight (nine, Dum. & Bibr.) upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Above brownish olive, sides separated from the back by a blackish line; belly yellowish, on each side of the ventral plates an oblong black spot, forming a punctated longitudinal line on the edges of abdomen. a. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. 4. DROMICUS AFFINIS. Habit moderately slender. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; one loreal; seven upper labials, the third and fourth coming into SNAKES. 129 the orbit. Back greyish olive, the darker coloration of the sides well-defined towards the back; a black streak through the eye, confluent with a black spot on the neck; behind the eye a whitish spot. Belly yellowish, on each side of the ventral plates a small black spot, forming a punctated longitudinal line on the edges of abdomen. a. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. b. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by G. Busk, Esq. c. Half-grown. Brazil. From the Haslar Collection. ? Var. Scales in nineteen rows; above uniform brown, paler beneath, a blackish streak through the eye. Perhaps = Dro- micus unicolor, Dum. & Bibr. p. 658. d. Adult. Jamaica. Presented by R. Heward, Esq. Sometimes a very narrow, distinct, medial brown line, be- ginning from the collar-like spot on the neck, more conspicuous in front; on the posterior parts the back is separated from the sides by a similar very narrow punctated line; the punctated lines of abdomen continued on the tail; anal bifid; anterior ocular just reaching the surface of crown; two posterior ones. 5. DROMICUS ANGULIFER. Bibron, in Hist. de l'Ile de Cuba de M. Ramon de la Sagra, p. 222, and Atlas, pl. 27, named Coluber cantherigerus (head not good). Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 670. Habit slender. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; one loreal shield ; nine upper labials, the fourth, fifth and sixth coming into the orbit; two posterior oculars; one ante-ocular, not reaching the vertical. Olive or light brown, with a few large, black, arrow-shaped spots on the back; belly uniform yellowish. (See Dromicus antillensis and Philodryas dorsalis, natives of the same islands.) a. Adult. Cuba. From M. Salle's Collection. b. Half-grown. Cuba. From Mr. Jamrach's Collection. 6. DROMICUS ANTILLENSIS. Psammophis antillensis, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 214. Dromicus antillensis, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 659. Habit slender. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; one anterior, two posterior oculars; eight upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Light brown above, with more or less conspicuous darker stripes; beneath dull yellowish, brown- G 5 130 REPTILES. marbled. (See Dromicus angulifer and Philodryas dorsalis, na- tives of the same islands.) a. Adult. St. Thomas. From M. Salle's Collection. 7. DROMICUS RUFIVENTRIS. Coluber rufiventris, Mus. Berol. Dromicus rufiventris, Dum. . 8 Bibr. p. 668. Habit moderately slender. Scales smooth, in twenty-three rows; one loreal ; eight upper labials, third, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Above brown, with irregular darker lon- gitudinal streaks; a reddish-brown streak from the muzzle through the eye, along the sides of neck, soon disappearing. Belly dull yellowish, marbled with brown. a. Adult. W. Indies; St. Kitt's. Presented by — Hogan, Esq. b. Adult. St. Kitt’s. Presented by - Hogan, Esq. c, d. Half-grown. St. Kitt's. Presented by Hogan, Esq. {-.. Half-grown. St. Kitt's. Presented by Hogan, Esq. h. Adult. West Indies. i. Nearly half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. k-n. Young: very bad state. West Indies. o. Young: not good state. West Indies. Old Collection. - - 8. DROMICUS RUFODORSATUS. Similar to D. rufiventris. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; one loreal, eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit (third exceptionally). Above brown, with two rows of darker rounded spots, posteriorly confluent into cross bars; a dark temple streak; belly greyish, marbled with brown. a. Adult : male. America. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult : bad state. America. c. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society, d. Young. ? Antigua. From Mr. Gardiner's Collection. Description.-Body slender, tail moderate ; head elongate with flat crown, narrow; muzzle broad in front. Rostral shield much broader than high, raised to the surface of head; anterior fron- tals longer than broad, posterior ones moderate ; vertical broad in front, with convergent outer edges and a right angle behind ; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; anterior ocular large, raised on the surface of crown, but not reaching the vertical, there is accidentally a second minute one in the lower front angle of eye; two (exceptionally three) posterior oculars; one loreal, two na- sals, eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; in one specimen, third, fourth and fifth ; eight to ten temporals, - SNAKES. 131 two of which are in contact with the oculars. Scales moderate, rhomboid, in nineteen rows, smooth; anal bifid. Above brown, with two rows of darker rounded spots, confluent into cross bands about the middle of body; on the neck the five or six first spots alternate with yellow ones; beneath greyish, marbled with brown; a dark streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, separated from the other ones by an interval. Coloration not very variable. Length of cleft of mouth ?"; length of tail 11" ; total length 39". 9. DROMICUS TRISCALIS. Coluber triscalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 385; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 103; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 377. Dromicus triscalis, Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 672 (?). Habit moderate. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; one lo- real; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Above brownish, anteriorly with three brown longitudinal stripes, the medial one disappearing on the posterior part of trunk, the outer ones confluent to a single one on the tail. a. Adult : discoloured. Paraguay. From Mr. Frank's Collec- tion as Coluber rufiventer. 10. DROMICUS CALLILÆMA. Natrix callilæma, Gosse, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 384. Small; habit moderate. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; one loreal; seven upper labials, third and fourth coming into the orbit. Brown, minutely speckled with black, sometimes with a darker obsolete dorsal streak; sides separated from back by a darker streak; crown variegated with black; a brown streak through the eye; belly uniform whitish. Anal bifid. a. Adult : head injured. Jamaica ; Bluefields. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. The type of Mr. Gosse's description. b, c. Young. Bluefields. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. d. Adult. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. e. Adult. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. f. Adult. West Indies. g. Adult. West Indies. h. Half-grown. West Indies. i. Half-grown. West Indies. 11. DROMICUS TEMMINCKII. Psammophis temminckii, Schley. Ess. pl. 8. f. 14, 15. Coro- nella chamissonii, Wiegm. Nov. Act. 1835, t. 19. Orophis (Fitz.) 132 REPTILES. a temminckii, Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch. 1845, p. 166, and Fauna Peruana, Herpetol. p. 52. Dromicus temminckii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 663. Body and tail rather stout; one loreal; scales smooth, in nine- teen rows; rostral just reaching the surface of snout. Light brown, with a broad, dark, white-edged vertebral band ; on the sides a brown, more or less conspicuous band; the vertebral band generally yellow-edged on the occipital region. a. Adult. Colchagua, Chili. b. Adult. Colchagua, Chili. c. Adult. Chili. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. d. Half-grown: injured. Mexico ?-Belly with two series of small points. e. Half-grown: injured. Mexico ? f. Half-grown: head injured. Mexico ? . g. Half-grown. Mexico ? h. Adult. America. i. Adult: head injured. America. . 12. DROMICUS FUGITIVUS. La Couresse, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. et Serp. ii. pl. 14. f. 2; Bonnat. Ophiol. pl. 42. f. 3. Coluber fugitivus, Donndorf, Zool. Beiträge, iii. p. 206. Coluber cursor, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 510; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 125; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 41, and viii. p. 404; . Moreau de Jonnes, Journ. de Phys. 1818, p. 133; Merr. Tent. p . p. 113. Herpetodryas cursor, Schleg. Ess. ii.p. 199. Dromicus cursor, Bibron in Hist. de l'Ile de Cuba par M. Ramon de la Sagra, Rept. pl. 28 ; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 650. Habit of moderate slenderness; scales smooth, in fifteen or seventeen rows; one loreal. Reddish brown or brown, with six rows of yellowish spots, two on the back, and two on each side near the edge of abdomen ; each shield of head black in front and yellowish behind; belly yellowish. a, b. Adult. Guadeloupe. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. c-f. Adult and half-grown. St. Lucia. Presented by Miss Alexander. g. Adult : not good state. St. Lucia. Presented by the Zoolo- gical Society h. Half-grown. Caraccas. i. Half-grown. Barbadoes. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. k-m. Adult: bad state. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. Var. Deep black, generally with two dorsal bands of yellow SNAKES. 133 (or white) spots; sides with more or less yellow spots, sometimes flower-shaped, sometimes exhibiting a tendency to longitudinal bands; head as in former. n. Adult. Cuba. From M. Salle's Collection. 0. Adult. St. Lucia. From the Haslar Collection. p. Adult. America. 9. Adult: rather discoloured. America. Old Collection.--Named by Dr. E. W. Gray, and described by Dr. Shaw as Col. ornatus. r. Half-grown. America. s. Half-grown. America. t, u. Half-grown: bad state. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater. 13. DROMICUS MELANOTUS. Coluber melanotus, Shaw, Zool. p. 534 ; Merr. Tent. p. 132. Coronella melanotus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 532. ? Coluber bili- neatus, Mus. Paris, and Coronella bilineata, Boie, l. c. p. 525. ? Coluber raninus, Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 51; Merr. Tent. p. 106. . . Habit of moderate slenderness. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; one loreal, eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Back black with two narrow white longitudinal lines; belly and sides white; on the sides of the neck the black colour forming some round spots; through the eye a black streak. a. Adult. Tobago. Presented by W. J. Alfred Ludlam, Esq. b. Half-grown. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. c. Half-grown. Columbia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. d, e. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. f. Adult: head injured. West Indies. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq. 9, h. Adult : not good state. America. Old Collection. i. Adult. America. From Paris Museum as C. ranina. k. Adult. America. Presented by Edward Lapresse, Esq. 1. Adult. America. m, n. Adult. America. 0. Adult. America. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. p. Adult. America. Presented by Edward Cook, Esq., R.A. 9. Adult : not good state. America. Presented by Edward Laforest, Esq. r. Half-grown. America. s, t. Adult. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Var.? Scales in nineteen rows; anterior part of body not spotted, uniform black with two white lines. u. Adult. America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 134 REPTILES. 14. DROMICUS LINEATUS. Seba, ii. 1.9, i. 2. 4, ii. 12. 3, ii. 42.5; Scheuchz.iv. 715.2. Coluber lineatus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 12.f.1, t. 20. f. 1; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 329; Merr. Tent. p. 112; Daub. Quadr. Ovip. p Serp. p. 668; Lacép. Hist. Nat. Serp. ii. p. 215; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 151; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 25. Coronella lineata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Lygophis lineatus, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 26. Herpetodryas lineatus, Schleg. Ess. i. 191. Dromicus lineatus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 655. Habit slender. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows. Rostral slightly raised above the surface of snout. Brownish grey, with a brown, black-edged dorsal band from the snout to the end of tail; on each side a black line from the nostril through the eye to the end of tail. a. Adult female. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. b. Many specimens, in good state. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. €. Adult : tail injured. Berbice. d, e. Bad state. Guayaquil. f. Adult. Brazil. g. Adult. West Indies. h. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. . i. Adult: bad state. East Indies. East Indies. Presented by Dr. Russell. k, l. Adult. Hayti. Presented by the Zoological Society. m. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. n. Adult: rather discoloured. America. From the Berlin Museum. 0. Adult : dried. America. Presented by J. C. Taunton, Esq. p. Adult: head injured. America. ? Presented by Sir Charles Lyell. r, s. Adult and half-grown. America. t. Adult: bad state. America. 9. Adult. Fam. VI. PSAMMOPHIDÆ. Body and tail elongate or stout, rounded; head short or narrow, with a deep groove before the eye; eye moderate, with round or elliptical pupil; shields of head regular, posterior frontal round- ed or angular behind; vertical narrow, superciliary prominent; loreal never wanting; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales never keeled, in fifteen to nineteen rows; subcaudals two-rowed. Posterior maxillary teeth grooved, generally fourth or fifth longer than the other ones. Psammophis, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 200. Psammophis, Cælopeltis, Dum. & Bibr. SNAKES. 135 Synopsis of the Genera. 1. PSAMMOPHIS. Body and head elongate. Scales flat. Africa; Central America. (India ?) 2. CELOPELTIS. Scales grooved. N. Africa ; S. Europe. 3. EUOPHRYS. Body and head moderate. Scales flat. China. 4. PsAMMODYNASTES. Body stout; head short. East Indies. 1. PSAMMOPHIS, Boie. Body and tail elongate; head with flat, on the sides rounded crown; loreal region grooved; snout pointed in front, rather elongate; posterior frontals behind produced in an obtuse angle; vertical shield long, narrow; one elongate loreal, two nasals, one anterior and two posterior oculars. Scales elongate, smooth, in fifteen to nineteen rows; pupil round. Posterior maxillary tooth channeled, long; fourth or fifth maxillary tooth longer than the other ones in one species equal); anterior teeth of the lower jaw longer than the hinder ones. Africa; Central America. (India?) Psammophis, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 887; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 189. Tomodon, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 936. Psammophis, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 201. Macrosoma, (Leach, Boudich, Ashantee, App. 493, 1819) Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. PSAMMOPHIS LINEATUS, Tomodon lineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 936. pl. 73. Olive, with a dark, black-edged dorsal band from the snout to the end of tail, posteriorly sometimes only the narrow black edges visible; on each side a black line from the nostril through the eye to the end of tail. a. Adult. Mexico. In this species all the teeth before the grooved one are equal in length 2. PSAMMOPHIS CRUCIFER. Seba, ii. 53. 2, and 107.4. Coluber lurus, Klein, Tent. p. 36. Coluber crucifer (Kreutznatter), Merr. Beitr. i. pl. 3, and Tent. p. 106; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 189. Psammophis crucifer, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 892. Psammophis moniliger, var., Schley. Ess. ii. p. 209. pl. 8. f. 6, 7. Closely allied to former, but smaller ; crown with a medial a 136 REPTILES. longitudinal, and neck with a transverse band, forming together a cross. a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Mr. Grasset. 6. Nearly half-grown. Namaqua. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. c. Adult. South Africa. d. Adult. South Africa. e, f. Half-grown and young. South Africa. g. Half-grown. Western Africa. From Mr. Raddon's Collection. h, i. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. k. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 1. Adult. South Africa. m. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. n. Adult South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Adult: bad state. South Africa. p, q. Half-grown. South Africa. r. Young. South Africa. 9 3. PSAMMOPHIS SIBILANS. Seba, ii. 58. 4. Coluber sibilans, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 383 ; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 530; Merr. Tent. p. 114; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. et Serp. ii. p. 246; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 56; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 116. Coluber moniliger, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 69. Coluber gemmatus, Shaw, Zool. iii . p. 539; Geoffroy, Descript, de l'Eg. Hist. Nat. Rept. pl. 8. f. 4, and Savigny in the Supplement, pl. 4. f. 5. Psammophis moniliger, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 189; Schleg. Ess. pl. 8. f. 4, 5, and Abbildg. t. 13. f. 6-8; Nordmann, Voy. Russ. Mérid. Demidoff', iii. pl. 4. f. 1 (young); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 891. . Habit moderately slender; coloration variable. A. Back brown, yellow-edged, with a yellow, very narrow ver- tebral line; sides olive, separated from belly by a yellow band. a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. b. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. c. Adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. d, e. Young. Angola. From Mr. Rich's Collection. f. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. q. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. h. Half-grown. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. i. Young. West Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. k. Adult. Egypt. Presented by Mr. Burton. 1. Adult: not good state. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. m. Half-grown. Egypt. From Mr. Thornton's Collection. SNAKES. 137 x n. Adult Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. . 0. Adult: not good state. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. p. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 9. Adult: injured. Africa. Old Collection. T, s. Adult and half-grown. Africa. Old Collection. t. Adult. Africa. U, v. Adult: tail injured. Africa. . W, X. Adult. Africa. y. Adult: bad state. Africa. z. Half-grown. Africa. a. Young Africa. B. Young Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. y. Half-grown. - ? From Mr. Argent's Collection. - B. Like former, but yellow vertebral line wanting. 8. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. X C. Back and sides uniform brown, separated from belly by a yellow band. €. Adult. Egypt. Presented by Mr. Burton. . Ś Adult. Egypt. Presented by Mr. Burton. n. Nearly half-grown. D. Above uniform brown, beneath uniform yellowish. 8. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. 1, k. Adult. Egypt. Presented by M. Lefebvre, M.D. 1. Adult : without head. S. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. M, v. Half-grown. S. Africa. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. E. Bluish olive (in spirits), with five nearly equally broad yellow bands. Ś. Adult. Bengal. 0. Adult: tail injured. India. Tr. Adult : not good state. India. p. Adult. India. 4. PSAMMOPHIS IRREGULARIS. Fischer in Abhdlg. aus dem Gebiete der Naturwiss. 1856, p. 92. t. 2. f. 4a, 46 (ante-ocular should not be divided). Head very broad behind, distinct from neck; first third of the back black, with scattered irregular yellow spots, hinder third yellow. Each ventral shield with a pair of black spots on each side, forming together four parallel series of specks, lost on the hinder third of the total length. West Africa. very 138 REPTILES. 5. PSAMMOPHIS ELEGANS. Seba, ii. 60.1. Coluber elegans, Dr. E.W. Gray, MSS.; Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 536. Macrosoma elegans, Leach, Bowdich, Ashan- tee, App. 493, 1819, and Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Psammophis elegans, Boie, Isis, 1827, p.533,548; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 189; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 216, and Abbildg. t. 43. f. 15, 16; Dum. A Bibr. vii. p. 894. Body and tail very long and slender; head elongate; snout pointed, conical. Head above uniform greyish, freckled with innumerable dusky points ; body above brownish grey, with a broad dorsal band from the occiput to the end of tail; on each side a narrower black band from the muzzle through the eye to the end of tail; belly with four obsolete dark-marbled bands. a. Adult. Fantee. Presented by J. E. Bowdich, Esq. b. Half-grown. Fantee. Presented by J. E. Bowdich, Esq. c. Young. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum. d. Adult : injured. West Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. e. Half-grown. West Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. f. Half-grown. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. f. -. g. Adult. Africa. Old Collection. h, i. Adult : bad state. Africa. Old Collection. k-m. Half-grown. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. n. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Adult: bad state. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 2. CELOPELTIS, Wagler. Psammophide with a deep groove on the crown ; loreal region grooved; head quadrangular, high, pointed in front; snout rather short; vertical shield very long and narrow; two loreals, one nasal, one anterior, and two posterior oculars. Scales lan- ceolate, longitudinally grooved, in nineteen rows. Pupil sub- ovoid. Posterior maxillary teeth furrowed, anterior equal in length; anterior teeth of the lower jaw longer than the hinder South Europe and North Africa. Coelopeltis, Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 189; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii, p. 1129. Psammophis, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 526; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 203. Rhabdodon, Fleischmann, Dalmat. Nov. Serp. . Genera, Erlangen, 1831. Coluber, sp., Natrix, sp., auct. prior. ones. 1. CELOPELTIS LACERTINA. Geoffr. Descr. de l'Egypte, Rept. pl. 7. f. 6; Savigny, Suppl. pl. 5. f. 2, 3. Natrix lacertina, Wagl. &. Spix, Serp. Bras. t. 5. Coluber rupestris, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. iii. 91. Colu- SNAKES. 139 ber neumayeri, Fitz. N. Class. p. 57. Psammophis lacertinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 526; Schleg. Ess. pl. 8. f. 1-3. Coluber æsculapii, Dugès, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1827, pl. 46. f. 17, 18, and l. c. 1835, pl. 5. B. f. 1-6. Coelopeltis lacertina, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 189; Eichwald, Faun. Casp.-Caucas. t. 29. f. 1-3; Dum. 8 Bibr. vii.p. 1130. Rhabdodon fuscus, Fleischmann, Dalmat. Nov. Serp. Genera, Dissert. Erlangen, 1831, t. 2. Coluber moilensis, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. 1834, t. 7. Bothriophis distinctus, Eichw. Russ. Caucas. ii. p. 748. Coelopeltis monspessulana, Ranzani, Act. Nat. Cur. 1836, t. 10; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pl. Greenish brown, uniform or more or less black-spotted. a. Adult: not good state. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. b. Adult. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. c. Adult. Tripoli . Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. d. Adult. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. e. Adult : bad state. Tripoli. Presented by J. Ritchie, Esq. f. Adult Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. . g. Adult. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. h. Adult. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. i. Young. Algiers. k. Large specimen. Tangiers. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. 1. Adult : injured. Portugal. Presented by T. Brightwell, Esq. m. Large specimen. West Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society. n. Adult. West Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society. 0. Adult: not good state. West Africa. From the Haslar . Collection. 3. EUOPHRYS, Günther. Body moderate; head quadrangular, high, with short, rounded, obtuse muzzle and flat crown ; loreal region grooved, super- ciliary prominent, eye large; vertical shield moderate; one loreal, two nasals, one anterior and two posterior oculars. Scales rather elongate, smooth, in nineteen rows. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved; anterior ones equal in length; anterior teeth of the lower jaw longer than the hinder ones. China. 1. EUOPHRYS MODESTUS. Above yellowish olive, scales lighter or darker edged; beneath uniform whitish. a. Adult : female. Canton. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. ? From the Haslar Collection. - 140 REPTILES. - Description.-Habit moderate; head rather short, quadran- gular, obtuse in front; eye large. Rostral shield spheroid, reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, obtuse in front, posterior ones moderate, somewhat rounded behind; ver- tical elongate, nearly three times as long as broad, with nearly parallel outer edges and a right angle behind ; occipitals small, not deeply forked; superciliaries well developed, prominent above the eye; anterior ocular grooved before the eye, and just reach- ing the vertical in one specimen, in the other not quite extend- ing to it; two posterior oculars, one square loreal, two large nasals; nostril between ; seven upper labials, third and fourth forming the lower edge of eye; one temporal shield in contact with both oculars, some smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, not grooved, rather elongate, becoming gradually larger towards the belly, in nineteen rows; anal bifid. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, channeled, anterior ones equal in length. Uni- form olive above, scales with whitish narrow outer edges; skin between the scales, and posteriorly the scales at the base, black ; beneath uniform whitish. Length of cleft of mouth l"; length of tail 8"; total length 41". 4. PSAMMODYNASTES, Günther. Body and tail stout; head short, high ; crown flat, not rounded; snout pointed in front, short ; lips swollen; frontals small, pos- terior ones rounded behind ; vertical shield long, narrow; one short loreal (sometimes divided into two or three); one nasal, pierced by the nostril; one (exceptionally two) anterior, two pos- terior oculars. Scales rather short, rhomboid, smooth, in seven- teen rows; anal entire; pupil elliptic, erect. Anterior maxillary teeth very long, smooth; posterior one long, channeled ; middle ones and palatine teeth small, equal; anterior teeth of lower jaw longer than the hinder ones. East Indies. Psammophis, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547 ; Schley. Ess. ii. p. 211; Dum. & Bibr. p. 895. 1. PSAMMODYNASTES PULVERULENTUS. Psammophis pulverulenta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Schleg. Ess. t. 8. f. 10,11,& Abbildg. t. 43. f. 1-4; Dum. & Bibr. p. 895. Head above with symmetrical black longitudinal marks. Brown, marbled with black, with indistinct black longitudinal bands; beneath yellowish or brown, marbled with purple, some- times with two minutely punctated longitudinal bands. Some- times nearly uniform black. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. SNAKES. 141 b. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. (Nearly uniform black.) c. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. (Nearly uniform black.) d. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Half-grown. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. f. Adult. Khasya. 9, h. Adult. Khasya. f, g, h, presented by Dr. J. Hooker, exhibit the abdominal bands. i. Adult : rather discoloured. Sine patria. Var. Head above reddish white, with some small brown spots between the eyes; on each side a whitish streak from the back- edge of eye to the end of tail ; back reddish brown, with pairs of more or less obsolete lighter spots; belly with small triangular black specks. Perhaps a species; all the specimens of the size of half-grown individuals of Ps. pulverulentus, and not of so stout a habit. k. Borneo. 1. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. m. India. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. n. India. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 0. India. From the Collection of the Zoological Society, Fam. VII. RACHIODONTIDÆ. Diagnosis and synonymy the same as of the only genus. 1. DASYPELTIS, Wagler. Habit moderate, rather elongate; belly rounded; tail not di- stinct from trunk, tapering; head short, high, rounded; snout short, truncated; eyes small; pupil round. One nasal, one anterior, two posterior oculars; shields of crown regular, small; anterior frontals broad in front; posterior ones rather large, bent on the side, and replacing a loreal ; vertical largest; occipitals very small; anal entire; scales with a very strong keel, lan- ceolate, in twenty-three or twenty-five rows. Maxillary teeth minute and scarce (four to seven); gular teeth, formed by the elongated inferior spinous processes of the hinder cervical ver- tebræ. South and West Africa. Rachiodon, Jourdan, Journ. le Temps, 1833; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 491. Deirodon, Owen, Odontogr. p. 220. Tropidonotus, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 328. Dasypeltis, Wagler, Nat. Syst . der Amph. . . p. 178. Anodon, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. 1829, p. 443(not Lamk.). Natrix, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 142 REPTILES. 1. DASYPELTIS SCABRA. Coluber scaber, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 10. f. 1, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 384; Merr. Beitr. i. t. 9, and Tent. p. 126; Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 494 ; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 263; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 589; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 198; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 22; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 77. Anodon typus, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. 1829, p. 443. Dasypeltis scabra, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 178; A. Smith, Ill. of S. Africa, App.p. 20 (Eijervre- ter), and in text to D. inornatus. Tropidonotus scaber, Schleg. Ess. pl. 12. f. 12, 13.-Anatomy: Reinhardt, Kongl. Danske Vidensk. Afh. 1843, pl. 1. f. 24. Deirodon scaber, Owen, Odon- togr. p. 220, and Rapp, Untersuchungen über die Giftwerkz. der Schlangen in der Dissert. von Bächtold, Tübingen, 1843. Rachiodon scaber, (Jourdan) Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 491. Scales in twenty-five rows. Brown, with a vertebral series of large, sometimes confluent black spots; on each side narrower spots; crown of head with black arrow-shaped markings. a. Adult. Cape. 6. Adult. Cape. Voyage of H.M. Ship 'Herald.' . c. Half-grown Cape. From Paris. . d. Adult. South Africa. e. Young. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. f, g. Half-grown. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. h. Young. South Africa. From the Leyden Museum. 2. DASYPELTIS PALMARUM. Coluber palmarum, Leach, in Tunkey's Narrative Explor. River Zaire, 1818, App. p. 408. Dasypeltis inornata, Smith, Ill. of South Africa, pl. 73; Dum. & Bibr. p. 498. Scales in twenty-three rows. Uniform brown above, yel- lowish beneath. a. Adult. Boma ; River Congo. Found on palm-trees. From Dr. Leach's Collection. Type of his description. b. Adult. Old Calabar. Presented by - Logan, Esq. -- Fam. VIII. DENDROPHIDÆ. Body very slender and elongate, pentagonal; head generally elongate, narrow, flat, depressed, distinct from the exceedingly slender neck; snout protruding, rounded, or obtuse in front; upper jaw rather longer than lower; rostral broad, depressed ; mouth deeply cleft ; nostril lateral, small; eye moderate or large, pupil round; anterior ocular one, posterior two to three ; shields SNAKES. 143 of head regular, elongate ; scales very narrow, in fifteen or twenty-one rows; ventral plates generally with two keels, and rising on the sides ; subcaudals two-rowed. Ahætulla, Gray, Syn. p. 16. Leptophis, Bell, Zool. Journ. 1825, p. 329. Dendrophis, Schlegel, Essai, ii. p. 220; Cuv. Règne Animal. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. BUCEPHALUS. Ventral plates without keels; head thick ; eyes very large. 2. HAPSIDOPHRYS. Ventral plates with keels; head thick; eyes large. 3. CHRYSOPELEA. Ventral plates very strongly keeled. 4. DENDROPHIS. Ventral plates slightly keeled ; a vertebral series of larger polygonal scales. 5. AHÆTULLA. Ventral plates slightly keeled ; no vertebral series of larger scales; head elongated, with flat crown. 1. BUCEPHALUS, Smith. Body and tail elongate and slender, belly rather rounded on the sides; head high, subquadrangular, rather short, very distinct from neck; eyes excessively large, pupil round; one loreal, one anterior, three posterior oculars, seven upper labials. Scales elon- gated, very narrow, with strong, eccentric keels, those on the medial row nearly equal to the others; ventral plates without keels; subcaudal plates two-rowed, some entire. Posterior max- illary teeth longest and furrowed, the anterior ones scarce, equal in length. Africa. Bucephalus, Smith, Zool. Journ. 1829; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 875. Dendrophis, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 238. Dispholidus, Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1833. 1. BUCEPHALUS CAPENSIS. Thunberg, Voy. Afr., Asie et Japon. p. 75; Lichtenst. Reise, i. p. 257. Bucephalus typicus, B. Bellii, B. gutturalis, and B. jar- dinii, Smith, Zool. Journ. 1829, p. 441. Bucephalus capensis et B. viridis, Smith, Ill. of the Zool. of S. Afr., sine pag. pl. 3 & pl. 10–13*. Dispholidus lalandii, Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. xxvi. p. 150, xxx. p. 24. pl. 3; Cuv. Règ. Anim. Ill. pl. 29. Dendro- * Dr. Smith, in the Illustrations,' reduces all his previous species to two, which I am inclined to consider varieties. 144 REPTILES. phis colubrina, Schleg. Ess. pl. 9. f. 14–16. Bucephalus typus, (Smith) Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 878. Coloration variable. Var. A. viridis, Smith, 1.c. t. 3. Green above, paler beneath. a. Adult. Africa. Old Collection. Var. B. Smith, 1. c. t. 12. Uniform dark olive. b. Adult. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. c. Adult: bad state. South Africa. Presented by Sir J. Mac- Gregor. Var. C. Smith, Zool. Journ. 1829, t. 10, 11, and l.c. t. 10. Brown, each scale of the two outer rows with a yellow spot in the centre. d. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Var. D. Smith, Ill. t. 11. Brown, each scale with a spot in the centre. e. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. f, g. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. h. Adult: rather discoloured. Africa. Old Collection. 2. HAPSIDOPHRYS, Fischer. Body and tail elongate and slender ; belly angular ; head high, distinct from neck, with rounded crown; eyes large, pupil round; one loreal, one anterior, two (three) posterior oculars; eight upper labials; scales elongated, lanceolate, keeled; those of the vertebral row equal to the others; ventral plates with moderate keels; subcaudal plates two-rowed. Two or three posterior maxillary teeth longer and stronger, smooth. Africa. Hapsidophrys, Fischer in Abhdlg. aus dem Gebiete der Naturw. 1856, p. 110. 1. HAPSIDOPHRYS LINEATUS. Hapsidophrys lineatus, Fischer,l.c. p. 111. t. 2.f.5a, 51. Den- drophis nigrolineatus, (Schleg.) Nomenclat. Reptil. Mus. Zool. Berol. p. 26. Anal entire; five temporal shields, two (three according to Fischer) posterior oculars. Bluish black, each keel bluish green, forming together longitudinal lines. SNAKES. 145 a. Adult. Coast of Guinea. b. Adult. W. Africa. From Mr. Raddon's Collection. c. Adult. W. Africa. From Mr. Raddon's Collection. 2. HAPSIDOPHRYS CERULEUS. Fischer, l. c. f. 6a, 66. Anal bifid; two or three temporal shields; two posterior ocu- lars; above bluish green; beneath yellowish green. West Africa. Fischer mentions the teeth as equal, but I found in the best- preserved of our specimens the dentition as above stated. 3. CHRYSOPELEA, Boie. Body and tail very elongate and slender; head depressed, snout rather obtuse; nostril between two shields; pupil round ; upper labials narrow; scales not much elongated, rhombic; ventral plates appearing to be formed out of three pieces, one medial and two laterals, the latter raised on the sides, erect (in Ch. præornata, ventral keels more obsolete); subcaudal plates two-rowed; pos- terior maxillary teeth longer and furrowed, anterior nearly equal in length. India ; Western Africa. Chrysopelea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 188; Dum. 8. Bibr. viii. p. 1040. Dendrophis, sp., Reinw., Schleg., Filippi. Dipsas, sp., Gray, Ind. Zool. Coluber, sp., Natrix, sp., auct. prior. 1. CHRYSOPELEA RHODOPLEURON. Seba, i. 109. 1; Russell, i. t. 31, bad. Dendrophis rhodo- pleuron, Reinw.; Schleg. Ess. t. 11. f. 11-13. Coluber tristis, , Daud. Rept. vi. 430. Coluber scandens, Schneider in Lacép. Uebers. v. Bechstein, iv. t. 45.f. 2; Merr. Tent. p. 129. Dendro- phis tristis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 542. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron, Boie, l. c. p. 547; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1045. Scales keeled. Ground colour purple, red-brown or blackish, sometimes with some irregular black spots on the sides of neck, or with black-edged scales. a. Adult: not good state. Amboyna. From the Leyden Museum. 2. CHRYSOPELEA RUBESCENS. Dipsas rubescens, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. f. 2. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows; upper labials nine, fourth, fifth H 146 REPTILES. and sixth forming the lower edge of orbit. Above and beneath purple, minutely marbled with brown and irregularly freckled with black; a dark brown streak from the muzzle through the eye to the angle of mouth. Ventral plates strongly keeled; one elongate loreal ; anal bifid. Scales of the medial row rather larger; crown of head without cross bands, purple, symmetrically marbled with brown.-In the stomach of one specimen I found a well-preserved Draco hæma- topogon; and in two others, the remainder of some not determi- nable Saurians. a. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Original specimen of Dr. Gray's figure. b. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d, e. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. f. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 3. CHRYSOPELEA ORNATA. Seba, i. 94.7, ii. 7. 1, 56.1, and 61.2; Scheuchzer, t. 606. f. C; Russell, i. t. 2. Coluber ornatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 477. Coluber ibiboca, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 131 ; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 327. Natrix ornata, Merr. Tent. p. 109. Tyria ornata, Fitz. Neue Class. Rept. p. 60. Chrysopelea ornata and C. paradisi, Boie, Isis, 1827, pp. 546,547; Wagl . Amph. p. 188. Dendrophis or- nata, Schleg. Ess. pl. 9. f. 8-10; Filippi, Catal. Serp. Mus. Pav. Chrysopelea ornata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1042. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; black; crown with some yellow cross bands; body regularly ornamented with many small yellow spots, the distribution of which is liable to great variation. Var. A. Markings obsolete; coloration uniform. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. . Var. B. Yellow colour predominant: each scale yellow, with a keel-like black streak along its centre, forming together fine lon- gitudinal lines. b-d. Adult and half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. e, f. Adult and half-grown: bad state. India. Old Collection. . g. Adult: not good state. India. Presented by W.C. Masters, Esq. h. Large specimen. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. i. Half-grown : mutilated. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. SNAKES. 147 k. Half-grown. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 1. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. m. Adult. Sumatra. From Mr. Frank's Collection. n, o. Adult. Siam. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. p. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 9. Adult. India. r. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. s. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection. Var. C. Black colour predominant: each scale black, with a yellow spot in the centre, forming together on the back tetra- petalous flowers. t. Young. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. u. Adult. Labuan. Presented by L. Dillwyn, Esq. v. Adult : injured. Malabar Coast. Presented by Dr. Packmann. w. Half-grown. Batavia. X. Adult. India. Var. D. Rather uniform ; back with pairs of narrow black cross bands, each pair with a red spot between : not quite adult specimens. y. Half-grown. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. z. Half-grown. Rangoon. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. . a. Half-grown. India. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. B. Young: bad state. India. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. y. Nearly half-grown. India. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 4. CHRYSOPELEA PRÆORNATA. Dendrophis præornata, Schleg. Ess. ï. p. 236. Oxyrhopus præornatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1039. Keels of ventral plates obsolete, only on the hinder ones con- spicuous. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth touching the eye. Yellow : crown with five black cross bands; anterior part of trunk with black spots, confluent into three longitudinal bands on the posterior parts; ventral keels black-spotted. Senegal. a, b. Adult and half-grown. W. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. This species is so closely allied to Chrysopelea ornata, that it is impossible to separate it as a different genus. H2 148 REPTILES. 4. DENDROPHIS, Boie. Dendrophide with smooth scales; those of the vertebral row much larger, triangular or polygonal; those of the outer rows much elongated, narrow, quadrilateral, very imbricated. Max- illary teeth equal in length, smooth. Sides of abdomen slightly keeled. India and Australia. Dendrophis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 510; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 193. Dendrophis, sp., Schlegel. Leptophis, sp., Bell. Ahætulla, sp., Gray. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. DENDROPHIS PICTA. Seba, i. t. 99. no. 3. Coluber pictus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1116. Coluber filiformis, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 17. f. 2, jun.; Russell, Ind. Serp. t. 25, 26. Coluber cæruleus, Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 30. Coluber decorus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. p. 538; Merr. Tent. p. 128. p. . Ahætulla decora, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, p. 16. Dipsas schokari, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 80. Bungarus filum, Oppel, Mus. Paris. Den- drophis chairecacos, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541; Erpet. Java, t. 34 ; Wagl. Nat. Syst. p. 183. Leptophis maniar, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii . . p. 329. Ahætulla bellii, Gray, Iū. Ind. Zool.t. ; Cantor, Catal. p. 79. Dendrophis picta, Schleg. Ess. t. 9. f. 5-7; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 197. Bluish green, with a lateral, yellow, above and beneath black- edged band. Scales in fifteen rows. a. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. b. Adult. Borneo. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq. c. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. d. Adult Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. e. Young Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. f. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection g. Adult female : injured. Philippines. ilippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. h, i. Adult. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. k-m. Adult. Java. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. n. Adult. Java. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. 0. Adult. Java. From Mr. Argent's Collection. p, q. Adult. China. Presented by Mr. Ludwig. r. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. s. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. t. Adult: bad state. Malabar. Malabar. Presented by Dr. Packmann. u. Adult: bad state. Ceylon. Presented by Ř. Templeton, Esq. v. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by A. Paul, Esq. . w. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 2. Adult. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. Hooker. . SNAKES. 149 y. Adult : bad state. Khasya. Presented by Dr. Hooker. 2. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. a. Adult. India. B. Adult : greatly injured. India. 7. Adult : bleached. India. Presented by Dr. Russell. Named by Dr. Shaw as C. cærulescens, but does not agree with his description, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 514. 8. Adult : rather discoloured. India. €. Adult : not good state. Sine patria. 7. Adult: head injured. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. 8. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. Ś, 1. Adult. India. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. K. Adult. India. 1. Adult. India. p. Adult : injured. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. v. Adult : not good state. India. É. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. . 0. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection. 7. Half-grown. India. p. Half-grown. India. Var. A. The black lines hardly conspicuous, and disappearing towards the tail; the anterior scales of the vertebral row yellow. s. Very large specimen. Ceylon. From Mr.Cuming's Collection. T. Adult. East Indies. v. Adult: injured. East Indies. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. 9. Adult. East Indies. X. Half-grown. East Indies. y. Young. East Indies. Var. B. Above the upper black edge of the yellow band a second black longitudinal line. w. Half-grown. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Var. C. Muzzle elongate; two long loreal shields. aa. Adult. Ceylon. 2. DENDROPHIS PUNCTULATA. Leptophis punctulatus, J. E. Gray in King's Australia, i. p. 432, and in Grey's West Australia, ii. p. 431. Dendrophis (Ahætulla) olivacea, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54. Dendrophis lineo- lata, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 200; Voy. au Pole Sud sur les Cor- vettes l’Astrol. et la Zelée, Ophid. pl. 2. Habit moderately slender. Pale uniform olive-brown, outer edge of the scales white. Scales in thirteen rows. 150 REPTILES. There are one anterior and two posterior oculars; sometimes the lower of the latter is so small, as to require close examina- tion, and as to have been overlooked by Dr. Gray (D. olivacea); on the anterior part of body always thirteen rows of scales, on the posterior eleven. On stretching the skin, the white edges of the scales are distinctly visible. a. Adult: bad state. New Holland. Presented by J. Hunter, Esq. b. Adult. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. c. Young. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. d. Adult : injured. Moreton Bay. Presented by Mr. Strange. e. Young. N.E. Australia. Presented by Captain Grey. f, g. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. h, i. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. . k. Adult Port Essington. 1. Adult. Port Essington. m. Half-grown : head injured. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. n. Adult. N.W. Australia. 0. Young: not good state. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. p. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 3. DENDROPHIS FORMOSA. Reinwardt, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 542; Schleg. Ess. t. 9. f.3, 4; Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 183; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 199. p. Bluish green, with two lateral black stripes on each side. Eyes very large. Scales in fifteen rows. a. Adult. India. b. Adult : injured. India. c. Adult: bad state. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. d. Half-grown. Affghanistan. e. Half-grown. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 4. DENDROPHIS CAUDOLINEATA. Ahætulla caudolineata, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl.; Cantor, Catal. p. 85. Dendrophis octo-lineata, Dum. & Bibr. 201. Brownish green : on the hinder part of the body and on the tail eight black longitudinal bands, the dorsal of which are much narrower than the four laterals. Scales of the vertebral row not much larger than the others. Head high, rather short. a. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Sir James Brooke. SNAKES. 151 b. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. c. Adult : injured. Borneo. Presented by Sir James Brooke. d. Adult: very bad state. India. From Mr. Warwick's Col- lection. e. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. f. Adult. Sine patria. 5. AHÆTULLA, Gray. Dendrophide with keeled or smooth scales; those of the me- dial dorsal row not larger than the others, lanceolate, equilateral. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, smooth. Sides of abdomen slightly keeled. Africa; South America. Ahætulla, sp., Gray, Syn. p. 16. Leptophis, sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. 1825, p. 329. Leptophis et Uromacer, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. . pp. 529, 719. Dendrophis, sp., Schleg., Boie. Leptophis, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 183. Coluber, sp., Natrix, sp., auct. prior. 1. AHÆTULLA SMARAGDINA. Dendrophis smaragdinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 237. Leptophis smaragdinus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 537. Leptophis gracilis, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. p. 60, and vii. p. 100. Scales keeled; upper labials nine; posterior oculars two. Uniform bluish green, paler beneath. Young specimens exhibit longitudinal series of small, round white spots. a. Adult. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection. b. Half-grown. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum. c. Young. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum. d. Adult. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. e. Adult Coast of Guinea. From the Leyden Museum. f. Adult: injured. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. g. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. . h. Half-grown: bad state. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. i. Half-grown: bad state. West Africa. From Mr. Raddon's Collection. k. Half-grown: head injured. West Africa. From Mr. Raddon's Collection. 1. Adult. - .? Purchased at Liverpool. m. Adult. Africa. From the Leyden Museum. n. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Half-grown. Africa. p. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 152 REPTILES. 2. AHÆTULLA IRREGULARIS. Coluber irregularis, Leach, in Bowdich, Ashantee, App. p. 494. Dendrophis chenonii, Reinhardt, Kongl. Danske Af handl. x. t. l. f. 13, 14. Dendrophis albo-variata, Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 64. f.3,3a, 3b, pl. 65. Leptophis chenonii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 545. Head not much elongate, not depressed ; above bluish green, scales on the outer edge white, beneath pale; scales smooth, in fifteen rows; anal bifid. a. Adult. Fantee (Africa). Presented by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. Original specimen of Dr. Leach's description. b. Young. Gold Coast. Presented by W.F. Evans, Esq. Co- loured like Dendrophis semivariegata, Smith, 1. c. pl. 60. c. Adult. Gambia. Presented by J. Mitchell, Esq. d. Adult: injured. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. e. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. f. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. g. Adult. West Africa. h, i. Fætus in a bad state. West Africa. Presented by Mr. Raddon. k. Adult : not good state. South Africa. 1. Adult. South Africa. m, n. Half-grown, Cape of Good Hope. From Mr. Argent's . Collection. 0. Adult female. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. p. Adult: very bad state. Africa. From the Berlin Museum as Col. krebsii. 9, r. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. S. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. t. Nearly adult: injured. Africa. u. Nearly adult. Africa. v. Half-grown. Africa. From the Leyden Museum. w. Half-grown: head injured. Africa. . From Mr. Argent's Collection. X, y. Half-grown. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. z. Adult. Africa. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. a. Adult. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. Var. Dendrophis natalensis, Smith, l. c. pl. 64. Only two large temporal shields. The size of the eye appears to be liable to some variation : specimens belonging to Smith's D. albo- variata are sometimes provided with larger eyes, as those of his D. natalensis have sometimes smaller ones. B. Adult. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. y, d. Adult: injured. Africa. €. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. , SNAKES. 153 3. AHÆTULLA LIOCERCUS. Seba, Thes. . t. 20. Coluber ahætulla, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. , pl. 22. f. 3, and Syst. Nat. p. 387. Natrix ahætulla, Laur. Syn. Rept. p.79. Boiga, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip.ii. pl. 11. f. 1; Latreille, Hist. des Rept. iv. p. 112; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 550; Daud. Rept. vii. pl. 84. Coluber richardii , Bory de St. Vincent, Ann. de Sci. Nat. 1824, p. 408. Coluber liocercus, Wied, Beitr. p. 265, and Abbildg. xiv. pl. 4. Leptophis ahætulla, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 328. Dendrophis liocercus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 544. Abætulla liocercus, Gray, Synops. Rept. 1830. Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 183; Schlegel, Essai, pl. 9. f. 1,2; Dum. $ Bibr. vii. p. 533. Keeled scales only on the back of the body; loreal shield none. a, b. Adult: bad state. Demerara. Presented by Lieut. Friend. c, d. Adult: injured. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Col- lection. e. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Lieut. Friend. f. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. 9. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. h. Many specimens. Berbice. i. Adult. Bahia. Presented by Mr. Ker. k. Adult. Tobago. Presented by Alfred Ludlam, Esq. 1. Young: badly preserved. St. Lucia. Presented by the Zoo- logical Society. m. Adult female. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. n. Adult. America. 0. Adult. America. p. Adult. America. America. r. Adult. America. Presented by Tennant, Esq. s. Adult : discoloured. America. t. Adult. America. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. u. Half-grown. America. v. Half-grown: dried. America. w. Adult. America. America. From the Haslar Collection. X. Adult: discoloured. America. From Mr. Bartlett's Col- lection. y. Adult: bad state. America. Presented by the College of . Surgeons. 2. Adult. America. Old Collection. a. Adult: bad state. Guayaquil. B. Half-grown: injured. East Indies. Old Collection, from Dr. Russell 9. Adult. - H 5 154 REPTILES. 4. AHÆTULLA MEXICANA. Leptophis mexicana, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 53. Like A. liocercus, but one loreal shield. Scales keeled, two post-oculars, eight upper labial shields. Bright blue-green iri- descent, white beneath ; a black streak across the eyes and cheeks. a. Many specimens. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. b. Adult. "Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. c. Young. Mexico. d. Adult. Belize. Presented by J. Smith, Esq. e. Adult. Honduras. f. Adult. Honduras. g. Young. Honduras. h. Adult: injured. America. i, k. Adult. America. 5. AHÆTULLA CATESBYI. Dendrophis catesbyi, Schleg. Ess. ii.p.226. Uromacer catesbyi, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 721. Head depressed, elongate, rounded in front; above uniform bluish green without any spot, beneath pale, an obsolete whitish band along the sides of abdomen; scales smooth, in seventeen rows; anal bifid. a. Adult. Hayti. Presented by the Zoological Society. b. Adult: injured. St. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Half-grown. St. Domingo. From the Leyden Museum. d. Half-grown. Barbadoes. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Adult. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. 6. AHÆTULLA OXYRHYNCHA. Uromacer oxyrhynchus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 722. pl. 83. f. 1. Head depressed, elongate, pointed in front; above uniform bluish green without any spot, beneath pale, an obsolete whitish band along the sides of abdomen; scales smooth, in nineteen rows; anal bifid. a. Adult: in good state. St. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Although the specimen described by Duméril and Bibron is said to be a native of Africa, and although our specimen has the anterior frontals horizontally divided into two (which may be considered as an individual peculiarity), we have no doubt that both specimens belong to one and the same species. It is closely allied to the preceding species, having the very same lanceolate, not very imbricate, sharply pointed, rhomboid scales; it has the a SNAKES. 155 hinder maxillary teeth longer and rather distant from the others. On the other hand it is a connecting link between the Dendrophida and the family of Dryiophide, having the pointed snout and the excessively slender habit of the latter. Its pupil is round. Fam. IX. DRYIOPHIDÆ. Body generally excessively slender and elongate; head very narrow and long, with a thinly-pointed snout, sometimes ending in a flexible appendix ; upper jaw much longer than lower ; rostral shield always protruding, sometimes peculiarly modified ; mouth deeply cleft; nostril lateral, small; eye rather small, with an ovoid or linear, horizontal pupil (except in Dryiophis acumi- nata, having a round one); one (Langaha two) anterior, one to two (Langaha four) posterior orbitals; shields of crown regular elongate; scales very narrow, imbricate, scarce, in fifteen or seven- teen rows (Langaha nineteen); those of the vertebral row gene- rally broader, triangular; ventral plates without or with obsolete keels; subcaudals two-rowed. Maxillary teeth sometimes in the Asiatic species) unequal, the fourth, fifth or sixth longer ; the hinder one always longest and grooved. Dryiophis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520 ; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 241. Oxycéphaliens, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 797. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. DRYIOPHIS. Muzzle pointed; rostral solid. 2. PASSERITA. Muzzle ending in a flexible appendage, not longer than one-third of head. 3. LANGAHA. Muzzle ending in a flexible appendage, longer than one-third of head, covered with scales. 1. DRYIOPHIS, Boie. Head much elongated, pointed in front, but the front part solid, not moveable. Tragops et Oxybelis, Dum. & Bibr. pp. 813 & 822. Dryiophis, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Cuv. Règ. Anim.; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 241. Oxybelis, Dryiophis et Tragops, sp., Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. pp. 183 & 184. Dryinus, sp., Merr. Tent. p. 136; Bell, Zool. Journ. 1825. Natrix, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. . 1. DRYIOPHIS ARGENTEA. Coluber argenteus, Daud. Hist. Rept. vi. p. 336. Natrix argentata, Merr. Tent. p. 116. Dryiophis argentea, Schleg. Ess. t. 10. f. 14, 15. Oxybelis argenteus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 815. 156 REPTILES. Scales smooth. Above grey with four, beneath white with three longitudinal blue (in spirits blackish-ash) bands. a. Adult. Cayenne. 3 2. DRYIOPHIS ACUMINATA. Coluber acuminatus, Wied, Abbildg. Lief. 14. t. 1, and Beitr. p. 322. Dryinus æneus, Wagl. Serp. Bras. t. 3; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 546. Dryinus auratus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. pl. 12. Dryiophis æneus, Cuv. Règne Anim. Oxybelis æneus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 159; Dum. & Bibr. vii.p.819. Dryiophis aurata, Schleg. Ess. pl. 10. f. 16-18. Scales smooth ; loreal shield none. Light brown, iridescent, punctulated with black. a. Adult: injured. Brazil. 6. Adult. Brazil ? Presented by T. Bell, Esq. c. Adult : greatly injured. Maracaibo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. d, e. Adult. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. f. Adult: injured. Honduras. g. Adult. Honduras. h. Adult. Carthagena. i. Adult. Carthagena. k. Adult. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. 1. Half-grown. Mexico. m. Adult: head injured. West Indies ? From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. n. Half-grown : bad state. America. 0. Adult : discoloured. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 3. DRYIOPHIS KIRTLANDJI. Leptophis kirtlandii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1844, p. 62, and 1854, p. 100. Oxybelis lecomtei, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 821. p . Oxybelis kirtlandii, Hallow. 1.c. 1857, p. 59. Oxybelis violacea, Fischer, Abhdlg. aus dem Gebiete der Naturw. Hambg. 1856, p.91 (founded upon a specimen with two loreals, and forming not even a variety, see spec. f): the lateral shields of head in Dryiophis are very often found separated into two or three, or two separate shields are united. As to the coloration, Fischer does not appear to have understood the “vert-bronzé” in Duméril's description. All our specimens exhibit the same brownish ground-colour, similar to that of D. acuminata). Scales on the back keeled; rostral shield evidently produced backwards; generally two loreals ; eight upper labials, the fourth SNAKES. 157 and fifth touching the eye (two lower orbitals). Light brown, iridescent, punctulated with black; on the anterior part of back some more or less conspicuous black cross bands. No longitu- dinal line. a. Adult. Gaboon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. Fantee (Africa). c. Adult : bad state. Ashantee. d. Adult. Africa. Niger Expedition. e. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. f. Adult. West Africa. Only one loreal. g. Adult : injured. West Africa. h. Half-grown: discoloured. West Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 4. DRYIOPHIS TROPIDOCOCCYX. Body and tail rather stout, muzzle not much elongated. Scales smooth, only those on the coccygeal region strongly keeled, those on the vertebral line not larger; upper labials eight, the third and fourth touching the eye (two lower orbitals); loreal none; rostral far produced backwards. Brownish green (without epi- dermis, green); a whitish line at the edges of abdomen. a. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 6-f. Adult and half-grown. India. Presented by Sir J. Mac- Gregor. g-i. Adult and half-grown. East Indies. From the Zoological Society's Collection. Description. This particular species, having the habit and the physiognomy of Psammophis, but provided with the system of coloration and with the pupil of Dryiophis, forms a connecting link between both genera. As to the dentition, it quite agrees with other species of Dryiophis, having about the fifth of the anterior maxillary teeth longer and larger than the rest. (Duméril is wrong in describing, in his family of Oxycéphaliens, these teeth as equal.) The scales have some important peculiarities : there is, as in Psammophis, no vertebral row of larger scales; those on the sides are not very much elongated or imbricate; they are smooth, except some above the anus (the coccygeal region of higher animals), which are provided with rather strong keels. Rostral shield produced behind to the surface of head, and pointed behind; anterior frontals small and bent to the sides, replacing a posterior nasal shield and touching the second upper labial; posterior frontals large, rounded behind, bent on the side, replacing a loreal shield and touching the same labial; anterior ocular single, large, touching the vertebral, deeply grooved before the eye, and with the superciliary far projecting over the 158 REPTILES. side of head; one posterior ocular; eight upper labials, the fifth and sixth forming the lower edge of orbit; one single nasal, pierced by the nostril behind; four to five temporal shields. Scales in fifteen rows. Coloration as above described. Length of head{"; length of tail 5}"; total length 2. 5. DRYIOPHIS FULGIDA. Catesby, Carol. t. 47. Natrix flagelliformis, Laurenti, Syn. p.79. Coluber mycterizans, Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii . p. 546. Coluber fulgidus, Daud. Hist. Rept. vi. p. 532. t. 80, not good. Dryiophis fulgidus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 546; Wagl. Icones, t. 10, and Nat. Syst. Amph. p. 184. Dryiophis catesbyi, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 252, and Abbildg. t. 14. f. 3-6; Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 27. Oxybelis fulgidus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 817. Scales of the back keeled. Above uniform green (in spirits blue), belly paler ; a yellow (white) lateral line at the edges of the abdomen. Upper labials nine, the fourth, fifth and sixth touching the eye (three lower orbitals) ; loreal none. a. Adult. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. b. Adult. Para. From Mr. S. Stevens's Collection. c. Adult : injured. S. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. . d. Adult: injured. America. e. Adult : bleached. America. Old Collection. . 6. DRYIOPHIS FRONTICINCTA. Scales of the back keeled; upper labials seven or eight, gene- rally only one touching the eye (one lower orbital); anterior frontals entirely surrounded in front by the nasals, being in direct contact one with the other ; two loreals. Above uniform green (in spirits blue); belly paler with a whitish lateral line. a-c. West Indies. From Mr. Luna's Collection. Head moderate; muzzle rather broad, suddenly pointed, mode- rately elongate. Rostral shield oblique, flat, just reaching the surface of head, its outline elliptical ; nasal single, much elon- gated, behind pointed and pierced by the nostriſ, in the middle curved, in front broad, and in direct contact with that of the other side, so as to separate the rostral from the anterior frontals, forming a sort of frontlet (fronticincta). Anterior frontals rect- angular, triangular, forming together an equilateral triangle; lateral sides of vertical shield very concave, superciliary subsphe- roidal ; from the eye to the nostril a very deep canaliculated groove. Two loreals; seven or eight upper labials; some of the anteriors are always horizontally divided into two: in one specimen SNAKES. 159 the two foremost are simple, the third, fourth and fifth divided, the sixth very long, forming the lower edge of orbit, the seventh and eighth elongate; temporal shields scale-like. Scales (on the back) keeled, on the sides elongate, very imbricate, those of the vertebral and outer rows larger, rhomboid ; anal bifid. Anterior teeth in both jaws longer and in a rather widely interrupted series. Habit as generally in Dryiophis; colours as above described. Length of head lj"; length of tail 102"; total length 3'. 7. DRYIOPHIS PRASINA. Dryiophis prasina, Reinwardt, Tijdschrift voor Natuurkundige, p. ; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545; Schleg. Ess. pl. 10. f. 9–13, and Abbildg. t. 8. f. 1-6. Dryinus nasutus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 327. Tragops nasutus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 184. Tragops prasinus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 824. Scales smooth; rostral shield above with a rather sharp, convex ridge, not produced backwards; fourth, fifth and sixth upper labials reaching the orbit; one to three loreal shields. Above green (in spirits bluish); on the sides a well-defined yellow a or white longitudinal stripe. a. Adult China. b. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. c. Adult : bleached. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. d. Adult. Mergui. Presented by Prof. Oldham. e. Adult. Sumatra. From Sir S. Raffles's Collection. f. Adult: bad state. Java. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. . g. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. h. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. i. Adult: fine specimen. Borneo. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq. k. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. 1. Half-grown. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. m. Adult. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum. n. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 0. Half-grown. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. p. Adult. India. q. Adult : bad state. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. r-t. Adult: bad state. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 1. Adult. India. Presented by Sir James MacGregor. v. Half-grown. Carthagena. From Paris as D. frigidus (?). w. Half-grown. West Indies. From Mr. Luna's Collection. 2-%. Adult. East Indies. Presented by Mrs. John Crosley. a. Adult: bleached. East Indies. Old Collection. B. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. 160 REPTILES. y. Half-grown : has been dried. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. 8. Half-grown: not good state. East Indies. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. €, & Half-grown: bad state. East Indies. Presented by Sir J. MacGregor. n. Half-grown. East Indies. Var. xanthozonia. Red-brown. Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. 24. Dryiophis xanthozonia, (Kuhl) Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545. Tragops xanthozonius, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 184; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 826. 0. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 1. Half-grown: bad state. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 2. PASSERITA, Gray. Body and tail very thin and long, sides of abdomen rounded; head much elongated; snout with a moveable, acute appendage, shorter than one-third of the head; pupil linear, horizontal; teeth in the upper jaw of unequal length, some in the middle longer; posterior teeth furrowed. Scales smooth, those of the sides linear, adpressed, those of the vertebral series a little larger, triangular. India. Herpetotragus, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 27. Tragops, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 184. Dryiophis, sp., Boie, Cuvier, Schlegel. Dryinus, sp., Bell, Dum.& Bibr. Passerita, Gray, Synopsis, p. 16. Coluber, auct, prior. 1. PASSERITA MYCTERIZANS. ? Coluber mycterizans, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. p. 28; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip.ii. pl. 4.f. 2; Bonnat. Ophiol. Encycl. Meth. pl. 30. f. 62; Russell, Ind. Serp. t. 12, 13. Coluber mycterizans, Daud. Hist. Rept. vii. pl. 81. Dryinus nasutus, Merr. Tent. p. 136 . (not Bell). Passerita mycterizans, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. p. 208. Dryinus oxyrhynchus, Bell, Zool. Journ. 1821, p. 325. Dryiophis nasutus and D. pavoninus, Boie, Isis, 1827, pp. 520, 543; Cuv. Règne Anim.; Guérin, Icon. Rept. t. 22. f. 2. Tragops nasutus and T. pavoninus, Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 184; Schleg. Ess. t. 10. f. 1-5. Herpetotragus nasutus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 809. Coloration variable, generally above green (in spirits bluish), beneath paler, on the sides a well-defined yellow or white lon- gitudinal stripe. SNAKES. 161 a. Adult. Ceylon. b. Adult. Ceylon. c. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Adult: not good state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. e-g. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. h, i. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. The specimens which come from Ceylon measure only two to three feet in length; they do not appear to grow to the same length as those coming from the other parts of the East Indies. k-o. Adult and young. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. p. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 9. Nearly adult. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. r. Half-grown. Siam. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. s. Adult : bad state. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. t. Adult: injured. India. u. Adult. India. v. Adult. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. w. Adult. India. Old Collection. X. Adult: not good state. India. y. Adult: not good state. India. Purchased. . 2. Half-grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. a-y. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. 8. Adult. India. From Mr. Mather's Collection. €. Adult: not good state. India. Š. Adult: not good state. India. Presented by Mr. Nimmo. 7. Half-grown. India. Presented by Lady Harvey. 8. Adult: not good state. India. Presented by Mr. Bowerbank. 1. Young. Carthagena (?). From Paris. Var. Dryinus fuscus: greyish brown, marbled with purple, without longitudinal stripe. K. Adult: has been dried. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection.--Muzzle rather long; whole length about 2 feet. 2. Adult. India. 3. LANGAHA, Bruguière. Dryiophides with an excessively elongated muzzle; the ap- pendage fleshy, covered with small scales, forming about one- third of the total length of head. Scales keeled. Madagascar. Langaha, Bruguière, Journ. de Phys. 1784, p. 132; Schneider, Hist. Amph. i. p. 357 ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 571; Cuvier, 162 REPTILES. Règne Anim.; Merr. Tent. p. 157; Gray, Synops. p. 15; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 802. Xiphorhynchus, Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 184. Dryiophis, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 248. 1. LANGAHA NASUTA. Langaha, Bruguière, Journ. Phys. xxiv. pl. 2; Lacép. Hist. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. pl. 22. f. l; Bonnat. Ophiol. pl. 35. f. 4; Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 357 (Amphisbæna langaha); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 803. Langaha nasuta, Shaw, Naturalist's Misc. xxii. t. 968, and Zool. iii. t. 127. Langaha madagascariensis, Latr. Rept. iv. 87. f.1; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 240; Cuv. Règne Anim. ; Merr. Text. p. 157. Dryiophis langaha, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 248, and Abbildg. pl. 7. pl. 8. f. 7-9. Nasal appendage laminal, not dentated. Reddish brown. a. Adult. Madagascar. b. Half-grown. Madagascar. From the Paris Museum. 2. LANGAHA CRISTA-GALLI. Langaha crista-galli, Dum. & Bibr. p. 806. pl. 71. Nasal appendage dentated. Madagascar. Fam. X. DIPSADIDÆ. Body much compressed, much elongate or molerate; tail tapering, slender or short; head short, generally very broad be- hind, triangular, very distinct from neck, sometimes high, qua- drangular or rounded; eye large, sometimes very large, pupil generally elliptical. Shields of crown truncated; loreal some- times wanting, never more than two anterior and three posterior oculars ; nostril lateral. Scales elongate, generally smooth and those of the vertebral line larger; subcaudals in some species entire. Generally posterior maxillary teeth grooved, in a few species longer anterior maxillary teeth and grooved posterior ones, in a few all equal, and in some longer anterior palatine teeth : never longer anterior teeth in the upper jaw without grooved ones behind. Dipsas, Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 257. Paréasiens, gg., Leptogna- thiens, gg., Opetiodon, Dipsadiens, Dum. 8 Bibr. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. THAMNODYNASTES. Head moderate, not Head moderate, not very distinct from neck; scales of the vertebral line not larger ; scales in seventeen or nineteen rows. South America. SNAKES. 163 2. LEPTODEIRA. Head triangular, depressed, broad, distinct from neck; rostral moderate; one anterior ocular; loreal not reaching the orbit. Scales of the vertebral line not larger. S. America; S. Africa. 3. EUDIPSAS. Head triangular, depressed ; scales of the ver- tebral line larger; anterior palatine and maxillary teeth longer than the following. South America ; East Indian Islands. 4. Dipsas. Head triangular, depressed ; scales moderately im- DIPSAS bricate ; those of the vertebral line larger ; subcaudals two-rowed; no longer anterior teeth. Tropical parts of the globe. 5. DIPSADOMORPHUS. Scales very much imbricate. East Indies; Mexico. 6. RHINOBOTHRYUM. Rostral very large, rounded, far pro- duced backwards. South America. 7. LEPTOGNATHUS. Head quadrangular, not depressed ; scales smooth, those of the vertebral line larger ; teeth equal. Warmer parts of America. (India.) 8. TROPIDODIPSAS. Head subquadrangular, broader behind, distinct from neck; scales keeled. Mexico. 9. HEMIDIPSAS. Head triangular, broad, distinct from neck ; rostral moderate; loreal united with lower ocular; a second upper ante-ocular; scales of the vertebral line not larger. South America (?). 10. DIPSADOBOA. Head triangular, depressed; subcaudals en- tire. Central America; West Africa. 11. AMBLYCEPHALUS. Head high, rounded ; subcaudals en- tire. Java. 12. PAREAS. Head rounded, snout exceedingly short ; sub- ; caudals bifid; anterior palatine and mandibulary teeth longest. Java. 1. THAMNODYNASTES, Wagler. Dipsas with body and tail of moderate slenderness; head rather elongate, depressed, not very distinct from neck; vertical narrow; one loreal; scales lanceolate, moderate, in seventeen or nineteen rows; those of the medial dorsal row not larger, similar to the others. Anal and subcaudals bifid. Pupil subelliptical, 164 REPTILES. eyes moderate; posterior maxillary tooth longer and furrowed ; the anterior teeth nearly equal in length. South America. Thamnodynastes, Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 182. Dryophylax, Wagler, 1. c. p. 181. Dipsas, sp., Schlegel, Dum. & Bibr. Tropidonotus, Natrix, Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. THAMNODYNASTES NATTERERI. p. 1149. Coluber nattereri, Mikan, Delect.; Wied, Beitr. p. 277, and Abbildg. iv. t. 4; Fitz. Neue Class. p. 58. Tropidonotus nat- tereri, Boie, Isis, 1827, p.535. Dryophylax nattereri, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 181. Dipsas nattereri, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 290 ; Dum. & Bibr. vii. Like Th. punctatissimus, but scales keeled, and tail forming not quite a quarter of the total length. a. Adult. Brazil. b. Adult : not good state. Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Col- lection. c. Adult. Amazon. From Mr. Bates's Collection. d. Adult Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. e, f. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Dr. Andrew Smith. g. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. h. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. i. Adult. Tejuku. Presented by Robert Bennett, Esq. k. Adult. Tejuku. Presented by Robert Bennett, Esq. 1. Adult : bad state. Demerara. m. Many specimens. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. n-p. Adult : not good state. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. 9. Adult. America. 2. THAMNODYNASTES PUNCTATISSIMUS. Natrix punctatissima, Wagler & Spix, Nov. Spec. Serp. t. 14. f. 1. Thamnodynastes punctatissimus, Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 182; Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27. Dipsas punctatissima, Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 33, 34; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1151. Scales smooth; tail forming nearly one-third of the total length. Belly with four longitudinal lines, formed by very minute points, and confluent under the tail. a. Adult. Brazil. (Anal bifid.) b. Adult. America. From Mr. Argent's Collection. (Anal entire.) SNAKES. 165 2. LEPTODEIRA, Fitzinger. Dipsas with a not much compressed or rounded body of mo- derate length; tail moderate; head broad, depressed, flat above, distinct from neck; shields of head regular, one loreal, one an- terior, two posterior oculars; scales moderate (in nineteen to twenty-three rows), not very imbricate, in not very oblique rows; those on the vertebral line equal, not larger than those of the other dorsal rows; subcaudals two-rowed. Pupil subelliptical, erect; eyes moderate; nostril between two shields. Hinder maxillary teeth longest, grooved ; the anterior ones equal in length. South America ; Africa. Dipsas, sp., and Heterurus, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. pp. 1141 & 1170. Leptodeira et Crotaphopeltis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27. Dipsas, sp., and Coronella, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. pp. 294 & 72. Lycodon, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, pp. 522 & 527. Natrix, sp., Co- luber, sp., auct. prior, 1. LEPTODEIRA RUFESCENS. Hotamboeia, Seba, i. 33. 6; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 11. Coronella hotamboeia, Laur. Synopsis, p. 85. Coluber hitamboeia, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1113. Coluber rufescens, Gm. I. c. p. 1094; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 110; Merr. Tent. p. 95. Coluber bicolor, Leach in Bowdich, Ashantee, App. p. 493. Lycodon rufescens, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 522. Ophis heterurus et O. albocinctus, Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1833, pl. 1 & 2. Coronella rufescens, Schleg. Ess. pl. 2. f. 16, 17. Crotaphopeltis rufescens, Fitz. . Syst. Rept. p. 27; Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. App. p. 18. Heterurus rufescens, Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 1170. , Anal entire. Scales in nineteen rows. Lead-coloured, some scales white-edged, forming together very narrow, rather irre- gular cross bands; cheeks and neck black. (Subcaudals in all specimens regularly two-rowed.) a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Dyce. c. Adult : head injured. South Africa. d. Half-grown. South Africa. e. Adult. West Africa. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. . f. Adult: head injured. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Col- lection. g. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. h. Half-grown. Gold Coast. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. i. Adult. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum. k. Adult. Fantee. Presented by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. (the type of C. bicolor) 166 REPTILES. l. Adult. Gambia. Presented by J. Mitchell, Esq. m, n. Half-grown. Gambia. Presented by J. Mitchell, Esq. . 0, p. Adult. Africa. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection, q. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. r. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Haslar's Collection. s. Adult. Africa. Presented by the College of Surgeons. t-v. Half-grown: not good state. Africa. w. Half-grown: injured. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. X. Adult. Africa. . p 2. LEPTODEIRA ANNULATA. Seba, ii. 13. 4, 17. 4, 41. 3, 52. 1, 71.3; Scheuchz. t. 652. f. 2. Coluber annulatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 8. f. 2, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 386; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 490; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 127; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 369; Merr. Tent. p. 111; Kuhl, Beitr. zur Zool. p. 85; Knorr, Delic. Phys. Surin. 1767, ii. pl. 6. p f. 2; Daubent. Encycl. Meth. p. 591; Merr. Beitr. i. t. 11, and iii. t. 3, 4. Coluber albofuscus, Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 197. Coluber epidaurius, Herm. Obs. Zool. i. p. 285. Lycodon an- nulatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 527. Dipsas annulata, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 294 ; Dum. Bibr. p. 1141. Leptodeira annulata, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 27. Anal bifid. Scales in twenty-one or twenty-three (by excep- tion in nineteen) rows. Light brown, with a dorsal series of large brown spots, sometimes all, sometimes only a part con- fluent into a zigzag band. Most of the specimens coming from Central America have the scales disposed in twenty-three longitudinal rows, and are provided with shorter tails. a. Many specimens. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. b-d. Adult: injured. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. e. Adult. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. f. Adult: rather discoloured. Mexico. From M. Salle's Col- lection. g. Many specimens: not in good state. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. h. Half-grown: injured. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Col- lection. i. Half-grown. Mexico. From Hugo Finck's Collection. k, l. Half-grown: bad state. Mexico. m. Young. Mexico. n. Half-grown. Guayaquil. 0. Adult. Honduras. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. p. Adult. America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society SNAKES. 167 q. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. Specimens 0, p and q are whitish, with rather small spots; head white, with a brown temple-streak. r. Adult : female. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. s. Half-grown. Caraccas. t. Adult : male. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. u. Half-grown : not good state. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. v. Half-grown. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. w. Half-grown. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. X. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. y. Half-grown. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. 2, a. Half-grown: injured. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Han- cock. B. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. y. Adult: male. Berbice. 8. Half-grown : injured. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. €. Adult. Amazon. From Mr. Bates's Collection. Ś. Adult. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. n. Young. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. 8. Young. Pernambuco. Presented by J. G. Smith, Esq. 1. Half-grown: injured. Bahia. Presented by Mr. Ker. K. Adult. Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. 1, p. Young. Brazil. Presented by Edward Bowerbank, Esq. v. Adult. South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. Ś, o. Adult and half-grown. South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. 7. Half-grown. South America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. p. Half-grown. South America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. o. Many specimens: not good state, South America. 7. Adult. South America. v. Adult. South America. Scales in nineteen rows. 0, y. Adult : bad state. South America. w. Half-grown: injured. South America. From the Haslar Collection. aa. Half-grown: injured. South America. From the Berlin Museum. bb. Young. S. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. . cc. Young. South America. From the Haslar Collection. dd-il. Young. South America. mm. Adult. South America. Presented by E. Lapresse, Esq. Scales in nineteen rows. nn-pp. Adult. South America. Presented by Edward Bower- bank, Esq. Scales in nineteen rows. 168 REPTILES. 3. EUDIPSAS, Fitzinger. Dipsas with a compressed, elongate body and tail; head broad, distinct from neck; shields of the head regular ; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars; scales moderate (nine- teen to twenty-three rows), those on the vertebral line larger, hexagonal; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed. Pupil sub- elliptical; eyes moderate ; nostril between two shields. Ante- rior palatine, maxillary and mandibulary teeth longer, or much longer, than the following ; posterior maxillary tooth furrowed. South America ; East Indian Islands. Eudipsas, Fitzinger, Syst. der Rept. p. 27. Opetiodon, Ly- cognathus, sp., Dum. & Bibr. vii. pp. 905 & 924. Dipsas, sp., Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 268. Coluber, Vipera, auct. prior. 1. EUDIPSAS CYNODON. Seba, ii, 76.1. Vipera ammodytes, Klein, Tent. p. 21. Dipsas cynodon, Cuv.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Guérin, Iconogr. pl. 21. f. 2; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 10, 11; Cantor, Catal. p. 77. Eu- dipsas cynodon, Fitzinger, Syst. der Rept. p. 27. Opetiodon cynodon, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 907. Anterior palatine and mandibulary teeth very large, much longer than the others. Scales in twenty-three rows. Greyish, with dark brown or black cross bands; crown varied with brown; a dark streak from the back edge of the eye to the angle of the mouth. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. Java ? From Mr. Argent's Collection. c. Adult. Asia. From the Leyden Museum. d. Adult : male. Asia. Presented by the Zoological Society. 2. EUDIPSAS LEUCOCEPHALUS. Coluber leucocephalus, Mikan, Detect. Flor. et Faune, t. .f.2. Coluber compressus, Oppel. Dipsadomorphus compressus, (Fitz.) Wiegm. Archiv, 1845, p. 165. Dipsas leucocephala, Schleg. Ess. p. 288. Lycognathus leucocephalus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 924. . Anterior palatine, maxillary and mandibular teeth rather longer than the others. Scales in nineteen rows. Greyish, with dark brown cross bands; head uniform whitish. Two upper labials reaching the orbit. a. Adult. Berbice. b. Adult. Brazil. From Mr. Frank's Collection. . c. Adult: not good state. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart. d. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. e. Young. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. SNAKES. 169 4. DIPSAS, Auct. Body and tail generally compressed, elongate; head much depressed, triangular, broad behind, very distinct from neck; generally one loreal; one anterior, generally two posterior oculars; rostral moderate; scales moderate, in nineteen to twenty-seven rows, smooth, moderately imbricate, in not very oblique rows; those of the vertebral series larger; anal entire ; subcaudals two- rowed. Pupil elliptical; nostril moderate, between two shields. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, grooved. East Indies ; South America; Africa, Australia. Imantodes, Triglyphodon, Dipsas, sp. = Dipsadiens, pt., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1053. Dipsas, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p.549; Cuv. Règne Anim.; Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amph. p. 181; Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 257. Dendrophis, sp., Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54. Bungarus, sp., Oppel, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 392. Hurria, sp., Daud. , Rept. v. p. 277; Merr. Tent. p. 93. Natrix, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 1. DIPSAS MULTIMACULATA. a Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. t. 23. Dipsas multimaculata, Reinwardt; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 4,5, and Abbildg. t. 45. f. 13-15; Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 1139. Scales in nineteen rows; anal entire. Ground-colour greyish or olive; on each side of the back a series of large brown rounded or polygonal blotches; a second series of smaller spots near the abdomen; crown of the head with an arrow-shaped brown spot; a streak of the same colour from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. b. Half-grown. Hongkong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. c, d. Adult: discoloured. Asia. Old Collection. e. Adult: not good state. Asia. Old Collection. 2. DIPSAS DENDROPHILA. Seba, i. 21.1; Scheuchz. iv. t. 662. Coluber peruvianus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. t. 122. Dipsas dendrophila, Reinwardt; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 181, and Icones, t. 8; Filippi, Catal.; Schleg. Ess. t. 11. f. 1-3, and Abbildg. t. 45. f. 1-9; Hoeven, Handb. t. 15. f. 9 (anat.); Cantor, Catal.p. 76. Dipsas indica, Cuv. Règne Anim. Triglyphodon dendrophilum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1086. Triglyphodon gemmicinctum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1091. I 170 REPTILES. Scales in twenty-one rows; anal entire; black, with forty to sixty narrow yellow (in spirits) white cross bands. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Young: bad state. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Adult. Borneo. Borneo. Presented by Sir James Brooke. d. Adult: injured. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. e. Adult. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum. f, g. Adult: not good state. Sumatra. Sumatra. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. h. Adult. India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. All these specimens belong to the variety T. gemmicinctum, D. & B. i. Adult. Java? From Mr. Argent's Collection. k. Large specimen. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 1. Adult. East Indies. From Mr. Jamrach's Collection. 3. DIPSAS BOOPS. Body and tail very slender, much compressed; head volumi- nous, eye very large. Scales in twenty-one rows. Yellowish brown, marbled with purple, with more or less distinct cross bands; head marbled with brown; no temple-streak. a. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. . b. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Description.-Body and tail very slender, much compressed ; head very voluminous, broad, thick, very distinct from neck, with flat crown, and short, broad, rounded muzzle; eye very large, so as nearly to suppress the labials. Rostral shield small, not reaching the surface of head; frontals moderate, of equal length, rather convex; vertical large, spheroid, in one specimen in con- tact with anterior ocular, in the other one not quite extending to it; occipitals moderate, forked, irregularly tapering ; superciliaries nearly triangular, very convex; one anterior, two posterior oculars; loreal small, subquadrangular; suture between the nasals not very distinct; eight narrow upper labials, third, fourth and fifth form- ing the lower edge of orbit, sixth higher than fifth ; chin-shields broad, nearly suppressing the lower labials, except the first pair, which forms a broad suture behind the terminal labial ; two pairs of moderate temporal shields, front pair coming in contact with both oculars. Scales in twenty-one rows, those of the medial series large, six-sided ; anal entire; ventral plates not keeled. Three posterior maxillary teeth longest, grooved. Above light SNAKES. 171 yellowish brown, marbled with purple, and numerous narrow, black, more or less distinct cross bands; head whitish, beauti- fully marbled and spotted with black ; belly yellowish, with a lateral series of irregular large black spots; remainder sometimes uniform, sometimes marbled with purple. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of eye nearly \"; length of tail 15" ; total length 4' 9". 4. DIPSAS DRAPIEZII. Dipsas drapiezii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 8, 9 (not good), and Abbildg. t. 15. Triglyphodon drapiezii, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1097. Body compressed and very slender, tail about a fourth of total length. Scales in nineteen rows; anal entire ; generally no loreal ; shield ; eight upper labials. Dirty white, with narrow black cross bands, on each side a series of irregular black spots ; no streak from the eye to the angle of mouth; three upper labials reaching the orbit; vertical shield with nearly parallel lateral edges; eye very large. a. Adult: bad state. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection, The specimen, having only seventeen longitudinal rows of scales, is referred to the above species with doubt. 5. DIPSAS FUSCA. Dendrophis fusca, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 54. Triglypho- don flavescens, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1080. General appearance like D. irregularis, but rather stouter. Scales in nineteen rows, those on the vertebral line much larger, regularly six-sided; vertical shield broad, occipitals obtuse be- hind; one loreal, eight upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth touching the orbit (accidentally the second divided into two). Head uniform brown, with a very obsolete temple-streak; back pale brown, with numerous black netted, oblique, sometimes ob- solete cross bands; belly uniform light brown; eye moderate. a. Adult. Port Essington. b, c. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. d. Adult. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson, M.D., C.B. e. Adult. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson, M.D., C.B. f. Adult : bad state. Port Essington. From the Haslar Col- lection. g. Adult : bleached. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. I 2 172 REPTILES. 6. DIPSAS IRREGULARIS. Unregelmaessige Natter, Merr. Beitr. pl. 4. Hurria irregu- laris, Merr. Tent. p. 93. Hurria pseudo-boiga, Daud. Rept. v. p. 277. Dipsas irregularis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Wagl. Amph. p. 181; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 12, 13. Triglyphodon irregularis, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1072. Scales in twenty-one or twenty-three rows; one anterior ocular; fifteen to twenty temporal shields. Olive, grey or brown, some- times with more or less distinct darker cross bands, sometimes only varied with black; one black streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. a. Adult: male. Amboyna. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum as D. drapiezii. c. Adult. Asia. From Mr. Frank's Collection as D. pallida (?). d. Adult : bleached. Asia. Old Collection. e. Adult : not good state. Asia. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. f. Fotus and eggs. Asia. The fetus exhibits all the subcaudal plates bifid. 7. DIPSAS FORSTENI. Triglyphodon forsteni, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1077. Scales in twenty-seven or twenty-nine rows; anal entire. Olive, with darker cross bands, or only varied with black. a. Adult : rather discoloured. India. b. Half-grown: rather discoloured. - From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult: fine specimen. -? Presented by the Zoological Society. d. Adult. -? From the Collection of the Zool. Soc. 8. DIPSAS VALIDA. Triglyphodon fuscum*, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1101. Dipsas valida, Fischer, Abhandl, aus dem Gebiete der Naturwiss. Hambg. 1856, p. 87. t. 3. f. 4. Scales in twenty-three rows; two anterior oculars; the hinder edges of the occipital shields forming nearly a right angle; anal bifid. Quite uniform brown, paler beneath, sometimes on the sides a row of large brown spots. a. Adult. Fantee, W. Africa. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult. Coast of Guinea. * This name is preocupied, having been given to an Australian species of the genus by Dr. Gray in the year 1842. SNAKES. 173 9. DIPSAS GLOBICEPS. Fischer, 1.c. p. 89. t. 3. f. 6. Scales in twenty-three rows; two anterior oculars; the hinder edges of the occipital shields forming nearly a straight line; anal bifid. Greyish brown, on each side a row of large black spots with white centre. Liberia. 10. DIPSAS FASCIATA. Fischer, 1.c. p. 84. t. 3.f.5 (ante-orbital should not be divided). Scales in twenty-three rows; one anterior ocular; eight tem- poral shields. Greyish; two temple-streaks; on each side a row of blackish-brown perpendicular cross streaks, extending on the belly. W. Africa. 11. DIPSAS PULVERULENTA. Fischer, l. c. p. 81. t. 3. f. 1. Body and tail very slender, much compressed; head very distinct from neck. Scales in nineteen rows; anal entire. Brown: on each side a series of numerous dark brown erect transverse streaks, some pairs confluent, forming cross bands; beneath with two punctulated longitudinal lines, extending to the tip of tail; head uniform brownish. a. Old Calabar. Presented by W. Logan, Esq. b. Old Calabar. Presented by W. Logan, Esq. Description. -Body and tail slender, much compressed; head voluminous, very distinct from neck; eye large, pupil subellip- tical; rostral shield moderate, just reaching the surface of snout; frontals moderate; vertical very broad, nearly reaching the outer edge of crown, with convergent sides and an obtuse angle behind, rather longer than broad; occipitals moderate, rather broad and truncated behind, not forked; superciliary forming a triangle with the base above the eye; posterior oculars two, anterior one, just reaching the surface of crown ; loreal square, nasals short; eight narrow upper labials, third, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of eye; two pairs of elongate temporal shields, front pair in contact with both oculars. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows; those of the vertebral series largest; of the first and second, of the seventh, eighth and ninth broad, rhombic; of the intermediate ones much imbricate, narrow, lanceolate; anal entire, subcaudals two-rowed. Two posterior maxillary teeth longest, channeled, remainder equal. Brown with a strong cast of purple; each side with sixty-eight elliptical erect brown transverse streaks, sometimes the pairs confluent on the back, streaks in the middle a 174 REPTILES. of body with a small yellow spot in the centre; head uniform. Belly paler, minutely punctulated with black; from the chin to the tip of tail a lateral black line, formed by innumerable minute a black specks. Breadth of head 3"; length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 4}"; total length 201". 12. DIPSAS CENCHOA. Vipera cencoalt, Seba, ii. 16. 2.3; Scheuchzer, t. 678. f. 3. Coluber cenchoa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 389; Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii. p. 475; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 129; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 283; . Kuhl, Beitr. zur Zool. p. 88; Daubenton, Dict. Encycl. p. 601 ; Weigel in den Schriften der Berl. Gesellsch.Naturf. Freunde, t.ii.; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. p. 316; Bonnat. Encycl. Méth. pl. 29. f. 60. Bungarus cencoalt, Oppel, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 392. Natrix cenchoa, Merr. Tent. p. 114. Dipsas p cenchoa, Wied, Beitr. i. p. 396; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560; Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 181. Dipsas weigelii et D. cenchoa, Fitz. Neue Classif.; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 19, 20. Imantodes cenchoa, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1065. . . Body compressed and very slender ; tail extremely thin, nearly half as long as trunk; head large, very distinct from neck. Scales in seventeen or nineteen rows, those of the vertebral line much larger; anal bifid. Whitish, with transverse rhomboidal brown bands. a. Half-grown. Surinam. b. Young: tail injured. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Col- lection. c-g. Adult. Mexico. From Mr. Hugo Finck's Collection. h. Adult. America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. i. Adult. America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society 5. DIPSADOMORPHUS, Fitzinger. Body and tail compressed, elongate; head depressed, trian- gular, broad behind, very distinct from neck; one (in one species two) loreal; one anterior, two posterior oculars; rostral mode- rate; scales moderate, in nineteen to twenty-three rows, smooth, very much imbricate, in very oblique rows, those of the vertebral row larger; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Pupil elliptical; nostril moderate, between two shields. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved. East Indies; Mexico. Dipsas, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Gray, Indian Zool.; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 267; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1135. Dipsadomor- phus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. SNAKES. 175 1. DIPSADOMORPHUS TRIGONATUS. Russell, Ind. Serp. i. t. 15. Coluber trigonalis, Schneider in Bechstein's Uebers. Lacep. iv. t. 40. f. l; Merr. Tent. p. 104. Coluber sagittatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii . p. 526. Coluber cate- nularis, Daud. Rept. vi. pl. 75. f. 2. Dipsas trigonata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 6, 7; Dum. & Bibr. vii. Dipsadomorphus trigonatus, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 1136. p. 27. Scales generally in twenty-one rows (exceptionally in nine- teen); one loreal; light yellowish brown, with a yellow, black- edged, sometimes interrupted dorsal zigzag band; the black edges sometimes extending to the abdomen; belly uniform yel- lowish, with an irregularly punctated lateral line. a. Adult. India. From the Leyden Museum. b. Adult. India. c. Adult. India. d. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. e, f. Adult and half-grown: not good state. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. 9. Adult: discoloured. India. Presented by Dr. Russell. h. Young. India. i. Adult: injured. Bengal. Presented by the College of Sur- geons. k. Half-grown. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. 1, m. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. n. Adult: injured. Madras. Presented by J.E. J. Boileau, Esq. 0. Young. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. . p. Young. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boilean, Esq. 9. Nearly half-grown. Madras. Presented by J.C. Jerdon, Esq. r. Adult : bleached. India. Presented by Capt. P. P. King. S. Adult: tail injured. India. Presented by Mr. Hillier. t. Adult: greatly injured. India. Purchased. u. Adult : injured. India. Presented by J. Nimmo, Esq. V. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Var. A. Dipsas gokool, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. . f. 1. The dorsal band peculiarly modified: a yellow, straight, vertebral line; on each side a row of black, erect, Y-shaped marks. w. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Original specimen of Dr. Gray's figure. Var. B. Belly checkered with black. X. Adult. India. 176 REPTILES, 2. DIPSA DOMORPHUS CEYLONENSIS. Scales in nineteen rows; one loreal. Greyish, minutely punc- tulated with black; a vertebral series of more or less rounded black spots, each emitting an oblique narrow streak towards the sides of belly; belly freckled with brown, and on each side a series of a brown spots. a. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by A. Paul, Esq. c. Adult: bad state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. d. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. e. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. f. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. g. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Closely allied to D. trigonatus, but differs in having a peculiar system of coloration, larger scales in the vertebral row, less imbricate scales, and a much larger eye. Structure of head- shields the same. In the stomach of one specimen I found a young rat. Size the same as of D. trigonatus. 3. DIPSA DOMORPHUS BISCUTATUS. Dipsas biscutata, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1153. Scales in twenty-three rows; two loreals, one above the other; three anterior, three posterior oculars. Yellowish brown, with large irregularly lozenge-shaped brown yellow-edged spots, each enclosing a smaller yellow spot. Mexico. a. Adult. Central America. From the Haslar Collection. 6. RHINOBOTHRYUM, Wagler. Body much compressed and elongated; head broad, depressed, flat above, triangular, very distinct from neck; rostral shield far produced backwards between the anterior frontals, so as to some- times reach the posterior ones; snout rather elongate, truncated in front; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars; scales moderate (in nineteen to twenty-one rows), imbricate, lanceolate, those on the back equal, keeled; anal bifid; subcaudals two- rowed. Nostril forming a very large and deep groove between two nasals and the anterior frontal. Hinder maxillary teeth longest, furrowed; the anterior ones equal in length. South America. Rhinobothryum, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 186; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1060. Dipsas, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 289. Coluber, sp, Boie, Scopoli. SNAKES. 177 1. RHINOBOTHRYUM LENTIGINOSUM. Coluber lentiginosus, Scopoli, Delic. Flor.et Faun. Insul. Austr. iii. t. 20. f. 2. Rhinobothryum macrorhinum, Wagl. I. c. Dipsas macrorhina, Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 31, 32. Rhinobothryum len- tiginosum, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1061. Whitish, with large, broad, brown rings; each shield of head with a brown spot in the centre. a. Adult. Tropical America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. 7. LEPTOGNATHUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body more or less compressed and elongate; head high, quadrangular, with blunt, rounded muzzle, more or less distinct from neck; rostral shield not produced backwards; loreal gene- rally wanting; one or two anterior, generally two posterior ocu- lars; scales moderate, smooth, in thirteen or fifteen rows; those of the vertebral row larger, six-sided; subcaudals two-rowed. Eye and nostril moderate. Teeth equal, smooth. South Ame- rica; India. Petalognathus, Dipsadomorus, Leptognathus, Anholodon = Leptognathiens, pt., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 456. Dipsas, sp., Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 90 ; Schinz, Thierreich,p.117; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Wagl. Syst. p. 181; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 257. Bun- p. garus, sp., Oppel, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1810, p. 392. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. . 1. LEPTOGNATHUS NEBULATUS. Sibon, Seba, i. 14. 4, ü. 29. 3. Coluber nebulatus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 24. f. 1, and Syst. Nat. p. 383; Daub. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 657; Weigel, Abh. der Hallens. Naturf. Gesellsch. i. p. 32; Lacép. Quadr. Ov. Serp.ü. p.307; Bonnat. Encycl. Ophiol. pl. 20. f.38; Merr. Beitr. i. pl. 8, and Tent. p. 104; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 476; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 177; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 413; Kuhl, Beitr, zur Zool. p. 88. Coluber sibon, Linn. Syst. Nat. . p.383; Daub. I. c. p. 679; Lacép. I. c. p. 271; Bonnat.l.c. pl. 19. f. 35; Shaw, l. c. p. 507; Latr. I. c. p. 164; Daud. I. c. p. 435; Merr. Tent. p. 130. Dipsas nebulata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 14, 15. Petalognathus nebulatus, Dum. A Bibr. vii. p. 464. Body and tail moderately slender, rather rounded ; loreal shield none, replaced by the large single ante-orbital; upper labials seven; first pair of lower labials forming a suture together; three pairs of chin-shields behind, the first of which is three times as long I 5 178 REPTILES. as broad; each shield of the two other ones much smaller than one posterior frontal. Greyish brown, marbled with brown; op the back and on the sides more or less regular dark brown cross bands, extending on the ventral shields; belly irregularly spotted with black. a. Adult. S. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. b. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. c. Many specimens. Berbice. d. Young. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. e, f. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. g. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. h. Half-grown. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. i. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by W. Raddon, Esq. k, 1. Adult and young. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Col- lection. m-o. Adult. Mexico. From Mr. Hugo Finck's Collection. p. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. 9. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. r. Adult: injured. West Indies. Presented by Miss Saul. s. Adult : head injured. America. Presented by Mr. Tennant. t. Adult. America. u-w. Adult. America. From Mr. Argent's Collection. X. Adult: head injured. America. 2. LEPTOGNATHUS MIKANII. Dipsas mikanii (Mus. Vienn.), Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 277. Anho- lodon mikanii, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1165. Body and tail rather short, not much compressed ; loreal shield generally united with ante-ocular; sometimes a rudimentary ocular above and beneath the loreal; upper labials seven or eight; first pair of lower labials forming a suture together; two pairs of chin-shields behind, the first of which is once and a half as long as broad; each shield of both pairs as large as one posterior frontal. Greyish brown, punctulated with brown; with dark . brown cross bands, not extending on the belly; belly with a punctated line on each side. a. Adult: male. Pernambuco. Presented by J.P. G. Smith, Esq. b. Adult. Pernambuco. From the Collection of the Zoological Society c. Young. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. d. Half-grown. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. e. Half-grown. Brazil. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Description.-In habit similar to L. nebulatus, but rather shorter ; head more depressed, with rather rounded crown and SNAKES. 179 blunt muzzle ; eye moderate, pupil elliptical. Rostral rather broader than high, just reaching the surface of forehead ; anterior frontals narrow, small, short ; posterior ones much larger, qua- drangular; vertical moderate, as broad as long, similar to the same shield in L. nebulatus; occipitals rounded behind; nostril between two shields; loreal and ante-orbital generally united, as in the just mentioned species ; but one of our specimens exhibits on both sides a small, triangular, separated ante-orbital in the lower front angle of eye; another specimen has an ocular above and beneath the loreal shield; two posterior oculars; generally seven upper labials, the fourth of which is just below the eye; it is divided into two in specimens exhibiting eight upper labials. One rather large temporal shield in contact with both oculars; four or five smaller ones, scale-like behind; there are nine pairs of lower labials, first pair forming together a suture, second, third and fourth rather broad (in L. nebulatus very narrow); the chin- shields, as above mentioned, give a sufficient character for distin- guishing at once the species from L. nebulatus. Scales in fifteen rows, those of the vertebral line six-sided, larger ; ventral plates rather rounded, on the posterior part of body raised on the side; anal entire. Teeth equal, smooth. In coloration similar to L. . nebulatus, but with certain differences. Brownish grey, minutely punctulated with brown; on each side of body, black, yellowish- edged cross bands, not extending on the belly, either alternate with those of the other side, or confluent with them ; on the an- terior part of trunk the bands are enlarged to four rhombic spots; head symmetrically marked with brown; belly yellowish, on each side a series of small brown spots. In the stomach of specimen a, I found a Veronicella. Length of tail 4"; total length 19". 3. LEPTOGNATHUS VARIEGATUS. Dipsas variegata, Schleg. Leyd. Mus. Leptognathus variegatus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 477. Body compressed ; loreal none; ten or eleven upper labials; one anterior ocular. Whitish, variegated with brown and with broad brown transverse bands. (Dum. & Bibr.) Surinam. 4. LEPTOGNATHUS PAVONINUS. Dipsas pavonina, (Cuv.) Schleg. Ess. ii. 280. Leptognathus pavoninus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 474. Body slender, compressed ; loreal none; two anterior oculars, ten or eleven upper labials. Above dirty white with a series of large brown spots, regularly rounded on the posterior part of body. (Dum. & Bibr.) Guiana. 180 REPTILES. 5. LEPTOGNATHUS CATESBYI. Coluber compressus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 247. Coluber catesbyi, Weigel in Meyer's Archiv, ii. 55–66; Merr. Tent. p. 128. Dipsas catesbyi, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 181; Schleg. Ess. t. 11. f. 21-23; Tschudi in Wiegmann's Arch. 1845, p. 165. Stremmatognathus catesbyi, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 522. Body slender, compressed; one loreal, two anterior oculars ; eight upper labials. Above dirty white with a series of large rounded or polygonal brown spots; a white collar and a white band across the forehead. a. Adult. Surinam. From the Leyden Museum, as Dipsas . . weigelii. b. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. c. Adult. Berbice. Presented by Lady Essex. d. Adult: head injured. America. e. Young. America. f. Adult: bad state. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 6. LEPTOGNATHUS INDICUS. Seba, i. 43.4; Scheuchz. iv. 654.5. Dipsas indica, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 90; Wagl. Syst. p. 181. Coluber bucephalus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 422. pl. 109; Merr. Tent. p. 128. Bungarus bu- cephalus, Oppel, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1810, p. 392. Dipsas bucephala, Schinz, Thierreich, ii. p. 117; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 16-18. Dipsadomorus indicus, Dum. $ Bibr. p. 420. Body and tail very slender, much compressed ; loreal none; upper labials nine; two anterior oculars. Brown, with about fifty lighter cross bands marbled with brown; belly coloured like cross bands; each cross band beneath with a white spot. Sumatra. a. Adult: head injured. East Indies. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 8. TROPIDODIPSAS, Günther. Body and tail moderate, compressed; head not much depressed, subquadrangular, rather broad behind, with blunt, rounded muzzle, distinct from neck; rostral shield moderate; one loreal, two an- SNAKES. 181 terior, two posterior oculars; scales moderate, keeled, in seven- teen rows; those of the vertebral row not larger; subcaudals two-rowed. Eye and nostril moderate. Teeth equal, smooth. Mexico. 1. TROPIDODIPSAS FASCIATA. Black, with white cross bands. a. Adult. Central America. From the Collection of the Zoo- logical Society. b. Half-grown. Central America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. c. Adult. Mexico.. d. Half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Hugo Finck's Collection. e. Half-grown. Mexico. Description.-Habit rather similar to Leptognathus nebulatus, but with more compressed body and shorter head. Head not much depressed, broad behind, with rather rounded crown and short and blunt muzzle; eye moderate, pupil subelliptical. Rostral as broad as high, rounded above, just reaching the surface of snout; anterior frontals rather small, spheroid, posterior ones much larger, bent on the sides ; vertical moderate, in one specimen as broad as long; occipitals moderate; superciliary much broader behind ; two anterior, two posterior oculars; upper ante-orbital just reaching the surface of crown; one loreal, two nasals, nos- tril between; seven upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of eye; about seven temporal shields, only the fore- most in contact with both oculars; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the terminal one, three pairs of chin- shields behind; the shields of head exhibit a tendency towards irregularity. Scales with slight keels, in seventeen rows; those of the vertebral row not larger; ventral plates rounded, raised on the side ; anal entire. Teeth equal, smooth. Black, with seven- teen narrow white cross bands, reaching to the sides of belly; in one specimen belly whitish, black-spotted; first cross band on the neck. Length of cleft of mouth]" ; length of tail 4"; total length 24". 9. HEMIDIPSAS, Günther. Body and tail moderate, rather compressed; head depressed, triangular, rather broad behind, distinct from neck, with rather broad, rounded muzzle ; rostral shield moderate; only one nasal ; loreal united with lower ante-ocular, reaching the eye; an ante- ocular above; two posterior oculars. Scales moderate, smooth, BRYANT WALKER LIBRARY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 182 REPTILES. a in fifteen rows, those of the vertebral row not larger ; subcaudals two-rowed; maxillary teeth becoming gradually larger behind; the two hindermost largest, compressed, smooth. 1. HEMIDIPSAS OCELLATA. Yellowish grey, with large rounded brown spots. a. Adult. Sine patria. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Description of the specimen.-Habit and coloration similar to Leptodeira annulata. Body moderately compressed ; ventral shields bent on the sides; head compressed, with much-swollen temples, flat crown, and rather broad muzzle, rounded in front; eye moderate, pupil elliptical. Rostral broader than high, with a right angle above, and raised on the surface of forehead; all the frontal shields nearly equal in size, posterior ones broader, but shorter; vertical five-sided, longer than broad, with rather con- vergent lateral edges, and a right angle behind ; occipitals mo- derate, rounded on the sides and behind ; two posterior oculars ; two shields forming the front edge of orbit; one upper small one, square, not reaching the surface of crown, and one oblong larger one, which may be considered as a loreal shield united with a second ante-ocular; one large oblong nasal, pierced by the nostril ; seven upper labials, third and fourth forming the lower edge of eye; about seven scale-like temporal shields, two of which are in contact with the oculars; first pair of lower la- bials forming a suture behind the terminal one, four pairs of chin- shields behind. Scales as above mentioned, not much imbricate, . rhombic; anal entire. Teeth as described. Yellowish grey, with , a dorsal series of large, rounded, brown, lighter-edged spots; on the posterior part of body the spots, being divided into two, form two alternate series; on the sides near the belly a row of much smaller, rather indistinct, brown spots; head nearly uniform brownish grey; belly uniform yellowish. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 6"; total length 24". The species probably comes from Tropical America. 10. DIPSADOBOA, Günther. Body and tail compressed, slender; head depressed, triangular, broad behind, very distinct from neck; one loreal, one anterior, two or three posterior oculars. Scales moderate, rather short, rhombic, in seventeen or nineteen rows, smooth, those of the ver- tebral row larger; subcaudals entire. Pupil elliptical, erect; nostril moderate, between two shields. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved. Central America; West Africa. SNAKES. 183 1. DIPSADOBOA MACULATA. Eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; ground colour ? with small quadrangular black spots. a. Central America. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Description of the specimen.-Habit like Dipsadomorphus tri- gonatus. Body slender, compressed ; tail elongate, tapering; head depressed, with flat crown, broad behind, very distinct from neck; snout of moderate length, obtuse in front; eye moderate, pupil elliptic, erect. Rostral broad, obtuse and rounded above, reaching the surface of snout; anterior frontals small, square; posterior ones much larger, subquadrangular, slightly bent on the sides ; vertical large, very broad in front, reaching the anterior ocular, with rather convergent outer edges and a posterior right angle; occipitals moderate, tapering, rounded, and not forked behind; three posterior oculars; anterior raised above the surface of crown; superciliary moderate; one elongate loreal, two nasals, nostril between ; eight low upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; ten temporal shields, two of which are in contact with oculars. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows, those of the medial row rather larger, and some regularly six-sided, the others of the back nearly square, those of the side rhomboidal; ventral plates obscurely keeled; anal bifid; subcaudals entire. Posterior max- illary tooth longest, grooved; anterior ones and palatine teeth appear to be equal in length; anterior mandibular teeth rather longer. Our specimen, being discoloured, exhibits a uniform dull yellowish coloration, some scales of the back and sides being black. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 7"'; total length 28". 2. DIPSADOBOA UNICOLOR. Nine upper labials, fourth, fifth and sixth forming the lower edge of eye; above uniform olive (in spirits); beneath uniform yellowish. a. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. Description of the specimen.-Body and tail not much elongate, much compressed; head depressed, with flat crown, broad, very distinct from neck, with short, obtuse muzzle; eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect. Rostral as broad as high, just reaching the surface of snout; anterior frontals short, rounded in front, posterior ones moderate ; vertical broad, reaching the anterior ocular, with convergent outer edges and a right angle behind ; occipitals moderate ; superciliary rather pointed in front, very broad and rounded behind; two posterior oculars, one high an- 184 REPTILES. terior ocular, raised above the surface of crown; loreal square, two short nasals, nostril between; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth and sixth forming the lower edge of eye. Scales smooth, imbricate, rhomboid, in seventeen rows, those of the vertebral row larger, six-sided. Anal and subcaudals entire. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, channeled; the remainder appear to be equal in length. Our specimen, being rather discoloured, exhibits a uniform bluish-green coloration of the superior parts; scales of the anterior part of body white at the base; beneath uniform yellowish. Length of cleft of mouth f"; length of tail 43"; total length 23". 11. AMBLYCEPHALUS, Kuhl. Dipsas with a very elongate, slender body and tail; head broad, high, round, snout excessively short; vertical shield rather narrow, chin-shields very broad; one loreal. Scales smooth, elongate, scarce (thirteen or fifteen rows), those of the vertebral row larger, hexagonal. Anal and subcaudals entire. Pupil round, eyes mo- derate. Anterior palatine and anterior mandibular teeth long; no furrowed tooth. Small Dipsas from Java. Amblycephalus, sp., Kuhl & Boie, Bidrag. natuurk. Weten- schapp. verzam. door von Haal, Vrolik en Mulder, iii. p. 249 ; Isis, 1827 & 1828. Dipsas, sp., Schlegel. Aplopeltura, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. 444. p. 1. AMBLYCEPHALUS BOA. Amblycephalus boa, (Kuhl) H. Boie, Bidrag. natuurk. Weten- schapp. verzam. door, &c. iii. p. 249 ; Isis, 1828, p. 1035. Dipsas boa, Schleg. Ess. t. 11. f. 29,30; Cantor, Catal. p. 78. pl. 40. f. 3. , Aplopeltura boa, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 444. Brownish, marbled with purple; on each side a series of large, irregular, whitish (in spirits) black-edged blotches. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 6. Large specimen. Borneo. c. Adult. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. d. Adult. Asia. From the Leyden Museum. 12. PAREAS, Wagl. Dipsas with a compressed body of moderate length ; tail short, thin, very distinct from trunk; head blunt and round, snout ex- ceedingly short ; shields of head truncated, labial shields narrow, chin-shields broader than long. Scales rhombic, scarce (fifteen rows), those of the vertebral row rather larger, polygonal. Anal SNAKES. 185 entire, subcaudals two-rowed. Pupil erect, eyes moderate ; nos- tril in the centre of a single shield ; anterior palatine and anterior mandibular teeth longest ; on furrowed tooth. Small Dipsas from Java. Amblycephalus, sp., Kuhl & Boie, Isis, 1827 & 1828. Pareas, Wagl. Nat. Syst. der Amph. p. 181; Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 438. Dipsas, sp., Schlegel. 1. PAREAS LÆVIS. Amblycephalus lævis, (Kuhl) Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519. Dipsas lævis, Schleg. Ess. t. 11. f. 24, 25. Pareas lævis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 442. Scales smooth. Above blackish brown, with oblique black cross bands; without streak behind the eye ; loreal none. a. Adult : male. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 6. Adult male : fine specimen. Java. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. 2. PAREAS CARINATA. Dipsas carinata, Reinw.; Schleg. Ess. pl. 11. f. 26-28, and Abbildg. pl. 45. f. 10-12. Amblycephalus carinatus, Boie, Isis, , 1828, p. 1035. Pareas carinata, Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 181; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 439. Scales of the dorsal rows slightly keeled. Above brown, with more or less distinct, irregular transverse bands; beneath paler, marbled with black; from the back edge of eye a black streak, confluent with that of the other side on the neck; one loreal shield. a. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. 6. Half-grown. Java. From the Leyden Museum. c. Adult. Java. d. Adult: not good state. Java. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Fam. XI. SCYTALIDÆ. Intermediate between the Dipsadide and Lycodontidæ. Body generally moderate, sometimes rather elongate and slightly com- pressed; tail of moderate length, not distinct from trunk, taper- ing; head moderate, with flat crown, rather broad behind, and distinct from neck, slightly depressed ; eye moderate, pupil ellip- tical or subelliptical ; cleft of mouth moderate; shields of head regular ; nostril generally between two nasals; one loreal ; one 186 REPTILES. or two anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, ovoid, not much imbricate, in seventeen or nineteen rows, sometimes those of the vertebral line larger. Anal entire, subcaudals one- or two-rowed; posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved ; an- terior ones equal in length. Lycodon, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 114, &c. Scytaliens, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 988. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. HOLOGERRHUM. Subcaudals entire ; two anterior oculars. Philippines. 2. SCYTALE. Subcaudals entire; one anterior ocular. South America. 3. OXYRHOPUS. Subcaudals bifid. South America. 1. HOLOGERRHUM, Günther. Body and tail moderate, rounded, tapering behind. Head depressed, with flat crown and rather short muzzle, not very distinct from neck; eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect; ros- tral moderate; two anterior, two posterior oculars, one loreal ; nasal one (?); nostril situated in the front part. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; anal and subcaudals entire. Posterior max- illary teeth longest, grooved. Philippine Islands. 1. HOLOGERRHUM PHILIPPINUM. Brown, with a few black oblong spots on the anterior part of body. a. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Description of the specimen.--Habit like Coronella lævis: body moderate, rounded; tail moderate, tapering, not distinct from trunk; head depressed, with flat crown, not very distinct from neck, with rather short muzzle, obtuse in front; eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect. Rostral shield moderate, reaching the surface of crown ; anterior frontals moderate, not bent on the sides; posterior ones small, rounded behind, bent on the sides ; vertical nearly three times as long as broad, with straight, nearly parallel outer edges, and an acute angle behind; occipitals mode- rate, forked. Superciliary moderate; anterior and posterior ocu- lars two; one square loreal ; nasal not separated, but grooved, anterior division pierced by the nostril; eight upper labials, third, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of eye; seven temporal SNAKES. 187 shields, a single small one in contact with both oculars. Scales smooth, rather short, rhomboid, in seventeen rows; ventral plates flat, with rounded sides; anal entire ; subcaudals one-rowed. Posterior maxillary teeth longest, grooved, anterior ones equal in length; palatine teeth equal; anterior teeth of lower jaw larger than the remainder. Above brownish red, sides of posterior part of body and tail blackish olive; on the anterior part of back some black, oblong transverse spots, largest on the neck, white-edged; a yellow streak from the lower posterior angle of eye to the side of neck ; beneath yellowish, with a punctated line on each side. Length of cleft of mouth 3" ; length of tail 2" ; total length 11". 2. SCYTALE, Boie. Body and tail moderate, rather elongate, rounded; head mode- rate, rather broad, flat above; snout rounded, rather elongate; nostril between two shields; pupil subelliptical; shields of head regular; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth ; ventral plates not recurved on the sides; subcaudals one-rowed; one posterior maxillary tooth longer and furrowed, anterior teeth nearly equal in length. South America. Scytale, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 996. Lycodon cloelia, var., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 114. Scytale, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187; Wied, Abbildg. 8 Beitr.; Gray, Synops. p. 17; Boie, Isis, 1827. Scytale, sp., Merr. Tent. p. 91. 1. SCYTALE CORONATUM. On the hinder part of the body or on the tail, the scales of the vertebral row larger. Var. A. Scytale coronatum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 999. Pseu- doboa coronata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 286. Boa coronata, . Daud. Hist. Rept. v. 220. Scytale coronata, Merr. Tent. p. 91; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.517; Cuvier, Règne Anim.; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187; Gray, Syn. p. 17. Lycodon cloelia, var., Schleg. Éss. pl. 4. f. 12, 13. Head and neck black, with a white collar. * Head short, rounded in front; hinder angle of the rostral shield obtuse, not reaching between the frontals. a. Adult. Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Collection. b. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. c. Adult : head injured. Cayenne. Presented by H. C. Rothery, Esq. d. Young. Caraccas. 188 REPTILES. e. Young. Caraccas. f. Adult. Brazil. Head rather elongate. ** Head elongate, rather pointed; hinder angle of the rostral shield acute, reaching far between the frontals. g. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. h. Adult. Pernambuco. Var. B. Scytale neuwiedii, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1001. Scytale coronata, Wied, Abbildg. pl. .& Beitr. p. 241. Lycodon cloelia, var., Schleg. Ess. p. 116. p Head and neck dark brown, without collar; body whitish or pale brown, each scale brown-edged, or brown or black. * Head short, rounded in front; hinder angle of the rostral shield obtuse, not reaching between the frontals. i. Adult. South America. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. k. Adult. Caraccas. Above very dark brown. 1. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. m. Half-grown. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. Back lead-coloured, sides and belly white. ** Head elongate, rather pointed; hinder angle of the rostral shield acute, reaching far between the frontals. n. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. 0. Adult: bad state. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. p. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. q. Adult. Above uniform lead-coloured. r. Adult. Trinidad. Rostral plate very thick and swollen. s. Adult. America. Above uniform brown. t. Half-grown. America. Above uniform brown. Scytale neuwiedii of Duméril and Bibron is only a nominal species, as is proved by the specimens in the Museum Collection. Specimens from Pernambuco, which may be regarded as Sc. coronatum or Sc. neuwiedii, show the same peculiarity of the rostral shield. 3. OXYRHOPUS, Wagler. Body rather elongate, sometimes slender and compressed ; tail moderate; head rather depressed, with flat crown, and not short, but broad, depressed muzzle, generally not very distinct from neck; eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect. Shields of head regular, vertical, generally produced behind, and pointed; one (exceptionally two) anterior, two posterior oculars; one loreal; two nasals, nostril between. Scales smooth, rhombic, in nine- SNAKES. 189 teen rows (exceptionally in fifteen or seventeen), those of the back equal to the others, exceptionally rather larger; anal en- tire; subcaudals two-rowed. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved ; anterior ones equal in length. South America. Brachyruton, Oxyrhopus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1002, &c. Ly- codon, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 122, &c. Oxyrhopus, Erythrolam- prus, sp., Cloelia, sp., Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amph. pp. 185, 187. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. Natrix, sp., 1. OXYRHOPUS PLUMBEUS. Coluber plumbeus, Wied, Reise nach Brasil. i. p. 95; Beitr. i. p.314; Abbildg. xiii. pl. 6. Duberria plumbea, Fitz. Neue Class. der Rept. p. 56. Hydroscopus plumbeus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 25. Boie, Isis, 1825, p. 537; Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. xxvi. pl. 7. f. 3, 4, anatomy; Schleg. Ess. pl. 6. f. 3–4. Brachyruton plum- beum, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1004. Above uniform lead-coloured, beneath whitish; loreal short. a. Adult : head injured. Caraccas. From Paris. b. Adult: tail injured. Demerara. Presented by Capt. Sabine. c. Adult. Berbice. d. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. e. Adult: head injured. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. f. Adult : bad state. America. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. g. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection. 2. OXYRHOPUS CLOELIA. Coluber cloelia, Daud. Hist. Rept. vi. pl. 78. Natrix cloelia, Merr. Tentamen, p. 98. Cloelia daudini, Fitz. Neue Classif. der Rept. p. 55; Wagl. Syst. Rept. p. 187. Deiropeda cloelia, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 25. Cloelia (Natrix) occipitalis, Wagl. I. c., and Serp. Bras. pl. 6. f. 2. Lycodon cloelia, var., Schlegel, Essai, p. 115. Brachyruton cloelia, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1007. Pale brown or whitish, each scale brown-edged; head and neck dark brown with a white collar. Loreal short. a. Ten inches long. Surinam. . b. Ten inches long. America. c. Twenty inches long. America. From the Haslar Collection. d. Twelve inches long. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. e, f. Twenty-six inches long. South America. From the Col- lection of the Zoological Society. 190 REPTILES. 3. OXYRHOPUS FORMOSUS. Coluber formosus, Wied, Nov. Act. Cæs. Leop. Carol. 1820, t. 4, and Reise nach Brasilien, i. p. 257, ii. p. 75, and Abbildg. zur Naturgesch. Bras. t. , and Beiträge zur Naturgesch.i. p. 381. Erythrolamprus formosus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187. Oxy- rhopus formosus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1022. . One anterior ocular, not reaching the vertical ; two temporal shields in contact with oculars; loreal elongate. Body with black cross bands; head and neck uniform red in spirits, whitish). a. Adult. South America. Muzzle black. b. Adult. South America. From the Zoological Society's Col- lection. Muzzle black. 4. OXYRHOPUS PETOLARIUS. Coluber petolarius, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 9. f. 2, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 387; Daubent. Encycl. Meth. p. 660; Lacép. Hist. Nat. Quadr. Serp. ii. p. 207; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 48; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 105; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 307. Coluber pethola, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 484 ; Merr. Tent. p. 109. Oxyrhopus peto- larius, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 185. Lycodon petolarius, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 122. One anterior ocular, reaching the vertical ; loreal elongate. Body with alternate brown and white (in spirits) cross bands; all white (red) bands being equally broad. Var. A. Oxyrhopus multifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1019. Numerous red and black bands, all being equally broad; belly uniform yellowish. One temporal shield in contact with oculars. a. Adult. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Half-grown. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Var. B. Oxyrhopus spadiceus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1028. Like former, but two temporal shields in contact with oculars. c. Young. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. Var. C. Oxyrhopus petolarius, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1033. Red bands much narrower than the brown ones. Belly uniform. Two temporal shields in contact with oculars. . d. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. e. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. . f. Adult. S. America. From the Zoological Society's Col- lection. SNAKES. 191 Var. D. Like former; only one temporal in contact with the oculars. ? 0. rhombifer, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1018. g. Adult. Columbia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. h. Adult. South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. Var. E. Like former, having on one side one temporal in contact with oculars, on the other two. i. Adult. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. j. Adult. America. Var. F. Oxyrhopus subpunctatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1016. Like former; belly punctated with black; two temporal shields in contact with oculars. k, l. Adult and half-grown. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. Var. G. Black, with about fifteen narrow white cross bands, sometimes interrupted on the back; one or two temporal shields in contact with oculars; scales of the back equal. m. Adult. Bahia. From M. Parzudaki's Collection as 0. sebe. n. Adult : injured. Brazil. From Mr. Mather's Collection. 0. Half-grown. South America. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 5. OXYRHOPUS IMMACULATUS. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1029. One anterior ocular, reaching the vertical ; two temporal shields in contact with oculars. Loreal elongate. Above uni- form dark olive, beneath uniform yellowish. a. Adult. Brazil. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. Pernambuco. 6. OXYRHOPUS BIPRÆOCULARIS. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1030. Two anterior oculars. Perhaps only a variety of Oxyrhopus petolarius. a. Adult : head injured. Berbice. 7. OXYRHOPUS TRIGEMINUS. Lycodon formosus, Schleg. Ess. ii. pl. 4. f. 8, 9. Oxyrhopus trigeminus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1013. One anterior ocular, reaching the vertical; one temporal in 192 REPTILES. contact with oculars ; loreal elongate. Red (in spirits white), with black cross bands, always three together, middle one broadest. a, b. Adult. Bahia. Presented by Mr. Ker. c, d. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Mr. Bowerbank. c e. Half-grown. Brazil. From M. Parzudaki's Collection as Oxyrhopus virginianus. f, g. Adult : not good state. Demerara. Presented by Captain E. Sabine. h. Adult. South America. i. Adult : bad state. South America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. k. Half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Hugo Finck's Collection. - 8. OXYRHOPUS DOLIATUS. Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 1020. One anterior ocular, not reaching the vertical ; loreal elongate. Red (in spirits yellowish), with numerous irregular, band-like spots; crown of head yellowish, with large brown spots. a. Adult. Sine patria. From the College of Surgeons. b. Adult: bad state. Trinidad. Presented by Mr. Chantelier. Our specimens, exhibiting many differences from Duméril's description, require the following notices :- Description.-In general appearance similar to a Dipsas, Body slender, much compressed; tail moderate, tapering; head depressed, with flat crown, broad behind, distinct from neck, with short, broad, obtuse snout; eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect. Rostral shield very broad and narrow, raised on the surface of muzzle, rounded behind ; anterior frontals small, five- sided; posterior ones much larger, quadrangular ; vertical mo- derate, with somewhat convergent outer edges and a right angle behind; occipitals moderate, forked, rounded behind; super- ciliary moderate; anterior ocular just reaching the surface of crown, three posterior ones; upper labials eight, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; loreal elongate; temporals small, about seven, two of which are in contact with oculars. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows, those of the three dorsal rows larger than the remainder, and nearly square; anal entire. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, grooved ; anterior ones equal in length. Yellowish (in spirits); many scales entirely black, or only at the tip, forming together irregular band-like spots. Shields of head brown, each with a narrow lighter edge. No temple- streak; beneath yellowish, with quadrangular black spots, more SNAKES. 193 numerous on the posterior part of body, each occupying a half plate or an entire one. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 7"; total length 29". Faun. XII. LYCODONTIDÆ. Body generally moderate, rounded or slightly compressed, in one genus very elongate and slender ; tail moderate, rounded, tapering; head oblong, with flat crown and generally with de- pressed, broad, rounded muzzle. Eye rather small, pupil ellip- tical, erect ; shields of crown regular, generally posterior frontals very large ; lateral shields of head sometimes complete, some- times irregular; one or two nasals, one or no loreal, never more than two anterior and two posterior oculars. Scales rhomboid or ovoid, sometimes those of the vertebral line larger; anal generally entire; subcaudals bifid or entire. Anterior teeth of both jaws longest (except in Odontomus); without any grooved tooth in front or behind. Lycodon, Schlegel, Essai, ii. p. 104. Lycodontiens, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 352. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. SIMOCEPHALUS. Body and tail very slender; head spa- tulate; each scale of the vertebral series with two sharp keels. West Africa. 2. LAMPROPHIS. Two nasals, nostril between; one loreal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars; two labials coming into the orbit. Scales smooth, in twenty-three rows; those of the vertebral line larger. South Africa. 3. ALOPECION. Two nasals, nostril between; one loreal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars; three labials coming into the orbit. Scales smooth, much imbricate, those of the vertebral line larger. West Africa. 4. LYCOPHIDION. Two nasals, anterior one pierced by the nostril ; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth. South Africa ; West Africa. 5. METOPORHINA. Body rounded. One nasal, pierced by the nostril; one loreal, not reaching the orbit; one ante- rior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth. West Africa. 6. BOODON. Scales in twenty-three to thirty-one rows, those of the back equal; subcaudals bifid. S, and W. Africa. 7. HOLUROPHOLIS. Scales in twenty-five rows; subcaudals entire. West Africa. . K 194 REPTILES. 8. LYCODON. Two nasals, nostril between; one loreal; one (or two) anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, those of the vertebral line generally not larger, in seventeen rows. East Indies. 9. ISOSCELIS. Two nasals, nostril between ; loreal elongate; no anterior, two posterior oculars. 10. LEPTORHYTAON. Body round. One nasal, pierced by the nostril; loreal coming into the orbit ; one anterior, two posterior oculars, India. 11. ODONTOMUS. Body compressed. One nasal, pierced by the nostril ; loreal coming into the orbit; one anterior, two posterior oculars. India. 12. OPHITES. Scales keeled, those of the back equal; sub- caudals bifid. East Indies. 13. CERCASPIS. Scales keeled; subcaudals entire. Ceylon. 14. CYCLOCORUS. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows; sub- caudals entire. Philippine Islands. 1. SIMOCEPHALUS, Gray. Body and tail very slender, compressed; head large, oblong, much depressed ; muzzle very broad, truncated in front, spa- tulate ; eye moderate; pupil subelliptical ; two nasals, nostril between, large round, open ; one loreal, one anterior and one posterior ocular; scales of the sides elongate, lanceolate, sharply keeled, of the vertebral series broad, six-sided, with two sharp keels. Subcaudals two-rowed ; ventral plates slightly keeled. Anterior teeth of both jaws longest. Western Africa. . Heterolepis, sp., A. Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. note ; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 419. Simocephalus, Gray, MS. in Brit. Mus. The heads of our specimens and of Heterolepis capensis, figured by Dr. Andrew Smith, exhibit as great difference in form, as those of Dendrophis and Dryiophis. Not having spe- cimens of Dr. Smith's snake in the Museum collection, we think we are justified in applying to our specimens the generic deno- mination which was given to them by Dr. Gray many years since. 1. SIMOCEPHALUS POËNSIS. Heterolepis poënsis, A. Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. note, p. . Simo- cephalus poënsis, Gray, MS. in Brit. Mus. Heterolepis bica- rinatus, (Schlegel) Dum. & Bibr. p. 422. Uniform blackish brown above, paler beneath. SNAKES. 195 a. Adult. West Africa. Niger Expedition. b. Adult. Old Calabar. Presented by W. Logan, Esq. c. Half-grown. Africa. In the stomach of specimen b, a large Cordylus was found. 2. LAMPROPHIS, Fitzinger. Body stout, rounded; tail short, not distinct from trunk; head similar to Coronella, fiat above, broad behind, with short muzzle; posterior frontals moderate, vertical five-sided ; two labials coming into the orbit; occipitals rather elongate; two nasals, nostril between; one short loreal, one anterior, two pos- terior oculars. Scales smooth, rhomboid, not much imbricate, small, in twenty-three rows, those of the vertebral row rather larger ; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed. Anterior teeth of upper jaw rather longer; palatine teeth of equal length. South Africa. Lamprophis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 25; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p Coronella, sp., Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 75; Lycodon, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 523; Cerastes, sp., Coluber, sp., auct. prior. p. 42; 1. LAMPROPHIS AURORA. Sela, ii. 78. 3. Coluber aurora, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 19. f. 1, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 379; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 544; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 5; Merr. Tent. p. 97. Cerastes aurora, Laur. Syn. p. 82; Daubent. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. p. 590; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. Serp. ii. pp. 98 & 296; Bonnat. Ophiol. p. 53; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 172. Lycodon aurora, Boie, l. c. Coronella aurora, Schleg. 1. c. Lamprophis aurora, Fitz. I. c.; Dum. & Bibr. p. 431. Above brownish (in spirits), each scale darker-edged, with a yellow dorsal band; beneath uniform whitish. a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. b. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. c. Half-grown. S. Africa. S. Africa. Presented by Sir J. Macgregor. 3. ALOPECION, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body rather elongate and compressed; tail short, not very distinct from trunk; head moderate, ovoid, with rounded crown, broad and rounded muzzle ; posterior frontals moderate; three labials coming into the orbit; two nasals, nostril between; one K 2 196 REPTILES. a loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars *. Scales smooth, rhomboid, much imbricate, in seventeen or twenty-three rows, those of the vertebral line larger; anal entire ; subcaudals two- rowed. Anterior teeth of upper jaw much longer; palatine teeth of equal length. Africa. Alopecion, Dum.8. Bibr. vii. p. 416. 1. ALOPECION ANNULIFER. Dum. 8 Bibr. I. c. Scales in twenty-three rows. Africa? 2. ALOPECION FASCIATUM. Scales in seventeen rows; on each side a series of black erect cross bands. a. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. Description of the specimen.-Body rather elongate, com- pressed ; tail short, not very distinct from trunk, tapering; head moderate, ovoid, rather distinct from neck, with rounded crown, and moderate, broad, rounded muzzle ; eye moderate, pupil elliptical. Rostral shield broader than high, reaching the sur- face of snout, rounded behind; frontals moderate, anterior ones rather small; vertical broader than long, much in contact with ocular, nearly triangular with convex outer edges, and a right angle behind ; occipitals moderate, rounded and forked behind, much bent down on the sides, in contact with both oculars; superciliary small; two posterior oculars; anterior one raised above the surface of crown. Loreal large; two nasals, anterior one largest, nostril between ; seven upper labials, third forming the lower half of anterior edge of eye; fourth and fifth reaching the lower edge; four or five moderate temporal shields, foremost in contact with lower ocular; terminal shield of lower jaw tri- angular elongate, sharply pointed behind ; first pair of lower labials forming together a long suture behind the terminal one; three pairs of chin-shields, front pair largest. Scales moderate, much imbricate, in not very oblique rows, those of the vertebral line rather larger and broader, those of the sides narrow; seven- teen longitudinal rows; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Anterior longer teeth of the upper jaw separated from the hinder ones by an interspace; those of lower jaw in a continuous series; anterior ones longest. Above reddish brown, beneath paler; head uniform black; on each side a series of thirty-four black * In the characters of the genus, Duméril states two posterior ocu- lars, in the description of his only species three. SNAKES. 197 erect cross bands, alternate with those of the other side; belly uniform. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 5" ; total length 8". 4. LYCOPHIDION, Fitzinger. Body moderate, rounded; tail short ; head depressed; pupil elliptical, erect. Shields of head regular : posterior frontals large, vertical three-sided, occipitals elongate; two nasal shields, the anterior one pierced by the nostril, one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in seventeen rows, those of the vertebral row in adult specimens evidently larger; subcaudals two-rowed. South Africa. Lycophidion, Fitzinger, Syst. der Rept. p. 27; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 409. Lycodon, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 111. . 1. LYCOPHIDION HORSTOKII. Lycodon horstokii, Schlegel, Ess. pl. 4. f. 10, 11; Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. Rept. pl. 5. Lycophidion horstokii, Fitz.l.c.; Dum. 8. Bibr. 412. Brown or black, each scale with a bluish-white point at the tip. a. Adult. West Africa. Old Collection. b. Young. Angola. From Mr. Rich's Collection. c. Adult : rather discoloured. West Africa. From Mr. Argent's . Collection. d. Female : two feet long. West Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. The bluish-white edges visible only on the posterior part of body; in the oviduct I found five mature eggs, but without embryo. 2. LYCOPHIDION SEMIANNULIS. Lycophidion semiannulis, Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 51. Above bluish black, on each side a series of black erect cross bands; beneath paler, each ventral plate with a whitish lateral spot; lips yellow-edged. Mozambique. p. a 5. METOPORHINA, Günther. Lycodon with moderate, rounded body and short tail; head depressed, with flat crown, rounded in front; eye small; pupil elliptical, erect; rostral shield not protruding, broad, very short, just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, very narrow, posterior large; vertical three-sided; one nasal shield, pierced by the nostril; nostril situated near the end of muzzle, raised on the surface of forehead; loreal large, quadrangular, oblique, not reaching the orbit; one anterior orbital, raised on 198 REPTILES. the crown, situated above the third upper labial, both forming together the anterior edge of eye; fourth and fifth labial shields forming the lower edge; two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows, those of the back equal. Subcaudals two- rowed. West Africa. Hypsirhina, sp., Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67. Lycodon, sp., Gray, MS. Brit. Mus. 1. METOPORHINA IRRORATA. Coluber irroratus, Leuch in Bowdich's Mission to Ashantee, p. 494. Hypsirhina maura, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67. Lycodon maura, Gray, MS. Brit. Mus. Black-brown, with a few irregular darker spots; rather paler beneath. a. Adult. Gold Coast. Presented by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. b. Adult. Fantee, Africa. Presented by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. a 6. BOODON, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body moderate, rounded; tail moderate, rather short ; head rather depressed, with flat crown, rounded in front; pupil ellip- tical, erect; shields of head regular; two nasals, nostril between ; one loreal, one or two anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, small, in twenty-three to thirty-one rows, those of the back equal. Anal entire, subcaudals two-rowed. South and Western Africa. Boaedon, Eugnathus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. pp. 357, 404. Ly- codon, sp., Schlegel, Essai, ii. p. 104. 1. BOODON GEOMETRICUS. Lycodon geometricus, (Boie) Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 111; Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 22 (adult and young). Eugnathus geome- tricus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 406. p Scales in twenty-three or twenty-five rows. Head with two whitish lines on each side, above and below the eye; body with a yellowish lateral band. a. Very large specimen. Old Calabar. Presented by W. Logan, Esq. b. Adult. Old Calabar. Presented by W. Logan, Esq. c. Adult. Western Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. d. Young. Interior of Ashantee.-In all these specimens the blackish colour of the back extending on the belly; in a and b, the lateral band of body not visible. e. Half-grown. Fernando Po. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. SNAKES. 199 2. BOODON INFERNALIS*. Scales in twenty-three or twenty-five rows. Above uniform black, beneath paler. a. Adult. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. b. Young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. John Lee, F.R.S. c, d. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. Description.—Body moderate; tail rather short, not distinct from trunk, tapering; head moderate, rather distinct from neck, with flat crown and rounded muzzle. Eye rather small, pupil subelliptical. Rostral moderate, rounded above, just reaching the surface of snout; frontals moderate; vertical five-sided, tapering, sometimes the outer edges united and forming a curved line; sharply pointed behind ; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; superciliaries rather narrow; two posterior and two anterior oculars; in one specimen the anterior united; loreal elongate; two nasals, nostril round, open. Eight upper labials, third, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; six temporal shields, rhomboid, of nearly equal size, only one in contact with lower post-ocular. First pair of lower labials forming a long suture behind the terminal one; two pairs of chin-shields behind. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in twenty-three or twenty-five rows; anal entire. Anterior teeth in both jaws longest, those of the lower jaw separated from the hinder ones by an interval. Entirely uniform black; belly paler, sometimes very pale. Length of cleft of mouth 3"; length of tail 5"; total length 27". 3. BOODON UNICOLOR. Lycodon unicolor, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 551 ; Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 112. Boaedon unicolor, Dum. & Bibr. p. 359. Scales in twenty-nine or thirty-one rows. Uniform blackish ash or brown, beneath paler. a. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. b. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. c. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. d. Adult. Africa. e. Adult: bad state. Africa. 4. BOODON LINEATUS. Boaedon lineatum et capense, Dum. 6 Bibr. vii. pp. 363, 364 (not Lycodon capensis, Smith); A. Dum. in Rev. Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 464. * Boaedon nigrum, Fischer, Abhdlg. Gebiet. Naturw. Hamb. 1956, p. 91, may prove to be identical with the above species. 200 REPTILES. Scales in twenty-nine or thirty-one rows. Head with two whitish streaks on each side, sometimes extending along the sides of trunk (B. lineatum, D. & B.). Var. A. capensis. a. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. b. Young and egg. Cape of Good Hope. c. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Var. B. lineata. d. Adult. Ashantee. From the Leyden Museum as Lyc. geo- metricus, but with twenty-nine rows. e. Adult. Coast of Guinea. f. Adult: not good state. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. g. Young Africa. From Mr. Bartlett's Collection. h. Half-grown : bleached. Africa. 7. HOLUROPHOLIS, Duméril. Body rather slender, rounded, tail moderate; head moderate, flat above, rounded in front; pupil elliptical, erect; rostral shield rounded above, not reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, posterior large; vertical moderate, with conver- gent lateral edges; two nasals, nostril between ; one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, short, rhomboid, rather small, in 25 rows. Anal and subcaudals entire. Western Africa. Holuropholis, A. Duméril, 1. c. p. 465. . 1. HOLUROPHOLIS OLIVACEUS. A. Duméril, 1.c. p. 466. Uniform blackish ash, beneath paler. a. Adult. West Africa, Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. b. Half-grown. West Africa, Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. c. Adult : not good state. West Africa. Description.-Body moderate, rather slender; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk, tapering; head moderate, with flat crown and rounded muzzle, rather distinct from neck; eye rather small, with elliptical, erect pupil. Rostral broad, triangular, not reach- ing the surface of head; anterior frontals small, spheroidal; pos- terior ones much larger, bent on the sides ; vertical five-sided, with convergent lateral edges; occipitals rather small, rounded behind ; two posterior oculars ; anterior one large, reaching the SNAKES. 201 vertical ; loreal large; nostril evidently between two shields, an- terior one larger, and forming a part of the front side of muzzle ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit ; me- dial chin-shield narrow, elongate; first pair of lower labials very elongate, forming together a suture behind the medial chin-shield; about eight temporal shields, the foremost larger and in contact with the lower post-orbital, the hinder ones scale-like. Scales smooth, rhombic, small, in twenty-five rows, those of the back smaller than the remainder ; anal and subcaudal plates not di- vided. Coloration as above mentioned, belly sometimes in the middle whitish. The longer teeth of both jaws form a continuous series with the remainder. Length of cleft of mouth"; length * of tail 5,"; total length 23". I found in the stomach of the largest specimen several young mice; the general food of the South African Lycodontide appears to consist of these small mammalia. 8. LYCODON, Boie. Body rather elongate, rounded or slightly compressed ; tail moderate; head depressed, with flat crown and broad, rather obtuse muzzle; pupil elliptical, erect; shields of head regular ; two nasals, nostril between; one loreal, one or two anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, moderate, not much imbricate, in seventeen rows, those of the back equal or not much larger than the others. Anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. East Indies. Lycodon, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 186; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. p. 367. Lycodon, sp., Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 104. p . Coluber, sp., Natrix, sp., auct. prior. 1. LYCODON AULICUS. Dum. & Bibr. p. 369. Rostral just reaching the surface of head ; one loreal, one an- terior ocular. Yellowish brown, with large brown blotches, more or less confluent, sometimes separated by lighter cross bands, entirely or partially, sometimes lineolated or punctulated with the ground colour; sometimes uniform. There are innumerable intermediate forms of coloration be- tween the following varieties. Var. A. Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. 39. a. Adult. India. Presented by Colonel Hopkins. b. Half-grown. Ceylon. K 5 202 REPTILES. c. Young: not good state. Madras. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. d. Adult : bleached. India. e. Adult : bad state. India. Var. B. Above uniform brown, belly whitish; a white collar. f. Young. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Var. C. Russell, i. pl. 16. Coluber aulicus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. t. 12, f. 2, and Syst. Nat.i. p. 381; Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 74; Lacép. Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 298; Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 434; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 422; Merr. Tent. p. 106. Coluber striatus, Shaw, Zool. iii. P. 527. Coluber malignus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 46; Merr. Tent. p. 98. Coluber hebe, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 385; Merr. Tent. p. 95. Ly- codon aulicus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981; Wagl. Syst. p. 186; Cantor, Catal. p. 68. Lycodon hebe, Wagl. Syst. p. 186; Schleg. Ess. ii. pl. 4. f. 1-3. g-i. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Presented by Captain Gascoigne. k. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. . 1. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by A. Paul, Esq. m. Adult male. Ceylon. n. Adult. Ceylon. 0. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. p. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 9. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by General Hardwicke. r. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. s. Half-grown. Ceylon. t. Adult. Malabar. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. . u. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. . V. Adult : discoloured. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. w. Young. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. 2. Young. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. y. Young. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. z. Adult: not good state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. a. Half-grown. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. B, y. Adult and half-grown. Bengal. Presented by W. c. . Masters, Esq. 8. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. -0. Adult and half-grown: discoloured. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Adult. India. SNAKES. 203 1-). Adult : not good state. India. Presented by W. C. Mas- ters, Esq. H. Adult. India. v. Adult : bleached. India. Presented by Dr. Russell. E-s. Half-grown : not good state. India. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. T. Young. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. v. Adult Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 6. $. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. V. Adult. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. w. Adult: bad state. India. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. aa. Adult. India. bb-dd. Adult: bad state. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. ee. Half-grown. India. ff. Half-grown. India. 99. 9g. Young. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. hh. Young. India. Old Collection. Var. D. Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. 37. Lycodon capucinus, Boie. Lycodon atro-purpureus, Cantor. ü. Adult : bleached. Java. From Mr. Frank's Collection. kk. Adult. Java. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. ll. Young. Java. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. mm. Adult : bad state. Borneo ? Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. nn. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 00. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by Walter Elliott, Esq. pp. Adult. Tenasserim Coast. Presented by Dr. Packmann. 99. Half-grown. India. . Var. E. Schlegel, Ess. ii. pl. 4. f. 4,5. No specimen in the British Museum. Var. F. Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. 29 (belongs perhaps to Co- ryphodon fasciolatus). 2. LYCODON MÜLLERI. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 382. Rostral raised above the surface of snout, extending between the frontals; two anterior oculars. Greyish brown, with a dorsal series of large rounded brown spots. a-c. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Description.--Body rather slender, compressed; tail elongate; 204 REPTILES. head depressed, triangular, distinct from neck, with flat crown, broad and rounded muzzle ; eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect. Rostral shield broader than high, triangular, raised above the surface of snout, pointed behind, and extending between the an- terior frontals; anterior frontals moderate, five-sided ; posterior ones much larger, five-sided, but bent on the side ; vertical mo- derate, with straight, not much convergent outer edges, and a right angle behind ; occipitals moderate, forked and rounded behind; two anterior and two posterior oculars ; upper ante- ocular raised on the surface of crown ; loreal rather elongate, two nasals, nostril between ; nine upper labials, fourth and fifth forming the lower edge of orbit, sixth to ninth nearly equal in size and structure ; about twelve scale-like temporal shields, two of which are in contact with oculars. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in seventeen rows, those of the vertebral row nearly equal to the other ones, rather larger. Anal entire; ventral plates obscurely keeled. In the stomach of one specimen I found two bird's eggs. 3. LYCODON RUFOZONATUS. Cantor, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 483. One upper anterior ocular, lower one united with loreal. Brown, with numerous crimson (in spirits white) cross bands; belly pearl-coloured, tail beneath spotted with black. a. Adult. Chusan. 9. ISOSCELIS, Günther. Lycodon with moderate, rounded body and very short tail; head rather depressed, rounded in front; pupil ? Rostral shield hardly reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, pos- terior large ; vertical three-sided (forming, in the only at present known species, an isosceles triangle); two small nasals, nostril between; one very large, elongate loreal, replacing the anterior ocular; anterior ocular none, posterior two. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in seventeen rows; those of the back equal. Anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. 1. IsosceLIS MACULATA. Brownish yellow, with a dorsal series of irregular black spots; uniform yellowish beneath. a. Sine patria. Description of the specimen.-Body moderate, rounded; tail short, not distinct, tapering; head rather short, not distinct, SNAKES. 205 rounded and rather broad in front; eye small, pupil round (?). Rostral shield small, rounded, hardly reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, convex; posterior ones large, coming into the orbit ; vertical large, forming an isosceles tri- angle; occipitals elongate, pointed and divergent behind; super- ciliaries small, two posterior oculars, no anterior one; loreal nearly as long as anterior frontal, forming a part of orbit; two very small nasals, nostril between ; seven upper labials, third and fourth coming into the orbit; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the terminal labial; only one pair of large chin-shields; three larger temporal shields, several smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, rhomboid, in seventeen rows; anal entire ; subcaudals two-rowed. Crown uniform greyish brown, a lighter occipital spot, a larger of black colour behind; spots of the dorsal series, some triangular, some band-like, some qua- drangular; on the sides smaller irregular spots; beneath uniform yellowish. Anterior teeth in a continuous series with the follow- ing. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 1}"; total length 133". 10. LEPTORHYTAON, Günther. Lycodon with moderate, rounded body and short tail; head depressed, pointed in front; pupil elliptical, erect; rostral shield obliquely protruding, rather pointed above, just reaching the sur- face of head; anterior frontals rather larger, posterior smaller than in Lycophidion; vertical three-sided; one nasal shield, pierced by the nostril; one very large, elongate loreal, pointed behind, and coming into the orbit; one anterior ocular, situated above the loreal, two posterior ones. Scales smooth, rather elongate, rhomboid, in seventeen rows, those of the back equal. Anal bifid; subcaudals two-rowed. India. Lycodon, sp., Schleg. Homalopsis, sp., Boie. Coluber, sp., Merr., Shaw. 1. LEPTORHYTAON JARA. Jara-Potoo, Russell, Ind. Serp. i. t. 14. Coluber jara, Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 525. Coluber linnæi, Merr. Tent. p. 98. Homalopsis jara, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 551. Lycodon jara, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 110. Each scale brown with two whitish points, separated by a brown longitudinal streak along the centre; a whitish collar, more conspicuous in younger individuals; beneath uniform whitish. 206 REPTILES. a, b. Adult and young. India. Presented by General Hard- wicke. c, d. Adult and half-grown. India. The longer teeth of both jaws in some distance from the others. 11. ODONTOMUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body very slender and compressed ; belly angularly bent on the sides; tail elongate; head short, depressed; eyes large, pupil erect. Shields of crown regular: posterior frontals smaller than in other Lycodontide, vertical elongate; one nasal, one long, narrow loreal, coming into the orbit; one anterior ocular, situated above the loreal; two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rhom- boid, rather short, in thirteen to fifteen rows, those of the back equal; subcaudals two-rowed. Anterior palatine teeth longest, those of the jaws not elongate ; anterior ones of the upper jaw compressed. India. Odontomus, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 450. Lycodon, sp., Boie, Schlegel. Hurriah, sp., Coluber, sp., Merr., Daud. 1. ODONTOMUS NYMPHA. Russell. Ind. Serp. ii. t. 36, 37. Coluber nympha, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 244. Hurriah nympha, Merr. Tent. p. 93. Lycodon nympha, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 522; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 120. , p Odontomus nympha, Dum. & Bibr. p. 450. Scales in thirteen rows. Light brown, with a dorsal series of large round spots. a, b. Adult. India. Presented by Dr. Russell. 12. OPHITES, Wagler. Lycodon with keeled scales (in seventeen rows); subcaudal plates two-rowed; two nasal shields; either one long loreal, replacing an ante-ocular, or one small loreal and one ante-ocular; two posterior oculars. Habit rather elongate. East Indies. . Ophites, Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 186. Sphecodes et Ophites, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. pp. 394 & 397. Lycodon, sp., Boie, Schleg. Coluber, sp., Natrix, sp., Shaw, Merrem. 1. OPHITES SUBCINCTUS. Russell, Ind, Serp. ii. t. 41. Coluber platurinus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 468. Lycodon subcinctus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 551; Schleg. SNAKES. 207 Ess. pl. 4. f. 14, 15. Natrix platyrhinus, Merr. Tent. p. 134. p Ophites subcinctus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 186 ; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 399. Lycodon platyrhinus, Cantor, Catal. of Mal. Rept. P. 69. p Scales on the hinder part of body slightly keeled; one large loreal, no ante-ocular shield. Brownish, with broad whitish rings round the trunk and tail, those of the tail disappearing with age. a. Adult. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 2. OPHITES ALBOFUSCUS. Sphecodes albofuscus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 394. . All scales keeled ; one short loreal, one ante-ocular shield. Beneath uniform whitish; trunk and tail with alternate brown and white cross bands. a. Adult. Malabar. From M. Parzudaki's Collection, as Cer- caspis carinatus. 13. CERCASPIS, Wagler. Lycodon with keeled scales and entire subcaudals; body of moderate length; tail rather short ; shields of head regular, two nasals, one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales moderate, in seventeen to nineteen rows, strongly keeled. Ceylon. Cercaspis, Wagl. Syst. der Amph. p. 191; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 389. Lycodon, sp., Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 109. Hurria, sp., Kuhl, Beitr. zur Zool. und Vergl. Anat. p. 95. 1. CERCASPIS CARINATA. Hurria carinata, Kuhl, Beitr. zur Zool. p. 95; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 517. Cercaspis carinatus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 191 ; Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 390. Lycodon carinatus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 4. f. 6, 7. Black with white cross bands, broader on the sides. a. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Nearly adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Nearly adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. e. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. f. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by Sir James Macgregor. 208 REPTILES. 14. CYCLOCORUS, Dum. 8. Bibr. Body stout, compressed, especially the posterior part; tail moderate; head broad, with broad muzzle, rounded in front; pupil round; shields of crown regular; rostral rather small, just reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals small, posterior ones large; vertical elongate, with nearly parallel lateral edges ; two nasals, nostril situated more in the anterior; one moderate loreal, two anterior and two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, short, rhomboid, rather large, in seventeen rows. Anal and subcaudals entire. Philippine Islands. Cyclocorus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 385. Lycodon, sp., Rein- hardt, Kongel. Danske Videnskab. Af handl. 1843, p. 241. p 1. CYCLOCORUS LINEATUS. Lycodon lineatus, Reinhardt, l. c. t. 1. f. 7-9. Cyclocorus lineatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 386. Brown, with a blackish dorsal band; above and beneath marbled with dark brown. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult: not good state. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Half-grown. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection. d. Half-grown. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Col- lection. SNAKES. 209 B. Venomous Snakes with grooved fangs in front (p. 1). Fam. XIII. ELAPSIDÆ. Head generally quadrangular, with flat crown and moderate or short muzzle. Loreal none; generally one, sometimes two, anterior, two or three (exceptionally four) posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rather round or ovoid, sometimes those of the vertebral line larger, subcaudals entire or two-rowed. Grooved fangs immoveable, sometimes without other smaller smooth ones behind. Serpens venimeux colubriformes, Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 431. Conocerques, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1187. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. GLYPHODON. A series of smaller teeth behind the fang. Posterior frontal in contact with two labial shields. Au- stralia. 2. DEMANSIA. A series of smaller teeth behind the fang. Rostral shield moderate; loreal replaced by four shields; subcaudals two-rowed. Australia. 3. HOPLOCEPHALUS. Scales of back equal; subcaudals one- rowed. Australia. 4. PSEUDECHIS. One or two smooth teeth behind the fang ; neck not distensible; anal bifid; subcaudals anteriorly entire, posteriorly bifid. New Holland. 5. HAMADRYAS. One or two smooth teeth behind the fang; neck not distensible; three pairs of very large shields round the occipital shields. East Indian Islands. 6. BUNGARUS. Scales of the vertebral line hexagonal; sub- caudals entire. East Indies. 7. PSEUDOHAJE. One or two smooth teeth behind the fang. Scales of the vertebral line hexagonal; subcaudals bifid. 8. NAJA. One or two smooth teeth behind the fang; neck distensible; scales of the back equal; rostral shield mo- derate. East Indies; Africa. 9. CYRTOPHIS. No other tooth behind the fang; rostral very large, covering the whole front of snout. S. Africa. 10. PSEUDONAJA. A series of smooth teeth behind the fang; neck not distensible; rostral large, far produced back- wards; loreal replaced by four shields; one anterior, two posterior oculars. New Holland, 210 REPTILES. 11. BRACHYSOMA. A series of smooth teeth behind the fang; habit like in Calamaria ; rostral very large, far produced backwards; loreal replaced by three shields; subcaudals two-rowed. Australia. 12. ELAPs. No smooth tooth behind the fang; scales in thirteen to fifteen rows; anal entire. East Indies ; Africa; South and Central America. 13. VERMICALLA. No smooth teeth behind the fang. Scales in fifteen rows; anal bifid. New Holland. 1. GLYPHODON, Günther. Body and tail moderate, rounded; form of head as in Ly- codon, depressed, with flat crown and broad muzzle, obtuse in front; posterior frontal replacing the loreal, in contact with two labials; one anterior, two posterior oculars; one or two nasals. Scales smooth, short, large, in fifteen or seventeen rows; anal bifid ; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved fang in front; a series of smaller, equal teeth behind. Australia. This highly interesting genus is intermediate between Lycodon and the snakes of this family, agreeing with the former in its physiognomy, with the latter in its dentition. The species ap- pear to be oviparous. 1. GLYPHODON ORNATUS. Elaps ornata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 55. Above brown, each scale with yellowish centre; beneath uniform whitish. Scales in fifteen rows. a. Adult female. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. b, c. Half-grown. N.E. Australia. d. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. e. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. f. Half-grown. W. Australia. Presented by W. Buchanan, Esq. g. Young. N. Australian Expedition. Presented by Dr. J. R. Elsey. Description.-Habit, head and physiognomy as in Lycodon ; body and tail moderate, rounded, tapering behind; head not very distinct from neck, depressed, with flat crown and broad muzzle, obtuse in front. Rostral shield broad, narrow, rounded behind, not much raised above surface of crown; anterior frontals broad, short; posterior ones much larger, bent down on the sides, replacing the loreal, in contact with second and third labials; vertical five-sided, with such obtuse lateral angles, SNAKES. 211 as nearly to be three-sided, elongate, and with a very acute angle behind; occipitals moderate, rounded and forked behind ; superciliary moderate; two posterior oculars; anterior ocular forming only the upper half of anterior edge of eye, the lower one being formed by the third labial; no loreal, one nasal, pierced by the nostril; seven upper labials, third and fourth coming into the orbit; one larger temporal shield in contact with both oculars, five smaller ones behind scale-like. Scales smooth, short, large, with rounded apex, in fifteen rows; anal bifid; subcaudals two-rowed. Eye small, pupil elliptical, erect. Upper jaw with a grooved fang in front, separated from the other teeth by an interval ; an elongate series of six to seven teeth behind; palatine teeth equal in length; anterior teeth of lower jaw longest. Above brown, each scale with a yellow spot in the centre; spots in younger individuals occupying nearly the whole scale, so as to give the appearance of the scales being yellow, brown-edged ; crown of head and neck black, separated by a broad white collar, very conspicuous in younger individuals, gradually becoming obsolete; belly uniform yellowish. In the oviduct of one specimen I found eight mature eggs, but without embryo. Length of cleft of mouth 1" ; length of tail 31" ; total length 24". Length of egg ?"; breadth of egg 3". 2. GLYPHODON TRISTIS. Above uniform blackish brown, scales of the sides obscurely lighter-edged. Scales in seventeen rows. a. Adult male. N.E. Coast of Australia. Presented by J. Mac- gillivray, Esq. Differs from the other species in the following characters :- Vertical broad, six-sided, with an obtuse angle in front, and a right one behind ; outer edges much convergent; two nasals, nostril between; first temporal shield not much larger than hinder ones, in contact with both oculars. Scales smooth, rhom- boid, in seventeen rows. Anal bifid. Anal bifid. Above uniform black, with a broad, lighter, brownish collar; scales on the sides lighter- edged ; beneath uniform dull yellowish ; the dark coloration of the sides extending on the outer edge of each ventral plate. Length of cleft of mouth "; length of tail 4}"; total length 32". 5 7 a 2. DEMANSIA, Gray. Body and tail moderate or slender, rounded; head high, quadrangular, with rather short, rounded muzzle. Rostral mo- derate, vertical narrow; no loreal, replaced by the conjunction of posterior frontal (bent down on the sides), of anterior ocular, 212 REPTILES. of second (triangular) upper labial and posterior nasal ; one ante- rior, two posterior oculars; two nasals, nostril between. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in fifteen or seventeen rows. Anal bifid ; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved fang in front, a series of smaller equal teeth behind. New Guinea ; Australia. Pseudelaps, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1231. Elaps, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 452, &c. Demansia, Gray, MS. Brit. Mus. (1836), and Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 54. 1. DEMANSIA PSAMMOPHIS. Elaps psammophis, Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 455, and Abbildg. t. 46. f. 14. Pseudelaps psammophidius, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1234. Habit very slender ; forehead very convex. Above nearly uniform greenish olive; rostral shield without cross streak. a. Large specimen. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. b. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. c. Adult: bad state. N. Australia. 2. DEMANSIA RETICULATA. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54. . Habit moderate; forehead flat. Yellowish: skin between the scales and outer edges of the scales black; a yellowish, dark- edged streak crossing the rostral shield. a-c. Adult and young. W. Australia. d, e. Adult: not good state. W. Australia. f. Adult. W. Australia. g. Adult. W. Australia. h. Half-grown. Australia. i. Half-grown. Australia. k. Young. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Macgregor. 3. DEMANŠIA OLIVACEA. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54. Habit moderate. Olive-green, skin between the scales black ; scales of the sides with two white streaks at the base; a dark streak from the back edge of eye to the angle of mouth. a. Adult. N.E. Australia. Presented by Dr. Richardson. b. Adult. N.E. Australia. Presented by Dr. Richardson. c. Adult : bad state. Port Essington. d. Half-grown. N. Australia. From Mr. Argent's Collection. SNAKES. 213 p. 4. DEMANSIA MÜLLERI. Elaps mülleri, Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 16, 17; Müll. Z. Ind. Arch. t. 9. Pseudelaps mülleri, Dum. 8. Bibr. 1233. Olive, with two yellow or rose-coloured streaks along the sides of head and neck. Hab. - ? 5. DEMANSIA ANNULATA. Olive-brown, with numerous black, narrow cross bands. . a. New Holland. Presented by R. W. Willan, Esq. Description of the specimen.-Habit moderate; arrangement of shields as generally in Demansia: anterior frontals very narrow; vertical not much elongate; occipitals moderate; anterior ocular with a groove before the eye; one larger temporal shield in con- tact with lower ocular, five smaller ones behind. Scales in seventeen rows, short, rhomboid; anal bifid. Olive-brown (in spirits), with seventy-two black, narrow cross bands, less conspi- cuous on the tail; first and second on the neck broadest; crown black, separated from first neck-band by a narrow, reddish-olive cross streak; sides of head whitish; the dark coloration of crown emitting a black streak to the angle of mouth. Length of cleft of mouth 3"; length of tail 21" ; total length 143". 3. HOPLOCEPHALUS, Cuvier. Body and tail moderate, sometimes stout; head quadrangular, sometimes rather depressed, not distinct from neck, with flat crown and moderate rounded muzzle. Rostral moderate; no loreal, replaced by the conjunction of posterior frontal, of anterior ocular, of second upper labial and nasal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars; one nasal pierced by the nostril. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in fifteen to twenty-one rows. Anal and sub- caudals entire. Grooved fang in front, a series of smaller equal teeth behind. Australia. (Viviparous.) Alecto, Dum. 8. Bibr. (not Wagler) vii. p. 1249. Naja, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 477, &c.; Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 1034. Elaps, sp., Gray, in Grey's Australia, p. 444. Hoplocephalus, Cuv. Règne Anim. ii. p. 95, and Uebersetzung von Voigt, ii. p. 143. 1. HOPLOCEPHALUS BUNGAROIDES. Naja bungaroidea, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 1034. Naja bungaroides, Schlegel, Ess.ii. p. 477, and Abbildg. t. 48. f. 17, 18. Alecto bun- garoides, Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 1257. Scales in twenty-one rows. Above black with white spots, 214 REPTILES. arranged in numerous cross bands; crown of head nearly uniform brown. a. Adult. New Holland. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 2. HOPLOCEPHALUS VARIEGATUS. Alecto variegata, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1254. Nają bungaroidis specimen, donné par M. Keraudren, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 577. . Scales in twenty-one rows. Above black, irregularly spotted with white; head above with two white cross bands. Hab. New Holland. 3. HOPLOCEPHALUS PALLIDICEPS. Scales in fifteen rows; second and third upper labial shields truncated above. Blackish olive; head lighter; scales of the outer rows with yellowish apex. , a, b. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. c. Half-grown. N.E. Australia. Description.-Body rather elongate, rounded; tail rather short, not very distinct from trunk, tapering; head somewhat similar to that of Glyphodon unicolor, rather depressed, with broad, flat crown, hardly distinct from neck; muzzle rather short, broad, rounded in front; eye small, pupil subelliptical. Rostral moderate, reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals mode- rate, broader than long, rounded in front; posterior frontals rather large, five-sided, each with two hinder edges, forming together a right angle; vertical six-sided, longer than broad, with parallel outer edges, an obtuse angle in front and an acute one behind; occipitals moderate, sometimes rather elongate, sometimes obtuse and rounded behind; superciliary moderate; two posterior oculars, one anterior, just reaching the surface of crown. This species differs somewhat from the other Hoplocephali in the shields replacing the loreal; the second and third upper labials, being truncated above, do not participate in replacing it. Nasal rather elongate, sharply pointed behind, pierced by the nostril; six upper labials. Scales moderate, rhomboid, in fifteen rows; anal entire. Grooved longer tooth in front, a series of smaller ones behind. Above uniform blackish olive, beneath uniform yellowish; centre of each subcaudal with an obsolete, dark spot; scales of the outer rows with yellowish apex; head uniform light brownish olive. This species is viviparous: in the oviduct of the specimen, the measurements of which are stated, I found two perfectly deve- loped embryos. Length of cleft of mouth 12" ; length of tail 3"; total length 24". SXAKES. 215 4. HOPLOCEPHALUS GOULDII. Elaps gouldii, Gray,in Capt. Grey's Australia, p. 444. pl. 5. f.1. Scales in fifteen rows. Above olive, scales darker-edged ; head and neck black, rostral and posterior frontals white; a more or less distinct yellowish spot behind the upper part of eye. . a. Adult. W. Australia. From Captain Grey's Expedition. b. Adult. Australia. 5. HOPLOCEPHALUS CORONATUS. Elaps coronatus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 454, and Abbildg. t. 46. f. 12, 13; Gray, in Capt. Grey's Australia, pl. 5. f. 2. Alecto coronata, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1255. pl. 76 b. f. 2. Scales in fifteen rows; vertical not three times as long as broad. On each side of head a black, beneath white-edged streak, both joined by a broad black collar. a, b. Adult and half-grown. W. Australia. C. Adult : not good state. W. Australia. Presented by G. F. Moore, Esq. d, e. Adult. W. Australia. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. f, g. Adult and young. W. Australia. h-k. Half-grown. W. Australia. 1. Half-grown : head injured. W. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Macgregor. 6. HOPLOCEPHALUS CORONOIDES. Scales in fifteen rows; vertical more than three times as long as broad. On each side of head a black, beneath white-edged streak; no collar. a, b. Adult and half-grown. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq. c. Adult female. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Lieut. A. J. Smith, Esq. d. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Lieut. A. J. Smith, Esq. e. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. f. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. g-k. Half-grown. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq. 1, m. Half-grown. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq. n. Half-grown. Van Diemen's Land. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 216 REPTILES. m. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. n. Adult: greatly injured. Australia. Presented by the Admi- ralty. 0. Half-grown. ? Swan River. p. Adult male. Australia. q. Half-grown. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. This species is closely allied to H. coronatus, and differs only in its much more elongate head and the wanting of the collar ; the former character has caused me to establish it as a new species. It appears to be a native of Tasmania, whilst H. coro- natus comes from the continent of Australia. In the female specimen c, 18" long, I found four perfectly developed embryos, each 43" long. a 7. HOPLOCEPHALUS CURTUS. Naja curta, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 486, and Abbildg. t. 48. f. 19, 20 (hinder edge of frontals more rounded than generally). Scales in nineteen rows (in seventeen rows twice among twenty- five specimens); vertical not twice as long as broad. Head and posterior parts of body uniform blackish. Var. A. Trunk uniform dark olive. a. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq. 6. Adult. Kangaroo Island. Presented by the Zool. Soc. c, d. Adult. S. Australia. Presented by Dr. Fleming. e, f. Half-grown and young. S. Australia. Presented by Dr. Fleming. Var. B. Trunk olive, with broad brownish or black cross bands. g-i. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq. . k, l. Young. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq m. Young. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq n. Half-grown. Hobart Town. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. 0. Adult. Kangaroo Island. Presented by the Zoological Society. p. Nearly half-grown: not good state. South Australia. Pre- sented by Dr. Fleming. 9. Adult. Australia. r-t. Adult and young. Australia. u. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Zoological Society. v. Large specimen. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. w. Nearly half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Mac- gregor. 2. Nearly half-grown. Australia. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. y. Young: head injured. Australia. z. Young. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. SNAKES. 217 8. HOPLOCEPHALUS SUPERBUS. Alecto curta, Dum. 8. Bibr. (not Schlegel) p. 1252, except p. 1254, line 7: à 17 rangées longitudinales. Scales in fifteen rows; vertical shield narrow, more than twice as long as broad. Above brown or brownish olive; belly ante- riorly olive, becoming blackish towards the tip of tail. a. Large specimen. Voyage of the Erebus and Terror. Captain Sir James Ross's Expedition. b. Adult. Voyage of the Erebus and Terror. Captain Sir James Ross's Expedition. c. Adult. Voyage of the Erebus and Terror. Captain Sir James Ross's Expedition. d. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Lieut. A. J. Smith. e,f. Adult and half-grown. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq. g. Adult. New Holland. From M. Parzudaki's Collection as Alecto curta. h-k. Adult female and half-grown. South Australia. Presented by Dr. Fleming 1, m. Nearly half-grown. Swan River. From the Haslar Collection. n. Nearly half-grown. Swan River. 0. Adult. Australia. p. Young. Australia. Description.-Body moderate, rounded, rather depressed; tail rather short, thin, distinct from trunk, tapering; head scarcely distinct from neck, quadrangular, with flat crown and moderate, rounded muzzle; superciliaries prominent, a groove before the eye. All the shields of head proportionate; rostral just reaching the surface of crown; vertical more than twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel outer edges and nearly a right angle behind; occipitals rounded behind, not much forked. Anterior ocular raised above the surface of crown, grooved. Scales always in . fifteen rows. Above uniform olive-brown, one or two outer rows of scales with a large yellowish spot in the centre; beneath olive, towards behind blackish, plates more or less blackish- edged. A series of three or four smaller, smooth teeth behind the fang. In the eggs I could easily find the head of the foetus. Length of cleft of mouth " ; length of tail 61"; total length 43" ; length of egg {"; breadth of egg 3". 4. PSEUDECHIS, Wagler. Body rather elongate and rounded; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk, tapering; head not distinct from neck, moderate, quadrangular, with moderate rounded muzzle; shields of crown L 218 REPTILES. moderate; two nasals, nostril between; no loreal; one anterior, two posterior oculars; scales smooth, imbricate, in seventeen rows; anal bifid; first subcaudals entire, hinder ones two-rowed (exceptionally all entire). Grooved fang in front; some smaller, not grooved ones behind. Australia. Trimeresurus, sp. (Lacép.) Guérin, Icon. Règne Anim.; Dum. Bibr. vii. p. 1247. Naja, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 479 ; Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 55. Pseudechis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 171. Acanthophis, sp., Lesson, Voy. Duperr. Zool. Hurria, sp., Merr. Tent. p. 92. Coluber, sp., Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 423. 1. PSEUDECHIS PORPHYRIACUS. Coluber porphyriacus, Shaw, Zool. of N. Holl. p. 27. pl. 10, and Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. p. 423. pl. 110. Hurria porphyreus, Merr. Tent. p. 92. Acanthophis tortor, Less. Voy. du Duperrey, Zool. pl. 6. Pseudechis porphyriacus, Wagl. Syst. Amph.p.171. Trimeresurus porphyriacus, Guérin, Icon. Rept. pl. 24; Dum.& Bibr. p. 1247. Naja porphyriaca, Schleg. Ess. pl. 17. f. 10, 11. Naja australis, Gray, Zool. Misc. P. 55. Black or brownish olive above, belly and sides crimson ; ventral plates blackish-edged. a-c. Adult and half-grown. New Holland. Old Collection. d. Adult : not good state. N.E. Australia.-Original specimen of Dr. Gray's N. australis. e. Adult. Australia. Presented by the College of Surgeons. f. Adult. Australia. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. g. Half-grown. Australia. Var. All subcaudals entire. k. Adult : not good state. Australia. Australia. From the Haslar Col- lection. 5. HAMADRYAS, Cantor. Body elongate and rather rounded; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk; head not distinct from neck, moderate, quadrangular, with moderate rounded muzzle; occipital shields large, surrounded by three pairs of very large shields; two nasals, nostril between; no loreal; one (exceptionally two) anterior, three posterior oculars; scales smooth, much imbricate, in fifteen rows; those of the vertebral line larger, subhexagonal; anal entire; first subcaudals entire, hinder ones two-rowed (exceptionally all bifid). Grooved fang in front; some smaller ones, not grooved, behind. East Indian Islands. Trimeresurus, sp., Dum. & Bibr. p. 1245. Hamadryas, Cantor, Catal. p. 116. Naja, sp., Schleg. Éss. ii. pp. 476, 485. SNAKES. 219 1. HAMADRYAS ELAPS. Less. Voy.de la Coquille, Zool. Rept. pl.5. Naja elaps, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 485. Hamadryas ophiophagus, Cantor, I. c. Trimere- surus ophiophagus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1245. Scales in fifteen rows. A. Above uniform, more or less dark olive, beneath paler. a. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.- All sub- caudals bifid. Olive above. b. Borneo. Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher.—Sub- caudals entire and bifid. Black above. B. Var, vittata. With narrow white cross bands; head with four broader cross bands = Naja vittata, W. Elliott, Madras Journ. Lit. &. Sc. xi. pl. 1. Naja bungarus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 476. c. Large specimen. Stuffed. Madras. Presented by W. Elliott, as Naja vittata. d. Young. Sine patria.-The coloration of this specimen perfectly agrees with Professor Schlegel's description and figure; but it exhibits the scales in not more than fifteen longitudinal rows; no doubt the number nineteen in the aforesaid description is wrong. 6. BUNGARUS, Daudin. Body rather elongate and compressed ; tail short; head de- pressed, broad, distinct from neck, with short rounded muzzle ; two nasals, nostril between ; no loreal; one anterior, three pos- terior oculars. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in thirteen to fifteen rows, those of the vertebral line large and hexagonal. Anal and subcaudals entire. Grooved fang in front; some smaller ones behind, not grooved. East Indies. Bungarus, Daud. Rept. v. p. 263, viii. p. 385; Cuv. Règne Anim.; Merr. Tent. p. 137; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 456; Cantor, Catal. p. 112; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1265. Megærophis, Gray, p Ann. & Mag. 1849, p. 247. Aspidoclonion, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 193. Boa, sp., Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 353; Hermann, Observ. Zool. i. p. 272. Pseudoboa, sp., Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 284. . . Coluber, sp., Linné. 1. BUNGARUS LINEATUS. Russell, Ind. Serp. i. 1 (ii. 31?). Boa lineata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 356. pl. 2. Pseudoboa coerulea, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 284. Bungarus coeruleus, Daud. Rept. v. p. 270; Merr. Tent. p. 137; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1273. Aspidoclonion coeruleum, Wagl. Syst. p. 192. Bungarus candidus, Cantor, Catal. p. 113. L 2 220 REPTILES Brownish, with a strong cast of purple; back sometimes with small longitudinal and transverse white streaks, sometimes with white cross bands. Var. A. Back with small longitudinal and transverse streaks. a. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. b. Adult: tail injured. India. Purchased. . c. Half-grown. India. Presented by Dr. Russell. d. Half-grown : rather discoloured. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. e. Half-grown: discoloured. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. f. Half-grown. Benares. Presented by Dr. Sayer. g. Adult: not good state. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. h. Adult. India. i. Adult : bleached. India. k. Half-grown. India. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Var. B.-B. arcuatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1272. Pairs of narrow white cross bands on the back. 1. Adult. India. m. Adult. India. Old Collection. Var. C. Uniform, without white streaks or bands. n. Half-grown. India. Presented by Dr. Russell. o. Half-grown: not good state. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. p. Half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 9. Head of an adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 2. BUNGARUS FASCIATUS. Seba, ii. 58. 2; Scheuchz. t. 655. f. 8; Russell, i. pl. 3. Pseudoboa fasciata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 283. Boa fasciata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 353. pl. 99. Bungarus annularis, Daud. Rept. v. p. 265; Merr. Tent. p. 137; Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 21, and Abbildg. t. 48. f. 1-5; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1269. Boa latotecta, Hermann, Obs. Zool. i. p. 272. Aspidoclonion annulare, Wagl. Syst. p. 192. Bungarus fasciatus, Cantor, Catal. p. 113. Body encircled by large black rings. Var. A. On each side of neck a large white spot, emitting a white streak on the crown, both streaks confluent on the crown, and forming an arrow-shaped mark. a. Adult. China. b Adult. China. p SNAKES. 221 c. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. d. Adult. India. Old Collection. e. Adult: head and tail. India. Old Collection. . f, g. Adult. India. Colonel Cobbe's Collection. . h. Trunk of an adult. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. i. Half-grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. k. Adult. India. Var. B. White marks of head and neck visible only in young individuals; in adult ones, head, neck, and foremost part of trunk uniform black : it does not appear to grow to the same size as the preceding variety. 1. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. m. Adult: not good state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. n. Half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. o. Nearly half-grown. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. p. Nearly half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Capt. Gascoigne. 9. Young. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. r. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. s. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 3. BUNGARUS SEMIFASCIATUS. Coluber candidus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 7. f. 1. Bungarus semifasciatus, Kuhl, Isis, 1827, p. 552; Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 18-20, and Abbildg. t. 18. f. 6-10; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1271. Aspidoclonion semifasciatum, Wagl. Syst. p. 193, and Icon. t. 2. Back with large dark brown cross bands; belly uniform whitish. a. Adult. China. b. Adult. East Indies. c. Adult. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. 4. BUNGARUS FLAVICEPS. Reinhardt, Det Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Afhandl. x. t. 3. f.5; Cantor, Catal. p. 112; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1274. Megærophis for- . . mosus, Gray, Ann. 8. Mag. N. H. 1849, p. 247. . Head and vertebral line red (in spirits yellow). a. 5 feet long. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. b. 5feet long*. Borneo. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. c. 5 feet long. Borneo. Presented by Sir James Brooke. d. Half-grown. Borneo. Presented by Sir James Brooke. e. 5 feet long. Sumatra. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. * Cfr. M. Duméril's sic, p. 1275. 222 REPTILES. 7. PSEUDOHAJE, Günther. Body rather elongate, with rounded sides; tail moderate; head rather small, high, quadrangular, with spheroid crown and short, rounded muzzle. Shields of crown moderate, superciliary large ; loreal replaced by ocular and posterior nasal; two nasals, nostril between; one anterior, three posterior oculars; third labial forming nearly the lower half of front edge of orbit. Scales large, smooth, imbricate, in thirteen rows, those of the vertebral line much larger, hexagonal. Anterior ribs shortest. Anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved fang in front; two ; smaller, not grooved ones behind. 1. PSEUDOHAJE NIGRA. Uniform black, paler beneath. a. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Description of the specimen.-Body rather elongate, rounded; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk, tapering, ending in a long, conical, very acute spine; head rather small, not very distinct from neck, with spheroid crown and short, rounded muzzle. Shields of crown regular, moderate; rostral reaching the surface of snout; vertical five-sided, longer than broad, with rather convergent outer edges, and a very obtuse angle behind ; occipitals rounded behind, and forming together a right angle; superciliary large, prominent above the eye; one anterior ocular, not reaching the surface of crown; three posterior oculars ; loreal replaced by ocular and posterior nasal; nostril between two nasal shields; seven upper labials: first and second small, suppressed by the nasals; third and fourth coming into the orbit; sixth as in Naja haje, very large, in contact with both lower oculars; one temporal shield in contact with both upper oculars, two or three smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, large, very regularly dis- posed, on the neck in fifteen, on the anterior part of body in thirteen rows; those of the vertebral line inuch larger, hexagonal, as in Bungarus; anal entire; subcaudals bifid. Grooved longer tooth in front, two small ones behind, not grooved; mandibular teeth small, those in front rather longer. Uniform black, paler beneath. Length of cleft of mouth 12" ; length of tail l' 7"; total length 7'7" 8. NAJA, Laurenti. Body and tail moderate; belly flat; head high, quadrangular, not very distinct from neck, with rather short, rounded muzzle. Rostral moderate, rounded, sometimes produced backwards and pointed; frontals moderate, nearly equal; vertical moderate ; SNAKES. 223 loreal replaced by anterior ocular, third labial and posterior nasal; two nasals, nostril between; one anterior, three (excep- tionally two or four) posterior oculars, third labial forming the lower half of front edge of orbit. Scales smooth, much imbricate; number of dorsal longitudinal rows subject to great variation. Anterior ribs longer, neck distensible. Anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved fang in front; one or two smaller ones, not grooved, behind. Africa; East Indies. Naja, Laurenti, Syn. p. 197; Merr. Tent. p. 147; Gray, Ind. Zool.; Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1275; Fischer, Abhdlg. Gebiete Naturw. Hamb. 1856, p. 22. Naja, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 460. Aspis, Uræus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 173. Vipera, sp., Latr. Rept. iv.p. 10; Daud. vi. p. 62. Coluber, sp., vet, auct. . 1. NAJA TRIPUDIANS. Scheuchz. t. 749. f. 9; Seba, i. 44.1, ïi. 85.1.89. 1-4. 90.1. 94.1-4; Kæmpf. Amæn. p.565. t. Coluber naja, L. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. t. 25. f. 1, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 382; Lacép. ii. pp. 102, . 104 ; Laurenti, Syn. p. 91 ; Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 409; Russell, Ind. Serp. i. t. 5, 6. ii. t. 1. Vipera naja, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 10; Daud. vi. p. 62. Naja tripudians, Merr. Tent. p. 147; Gray, Ind. Zool.; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 557; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 466; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1293. Aspis naja, Wagl. Amph. p. 173. Sixth upper labial small, forming a suture with a very large temporal; generally with a spectacles-like mark on the neck. East Indies. 1 Var. A. Brownish olive, with very conspicuous, white, black- edged spectacles on the neck. Scales in the middle of trunk generally in more than twenty-one rows, sometimes in nineteen. a. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. b. Young. Madras. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq. . c. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. d. Adult : not good state. China. e. Adult: not good state. Bengal. Presented by W.C. Masters, Esq. f. Half-grown: not good state. Bengal. g. Young. Bengal. h. Adult : tail injured. India. Old Collection. 2-1. Adult. India. India. Colonel Cobbe's Sale. m. Adult : discoloured. India. Old Collection. n. Half-grown : discoloured. India. Old Collection. o. Half-grown. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. . p. Half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 224 REPTILES. q. Half-grown. India. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. r. Young India. s. Adult. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. t. Adult. India. . u. Adult. India From M. Parzudaki's Collection. v. Half-grown. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. w. Half-grown: not good state. India. From the Haslar Čol- lection. x. Half-grown. India. y, 2. Young. India. a, ß. Young. India. Old Collection. Var. B. Brownish olive, with irregular black cross bands, and very conspicuous, white, black-edged spectacles. Scales in the middle of trunk, generally in more than twenty-one rows, some- times in nineteen. Naja atra, Cantor, Ann. and Mag. N. H. ix. p. 27. y. Adult. India. Colonel Cobbe's Sale. 8. Adult. India. €. Young. India. $. Young: bad state. Ceylon. Presented by R. Templeton, Esq. n. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. 0. . 8. Half-grown. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. Var. C. Dark olive, with very conspicuous, white, black-edged spectacles ; belly marbled with brown. Scales in the middle of trunk, in more than twenty-one rows. 1. Adult. Kandy. Presented by Captain Gascoigne. K. Half-grown. Kandy. Presented by Captain Gascoigne. , . Adult. Ceylon. From Colonel Cobbe's Collection, v. Adult. Bengal. Presented by W. C. Masters, Esq. . Adult: bad state. Canton. From the Haslar Collection. Var. D. Uniform brownish olive, without spectacles. Scales in the middle of body, in twenty-one or more rows. 0. Adult Java. From Mr. Brandt's Collection, TT. Adult. India. Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. p. Large specimen without fangs. Sine patria. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. Var. E. Black, with white spectacles. Scales generally in the middle of body, in less than twenty-one rows, sometimes in twenty-one and more. o. Young. China. Presented by W. Linsay, Esq. T. Adult. India. o SNAKES. 225 v. Half-grown: bad state. India. Presented by General Hard- wicke. $. Half-grown: bad state. India. From M. Parzudaki's Col- lection. x. Young. India. Var. F. Naja sputatrix, (Reinw.) Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 556; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 173; Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. N. tripudians, var. nigra. Uniform black, without spectacles. Scales in the middle of body, generally in nineteen rows, sometimes in seventeen, some- times in more. 7. Adult female. Borneo. From Mr. Frank's Collection as N. unicolor ; exhibits only seventeen longitudinal rows of scales and two posterior oculars. w. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Sir J. Brooke. aa. Adult. Borneo. Presented by Sir J. Brooke. bb. Adult: injured. Borneo. Presented by Sir J. Brooke. cc. Adult. Borneo ? Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. dd. Young. Sumatra. From the Leyden Museum. A hardly visible whitish mark on the neck. ee. Adult : not good state. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's . Collection. ff. Half-grown. Asia. From Mr. Argent's Collection. By the specimens of our Collection are shown :- 1. The number of longitudinal rows of scales is subject to great variation on the anterior parts of body, and is more constant towards the tail : all the varieties exhibit there 13 or 15 rows. 2. The varieties with spectacles appear to come from the East Indian Continent and Ceylon, those without marks from the Islands. 3. In the latter the ribs are shorter, the neck less distensible, and consequently the number of scales smaller. 2. NAJA HAJE. Seba, ii. 84. 2. Coluber haje, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. ii. P. 46, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 387; Hasselqu. Reise, p. 366. Vipera haje, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 41. Naja haje, Merr. Tent. p. 148; Cuv. Règne Anim. ; Boie, Isis, 1827, p.556; Schleg. Ess. t. 17. f. 4,5; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1298; Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. Rept. t. 18-21 ; Geoffr. Descr. de l’Eg. t. 7. f. 1-3; Suppl. t. 3; A. Dum. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 554. Uræus haje, Wagl. Syst. p. 173. . p Sixth upper labial united with temporal, and forming a very large shield in contact with oculars ; generally without marks on the neck. a L 5 226 REPTILES. а Var. A. Yellowish brown, uniform or with darker blotches; no mark on the neck; scales in twenty-one and more longitu- dinal rows; sometimes a fourth inferior ocular. a. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Burton, Esq. b. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. c. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. d. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. e. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Wilkinson, Esq. f. Adult. Egypt. From the Haslar Collection. g. Large specimen, without fangs. N. Africa. h. Adult. N. Africa. Var. B. Uniform black; young with broad yellowish bands on the anterior part of body. Scales in the middle of body in seventeen or nineteen rows.—Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1857, p. 61. i. Adult. Coast of Guinea. k. Half-grown. W. Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. 1. Young. Gambia. Presented by J. Mitchell, Esq. Var. C. Black, with a white spectacles-like mark on the neck; anterior part of belly yellowish, with broad black cross bands; scales of the back very irregularly disposed, so as to exhibit seventeen, eighteen or twenty-one longitudinal rows, towards the tail only thirteen; sixth upper labial as in preceding varieties. m. Adult. Niger Expedition. The specimens of our Collection appear to show :- 1. The number of the longitudinal rows of scales, being subject to variations on the anterior parts of body, is more constant to- wards the tail : all the varieties exhibit there 13 or 15 rows. 2. The black varieties come from the western parts of Africa (and according to Dr. Smith's statement from South Africa). 3. The spectacles are not to be considered as a peculiarity of the East Indian species. 4. In the African species as well as in the East Indian one, the black varieties exhibit shorter anterior ribs, a less distensible neck, and consequently a smaller number of scales. 9. CYRTOPHIS, Sundevall. Body and tail moderate ; belly flat; head high, quadrangular, not very distinct from neck, with short, rounded muzzle. Rostral large, covering the whole front of snout, much produced behind, extending far between the anterior frontals, pointed behind; anterior frontals much larger than posterior ones; vertical mode- SNAKES. 227 rate; no loreal; two nasals, posterior one pierced by the nostril ; one anterior, three posterior oculars. Scales smooth, very im- bricate, in nineteen rows on the back, in twenty-one or twenty- three on the neck. Anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved fang in front, without any smaller teeth behind. South Africa. Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. App. p. 22. 1. CYRTOPHIS SCUTATUS. Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. App. p. 22. Olive (in spirits); body and tail encircled with broad black, complete rings, sometimes obsolete ; a large spot, pointed in front, on the neck, and a black cross band between the eyes, always conspicuous. a, b. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. 10. PSEUDONAJA, Günther. Body and tail moderate ; belly flat; head high, quadrangular, not very distinct from neck, with moderate, rounded muzzle. Rostral large, much produced backwards; anterior frontals smaller than posterior ones; vertical moderate; no loreal, replaced by the conjunction of posterior frontal, anterior ocular, second upper labial and posterior nasal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars ; two nasals, nostril between. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in seventeen rows on the back. Anal bifid ; subcaudals two- rowed ; anterior ribs not longer than following, rather more slender. Grooved fang in front, a series of smaller equal teeth behind. Australia *. a 1. PSEUDONAJA NUCHALIS. Front side of the vertical shield shorter than the longest of the other edges; anterior frontals with a convex edge behind, and a rather obtuse angle in front. Brownish olive, with very broad dark cross bands, darkest on the neck; cross bands some- times obsolete, except that on the neck. a. Adult. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. b. Young. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. c. Adult: skin in spirits. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Description.-Body and tail moderate, belly flat; head mode- rate, quadrangular, hardly distinct from neck, not depressed, with * To this genus perhaps belongs Pseudoëlaps superciliaris, Fischer, Abhdlg. Geb. Naturw. Hamb. 1856. The figure does not correspond to the description. 228 REPTILES. flat crown and obtuse, rounded muzzle of moderate length; eye rather small. Rostral shield much longer than broad, five-sided, much produced backwards, so as nearly to cover the entire front of muzzle, extending between the anterior frontals, with a right angle behind. Anterior frontals rather small, with four sides, the hinder of which is convex; posterior frontals moderate, bent on the sides ; vertical moderate, five-sided, with convergent outer edges and a right angle behind ; occipitals rounded behind, forked; superciliaries moderate, prominent above the eye; two posterior oculars; one anterior (in one specimen two), deeply grooved before the eye, raised above the surface of crown, but not reaching the vertical; two nasals (nostril between), anterior one largest, bent on the front of snout; six upper labials, third and fourth forming the lower edge of orbit, sixth largest ; one larger, rhomboid, temporal shield in contact with lower post-orbital, some others behind scale-like. Six lower labials, and a very small scale-like shield behind; first pair of lower labials very long, forming a long suture behind the medial one; the second small, narrow, only one-fourth of the third; the fourth pair very large, in one specimen six-sided, in contact with the fifth and with two chin-scales behind. Scales rather elongate, rhomboid, smooth, in seventeen rows, on the neck in nineteen or twenty- one rows; anal bifid; all subcaudals two-rowed. Upper jaw with one fang in front, separated from the following by an interval; an elongate series of five to six teeth behind, which are not grooved; palatine teeth equal; anterior teeth of lower jaw longest. Brownish olive or blackish olive; back of trunk and tail with ten to twelve very broad brown or black cross bands, the first on the neck being darkest; adult specimens exhibit the bands more or less obsolete, so as to become nearly uniform, the neck always being blackish brown, or ornamented with an angular brown spot; belly uniform yellowish, in young individuals black-spotted. Length of cleft of mouth l"; length of tail l'; total length 5' 4". 11. BRACHYSOMA, Fitzinger. Body cylindric, rather elongate, as in Calamaria; tail rather distinct from trunk, short, tapering, ending in an obtuse, conical scale; head not distinct from neck, moderate, rather depressed, rounded; rostral shield very large, protruding, rounded, extending between the anterior frontals; frontals nearly equal in size; ver- tical very broad, reaching the anterior ocular; no loreal, replaced by the conjunction of nasal, posterior frontal and ocular; one nasal, pierced by the small rostral; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in not much oblique SNAKES. 229 rows, short, with rather rounded apex, in fifteen rows; anal bifid; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved tooth in front, a series of smooth teeth behind. Australia. Furina, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1236. Brachysoma, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 25. Calamaria, sp., Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 35. , , . 1. BRACHYSOMA DIADEMA. Calamaria diadema, Schleg. 1.c. Brachysoma diadema, Fitz. 1. c. Furina diadema, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1239, Pale brown above; head and neck black above, with a white collar. a. Adult. W. Australia.-6. Adult. W. Australia. - 2. BRACHYSOMA BIMACULATUM. Furina bimaculata, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1240. Pale brown above; head and neck black above, with white muzzle and a white collar.-Dum. & Bibr. Tasmania. 3. BRACHYSOMA CALONOTOS. Furina calonotos, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1241. pl. 75 bis. Pale brown above; back black, punctated with white; head and neck black, with a white cross band before the eyes and a white collar. Tasmania. 12. ELAPS, Schneider, Body elongate, sometimes very slender, cylindric; tail short ; head rather depressed, not distinct from neck, with short rounded muzzle ; two nasals, nostril between (in E. hygia one nasal); no loreal, replaced by posterior nasal and anterior ocular; one anterior, two (in E. hygia one) posterior oculars. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in the American species generally in fifteen, in the East Indian ones in thirteen rows; those of the vertebral line not larger; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Grooved fang in front, no other tooth behind. East Indies ; South and Central America ; Africa. Elaps, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 1191; Cantor, Catal. p. 109; Schlegel, Ess. ii. p. 435; Gray, Zool. Misc.; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 193 ; Cuvier, Règne Animal. Calliophis, Gray, Ind. Zool. Vipera, sp., Harlan, Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 127; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 29; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 13. Aspis, sp., Cerastes, sp., Laurenti, Syn. Rept. Elaps, sp., Schneid. Hist. Amph.ii. p. 289. Coluber, sp., auct. prior. 230 REPTILES. 1. ELAPS INTESTINALIS. Seba, ii. 77.6; Russ. Ind. Serp. ii. pl. 19. Aspis intestinalis, Laur. Syn. Amph. p. 106. Coluber intestinalis, Gm. Syst. Nat. p. 1085. Elaps furcatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 303; Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 12, 13, and Abbildg. t. 46. f. 1-8; Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 34, and Catal. p. 107; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1228. Vipera furcata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 22. Brownish olive, with three yellowish longitudinal bands, the medial one forked on the head; belly with large black cross bands. a. Adult. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. b. Young : injured. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. c. Adult. Java. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. d. Adult. Asia. Presented by the Zoological Society, e, f. Adult and half-grown. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. Var. The black cross bands of the belly extending round the whole body, breaking up the vertebral band, interrupted by two brownish-olive (ground colour) longitudinal bands. f. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 2. ELAPS GRACILIS. Calliophis gracilis, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. f. 1-3 (dentition in- correct); Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 451, nota. Elaps nigro-maculatus, Cantor, Catal. pl. 40. f. 7. Body cylindric, very slender. Above olive, with nine, five, or three narrow black longitudinal lines : vertebral line very distinct; one on each side of back not very distinct; three on each side of belly, sometimes confluent. On each side of the vertebral line pairs of large black spots. Belly yellowish, with broad black cross bands. a. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. 6. Adult. India. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. 3. ELAPS BIVIRGATUS. Elaps bivirgatus, (Boie) Schlegel, Ess. pl. 16. f. 10, 11, and Abbildg. t. 47; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1230. Elaps flaviceps, Cantor, , Catal. p. 109. Doliophis flaviceps, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 182. Body cylindric, excessively slender. Black above, with a SNAKES. 231 whitish longitudinal band on each side. Head and belly uniform red (in spirits yellowish). a. Adult. Penang. Presented by General Hardwicke. b. Adult. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. c. Adult. Java. d, e. Adult East Indies. Presented by the Hon. East India . Company 4. ELAPS UNIVIRGATUS. Crown of head and neck black, with a broad yellowish cross band behind the eyes ; reddish brown, with a narrow black ver- tebral line reaching the tip of tail ; belly with black cross bands, sometimes extending on the sides. Two varieties : a. Adult: injured. Nepal. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Description of the specimen.—Body rather slender, tail short ; head short, with not much elongate occipitals; vertical with five angles, a rather convex front edge, and an acute angle behind. Scales in thirteen rows. Crown of head black, with a white cross band behind the eyes, extending to angle of mouth ; above reddish brown, with a narrow black vertebral line from the neck to the tip of tail, occupying only one series of scales; beneath yellowish, along the middle of belly square black spots. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of tail 1)"; total length 18". . b. Adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Differs from former in the coloration : the yellowish cross band on the crown is very broad, enclosing the entire vertical and two- thirds of the occipitals; belly with uninterrupted black cross bands, extending on the sides of back, so as to cover the scales of the four outer rows and to give the appearance of a lateral series of large black spots. The three last cross bands of the trunk form complete rings, crossing the longitudinal line; tail with three com- plete black rings, as generally in the East Indian Elaps. Length of cleft of mouth 3", length of tail 2["; total length 26}". 5. ELAPS CALLIGASTER. Elaps calligaster, Wiegmann, N. Act. 1835, t. 25. f. 2; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1226. Elaps collaris, (Boie) Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 448, and Abbildg. t. 46. f. 10, 11. Above brownish black, with more or less distinct, very narrow, white, striolated cross bands; muzzle with some white spots ; belly red (in spirits white) with black cross bands. a. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. 232 REPTILES. 6. ELAPS MACULICEPS. Crown of head and neck black, symmetrically spotted and striped with yellowish ; above uniform reddish white, sometimes with two series of small black spots; belly uniform white; tail with two black rings. a. Adult. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. b. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoo- logical Society. I may add to the above diagnosis, that the species is similar in habit to E. intestinalis ; occipitals rather elongate; scales in thirteen rows; in the smaller specimen the back is uniform reddish olive; in the larger one two series of spots, as mentioned ; and the scales with minutely brown-variegated edges. 7. ELAPS HYGIÆ. Seba, ii. 24. 2, 34. 5, 35. 2, 54. 1. Coluber lacteus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. t. 18. f. 1; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 109; Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 427 ; Cuv. Règne Anim. Cerastes lacteus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83. Coluber hygiæ, Shaw, l. c. p. 487. Elaps lacteus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 293; Merr. Tent. p. 144. Vipera lactea, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 29. Elaps punctatus, Smith, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1825, p. 2. Elaps hygiæ, Merr. Beitr.i. t. 6; Wagl. Syst. p. 193; Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 14, 15; Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. App. p. 21 ; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1213. Crown of head black-spotted, with a rose-coloured medial longitudinal streak. Body yellowish, with more or less regular black spots, sometimes separated by a rose-coloured vertebral band. a-c. Adult and half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Sir J. Macgregor. d. Adult: without head. Cape of Good Hope. From the Haslar Collection. e. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Lady Harvey. f. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. From M. Parzudaki's Col- lection. g. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. h. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Dr. Lee. i, k. Half-grown and young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Mr. Wing. l. Young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by E. Ford, Esq. , m. Adult. South Africa. n. Adult. South Africa. SNAKES 233 0, p. Adult. South Africa. From the Haslar Collection. 9. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. r. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. s. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. t, u. Adult and young. S. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. V. Adult. South Africa. w. Adult: head injured. S. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. x. Half-grown. South Africa. y. Half-grown. South Africa. 2, a. Young. South Africa. B. Young. South Africa. Presented by N. G. Harrington, Esq. 8. ELAPS CORALLINUS. Coluber corallinus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. p. 33. Elaps corallinus, Wied. Nova Act. 1820, pl. 4; Wagl. Syst. p. 193; Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 1-5; Cuv. Règne Anim. Ill. pl. 35; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1207. Body encircled by equidistant black rings; muzzle and fore- head black. a. Adult. Brazil. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Dr. A. Smith. c. Half-grown. Interior of Brazil. From Dr. Gardiner's Col- lection. d. Half-grown. Para. e. Adult. Argentine Republic. Presented by the Zoological Society. f. Half-grown. South America. Presented by G. Busk, Esq, g. Adult. Trinidad. Mus. Guilding, as Natrix cincta. h. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. i. Adult. S. America. From the Haslar Collection. k. Adult. S. America. From the Haslar Collection. 1. Adult. S. America. From the Haslar Collection. m. Adult. S. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. n. Half-grown. America. Mus. Guilding 0. Half-grown. America. p. Half-grown. America. Presented by Sir J. Macgregor. q. Half-grown. America. r, s. Half-grown. America. t. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection. Var. Elaps circinalis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1210. Rings with nar- p row punctated white edges. u, Adult. Guayaquil. 0. Half-grown. Brazil. w. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. 234 REPTILES. X. Half-grown. America. Presented by Captain E. Barnett. White edges rather large. y. Half-grown. America. Var. Vipera psyche, Daud. Rept. viii. p. 320. Elaps psyche, . Merr. Tent. p. 144; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1212. Elaps corallinus, var., Kaup, Isis, 1825, pp. 589 & 1089; Schleg. Éss. p. 440. Back between the rings black; belly between the rings checkered with black. z. Adult. Surinam. From Mr. Frank's Collection. a, Adult. Sine patria. 9. ELAPS OCCIPITALIS. Dum. 8 Bibr. p. 1220. Muzzle and crown of head black, with a white cross band before the eyes ; body encircled by equidistant alternate black and white rings, the white of which are much narrower. Hab. - ? a, b. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection. 10. ELAPS SURINAMENSIS. Seba, ü. 6. 2, 86. 1; ? Shaw, Zool.iii. pl. 115. Elaps surina- mensis, Cuvier, Règne Anim.; Schleg. Ess. pl. 16. f. 8, 9, and Abbildg. t. 46. f. 9; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1224. Shields of crown white (in spirits), black-edged ; body en- circled by black rings, always three together, middle one three or four times as large as the other ones. Surinam. 11. ELAPS LEMNISCATUS. Seba, i. 10.1, ï. 27.2, 34. 3; Scheuchz. t. 648, f. 4. Coluber lemniscatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. t. 14. f. 1. Elaps lemnis- catus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 291; Cuv. Règne Anim.; Schleg. Ess. pl. 14. f. 6,7, and Abbildg. t. 46. f. 15-19 (anatomy); Dum. & Bibr. p. 1217. Vipera lemniscata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 13. 227. Body encircled by black rings, always three together, middle one broadest. Muzzle and crown between the eyes black, gene- rally with a white cross band before the eyes. a. Adult. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection. b. Adult. Brazil. c. Half-grown. Brazil. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. d. Adult. Bahia. From the Haslar Collection. . e. Nearly half-grown. Bahia. From the Haslar Collection. SNAKES. 235 f. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq. g. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. h. Half-grown. St. Vincent's. Mus. Guilding, as Natrix cincta. i. Half-grown. Trinidad. Mus. Guilding, as Natrix zonata. k. Adult: head injured. America. 1. Adult. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. m. Adult. America. Presented by Mr. Chantellier. n. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection. p. Half-grown. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. 9. Half-grown. America. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. . r. Half-grown. America. Mus. Guilding, as N. zonata. s. Young. America. Var. E. marcgravii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1209. No white cross band before the eyes. . t. Very large specimen. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. u. Very large specimen. S. America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 0, w. Adult. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection. x. Half-grown. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection. . y. Adult. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection as E. frontalis. 300; 12. ELAPS FULVIUS. Coluber fulvius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 381; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 299; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 140; Daud. Rept. vi. p. Shaw, Zool.iii. p. 469. 469. Vipera fulvia, Harl. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1827, p. 364, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 127. Elaps fulvius, Cuv. Règne Anim. ; Audubon, Ornithol. i. pl. 44; Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iii. pl. 10; Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 21; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1215. Muzzle and forehead black, a broad yellowish occipital band behind; body encircled by very broad, black, yellow-edged rings. a. Adult. N. America. Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq. b-d. Half-grown. N. America. A black longitudinal streak crossing the occipital band. e. Adult. California. Presented by Mrs. Drummond. f. Adult. Texas. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. g. Adult. Texas. h-k. Adult. Mexico. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 1. Many specimens. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. m. Half-grown. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection, 236 REPTILES. n. Half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Hugo Finck's Collection. Was taken in the act of swallowing a Homalocranium semi- cinctum one inch longer than itself. 0. Young. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. p. Young : bad state. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's Collection. 9. Nearly half-grown. Belize. Presented by the Rev. J. Gregg. r. Young. Honduras. s. Adult. Sine patria. =b. t, u. Adult and half-grown. Sine patria. V. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Exhibits only sixteen very broad rings. w. Adult. Sine patria. X, y. Half-grown. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. X z. Half-grown. Sine patria. Presented by Mrs. Mauger. = b. a. Half-grown. Sine patria. Mus. Guilding. =b. B. Half-grown: rather discoloured. Sine patria. 7. Young. Sine patria. 13. ELAPS EPISTEMA. Dum. & Bibr. p. 1222. Trunk above with ten large, rounded, black, white-edged spots; tail encircled by three broad black rings. Mexico. 13. VERMICELLA, Gray. Body elongate, rounded; tail very short; head similar to Elaps; one nasal, pierced by the nostril; no loreal, replaced by anterior ocular and nasal; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, not much imbricate, in fifteen rows; those of the vertebral line not larger; anal and subcaudals bifid. Grooved minute fang in front; no other tooth behind. Australia. Gray, MSS. Brit. Mus. This genus shows the remarkable fact, that the Australian Conocerci without smooth teeth behind the fang, are more closely allied to the American Elaps than to the East Indian ones. 1. VERMICELLA ANNULATA. Snake no. 2, White, Journ. N. S. Wales, 1790, App. p. 259, with fig. Vermicella andulata, Gray, MSS. Brit. Mus. Body and tail encircled by alternate white and black rings. SNAKES. 237 a. Adult. Swan River. b, c. Half-grown. W. Australia. . d. Half-grown: bad state. W. Australia. Description.-Body elongate, rounded, slightly compressed towards behind; tail very short; head moderate, not distinct from neck, similar to Elaps; rostral shield very large, rounded, raised above the surface of snout; occipitals rather narrow; two posterior oculars; anterior large, replacing the loreal together with the nasal ; nasal shield single, pierced in the centre by the small nostril; six upper labials, third and fourth coming into the orbit; one large temporal shield in contact with the upper posterior ocular, two smaller ones behind. Scales smooth, large, rather rounded behind, in fifteen rows. Anal and subcaudals bifid. Tail ending in an obtuse conical scale. Two small fangs in front of upper jaw, no other teeth behind; palatine and man- dibulary teeth equal in length. Crown of head and muzzle black; a yellowish band across the posterior frontals, a second on the neck; body and tail encircled by alternate black and white (in spirits) rings. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 1,"; total length 28". 238 REPTILES. C. Venomous Snakes with perforated, permanently erect fangs. Fam. XIV. DENDRASPIDIDÆ. Characters and synonymy the same as of the only genus. 1. DENDRASPIS, Schlegel. Body and tail very elongate and slender ; belly flat; head quadrangular, elongate, distinct from neck, with flat crown and elongate muzzle; shields of crown regular; two nasals, nostril between; loreal replaced by posterior frontal; three anterior, four posterior oculars. Scales smooth, much imbricate, in seven- teen or nineteen rows, those of the vertebral line larger, trian- gular. Anterior ribs shorter than following. Anal bifid; sub- caudals two-rowed. Perforated fang in front, no other smooth teeth behind; anterior tooth of lower jaw longest, separated from the hinder ones by an interspace. South and West Africa. Dendraspis, Schlegel, Verslag Zool. genootsch. Amsterd. 1848. Dendroëchis, Fischer, Michaëlis, Programm Hamb. Realschule, 1855, p. 20. Chloroëchis, Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 145. Leptophis, sp., Hallowell. Dinophis, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 203. Elaps, sp., Traill. Naja, sp., A. Smith, Dum. & Bibr. 1. DENDRASPIS ANGUSTICEPS. Naja angusticeps, Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 70; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1301. Chloroëchis angusticeps, (Schlegel) Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855; A. Dum. I. c. p. 556. . Scales in seventeen (nineteen) rows; ventral plates 270; sub- caudals 115. 0. Young. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. b. Adult. W. Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. c. Adult. Africa. Presented by J. Bann, Esq. c d. Adult: head injured. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. e. Adult. Africa. f. Skull of an adult. 2. DENDRASPIS JAMESONII. Elaps jamesonii, Traill in Translation of Schlegel's Essai, 1843, p. 179. pl. 2. f. 19, 20. Leptophis viridis, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1844, p. 172. Dendraspis jamesonii, Schleg. Verslag der werkzaamheden van het Zool. genootsch. Amsterd. 1848. Chloroëchis jamesonii, Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. SNAKES. 239 1849, p. 145. Dinophis hammondii, Hallow. I. c. 1852, p. 203. Dendroëchis reticulata, Fischer, Michaëlis-Programm der Hamb. Realschule, 1855, p. 20. Dendraspis jamesonii, Fischer, Abhdlg. Gebiete der Naturw. Hamb. 1856, pl. 1, and A. Dum. I. c. p. 556. Scales very large, in thirteen rows; ventral plates 220; sub- caudals 115. a. Adult. Coast of Guinea. b. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. Fam. XV. ATRACTASPIDIDÆ. Characters and synonymy the same as of the only genus. 1. ATRACTASPIS, Smith. Body moderate, rounded; tail rather short, not distinct from trunk, ending in a very acute conical spine; head short, broad, depressed, not distinct from neck, with much depressed rounded muzzle; cleft of mouth short. Eye very small. Rostral shield broad, protruding, extending between the anterior frontals; two nasals, nostril between; one anterior, one posterior ocular; no loreal. Scales small, smooth, rounded, in nineteen or twenty- five rows; subcaudals entire. One or two very long perforated fangs in front, without any other teeth behind. South and West Africa, Atractaspis, Smith, Ill. of the Zool. of S. Africa; Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 70. Elaps, sp., Reinhardt, Beskrivelse of nogle nye slangearter, Kopenh. 1843, p. 41. 1. ATRACTASPIS IRREGULARIS. Elaps irregularis, Reinhardt, 1.c. pl. 78. f. 2. Atractaspis bibronii, Smith, Ill. of S. Afr. pl. 71 ; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1303 ; Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 55. Greyish olive above, paler beneath. Scales in nineteen rows. a. Adult male. S. Africa. 2. ATRACTASPIS CORPULENTUS. Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 70. Scales in twenty-five rows. W. Africa. 240 REPTILES. APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF COLUBRINE SNAKES. This Appendix contains an account of the specimens of Colu- brine Snakes collected by the British Museum during the printing of this Catalogue, and received too late for insertion in their proper places. By these additions some alterations became ne- cessary, and means were afforded for describing some new species. Page 2. Add to the Synopsis of the Genera. To RHABDOSOMA. Two nasals, nostril between. . 6 a. RHABDION. Scales smooth; subcaudals two-rowed; ros- tral rounded; two pairs of frontals; one nasal ; loreal united with ante-ocular; anal entire; teeth smooth. Celebes. 14 a. ARRHYTON. Scales smooth; subcaudals two-rowed ; ros- tral rounded; two pairs of frontals; two nasals; loreal united with posterior frontal; anal bifid; posterior maxillary teeth longest, smooth. Cuba. Page 4. CALAMARIA LINNÆI. k-m. Young. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. East India Company Page 4. Add to CALAMARIA. 2b. CALAMARIA MODESTA. Calamaria modesta, Dum. & Bibr. p. 74. Scales in thirteen rows; upper labials five; first pair of lower labials forming together a suture; no azygos scale between the chin-shields; above uniform brownish, beneath whitish. Java. a. Adult. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. From Dr. Cantor's Collection as Calamaria lumbricoidea. Page 8. RHINOSTOMA NASUUM. d. Fine adult specimen. St. Marthe. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. APPENDIX-SNAKES. 241 Page 10. Add to the diagnosis of RHABDOSOMA, In one species, loreal shield united with posterior frontal; scales in one species in thirteen rows. Page 11. RHABDOSOMA BADIUM. c. Adult : fine specimen. Surinam. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 11. RHABDOSOMA CRASSICAUDATUM. c. Adult. New Granada. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 11. Add to RHABDOSOMA two new species. 3 a. RHABDOSOMA MACULATUM. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit; one pair of chin-shields. Scales in seventeen rows. Body rather stout, tail short. Brown or whitish (in spirits) with irregular black transverse spots and bands; belly uniform yellowish. a. Adult. Sine patria. 6. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. c. Half-grown. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. This species is described, p. 204, as Isoscelis maculata, and is placed in the family of the Lycodontida. I had then only one specimen, the front tooth of which appeared to be much longer and stronger, because the remainder were just in a condition to be changed. The other specimens show that the teeth are not of un- equal length, as is the case in the Lycodontide ; one specimen even exhibits the middle teeth longer than the anterior and pos- terior ones. The ground colour in one specimen is brown, in the other brownish yellow, and in the third whitish (red in life?). In the half-grown individual, the vertical shield exhibits the lateral edges slightly angularly curved. 3 b. RHABDOSOMA ELAPS. ?? Elaps decussatus, Dum. $ Bibr. p. 1221. Upper labials six, the third and fourth coming into the orbit; one pair of chin-shields. Scales in fifteen rows. Body rather elongate; tail rather short. Ground-colour yellow; body and tail encircled by about thirty broad black rings. . a. Adult. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. Description of the specimen.—This snake has so much the appearance of an Elaps, both in physiognomy and coloration, that, without examining the dentition, one might take it for a M 242 APPENDIX.-REPTILES. species of that genus; and Duméril's description of Elaps de- cussatus being in accordance with our specimen, and both speci- mens coming from the North-western part of South America, both species may prove to be identical, provided Elaps decussatus has not the dentition of Elaps. Body elongate, cylindrical; head rather narrow, of equal width, not distinct from neck; tail rather short, not distinct from trunk, ending in a blunt conical scale; muzzle rounded, blunt; eye small. Rostral shield moderate, rounded, reaching to the surface of forehead, with an obtuse angle behind and a transverse groove beneath; anterior frontals much smaller than posterior ones; vertical shield five-sided, broader than long, with a rather convex front-side, with the lateral sides shortest and convergent, and with a right angle behind; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; superciliary small; nostril between two shields; one anterior ocular, smaller than posterior nasal, and far distant from vertical shield; one semilunar posterior ocular in contact with a single temporal shield, behind which are three other ones; six upper labials, the third and fourth of which come into the orbit; the first four are nearly equal in size, the fifth as large as the two preceding together, the sixth equal to the fifth; the first pair of lower labials form together a suture behind the medial one; one pair of chin-shields behind. Scales moderate, in fifteen rows, those of the vertebral series somewhat irregular on the hinder part of the body; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Upper parts of head black, with a yellow narrow band across the front edge of the posterior frontals; another band across the occiput ; under side of the head, two anterior labials and temple yellow. Ground-colour of trunk orange-coloured, but the black rings encircling the trunk are so confluent on the back, as nearly to suppress the yellow rings; the latter are formed by scales, which have a black central streak and a black tip, and only yellow outer edges; moreover each black band is crossed by another yellow variegated narrow band, which does not extend on the belly. On the belly the black and yellow bands are more equal, each occupying three or four ventral plates. The ground-colour of the tail is bright red, and the black rings are smaller. There are on each side of the upper jaw seven strongly-curved small teeth of nearly equal length, none of which are grooved. Length of cleft of mouth 3"; length of tail 2"; total length 15". Page 13. Add to RHABDOSOMA a third new species. 8. RHABDOSOMA OXYCEPHALUM. Upper labials five, the third and fourth coming into the orbit ; the fifth forming a long suture with the occipital shield; one APPENDIX-SNAKES. 243 temporal shield behind the suture. Uniform dusky blackish ash. a. Adult. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Description of the specimen.-Body moderate ; tail very short, rather distinct from trunk, tapering; head small, narrow, with rather elongate and pointed muzzle, not distinct from neck; eye very small. Rostral shield small, with a slight groove in front just reaching the surface of forehead ; anterior frontals small, posterior ones very large, forming the upper anterior edge of orbit, in direct contact with the second and third labial shields; vertical six-sided, as broad as long, with an obtuse angle in front and an acute one behind, lateral edges short, nearly parallel ; occipitals moderate; superciliary small, and in this specimen it is united with posterior ocular: this may prove a peculiar cha- racter of the species. The loreal, which in the other species of Rhabdosoma forms a separate shield together with the ante- orbital, is here united with the posterior frontal; five upper labials, the third and fourth coming into the orbit; the fifth as large as the two preceding together, and forming a suture with the occi- pital shield, as in Rhabdion ; one large temporal shield, not in contact with the shield behind the eye; two very small nasals, nostril between; medial lower labial small, the other labials narrow; two pairs of large chin-shields. Scales rather large, in fifteen rows; anal entire. Above uniform dusky blackish ash, the edges of the scales in the lateral series and of the ventral plates lighter. Teeth equal, smooth. Length of cleft of mouth 3"; length of tail 1" ; total length 12". Page 13. Add : 6 a. RHABDION, Dum. 8. Bibr. Two pairs of frontal shields, front pair smaller than the hinder one; rostral rather small; one nasal, pierced by the nostril; an- terior ocular united with the loreal ; one posterior ocular. Scales smooth, rounded behind, in fifteen rows; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Teeth equal, smooth. Celebes. Rhabdion, sp., Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 115. 1. RHABDION FORSTENI. Rhabdion forsteni, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 116. Upper labials six, the fifth largest. Uniform dusky blackish ash. a. Adult. Celebes. From Mr. Frank's Collection, as Calamaria conica. b. Half-grown. Celebes. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. M 2 244 APPENDIX.-REPTILES. Page 19. Add: 14 a. ARRHYTON, Günther. Body and tail moderate; head depressed, with flat crown ; two pairs of frontal shields, anterior ones much smaller ; two nasals, nostril between ; loreal none, united with posterior frontal; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, rhomboidal, in seventeen rows; anal bifid; subcaudals two-rowed. Posterior maxillary tooth longest, separated by an interval from the ante- rior ones, smooth. Cuba. 1. ARRHYTON TÆNIATUM. Back with three brown longitudinal streaks. a. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. Description of the specimen.-Head flat, depressed, hardly distinct from neck, with obliquely truncated muzzle; body cylin- drical, with broad rounded back; tail moderate, not distinct from trunk, tapering. Rostral shield broader than high, rounded be- hind, reaching the surface of forehead; anterior frontals rather small, quadrangular; posterior ones much larger, bent on the sides, replacing the loreal, in direct contact with second and third upper labials; vertical large, pentangular, with nearly parallel outer edges and a right angle behind ; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; two nasals, nostril between; one anterior and two pos- terior oculars; one temporal shield in front, in contact with both oculars, two pairs of smaller ones behind ; seven upper labials, the third and fourth of which form the lower edge of orbit; the first pair of lower labials forming a suture together behind the terminal one; two pairs of chin-shields behind. Scales short, rhombic, not much imbricate, polished, in seventeen rows; anal and subcaudals bifid. Dentition as above mentioned. Reddish white, with three brown longitudinal streaks, the dorsal one be- ginning from the occipital suture, the lateral ones from the back edge of eye, all reaching the end of tail; upper shields of head brown, with whitish edges; belly uniform white. I do not know whether the specimen is in an adult or in a younger state. Length of cleft of mouth }"; length of tail 2" ; total length 9". Page 23. Add to the Synopsis of the Genera. To CORONELLA. One or two nasals. 7 a. STENORHINA. No separate nasal. Mexico. Page 24. SIMOTES OCTOLINEATUS. 0. Half-grown. Sumatra. From the Collection of the Zoolo- gical Society. APPENDIX-SNAKES. 245 Page 25. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS, Var. D. g'. Adult: not good state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. - Page 29. Add to ABLABES. 5 a. ABLABES PURPUREOCAUDA. Scales in fifteen rows; upper labials seven, third and fourth touching the eye. Above brown, along each side of back a pur- ple-coloured streak, lost on the hinder half of the tail, which is purple-coloured. a, b. California. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. Description.-In general appearance similar to Coronella au- striaca; head moderate, not very distinct from neck, depressed, with flat crown, and rounded, blunt muzzle ; body cylindrical, with broad back; tail not distinct from trunk, cylindrically ta- pering. Rostral shield rounded, just reaching the surface of forehead; frontals moderate ; vertical six-sided, with an obtuse angle in front and an acute one behind, with rather convergent lateral edges; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; one nasal, pierced by the nostril; one oblong loreal ; one anterior ocular, not reaching the surface of crown, two posterior ones; one elon- gate temporal shield in front, in contact with both oculars, two pairs of smaller ones behind ; seven upper labials, the third and fourth of which form the lower edge of orbit; first pair of lower labial shields forming together a suture behind the terminal one; two pairs of chin-shields behind, the front pair of which is much larger. Scales quite smooth, rounded, in fifteen rows; anal bifid; maxillary teeth equal and not grooved. Ground-colour brown, as in Coronella austriaca ; from each temple a purple-coloured streak runs along each side of the back; hinder half of tail purple-coloured. After having removed the epidermis, a greyish colour appears ; through the eye a darker streak; belly brownish grey, each plate being black-edged. Length of cleft of mouth 1" ; , length of tail 11"; total length 8". The specimens may prove to be half-grown individuals. Page 30. TRACHISCHIUM. Having had an opportunity of examining three specimens sent from Nepal by Mr. B. H. Hodgson, and some other ones in the Collection of the East India Company, I have convinced myself that this genus belongs to the family of the CALAMA- RIDÆ: the diagnosis remains the same. 246 APPENDIX.-REPTILES. b. Adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. c, d. Adult: bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Page 32. PSAMMOPHYLAX RHOMBEATUS. f'. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 34. TACHYMENIS CHILENSIS. Add to the synonymy: Girard, in U. S. Naval Astron. Ex- ped. pl. 37. f. 1-6 (nasal wrong). Page 46. LIOPHIS MERREMII (doliatus). dd, ee. South America. Page 46. LIOPHIS TÆNIURUS. c-e. Adult and half-grown. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. The narrower black streak of the two some- times disappears with age. - Page 47. Add : 7 a. STENORHINA, Dum. & Bibr. Head moderate, not very distinct from neck, with flat crown; rostral shield moderate, rounded ; anterior nasal united with an- terior frontal shield, posterior nasal united with loreal ; nostril between; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows. Posterior maxillary teeth grooved. Central America. Stenorhina, Dum. 8. Bibr. vii. p. 865. Microphis, Hallowell. 1. STENORHINA VENTRALIS. Stenorhina ventralis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 867. Back with black transverse spots; belly yellowish, with blackish spots, forming together a longitudinal band. Guatemala. 2. STENORHINA FREMINVILLEI. Stenorhina freminvillei, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 868. pl. 70. f. 1, 2. Microphis quinquelineatus, Hallowell. Back with three or five black longitudinal streaks. a. Adult. Mexico. From M. Parzudaki's Collection, APPENDIX.-SNAKES. 247 Page 48. ERYTHROLAMPRUS VENUSTISSIMUS. Add : Var. E. Head and neck black; body entirely white, with a dorsal series of large black spots; scales of the back with black tips; tail with pairs of black rings. . k. Adult. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Page 49. HYPSIRHYNCHUS FEROX. Add to the end of the description :-There are now several snakes known from Barbadoes. Page 54. XENODON SEVERUS. Var. A. Adult. c'. Para. From M. Bazali's Collection. Var. C. Adult. g'. South America. From the Collection of the Zoological So- ciety. g". Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. Young specimen. g'". Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. Page 63. TROPIDONOTUS HYDRUS. h. Adult. Sine patria. From the Collection of the Zoological Society i. Young. Sine patria. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Page 67. Add: 6 a. TROPIDONOTUS PUNCTULATUS. Scales in seventeen rows; anal bifid; nine upper labials, fourth and fifth coming into the orbit; one anterior, two posterior ocu- lars. Blackish ash above, each scale of the two outer rows with a white spot, forming together a lateral band. a. Adult. Sine patria. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Description of the specimen.-In habit similar to T. natrix. Rostral shield reaching the surface of head; anterior frontals triangular, rather pointed in front; vertical more than twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel outer edges, and a right angle behind ; occipitals rather narrow and pointed behind ; anterior ocular and loreal large, the lower posterior ocular very narrow and elongate, forming a part of the hinder and a part of the 248 APPENDIX. REPTILES. lower edge of orbit; in other specimens it may prove to be separated into two. Two temporal shields in contact with both oculars, and about six smaller ones behind ; nine upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Scales very slightly keeled, in seventeen rows; the keels only conspicuous on the pos- terior part of body. Upper parts dusky blackish ash, some scales with irregularly scattered, white, very small specks; each scale of the two outer rows with a large round whitish spot, forming a band, which is not continued on the tail ; belly whitish, the ven- tral plates with blackish outer edges. Three of the hinder max- illary teeth rather larger than the anterior ones, all being nearly equidistant one from the other. Length of cleft of mouth 5"; length of tail 41"; total length 22". Page 70. TROPIDONOTUS TRIANGULIGERUS. g. Adult. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Page 76. TROPIDONOTUS FASCIATUS, Var. B. $ $'. Young : not good state. America. Presented by the Col- lege of Surgeons. Page 77 Tropidonotus pogonias, Dum. & Bibr., is to be considered as a variety, not of T. fasciatus, but of T. cyclopion. The principal character of T. cyclopion is the great number of longitudinal rows of scales : not all the specimens have the orbit enclosed by a continuous chain of small shields. To this species belong the specimens q, t and i, referred to T. fasciatus, p. 77. Therefore the text is to be changed, as follows:- 18. TROPIDONOTUS CYCLOPION. Scales in twenty-seven or twenty-nine rows; upper labials eight, the fourth only touching the eye, but sometimes smaller scales between orbit and labial shields. Three series of qua- drangular black spots, the dorsal of which alternate with the lateral ones. a. Half-grown. Louisiana. b. Half-grown. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Var. A. Tropidonotus cyclopion, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 576. Orbit enclosed by a continuous chain of small shields. Lead- coloured, obscurely black-spotted. c. Adult. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. APPENDIX-SNAKES. 249 Var. B. Tropidonotus pogonias, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 574. Shields of chin with small rough tubercles. d. Adult. New Orleans. From M. Salle's Collection. Page 82. HETERODON PLATYRHINOS. 1. Half-grown. North America. Page 89. Add : 4a. COLUBER GETULUS. Seba, ii. 53. 1. Anguis annulatus, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. ii. p. 52. t. 52. Coluber getulus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 382; Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 358, and Med. Phys. Res. 1835, p. 122; Lacép. Quadr. Ovip. ii. p. 300; Latr. Rept. iv. p. 174; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 314. ? Herpetodryas getulus, Schleg. Ess. p. 198 (cfr. Coronella sayi, p. 41). Coronella getula, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpetol. iii. p. 95. pl. 21; Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 616. Ophibolus getulus, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 85. p Body and tail moderate, compressed. Scales smooth, in twenty-one rows; anal entire. Above black, with narrow yellowish cross bands, bifurcating on the flanks, each fork embracing a large black spot and confluent with that of the next cross band. Belly more or less chequered with black. a. Adult. N. America. From the Collection of the Zool. Soc. b. Adult. N. America, c. Half-grown. N. America. d. Younger. N. America. Presented by Lord Orkney. In the Erpétologie générale this snake is placed in the genus Coronella. I examined the dentition of both adult spe- cimens, and found all the teeth of equal length. Coluber getulus is often confounded with a variety of Coronella sayi exhibiting irregular cross-bands. Should the difference in the dentition prove to be such as I found on examination, this would be the most important character to avoid further mistake. Page 98. SPILOTES RETICULARIS. 9, h. Adult and half-grown. Nepal. Presented by B. H. g Hodgson, Esq. Page 100. SPILOTES PÆCILOSTOMA. Add to the synonymy: Dipsas dieperinkii, Schlegel, Essai, p. 282. B'. Adult male. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. Page 102. ZAMENIS ATROVIRENS. s. Young. Alps. Presented by the Rev. S. W. King. M 5 250 APPENDIX.-REPTILES. Page 103. ZAMENIS HIPPOCREPIS. f'. Very large specimen. Mogador.—Belly red. - Page 104. ZAMENIS CLIFFORDII. i. Adult. Africa. From the Collection of the Zoological . Society. Page 109. CORYPHODON MARGARITIFERUS. It was not until the first sheets of this Catalogue were printed that I saw Fischer's paper in the Hamburger Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Ntrwiss. 1856, where I at once recognized the identity of the above species with his Meizodon regularis, p. 112. I was very glad to see how perfectly his description agrees with my own, and I think it quite right that he has established a new genus for this species. Page 110. CoryPHODON KORROS. i. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by the E.I. Company, Page 113. CORYPHODON CARINATUS. h. Adult: injured. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. i. Young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Page 114. HERPETODRYAS FUSCUS. h'. Adult. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. k". Half-grown. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. h Page 115. HERPETODRYAS CARINATUS. q. Half-grown. South America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. = p. Page 121. Add : 4a. CYCLOPHIS CALAMARIA. Loreal none, united with the single nasal shield; seven upper labials. Greyish brown; front part of back on each side with a series of obsolete blackish spots, confluent behind and forming a very narrow, undulated line. a. Adult. Ceylon. b. Adult. Ceylon. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Description.-Habit moderately slender; head elongate, ovoid with rounded crown, and with moderate, rather conical muzzle. Rostral shield rather large, reaching the surface of crown, rounded behind; anterior frontals much smaller than posterior ones; - lu APPENDIX-SNAKES. 251 the latter covering a part of the side of head, but separated from the labials by the nasal shield; vertical shield more than twice as long as broad, with rather convergent lateral edges and an acute angle behind; occipitals moderate, rounded behind. Nasal single, very large, pierced by the nostril, in direct contact with the single anterior ocular; two posterior oculars in contact with a large temporal shield; two smaller ones behind; seven upper labials, the third and fourth of which form the lower edge of orbit. The first pair of lower labials forms a suture behind the terminal one, and the hinder edges of these shields are situated nearly in a straight line; two pairs of elongate chin-shields behind. Scales rhombic, in fifteen rows, smooth ; ventral plates hardly raised on the sides; anal bifid. Upper parts greyish or greyish brown; on the sides each scale with two obsolete brown, very small streaks at the base; on the sides of the front part of back some scales black-edged, forming blackish spots, and more or less confluent behind into a very narrow, undulated line; under parts entirely white. Length of cleft of mouth"; length of trunk 9" ; length of tail 4". Page 139. CELOPELTIS LACERTINA. p. Adult. Mogador. Page 141. PsAMMODYNASTES PULVERULENTUS. k, l. Adult. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. I have since convinced myself that four of the specimens mentioned as a variety (p. 141) form a really distinct species, differing from Ps. pulverulentus in the structure of the chin- shields. I call this second species of Psammodynastes Ps. pictus, and it may prove to be a peculiar form fronı Borneo. 2. PSAMMODYNASTES PICTUS. The first three pairs of lower labials very large, without chin- shields between; forehead and crown with symmetrical, dark purple markings; occipitals reddish white; back dark purple colour with pairs of reddish-white spots; on each side of back a reddish-white band. a. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. b. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. c. India. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. d. India. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Description.-Habit more slender than in Ps. pulverulentus ; head moderate, distinct from neck, with flat crown, and with swollen front part of the lips; tail moderate, not distinct from 252 APPENDIX.-REPTILES. trunk, tapering. Rostral shield rounded above, just reaching the surface of forehead; anterior frontals much smaller than posterior ones, all with convex hinder edge; vertical very narrow and elongate, with concave lateral edges; superciliaries much broader and larger, spheroid, projecting over the eye; occipitals moderate, rounded behind; one nasal, pierced by the nostril ; one loreal; one larger anterior ocular, with a very small one below; three posterior oculars; eight to ten temporal shields, two of which are in contact with the oculars; eight upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth of which come into the orbit; the sixth and seventh are much larger than the others, and sometimes united. The first pair of the lower labials forms together a suture behind the medial one, and the same is the case with the second and third pair, thus suppressing the chin- shields; there is a pair of narrow chin-shields only behind the suture of the third labial pair. Scales rhomboid, in seventeen rows; anal entire. Dentition as in Ps. pulverulentus. Head above reddish white, with symmetrical dark purple markings on the forehead and crown; occipitals only a little spotted; imme- diately behind the occipitals commences a broad dark purple band, occupying the whole neck and the medial part of back, reaching to the tip of tail, and interrupted by pairs of reddish- white rounded spots, becoming obsolete towards the middle of the length; on each side of this dark band is a narrower reddish- white streak, beginning from the back edge of eye and ending on the tail; the sides are irregularly darker variegated, and there is a dark streak from the tip of the snout through the eye to the angle of mouth; belly white, with small triangular black spots, the lateral of which are larger and situated in a line. Length of cleft of mouth 3" ; length of tail 4"; total length 17". Page 142. DASYPELTIS SCABRA. i. Adult Africa. From Mr. Jamrach's Collection. Page 156. DRYOPHIS ACUMINATA. Add to the synonymy: Dryophis vittatus, Girard, in U.S. Naval Astron. Exped. p. 211. pl. 36. Page 171. DIPSAS FUSCA. h. Young. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. Page 180. LEPTOGNATHUS CATESBYI. Variety : Spots black, and so large as nearly to suppress the white interspaces. g. Adult. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. APPENDIX.-SNAKES. 253 Page 191. OXYRHOPUS PETOLARIUS. Add: Var. H. Oxyrhopus sebæ, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1036. Scales of the vertebral series rather larger. p. Adult. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. Page 194. Genus Isoscelis is to be erased, Isoscelis maculata being identical with Rhabdosoma maculatum (p. 241). Instead of IsoSCELIS add : 9. TETRAGONOSOMA. Two nasals, nostril between; no loreal; one anterior, two posterior oculars; scales smooth, mode- rately imbricate, in seventeen rows; ventral plates keeled. Pinang Page 204. Instead of Isoscelis adu: 9. TETRAGONOSOMA, Günther. Lycodon with moderate, quadrangular body; tail moderate; head depressed, with flat crown and moderate, obtuse muzzle; pupil elliptical, erect; two nasals, nostril between ; loreal replaced by posterior frontal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales smooth, moderately imbricate, in seventeen rows; those of the back equal to the others. Ventral plates and subcaudals keeled. Anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Pinang. Lycodon, sp., Cantor, Catal. Mal. Rept. p. 70. 1. TETRAGONOSOMA EFFRENE. Lycodon effrænis, Cantor, 1.c. pl. 40. f. 2 (head). Dusky blackish brown, with broad distant wbite (in spirits) rings; head above on each side with a whitish streak. Original specimen of Dr. Cantor's description in the Collection of the East India Company. a Page 207. OPHITES SUBCINCTUS. b. Adult. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.-White bands very obsolete. - ERRATA. 73 39 Page 41, line 15, read getulus instead of gætulus. 62,"b. Species allied to T. viperinus" is to be erased. 63, insert before Trop. HYDRUS, “b. Species allied to T. hydrus." » 92, line 8, read CALLICEPHALUS instead of CALICEPHALUS. 100, read South America for each North America. 104, read CAUDOLINEATUS for CAUDÆLINEATUS. 110, read AEXAHONOTUS for HEXANOTUS. 209, read ELAPIDÆ for ELAPSIDÆ. 55 59 209, 211, read DIEMANSIA for DEMANSIA. 210, read VERMICELLA for VERMICALLA. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Ablabes, 27, 87. Acanthophis, 218. acuminata, 156, 252. aneus (Dryinus), 156. eneus (Xenodon), 54. æsculapii, 47, 88, 139. æstivus (Cyclophis), 119. æstivus (Philodryas), 125. affinis (Dromicus), 128. affinis Pituophis), 87. agassizii, 85. Ahætulla, 143, 148, 151. ahatulla, 153. Ailurophis, 33. albiventer, 4. albocincta (Coronella), 25. albocinctus (Ophis), 165. albofuscus (Coluber), 166. albofuscus (Ophites), 207. albovariata, 152 albus, 13. Alecto, 213. Alopecion, 193, 195. alternans, 44. Amblycephalus, 163, 184, 185. Amblymetopon, 2, 7. ammodytes, 168. amona, 18. Amphiesma, 54, 59. Amplorhinus, 34. anastomosatus, 64. Anguis, 3, 13, 118, 249. angulifer, 129. angusticeps, 238. Anholodon, 178. annularis (Bungarus), 220, annularis (Tropidonotus), 67. annulata (Diemansia), 213. annulata Leptodeira), 166. annulata (Vermicella), 236. annulatus (Anguis), 249. annulifer, 196. Anodon, 141. anomala, 37. antillensis, 129. Aplopeltura, 184. arctiventris, 20. arcuatus, 220. argentata (Natrix), 155. argentea (Dryophis), 155. argonauta, 27. arnensis, 24. Arrhyton, 240, 244. Aspidoclonion, 219. Aspidura, 14. Aspis, 223, 230. ater (Dromicus), 127. ater (Tropidonotus), 62. atra (Naja), 224. Atractaspididæ, 239. Atractaspis, 239. Atractus, 13. atratus, 66. atropurpureus, 203. atrovirens, 27, 101, 249. aulicus, 201. auratus, 156. auriculatus, 80. aurora, 195. australis (Coronella), 40. 256 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. australis (Naja), 218. australis Tropidonotus), 72. austriaca, 34. Calamaria, 2, 3, 27, 229. calamaria (Cyclophis), 250. Calamarida, 2. calamarius, 3. callicephalus, 92 DO calligaster, 231. Calliophis, 229. callilama, 131. calonotos, 229. Calopeltis, 87. badium (Rhabdosoma), 11, 241. bahiensis, 103. baliodeirus, 29. bellii, 148. bellona, 87. bibronii, 239. bicarinatus (Herpetodryas), 115. bicarinatus Heterolepis), 194. bicinctus, 43. bicolor, 44, 165. bifasciatus (Streptophorus), 16. bilineata (Coronella), 133. bilineatus (Tropidonotus), 62. bimaculatum, 229. binatus, 48. binotatus. 24. bipræocularis, 191. bipunctata (Coronella), 36. bipunctatus (Tropidonotus), 73. biscutatus, 176. bistrigatus, 95. bitorquatus, 21. bivirgatus, 230. blumenbachii, 111. Boa, 187, 219. boa, 184. Boaedon, 198. boddaertii, 115. Boodon, 193, 198. boops, 170. Bothriophis, 139. Brachyorrhos, 10, 13, 18. Brachyruton, 189. Brachysoma, 210, 228. brachyurus, 13. braminus, 64. breviceps, 54. brunneus (Coluber), 66. brunneus Herpetodryas), 116. Bucephalus, 143. bucephalus, 180. bungaroides, 213, 214. Bungarus, 148, 174, 180, 209, 219. bungarus, 219. . cana, 40. cancellatus, 110. candidus, 219, 221. caninana, 99. cantherigerus, 129. capensis (Boodon), 199. capensis (Bucephalus), 133. capistrata (Natrix), 127. capistratus (Coluber), 107. capucinus, 203 carbonarius, 102. carinata (Cercaspis), 207. carinata (Pareas), 185. carinatus (Coryphodon), 112,250. carinatus (Herpetodryas), 114, 115, 250. carolinianus, 90. Carphophis, 17. caspius (Coluber), 102. caspius Tropidonotus), 63. catenifer, 87. catenularis, 175. catenulatus, 29. catesbyi (Ahætulla), 154. catesbyi (Dryiophis), 158. catesbyi (Heterodon), 83. catesbyi (Leptognathus), 180, 252. caudolineatus (Dendrophis), 150. caudolineatus (Zamenis), 104. cenchoa, 174. cenchrus, 43. cencoalt, 174. cerasogaster, 79. Cerastes, 43, 54, 99, 195, 230. Cercaspis, 194, 207. cervinus, 68. cervone, 93. ceylonensis (Dipsadomorph.),176. ceylonensis (Haplocercus), 15. chairecacos, 148. cacodæmon, 83. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 257 Changulia, 4. coronoides, 215. chenonii, 152. corpulentus, 239. chersoides, 62, 63. Coryphodon, 85, 107. chiametla, 44. Coryphodontiens, 84. chilensis, 34, 246. crassicaudatum, 11, 241. Chloroëchis, 238. crista galli, 162. Chlorosoma, 120, 123. Crotaphopeltis, 165. chrysargoides, 71. cruciger, 135. chrysargus, 70. cruentatus, 88. Chrysopelea, 143, 145. cucullata, 35. cinnamomea, 115. cupreum, 9. circinalis, 233. cursor, 132. cliffordii, 104, 250. curtus, 216, 217. Clelia, 18, 189. cyaneus (Coluber), 120. clalia, 187, 189. Cyclocorus, 194. cobella, 43. Cyclophis, 113, 119. coccinea (Coronella), 42. cyclopion, 77, 248. coccineus (Simotes), 26. cynodon, 168. Calopeltis, 31, 93, 135, 138. Cynophis, 85, 95. cærulescens, 122, 123. Cyrtophis, 209, 226. coeruleus (Bungarus), 219. cæruleus (Coluber), 148. dahlii, 107. cæruleus (Hapsidophrys), 145. Dasypeltis, 141. colchica, 61. decorata, 35. collaris (Elaps), 231. decorus, 56, 148. collaris Psammophis), 28. Deirodon, 141. Coluber, 84, 87. dekayi, 81. Colubridæ, 84. Dendraspididæ, 238. colubrina, 143. Dendraspis, 238. Colubrina, 1. Dendroëchis, 238. colubrinus (Xenodon), 55. Dendrophidæ, 142. compressus (Coluber), 90, 107, Dendrophila, 169. 168, 180. Dendrophis, 114, 143, 145, 148, Compsosoma, 92, 96. 151, 169. concinnus, 75. dendrophis, 118. conirostris, 46. dhumna, 111, 112. Conocephalus, 17. dhumnades, 112. Conocerques, 209. Diacrantériens, 50. Conopsis, 2, 6. diadema (Brachysoma), 229. conspicillatus, 91. diadema Simotes), 26. constrictor, 108. Diemansia, 209, 211. corais, 98. Dinophis, 238. corallinus, 233. dione, 92. coronata (Scytale), 187, 188. Dipsadidæ, 162. coronatus (Coluber), 99. Dipsadoboa, 163, 182. coronatus Hoplocephalus), 215. Dipsadomorphus, 163, 174. Coronella, 22, 23, 27, 31, 33, 34, 42, Dipsadomorus, 180. 47, 92, 115, 123, 126, 165, 195. Dipsas, 31, 33, 34, 144, 145, 162, coronella (Calamaria), 6. 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 174, Coronellida, 22. 176, 177, 184, 185. 258 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Dispholidus, 143. distinctus, 139. doliata (Coronella), 41. doliatus (Coluber), 41, 44. doliatus (Oxyrhopus), 192. domesticus, 103. d'orbignyi (Heterodon), 83. dorsalis (Oligodon), 22. dorsalis (Philodryas), 126. dorsatus, 53. drapiezii, 171. Dromicus, 113, 126. drozii, 16. Dryadida, 113. Dryinus, 155, 160. Dryophida, 155. Dryophis, 155, 160, 162. Dryocalamus, 113, 121. Dryophylax, 123, 164. duberria, 20. effrene (Tetragonosoma), 253. Elaphis, 85, 87, 92. elaphis, 93. Elapidæ, 209, elapoides (Calamaria), 15. Elapoidis, 15. Elaps, 18, 19, 21, 23, 43, 48, 210, 212, 213, 229, 238, 239. elaps (Hamadryas), 219. elaps (Rhabdosoma), 241. elegans (Coronella), 38. elegans (Psammophis), 138. elegantissimus, 31. Enhydris, 58. Enicognathus, 27. epidaurius, 166. epistema, 236. fasciata (Tropidodipsas), 181. fasciatum (Alopecion), 196. fasciatus (Bungarus), 220. fasciatus (Tropidonotus), 76, 248. fasciolatus, 109. ferox, 49, 247. ferrugineus, 35. filiformis, 148. filum, 148. fissidens, 36. flagelliformis (Herpetodryas), 118. flagelliformis (Natrix), 158. flagellum, 118. flammigerus, 11. flavescens (Coluber), 88. flavescens Triglyphodon), 171. flaviceps (Bungarus), 221. flaviceps (Elaps), 230. flavigularis, 118. flaviventris, 108. floridanus, 90. florulentus, 106. formosus (Dendr.), 190, 191. formosus (Megærophis), 221. forsteni (Dipsas), 172. forsteni (Rhabdion), 243. forsteri, 44. freminvillei, 246. frenatum (Gonyosoma), 123. frenatus (Cyclophis), 120. fronticincta, 158. fugitivus, 132. fulgida, 158. fuliginoides, 39. fulvius, 235. funebris, 65. furcatus, 230. Furina, 229. fusca (Dipsas), 171, 252. fuscum (Triglyphodon), 172. fuscus (Coryphodon), 112. fuscus (Dryinus), 161. fuscus (Elapoidis), 15. fuscus (Herpetodryas), 114, 250. fuscus Rhabdodon), 139. eques, 73. erathon, 20. eremita, 93. erythrogaster (Coluber), 109. Erythrolamprus, 47, 189. Eudipsas, 163, 167, 168. Eugnathus, 198. Euophrys, 135, 139. eximius, 91. fallax, 33. fasciata (Dipsas), 173. geminatus, 29. gemmatus, 136. geometricus, 198. gervaisii, 4. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 259 Hurria, 172, 206, 207, 218. Hydrophis, 58. Hydrus, 58. hydrus, 63, 247. hygiæ, 232. Hypsirhina, 198. Hypsirhynchus, 23, 48. getulus (Coluber), 249. getulus (Herpetodryas), 41, 249. gigas, 55. girondica, 35. globiceps, 173 Glyphodon, 209, 210. gokool, 175. Gonyosoma, 113, 122. goudotii, 125. gouldi, 215. gracilis (Elaps), 230. gracilis (Leptophis), 151. gracilis (Tropidonotus), 63. grahamii, 78 graphicus, 46. grayi (Calamaria), 6. Grayia, 50. guerini, 10. guianensis, 9. guttatus, 89. iberus, 33. ibiboca, 145. Imantodes, 169. immaculatus, 191. indica (Dipsas), 169. indicus (Leptognathus), 180. infernalis, 199. infernalis (Coluber), 75. inornata (Dasypeltis), 142. intestinalis, 230. intricatus, 48. irregularis (Ahætulla), 152. irregularis (Atractaspis), 239. irregularis (Dipsas), 172. irregularis (Psammophis), 137. Ischnognathus, 50, 80. Isodontiens, 84, 113. jägeri, 37. jamesonii, 238. janthinus, 123, jara, 205. junceus, 69. kirtlandii, 156. korros, 110, 250. Hæmorrhois, 101. haje, 225. Hamadryas, 209, 218. hammondii, 239. Haplocercus, 2, 14. Hapsidophrys, 143, 144. hebe, 202. helena, 95. Hemidipsas, 163, 181. herbeus, 124. Herpetodryas, 27, 34, 95, 113, 119, 122, 123, 126. Herpetotragus, 160. Heterodon, 8, 23, 50, 82. Heterolepis, 194. Heterurus, 165. heterurus, 165. hexahonotus, 110. hickanella, 126. hippocrepis, 103, 250. hippus, 64. Hologerrhum, 186. Holuropholis, 193, 200. Homalocranion, 18. Homalopsis, 205. Homalosoma, 19, 27. Hoplocephalus, 209, 213. horstokii, 197. hotamboeia, 165. lacertina, 138, 251. lacteus, 232. lævicollis, 114. lævis (Coronella), 35. lævis Pareas), 185. lalandii, 143. Lamprophis, 30, 193, 195. Langaha, 155, 161. latotecta, 220. leberis, 78. lecomtei, 156. lemniscatus, 234. lentiginosum, 177. leopardinus, 88. leporinum, 12. 260 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Leptodeira, 163, 164. Leptognathiens, 2, 162, 177. Leptognathus, 163, 177. Leptophis, 72, 119, 126, 143, 148, maniar, 148. marcgrafii, 235. margaritaceus, 40. margaritiferus (Dromicus), 126. maura, 198. medusa, 78. Megærophis, 219. Meizodon, 250. melanocephalum (Homalocr.),18. melanocephalus (Ablabes), 28. melanoleucus, 86. melanotus, 133. melanozostus, 64. melanurus (Coluber), 97. melanurus (Spilotes), 97, 98, 99. merremii (Liophis), 44, 246. merremii (Ophis), 56. Metoporhina, 193, 197. mexicana (Ahætulla), 154. mexicanus (Cerastes), 99. mexicanus (Coluber), 99. mexicanus (Pituophis), 87. michahelles, 85. microcephalum, 12. Microphis, 246. mikanii, 178. modesta (Calamaria), 240. modestus (Ablabes), 27. modestus Euophrys), 139. moeoticus, 93. moilensis, 139. molossus, 90. moniliger, 135, 136. monspessulana, 139. mucosus, 111. mülleri (Diemansia), 213. mülleri (Lycodon), 203. multifasciatus, 190. multimaculata (Coronella), 38. multimaculata (Dipsas), 169. multipunctata (Calamaria), 3. murorum, 62. mycterizans, 158, 160. 151. Leptorhytaon, 194, 205. leucocephalus, 168. leucomelas (Dromicus), 127. lichtensteinii, 107. lineatum (Rhabdosoma), 11. lineatus (Boodon), 199. lineatus (Bungarus), 219. lineatus Cyclocorus), 208. lineatus Dromicus), 134. lineatus (Hapsidophrys), 144. lineatus (Psammophis), 135. lineolata, 149. linnæi (Calamaria), 3, 240. linnæi (Coluber), 205. liocercus, 153. Liophis, 42. longicaudatum, 12. longissima, 88. lugubris, 66. lumbricoidea, 5. lurus, 135. luteo-striatus, 102. lutrix, 20. Lycodon, 18, 165, 186, 187, 189, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198,201,205, 206, 207, 208, 253. Lycodontidæ, 193. Lycognathus, 34, 168. Lycophidion, 193, 197. Lygophis, 38, 134. macrophthalmus, 58. Macrops, 114. macrorhinum, 177. macrosoma, 135. maculata (Dipsadoboa), 183. maculatum (Rhabdosoma), 241. maculatus (Coluber), 90. maculiceps, 232. maculosa, 3. madagascariensis (Heterodon),84. madagascariensis (Langaha), 162. major, 120. malignus, 202. mandarinus, 91. Naja, 209, 213, 218, 222, 238. najadum, 107. nasicus, 83. nasus, 6. nasuta (Langaha), 162. nasutus (Tragops), 159, 160. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 261 nasuum, 8, 240. natalensis, 152. Natricide, 50. Natrix, 61. nattereri, 164. nebulatus, 177. neumayeri, 139. neuwiedii, 188. niger (Heterodon), 83. niger (Tropidonotus), 77. nigra (Pseudohaje), 222. nigrolineatus, 144. nigromaculatus, 230. nigrum (Boodon), 199. nuchalis, 227. nummifer, 106. nympha, 206. occipitalis (Ablabes), 29. occipitalis (Clelia), 189. occipitalis (Elaps), 234. occipito-maculatus, 81. ocellata (Hemidipsas), 182. ocellata (Natrix), 63. ocellatus (Coluber), 107. ocellatus (Xenodon), 56. octolineata (Dendrophis), 150. octolineatus (Simotes), 24, 244. Odontomus, 194, 206. olfersii, 124. Oligodon, 20. olivacea (Coronella), 39. olivacea (Diemansia), 212. olivacea (Dendrophis), 149. olivaceus (Boodon), 200. olivaceus (Coluber), 124. Opetiodon, 162, 168. Ophiophagus, 219. Ophis, 33, 54. Ophites, 194, 206. Opisthoglyphes, 1. ordinatus, 73. ornata (Chrysopelea), 145. ornatus (Glyphodon), 210. Oxybelis, 155. Oxycéphaliens, 155. oxycephalum (Gonyosoma), 122. oxycephalum (Rhabdosoma), 242. Oxyrhina, 82. Oxyrhopus, 147, 186, 188. oxyrhyncha (Ahætulla), 154. oxyrhynchus (Dryinus), 160. pallidiceps, 214. palmarum, 142. palustris (Hydrus), 63. pantherinus, 107. paradisi, 145. parallelus, 104. Pareas, 163, 184. Paréasiens, 162. parietalis (Tropidonotus), 75. parreysii , 93. Passerita, 155, 160. pavoninus (Dryinus), 160. pavoninus (Leptognathus), 179. Pelias, 83. Periops, 84, 101. persa, 62. personatus, 102. peruana, 34. peruvianus, 169. Petalognathus, 177. pethola, 190. petolarius, 190, 253. philippinum, 186. Philodryas, 113, 123. picta (Dendrophis), 148. picturatus, 71. pictus (Psammodynastes), 251. pileatus, 124. piscator, 63. Pituophis, 84, 85. Plagiodontiens, 84, 95. platurinus, 206. platyrhinos (Heterodon), 82, 83, 249. platyrhinus (Natrix), 207. pleii, 128. plumbeus, 189. plumbicolor, 57. plutonius, 99. poecilocephalus, 93. pocilogyrus, 44. pæcilonotus, 100. pæcilostoma, 100, 249. poënsis, 194. pogonias, 77, 248. porcatus, 76. porphyriacus, 218. 262 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. præornata, 147 prasina, 159. proximus, 72. Psammodynastes, 135, 140. Psammophidæ, 134. Psammophis, 28, 101, 118, 126, 135, 138, 140. psammophis (Diemansia), 212. psammophis (Herpetodryas), 118. Psammophylax, 31. Pseudechis, 209, 217, 218. Pseudelaps, 212. Pseudoboa, 187, 219. pseudo-boiga, 172. Pseudoelaps, 91. Pseudohaje, 209, 222. Pseudonaja, 209, 227. pullatus, 99. pulverulenta (Dipsas), 173. pulverulentus (Psammodynastes), 140, 251. punctatissimus, 164. punctatus (Ablabes), 28. punctatus (Elaps), 232. punctulata (Dendrophis), 149. punctulatus (Tropidonotus), 247. purpurascens, 25, 245. purpureocauda (Ablabes), 245. pyrrhopogon, 115. quadricarinatus, 115. quadrilineatus (Coluber), 88, 93. quadrimaculata, 4. quadrivirgatus, 94. quadrivittatus (Coluber), 88. quaterradiatus, 93. quincunciatus, 63, 66. quinquelineatus, 246. reticulata (Dendroëchis), 239. reticulatus (Coluber), 63. Rhabdion, 240, 243. rhabdocephalus, 56. Rhabdodon, 138. Rhabdosoma, 10, 241. Rhinechis, 84, 85. Rhinobothryum, 163, 176. Rhinosimus, 10. Rhinostoma, 8, 23. rhodomelas, 58. rhodopleuron, 145. rhombeatus, 31, 246. rhombifer, 191. riccioli, 35. richardii, 153 rubescens, 145. rubriceps, 90. rufescens (Leptodeira), 165. rufiventris (Dromicus), 130. rufodorsatus (Coluber), 89. rufodorsatus (Dromicus), 130. rufozonatus, 204. rufulus (Ablabes), 30. l'ugosum, 30. rupestris, 138. russelli, 24. sagittatus, 175. saturninus, 114. saurita, 72, 81. saurocephalus, 54. sauromates, 93. sayi, 41. scabra, 142, 252 scalaris, 85. scandens, 145. schach, 11. schlegelii (Calamaria), 5. schlegelii (Rhinostoma), 8. schokari, 148. schottii, 125. scopoli, 88. scurrula, 107. scutatus, 227. Scytale, 14, 83, 186, 187. scytale (Calamaria), 14. Scytalidæ, 185. sebæ (Streptophorus), 16. semiannulis, 197. Rachiodon, 141. Rachiodontida, 141. radiatus, 96. raninus, 133. rappii, 116. rectangulum, 64. reginæ, 46. regularis, 250. reticularis (Spilotes), 98, 249. reticulata (Calamaria), 3. reticulata (Diemansia), 212. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 263 semicinctum, 19. semidoliatum, 10. semifasciatus, 221. semiornata, 39. septemvittatus, 78. serra, 125. severus, 54, 247. sexcarinatus, 115. sibilans, 136. sibon, 177. silurophaga, 51. Simocephalus, 193, 194. Simotes. 23. simus, 82, 83. sinuatus, 65. sipedon, 76. sirtalis, 74. smaragdina, 151. smithii, 38. spadiceus, 190. Sphecodes, 206. spilogaster, 66. spiloides, 90. Spilotes, 29, 85, 96. sputatrix, 225. Stenocéphaliens, 2. Stenorhina, 244, 246. stolatus, 68. Stremmatognathus, 180. Streptophorus, 16. striatulus, 17. striatus, 202. strigatus, 52. subcinctus, 206, 253. subcyaneus, 122. subfuscus, 114. subgriseus, 21. sublineatus, 21. subminiatus, 69. subpunctatus (Oligodon), 22. subpunctatus (Oxyrhopus), 191. subquadratus, 21. subradiatus. 95. sulphurea (Natrix), 100. superbus, 217. surinamensis, 234. Syncrantériens, 50. teniatum, 244. teniurus, 46, 246. tantalus, 63. Tarbophis, 33. temminckii (Calamaria), 5. temminckii (Dromicus), 131. tessellata, 62. testaceus, 108. Tetragonosoma, 253. Thamnodynastes, 162, 163. thuringicus, 35. tigrina, 31. tigrinus, 71. Tomodon, 50, 52, 135. torquata (Natrix), 61. torquatus (Coluber), 28. tortor, 218. trabalis, 93, 102. Trachischium, 23, 30, 245. Tragops, 155, 160. trianguligerus, 70, 248. triangulum, 91. tricolor (Cyclophis), 121. tricolor (Zamenis), 126. trigeminus, 191. Triglyphodon, 169. trigonalis, 175. trigonatus, 175. Trigonophis, 33. trilineatus (Atractus), 14. Trimeresurus, 218. Trimerorhinus, 31. tripudians, 223. triscalis, 131. tristis (Coluber), 145. tristis (Glyphodon), 211. tristrigatus, 121. tropidococcyx, 157. Tropidodipsas, 163, 180. Tropidonotus, 50, 54, 59, 89, 93, 94, 141, 164. typhlus, 57. typus (Anodon), 142. typus (Bucephalus), 143. Tyria, 27, 101, 122. Tachymenis, 33. tania, 73. umbratus, 65. unicolor (Boodon), 199. unicolor Dipsadoboa), 183. unicolor Dromicus), 129. 264 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. virgatus, 94. virgulata, 4, 5. viride (Gonyosoma), 122. viridiflavus, 102. viridis (Bucephalus), 143. viridis (Dendrophis), 114. viridis (Leptophis), 238. viridis (Xenodon), 57. viridissimus, 123. vittatus (Dryophis), 252. vittatus (Tropidonotus), 67. vivax, 33. Weigelii, 174. univirgatus, 231. Uræus, 223 Uromacer, 151. valida, 172 variabilis, 99. variegatum (Amblymetopon), 7. variegatum (Homalosoma), 20. variegatus (Hoplocephalus), 214. variegatus (Leptognathus), 179. ventralis, 246. ventrimaculatus, 105. ventristrigatus, 105. venustissimus, 47, 247. venustus, 81. Vermicella, 210, 236. vernalis, 119. versicolor, 54. vertebralis, 86. vibakari, 80. violacea. 156. Vipera, 8, 83, 168, 174, 223, 230. viperinus, 62 xanthozonia, 160. Xenodon, 23, 42, 50, 53, 85, 125. xiphorhynchus, 162. Y, 91. Zacholus, 34. Zamenis, 84, 85, 101. APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 265 APPENDIX (2.) TO THE Catalogue of the specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. First Part (CROTALIDÆ, VI- PERIDÆ, HYDRIDA and BOIDÆ, by Dr. J. E. GRAY. London, 1849. The object in preparing the present Appendix has been to give an account of the specimens in the Collection of the British Mu- seum collected since the aforesaid Catalogue was published, and belonging to the families CROTALIDÆ, VIPERIDÆ, HYDRIDÆ and BOIDÆ. With this Appendix, the Catalogue of the whole Collection of Snakes is finished: the number of specimens given- In the First Part is 580 Appendix (2.) 386 Second Part with Appendix. ... 3023 Total sum 3989 Page 5. CRASPEDOCEPHALUS BRASILIENSIS. Bothrops iararaca, Dum. 8. Bibr. ix. p. 1509. a. Adult. Argentine Republic. Presented by the Zoological Society. b. Large specimen. South America. From the Haslar Collec- tion. c. Half-grown. Brazil. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. d. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection. e. Adult. America. Page 5. CRASPEDOCEPHALUS LANCEOLATUS. Bothrops lanceolatus, Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 1505. a. Adult. America. b. Adult: bad state. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. c. Half-grown. St. Lucia. Presented by the Zoological Society. d. Large specimen. Guadaloupe. From M. Parzudaki's Col- lection. N 266 APPENDIX (2).-REPTILES. e. Half-grown. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. f. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection. g. Half-grown. Martinique. Page 6. CRASPEDOCEPHALUS ATROX. Bothrops atrox, Dum. 8. Bibr. ix. p. 1507. a. Adult. Rio Janeiro. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. c. Head of an adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Col- lection. d. Adult. Berbice. e. Adult : not good state. South America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. f. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. g. Some half-grown specimens. Berbice. h. Young. America. i. Young. America. k. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. 1. Half-grown. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Variety : “leucurus," Dum. & Bibr. p. 1508. m. Half-grown. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. Variety? seven upper labials; tip of tail white. n. Adult. Honduras. Page 8. TRIMESURUS VIRIDIS. Bothrops viridis, Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 1513. . . a. Adult Java. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. . b. Adult. India. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. c. Adult. India. d. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. e. Adult. India. Presented by Captain Stafford. f. Adult. China. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Page 9. TRIMESURUS MACULATUS. a. Adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. b. Adult : not good state. Bengal. Presented by the Zoological Society. c. Half-grown. Sikkim. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker. Page 10. TRIMESURUS SUMATRANUS. Tropidolæmus wagleri, Dum. &. Bibr. ix. p. 1525. a. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. b-e. Adult. India. Presented by the East India Company. APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 267 Page 12. MEGÆRA TRIGONOCEPHALA. Bothrops nigromarginatus, Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 1515. . a. Adult. Ceylon. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Page 15. TRIGONOCEPHALUS HYPNALE. Id. Dum. & Bibr. p. 1498. a. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c, d. Adult East Indies. e-g. Adult. East Indies. h. Adult. East Indies. i. Young. East Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society. k. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by Sir J. Banks. Page 16. CENCHRIS PISCIVORUS. Trigonocephalus piscivorus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1491. Toxico- phis pugnax, Baird & Girard, Catal. p. 20. a. Skin of an adult in spirits. Texas. From Mr. Cuming's Collection as Toxicophis pugnax. b. Adult. Louisiana. Page 17. CROTALOPHORUS MILIARIUS. Crotalus miliarius, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1477. p. a. Adult. Mexico. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Young. Mexico. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 20. CROTALUS HORRIDUS. Crotalus horridus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1472. a. Half-grown. Mexico. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b, c. Young, and head of an adult. Berbice. d. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. e. Young. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. f. Half-grown : very bad state. North-west Coast of America. Presented by Lieut. Wood. Page 23. DABOIA ELEGANS. Echidna elegans, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1435. a. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. b. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. d. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by – Ferguson, Esq. - N 2 268 APPENDIX (2).--REPTILES. Page 24. DABOIA XANTHINA. a. Large specimen. Xanthus. Presented by the Zoological Society. Page 25. CLOTHO NASICORNIS. Vipera hexacera, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1416. a. Adult. Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society. b. Half-grown. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. Page 26. BITIS ARIETANS. Echidna arietans, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1425. . a. Half-grown. West Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. b. Large specimen. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. c, d. Adult. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Calloway. e. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. f. Half-grown. Angola. From Mr. Rich's Collection. Page 26. BITIS ATROPOS. Echidna atropos, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1432. a. Half-grown. Cape. Presented by Dr. Lee. Page 27. BITIS MAURITANICA. Echidna mauritanica, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1431. a. Adult. Algiers. From M. Parzudaki's Collection, Page 28. CERASTES HASSELQUISTII. Cerastes ægyptiacus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1440. a. Adult. Africa. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Young. Sine patria. Page 29. ToxicOA ARENICOLA. Echis frenata, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1449. a. Adult. Africa. b. Adult. Barbary. From M. Parzudaki's Collection as Echis carinata. Page 29. ECHIS CARINATA. Echis carinata, Dum. & Bibr. a. Adult. India. p. 1448. APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 269 Page 30. VIPERA ASPIS. Id. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1408. a. Adult. Alps. Presented by the Rev. S. W. King. b. Adult. Europe. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 31. PELIAS BERUS. Pelias berus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1595. A. Var. Prester. a. Large specimen. Rauhe Alp, Germany. Presented by Dr. A. Günther. Uniform black. B. Var. Chersea. 6. Adult. Scotland. Presented by J. Middleton, Esq. c. Half-grown. Europe. d. Adult. Europe. Dark variety. e. Adult. France. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 33. SEPEDON HÆMACHATES. Id. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1259. a, b. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. Africa. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult. Africa. Presented Presented by the College of Surgeons. Page 33. CAUSUS RHOMBEATUS. Id. Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1265. a. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. b. Adult. Africa. From the Leyden Museum. c. Half-grown. Africa. d, e. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Bartlett's Collection. f. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. 9. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Raddon's Collection. h. Half-grown. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. i. Adult. South Africa. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. k. Adult. South Africa. 1, m. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Jamrach's Collection. n. Adult. South Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 0. Large specimen. Port Natal. Presented by the Rev. H. Cal- loway p. Adult. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection. 9, r. Adult and young. South Africa. s. Young. Gold Coast. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. t. Half-grown. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 270 APPENDIX (2).- REPTILES. u. Young. Gambia. Presented by T. Mitchell, Esq. 0. Adult. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. w. Young. Gold Coast. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. Page 34. ACANTHOPHIS ANTARCTICA. Acanthophis cerastinus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1389. a. Adult. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. b. Half-grown. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. Page 41. PELAMIS BICOLOR. Id. Dum. 8. Bibr. P. 1335. a. Adult. Sumatra. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by J. Baines, Esq. c. Half-grown. China. d. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection. e. Half-grown. Gulf of Siam. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. fig. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection. h. Young. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. Page 43. PELAMIS ORNATA. a. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Page 44. LAPEMIS CURTA. a. Adult. India. Presented by J. Kempe, Esq. b. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Page 46. MICROCEPHALOPHIS GRACILIS. Hydrophis gracilis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1352. a. Adult and half-grown. East Indies. Presented by the East India Company Page 48. ENHYDRINA VALAKADYEN. Hydrophis schistosus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1344. a. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. b. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. c. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. Page 50. HYDROPHIS OBSCURA. a. Half-grown.' India. From the Haslar Collection. APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 271 Page 50. HYDROPHIS LINDSAYII. a. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. Page 51. HYDROPHIS NIGROCINCTA. Id. Dum. & Bibr. p. 1350. a. Half-grown. India. b, c. Half-grown: bad state. India. From the Haslar Collection. d. Half-grown. India. e-g. Adult, half-grown, and young. East Indies. Presented by - the Hon. E.I. Company. Page 52. HYDROPHIS SUBCINCTA. a. Adult. India. b. Half-grown: bad state. New Guinea. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. Page 54. HYDROPHIS SUBANNULATA. a. Half-grown. India. Page 55. HYDROPHIS CÆRULESCENS. a. Half-grown. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. Page 56. CHITULIA INORNATA. a. Adult. Australia. Presented by J. Baines, Esq. Page 57. KERILIA JERDONII. a. Adult. India? From the Haslar Collection. Page 58. HYDRUS MAJOR. Hydrophis schizopholis, (Schmidt) Dum. & Bibr. p. 1357. a. Large specimen. Singapore. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. 'India. Presented by the Zoological Society. c. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. Page 59. PLATURUS LATICAUDATUS. Platurus fasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1321; Fischer, See- schlangen, p. 28. Scales in nineteen to twenty-five rows. 272 APPENDIX (2).-REPTILES. Var. A. No azygos shield between the posterior frontals. a. Adult. East Indies. Presented by the College of Surgeons. b. Half-grown. New Guinea. c. Half-grown. New Guinea. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. d. Half-grown. India. e. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. f. Half-grown. Gulf of Siam. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty g. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. From the Haslar Collection. h. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. i. Adult. Sine patria. From the Museum of Economic Geology. Var. B. An azygos shield between the posterior frontals. k, l. Adult. India. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. m. Half-grown. India. Presented by the College of Surgeons, n-p. Half-grown. Fiji Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. q. Adult. Amboyna. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. T, s. Half-grown. India. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. r t. Half-grown. Island of Sooloo. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher u, v. Adult and half-grown. Island of Pines. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. w. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by his Excellency Sir G. Grey. 2. Adult. India. Old Collection. y. Adult: bad state. India. . 2-B. Adult and half-grown. India. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. y. Adult: bleached. India. Old Collection. Page 60. STEPHANOHYDRA FUSCA. Aipysurus fuliginosus, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 1327. a. Adult. India. b. Adult. New Guinea. Presented by Mrs. Stanley. Page 61. CHERSYDRUS GRANULATUS. Chersydrus fasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 40. a, b. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. c. Adult. Java. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. . Page 61. CHERSYDRUS ANNULATUS. Var. Dum. & Bibr. p. 43. 8 a, b. Adult. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. E.I. Company. APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 273 Page 62. ACROCHORDUS JAVANICUS. Id. Dum. & Bibr. p. 34. a. Some specimens. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. E.I. Company b. Many specimens. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. E.I. Company. Page 64. CERBERUS CINEREUS. Cerberus boæformis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 978. a. Adult. East Indies. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Adult. East Indies. c. Adult. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. d-g. Adult and half-grown. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. E.I. Company. Page 66. FERANIA SIEBOLDII. Trigonurus sieboldii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 96. a. Adult. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Page 67. HOMALOPSIS BUCCATA. Id. Dum. & Bibr. p. 969. a. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. . b. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection. d-g. Adult and half-grown. East Indies. Presented by the Hon. E.I. Company. Page 69. URANOPS ANGULATUS. Helicops angulatus, Dum. f. Bibr. a. Adult. America. From Mr. Bartlett's Collection. b. Young. Amazon. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. c. Adult. Berbice. d. Adult. Berbice. e-g. Adult and half-grown. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. h. Adult. Amazon. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. i. Young. Amazon. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. k. Adult. America. 1. Adult. America. From Mr. Mather's Collection. m, n. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. 274 APPENDIX (2).-REPTILES. Page 70. TROPIDOPHIS SCHISTOSUS. Tropidonotus schistosus, Dum. & Bibr. a. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. b. Half-grown. India. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. c. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. d. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by J.C. Bowring, Esq. e. Young. East Indies. From Mr. Argent's Collection. f. Young. East Indies. g. Adult. East Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Adult. East Indies. i. Adult. East Indies. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. k. Adult : bleached. East Indies. Old Collection. . Page 70. MYRON RICHARDSONII. a. Half-grown. Port Essington. . Page 71. HelicoPS CARINICAUDUS. Id. Dum. 8. Bibr. a. Adult. S. America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. b. Pregnant female. S. America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. c. Adult. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. d. Young. S. America. Presented by W. F. Evans, Esq. e, f. Young. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. Page 71. HELICOPS LEPRIEURII. Id. Dum. & Bibr. p. 750. a. Adult. Cayenne. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. 6. Adult. Cayenne. Page 72. HYPSIRHINA AËR. Hypsirhina enhydris, Dum. 8. Bibr. p. 947. p a. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. Page 73. HYPSIRHINA BILINEATA. a. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. . . . b. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq. c-f. Half-grown. India. g. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq. h. Adult. India. APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 275 Page 74. HYPSIRHINA BENNETTII. ? Hypsirhina maculata, Dum. & Bibr. p. 950. a. Adult. China. Page 74. FARANCIA FASCIATA. Calopisma abacura, Dum. 8. Bibr. a. Adult. America. Presented by the College of Surgeons. b. Young. America. Presented by Mrs. Drummond. c. Young. N. America. Presented by Sir R. Murchison. Page 75. HYDROPS MARTII. Hydrops martii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 484. a. Half-grown. Surinam. b. Half-grown. S. America. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. S. America. Page 75. HYGINA FASCIATA. a-c. Adult. Berbice. Page 76. DIMADES PLICATILIS. Calopisma plicatilis, Dum f Bibr. a. Adult. Berbice. b. Half-grown. Para. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. Page 77. FORDONIA UNICOLOR. a. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult. ? River Parana. From the Haslar Collection. d e. Some half-grown and adult specimens. East Indies. Pre- sented by the Hon. E.I. Company. Page 78. ABASTOR ERYTHROGRAMMUS. Calopisma erythrogrammum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 337. a. Half-grown. America. b. Half-grown. America. Presented by Mrs. Philips. c. Half-grown. America. I consider the specimen referred by Dr. Gray to Abastor erythrogrammus as the type of a peculiar genus. In the system proposed by Dr. Gray in his Catalogue, it follows the genus 276 APPENDIX (2).-REPTILES. Abastor; in the system of the Erpétologie générale it is to be placed in the family of the “Platyrhiniens," near Eurostus. 33a. ELAPOCEPHALUS, Günther. Head indistinct, depressed; scales smooth, in fifteen rows; shields of crown nine, regular; anterior pair of frontals not separated by the nasals from the rostral; one nasal, no loreal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Anal and subcaudals bifid. Two or three posterior maxillary teeth very long, strong, and grooved. America. This genus differs from Abastor : ABASTOR. ELAPOCEPHALUS. Scales in 19 rows. Scales in 15 rows. Teeth equal, smooth. Posterior teeth grooved. 1. ELAPOCEPHALUS TÆNIATUS. Above with three black, broadly white-edged longitudinal bands. a. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society (see Dr. Gray's Catal. p. 78). . Description of the specimen.-Head with a remarkable simi- larity of structure to Elaps; eyes very small; rostral shield rather rounded behind, just reaching the surface of head; two pairs of moderate frontals, the front pair of which is in direct contact with the rostral shield, and not separated from it by the nasals; vertical five-sided, with elongate hinder part, with an acute posterior angle, with nearly parallel lateral edges, and with all sides nearly equal in length. Superciliary moderate; occipitals rather large and elongate, and somewhat forked behind ; nasal pierced by the nostril, without any cleft, and replacing the loreal shield together with ante-ocular; anterior ocular hardly reaching the surface of crown; two posterior oculars; six upper labials, the second and third of which form the lower edge of orbit, the fourth, fifth and sixth being largest; three temporal shields in one single series, of nearly equal size, anterior one in contact with both oculars. Scales quite smooth, polished, large, rounded behind, in fifteen rows; body with very broad back; cleft of mouth short; series of maxillary teeth very short, three or four smaller ones in front, and then two very large grooved teeth. Crown and occiput brown; third, fourth and fifth upper labial shields yellowish; a yellowish collar; back with three black or brown, white-edged longitudinal streaks; belly and lower part APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 277 of the sides whitish, with some indistinct, scattered, small spots on the edge of belly. Length of cleft of mouth"; breadth of head 5"; length of tail 3"; total length 29". There are, besides the above-mentioned generic differences, the following others between Abastor erythrogrammus and Elapocephalus teniatus. Nasal shield with a cleft from Nasal shield without cleft. the nostril. Seven upper labials. Six upper labials. Third and fourth upper labial Second and thirdupper labial shield coming into the orbit. shields coming into the orbit. Belly with two or three punc- Belly nearly uniform. tated lines. Eye moderate. Eye very small. Page 79. MIRALIA ALTERNANS. Eurostus alternans, Dum. & Bibr. p. 957. a. Half-grown. Borneo. From Mr. Stevens's Collection. Ex- hibiting a single posterior ocular (doubtful). Page 36. MORELIA VARIEGATA. a. Half-grown. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. b. Large specimen. Moreton Bay. Presented by J. Macgi livray; Esq. c. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Page 88. PYTHON RETICULATUS. a. Half-grown. Borneo. Presented by Sir J. Brooke. b. Half-grown. Borneo. Page 90. HORTULIA SEBÆ. a. Half-grown. Senegal. From Mr. Jamrach's Collection. Page 93. LIASIS OLIVACEA. a. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Zoological Society. b. Skin of a very large specimen in spirits. North Australian Expedition. Presented by Dr. J. R. Elsey. Page 94. NARDOA GILBERTII. a. Adult. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. . 0 278 APPENDIX (2).-REPTILES. Page 94. EPICRATES ANGULIFER. a. Half-grown. Caraccas. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. c. Adult. Berbice. d. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society, e. Half-grown. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. f. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. Page 95. EPICRATES CENCHRIA. a. Half-grown. Berbice. b. Adult. Berbice. Page 96. CORALLUS HORTULANUS. a. Adult. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. b, c. Half-grown. Granada. From the Haslar Collection. d. Half-grown. Guiana. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. e, f. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. Page 99. SANZINIA MADAGASCARIENSIS. a. Adult. Madagascar. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 100. BoA CONSTRICTOR. a. Adult. Cayenne. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. b. Young. Trinidad. c. Young. Mexico. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. d. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Colonel Reid. e. Adult America. e f. Young. S. America. Presented by Lieut. Wood. g. Large specimen. S. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Foetus. S. America. From Mr. Frank's Collection. Page 101. BOA IMPERATOR. a. Large specimen. Trinidad. b. Large specimen. Trinidad. Page 102. EUNECTES MURINUS. a. Half-grown. S. America. From the Haslar Collection. b. Head of a large specimen. Berbice. c. Half-grown. Guiana. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. a APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 279 Page 103. CHILABOTHRIUS INORNATUS. a. Half-grown. West Indies. From Mr. Jamrach's Collection. b. Skin of an adult in spirits. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. Page 104. UNGALIA MACULATA. a. Half-grown. Guayaquil. b. Adult. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. c. Young : bad state. America. d. Half-grown. America. Page 105. ENYGRUS BIBRONII. a. Adult. America. Presented by Sir E. Belcher. b, c. Adult and half-grown. Fiji Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. d. Adult. Fiji Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Admi- ralty. e. Adult. San Christoval. From the Museum of Economic Geology f. Half-grown. San Christoval. From the Museum of Econo- mic Geology. g. Half-grown. San Christoval. From the Museum of Econo- mic Geology h. Adult. Loyalty Island. Presented by Sir G. Grey. i. Half-grown. Fiji Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. k. Half-grown. Fiji Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty Var. Above uniform brownish red, beneath whitish. 1. Half-grown. San Christoval. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. m. Half-grown. San Christoval. From the Museum of Eco- nomic Geology. Page 108. GONGYLOPHIS CONICA. a. Half-grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esg. b. Adult. Malabar. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 109. Eryx JACULUS. a. Adult. Sine patria. b. Adult. Xanthus. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult. Sine patria. Presented by the Zoological Society. d. Skin in spirits. Sine patria. Presented by the Zoological Society. 02 280 APPENDIX (2).- REPTILES. Page 110. ERYX THEBAICUS. a. Adult. India. From Mr. Clayton's Collection. Page 110. CLOTHONIA JOHNII. a. Large specimen. Malabar. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. Page 112 **** Nostrils between two nasal shields. Eyes between the superciliary shields and the upper edge of the labial shields, with anterior and posterior ocular scales. Ca- labarina. Calabarina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858. CALABARIA, Gray. Head small, short, rounded in front, the same size as the body. Muzzle depressed, rounded ; labial shields flat, 9=; the hinder small, front moderate; rostral shield high, large, trian- gular; frontal shields three pairs, band-like, a large parietal shield and two small subequal superciliary shields on each side, a nar- row transverse band-like central shield behind, with small scale- like shields behind and on the side of it. Eyes surrounded by scales on the upper edges of the labial shields and the super- ciliary shields; one anterior and two smaller posterior ocular shields; a single small loreal shield. Pupil circular. Nostril lateral, between two small nasal shields. Body cylindrical. Scales broad, triangular, polished, rather sunken and subrugose in the centre. Ventral shields very numerous, band-like, trans- verse, about half as wide as the diameter of the body. Vent small, with a single preanal shield. Spurs large, distinct. Tail short, as thick as the body, blunt and rounded at the end. Subcaudal shields broad, band-like, one-rowed like the ventral shields. Calabaria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858. CALABARIA FUSCA. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 155. t. xiv. Dark brown, some of the scales yellowish, scattered singly or in groups on the back and sides; ventral shields greyish; sides of the belly with a few unequal yellow spots. Hab. Old Calabar. Is this Eryx Reinhardtii, Schlegel, Bijd. Genot. Nat. Act. Amst. 1851, t. , from the Gold Coast? APPENDIX (2).-SNAKES. 281 Page 112. CYLINDROPHIS RUFA. a. Half-grown. Borneo. From Mr. Wallace's Collection. . b, c. Half-grown. Java. Presented by J. Bowring, Esq. d. Adult. "East Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society. e. Adult. East Indies. f. Adult. East Indies. 9. Adult. East Indies. East Indies. Presented by Mrs. John Crosley. h. Adult. Singapore. i. Adult. Singapore. From Mr. Gardiner's Collection. k. Adult. East Indies. 1. Adult. Ceylon. Page 114. TORTRIX SCYTALE, a. Half-grown: bad state. America. b. Some adult specimens. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. c. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. d. Large specimen. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Col- lection. e. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. f. Skin, in spirit. Cayenne. Presented by H. Cadogan Ro- thery, Esq. 9. Young : injured. America. Presented by W. Tennant, Esq. h. Adult. Cayenne. Presented by H. Cadogan Rothery, Esq. i. Adult. America. k. Adult. Demerara. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection. l, m. Adult. Brazil. Presented by J. Č. Taunton, Esq. n. Some specimens. S. America. From Mr. Mather's Col- lection. 0. Adult. S. America. From M. Parzudaki's Collection. p, q. Adult. Berbice. THE END. WALK LAR MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGYAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. CATALOGUES or THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. I. VERTEBRATA. List of Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. 1843. 2s.6d. Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Cetacea. 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates. Part 2. Seals. 12mo, 1850. ls. 61., with Woodcuts. Part 3. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Section I. (Ungulata furci- peda). 12mo. 1852, with Plates of Genera, 12s. This work contains the description of the genera and species, and figures of the chief characters of the genera. List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. GRAY and G. R. GRAY. 12mo. 1846. 2s. List of Genera of Birds. By G. R. GRAY, F.L.S. 12mo, 1855. 4s. List of Birds. By G. R. GRAY, F.L.S., F.Z.S. &c. Part 1. Raptorial. Edition 1, 1844; edition 2, 1848. 3s. Part 2. Passeres. Section I. Fissirostres. 1848. 2s. Part 3. Gallinæ, Gralla and Anseres. 1844. 2s. (Out of Print.) Part 3. Section 1. Ramphastidæ. 1855. 60. Part 4. Columbæ. 1856. ls. 9d. List of British Birds. By G. R. GRAY, F.L.S. &c. 12mo. 1850.4s. List of the Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 12mo. 1852. 2s. 6d. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Testudinata. 4to. 1855. £1:10s. With figures of all the new species, and of the skulls of the different genera. Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c. Part 1. Tortoises, Crocodiles and Amphisbanians. 1844. ls, Part 2. Lizards. 1845. 3s. 6d. Part 3. Snakes (Crotalidæ, Viperidæ, Hydridæ and Boida). 12mo. 1849, 2s, 6d. 2 Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 12mo, 1850, 2s.6d. With Plates of the Skulls and Teeth. Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S.,F.L.S.,V.P.Z.S. Part 1. Cartilaginous Fish. 12mo, 1851. 3s. With two Plates. These Catalogues of Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fish, contain the characters of all the genera and species at present known; the latter are illustrated with figures of the genera. Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. T. GRONOW. 12mo. 1854. 3s. 6d. Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J.J. KAUP. 12mo. 1856. 2s. With Plates. Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. J. KAUP. 8vo. With many Plates. Part 1. Apodes, &c. 1856. 10s. List of British Fish ; with Synonyma. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. &c. 12mo. 1851. 3s. List of Osteological Specimens. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. and G. R. GRAY, F.L.S. 12mo. 1847. 2s. II. ANNULOSA. Catalogue of Lepidoptera. By G. R. GRAY, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Part 1. Papilionidæ, with coloured figures of the new spe- cies. 4to. 1852. £1:5s. List of Lepidopterous Insects. Part 1. Papilionidæ, &c. 12mo. 2nd edit. 1856. By G. R. GRAY, F.L.S. Part 2. Erycinidæ, &c. 12mo. 1847. 9d. By E. DOUBLE- DAY, F.L.S. Part 3. Appendix to Papilionidæ, Erycinidæ, &c. 1848. 9d. List of Lepidopterous Insects, with descriptions of new species. By FRANCIS WALKER, F.L.S. Part 1. Lepidoptera Heterocera. 12mo. 1854. 4s. Part 2. 1854. 4s. 6d. Part 7. 1856. 4s, 6d. Part 3. 1855. 38. Part 8. 1856. 3s. 6d. Part 4. 1855. 3s. Part 9. 1856. 4s. Part 5. 1855. 4s, Part 10. 1857. 3s. 60. Part 6. 1855, 3s. 6d. Part 11. 1857. 3s. 6d. 3 List of British Lepidoptera; with Synonyma. By J. F. STE- PHENS, F.L.S., and H. T. STAINTON, M.E.S. Part 1. 12mo. Ed. 2. 1856. 2s. Part 3, 1853. 9d. Part 2. 1852. 2s. Part 4. 1854. 3s. List of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. WALKER, F.L.S. Part 1. Chalcididae. 12mo. 1846. ls. 6d. Part 2. Additions to Chalcididae. 1848. 2s. Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. SMITH, M.E.S. Part 1. Andrenida, &c. 12mo. 1853. 6s., with Plates. . Part 2. Apidæ. 1854. 6s., with Plates. Part 3. Mutillidæ and Pompilidæ. 1855. 6s., with Plates. Part 4. Crabronidæ, &c. 1856. 6s., with Plates. Part 5. Vespidæ. 1857. 6s., with Plates. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S. Part 1. Apidæ. 12mo. 1855. 6s. Catalogue of British Ichneumonidæ. By THOMAS DESVIGNES, M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. ls. 9d. List of British Aculeate Hymenoptera ; with Synonyma, and the description of some new species. By F. SMITH. 1851. 2s. Catalogue of Dipterous Insects. By F. WALKER, F.L.S. Part 1. 12mo. 1848. Part 4. 1849. 6s. 3s. 6d. Part 5. Supplement I. 1854. 4s. 6d. Part 2. 1849. 3s. 6d. Part 6. Supplement II. 1854. 3s. Part 3. 1849. 3s. Part 7. Supplement III.1855.3s.6d. Catalogue of Homopterous Insects. By F. WALKER, F.L.S. With Plates. Part 1. 12mo. 1850. 3s. 6d. Part 3. 1851. 3s. 6d. Part 2. 1850. 5s. Part 4. 1852. 4s. Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By F. WALKER, F.L.S. Part 1. 12mo. 1852. 2s.6d. Part 3. 1853. ls. 6d. Part 2. 1853. 3s.6d. Part 4. 1853. ls. Catalogue of Hemipterous Insects. By W. S.Dallas, F.L.S.&c. With Plates, Part 1. 12mo. 1851. 7s. Part 2. 1852. 4s. The Catalogues of Hymenopterous, Dipterous, Homopterous and Hemipterous Insects contain the description of the species in the Museum which appeared to be undescribed. Catalogue of British Bruchidæ, Curculionidæ, &c. By JOHN WALTON, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856. Catalogue of Cassidida. By Professor BOHEMAN. 12mo. 1856. 35. 4 Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects (with characters of new species). Part 1. Cetoniada. 12mo. 1847. 1s. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. &c. Part 2. Hydrocanthari. 1847. ls. 3d. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. Part 3. Buprestidæ. 1848. ls. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. Part 4. Clerida. 1849. ls, 8d. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. Part 5. Cucujidæ. 1851. 6d. By F. SMITH, M.E.S. Part 6. Passalida. 1852. 8d. By F. SMITH, M.E.S. Part 7. Longicornia. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. With Plates. Part 1. 1853. 2s.6d. Part 2. 1855. 3s. 6d. List of Myriapoda. By G. NEWPORT, F.R.S. &c. 12mo. 1844. 4d. Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. NEWPORT, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Chilopoda. 12mo. 1856. ls. 9d. List of British Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects; with Synonyma. By H. DENNY. 12mo. Is. List of Crustacea; with Synonyma. By A. WHITE. 1847. 2s. List of British Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A.WHITE, F.L.S. 12mo. 1850. 2s.6d. Catalogue of Entozoa; with Plates. By W. BAIRD, M.D., F.L.S. 12mo. 1953. 2s. Catalogue of British Worms. By G. JOHNSTON, M.D. 8vo. 1856. 10s. With Plates. III. MOLLUSCA. Guide to the Collection of Mollusca, By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. 8vo. Part 1. 1856. 5s. Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Cephalopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 1849. 4s. Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. ls. Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Placuniadæ and Anomiadæ. 12mo. 1850. 4d. Part 2. Brachiopoda Ancylopoda. 1853.3s. Figures of genera. Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and the descriptions of all the recent species at present known. Catalogue of Phaneropneumona or Operculated Terrestrial Mol- lusca. By Dr. Louis PFEIFFER and Dr.J. E.GRAY. 1852.5s. Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. DESHAYES. Part 1. Veneridæ, &c. 12mo. 1853. 3s. Part 2. Petri- colidæ. 6d. 5 List of British Mollusca and Shells; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. Part 1. Acephala and Brachiopoda. 12mo. 1851. 3s. 6d. Catalogue of Pulmonata. By Dr. Louis PFEIFFER and Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. Part 1. 12mo. 1855. 2s. 6d. List of the Shells of the Canaries, described by M. D’ORBIGNY. 12mo. 1854. ls. List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D'ORBIGNY. 12mo. 1854. ls. List of the Shells of South America, described by M. D’OR- BIGNY. 12mo. 1854. 2s. List of the Mollusca and Shells collected and described by MM. EYDOUX and SOULEYET. 12mo. 1855. 8d. Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. BAIRD, F.L.S. &c. Part 1. Cyclophorida. 12mo. 1851. ls. 6d. IV. RADIATA. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. By G. BUSK, F.R.S. Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. 17s. With Plates. Part 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates. List of British Radiata; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s. List of British Sponges; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 10d. Catalogue of the Recent Echinida. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. Part 1. Echinida irregularia. 12mo. 3s. 6d., with Plates. V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY. List of the British Animals; with Synonyma and references to figures. Part 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. E. GRAY. 1848. 4s. Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. GRAY. 1948. 10d. Part 3. Birds. By G. R. GRAY. 1850. 4s. Part 4. Crustacea. By A. WHITE. 1850. 2s. 6d. Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. STEPHENS. 1850. Ed. 2. 1856. ls. 9d. 6 Part 6. Hymenoptera. By F. SMITH. 1851. 2s. Part 7. Mollusca Acephala and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E. GRAY. 1851. 3s. 6d. Part 8. Fish. By A. WHITE. 1851. 38. Part 9. Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. GRAY. 1852. 2s. 6d. Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. STEPHENS. 1852. 2s. Part 11. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. DENNY. ls. Part 12. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. STEPHENS. 1852. 9d. Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. SMITH 1853. ls. 4d. Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. WHITE. 1853. 60. Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. WHITE. 1853. ls. Part 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. STAINTON, M.E.S. 1854. 3s. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera (Bees). By F. SMITH. 1855. 6s., with plates. Catalogue of British Ichneumonidæ. By THOMAS DESVIGNES, M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. ls. 9d. Catalogue of British Bruchidæ, Curculionidæ, &c. By JOHN WALTON, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856. N.B.—These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary's Office in the British MUSEUM; or through any Bookseller. VI. BOOKS ILLUSTRATING OR DESCRIBING PARTS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. WOOD, M.A., F.L.S. &c. New edition. 12mo. 1855. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Major- General Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835. Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844. Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. Edited by Sir JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1945. British Museum-Historical and Descriptive. 12mo. 1855. Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S. &c. Post 8vo. 1855. - 7 Zoological Miscellany. By W. E. LEACH, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 3 vols. Spicilegia Zoologica. By Dr.J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. 4to. 1829–1830. Zoological Miscellany. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. 8vo. 1831. Knowsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. Folio. 1850. A Monograph of the Macropodidæ. By John GOULD, F.R.S. Folio. 1841-1844. Mammals of Australia. By John GOULD, F.R.S. Folio. 1845. Popular History of Mammalia. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. Popular History of Birds. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. Genera of Birds. By G. R. GRAY, F.L.S. Illustrated by plates by D. W. MITCHELL, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844–1849. The Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847. . Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. GOSSE, F.R.S. 8vo. 1849. Monograph of Ramphastidæ. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. Birds of Australia. By JOHN GOULD, F.R.S. Folio. 1848. Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan. By Sir John RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846. Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Fish. By Sir John RICHARD- SON, M.D., F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. "With Plates. Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. 8vo. 1831. Illustrations of British Entomology. By JAMES F. STEPHENS, F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835. A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. STEPHENS, F.L.S. 8vo. 1829. The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F. STEPHENS, F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833. A Manual of British Coleoptera. By J. F. STEPHENS, F.L.S. 12mo. 1839. Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F. WALKER, F.L.S. 8vo. 1851-1856. Monographia Chalciditum. By F.WALKER, F.L.S. 8vo. 1839. Entomology of Australia. Part 1. Phasmidæ. By G. R. GRAY, . F.L.S. 4to. Synopsis of species of Phasmida. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1835. 8 Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By EDWARD DOUBLEDAY, F.L.S., and J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S. Illustrated by W. C. Hewitson. 4to. 2 vols. 1846-1850. Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniæ, or British species of Parasitic Insects. By HENRY DENNY, F.L.S. 8vo. With Plates. Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Insects. By W. KIRBY, F.R.S. 4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates. Insecta Maderensia. By T. VERNON WOLLASTON, M.A., F.L.S. 4to. 1854. With Plates. Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britanniæ. By W. E. LEACH, M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821. A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripedia. By CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854. Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W. BAIRD, M.D., F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1850. Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By MARIA EMMA GRAY. 3 vols. 8vo. 3 vols. 8vo. 1850-1854. A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E.LEACH, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852. Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. ADAMS. 8vo. 1851. Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-east Atlantic and neighbouring Seas. By R. MACANDREW, F.R.S. 8vo. 1850. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By John PHILLIPS, F.R.S. 4to. 1836. A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By SEARLES V. Wood, F.G.S. 4to. 1850. A History of British Starfishes. By EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S. Svo. A History of the British Zoophytes. By GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D. 8vo. 1838.-Ed. 2. 8vo. 1847. A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. By GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D. 8vo. 1812. A Synopsis of the British Diatomace. By W. SMITH, F.L.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854-1856. The Plates by T. West. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Series 1 and 2. Transactions of the Entomological Society. May 1857. CC ( 2CCCC croca CCC UC C(CC G Am COCO Coor ༡༡༡ CSC Ć C. СС CCC EE Car ÇOC ec C c Croc (0 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ༡༡ ། 3 9015 05248 7728 MUSEUM Brit mua chat hust). Cat of the tort ruses crocodiles and amphuisbremane QL 666 C5 B85 Cop.2 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 05248 7728 DIV, OF HERPETOLOGY D) CC CCC OOR HERREZRLRGY noncen