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PREFACE.
WHILE Writimg mmy Short Historical Latin Grammar,
I Often wished that there Was a, suitable collection of
specimens of Latim, chronologically arranged, to which
the student, might be referred. The proposal of
Messrs. Allyn and Bacon, that a, Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions illustrative of the history of the language
should be compiled for their educational series, was
g;therefore very welcome. From merely turmimg over
£äùm more than from the most elaborate array of rules,
*ā, as the successive pictures of a pamorama, are often
more instructive tham the showmam's lecture.
In a few cases, where it seemed advisable, documents
which cammot strictly be called * Imscriptions ' have been
included (Nos. 4, 65, 67, 78, 83, 84). The expressiom Of
long í by ί with an apex, instead of by the tall foi'm of
jÉÉÉ £É W. M. LINDSAY.
3ę
ÉÉ ÉÉÉÉóxford, ENGLAND, August, 1897.
i*l*<*- … …*…* ****
iii









CONTENTS.
——•<>•— •
CIIATP. IPAGE
I. THE EARLIEST PERIOD AND TIIE BEGINNING OF LIT-
JEIRATUIRIE . ô * ¢ * e * ę ¢ 1
II. THE PERIOD OF THE REPUBLICAN LITERATURE . * 47
III. THE AGE OF CICERO AND TIIE EARLY EMPIRE.
CLASSICAL LATIN e. ę • &* ę * . 94
IV. IMPERIAL AND LATE LATIN . � � s ¢ . 114
INDEX . «o c* � ę ę ę � ę ¢ . 131
UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF
CHARLES E, BENNETT AND JOHN C. ROLFE
HAND BOOK
oE
TIN INSCRIPTIONS
ILLUSTRA TING THE HISTORY OF
THE LAIVGUA GE
EY
W. M. LINDSAY, M. A.
FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
330 3 tom
A L LY N A N D B A C O N
189 7



CoPYRIGEIT, 1897, BY
ALLYIN AND BACON.
MorbJoob 3gregg
J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith
Norwood Mass. U.S.A.
HANDB00]K
OIF
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS.
—ο-ο>G<o-o—
CHAPTER I.
TEIE EARILIEHST EEBRIOID ANID TEIE BEGINNING OF
LITERATUR, E.
1. Latim belongs to the same family of languages as
Greek, and the farther back We cam trace the Latin
speech, the more we find it resembling the Greek forms
and inflexions. But there was ome thimg which, century
by century, altered more amd more the appearamce of
Latin Words, and that Was the Latim accent. The Latim
accent Was, like ours, an accent of stress. The accemted
syllable Was uttered SO strongly as tO spoil the clear
utterance of the following syllables; and just as in our
oWm language the noun * minute,' derived from Latin
mìnùtum, has come to be promounced * mimit ? instead of
* minute,' SO tOO in Latin a Word like genos came to be
pronounced indistinctly, incorrectly, irrationally, as gemus.
The cause of the change is the same in the Latim as in
the English word. We use most of the breath at our
disposal in uttering the first syllable of the word * minute,'
1
2 EHandbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
and leave the following syllable without a chamce of
being properly promoumced. Precisely in the same way
the Roman put the strength of his voice into the utter-
amce of the first syllable of genos, with the result that
the second syllable was not givem its full, proper sound
of - nos, but Was hurried Over in such a, fashiom that the
sound that reached the ear was rather -ηιιs tham -nos.
Eut there is this difference betweem the Latin language
and our OWm. Though we have long simce abandoned
the correct promunciation * minüte' and have universally
adopted the careless utterance * mimit,' we still keep the
old spellimg. A. ROmam, however, spelled as he pro-
nounced; so that whem he became conscious that the
way in which he promounced genos was really with the
sound of w, not of o in the second syllable, he gave up
the old spelling genos amd adopted a new spelling, genus.
That is what is meant by saying that Romam spelling
Was phonetic, while ours is traditional.
2. Of the alteratioms undergome by Latim Words and im-
flexions from ome century to amother, the most noticeable
were the changes in unaccented vowels, such as the voWel
of the secomd syllable of genos, Class. Lat. genus. If We
remove these alterations and restore the words tO their
proper vocalism, the affinity of Latin with Greek is
much more easy to perceive. The older form of génìs,
mamely gënös, is exactly idemtical With the corresponding
Greek word yévos, if we pronounce the Latim Word as the
Romans pronounced it, with * hard ? g. Again, the Latin
Second Declemsiom looks as if it were different from the
Greek ; for the typical Latim emding is -ùs, while the
The Earliest Perìod. 3
Greek is -os. But here, tOO, it is merely the Latim
weakeming of umaccented vowels that has effaced the
resemblance. Before the Latim stress-accent On the first
syllable had fully exerted its weakening influence om
the secOnd, a Word like dölüs was promounced and spelled
dölös, with the same emding -ös as Greek δόλοs or amy
other moum of the Second Declension. Thus the farther
back we go in the history of the Latin language, the
more we fimd its forms resembling the Greek vocalism ;
amd in studying Latim forms We must always bear in
mind that the great influence at Work in changimg their
appearance was the Latim accentuation.
3. What, them, were the rules of Latin accentuatiom,
and at what periods in the history of Rome didit bring
about these alteratioms in the vowels of umaccemted syl-
lables ?
At Some very early time, it is impossible to say pre-
cisely when, every Latin word was accented om the
first syllable. The Perfect of fallo, for example, had
the accent om the syllable fe-, and that is why the
secomd syllable whose proper promunciation was fall-
(with am à) came, in time, to be promounced and spelled
-fell- (with an é). We, with am accent of much the same
type as the Romam, cam easily realize hoW féfalli passed
gradually into féfellî ; for in our oWm promunciation of
Words like * prevalent ? We see the same weakeming,
hurrying Over, Or slurring of the umaccented syllable.
Similarly, the old mame Númâsîo- became INumesío-, and
in time (see § 6) Numerio-.
At What time it was that this practice a rose of throw-
4 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
ing the weight of the voice om the first syllable of eaeh
and every Latin Word we cannot tell, mor yet at what
precise period the new fashiom came in of accenting the
antepenultimate syllable where the penult Was short and
the penult itself where it was long. The mew fashion is
the rule of Classical Latim; e.g. dedécöris, Gem. Of dedecus,
is accented On the antepaenultima, because the paenultima
is a short syllable, while decóris, Gen. of decor, having a
long penult, is accented On the penult. We may guess
that the change — a, gradual, mot a sudden, one — took
place about 350—250 B. g., and that Words like Númérius,
that is to say, Words of four syllables with the first three
short, were still later in succumbing to the new tendency.
The accent probably persisted on the first syllable of
such words (cf. Our * cápitälist*) till the beginming of the
first cemtury B.c. But we know that the * Older Law of
Accentuation,' as it is called, Was long em Ough im prac-
tice to leave its mark, where possible, om the seeomd
syllable of each and every Word of the language. It is
the syllable immediately following the accented syllable
which in a, language with stress-accentuation is alWays
the chief sufferer. The old Latin accent being, as We
have seem, om the first syllable of each word, it was the
second syllable of the word which lay most exposed to
its masterful influence. The Only kimd of secOnd sylla-
bles which resisted that influence successfully were
syllables which had a, long simple vowel. Decëdo, for
example, preserved its second syllable umimpaired, but
de-caido became deceido, them decido ; and de-cúdo became
decèdo, them decido. Sometimes the short vowel was
The Earliest Period. 5
syllable became in time ei (Class. Lat. î), and oî suffe);
drivem out of its place altogether; re-péperi became
7'epperi, amd re-têtuli, rettuli.
The effect Of this * Old Law of Accentuatiom ? on the
language was emormous. Every Word which had a short
second syllable had that syllable effaCed by Syncope or
else altered by Vowel-Weakening, am à becoming an è
(later î, see below). Evely word which had a diphthong
im the second syllable had that diphthong altered; αί
to ei (later Writtem amd pronounced ), αιι (through eu ?)
to ou (later Writtem and promounced ù).
4. The adoptiom of the new law of accentuatiom, the
* Paenultima, Law,? as it is called, did mot arrest the
process of Vowel-weakening. In the course of the third
century B. C. We see ê reduced to î ; concédo (earlier con-
cado) becomes concido ; aget, 3d Sg. Pres. Ind., becomes
agit. Ö, whem umaecented, sinks to î ; genös becomes
genus. The precise rules of Wowel-weakening and Sym-
cope cammot be given here. They may be learned from
historical grammars such as my Historical Latin Gram-
mCUr, ch. ii. §§ 12 sqq., Bennett, Appendia, §§ 71 sqq.
5. In the first part of the period illustrated in this sec-
tiom, We must think of the language as dominated by the
* Older. Law of Accentuatiom,' with am accent of stress
om all first syllables, am accent Which gradually Weak-
emed or effaced the vowel of the second syllable. Amd
not merely the second syllable, but the final syllable tOO
suffered under the overpowering influence of the stress-
accentuation of the begimming of the word. Ai in a final
the same change. Thus the i of the Nom. Plur. 24



6 Handbook of Latin Inseriptions.
Second Declensiom, which was pronounced ei up to about
150 B. C. and was Writtem eô evem later, was originally oi.
The Dat. Abl. Plur. of the same Declension ended origi-
mally im -ois, which passed by the usual Wowel-Weaken-
ing to -eis, Class. Lat. -is. The -αῖ of the Dat. Sg. of
the Third Declensiom became -ei, Class. Lat. -î, amd so
om. Our oldest inscription (No. 1) belongs to a time
When this Wowel-Weakeming had mot so far developed as
to be recognized in the spelling: thus We have Numâsîo-,
not Nu7nésío- ; fefúked, mot féféked.
6. We cammot assign a, date to the earliest examples of
VoWel-Weakening. But amother phonetic change, which
effected almost as great am alteration in the appearamce
of Latin words, we cam date with some probability.
Between voWels am S became 7' in Latim, a process called
* Rhotacism,' in the course of the fourth century B.C., just
as im Greek am 8 im the same position became at first h,
them Was dropped. If we eliminate these changes from
the Latin and Greek case-forms of a Word like genos,
5/€vos, we see how similar is the early declensiom in the
two lamguages: —
Singular :
Nom. gênös (yévos) which became genus (yévos),
Gen. (1) génégés Q % ** generìs,
(2) gênêsös (yévegos) ** ** gemerus, am occasional form
(yéveos, them yévovs),
Dat. génèsaî ς ἀ ** generei (Class. Lat. generi),
gênêsî (yévéσι) Q % ς ἀ genere (yévéî, then yévev),
in Latin with Ablative
use,in Greek with Dative.

The Earlîest Period!. 7
IPlural:
Nom. gênêsa (yéveora) which became genera (yévea, them yévm),
Gen. génésöm (yevéara)v) ** ** gemeröm, them generìm,
(yevéaov, then yevóv),
and so On.
Our two oldest Latin inscriptions (Nos. 1 and 2) belong
to a time when this change of intervocalic S to %* had not
yet been effected. Thus we have Numasio- for Class.
Lat. Numerìo-, Toitesîœ- mot -erìcì-.
7. Another characteristic of this early period is that
the diphthongs still remained intact. For the Latim
diphthongs, even whem in the accented syllable, came
in course of time tO have their true pronunciation modi-
fied. The true, original pronumciation gave the diph-
thong the combimed sound Of its separate elements. Oí
was pronoumeed with the sound of o immediately fol-
lowed by the soumd of î; ai with the sound of α, immedi-
ately followed by the sound of ί. But in time the
meighbourhood of ì affected the o, and the o came to be
pronounced like German ö; them the è sunk to e, and
this öe, Written oe, came finally to be uttered as if it
were the simple vowel ù. The root of the word Toitesia-
is apparently the same Word with which we are familiar
in Classical Latin under the form tütus. Similarly the a
of ai became ä, under the influence of the meighbouring ì;
then the i sunk to e, and what Was originally ai came to
-be promoumeed äe and written @e ; while the last stage
Of all, the descent into the simple vowel-sound e, Was
reserved for the Post-classical period.
This, them, constitutes an unfamiliar feature of the
8 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
older language, the retention of the diphthongs in their
original form, ai, oi, ou, and so om. Cf. my Historical
Grammar, ch. x. § 11, Bennett, App., §§ 80 sqq.
8. With the forms of the letters in Which the language
was Written at this early epoch We need not much con-
cern ourselves, for the object of our study is the history
of the language itself, and not the history of its writing. •
But it may be memtioned that the Romans took their
alphabet bodily from the Greek colonists who were their
neighbours, and adopted the habit of Writing in the first
instance for the purpose of trading with them. The
early Latim alphabet is thus nothing but the Greek
alphabet; and though on Greek soil these early forms
of letters developed in one direction and on Latin soil
im amother, the Greek and Latin alphabets with which we
are familiar still shew enough resemblance tO convince
us of their original identity. The Romams retained Q,
the Greek Koppa, a, letter which went out of use in the
Attic alphabet, but they dropped letters like Theta, and
Phi, which had no sounds in the Latin pronunciation to
correspond to them. To express the peculiarly Roman
sound f they used at first the Greek combination of the
Digamma, the sign of our sound of w, with the sign for
our sound of h. These two signs in the old Greek alpha-
bet were F and H, and the combination FH expressed a
sound occasionally found in early Greek words which
came near the early Romam sound of f. Thus in our
earliest Latin inscriptiom the ancient Perfect (3d Sg.)
of facio, viz. fêfákeid is writtem FHEFHAKED, with the
f sound expressed by the double sign FH. The incon-
The Earliest Period. 9
venience of having a, double symbol for a single Sound
led to the dropping of the Second element, so that F
became the Latin letter to express the sound f. The E
in the last syllable of FHEFHAKED probably expresses
the sound of the diphthong eï, for in the early Greek
alphabet the letter E stood for what Would in the Attie
Greek of Demosthenes' time be Written (1) e, (2) η, (3) et.
The K of FHEFHAKED is amother feature of early
Latin Writing. The Greek Kappa expressed the sound in
Greek that corresponded to the Latin * unvoiced* guttural,
and was at first always used in this function. But the
Greeks pronoumeed their k-sound in a Way that seemed to
a Romam ear as much like a g-sound as a k-sound; and so
a Greek word like kv$epvô was writtem by the Romans in
their own characters with a, g, guberno. The result of this
wamt of clear distinction betweem the k- and the g-soumd
in Greek promunciation was that the Romans used the
letter Gamma, Written C or < in the early Greek alpha-
bet, as oftem for a k-sound as for a g-soumd, amd in course
of time came tO drop almost entirely the symbol K, usimg
C tO express both the k-sound and the g-sound. Whem
at last the necessity for distinguishing these sounds
forced itself upom them, instead of reverting to the old
usage of K for the k-sound and C for the g-sound, they
invented a new symbol for the g-sound by adding a, stroke
to the C. That is the origin of the Romam letter G. See
my Historical Gram/nar, ch. i. § 5, Bennett, App., §§ 1, 3.
In the Dvenos Inscription (No. 2) the g-sound of virgo
and the k-sound of Cosmis are Writtem with the same
letter C or <, while the k-sound of palcari is expressed
10 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
«-*-•
by K; So that this inscription gives us a good example
of the early indiscriminate use of these letters, We
must not, however, suppose that vîrgo Was pronounced
with the c- or k-sound. Though Written -CO it was pro-
nounced -GO, just as the names LGöus and Gnaeus jn
Classical Latin were in abbreviations Written in the old-
fashioned style C., Cn., though they were never pro-
nounced with any but the g-sound.
9. Of the forms of Declension and Conjugation which
may have prevailed in this earliest period, we cam say
little. It is a common case in the history of a language,
that its early stages are marked by an abundamce of
forms of which, in later stages, Only * the fittest? Survive.
How mamy amd how various modes Of declining Nouns
and Promouns and of cOnjugating Verbs may have sumk
in the * struggle for existemce ? before we have sufficient;
records of the language, we cammot tell. Our earliest
inscription shews us a Perfect of facio whose existence
we should never have guessed, had it not been thus
accidentally preserved to us. Féfùkei was am old by-
form of fékei (Class. Lat. féci), as pépigi is of pëgi. But
- how mamy similar by-forms the Perfects of other Verbs
may have had, it is impossible tO say. It is a, significant
fact that our second oldest inscription, the Dvenos In-
scription, though nearly every letter of it eam be deter-
mined with exactness, is yet in great part unintelligible
t;o us. We cannot with certainty assign tO sOme of
its forms equivalents in Classical Latin.
10. But from the middle of the third century B.c.
we have more material for ascertaining the actual foIms
The Earlîest Period!. 11
of the early language, and can draW up paradigms of the
Declensions im SOme such shape aS this: —
Eirst Declension, e.g. terra.
SING. IPLUR.
Nom. térrâ, them terrâ INom. terrâ, them
terrã
Gen. (1) terrâs (cf. class. pater familias) | Gen. terrásóm, them
(2) terrâ, then terrâ terráröm,
Dat. terrã, which became (1) terrâ, Dat. Abl. terráis, then
afterwards dropped, (2) terraï terreis .
Acc. terrám, them terrám, Acc. terrós
Abl. terrád
Second Declensiom, e.g. dölös (class. dölüs).
SING. IPLUR.
INom. M. dolós INom. M. dolô, them doleí
(N. donöm) - (N. domâ, then donâ)
Gen. doli Gen. (1) dolóm, them dolöm.
(2) dolósóm, them dolöröm.
Dat. doiöi, which became (1) Dat. Abl. doi6is, then doleis
doló, (2) dolóì, after-
wards dropped
Acc. dolöm, Acc. dolós
Voc. doló
Abl. dolód
Third Declension, e.g. gënös (class. génùs).
SING. E'LUR.
Nom. N. gemös Nom. N. gemesâ, them generâ,
generá
M. F. (matér, oratór, navis) M. F. (matrës (?), mavës)
Gen. (1) gemesés, them gemerês Gen. genesöm, then generöm
(2) gemesös, then generös,
afterwards dropped
12 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
SING. JPLUR.
IDat. genesai, then generei Dat. Abl. gemesibös, then geme-
7*ibös.
Acc. (matrëm, mavìm) Acc. (matrés, ηαν7s)
Abl. (1) genesi, them generì
(2) genesîd, them gemerid
Demonstrative Pronouns:—
hö-, hé-, *this ? öl-sö-, * that ?
SING.
Nom. M. hö-ce (1) ollös, (2) ollö, them ollâ
JF. hãî-ce ollâ, then ollâ
M. höd-ce, hocce Ollöd
Gen. hoïös (?) olloïös, them olleiös
Dat. hoi-ce (?) olloi, then ollei
Loc. hei-ce (the class. ollei (cf. illi Plaut. = class.
Adv. hic * here *) illîc * there*)
Acc. M. höm-ce ollöm,
E. hóm-ce ollám, them -άm,
Abl. M. N. hód-ce, hocce Ollöd
.• F. häd-ce, hacce Ollád
E'LUR.
Nom. M. hoi, then heî (umac- olloi, them ollei
-• cented)
E. håí, with Particle hái-ce ollâî, with Particle ollά-ce
N. hâî-ce (1) ollâ, (2) ollâî-ce
Gen. M. N. hósó^m, then horöm. ollösöm, them oll0röm,
IF. hásóm, them haröm. Ollásóm, then ollaröm,
I)at. hois ye- heis (um- Ollois } them Olleis
Abl. h@is accented) ollais
Acc. M. hös ollós
IF. hôs Ollás
The older language allowed the Particle -ce to be added
Or left out at will, e.g. O. Lat. haec, hae Fem. Pl.
The Eayliest Perìod. 13
Relative, Indefinite (Interrogative) Pronoun:—
Nom.
Gen.
IDat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
IDat.
Abl.
Acc.
11.
quö- qui-
SING.
M. quö-i, them quei (umaccented) qùî-s
E. quá-7
N. qwö-d qvî-d
quó-eios, then quOìos
quó-eiei, then quoîeî
M. qτιόm,
E. qwám, them quám,
IM. N. quô -
quod quîd
E. quàd
IPLUR.
M. quoi, them queî (umaccented) qùês `
E. quài
N. quã
M. N. quösöm, them qu0röm,
E. quäsömw, them qwa röm.
quois, them queis (unaccemted) quîbus
M. quös -
a-* } Q?les
E. qwás
Eor the Verb We may construct a paradigm like
this: —
EREs. IND. ACTIvE.
1st Sg.
2d Sg.
3d Sg.
1St, Pl.
2Öl Pl.
3dl Pl.
legó 1st Sg.
legés(ì) 2d Sg.
legët(î) 3d Sg.
legëmös 1st, Pl.
legêtês 2d Pl.
legömt(ì) 3d Pl.
IPREs. IND. PAssIvE.
legör
(1) legesö (?), then legesé, legerë
(2) legerës
legëtör
legëmör
legêmên0î, them -eï
legömtör
14 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
12. At the time when the imitation of Greek literature
was begum by Livius Andronicus, c. 250 B.G., the older
law of accentuation, by which the first syllable of every
Word received the accent (§ 3), had been replaced by the
neW la W, the laW Which remained in force in classical
Latin. By the mew law the accent fell on the paenultima,
if the paenultima, Were long, and On the antepaenultima,
if the paenultima, were short. The older accentuation,
however, as we have seem, still persisted in four-syllabled
words of the scansion v v v s-, e.g. fácilius, bdlineum,
(class. balneum), vigilia, which did mot become facîlius,
vigília, etc., till the first century B. C. It is easy to see
hoW the change from the old to the mew Accentuation
Law would gradually be effected. Long words like
tempestatibus Would at all times have two accents, a, main
accent and a, secOndary, just as long Words with us, e.g.
* characteristic,' have a secondary accent On the first
syllable, * char-,' as Well as the maim accent On the penult.
lUnder the Old Law of Accentuation the main accent
belonged to the initial syllable * tem-,' the secOndary
accent would fall On the antepenultimate syllable *-sta-.?
Under the new law the main accent was transferred to
the antepenultimate, the secOndary to the initial syllable.
So that the change from the old to the mew accentuation
im such a Word as tempestatìbus Would be merely the
change from témpestûtîbus tO tèmpestótìbus.
13. In any account of the accentuation of a language
this secondary accent, though it is tO be found in all
languages, is seldom mentioned. It is the main accent
which is thought of and spoken of as *the accent? of the
The Beginning qf Literature. 15
word. The secondary accent of Latin words, however,
seems tO have played a part in that curious primitive
metre which was employed by the Romans in their rude
mative poetry before the introduction of the artificial
metres of the Greeks, and which held its place beside
these foreign importations for a, considerable time. It is
known as the Saturniam Metre, and seems to have beem,
like our owm metres, regulated by the accent of the word
and not by the quantity (long Or short) of the syllable.
The Saturniam line probably consisted of two portioms,
the first syllable of the line being imvariably aecented.
The first contained, as a, rule, sevem syllables, always
With three aeeent-beats. The second contained, as a,
rule, six syllables, always with two accent-beatS. The
prevailing type (see Amer. Journ. Phil., vol. xiv.) is:—
X«(,) Xx, xxx || Xxx, xxx
dábunt málum Metéili | Naévio poétae,
though another type is occasionally found:—
A. / / «* /
xx(,) XX, XXX || XXXX, XX
/ a. / / A^
prim(a) incedit Cereris || Proserpina puer.
The secomdary accent is recognized in this metre in this
way. Of the three accents im the first half of the line
and of the two accent-beats in the second half, amy One
may be a secondaTy accent. For example, im the Scipio
Epitaph, No, 25, the first half of Ome line is made up of
the words
dédet Tempestátebus,
16 Handbook Qf Latín Inscriptions.
that is dedit Tempestatibus * he presented to the Divinities
of the Storm.? Here we have the requisite number of
accent-beats in the hemistich, three in all; but they are
mot three maim accemts. There are tWo maim accents,
the accent On the first syllable of dedet and that On the
antepaenultima, of Tempestatebus ; but the third, the
accent om the first syllable of this Word, is a, secondary
aCCent.
14. The Secondary accent plays a, part, tOO, in the
phometic changes of the language, for the Wowels Of the
syllables om which it fell were not weakemed or synco-
pated like the unaccented vowels. The process of Wowel-
Weakeming which begam a century or more before (see
§ 3) continued in operation after the beginning of Romam
Literature. Unaccented ö was weakened to ì, e.g. genùs
from older genös (cf. Gk. yévos), dolüs from older dolós
(cf. Gk. δόλος), a weakeming which was probably fully
effected in pronunciatiom by the emd of the third century
B.C., though the older spelling was often I'etained. In-
deed, in words where an umaccented ö was preceded by
the spirant w (v), a spirant which had the sound of our
^0, e.g. deiuös, a god, the spelling with o Was retained
doWm to the begimming of the Empire, through a desire
to avoid the use of two w's side by side, deiwus (diuus).
However, im promunciatiom deiuös may very likely have
become deîuîs at the same time as dolós became dolìs. As
early as the time of Plautus We fimd that the last syllable
has beem reduced from the sound -uus (-vus) to -us; for it
must have beem from some form like deîus that the short-
emed form of the word deus arose. Similarly bouöm
18 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
INSCRIPTIONS.
I. The * Praenestime fibula,” a brooch [fibula] found at
Praeneste (perhaps fifth cent. B.c.). (C. I. L. XIV. 4123.)
Manios med fefaked Numasioi,
IMamius me fecit Numerio.
* Manius made me for Numerius.?
This is our oldest inscription. The vowels are not
yet weakemed in the syllable following the accent, which
would fall at this period om the first syllable of each
Word (§ 3), e.g. Niimasioi. Thus we have fefaked, but
not yet * fefeked'; Numasioi, but not yet : Numesioi.'
The first of these words, fëfákëd, is a, by-form, which
soom became obsolete, of the classical Perf. of facio, cor-
respondimg to pépigi beside pegi; the second, Nümäsi6i,
is the Dative of a derivative from the root of the name
Numa, which became in Latin Nìmèrìo-, and in other
dialects Númîsîo-. Our inscription is earlier than the
change of s between vowels to r (§ 6).
The style of its Writing is very ancient, for the redu-
plicatiom syllable fe is separated from the rest of the
word, and the sound f is expressed by FH, the Greek
digamma, followed by the sign for h. This appears to
have been the earliest method of expressing the sound
f, a sound made at this time with the two lips, not with
the upper teeth and the lower lip. This bilabial f.
sound, which may be compaTed to the sound we make
with our lips in blowing out a candle, was, in the Greek
Writing of the time, expressed by this combination of
The Beginning Qf Literature. 17
(Gk. ßo(£)ov) Gen. Plur. of bös became by the Latin
Phonetic law which shortemed every long vowel before
a final - m, bouöm, and this unaccented ö passed in pro-
nunciation to î, with the result that bowùm, became
boîîm.
Unaccented è was similarly weakemed to î. Generis,
for example, is the mew form of generés, Originally
genesés (§ 6). An unaecented à which had before the
beginnimg of the Romam literature sunk to é, was accord-
ingly mow reduced a stage further tO i. But before r or
a consonant-group the é-sound remained. Pepëri from
pário did not become pepîrî, like cecìdì from cûdo. Reméæ
from remus and ågo did not become remiœ ; though
before a, single consonant we find i in remigo, etc.
Eefore a labial (b, p, m) the weakemed vowel took the
form w, which acquired the sound of short Germam ü,
and in time came tO be promoumced and writtem í. The
change to î occurred earliest Where the next syllable con-
tained an ì which preceded a vowel, e.g. Surripîo from răpio
(cf. surrìpui in Plautus), ìncìpio from cúpio (cf. occùpo).
15. At the same time that unaccented è became ì and
umaccented ö became ú, we find accented é and ö in
certain positions passing into the same vowel-sounds.
Thus è became í before mg in words like tingo (Gk.
téyyo); ö became ú before mg in Words like unguis (Gk.
övv§). See Latin Language, ch. iv. §§ 11, 20; Bennett,
App., §§ 73, 76.
The Beginning Qf Literature. 19
the digamma with the letter H, a, letter which was after-
wards used as a symbol of the long e-sound, but whose
earlier use was as a, symbol Of the breathing. In course
Of time the Romams came tO drop the second half of
this double symbol FH, amd retained only the sign F
(§ 8). On the terminations -os of Mänios, -d of mëd, -ëd
(for -eid) Of fefaked, -oi, a diphthong, of Numasioi, see
§§ 2, 19, 8, 10.
II. The ** Dvenos bowl,” a, triple sacrificial bowl, foumd
at Rome. (Egbert, Introd. Study Lat. Inscr., p. 16.)
Ioueis (? -ues) at deiuos qoi med mitat mei ted emdo cosmis
Wirco sied asted moisi 0pe Toitesiai pakari uois Duemos
med feCed (? feked) em ManOm eimOm dienoine med Mano
statod. (Perhaps early fourth cent. B.C.)
Jovios (?) ad deos qui me mittet (? mittat), me te ìndo
comis Virgo sit, adstet, misi Opem, Tuteriae *pacrem, vis.
Bémus me fecit in Mánum, enim. Die moni me Mamo
Stato (i.e. 8istito).
* Who offers me to the Gods of the Sky, may Proserpine
not be kind to thee, nor stand by thee, umless thou
wouldst have the Help of Tuteria propitious. Bemus
made me for Manus indeed. On the minth day set me
(as offering) to Manus.'
Neither the meaming nor the divisiom into Words of
this inscription is certaim. The rendering of it givem
above understands it to prescribe that the bowl is to
be used only in offerings to Múnus, one of the Di Mánes,
or gods of fhe lower World, but to none of the gods
20 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
of the upper air. Am exception is made in the case of
Ops Tuteriae, apparently a, religious designation of the
same kind as the priestly imvocations which Aulus Gel-
lius (xiii. 23. 2) has preserved for us: Luam Saturni,
Salaciam Neptuni, Horam Quirimi, Virites Quirini, Maiam
Volcani, Heriem Junonis, Moles Martis Nerienemque
Martis.
Einom seems to be used like Virgil's enim, in the line :
tibi enim, tibi, maxima, Jumo, mactat (A. viii. 84).
The active use of sto is characteristic of Early Latim.
Cf. Jupiter Stator *the stayer of the rout,' procul abstan-
dus est (amor) Plaut. Trin. 264, etc. The neuter sense
appears in asted. Duenos Would be im Class. Lat. Bénus,
and is a, proper name commected with the Adj. bOnus (cf.
bene), the old form of which was duonus (see my Hist.
Gram. ch. x, § 13). Nei, afterwards mi, is used in the
sense of Class. Lat. mé ; cf. Virg. A. iii. 683 ni teneant;
cursus. Päkäri(m) is, in the above rendering, supposed
to be Acc. Sg. of a RI-stem Adj. from the root of päa,
meaming * propitious.' This Adj. stem pócri- is common
im this semse in other dialects Of Italy ; but in Latin
literature We have no example of the Adj., though the
Noum pa@, in the sense of * divime favour,' is common
enough ; e.g. Plaut. Trin. 837 ni tua pax propitia, foret
praesto; Virg. A. x. 31, sine pace tua, atque inuito
numine. This use of a parasitic vowel between c and r
is, however, um-Latin, and pakari may represent an Adj.,
pùcùrem. The formation of noisi is doubtful, but the
sense of nisi is, rightly or Wrongly, usually give^. tO it.
With Nei . . . asted, compare the Greek formula eùX6tov
The Begînnîng Qf Literature. 21
τύχοι Ajuntpos Ka\ Köpas. The Word cOmis had, in later use,
the more homely sense * civil? ; but cf. the oracle of Marcius
… (Livy, xxv. 12), ludi qui quotannis comiter Apollini fiant.
Archaic features of this inscriptiom are: (1) the use of
q for qu in qoi; (2) the distinction of the t-ending of the
3d Sg. Subj. mitat (which probably has the Fut. sense,
am early sense of the Subjunctive Mood), and the d-ending
of the 3d Sg. Opt. sied, asted (which here, it should be
moticed, have the true Optative use, * I pray that Proser-
pine may not be kind to thee, may not stand by thee *),
and of the 3d Sg. Perf. Ind. feked ; (3) the retention of
the group Bm, e.g. coBmis, Class. Lat. cómìs ; (4) the use
Of the letter C for the k-soumd, cosmis, as well as the
g-sound, uirco; (5) the retention of $ between vowels, e.g.
Toitesiai. Whether amy method is followed in the use
of the guttural-symbols, c in cosmis, uirco, k in pakari,
and either c or k im feced (? feked), is mot easy to say
(§ 8). Nor is the use of the diphthongs quite clear in
noisi, eimom, noine. VoWel-Weakening appears in the
post-tonie syllable of Toitesiai if this represent am earlier
Toitasia- (ef. the dialectal mame Tutisulamus), but not in
the monosyllabic diphthong qoi.
In contrast with the Praenestime Fibula, motice feced
for the other's fefaked (§ 9) and the Dat. Sg. in -o, Mano,
for the other's -oi, Numasioi (§ 10).
Ioueis OI- Ioues, apparently Acc. Plur. Masc. of the
IO-stem Jovio-, an Adj. derived from the root dyew-
(Gk. Zeûs, Lat. Jú-piter), the original sense of which was
* the sky.* We fimd mention of various di Jovii om in-
scriptions, e.g. Venerus Joviae (see No. 51 a), Herculi Jovio,
22 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
etc. at. Om this by-form of αd, see § 20; Lat. Language,
chap. ii. § 76. deiuos. The diphthong ei has mot yet;
passed into î (§ 5). qoi. This is the older form of the
diphthong. The Weakemed form, ei, which properly be-
longed to the unaccented use of the Relative, became in
time the umiversal form, whence Class. Lat. quï (§ 5).
méd, See § 19. mitat, Class. IJat. mittat, probably with
the sense Of mittet. Double consonamts were written
With the simgle letter till the time of Ennius (§ 17). nei
(see above). ted, old form oftò, as med of me (§ 19). endo,
later ìndo, ìndu, a Prep. compounded of ίη (older en,
cf. Gk. év) and a lost Prep. do (cf. dönec). See my Hist.
Gram. ch. viii. § 18. Notice how the Prep. stands
l)etween the Adj. and Noum, Ioueis at deiuos (Hist.
Gram. ch. viii. § 1), and follows its Promoum, ted endo
(cf. mecum, tecum), but precedes its Noum whem mo Adj.
is used, en Manom. On sied, see Hist. Gram. ch. vi. § 18.
asted for adst-. Already at this early period the group
dst is reduced to St, though grammatical purists at a
later age restored the full form of the Prep. in these
compounds. Noisi is difficult to explaim. The true pre-
cursor of Class. Lat. nisi (nîsî) would be mesei. Ope.
Why Ope amd pakari should not have the final m, ex-
pressed im Writimg, while Mamom amd einom have, is
hard to say, umless the reasom lay in the consonant-
imitial of the following word t-, v-, while Manom is fol-
lowed by a vowel-initial and einom is * in pausa,' at the
emd of a semtence.
Toitésiai. Om oi, later ù, see § 7. The Gen. emding
is disyllabic, -áì ; see § 10.
The Beginning Qf Literature. 23
pakari. The explanation Of this Word is very doubtful.
uois, supposed to be Class. Lat. vis.
Duënos. For-os see § 2. Pronoumee du- like our dw- (see
above). fékéd. On the termination see § 8. ën, see § 14.
Mänom. Om the termination See § 2. The stem múno-
stands to the stem ηάηί- of Mares, ìm/manis as sàcro- of
sacer to sàcri- of porci sacres * pigs for Sacrifice* (Plaut.).
eimom. The exact relation of this word to enìm, is not;
clear. The true representative of einom Would be in
Class. Lat. ίηυη. dienoine, a Locative, the -e of noine
apparently representing the diphthong ei (§ 8). The two
words die and noine form Ome Word-gTOup, to judge frOm
the remark of Aulus Gellius (x. 24. 7): * diequinte? et
* diequinti? pro adverbio copulate dictum est, secunda, in
eo syllaba correpta. See my Hist. Gram. ch. ii. § 11.
statod. On the -d see Hist. Gram. ch. vi. § 14.
We may eke out these scanty remains of the very
earliest period with the corrupt and uncertain fragments
of some religious hymns, which belong to the same
remote stage of antiquity:—
III. The Carmen Arvale, inscribed among the Acta,
Collegii Fratrum ATvalium of 218 A.D., discovered at
Rome. (C. I. L. I. 28.)
1. enOs Lases iuuate,
enOs Lases iuuate,
enos Lases iuuate,
2. neue lue rue Marmar sins incurrere im pleOris,
neue lue rue Marmar sins incurrere in pleOris,
neue lue rue Marmar sins incu7'rere in pleOris,
24 Handbook Qf Latin, Inscriptioms.
3. satur fu fere Mars limem sali sta berber,
satur fu fere Mars limen sali sta, berber.
satur fu fere Mars limen sali sta berber,
4. Semunis alternei aduoCapit COnctos,
Semunis alternei aduoCapit conctOs,
Semunis alternei aduoCapit COnctos,
5. enos Marmor iuuato,
enOs Marmor iuuato,
enos Marmor iuuato,
6. triumpe,
triumpe,
triumpe,
triumpe,
triumpe,
INeither the reading nor the sense of the above is at
all certain. The Carmen Arvale was probably like the
Carmina, Saliaria, * vix sacerdotibus suis satis intellecta?
(Quintiliam, i. 6. 40); and the difficulty is increased for
us by the fact that the workman who has carved the
inscription has made a number of blunders, which we
have to emend as best we can. The subjoined Tendering
is therefore Only tentative : —
1. nos(?), Lares, juvate. 2. neve luem, ruem, Marmar, sine
incurrere in plures. 3. satur esto, fere Mars. limen sali, siste
verber. 4. semones alternatim advocabit cunctus. 5. nos(?),
Marmor, juvato. 6. triumphe !
How much of all this is genuine Early Latin, and how
much is the mere jingling perversion of old phrases by
The Begìmming qf Literature. 25
priests who did not understand them, it is difficult to
say. The mere fact that Lases (with s Tetaimed between
vowels) and pleoris (with intervocalic s turned to 7) occur
in the same inscription shews us that it has not been
preserved unchanged.
enos. The very first Word offers a difficulty. It is
generally rendered mos. But the parallel of (è)μé in
Greek from the root (e)mo- does not quite Warramt the
inference of (e)mo in Latin from the root of the 1st Plur.
IPrOm. Perhaps enos iuuate representS em, nos ίιιιιαte, i.e.
*ίηjuvate nos (cf. adjuvate mos). On the Tmesis see Hist.
Graym. ch. vii. § 1, and On the absence of double con-
sonantS im early writing, § 17.
lue(m) rue(m), Acc. Sg. of Verbal Nouns from luo and
'rwo, lues and rwes. The Asymdeton, luem, ruem, for luem,
et ruem, is a feature of Ante-classical Latin. sins is gen-
erally explained as an athematic 2d Sg. of simo with
Imperative sense, often called * Injunctive' (cf. Gr. 86-s).
Marmar is apparently Some reduplicated form of the
name Mars. The forms Mars and Marmor also occur in
the hymn, and the variation looks like a piece of gemuime
ancient usage. For we know from passages like Horace
(S. ii. 6. 20; C. S. 15—16) how important it was regarded
tO address a, deity on each occasion by the fitting name: —
(S. ii. 6. 20) Matutime pater seu Jane libentius audis.
(C. S. 15—16) sive tu Lucina probas vocari, Seu Gemitalis.
When the consonant r occurred in two neighbouring
syllables of a word, One r was often dropped, e.g. ìn-
creb(r)esco, praest(r)ìgìae. Hence Mă()mers.
26 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
pleoris is certainly the spelling of the carver, but the
form that preceded Class. Lat. plures was ploer- (not
pleor-), the earlier stage of which was plois- (§§ 6, 7).
fu is athematic 2d Sg. Imperative of O. Lat. fuo, whence
Class. Lat. fui (Hist. Gram. ch. vi. § 8). limem sali seems
to be merely limen sali * leap Over the threshold'; and
sta berber is perhaps a mere Late Latin misspelling of
sta verber, * stay thy scourge.' The translation Sta fervere
* desist from Paging,' or better (with the active use of
Stare, p. 20, above) * cause raging to stOp,' leaves us to
explain hoW berber cam represent Class. Lat. fervére or
O. Lat. fervére. Semunis is generally equated with the
semones aut Semideos mentioned by Martianus Capella
(ii. 156), semo apparently standing for sémi-homo (cf.
mémo). Another rendering is * the Sowers' (cf. sëmen).
alternei is Loc. Sg. used as an Adverb * alternately,' like
alternis (Loc. Plur.) in Virg. aduocapit differs from Class.
Lat. advocabit Only in its p instead of b. conctos is Nom.
Sg. Masc. On the termination see § 2, amd on -omc- for
Class. Lat. -w nc- § 14. triumpe. The use of ph is mot
found till the end of the Republic (§ 23).
IV. The Carmina Saliaria, We have seem, Were styled
by Quintiliam *vix sacerdotibus suis satis intellecta.'
Horace speaks of them in the same Way (Epp. ii. 1.
86): —
iam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat et illud,
quod mecum ignorat, solus uolt scire uideri.
We have a few scanty fragments preserved by the
quotation of Grammarians, fragments Of doubtful text
The Begêrônê^g Qf Literature. 27
and still more doubtful meaming, such as the follow-
ing : *—
(a) diuom fempta (? leg. patrem) Cante, diuom deo supplicate,
divorum patrem (?) canite, divorum, deo (? deum) sup-
plicate.
This is a, lime from the Hymm to Jamus. Cante seems
to be a syncopated form of Camite ; cf. caldus, a, by-form
of calidus, current at the emd of the Republicam period.
(b) . . . Sancus Ianis es, duOnus Cerus es, duOnus Ianusque
fpOmeliOsum recum,
3αήcus Jamis es, bonus Cerus es, bonu8 Jam usque
— meliorum, regum.
This is amother line from the Janus Hymm.
Ianis is a, by-form of Jamus, as Mames Plur. is of Mamus
(No. 2). On duonus see Hist. Gram. p. 155. Cerus, con-
mected with creo, is explained by Romam Grammarians as
creator. The same word, Or a word from the same root,
appears in dialectal divinity-mames like Cerfo-, Cerso-, etc.
Om the s of -meliosum, see § 6. The first syllable may be
the old Preposition pö (cf. Gk. άτό), a by-form of ab,
seen in po-situs, po-lio, po-lùbrum, a Wash-basin (Hist.
Gram. ch. vii. § 2). recum. On c for g see § 8.
(c) fquOmne tonas, Ijeucesie, prai tet tremonti , , ,
cum, tomas, Lúcesie, praetrem,\\t te.
quomne, an old form of cwm, (quom) augmented by the
particle -ne. The eu of Leucesie (conmected with lua) is
1 I mark the specially doubtful words With am obelus.
28 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
strange, for I.-Eur. e\ became ow, in Latin. Tet is a Way
of Writing ted, like at for ad, p. 22. In tremonti we have
apparently the oldest form of the 3d Plur. -önti (cf. Dor.
Gk. -ovtt, Att. -ovari), which became, with loss of final-i,
tremomt, then tremunt (§ 14). In Early Latin am enclitic
Promoum, etc., was placed between the Prep. and the Verb
im a Compound Verb, e.g. prae te tremunt for praetremunt
te, sub vos plaCo for Supplico vos, ob vos Sacro for ob$ecro vos.
(d) pilumnoe poploe (? leg. pilumnoi poploi),
pilu/mmi populi.
This is am epithet of the Romans, *the javelin-aTmed
tribes.?
Pilumnoi is Nom. Plur. in -oi (§ 10) of a word derived
from pilum, a javelim. Poplo- is a, by-stem Of populo-.
Vases, mirrOrs, and jewel-boxes found at Praeneste,
which date from the fourth century onwards, have early
Latim inscriptions Of a dialectal type. (C. I. L. I. 43 sqq. ;
XIV. 4094 sqq.)
V. Praenestime Vases: —
(a) Belolai p0Colom, (d) Volcani poColom,
JBellulae poculum. Vulcani poculum.
(b) Lauernai poColom, (e) Aisclapi poColom,
Lavernae poculum. Aesculapii poculum.
(c) Saeturmi poColom, (f) Salutes poColom,
Saturni poculum. Äalutis poculwm.
These are all (except possibly the first) vases be-
longing to temples, and inscribed with the name of the
deity to whose temple they belonged. In the Budens
The Begìnning qf Lìterature. 29
of Plautus there is a, mention of SαCra, w)'ma, Vene7'ia, a
vessel belonging to the temple of Vemus, and inscribed
with the name of the goddeSs. Sceparnio, who has beem
helping one of the attendants at the temple to draw
water, finds himself left alone With the vessel in his pos-
sessiom, and is afraid he may get into trouble (v. 478): —
mam haec litteratast, eapse cantat cuja, sit.
*for it is lettered amd itself proclaims its owner's name.”
On the Genitive terminatioms, see § 10. Saetu)'no- is
the older form of the name of the god Sóìturno-, found
also in the Saliar Hymns, accOrding to Festus: qui deus
in Saliaribus Saeturnus nominatur, videlicet a, sationibus.
Aisclapio- is Class. Lat. Aesculapiu8 (Dor. Gk. 'Ao-kÀaTvös).
VI. Praenestine Mirrors: —
(a) UenOs Diouem Prosepmai, (d) CastOr AmucOs Polouces,
Venus Jovem, Proserpinae Castor, Amycus, Polluae.
(sc. conciliat). *A
(b) Mirqurios Alixentrom, (e) Iuno Iouei Hercele,
Mercurius Alea Cimdrum. Juno Jovi Herculem.
(c) Poloces Losna Amudes, (f) Canumede Diespater Cupido
Polluæ, Luna, Amycus. Menerua,
Ganymedes, Jupiter, Cu-
pido, Minerva.
The backs of these bronze mirrors have figures of deities,
With the mame written beside each figure. We thus get
am interestimg glimpse at the early popular (apparently dia-
lectal) mames of the Greek deities. Prosepnò- ìs mearer
30 Handbook Qf Latin, Inscriptions.
the Dor. Gk. IIepore®övä tham the Class. Lat. Proserpina,
which has been altered om the false analogy of proserpo.
The Dative case Prosepnai was at ome time read as Pro-
gepnais, a, curl of the goddeSs' hair being mistakem for
the letter s. Hence in some text-books the imaginary
« Gem. Sg. of the 1st Decl. in -ais.” Mirqurios is with
its , for e a, dialectal form like Rustic Latin StircuS for
stercus (see No. 33). Alixentrom with itstr probably repre-
semts the actual promunciation, for the group dr seems tO
have become tr in Latim, e.g. άtro- for *όdro-, nütrïa, for
*nùdriæ, etc. (but quadra, etc.). * Poludouces would be
the earliest representative on Latin soil of IIoXvöeökms
(om ou for eu, see § 7); then, with Syncope of the second
syllable (§ 3), * Poldouces, which would become Pollouces,
the Polouces of (d) (on l for ll, see § 17). The o of
Poloces of (c) is a dialectal equivalent of ow. Losna has
the same dialectal o for ow. The original form would be
* Louana, whemce has come the Class. Lat. Lüna (§ 22).
On the c of Canumede, see § 8. Menerua, probably still a.
quadrisyllable, was originally * Memes-uά (§ 6), the vowel
of the first syllable being afterwards changed perhaps
by false analogy of minor, * the lesser deity.'
VII. Praemestime jewel-boxes (cistae).
(a) Dindia Macolnia fileai dedit,
Dindia, Magulnia filiae dedit.
Mouios Plautios med Romai fecid,
lNovìus Plautìus me I?omae fecit.
The Beginning qf Literature. 31
The different spelling of the terminations of dedit and
fecia is curious. Fileâiis perhaps dialectal for filiâi. Om
med see § 19, and on Romai (Locative), class. Romae, § 7.
These jewel-boxes usually have elaborate earving on
the lid, sometimes With names indicating the persomages
delineated. Among these early (dialectal) forms of the
mames Of gods and heroes found om Praenestime cistae may
be mentioned: Aciles Achilles, Tondrus Tyndareus, Acme
meno Agamemnon, pater poumilionom pater pwmìlìonwm,
*the father of the dwarfs' (om -om, Gen. Plur. see § 2),
Oinumama Unìmamma, * am Amazon.'
A Praemestime cista, (probably later in date tham
others) in a French Gollection has a curious kitchen
scene, with words attributed to the valious persomages en-
gaged in cooking (Mélanges d'Archéologie, 1890, p. 303): —
(b) feri porod cofeci made mi recie
ferì po7'ro confeci made (? -t) mi regie
* strike away ' * I have dome ? * boil (? it boils)
nobly forme?
misc sane asom fero COnfice piscim
'misce Same assum (αrsum) fero cOnfice piscem,
* yes ! give *I am carrying “get the fish dome ?
me Wime ? this tO the fire ?
the whole being entitled coenalia, cenalia, Neut. Plur., * a
dinner scene.'
The variety of spelling between cofeci and confice (§ 22),
porod, recie, and sane (§ 19) is probably mot due to mere
carelessmess of Orthography, but represents the tendencies
32 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
of the promunciation of the day. On the single 7. of
porod, see § 17, and On the Ablatival d, § 10. If misc
is mot a misWritimg for misce, it must come from a, 3d
Conj. *misco, Imperat. miscè (om the dropping of final
â, see below, § 21). On the single 8 of asom, See § 17,
amd om -om, § 2. Piscim shews the true Acc. endir.g of
I-stems, oftem altered to the -em, of Cons. Stems (Hist.
Gram. ch. iii. § 8). The spelling coenalia is interesting,
for it proves that evem at this early period the Latim cena
had beem Wrongly commected with the Greek koiv6s.
VIII. Dedicatory inscriptiom from the grove of Diana
at Nemi. ' (C. I. L. XIV. 4182 a.)
Diana M, Livio M, f, praitor dedit,
Dianae M. Livius M(arci) f(ilius) praetor dedit.
On the Dat., Diana, see § 10. Fimal -s is oftem
omitted in the Nom. Sg. of IO-stems on early inscrip-
tions. It seldom lengthens a short syllable by * position ?
in Early Latin Poetry (§ 20). Fimal - m was at all times
Weakly promoumced, so that it merely masalized the pre-
ceding voWel. It is oftem Omitted om early inscriptioms,
as well as on late (§§ 20, 27).
IX. On lip of bronze vase. (Ephemeris Epigraphica,
ii. 299.)
Q, Lainio Q, f, praifectOs protrebibos fecit,
Q. Laenius Q. f. praefectus pro tríbubus fecit.
The Beginning Qf Literature. 33
The Writimg of the Prep. along with its Noum, pro-
trebibos, corresponded to the promunciatiom, for Prep.
and Noum formed a simgle Word-group. It Was the
practice down to late times (see my Hist. Gram. ch. ii.
§ 11). The classical spelling tribubus did not express
the soumd in the classical period of the second syllable,
but was a grammariam's device tO distinguish, e.g. @rcubus
4th Decl. from arcibus 3d Decl. The spellimg here with
i seems to shew that the weakemimg of umaccented w to â
(§ 14) had begum early. On the ending -bös of the Dat.
IBlur. see § 2.
X. A dedicatiom-tablet, found mear Praeneste. (C. I. L.
I. 187.)
M. Mindios L, fi, P, Condetios Wa, fi, aidiles uicesma parti
Apolones dederi,
M. Mindius L. fi., P. Conditius Va(lerii) fi. aediles vice-
simam partem Apollinis (** belonging to Apollo *) dederi
(sc. aedî).
uicesma(m), with its Syncope of the penultimate vowel,
is not a pure Latin form. parti(m). On this old Acc. of
pars, preserved in the Adverb partim (cf. maa:imam par-
tem used adverbially), see above, § 10. Apolönes (om l
for ll see § 17) preserves the Greek declension of the
name, like Castöris. On the Gen. termination -ês, see
§ 10. If dederi be a, true form, the -ë of Class. Lat.
dedere must have come from an original i. (On dialectal
dedro * dederunt,' see No. 29, below.)
34 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
XI. Dedicatory inscriptiom foumd in Picenum. (C. I. L.
I. 181.)
L, Terentio L, f, L, Aprufenio 0, f, L, Turpilio G, f, M, Albani
II, f, T, Munatio T, f, quaistores aire moltaticod dederont,
L. Terentius . . . M. Albσηίιι8 . . . quaestores αere mul-
latico (from the momey raised by fines) dederunt.
On the Abl. forms airé amd moltaticöd see § 10, The
Nom. Sg. Albani(s) represents a commom declension of
IO-stems (Hist. Gram. ch. iii. § 6). On the dropping of
final S see § 20, and om the o of molta-, § 15.
XII. Om a Small pillar found at Tusculum. (C. I. L. I.
63.)
M, Fourio 0, f, tribunos militare de praidad Maurte dedet,
M. Fürius C(aii) f(ilius) tribunus militaris de praeda
Marli, deClit.
The loss of fimal -s in Fourio (On the diphthong see
§ 7) and militare shews the tendency of the pronuncia-
tiom of the day (see below, § 20). praidad shews the
old d termination of the Abl. Sg. (§ 10) and the diph-
thong αί (§ 7). Whether Maurte is meant for Mavurte,
i.e. Mavorti, or represents a vowel sound which became
ô, in Márti, is hard to say. On the -et of dedet, a spell-
ing of -eit, as the -le of Maurte is of -tei, see § 8.
XIII. On a dedicatory bronze plate found at Nemi.
(C. I. L. XIV. 4269.)
0, Manlio Aci. . . . COSOl pro poplo Ariminesi,
C. Manlius Aci(dinus) consul pro populo Ariminensi.
The Beginning Qf Literature. 35
This is not the consul of 179 B.C., but a, magistrate
(consul) of Ariminum. The letterimg of the dedication
is ancient; but am Abl. like poplo without final d is not
a feature of inscriptions of this time (see on No. 34).
A mark of inscriptions belonging to the close of the
second century is the use of w for the older O in final
syllables. Examples of the encroachment of the younger
form are : —
XIV. Dedicatory inscriptiom, found at Rome. (Not.
Acav. 1890, p. 10.)
. . . [Tre]bonius Q, f, Numisio Martio donom dedit meretod,
. Trebonius Q. f. Numisio Martio domum, dedit merito.
Notice [Tre]bonius with u beside donom with o. Nu-
misio is a, dialectal form, the true Latim equivalent being
Numerius (see on No. 7, above). On the e of meretod and
the Abl. -d see §§ 14, 19.
XV. Dedicatory inscription, companiom to the above.
(C. I. L. I. 190.)
Numisio Martio M. Terebonio 0, l, domum dat libens meritod,
Numisio Martio M. Trebonius C. l(ibertus) donum dat
libens merito.
The è of libens amd meritod are spellings which did mot
come into general use till a, later time. On this, the
inscription of a freedmam, they are mot inconsistent With
antiquity. The spellimg Terebonio with parasitie vowel
between t and ris amother mark of plebeiam authorship.
36 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
XVI. Dedicatory inscriptions om a pillaE found at
Praeneste. (C. I. L. XIV. 2891—3.)
(a) L, Gemenio L, f, Pel, Hercole dono et dat lubs merto pro
Sed Sueque ede leigibus ara Salutus,
L. Geminius L. f. Pel(igma, sc. tribu) Herculi domum :
et dat libens merito pro se suisque eisdem, legíbus
(* On the same conditions') aram Salutis.
(b) Q, K, Gestio Q, f, Hercole domu dedero,
Q. (et) K(aeso) Cestius Q. f(ilii) Herculi donum de-
de7'umt.
Both these inscriptioms have dialectal deflections from
pure Latin ; lubs should be lubes (om es for ens, see § 22);
merto shòuld be mereto; sueque and ede should be Sìlesque,
esde (?); leigibus should probably be legibus, and dedero,
dederont (cf. No. 29 below).
On the o of Hercole, see § 14. Throughout the inscrip-
tion the diphthong ei is Writtem e (§ 8). On sed, see
§ 19, and on -us (older -os) of salutus, § 10. For Cestio
(apparently Cestiös, Nom. Sg.) We should expect the
Nom. Plur., according to the Latin usage. Notice the
intrusion of the * modern ' w (§ 14) in leigibus, donu(m).
XVII. Dedicatory inscriptiom, foumd in the sacred
grove of Diana, at Nemi. (C. I. L. XIV. 4270.)
Poublilia Turpilia On, uxor hoce seignum pro Cn, filiod Dianai
domum deûit,
Publilia, Turpilia Cn. ua:or hoc signum, pro Cn. filio Dianae
domwm, dedit.
The Beginming Qf Literature. . 37
On the ou of Poublilia, see § 7. Hooe for hocce (§ 7),
a, form preserved im the Class. Lat. interrogative hoccine,
(for hoccá-ne, § 14). The double consonant is still Writtem
single (§ 17). The ei of seignum perhaps indicates merely
the è-sound which i (cf. sigillum) received before gm. (See
my Latin Lamguage, ch. ii. § 144.) Om filiod, See § 19,
and On Dianai, § 7. sy
XVIII. DedicatOTy inscription. (Cagnat, L* Année
IÉpigraphique, 1890, No. 85.)
AisColapio donOm L, Albanius K, f, dedit,
Aesculapio domum, L. Albanius K. f. dedit.
Eor Aiscolapio cf. the mote om Aisclapi of No. 5 e.
Two mearly contemporary inscriptions, whose date eam
be fixed, differ in their spelling of -os, -om, etc.
XIX. Dedicatory inscription on an altar found at
Rome; 217 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 1503.)
Hercolei sacrom M. Minuci G, f, dictator uouit,
Herculi sacrum. M. Mìnucius C. f. dictator vovit.
Minuci is the Nom. Sg. fol'm of Minucio- that Was used
in ordinary speech, where also Minucìm, replaced Minu-
cium (cf. Albani, No. 17). On the o of Hercolei, sacrom,
see § 14; and om the Dat. Sg. ending -ei, § 5.
XX. Found at Rome ; c. 211 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 530.)
M. Claudius M, f, COnsol Hinnad cepit,
IM. Claudius M. f. consul eæ Hemma, cepit.
38 Handbook of Latin Inseriptions.
Livy (xxiv. 39) tells us of the capture of Hemma, in
Sicily, by M. Claudius Marcellus. The use of the double
consonant in the spelling of the toWm's mame is interest-
ing, for it is the earliest example of this practice on
a Latin inscription (§ 17); though it is hardly a fair
example, simce it may be a mere reproduction of the
Greek mode of spelling the name. The reasom why
Hinna, and mot Hénna, is Written is mot clear. Possibly
the è reflects the Greek promunciation of e as close e.
(But cf. didit, No. 22, and see the remark on No. 24.)
The variation, -us and -ol, reappears in amother inscrip-
tion of the same consul: —
XXI. Found at Rome; e. 211 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 531.)
Martei M, Claudius M, f, consol dedit,
Marti M. Claudius M. f. consol dedit.
It is also seem in am inscription of 200 B. C.
XXII. Found in the sacred grove of Diana at Nemi.
(C. I. L. XIV. 4268.)
G, Aurilius G, f, praitOr iterum didit eisdim consol probavit,
C. Aurelius C. f. praetor iterum, dedit ; idem, consul probavit.
The 7 of Aurilius may exemplify that change of é to
i seen in delinio for delenio, etc. (Hist. Gramm. ch. ii.
§ 15; B. App. § 90.) On eisdim, see § 22.
XXIII. On a dedicatory bronze plate, found at Tibur,
We have tWo inscriptions, Ome, With -us, -u(m) for -os, -om,
apparently somewhat later tham the other (C. I. L. I. 62).
The same change is motN-
the three of which that belong`
arrange in Order of probable priority.'
XXIV. Epitaph of L. Cornelius Scipio, cons`
(C. I. L. I. 31.)
L, Cornelio L, f, Scipio aidiles COSOl Cesor,
L. Cornelius L. f. Scipio αedilis consul censor.
The -les for -lis in aidiles and the e of Tempestatebus
in No. 25 are due to the confusiom between é and í at
this period when unaccented è was passing into i (§ 14).
XXV. Epitaph of the same. (C. I. L. I. 32.)
homo oino ploirume COsentiont Romai
duOnoro optumO fuise uiro
Luciom Scipione filios Barbati
COnsol Censor aidilis hic fuet apud uOs
hec Cepit Corsica Aleriaque urbe
dedet Tempestatebus aide meretod,
hunc unum, plurìmì comSentiumt Romae |
bonorum, optìmum, fuisse virum,
Lucium, Scipionem : filius Barbati |
1 There is no reason to believe that each Scipio epitaph belongs to *
the date of the decease of the Scipio it commemorates.





na(l plois-, mot ploir- (see my Hist.
cosentiont retaims the O of the termi-
argh soom after this time became -unt (§ 2).
ai is Locative (§ 7). duonoro(m). (luomo- is the old
form of the stem bomo-, found also in Livius Andronicus?
Odyssey : —
simul duoma, eorum portant ad nauis
(see above, p. 20, On the name Duemo-, andl for the change
of du- to b-, IIist. Gram. eh. x. § 13). The Gen. Plur.
ending-orom, eawlier -ösöm, and later -örüm, belonged at
first to Promoums omly, but Was extended to Adjectives
(as duonoro here), and from Adjectives to Nouns, umtil
it finally expelledl altogether the true Noum and Adj.
ending -öm, later -um (IIist. Gram. ch. iii. § 6). uiro
may be Gen. lPlur. with this tvue Noum emding or Acc. Sg.
Livy (xxix. 14. S) tells us that this title was conferred
by the Senate in 204 B. C. om P. Scipio Nasica : (judi-
caverunt eum esse) virum bonorum, optimum. consol
censor. Notice the retentiom of m before s in contrast
With cosentiomt V. 1 andl of cosol cesor of No. 24. The
umeertainty about the spelling of sueh words is seem also
. in cofeci amd confice of No. 7 b. fuet. Om G see § 8.





The Begin^ìng qf Literature. 41
Inëc. The Pronoum is here emphatic, and retains the
form unweakemed by loss of aecent (§ 14), while in v. 4
it has the unaccented form hic. Corsica(m) Aleria(m)que
urbe(m) * Corsica and Aleria its chief towm.?
This campaign of Scipio's is mentioned by several
histOrians, e.g. Livy, Epit. 17, L. Cornelius comsul im,
Sardinia, et Corsica, contra, Sardos et Corsos et Hammonem,
Poenorwm, ducem, feliciter pugnavit. Aleria, is the Roman
form of the Greek mame 'AXaXfa with l-r for l-l (Hist.
Gram. ch. ii. § 8; B. App. § 99) and with Wowel-weaken-
ing in the secOnd syllable, § 2.
meretod. On e in the Second syllable see § 14; amd
On the Abl. -d, § 10.
XXVI. Epitaph of L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus;
consul 298 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 30.)
Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus
Gnaiuod patre prognatus fortis uir sapiensque
quoius forma uirtutei parisuma fuit
COnsol Censor aidilis quei fuit apud uos
Taurasia, Cisauma Samnio cepit
subigit Omne Loucanam opsidesque abdoucit,'
Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus,
Gnaeo ραtre prognatus fortis vir sapiensque,
cujus fo7'mCi virtuti pCI'ríssíma, fuit,
consul, censor, aedilis qui fuit αριιd vos,
TavraSicVm, Cisaumam, Samºnîum, cepit,
subigit omnem, Lucam CVm, obsidesque abducit.
1 It is possible that abdoucit, has been corrected to abdoucsit;
(abduxit) om the stone. .
42 Handbook of Latin Inscriptions.
In the first lime we seem tO have left the regiom of
Early Latin and to find ourselves in the Classical Age,
for -ös has been replaced by -us in the termination of the
INom. Sg., ow, by ù in the name Lucius. But traces of
the earlier spelling remain in the other lines. Gnaiuod.
The father's name is given in the antique form, though a
still older spelling had the letter C instead of G (§ 8),
whence the contraction, prevalent even in the Classical
Age, Cn. for Gnaeus, like C. for Gaius. On the diph-
thong αὐ see § 7 ; On the v, lost in the Classical form
Gnae(w)us, § 14; and on Abl. -d, § 19. patré is the
Locative, originally patri (§ 10), which in the 3d Decl.
usurped the place of the Ablative in Consonant Stems.
On quoius see § 10, and om uirtutei § 3. parisuma. The
Superlative of par is rare. We fimd it also in a, lime of
Plautus (Curc 506): —
eodem hercle vos pono et paro: parissumi estis hibus,
along with two other rare forms, the verb páro, -αre, I
make equal, I equate, andl O. IJat. hïbus for his Dat. Abl.
Translate: “indeel I put you im the same box and count
you alike : you ave exactly like them.” quei With the
Weakemed form of the diphthong, a, form belonging to the
unaccentedluse of the Relative (§ 3), whereas in the Dvenos
inscriptiom (No. 2) We had the unweakened form quoi
(Written qoi). Samnio may be Abl., “ took T. and C. from
Samnium,” in which case ome Ablative of the inscription,
Gnaiuod, would have the old d-termination, while the other
lacked it. But it may also be Accusative with omne sup-
plied from the next lime : omne ScUm^vìuìm, omnem, LucCúmCúm,
The Beginning of Literature. 43
Notice that fimal -m, is dropped im this inscription when
the next word begins With a consonant.
Taurasia, and Cisauna, Were apparently tOWns in
Samnium.
Loucanam, sG. te7'rCVm.
op$ides. On the spelling pS see Hìst. Gram. ch. ii.
§ 10. Abdoucit. The ú of Class. Lat. düco represemts
the early diphthong eu, which became in Latin ow,
(§ 7); for the Indo-Europeam form of the verb was
*deuco (Germ. ziehe, Goth. tiuha).
XXVII. Epitaph om the son of Scipio Africanus Major,
(C. I. L. I. 33.)
quei apice insigne Dialis flaminis gesistei
Mors perfecit tua, ut essent Omnia breuia
HOnOs fama uirtusque gloria, atque imgenium
quibus sei in longa, licuiset tibe utier uita,
facile facteis superases gloriam maiorum.
qua re lubens te in gremiu Scipio recipit
terra, Publi prognatum Publio Corneli,
qui Ctpicem, ίη Sigme Dialis flamìnìs, gessísti,
Mors perfecit tua, ut essent omnia, brevìa,
honos, fcVmCI, virtusque, gloria, atque ìngenium ;
qwìòus si ίη longa, lîcuîsset tîbî vtî vîta,
facile factis superCUSSeS gloriam, majorum.
quare libens te ίη gremνόμην, Scîpîo, recipit
terra, Publi, prognatum, Publio, Corneli.
I place this epitaph here in Order to keep it beside the
other Scipio Epitaphs, though it is probably a, good deal
44 Handbook Qf Latin Inscrîptîoms.
later. It has few features of antiquity except the avoid-
ance of Writing a, double consonant in gesistei, licuiset,
and superases (but essent). The diphthong ei, quei (p. 42),
gesistei, sei, facteis (§ 5), has mot yet passed into , (§ 7).
In tibe the e may be the old method of Writing ei (§ 8),
but is more likely to be è, a substitute for i (§ 21).
The following ancient inscriptions from the grove of
IPisaurum may find a, place here, at the close of this
section. They cammot be called pure Latin inscriptions,
but represent rather the dialectal variety spoken in
Picenum, with final s dropped even after a long vowel,
and with clipped form of the 3d Plur. emding of Verbs.
(C. I. L. I. 167 sqq.): —
XXVIII. Iunone re[gina] matrona Pisaurese dono dedrot,
Jumomi regìmae matronae JPisaurenses domo
deólerumt.
matronä(s) is the dialectal Nom. Plur. of the 1st Decl.,
which im Latin was superseded by the Pronominal
Plural in -ai (see my Hist. Gram. ch. iii. § 4). It drops
final-s like Pisauresé(5).
XXIX. Matre Matuta, domo dedro matrona, M'. Curia, Pola,
Liuia deda,
Matri Mátútae dono dederunt matronae, M(ania)
Curia, Polla, Lîvîa, deClerumt.
On the Dat. Matuta, See § 10. deda(nt) is some dia-
lectal ά-Preterite like Lat. erà-s, dabú-s, etc. (see my Hist.
Gram. ch. vi. § 8). Like dedro(nt) it drops final-nt.
The Beginning qf Literature. 45
XXX, (a) Deiu[os] Nouesede,
(b) T, Popaio Pop, f,
(a) Divi Novensiles.
(b) T. Poppaeus Pub(lij)j.
Deiuos is Nom. Plur. (with the dialectal ending -ös) like
NoueBëdë(8). The latter shews -es- for -ens- (§ 22).
The inscription on the Columna, Rostrata, also deserves
a, place here. For though in its present form it is a
restoration made at the time of the Emperor Claudius,
it doubtless retains a great deal of the Old inscription,
and is appealed to by Quintiliam as evidence of Early
Latin (Inst. i. 7. 12, Latinis veteribus * d? plurimis in
verbis adjectum ultimum, quod manifestum est etiam
ex columna rostrata, quae est Duellio in foro posita).
A good deal of it is lost. (C. I. L. I. 195): —
XXXI. . . . nOuem castreis exfociont Macelamque . . .
pucnandOd Cepit emque e0dem macistratud . . . rem nauebos
marid COnSOl primOS . . . Clasesque nauales primOS Ornauet
. Cumque eis nauebos claseis Poenicas Omnis . . . maxu-
mas copias Oartaciniensis praesented . . . dictatored Olorom
inalt0d marid puQnamdod . . . uique naueis Cepet cum sOcieis
septereSmOm . . . trireSmosque naueis . . . quoque naualed
praedad poplom, etc.
[post dies] movem castris effugiunt. Macellamque [vi]
pugnando cepit, inque eodem magistratu [bene] rem mavìbus
mari consul primus [gessit], classesque navales prìmus orna-
vit [paravitque], cumque eis navìbus classes Punicas omnes,
[ítem] maæimas copias Carthagìnienses praesente (i.e. im-
46 Handbook Qf Latin, Inscriptions.
perante) [Hannìbale] dictatore illorum, in alto mari pug-
mando [vicit], vique naves cepit cum Sociis, Septiremem,
[unam, quìnqueremesque] trìremesque naves, . . . [prìmus]
quoque navali praeda populum, [donavit], etc.
Archaic features of the above are the use throughout
of the letter C both for the sound c amd the sound g, the
expressiom of double consonants by single, the Abl.
ending -d im altod, marid, pucnandod, etc., the use of -que
for * and* to the exclusiom of et ( also*), the literal sense
Of prae-sented * being im command,' the employment of o,
e for the classical ú, í, in -ont 3d Plur. -bos Abl. Plur., -os
INom. Sg., -rom, Gem. Plur., em, Prep. ; also of ei for class. ,
im castreis, Bocieis, and SO om. But pseudo-archaisms are
interspersed, e.g. exfociont for exfuciont (with Indo-
Europeam ù ; cf. Gk. ἐφυyov), dictatored (cf. praesented)
for dictatore (-ri) or dictatorid (§ 10). The termination of
praedad is antique, but not the diphthong, which should
be αδ (§ 7) (cf. praesented).
Macella, was a, toWm in Sicily. The only instance of a.
Gen. Plur. of the 2d Decl. is olorom (i.e. ollorom), illorum,
where the emding -OrOm, is quite in place, the Word beimg
a Promoum (p. 40). inaltod. Notice the writing of the
Prep. along with its Adj. (cf. p. 32). Bepteresmom . . .
triresmosque. The e8m, (class. ém, § 22) is the ancient
spelling; but whether the use of the Masc. form be a
genuine amcient construction or am imitation of the
Greek, is difficult to say. On poplom cf. No. 4 d.
CHAPTER II.
THE PERIOD OF THE REPUBLICAN LITERATURE.
16. The reductiom of Diphthongs, evem in the accented
syllable, was steadily carried On throughout this period.
Aì became αe about the begimming of the second century,
though the older fol'm is oftem retaimed, especially im state
inscriptions, laws, and the like. Ei did mot wholly simk
to , till about 150 B. c. On imscriptioms previous £o that
time, such as the S. C. de Bacchanalibus (No. 37), a
state inscriptibm, and therefore carefully written, we fimd
ei kept Clearly separate from i. The old expression of
the diphthong ei by the letter e (§ 8) wemt out of use
about the emd of the third century B. c. Ou begam to
be pronounced and spelled ü about the same time, though
this older spelling, too, is retained in laWs amd inscrip-
tions of a ceremomious character. Oi became oe, as αί
became ae, and passed in promunciation into a simple
vowel-soumd, Writtem ù, about the begimming of the Second
century. (For these amd other changes see my Hìst. Gram.
ch. x. § 11.)
17. A result of the weakemimg of the diphthomg ei
tO the sound , was that the long vowel , was oftem
written ei for the sake of distinctiom from i (e.g. No.
44). This practice came in about the middle of the
47
48 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
second century and remaimed till the begimming of the
Empire; though from the time of Sulla , is usually imdi-
cated by a tall form of the letter, e.g. MENDICVS. The
poet Accius (died c. 90 B. C.) introduced the praetice of
expressing the length of other vowels by Writing them
double, e.g. PAASTORES, SEEDEM, a, practice which
was retained for Some time after his death. The doub-
ling of consonamts in Writimg had been previously brought
into fashion by the poet Emmius, and continued ever
afterwards tO be the regular usage of Latin spelling.
18. Another affection that the language suffered in
the course of this period was the shorteming of certain
long vowels whem final or when preceding certain final
consonamts. Before final -m, a long vowel had beem
shortemed even earlier. The -öm. (Gk. -ων) of the Gen.
Elur. had become -öm, which, being ah unaccented
syllable, was reduced to -úm. And final -ô, had been
shortemed before the begimming of Romam literature in
the Nom. Sg. of the 1st Decl., etc. In no extant Latim
poetry is there any certain trace of the original quantity
terrâ, etc. (cf. Gk. Xópá). Long vowels in fimal syllables
Were most readily shortened by Romam lips in iambic
Words, e.g. fúga (Gk. q)vyj, q>vyä), where the short but
accented first syllable exercised a shortenimg effect on
the following long syllable. This laW of Latim promun-
ciation is knowm as the Law of Breves Breviantes (Hist.
Gram. ch. ii. § 16). So we may suppose that the
shorteming of final -ô, begam with iambic words like fuga,
and from them gradually extended to all Nominatives
of the 1st Decl. Plautus, whose poetry follows the
Republicam Period. 49
ordinary, everyday pronunciation Of actual life, usually
employs shortemed forms like cavè, abi, etc., especially
of such words as would be rapidly uttered in discourse,
e.g. Adverbs like modo, probe (cf. Class. Lat. malé, benè,
never malé, bené). At a, later period the shorteming of
fimal -ö was extended from Words of Iambic form, e.g.
êo, vöco, dàbo, to all words, in precisely the same fashion
as the shorteming of -à, had beem effected in the third
century B. C. But this shorteming of -ö was not fully
accomplished till the Empire; cf. estó, etc., im Ovid.
This shorteming of long vowels When fimal or when
preceding a, fimal consonant was amother result of the
Latin stress accentuation (§ 1). The final syllable being
unaccented did not get itS full and proper utteramce.
Eut the shorteming Was oftem aided by the character of
the final consonant before which it stood. We ourselves
find it difficult to give a vowel the same lengthened pro-
nunciation before a, final t as before a, fimal d. We do
not; make the o of * note ? so long as the o of * node.' To
a, Romam, too, final t exercised a shortening influence
over a, preceding long vowel; and by about the middle
of the second centuTy B. C. (posterior, that is to say, to
the time of Plautus) we find the pronunciation estab-
lished of terrët for older terrât (cf. terrés), curât for older
curât (cf. curâs), etc. Slightly later came the shorteming
of long vowels before final r, e.g. curër for older curêr
(cf. curêris), calcár from older calcάr (originally calcêre,
sc. ferrum, *the iron attached to the heel?), oratör for
older oratör (cf. oratöris, Gk. fijtop). L had the same
shortemimg effect aS r, as We see from tribunál from
50 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
tribunál(e), etc. That these consonants, however, did
not produce this result; wholly of themselves, but Were
helped by the unaccented nature of the final syllable, we
cam see from monosyllables like pûr, söl, which being
accented retaim the long quantity.
19. Stress-accentuatiom must also have had something
to do With am earlier phonetic change, the loss of fimal d
after a long vowel, which took place about the begimming
of the literary period. The Latim Abl. Sg. originally
ended in d, e.g. terrád, dolód, etc. ; and in the elevated
poetry of Livius Amdronicus and Naevius there are traces
of the older form of Abl. Thus a, Saturniam lime of
Naevius has the Abl. Troïùd * from Troy *: —
noctu Troiad exibant || capitibus opertis,
* they passed from Troy in the might, veilimg their heads.'
Βut there is probably mo trace of it in Plautus, certainly
mone im his dialogue verses. On the S. C. de Bacchamali-
bus (No. 37) of 186 B.c., two years before the death of
IPlautus, it is invariably writtem, a practice quite in
keeping with the archaic orthography of a state decree.
On the eaTlier and less formal edict of Aemilius Paulus
(No. 34) it is not found. By this loss of fimal d after a
long vowel the Abl. Sg. of the Declensioms came to
emd in -ά, -ö, -i, -ù, -ê, instead Of -ăd, -öd, -ìd, -ùd, -éd.
Such Adverbs as were Originally Ablative were similarly
affected, e.g. suprà(d), eætrá(d), porrö(d), facillìmè(d).
And -tód, -ntöd of the 3d Sg. and 3d Plur. Imperat. Were
reduced to -to, -nto, e.g. esto, sunto. Momosyllables like
the Acc. and Abl. of the Personal Promoums mêd, téd, sêd,
IRepublicam Period. «* 51
retained their d longer, though the d has quite disap-
Ipeared by the middle of the second century. On the
other hand, haud, which in early literature appears as
haud before an initial vowel and hau before an initial con-
SOmant (cf. Our * am ' and * a '), e.g. haud ignoro, haù, scio,
mamaged tO retain itS fimal d in the classical language.
20. The weak soumd of a final consonamt and its
liability to be affected by a following initial consonant
is reflected in the interchange which we fimd om inscrip-
tioms Of all periods between final t and final d. The pro-
munciation Would doubtless be, for example, at templum,
etc., but ad delubrum, etc. ; and in consequence we find
the Prep. Sometimes Writtem at, sometimes ad (cf. aput
and apud, 8et and Sed); While in carelessly Writtem, in-
scriptions a final -t is Often dropped, e.g. dede for dedet
(= dedeit), class. dedit (No. 23). Final -m had a very
Weak promunciatiom, shewing its presence, in fact, only
in the nasal sound givem £o the preceding vowel, so that
-Om would have in Latin a, sound like French * om.' It is
Omitted again and agaim On the oldest, as On the Post-
classical inscriptions. Final -s after a, short vowel is
scarcely allowed in the early poetry to give length by
* position ? to its syllable whem the next Word begins with
a consonant. Even Catullus in ome epigram scans tu
dúbis Supplìcium, a scansion which we generally indicate
by substituting am apostrophe for the s : tu dabi' suppli-
cium. Cicero tells us that in his time the failure to give
clear enunciation to a final s had come to be considered
subrusticum ; and this corrected pronunciation seems to
have found its Way imto Vulgar Latin too, for the Romamce
52 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
lamguages shew traces of a final -s, e.g. Fr. sommes from
Lat. Sumus.
21. Fimal vowels, too, suffered from the stress on the
initial syllable of the word. A final ê (which oftem has
takem the place of a final ì, e.g. tristé for *tristi, mité for
*miti; contrast Gk. íêpi, Neut. of I-stem) came to be
dropped, especially im Words which were in ordinary
utteramce closely joined with a, following word; thus
neque became mec, atque became ac (for *atc), the Im-
peratives dice, duce, face became dîc, duc, fac, etc. See
my Hist. Gram. ch. ii. § 12.
22. Another change accomplished at this period is the
change of vö- to vé-, e.g. versus for vorsus, vester for voster.
Scipio Africamus Minor is said tO have brought in the
new fashiom. Amother was the loss of g in the imitial
group gm, e.g. ηαtus for gnatus, which reminds us of our
own loss of k im k)-, e.g. know (pronouneed like * no*),
knee, etc. Plautus and Terence seem to use the spelling
gmatus for the Noum, matus for the Participle.
The loss of s, with compensatory lengtheming, before
a voiced consonamt was of earlier date, e.g. dùmus for
düs mus (Liv. Andr. has dus mo (Adj.) in loco, * in a, bushy
place *), îdem for is-dem, (Cicero mentions this latter spell-
ing. There was a similal- treatment of æ (= cs), e.g. édîco
for ëa:-dico. But in these compounds the original form
was oftem restored from a sense of their etymology.
Similarly m, which was im promunciation dropped before
s, f, with lengthemimg of the vowel, was usually restored
in the standard Orthography, at least of Classical Latin;
e.g. consulo, promounced cósulo, probably with nasalized Ö.
Republieam Period. 53
(A) EARLIER PART.
This part is marked by the dropping of final d after
a long vowel in Writing, aS it had been already dropped
in pronunciation, and by the introduction of the double
Writing of double consonants.
XXXII. The Spoletium Inscription (a motice hung up
in a saered grove at Spoletium in Umbria). (C. I. L. XI.
4766.)
h0m0e louOOm nequis uiolat0d neque exuehito neque exferto
quod louci siet neque Cedito mesei quo die res deina, anua fiet,
e0d die quod reidimai Causa fiat sine dolo cedere licetod, seiquis
uiolasit Ioue bOuid piaclum datod, seiquis scies uiolasit dolo
malo Iouei bOuid piaclum dat0d et a, 000 moltai sunt0d, eius
piacli moltaique dicatore exactio estOd.
hunc lucum, mequîs vîolato neque evehito meque efferto
quod lucí sit meque caedito, nisì quo die 7'es dìvìma ammua
fiet. Eo die quod reî dîvînae causa fiat sine dolo caedere
liceto. Siquìs vìolassit (violaverit), Jovi bove piaculum
dato. Siquis sciens violassit (violaverit) dolo. malo, Jovi
bove piaculum, dato et a(eris) CCC multae sunto. Ejus
piaculi multaeque dicatori (?) ea actio esto.
IHere final -d after a long vowel is sometimes Written,
sometimes dropped, with no apparent method. Double
consonantS are still Written single, e.g. anua, uiolasit.
One form is dialectal and not genuine Latin, viz. cedere
instead of CCVidere ; for in the Umbriam dialect of Latin
Cwe was already pronoumced e, a pronunciation which in
time affected the Latim of the capital and of the whole
Roman World. (See the last section of this book.)
54 Handbook of Latin Inscriptions.
homce. The full form is suitable to a solemm notice of
this kind, though in actual talk the final ê would be
always dvOpped (§ 21). On ö for Class. Lat. ì, see § 14,
uiolatod. This Imperative emding -töd is said to have
beem originally the Abl. Sg. of the Demonstrative
Pronoum, *tód, meaming * from that,' * thereupom.?
Hence the use of this form for the 2d Sg. Fut.
Imperat., e.g. Hor. C. iii. 14. 23:
si per invisum mora jamitorem
fiet, abito,
abito, Originally abî-tód, meaming * depart thereupon.?
louci must be Gen. of Possessiom, * what belongs to the
grove.* The Locative * in the grove ' (cf. humi,
Corinthi) would at this early time be spelled loucei.
Biet (Hist. Gram. vi. 13), a commom form im Plautus,
is almost an exact counterpart of the Greek €ίη,
which represents an original é(α)ιη(r). The Indo-
Europeam Optative Act. of Athematic Verbs shewed
ûé in the Sg., ï in the Plur. O. Latim sìés and sitis
retaim this old distimction ; but in time the 7 of the
JPlur. emcroached om the Sg. tOO, and so in Class. ILat.
sim, sis, sit replace Siem, sies, siet.
nêsei is the older form of mi-87 (ni-si), in which the è
has become i through Wowel-Weakemimg in this unac-
cented word (§ 14), and ei has become 7. (Cf. p. 20
om moisi of the Dvenos inscription.)
res deima. I?es dìvìna, the COmmOm Latim phrase for a sacri-
fice, has this disyllabic form Ofthe Adj. also in Plautus:
quae dum rem dinam faceret cantaret mihi,
Republicam Period. 55
a shorteming due to the Latin tendency tO promoumce
ivj as 7 (cf. sis for si vis). The form of the phrase
om its recurrence in this inscriptiom is interesting,
reidinai, for it indicates that res divina in promuncia-
tiom made one Word like respublic®, etc. See my Hist.
Graym. ch. ii. § 11. *•
sei, class. si, was originally a Locative Sg. of the Pronoum
stem so- * that,' lit. * in that (case).* (Hist. Gram. ch.
ix. § 13.) On the termination of Iouë, See § 8 (contrast
Iouei, below).
bouid. Bov- is really a Consonant-stem and mot an
I-stem, as we see from itS Gen. Plur, bo(v)-um, not bovi-
um. But it here shews the I-stem Abl. ending -îd
(§ 10). This form adds a fresh illustration of the con-
fusiom of Consonant and I-stems of the 3d Decl. (Hist.
Gram. ch. iii. § 8. The Consonant-stems properly used
for their Ablative the Locative Case, which ended
in -j, later -ê, so that We should expect to find here
bovi or 1'ather bouë (§ 21).
piaclum, The -clum, of piaclum amd similar Words, Origi-
nally -tlöm, is a, quite different termination from the
Diminutive -culus, -culum, of pwe7-culus, mvel-culum, etc.,
which was originally -cö-lös, -cö-löm. But the tendency
in promunciation to facilitate the promunciation Of -clum,
by means of a parasitie vowel assimilated the two
endings, so that Class. Lat. piaculum, seems tO have
the same terminatiom as a Diminutive like mel-culum,
(cf. poplo- No. 4, pocolom, No. 5, and see my Hist.
Gram. Ch. ii. § 12; B. App. § 91).
scies. Om the dropping of n before S, See § 22.
56 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
uiolasit. The O. Lat. Verb-forms im -αssim, -essim, etc.,
e.g. a massim, prohibessim, are really Optatives of the
same Temse of which forms in -α880, etc., e.g. αηαsso,
are Subjunctives (with Future meaming, Hist. Gram.
ch. vi. § 13). The Optative sense is the usual one with
the forms im -sim. Thus bene sponsis beneque volueris
vas a, formula, Of frequent use in the Augural prayer ;
another early prayer shews Juppiter prohibessis scelus,
etc., etc. But they have also, aS here, a cOnditional
sense. In the classical languâge they were replaced
in their Optative use by the Pres. Subj., and by the
Perf. Subj. in their Conditional use. See my Hist.
Gram. ch. vi. § 13.
dicatore (om this Dat. Sg. ending see § 8) may be a mis-
Writing for dictatore. But it is possible that the Verb
dicare (cf. indicare) had a Verbal Noun dicator.
Beside this We may put .amother inscriptiom of the
same purport, though more influenced by dialectal forms,
and possibly of an earlier date : —
XXXIII. The Luceria, Inscriptiom, from Luceria, in
Apulia, om the borders of the Oscam Samnium. (Eph.
Epigr. II. 298.)
in hoce louCarid stirous nequis fundatid neue cadauer
proiecitad neue parentatid, seiquis aruorsu hac faxit in ium
quis uolet pro ioudicat0d m, L. manum iniectio estod, seiue
magisteratus uolet moltare licetod,
ίη hoc lucari (luco) Stercus nequis fumdet meve cadaver
proîciat neve parentet. Siquis adversùm, hac fecerit, in
Republicam, Period. 57
eum, quisquis volet projudicato. N(wm/mwm) L mamwm,
injectîo esto. Sive magìstratus volet multare, liceto.
The curious Verb-forms fundatid, proiecitad, and paren-
tatid are dialectal. They remind us of the Oscam forms
with t or tt corresponding to Latin ss; So that fundatid,
parentatiâ might be in genuine Latin fundassit and p(ìren-
tassit, while proiecitad might correspond tO a, suppositious
projecissat, like incipisSat. Dialectal, tOO, is the i Of stir-
cus and the parasitie voWel of magisteratus-(cf. No. 15).
Indications of the date of the inscription are hoce for
hocce (Originally hód-ce, § 10), With single consonant
written for double, in and iniectio with à Weakemed to î.
Notice the omission of fimal m, in aruorsu(m), and the
spelling ium for eum. Points Of grammar that require
commemt are (1) the Adverbial group aruorsu(m) hao
with the Abl. Sg. Fem. of the Pronoum, like praeter hac,
praetereà, etc. (cf. aruorsum, ead, No. 37); (2) the Acc.
manum govermed by the Verbal Noum iniectio, like
Plautus? quid tibi hamc tactio est ? * What do you meam
by touching this lady?? On the form ar- for ad- in
aruorsu(m) see Hist. Gram. ch. ii. § 8.
XXXIV. Decree of Aemilius Paulus, found in Spain.
(189 B.G.) (C. I. L. II. 5041.)
L, Aimilius L, f, inpeiratOr deCreiuit utei quei Hastensium
seruei in turri Lascutama habitarent leiberei essent agrum
oppidumque quod ea tempestate p0sedisent item possidere
habereque iOusit dum p0plus senatusque ROmanus uellet,
Act, in castreis a,d, xii K. Febr,
58 Handbook Qf Latin, Inscriptions.
L. Aemilius L. f. ìmperator decrevit ìti qui Hastensium,
servî în turri Lascutama, habitarent liberi essent : agrum,
oppidumque quod eCl, tempestate possedissent item, pOS-
sîdere habereque jussit dwm, populus senatusque ROmCWYus
vellet. Act(um) ίη castris a(nte) d(iem) acii IX(alenda8)
Febr(uarias).
The discovery of this inscription upset Ritschl's theory
that final -d after a, long vowel was still pronounced in
the time of Plautus. Relying om the fact that d in the
Abl. Sg. amd 3d Sg. Imperat. is umfailingly written
throughout the Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, a
decree of 186 B.C., two years before the death of Plautus,
Ritschl argued that the d must have been still pro-
noumced in these forms in the language of Plautus' day,
and that When am Abl. is followed by a Word begin-
ning with a, vowel in a, line of Plautus there was not
necessarily hiatus. The discovery, however, of this
decree Of Aemilius Paulus, with its omission of Abl. -d,
shews that the retention of the letter om the SenatOTial
/JDecree is a mere piece of conservative spelling, Since a
change in spelling always lags behind a, change im pro-
munciatiom, there is every reasom to believe that in the
Ordinary everyday talk of Plautus' time Ablatives like
terra, puero, Or Imperatives like esto, αbito, Were pro-
nounced without any final cOnsonant.
The inscription is also interesting in exhibiting the in-
coming fashion of Writing double a, double consonant.
We have, e.g. posedisemt close to possidere. The curious
ei Of inpeirator amd decreiuit seems to express the same
Eepubliean, Period.
sound, viz. close e. The old diphthong is still retaimed in
Aimilius and iouBit (om which see No. 37).
To the same year belongs am inscription of M. Fulvius
Nobilior, the patrom of the poet Ennius. (C. I. L. I. 534.)
XXXV. M, Fuluius M, f, Ser, n, cos, Aetolia cepit,
M. Fulvius M. f. Ser. m (epos) co(n)8(ul) ea;
Aetolia, cepit.
Here Aetolia, if it be the Abl. as Hinnad of No. 20
indicates, lacks the old final d, like tu7'ri, LCIScutam CI, ea,
of the last inscriptiom.
Two years later is a, milestone with the name of M.
Aemilius Lepidus, the projector of the Via, Aemilia,
found mear Bologna; 187 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 535.)
XXXVI. M. Aemilius M, f, M, n, Lepidus COS.
CC L . XI IX
M. Aemilius M. f. M. n(epos) Lepidus
co(n)8(ul).
CCLXV|| |
The figures give the mumber of miles betweem Rome
and Bononia, (now Bologma). Notice the modern form
of the diphthong Cui in the mame Aemilius (§ 16).
Other milestones from the Via, Aemilia, of the same
date shew the same form of the name.
XXXVII. The Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus,
186 B. C. Om a bronze tablet affixed to the wall of .a.
temple in South Italy., (C. I. L. I. 196.)
t. A, - - 3
A ? /-, & : , ; «= t \ i *, \ ' t ' £ ? ' \ . -- v
-*
: : Y ; ; * * , , ,
Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
Q. Marcius L, f, S, Postumius II, f, cos, senatum com-
soluerunt N, 0ctob, apud aedem Duelonai, Sc, arf, M, Claudi
M, f, L, Valeri P, f, Q, Minuci 0, f, De Bacanalibus quei
foideratei esent ita exdeicendum Censuere, Neiquis eorum
EaCanal habuise uelet, Seiques esent quei sibei deicerent
mecesus ese BaCanal habere eeis utei ad pr, urbanum Romam
uenirent, deque eeis rebus ubei eOrum verba, audita esent utei
senatus noster deCerneret dum me minus senatoribus G adesent
quom ea res COSoleretur. Bacas uir nequis adiese uelet Ceiuis
ROmanus neue nominus Latini neue socium quisquam misei
pr, urbanum adiesent isque de senatu0s sententiad dum me
minus senatOribus G adesent quOm ea res COSoleretur iousiset,
Gensuere, / Sacerdos mequis uir eset, Magister neque uir
meque mulier quisquam eset, Neue pecumiam quisquam
eOrum COmoinem habuise uelet neue magistratum neue pro
magistratud neque uirum neque mulierem quisquam fecise
uelet, Neue post hac inter sed comiourase neue COmuouise
neue COnspondise neue COmpromesise uelet neue quisquam
fidem inter sed dedise uelet, SaCra, in Oquoltod me quisquam
fecise uelet neue im poplic0d neue in preiuatod neue exstrad
urbem sacra quisquam fecise uelet nisei pr, urbanum adieset
isque de senatuOs sententiad dum me mimus senatoribus 0
ade$ent quOm ea res COSoleretur iousiset, Gensuere, Homines
plous V oinuorsei uirei atque mulieres sacra me quisquam
fecise uelet neue inter ibei uirei plous duobus mulieribus
plous tribus arfuise uelent nisei de pr, urbani senatuosque
sententiad utei suprad scriptum est, Haice utei in cOuen-
tionid exdeicatis ne minus trinum noundinum sematuosque
sententiam utei scientes esetis, Eorum sententia, ita fuit sei
ques esent quei aruorsum ead fecisent quam suprad scriptum
IRepublieam, Period. 61
est eeis rem Caputalem faciendam Censuere, Atque utei hocè
in tabolam ahenam inceideretis ita senatus aiquOm censuit
uteique eam figier ioubeatis ubei facilumed gnoscier potisit
atque utei ea, BaCanalia sei qua sunt exstrad quam sei quid
ibei sacri est ita utei suprad Scriptum est in diebus X
quibus uobeis tabelai datai erunt faciatis utei diSmota sient,
Q. Marcius L. f., S( purius) Postumiu8 L. f. coms.
Senatum consuluerunt N(onis) Octob. apud aedem Bellomae.
Sc(ribendo) adf(uerunt) M. Claudius M. f., L. Valerius P.
f., Q. Minucius C. f. De Baccham Cilìbus qui foederati essent
itœ, edúcendum, cenSVe7'e. Nequis eo7'um, Bacchanal habuisse.
vellet. Siqwi essemt qui sibi dicerent necesse esse IBacchanali
habere, ei úti ad pr(aetorem) urbanum Romam venirent,
deque eis 7'ebus, vbâ eorum, verba, Cludita essent, úti sematus
moster decerneret, dum, 7ie , minus senatoribus C adessent
qwùm, e(ì, res consueretu/ IBacchas vìr mequis adiisse vellet
civis Romanus, neve nóminis Latini, neve sociorum quis-
quam, nisi pr(aetorem) atrbanum, adiissent, isque de senatus
sententia, dum me minus Senatoribus C adessent quum, ea,
1'es consuleretur, jussisset. Censuere. /$acerdos ?\equis vir
esset. Magiste)' meque vij' meque ^mulier quaequCúm esset :
^eve pecuniam, quisquam, eorum, conimunem habuisse vellet,
Weve magistratum, neve pro magistratû, neque virûm, meque
mulierem, quisquCùm, fecisse vellet. Neve posthac ìnter se
conjurcisse neve convovisse, meve conspondísse, meve cOm-
promisisse vellet, neve quisquam, fidem, inter se dedisse vellet,
ASacra, in occulto me quisqu@m, fecisse vellet, meve in publico,
^eve ίη privato, meve ea:tra, urbem, sacra, quisquam, fecisse
vellet, nisi pr(aetorem) wrbanum, adiisset, isque de senatus
62 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
sententia, dum, me minus Senatoribus G adessent quum, ea
res consuleretur, jussisset. Censuere. Homines plus V
universi, viri atque mulieres, sacra me quisquam fecisse
vellet, neve δnteribi viri plus duobus, mulieribus plus tribus,
adfuisse vellent, nisi de pr(aetoris) urbani senatusque Sem-
temtia, úti supra, Scriptwm, est. Haec äti in contione edicatis
ne minus trinum nundinum, senatusque sententiam úti
scientes essetis. Eorum, Sententia, ita fuit : síquí essent qui
adversum, eô fecissent, quam, supra, Scriptum, est, eis rem,
capitalem faciendam, cen$uere. Atque úti hoc in tabulam,
ahenam, incideretis : îta senatus aequum, censuit ; ùtique
eam figi jubeatis, ubi facillìme mosci possit; atque uti eCt
Bacchamalia, siqua sunt, eætra, quam, siquîd îbî sacri est, ìn,
diebus X, quibus vobis tabellae datae erunt, faciatis úti
dùm OlCI, sint.
This is a copy of the * senatus vetus auctoritas de
Bacchanalibus? mentioned by Cicero (Legg. ii. 15, 37).
Livy (xxxix. 14. 7; cf. 17. 4) tells us that in 186 B.c.
the semate determimed * edici in urbe Roma, et per totam
Italiam edicta, mitti, ne quis qui Bacchis initiatus esset
coisse aut convenisse causa sacrorum velit neu quid talis
rei divinae fecisse.* This inscriptiom is two years earlier
tham the death of Plautus (184 B. C.), in whose comedies
we have more tham one allusion to the Bacchanaliam
orgies amd the disfavour in which they were coming
to be held by the government (e.g. Aul. 408, Bacch. 53,
Mil. 858, 1016, Cas. 980, mam ecastor nunc Bacchae
mullae ludunt). So that this precious record of antiquity
transports us into the very time of Plautus and Ennius,
Republicam Perìod. 63
and gives us a glimpse of the language aS it Was spoken,
Or at least Writtem, at the begimming of the second cen-
tury B. C. Being a, formal state document, itS forms will
rather be those of a previous generation than the actual
colloquial forms of the speech of the day (on final -d
of Ablatives, etc., see § 19).
The older ö appears imstead of the later ù in consolue-
runt, cosoleretur, etc. Diphthongs remaim in their earlier
$ shape, e.g. Duelomai, aiquom, etc. ; in particular, the dis-
tinction between diphthongal eì and simple í is observed
_, in deicerent, beside uenirent, etc. Double consonants,
though doubtless pronounceâ double, are written single,,
, the practice of writing them double being a reform of\
the poet Ennius (§ 17).
$§'
Duelonai, class. Bellomae. On du-, class. b- (cf. duomus
and bonus, duis and bis), see my Hist. Gram. ch. x. § 13;
E. App. § 104, 2 c; duellum, the precursor of bellum,
was a disyllabic word, as it is im Plautus. Horace's
duéllum (3 syll.) has been called a pseudo-archaism.
Eacanalibus, class. Bacchanalibus. The use of h With a
mute tO represent the Greek aspirates was not known
till the close of the Republie. ,*
/" quei, originally the unaccented form (§ 5), quoi being the
' accented. In foideratei, originally foideratoi, the dif-
ference between the accented and unaccented diph-
thong is exemplified. -
neiquis. Nei, later mi, is the O. Lat. Prohibitive Particle,
used by Virgil * antiquitatis amams ' im A. iii. 686: ni
teneant cursus.
64 Handbook of Latin Inseriptions.
Eacamal, class. Bacchanal. The fimal é has already beem
dropped (§ 21), but the a of the last syllable probably
still retaimed its long quantity (§ 18); cf. Plaut. Aul.
413 aperitur Bacchanál: adest.
uelet is class. vellet ; mot velit, which has I.-Eur. ï in the
last syllable, and which would be written velit om am
imscriptiom of this date.
ques. The distinction between the I-stem qui- (Interrog.,
Indef.) and the O-stem quö- (Relative) is retained in
Class. Lat. im the Acc. Sg. Neut., quid (Interrog.,
Indef.) beside quod (Rel.), but in early Latin was
kept up in Other cases too, such as the Nom. Plur.
Cato's Origines begam With the Words: siques homines
sunt, quos delectat populi Romani gesta, describere.
necesus is said tO be a Neuter Noum like opus, gemus.
IBut its exact relation to the form necesse (used by
Plautus), and indeed the precise composition of this
latter form, are doubtful.
eeis. The Demonstrative Pronouns oftem added to the
-ei (class. -i) of their Nom. Plur. Masc. the -s which was
the Plur. emding of Nouns. Plautus affects these forms
When the Particle -ce is added, his-ce, illis-ce, etc. ; Virgil
is said to have used the archaic his in Ecl. iii. 102: —
his certe, meque amor causa est, vix ossibus haerent.
cosoleretur. On the absence of m see § 22.
adiesent, class. adiissent. For ii we usually find ie in
Latin, e.g. Societas, laniena, beside caritas, Qfficina.
But the e of conpromesise below suggests that this e is
a relic of the old use of e for the diphthong-sound ei.
Republican Perìod. 65
nominus. The I.-Eur. Gen. Sg. of Consonant (3d Decl.)
Stems ended either in -ös, or -ês. The Greeks adopted
the first ènding, the Romans the second (§ 10), though
in early Latin we find isolated relies of the other foTm,
a form which may have been long in use in the ple-
beiam speech.
socium. Gen. Pl. (§ 10).
senatuos. On this 4th Decl. Gen., see my Latin Lam-
guage, ch. vi. § 21.
iousiset. Apparently the first syllable of the Perfect of
jubeo contained a diphthong Originally, so that Class.
Lat. jússi has taken the place of a discarded júsí. We
eyen find a diphthong in the Present tense, in early
Latin (see ioubeatis, below). This indicates that there
may have been tWo rival stems, íúb- and iovb-, to
which the confusion of quantity has beem due.
magister Was both Masc. and Fem. in early Latim, like
puer; cf. Naevius, Bell. Pun. ii. (a Saturnian line): —
.^ es / � Ae ę æ & a*
prima incedit Cereris Proserpina, puer.
* *- ,. .- - - - *- -» - «.
„^
~e conpromesise,see above om adiesent.
oquóltòå. The I.-Eur. root kel-, to hide, began with k,
mot q. The spelling here sheWs that quo and co
had come tO have the same sound in Latin, and so
Were interchanged. Similarly, the Prep. cum (I.-Eur.
köm) is often Writtem quom, in early Latin (e.g. No.
45).
poplicod. This curious spelling popl- is usually referred
to a confusion between pùblicus (from pùbes, long w
and b) and pópulus (with short o and P).
66 Handbook of Latin Inseriptions.
extrad. These Adverbs in -â were originally Abl. Sg.
Rem. (see my Hist. Gram. ch. vii. § 4), and so appear
in early Latin inscriptioms with a fimal -d (§ 19).
plous. One would expect plois (Hist. Gram. ch. iv. § 3).
Some compare the emding of min-us ; but ow is more
probably a mere spelling of the sound ù (§ 16).
oinuorsei is merely a Way of Writing oìnw-wOrsei, and Was
doubtless promounced as a quadrisyllable. Before v
the weakemed vowel remains ì and does mot simk to î
as in class. numi-versi. Om vo- for class. ve-, see § 22.
arfuise, class. αdfuisse. On the curious usage at this
time of Writimg (and pronoumcing) r for d before f
amd v, see my Hìst. Gr(Vm. ch. ii. § 8. This peculiar-
ity of Old Latin Was preserved in the legal formula
SCR . ARF., scrîbendo a) fuerunt.
couentionid. Contio Was originally co(m)-uentio, as mun-
tius Was originally moventius (from novus). Why com-
tìo should have o and nuntius the vowel w is not clear.
Possibly the m of com- made the difference. This is
the I-stem Ablative emding-ìd, quite different from the
Consonant-stem Locative emding (used as Abl.) -i, later
-ê (§ 10).
noundinum, class. ηυη dir^ιη, a Gem. Plur. (cf. socium,
above), which eame to be used as Neut. Sg. nundinum,
-î. It is derived from movem, amd dìm-, a, by-stem of
dies, a day. Om Ow for earlier óvè cf. the remarks
above On the vocalism of contio and ^u^tius. *•.
scientes esetis. This use of the Pres. Part. with the Sub-
stantive Verb is found im Plautus too, e.g. Poen. 1038.
aruorsum. See Om arfuise, above,
Republiean, Perìod. 67
ead shews that in praeter-eCt, propter-ea, etc., ea, is an Abl.
Sg. Fem. Cf. praeter-hœc, post-hCwc, etc., and aruorsu
hac (No. 33).
suprad. See Om exstrad, above.
caputalem. The w has not sumk to î (cf. oinuorsei, above).
lioce, that is höcce (§ 17), from older höd-ce (§ 10).
facilumeâ, class. facìllìme. These Adverbs in -ê were
originally Ablatives. Possibly the 2d Decl. had im
very early times two Ablative emdings (1) -öd, used for
Nouns amd some Adverbs, e.g. modo, cito, etc. ; (2) -êd,
reserved for Adverbs only.
potisit, i.e. potis sit. Potis Mase., Fem. (here Fem.), pote
INeut., Were originally distimct. In course of time the
Neut. pote came tO be used in all cases. Hence class.
potest for pote est, used with all subjects, Masc., Fem.,
or Neut. Virgil employs potís est, e.g. Aen. xi. 148:—
at mom Evamdrum potis est vis ulla tenere.
tabelai, class. tabellae * despatches.' Tabulae Would be
tabolai (cf. tabolam, above).
dismota, class. dimota (§ 22).
gient, the old 3d Plur. Pres. Subj. (properly Optative) of
sum (see No. 32).
XXXVIII. Dedicatory inscriptiom of a Faliscam * col-
legium coquorum.” (C. I. L. XI. 3078.)
Gonlegium quod est aciptum aetatei agedai,
0piparum ad ueitam quolundam festOsque dies,
Quei sOueis argutieis opidque, Uolgani
68 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
GOndeCOrant saipisume COmuiuia loidosque,
Ququei huc dederunt imperatoribus summeis,
Utei sesed lubentes beneiouent optantis,
Iouei Iunonei Mineruai Falesce quei in Sardinia sunt donum
dederunt, Magistreis L, Latrius K, f, 0, Saluena Voltai
f. coirauerOnt,
Collegium, quod est acceptum, aetati agendae,
opέρατ'ιιη, αd vitam, colendam, festosque dies,
qui suis (Vrgutiis opeque Vulcani
condecOramt SC epìssìme convîvîa, ludosque,
coqui hoc dederunt imperatorìbus summis (i.e. Jupi-
ter, Juno, Minerva),
vt sese libentes bene juvent optantes.
Jovi Jwmomi Même)'vae Faliscì quì ìm, Sardînîa, sunt domwm,
dederunt. Magistri L. Latrius K(aesonis) f(ilius), C.
ASalvenna, Vultae f(ìlius) curaverunt.
The spelling of this inscriptiom is as faulty as the
metre (Saturniam ?); Witmess g for c in gonlegium, gonde-
corant, Volgani ; also aciptum (for -cept-), ququei (for coq-),
etc. Notice the double cOmSOmant in summeis, a doublimg
not foumd im aciptum, etc.
quolundam. The q-guttural of colo (for quolo) is seem im
'inquìlìnus, beside ìncola.
Boueis. Ou Was Originally the vocalism of the accented,
w of the unaccented, form of this Possessive (I.-Eur.
s(w)ëwO-). The same is true of puer, of which the
older spellimg pover occurs in a sentence in Iambic
1?epublieam Period. 69
Semarii designed for a, schoolboy's copying lessom
(C. I. L. III. p. 962): —
senem seuerum semper esse comdecet.
beme debet esse pouero qui discet bene.
Similarly the ov of movus becomes w im the unaccented
form of the word, e.g. de- nuo for de novo.
loidos (see § 16), cf. coiraueront, below.
huc is the unaccented form of hoc Acc. Sg. Neut. (for
*höd-ce, § 10). This umaccented form came to be re-
served for the Adverb * hither ? (O. Lat. hoc, Hist.
Gram. vii. 5).
magistreis adds the Ordinary Nom. Plur. emding -8 to the
already fol'med Plur. in -ei (class. -i) (see eeis, No. 37).
XXXIX. The Dedicatory Tablet of the Vertuleii,
found at Sora. (C. I. L. I. 1175; x. 5708.) v.
M, P, Wertuleieis 0, f.
Quod re sua difeidens asper afleicta
Parens timens heic uouit, uoto hoc soluto,
Decuma facta poloucta, leibereis lubentes
Donu danunt Hercolei maxsume mereto;
Semol te orant se uoti crebro COndemnes,
.M(arcus), P(ublius) Vertuleii C(ai) f(ìliì),
Quod re sua, diffidlens asper afflicta,
parens tìmens hîc vovit, voto hoc soluto,
decìma facta, pollucta, liberi libentes
domum, damt Herculi móìacìme merito ;
sìmul te Oramt se votî crebro condem nes.
70 Handbook of Latin Inseriptions.
Vertuleieis. On this form of the Nom. Plur. see om .
'magistreis (No. 38) and cf. leibereis, below.
asper, not aspere, seems to be om the stome. Cf. Virg.
rebus non asper egenis.
heic. The Adv. hic * here ? was Originally the Locative
Case of the Pronoum hic, and was spelled with ei, as
here. Similarly illîc * there ' was Loc. of ille (ìllìc ,
Plaut.) and was spelled illeic (cf. Gk. ékeì).
poloucta. Pollucere Herculi decîmam, was the current
phrase for offering a, tithe to Hercules; cf. Plaut.
Ætìch. 233: —
ut decumam partem Herculi polluceam.
Varro L. L. vi. 54 id dicitur * polluctum,' quod a porri-
ciendo est fictum ; quom enim ex mercibus libamenta,
projecta sunt Herculi in aram, tum polluctum est.
danunt. Third Plurals of this formation are a, feature of
Old Latin. Cf. Liv. Andr. Odyssey : —
/ e* ae. . • / ę . ^
artim errant, nequinont Graeciam redire
9
* they stray in compamies, amd cannot wim back to
Greece,' with nequìnont for mequeunt (Hist. Gram. vi.
20).
uoti . . . condemnes. Cf. Virg. voti reus amd damnabis
tw qwoqwe votis.
XL. Statue of L. Manlius Acidimus, found at Aquileia;
c. 181 B.C. (C. I. L. I. 538.)
L, Manlius L. f, Acidimus triu uir Aquileiae Coloniae deducundae.
L. Mamlius L. f. Acìdìnùs triumvir Aquileiae coloniae
deClwcendae.
Republiean, Perìod. 71
The other two commissioners were P. Cornelius Scipio
Nasica and C. Flaminius (Livy xl. 34; cf. xxxix. 55).
deducundae. The Gerundive in -undus (Originally
-om-do-) existed side by side with the Gerundive im
-endus (originally -em-do-) in early Latim, but was
dropped in the classical period (see my Hìst. Gram.
ch. vi. § 18).
XLI. Inscription of Claudius Marcellus, found at
Luma; 155 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 539.)
M. Claudius M, f, Marcelus consol iterum,
M. Claudius M. f. Marcellus consul iterum.
This inscription has a more ancient appearamce tham
the preceding, owing to its retentiom of the old spellings
consol (§ 14) and Marcelus (§ 17).
XLII. The Dedicatory Inscriptions of Mummius;
c. 146 B.o. (C. I. L. I. 542 sqq.)
(α) L. Mummi L, f, COS.
ductu auspicio imperioque eius
Achaia, Capta CorintO deleto «*
Romam redieit triumphans ob hasce res bene gestas
quod in bello uouerat hamo aedem et signu
Herculis VictOris imperator dedicat,
L. Mummius L. f. co(n)s(ul)
ductu, auspîcîo împerioque ejus
Achaia, capta, Corìntho deleto,
IRomam rediit triumphans. Ob has res bene gestas
-, • ¢
quod Ίη bello voverat, hanc Cledem, et signum,
IHerculis Victoris împerator dedicat.
72 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
(b) Sancte,
de decuma uictor tibei Lucius Mummius donum
moribus antiqueis prOmiserat hoc dare sese
uisum animo su0 perfecit tua pace rogans te
cogendei dissoluendei tu ut facilia faxseis
perficias decumam ut faciat uerae rationis
proque hoc atque alieis doneis des digna merenti,
Sαήcte.
de decima, victor tîbî Lucius Mummius domum,
moribus antiquis promiserat hoc dare sese.
Visum, αηύmo suo perfecit, tua p(Uce rogans te
cogendi dissolvendi tu ut facilia faacis (i.e. facias).
Perficias decímum, ut faciat verae rationis ;
proque hoc α(que aliis donis des digna merenti.
Mummius, the conqueror of Corinth and Carthage,
offered tithes of his booty to Hercules Victor (see om
No. 39). These two inscriptions are dedicatory verses
accompanying the gifts. It is possible that they are not
the actual limes of Mummius, but a, later copy, made
when the inscription was remewed; for the presence of
ch im Achaia, ph in triumphans (but t in Corinto), at SO
early a period is stramge.
(a) Mummi(s). On this form of the Nom. Sg. of IO-
stems, see om Minuci, No. 19.
ductu auspicio imperioque. This was a, current phrase.
Cf. Plaut. Amph. 196: —
ductu imperio auspicio suo.
Corinto, Masc. or Neut. ?
geάieit. The I'etentiom of the diphthong implying long

Republieam, Period. 73
quamtity of the final syllable may be due to the prece-
dence of i, just as diéi retaims long e, shortemed in fidêî.
Evem Ovid scans rediit, etc. (but cf. petiei, No. 46).
Hasce. The metre (Saturniam) seems tO require mono-
syllabie pronunciatiom, hasc. (See § 13.)
On signu(m) see § 20. The last line of the inscription
may be am Iambic Senarius.
(b) promiserat. The word is doubtful, for the inscriptiom
is moW lost. The Vulgar reading is pro usw)'a.
suo, a monosyllable, as in Lucretius i. 1022, v. 420.
tua pace, Abl. like Plaut. Rud. 268: —
fac ut ulciscare nosque ut hamc tua pace aram obsidere Patiare.
The Accusative Case is out of the questiom, for a scan-
siom like pacém, rogams Would be impossible, evem in such
rude limes as these.
cogendei dissoluendi, etc. ** that you would smooth the
path for him in amassing and spending.”
facilia, to make a dactyl, must be pronounced faclia, like
balneum, for balimeum (see § 3).
Om faacis see p. 56. XS is a common spelling at this
period for a; (see below on saasum, No. 45).
(B) FROM THE GRACCHI TO SULLA.
In this period the doubling of long vowels is found.
• For j either ei or Iis Writtem.
XLIII. Inscription of Atilius Sarramus, found in North
Italy ; 135 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 549.)
74 Handbook of Latin Inscriptions.
Sex, Atilius M. .f, Saramus prOCOS. ex senati COnsulto inter
Atestimos et WeicetinOs finis terminosque statui iusit,
Sea:. Atilius M. f. Sarramus proco(n)8(ul) ea, senatus con-
sulto ìnter Atestìmos et Vicentìmos finis terminosque StCUtui
jussît.
Double consonants are still Writtem single On this stone,
e.g. Saramus.
senati is not an unusual Genitive. Quintiliam declared
it tO be in his time as good a, form as Senatûs (see my
Hist. Gram. p. 58; B. App. § 162).
XLIV. Milestone of Popillius, found in Lucania; 132
B. C. (C. I. L. I. 551.)
uiam feCei ab Regio ad Capuam et in ea uia ponteis Omneis
miliarios tabelariosque poseiuei himce sunt Nouceriam meilia
L] Capuam\ XXCIIII Muramum LXXIIII Gosentiam CXXIII
Ualentiam ClXXX ad fretum ad statuam CCXXXI Regium
CCXXXVII suma af Capua Regium meilia CCCXXI et eidem
praetor in Sicilia fugiteiuos Italicorum conquaeisiuei redideique
homines DCCCCXVII eidemque primus fecei ut de agro poplico
aratOribus Cederent paastOreS forum aedisque poplicas heic fecei,
viam, feci αὐ I?hegio CUd Capuam et ίη ea, via, pontes
Omnes miliarios tabellariosque posui. Hinc sunt Nuceriam,
'milia, LI, Capuam, LXXXIV, Muramum, LXXIV, Consentiam
CXXIII, Valentiam, CLXXX, ad fretum ad Statuam, CCXXXI,
J?hegium CCXXXVII; summa ab Capua, Rhegium milia
CCCXXI. Et idem, praetor in Sicilia, fugitivos Italicorum,
conquisívi, reddìdìque homines DCCCCXVII ; idemque pri-
mus feci ut de agro publico aratoribus cederent pastores;
forum, αedisque publicas hîc feci.
Republiean, Period. 75
IBy this time ì and ei express the same, soumd, and
the diphthong is merely used to express the lomg Sound
of the simple voWel; e.g. ponteis omneis were at mo
period promoumeed with the diphthong ei (§ 16). Double
consonants are Writtem simgle throughout the inscrip-
tiom, e.g.
tabelarios, suma, redidei.
Regio. The spelling rh for Greek p did not come in
till the emd of the Republic.
poseiuei. The form posui, a form due tO false amal-
ogy, has not yet ousted the true fol'm po-sivi. Pomo,
for *po-s(i)no, is a compound of the old Prep. pö
(Gk. ár6) and simo, and properly formed its Perfect
po-sivi as its Supine po-situm, But the analogy of
monitum, etc., suggested that a, Supine positum, should
have a Perfect posui; and this erroneous form gradu-
ally ousted the other, which, however, is exclusively
used by the older writers. (See my Hist. Gram.
ch. xi. § 21; B. App. § 261. 4.)
meilia, The word was at this time pronoumeed with
double l ; but On this inscription double consonantS
are Writtem single. About the time of Augustus ll be-
tween ì and í was reduced to l. Hence mìlia, older
millia; vilicus, older villicus, etc. See my Hist. Gram.
ch. ii. § 9.
Cosentiam, see § 22.
af. The origin of this by-form of α, αb is uncertain.
See my Hist. Gram. ch. viij § 2.
eidem. The ei expresses the sound , of îdem, (foI. iS-dem,
§ 22).
76 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
conquaeisivei. The αei is a curious spelling, half-Way
betweem Cli and ei.
poplico, see om poplicod, No. 37.
paastores. This method of indicatimg a, long voWel, by
doublimg it, just as a, long consonant Was Writtem
double, Was introduced by the poet Accius, and gained
favour for a, time. Afterwards it Was discarded for
the ** apex,'' am accent-sigm placed above the vowel to
indieate the length, e.g. PASTORES. See § 17.
heic. This is the original spelling of the Adverb hîc,
properly the Locative Case of the Promoum ; see on
heic, No. 39.
XLV. Epitaph of a Scipio, in Saturniam metre. (C. I. L.
I, 34; vI. 1289.)
L, Cornelius On, f, 0m, n, Scipio,
magna, sapientia, multasque uirtutes
aetate quom parua posidet hoc saxsum
quoiei Vita defecit mom Honos honore
is hic situs quei nunquam uictus est uirtutei
amnOs gnatus XX is loceis mandatus
ne quairatis h0m0re quei minus sit mandatus,
L. Cornelius Cn. f. Gn. n(epos) Scipio.
Magnam, Sapìentìam multasque vìrtutes
CietcUte cum, parva, possidet hoc saæum.
Cui Vita, defecit mom, Homos honorem,
ùs hîc situs, qui númquαm, vîctus est vìrtute.
Annos natus viginti is (? iis) locis mandatus.
Ne quaeratis honorem, quî minus sit mandatus.
Republiean, Period. 77
quom. Simce quo had come to be promounced like co the
two are oftem interchanged (see om oquoltod, No. 37 ).
posidet. The double consonant is Writtem single in this
word, but double in amnos, below.
saxsum. XS is a common Way of Writimg æ in early im-
scriptions, and indeed in Latin of all periods (cf.
eastrad No. 37, faaseis No. 42, Saaso No. 66 (5), etc.).
quoiei. On this form see § 10. The Relative in Latim
formed its Gen. and Dat. by adding to its Instrumental
Case quö the Gen. and IDat. of the Demonstr. Pron.
* quó-eios,* quó-eiei (Hist. Gram. ch. v. § 6).
honore(m) (so below), Acc. after defecit * stimted.' Om
the absence of -'m, see § 20. -
virtutei, i.e. virtuti (§ 17), is the I-stem Äbl. (originally
-tìd, § 10), while the classical foTm virtuté (originally
virtuti, § 21) is really the Loe. (§ 10).
hic is the Adv. hic.
is is maturally takem as Nom. Sg. * he.? It may also be
Dat. Plur. agreeing with loceis * assigned to this grave ?
(cf. loculus); for the use of is, where hic would be the
proper Prom., is mot unknown in Writers of this time.
The reading loceis is due to conjecture, there being a
gap in the stome. Buecheler prefers diueis (i.e. the
Manes).
quairatis. The old spelling is retaimed, though the diph-
thong Was noW certainly prOnOunced αe.
quei is Adverbial qvî * how ? : * do not ask how it was that
honour was mot assigned to him,' lit. * do not ask about
honour how it was,? etc. This is the common Latin
idiom, e.g. novi te qualis sis, like the Gk. oïòó σ€ δστιs éí,
78 Handbook of Latin Inscriptions.
Amother rendering is * do not ask about his homours,
for they (lit. * which *) were mever granted him.'
XLVI. Epitaph Of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, im
Elegiac metve; praetor 139 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 38; VI. 1293.)
Cn, Gornelius Cn, f, Scipio Hispanus pr, aid, cur, q. tr, mil,
II Xuir sl, iudik, Xuir sacr, fac,
uirtutes generis mieis moribus aCCumulaui
progenie mi genui facta patris petiei
maiorum optenui laudem ut sibei me esse Creatum
laetentur stirpem nobilitauit h0n0r,
Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio Hispanus pr(aetor), aed(ilis)
cur(ulis), q(uaestor), tr(ibunus) mil(îtaris), bis decemvir
l(itibus) judic(andis), decemvir sacr(is) fac(iendis).
virtutes generis meis moribus accumulavi,
jprogeniem, mî genui, facta, pC tris petîî,
majorum, obtìnuì laudem, ut sîbî me esse creatwm,
laetentur ; stirpem, mobilitavit homOr.
sl. Om stlis, slis, old forms of lis, see Hist. Gramm. ch. x.
§ 19; B. App. § 104. 1 d. Notice the k of iudik(andeis).
mieis, monosyllabie, like suo (No. 42 b). On the spelling
with i, which avoided the awkward form meeis (mis-
takable for *mèis), see my Latin Language, ch. ii. § 9.
progenie(m). On the dropping of -m, See § 20. This
word must be pronoumeed apparently prögényé (? prö-
gênîê, like fàciliú, No. 42 b) to suit the metre. Bueche-
ler prefers to read progeniem, genwì.
petiei. The eì of petiei beside the è Of accumulaui is due
Bepubliean, Period. 79
to the desire to avoid the spellimg ii which might rep-
resent ji or evem , (cf. paastores in No. 44).
optenui. Op represents the sound actually pronoumced,
as we know from Quintiliam (i. 7. 7).
sibei. The metre requires sibi, but the old spelling is
retained. Cf. tìbeî No. 42 b.
nobilitauit. By this time a long vowel had become short-
emed before a final t (see § 18).
XLVII. Epitaph in Iambic senarii found at Rome; of
the time of the Gracchi. (C. I. L. I. 1007; VI. 15346.)
hOspes, quod deiCO, paullum est, asta ac pellege,
heic est sepulorum hau pulorum pulcrai feminae,
nomen parentes nominarunt Glaudiam,
suom mareitum COrde deilexit souo,
gnatOs duOs creauit, hOrunC alterum
in terra linquit, alium sub terra lOCat,
sermone lepido, tum autem inCessu C0mm0d0,
domum seruauit; lanam fecit, dixi, abei,
Sepulcrum (from sèpelio) was vulgarly derived from së
* without ? and pulcher * beautiful.'
Commodus in the early literature oftem means * graceful?
* correct,' (-cum modo) e.g. Plaut. Most. 254-5: —
PH. suo quisque loco (uidem ?) capillus satis compositust
commode ?
SC. ubi tu commoda es, capillum commodum esse credito.
LÓWìficœ, is a commendatory epithet in epitaphs om Romam
ladies,
80 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
Ei is used On this inscription not only foI. the older
diphthong (as in deico, heic, abei), but also for a long
simple , aS in deilexit (cf. § 16). Another mixture of
old amd new spelling is pulcrai (a disyllable) beside
feminae. »
paullum Would be paulum, in the classical spelling (Hist.
Gram. ii. 9).
Xouo- is the older spelling, while suo- was originally
proper to the unaccented use of the word (cf. nóvus
beside dénuo; see on soueis, No. 38).
Hau Was the proper form before an initial consonamt,
haud before am initial vowel (§ 19).
XLVIII. The Law of Bantia. Om abronze tablet, which
contained On the other side a laW in the Oscam lamguage,
found at Bantia in Lucania; 133—118 B.o. (C. I. L. I.
197.)
. . . deicit0 meiue quis mag, testumOnium poplice ei . . .
Neiue is in popliCO luuci praetextam neiue soleas, . . . Mag,
queiquomque C0mitia COnciliumue habebit eum sufragium
ferre mei sinit0 . . . quei ex hace lege plebeiue scito factus
erit senatOrue fecerit gesseritue quo ex hace lege . . . ex h,
l, facere oportuerit oportebitue non fecerit sciens d, m, seiue
aduorsus hanCe legem fecerit . . . eam pequniam quei uolet
magistratus exsigitO, Sei pOstulabit quei petet pr, recupera-
t0reS . . . OpOrteat dato iubetoque eum sei ita pariat COn-
dumnari populo facitoque joudicetur, Sei COndemnatus . . .
ad q. urb, det aut bOna eius p0plice pOSsideantur facito,
Seiquis mag, multam. inrogare uolet . . . partus familias
taXsat licet0 eiq. Omnium rerum siremps lexs est0 quasei sei
Republieam Períod. 81
is haace lege . . . nunc est is in diebus W proxsumeis quibus
queique eOrum sciet h, 1. popolum plebemue . . . eis in diebus
V proxsumeis quibus quisque eOrum mag, inperiumve inierit
iouranto. . . . CastOrus palam luci in forum uorsus et eidem
in diebus V apud q. iouranto per Iouem deOsque . . . fac-
turum neque sese aduorsum h, l, facturum scientem d, m,
neque seese facturum neque intercesurum. . . . Quei ex h,
l. non iourauerit is magistratum imperiumue mei petit0 meiue
gerito meiue habeto neiue in senatu . . . ni quis sinito meiue
eum Censor in senatum legit0 . . .
(neve is testîmonîum) dicito neve quis mag(istratus) testi-
^monium, publice ei (deferri neve denuntìarì sìnito). . .
INeve is in publico luce praeteatam, neve soleas (habeto).
Mag(istratus) quicumque comitia, conciliumve habebit
eum suffragium, ferre ne sinito . . . (Si judea) qui eae hac
lege plebîve Scito factus erit, semato7've fecerit gesseritve, quo
ea, hac lege (quae fieri oporteat mìnus fiant quaeve) ea, h(ac)
l(ege) facere oportuerit oportebitve non fecerit $ciens d(olo)
'm(alo); sive adversu8 hanc legem, fecerit (. . . multa, . . .
esto et) eam, pecuniam, qui volet magistratus eæigito. Si
postulabit qui petet, pr(aetor) recuperatores . . . (quos
quotque dari) oporteat dato jubetoque eum, Sí íta pQriat,
condem mœrî populo facitoque judicetur. Sí condemnatus
(erit, quanti condemnatus erit, praedes) ad q(uaestorem)
urb(anum) det aut bona, ejus publice possideantur facito.
ASiquis mag(istratuS) multCVm irrogare volet (qui volet, dum
minoris) partis familiae taæat, liceto eiq(ue) omnium rerum,
sóremps leæ esto, quCiSì sì ἀs hac lege (pecuniam, quae supra,
Scripta est eæegisset. Consul . . .) qui nunc est, îs în diebus
V proæimis, quibus quique eorum, Sciet h(αγνc) l(egem) popu-
82 Handbook Qf Latín Inseriptions.
lum, plebemve (jussisse, juranto üti infra Scriptum, est.
Item, dictator, consul . . . quîcumque eo7'um, post h®c
factus erit), ei ίη diebus V proæimis, quibus quisque eorum,
7nag(istratum) inperiumve ìnierit, juranto (ùti infra, scrip-
tum est. Ei consistunto αηte aedem) Castoris pdlam, luce
in forum, versus et eidem, in diebus V apud q(uaestorem)
juranto per Jovem deosque (Penates sese quae eæ hac lege
oportebit) facturum, neque sese adversum, h(anc) l(egem)
facturum scientem d(olo) m(alo), meque sese facturum neque
intercessurum, (quo quae eæ hac lege oportebit minus fiant).
Quî ea, hQC lege non juraverit, is magistratum, imperiumve
'ne petito neve gerito neve habeto neve in senatu (sententia m,
dicito dicereve eum) mequis sinito neve eum censor in sena-
tum, legito.
neiue. See On neíquis, No. 37.
poplice. See On poplicod, No. 37.
pequniam, The spelling qu for quw (quo) Was in vogue
about this time. -
pariat, probably a mere misspellimg of pareat.
condumnari. Before a labial im the earlier literary period
a reduced vowel oftem sinks to ü, mot ê (i); see om
oinworsei, No. 37. Cf. testumonium, above.
partuB. For this Gem. emding see on ^Ominus, No. 37.
Cf. Castorus, below.
taxsat. Taaat, Pres. Subj. of *taao (for *tag-So), a by-
form of tango, as viso of video, was retained in the legal
phrase dum, taæat, which im Classical Latim has become
a mere Conj. dumtaa Cvt (see my Latin Langwage, ch. ix.
§ 7). Om æs for æ, a prevalent spellimg om this inscrip-
tiom, see Om SCta swm, No. 45.
Republieam Period. 83
siremps. This is a, mysterious Word which puzzled the
Latim Grammarians. It occurs in the prologue of
the Amphitruo of Plautus (v. 73): —
sirempse legem iussit esse Iuppiter,
amd in old laWs it is fairly commom in this formula:
siremps leæ esto *the same law shall hold* (see my
Latin Langwage, ch. ix. § 8).
XLIX. The Aletrium Temple inscriptiom, om the front
of a temple at Aletrium in Latium. (C. I. L. I. 1166.)
L, Betilienus II, f, Waarus haec quae infera scripta sont de
senatus sententia facienda coirauit semitas in oppido omnis,
porticum qua inarCem eitur Campum ubei ludunt horologium
macelum basilicam CaleCandam seedes lacum balinearium lacum
ad pOrtam aquam im Opidum adque arduOm pedes CCCXJ,
fornicesque fecit fistulas soledas fecit, 0b hasce res Censorem
fecere bis senatus filio stipendia mereta ese iousit populusque
statuam donauit Censorino,
L. Betilienus L. f(ilius) Varus haec quae τηfra, scripta,
sunt de senatus sententia facienda, curavit : semitas in
oppido omnis, portìcum, quœ în arcem ítur, campum, ubi
ludunt, horologium, macellum, basilicam calcandam, sedes,
lacum balnearium, lacum ad portam, aquam in oppidum
adque (atque?) arduum pedes CCCXL, fornicesque fecit,
fistulas soledas fecit. Ob hasce res censorem, fecere bis,
Senatus filio Stipendia, merita esse jussit, ρορυlusque' sta-
tuam, donavit Censorino.
infera, class. înfra ; cf. Supera, No. 54 a.
84 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
inarcem. The Prep. and Noum were oftem Written tO-
gether, as they were always pronoumeed together (Hist.
Gram. ii. 11). Cf. Nos. 59, 60.
calecandam. Lat. cala, lime, is a loan-Word from the Gk.
(Xάλι£), and Was Originally a disyllable.
balinearium. Om balinéwm, (Gk. ßaXavéïov) (cf. platéa, from
Gk. τλατ€ία), See § 12. •
in opidum adque arduom. Here We seem tO have the
original meaning of Oppidum *the toWm On the plain ?
as opposed to *the fortress om the hill.' The Word is
the same as Gk. tréòov, ground, êtráreόos, flat. So the
Adv. oppîdo is like plane.
iousit. Om the diphthong see iousìset, No. 37.
L. The Lex Repetundarum, om bronze- tablets, found
at Rome, 123—122 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 198.) (Extract.)
. . . De nomime deferundo iudicibusque legundeis, Quei ex
h, l, pequmiam ab . . . eum annum leCtei erunt ad iudicem, im
eum anmum quei ex h, l, factus erit imiOus educito nOmenque
eius deferto, Sei deiurauerit calumniae Causa non . . . erit de
CDL uireis quei in eum annum ex h, l, lectei erunt aru0rsario
edat eOs Omnes . . . priuigmusue siet queiue ei sobrinus siet
propiusue eum ea COgnatione attingat queiue ei S0dalis siet
queiue in eodem COmlegio siet, Facitoque COram aruOrsario . . .
non attingeret scientem d, m, itaque is edito iouratoque, Ubei
is ita ediderit, tum in eam . . . erit facito utei is die uicemsumo
ex e0 die quo quoiusque quisque momen detolerit Guiros ex eis
quei ex h, l, CDL uirei in eum ammum lectei erunt quei uiuat
legat . . . siet quoi is queiue ei quei petet gener s00ér uitricus
priuignusque siet queiue ei sobrinus . . . ei sodalis siet queiue
Republiean, Period. 85
tr. pl, q. III uir Cap, III uir a, d, a, tribunus mil, l, IIII primis
aliqua earum siet fueritue queiue insenatu siet fueritue queiue
1, Rubria . . . aberit queiue trans mare erit meiue amplius de
una familia unum meiue eum . . . Calpurnia aut lege Iunia
sacramento actum siet aut quod h, l, nomen delatum siet, QuOs
is Guiros ex h, 1, ediderit de eis ita facito iouret palam apud se
coram . . . neCesitudine atingat quae supra SCripta, sient, Is
unde petitum erit quominus, . . . Guiros ediderit iuvaritue, .
Tum eis pr, facito utei is unde petetur die IX postquam eius
nomen delatum erit quos G is quei petet ex h, l, ediderit de eis
iudices quos . . . nOmem ex h, l, delatum erit L iudices ex h, l,
non legerit edideritue seiue . . . sodalitate attingat queiue im
eodem COmlegio siet ex h, l, nOn . . . eum pr, aduOrsariumue
mora non erit quo minus legat edatue . . . ioudicem legat,
Quei ita lectei erunt eis in eam rem iOudices suntO eOrumque eius
. utei scripta in taboleis habeantur, Pr, quei ex h, l, quaeret
facito . . . quos is quei petet et unde petetur ex h, l, legerint
ediderint eosque patronos . . . quei petiuerit et unde petitum
erit quei eOrum uolet extaboleis poplicis . . . Eisdem iOudices
unius rei im perpetuom sient, Quei iudices . . . quam in rem
eis iudices lectei erunt . . . quei pequniam ex h, l, capiet eum
ob eam rem quod pequniam ex h, l, Ceperit . . . mOueto meiue
equOm adimito meiue quid ob eam rem fraudei estO, .
. . . De momême deferendo judicibusque legendis. Qui
eæ h(ac) l(ege) pecuniam, ab (altero petet, is eum, unde petet
. . . postquam, CDL viri eæ hac lege ίη) ewm, CVMYwm, lecti
erunt, ad judicem, in eum annum qui ea, h(ac) l(ege) factus
erit, óm, jus educito mOmenque ejus deferto. Sí dejeraverit
calwmºniae causa, non, (postulare, is praetor ηοη en recîpîto
itaque facito . . . wt die . . . ea, e0 die, quO cujusque qùîsque
86 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
momen detulerit, is cujus nomen delatum) erit de CDL viris
qui in ewm, annwm ea, h(ac) l(ege) lecti erunt, adversario
edat eos Omnes ( . . . cwî îs quive ei cujus ^Omen, delatwm,
erit gener socer vitricu8) privignusve sit quive ei Sobrinus
sit propiusve ewm, ea cognótìone @ttíngat, quíve eô sodalis
sit, quive ín eodem, collegio sit. Facitoque coram @@versario
(is cujus momen delatum, erit jwret, de CDL viris, quî în
eum, αηηυη eæ hac lege lecti sìnt, praeterea, nullum esse nisi
qui se eQrum, aliqua, necessitudine, quae supra Scripta sint)
mom attingeret scientem d(olo) m(alo) itaque is edito jurato-
que. Ubî îs îta, ediderit, tum, in eam, (quaestionem, qui
cujusque ita, nomen detulerit, praetor, cujus eæ hac lege
quaestio) erit, facito uti is die vicesimo eæ eo die quo cujus-
que quisque nomen detulerit Cviros ex eis qui eæ h(ac) l(ege)
CDL viri in eum, ammum, lecti erunt qui vivat legat (edatque
. dum, meqwis jude®) sit cui is qwìve ei qui petet gemer
Socer vitrìcus privignusque sit quive ei sobrinus (sit pro-
pìusve eum, e(l, cognatione Clttingat, quive ίη eodem, collegio
sit, quive) ei Sodalis sit quive tr(ibunus) pl(ebis), q(uaestor),
III vir cap(italis), III vir a(gris) d(andis) a(ssignandis),
tribunus mil(itum) l(egionibus) IIII primis aliqua earum sit
fueritve, quive in senatu sit fueritve, quive l(ege) Rubria
(III vir Coloniae deducendae creatus sit fueritve, . . . quive
ab urbe Roma, plus . . milia passuum) aberit, quive trans
mare erit ; neve amplius de una familia unum, neve
ewm, (legat edatve, quâ pecuniae captae condemnatus est
erit aut quod cum eo lege) Calpurnia, aut lege Junia, 8C cra-
'mento actum, sit aut quod h(ac) l(ege) momen delatum, sit.
Quos is Cviros eæ h(ac) l(ege) ediderit, de eis ita facito
juret palam, αρτια se coram, (adversarìo eorum, nullum,
Eepubliean, Perìod. 87
se e(lidisse scientem, dolo malo, quem, ob ea7'um, causa-
7'wm, aliqu@m, de eC re judìcCUre ηοη liceCit quîve se earwm,
aliqua) necessitudine attingat, quae supra, scripta, sint. Is
unde petitwm, erit quomînus (ea; hœc lege eæ reis eæimatur,
per eum, praetorem, adversariumque mora, non erit, nisi
is qui petet ita C) viros ediderit juraritque. Tum, eis
pr(aetor) facito ut is wnde petetur die LX postquam ejus
momen delatum, erit, quos C îs quę petet eæ h(ac) l(ege)
ediderit de eis judices quos (volet L legat . . . Qui eæ hac
lege momen detulerit, si is, cujus) momen eæ h(ac) l(ege)
delatum, erit, L judices eæ h(ac) l(ege) non legerit edideritve,
sive (eæ CDL viris qui in eum annum eæ hac lege lecti
erunt qui se affinitate cognatíone) Sodalitate attìngat, qùìve
ίη eodem collegio sit ea, h(ac) l(ege) ηοη (ediderit, tum, ei
per) eum pr(aetorem) adversariumve mora non erit quomi-
nus legat edatve (quos volet L de eis C quos eæ hac lege
ediderit . . . dum, nequem, eorum, quem, eæ haC lege de eQ,
re judicare ηοη liceat, sciens dolo malo) judicem, legat. .
Qui ita, lecti erumt ei ίη eCVm rem, judìces sumto, eorum-
que ejus (rei eœ hac lege judicatio litisque aestimatio esto.
Judicum, patrono7'umque ηοηίηα) τιt Scripta, ίη tabulis habe-
antur. Pr(aetor) qui eæ h(ac) l(ege) quaeret facito (eos
L viroS) quos is qui petet et unde petetur eæ h(ac) l(ege)
legerínt edíderínt eosque patronos, (quos eâ quâ petet ea, hœc
lege dederit . . . ίη tabulis publicis scriptos ίη perpetuo
habeat. Ea momina) qui petierit et unde petitum, erit
qui eorum, uolet eœ tabulis publicis (descrìbere, is praetor
permittito potestatemque Scribendi facito). Idem judices
unius rei in perpetuum sint. Qui judices (ea; hac lege lecti
erunt,) quam, in rem, ei judices lecti erunt, (ejus rei judices
88 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
ên perpetuum, sunto . . . ) qui pecuniam, ex h(ac) l(ege)
capiet, eum ob eam rem quod pecuniam ex h(ac) l(ege)
ceperit (ne . . meve tribu) moveto meve equwm, adimito neve
quid ob eam rem fraudi esto. -
INotice the frequent Writing of the Preposition in the
same Word with its Noum (e.g. inious * injus,' insenatu),
the spelling qu for cu, (quu) (e.g. pequniam), the occa-
sional use of a, simgle for a, double consonant (necesitu-
dine atingat), the retention (not, however, consistently)
of the old diphthongs (e.g. ious, iourato), and of ö for ù
(e.g. detolerit), the Nom. Plur. of the Demonstrative in
-(e)is, e.g. eis eis-dem. Of the Relative the forms in use .
are Nom. quei, Gen. quoius, Dat. quoi (see § 10). The
Erohibitive Particle is mei (nî), om which see meiquis,
NO. 37.
LI. Inscriptions of magistrates of Capua.
(a) 108 B.o. (C. I. L. I. 565.)
. . . Heisce magistreis Venerus Iouiae murum aedificandum
Coirauerunt ped. CCJXX et loidos fecerunt Ser, Sulpicio M.
Aurelio cos,
(b) 106 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 566.)
. . . Heisce magistreis Cererus murum et pluteum long, p,
LXXX alt, p, XXI faciumd, Coirauere eidemque loid, feC, 0,
Atilio Q, Seruilio cos,
(6) 106 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 567.)
. . . Heisce magistrei Gastori et Polluci murum et pluteum
faciumd, coerauere eidemque loedos fecere Q. Seruilio 0, Atilio
C0S,
Republieam Perìod. 89
(a) Hi magistri Veneris Joviae murum, aedificandum,
curaverumt ped(es) CCLXX et ludos fecerunt Ser. Sulpicio
lM. Aurelio cos. •,
(Ü) Hi magîstrî Cereris murum, et pluteum, long(os)
pedes LXXX alt(os) p(edes) XXI faciund(os) curavere
δdemque lud(os) fec(ere) C. Atilio Q. Servilio cos.
(e) Hi magìstrì Castorí et Polluci murum, et pluteum,
faciem d(os) curavere idemque ludos fecere Q. Servilio C.
Atilio COS.
Notice the Nom. Plur. in -eis mot merely of pronouns
(see On eeis No. 37, eis No. 50), but also of nouns, e.g.
magistreis; and the Gen. Sg. in -us (Venerus, Cererus),
see om nominus, No. 37.
Om Venerus Iouiae see Ioves, No. 2.
LII. Decree of the Pagus Herculaneus, 94 B. C. (C. I. L.
I. 571.)
Pagus Herculaneus sciuit a, d, X Terminalia,
Conlegium seiue magistrei Iouei COmpagei sunt utei in
pOrticum paganam reficiendam pequmiam COnsumerent ex lege
pagana, arbitratu Cn, LaetOri Gn, f, magistrei pagei uteique
ei conlegio seiue magistri sunt Iouei compagei locus in
teatro esset tam quasei sei ludos fecissent, . . . 0. Coelio
0, f. Caldo, L, Domitio Cn, f, Ahenobarbo cos,
Pagus Herculaneus scivit a(nte) d(iem) X Terminalia.
Collegium, sive magistri Jovìì compagi sunt, ut in, porti-
cwm, pagam CVm reficiendam, pecúniam, COnSumerent eæ lege
pQgama, arbitratu, Gn. Laetorìì Gn. f. magîstrî pagì ; utque
ei collegîo, sìve 'mC gistri sunt Jovì COmpagi, locus ίη theatro
90 Handbook of Latin Inscriptions.
esset tam, quasi si ludos fecissent . . . C. Coelio C. f(ilio),
L. Domitio Cn. f(ilio) Ahenobarbo cos.
pequniam. For this spelling cf. No. 51.
teatro. The use of th for Gk. 6 had not yet come in
(§ 23).
LIII. Lex Cornelia de XX Quaestoribus, on a bronze
tablet found at Rome; 81 B. C. (C. IL. I. 202.)
. . . 00s, quei nunc sunt, iei ante k, DeCembreis primas
de eis, quei ciues ROmamei sunt, uiatOrem unum legunto, quei
in ea deCuria uiatOr appareat, quam deCuriam uiatOrum ex
nOmeis Decembribus primeis quaestOribus ad aerarium apparere
oportet oportebit, Eidemque COS, ante k, Decembr, primas
de eis, quei ciues Romanei sunt, praeCOmem unum legunto,
quei in ea deCuria praeCO appareat, quam decuriam praeCOnum
ex mOmeis Decembribus primeis quaestoribus ad aerarium
apparere 0p0rtet 0p0rtebit, A. . Eosque uiatOreS eOsque prae-
Comes Omneis, quOS e0 Ordine dignOS arbitrabuntur, legunto,
Quam in quisque deCuriam ita uiatOr lectus erit, is in ea
decuria uiatOr estO item utei ceterei eius decuriae uiatores
erunt, Quamque in quisque deCuriam ita praeCO lectus erit,
is in ea decuria praeCO esto ita utei Ceterei eius deGuriae
praecones erunt, Sirempsque eis uiatOribus deque eis uiatOri-
bus q(uaestOri) Omnium rerum iuus lexque esto, .quaSei sei
uiatores in eam decuriam in tribus uiatoribus antea, lectei
sublectei essent, Sirempsque eis praeconibus deque eis prae-
COnibus quaestOri Omnium rerum iuus lexque estO, quasei sei
ei praecones in eam decuriam in tribus praeconibus antea
lectei sublectei essent, quam in quisque deCuriam eOrum ex
hac lege praeCO lectus erit, -
Republicam Period. 91
Quos quomque quaestOres ex lege plebeiue scito uiatores
legere sublegere 0p0rtebit, ei quaestOreS e0 iure ea lege
uiatores IIII leguntO sublegunt0, qu0 iure qua lege q(uae-
stores), quei nunc sunt, uiatOreS III legerunt sublegerunt,
Quosque quomque quaestores ex lege plebei ue scito praeCOmes
legere sublegere 0p0rtebit, ei quaestores eo iure ea lege prae-
COnes IIII legunt0 sublegunt0, quo iure qua lege quaestOres,
quei nunc sunt, praecones III legerunt sublegerunt, dum
miquem in eis uiatOribus praeCOmibus legumdeis sublegundeis in
eius uiatOris praeCOmis locum uiatOrem praeCOmem legant sub-
legant, quoius in locum per leges plebeiue scita uiatOrem
legei sub legi non licebit, Ita que de eis quattuOr uiatOribus
quaestOr queiquomque erit uiatOres sumito habeto, utei ante
hanc legem rogatam de tribus uiatOribus uiatOreS habere
sumere solitei sunt, . . .
This inscriptiom is mearer Classical tham Archaic Latin,
amd its examples of archaic forms will be understood by
reference to the notes om previous inscriptions. With
iei cf. mîeîs, No. 46. Om siremps see No. 48.
LIV. Epitaphsfrom theVia Nomentama. (C. I. L. I. 1011.)
(a) Aurelia L, l, Philematio,
lUiua Philematium sum Aurelia, nominitata,
Casta, pudens, uolgei nescia, feida uiro,
uir conleibertus fuit, eidem, quo careo eheu,
ree fuit ee uero plus superaque parens,
Septem me naatam annorum gremio ipse recepit, 5
quadraginta annOS nata necis potior,
ille meo officio adsiduo florebat ad omnis
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Republicam Period. 93
0ommuni restituto in maiorum leibertatem Roma, Iouei Capi-
tolimo et poplo Romano uirtutis beniuolentiae benificique caussa
erga Lucios ab COmmuni, -
Om poplo see No. 4. Cau$$a became later causa, § 25,
IIist. Gram. ch. ii. § 9.
LVII. The Furfo Decree, found at Furfo in S. Italy,
58 B. C. (C. I. L. I. 603.)
. . . Sei qu0d ad eam aedem domum datum donatum dedica-
tumque erit, utei liceat Oeti uenum dare, Ubei uenum datum
erit, id profanum esto, Venditio locatio aedilis esto, quam
quomque ueicus Furfens(is) fecerint, quod se sentiat eam rem
sime scelere sine piaculo uendere locare, alis me potesto, Quae
pequnia recepta erit, ea pequmia, emere COnducere lOCare dare,
quo id templum melius honestiusque seit, licet0, Quae pequmia,
ad eas res data erit, profana estO, quod d(olo) m(alo) non erit
factum, / Quod emptum erit aere aut argento ea pequnia, quae
i/ad id emendum datum erit quod emptum erit, eis rebus
eadem lex esto, quasei sei dedicatum sit,
Sei qui heic sacrum surupuerit, ae(lilis multatio esto, quanti
uolet, Idque ueicus Furfens(is) mai(or) pars fifeltares sei aps0-
luere uolent siue COndemnare, licet0,
Sei qui ad hoc templum rem deiuinam fecerit Ioui libero aut
Iouis genio, pelleis COria, famei suntO,
aliB for alius, probably a colloquial form, is found im
Catullus (lxvi. 28): —
quod non fortior ausit alis.
So alîd in Lucretius i. 263:
quamdo alid ex alio reficit matura.
The Word fifeltares is obscure.
CHAPTER III.
THE AGE OF CICERO AND THE EARLY EMPIRE.
CLASSICAL LATIN.
23. The number of Greek words that were being intro-
duced into the language, and the growing study of Greek
Grammar and Phometics, led to the more exact orthog-
raphy of Greek loan-words. The Greek letters Upsilon
(Y, our y) and Zeta (Z, Our 2) Supplanted the earlier
transliteration by V, 88 (8) (e.g. cymba, earlier cumba),
and found their way imto some words that were pure
Latim, e.g. silva, Wrongly Writtem sylva. The Greek
Aspirate Mutes Were expressed by th, ph, ch, instead
of t, p, c, as hitherto, and Greek imitial Rho by rh-.
24. A Chamge in the 2d Decl. is described by Cicero
(Orat. xlvi. 155) as having been effected in his own life-
time, viz. the disuse of the old Gen. Plur. ending-um (-om)
for the mew-fashioned -orum, (see my Hist. Gram. ch. iii.
§ 6, amd cf. duonoro(m), No. 25).
25. The Orthography of Ciceroniam and Augustam
Latim exhibits mamy archaic features that are not always
found in our editions of these authors, e.g. quoi for cui,
ei frequently for , ms for S im vicem sumus, etc., w, for , in
vicensumus, maaumus, etc. Julius Caesar is said tO have
brought about the use of the * meW ' spelling with î om
94
Classìcal Perìod. 95
State inscriptioms, optimus, mCIacimus. Long Wowels are
now indicated by the * apex,' a mark like the Greek
acute accent. Traces of the apex still remaim in French,
e.g. été, and other alphabetS derived from the Latin.
After a, diphthong ll is now written l ; while SS becomes
s after a, long vowel tOO, e.g. causa, mîsî (cf. reprOmeisserit,
No. 59).
LVIII. Epitaph om am actress, Rome; e. 50 B.C.
'(C. I. L. I. 1009; vi. 10096.)
Eucharis Liciniae l(iberta) docta erodita Omnes artes uirg0
uixit an(nos) XIIII,
heus OCulo errante quei aspicis léti domus,
mOrare gressum et titulum mostrum perlege,
amor parenteis quem dedit matae suae,
ubei se reliquiae COmlOCarent c0rp0ris,
heic uiridis aetas cum floreret artibus
Crescente et aeuo gloriam COnscenderet,
properauit, hóra tristis fatalis mea
et denegauit ultra ueitae spiritum,
docta, erodita, paene Musarum manu,
quae modo mobilium ludos deCOraui choro
et graeCa, in Scaena prima populo apparui,
en hoo in tumulo cinerem nostri COrpOris
infistae Parcae deposierunt carmine,
studium patronae, cura, amOr, laudes, decus
silent ambusto COrpOre et leto taOent,
reliqui fletum mata genitOri meo
et anteCessi, gemita pOst, leti diem,
bis hic septeni mecum natales dies
96 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
tenebris tementur Ditis aeterna, domu,
rogo ut discedens terram mihi dicas leuem,
Early forms On this graceful inscription are quei, ubei,
heic, and the like. Deposierunt shews the older perfect
of pomo, posívi (posii), which Was in Classical Latim sup-
planted by posui ; see Om poseiuei, No. 44.
Erodita is a, pseudo-archaism, for the genuine ancient
spelling was, like the classical, With w ; cf. exfociont om
the Columna Rostrata, No. 31.
Infistae may with its ì indicate the close soumd of e in
'ίηféstus. -^
Domus is declined according to the 5th I)ecl. in l. 1 and
l. 19; but in all the early writers we mever find it other
tham a Second Declensiom Noum ; cf. Gk. δόμοs.
LIX. Lex Rubria, de Civitate Galliae Cisalpinae, om a
bronze tablet foumd in the district of Placentia; 49 B.c.
(C. I. L. I. 205.)
. . . Qua de re quisque et aqu0 inGallia cis alpeina damnei
infectei exformula, restipularei satisue accipere uolet, et ab eo
quei ibei i(ure) d(eicundo) p(raerit) postulauerit, idque non
k(alumniae) k(aussa) se facere iurauerit : tum is quo d(e)
e(a) r(e) inius aditum erit eum quei inius eductus erit d(e)
e(a) r(e) exformula reprOmittere et, sei satis darei debebit,
satis dare iubetO decernitO, Quei eOrum ita nom reprOmeisserit
aut mOm satis dederit, seiquid interim damni datum factum ue
ex ea re aut ob e(am) r(em) e0ue mOmine erit, quam ob rem
utei dammei infectei repromissio satisue datio fierei [iubeatur]
postulatum erit, tum mag(istratus) proue mag(istratu) IIuir
Classical Perìod. 97
IIIIuir praefec(tus)ue, quoquomque d(e) e(a) r(e) inius aditum
erit, d(e) e(a) r(e) ita ius deicito iudicia dato iudicareque
iubeto COgito, proinde atque sei d(e) e(a) r(e), quOm ita pOS-
tulatum esset, dammei infeCtei ex formula, recte reprOmissum
satisue datum esset, . . . dum IIuir IIIIuir i(ure) d(eicundo)
praefec(tus)ue d(e) e(a) r(e) ius ita deicat curetue, utei ea
nomina, et municipium Colonia locus ine0 iudicio, qu0d ex ieis
quae prOXSume s(cripta) s(unt) aCCipietur, includantur COn-
cipiantur, quae includei Concipei s(ine) d(olo) m(alo) oportere
ei uidebuntur, nequid ei quei d(e) e(a) r(e) aget petetue
Captionei ob e(am) r(em) aut eo nomine esse possit; neiue ea
nOmina quae inearum qua formula, quae s(upra) s(criptae)
s(unt), SCripta sunt, aut Mutinam ine0 iudicio includei COn-
cipei Curet, mise iei, quos inter id iudicium accipietur leisue
COntestabitur, ieis nOminibus fuerint, quae in earum qua
formula s(cripta) s(unt), et nisei sei Mutinae ea res agetur,
Neiue quis mag(istratus) proue mag(istratu) meiue quis pro
quo imperio potestateue erit intercedito meiue quid aliud facito,
quo minus de ea re ita iudicium detur iudiceturque, . . .
The prevalemce of ei- forms is in keeping with the
archaic character of State inscriptioms.
Notice the frequent junction of Prep. and Noum, a
practice maintained in Latin Mss. with more or less
consistency to the eleventh century or later, inGallia,
inius, etc.
repromeisserit. Om -ss- see § 25.
LX. Lex Julia, Municipalis, om three bronze tablets,
originally belonging to Heraclea in S. Italy ; 45 B.o.
(C. I. L. I. 206.)
98 Handbook of Latin Inscriptions.
. . . Quod quemquem h(ac) l(ege) profiterei oportebit, is,
apud quem ea professio fiet, eius quei profitebitur nomen et
ea, quae professus erit et qu0 die professus sit, intabulas
publicas referunda Curato, eademque Omnia quae uteique in-
tabulas rettulerit ita intabulam in album referunda curato,
idque aput forum et, quOm frumentum populo dabitur, ibei
ubei frumentum populo debitur oottidie maiorem partem diei
propositum habeto, u(nde) d(e) p(lano) r(ecte) l(egi) p(ossit),
Queiquomque frumentum populo dabit damdumue Curabit,
mei quoi eOrum, quOrum nOmina h(ac) l(ege) ad C0(n)s(ulem)
pr(aetorem) tr(ibumum) pl(ebis) intabula inalbo proposita erunt,
frumentum dato neue dare iubeto neue sinito, Quei ad uersus
ea eorum quoi frumentum dederit, is in tr(itici) m(odios) I
HS lOOO populo dare damnas estO eiusque pecuniae quei
uolet petitio estO,
. . . QuemquOmque ante suum aedificium uiam publicam
h(ac) l(ege) tueri oportebit, quei eorum eam uiam arbitratu
eius aed(ilis), quoius Oportuerit, nOn tuebitur, eam uiam
aed(ilis), quoius arbitratu eam tuerei oportuerit, tuemdam
locato, Isque aed(ilis) diebus ne minus X antequam locet
aput forum ante tribunale suOm prOpOsitum habeto, quam
uiam tuendam et quo die locaturus sit et quorum ante aedifi-
cium ea uia sit, Eisque, quOrum ante aedificium ea uia erit,
procuratoribusue eOrum domum denuntietur facit0 ' se eam
uiam locaturum et qu0die locaturus sit, Eamque locationem
palam in foro per q(uaestOrem) urb(anum) eumue quei aerario
praerit facitO, Quamta pecunia eam uiam locauerit, tamtae
pecuniae eum eOsque, quOrum ante aedificium ea uia erit
prOpOrtiOni, quamtum quoiusque ante aedificium uiae inlongi-
tudine et imlatitudine erit, q(uaestor) urb(anus) queiue aerario
Classical Perìod. 99
praerit intabulas publicas pecuniae factae referendum curato,
Ei, quei eam uiam tuemdam redemerit, tamtae pecuniae eum
eOsue ad tribuito sine d(olo) m(alo), Sei is quei ad tributus
erit eam pecuniam diebus XXX proxumeis, quibus ipse aut
procuratOr eius sciet adtributionem factam esse, ei, quoi ad
tributus erit, nOn soluerit neque satis feCerit, is quamtae
pecuniae ad tributus erit, tamtam pecuniam et eius dimidium
ei, quoi ad tributus erit, dare debeto, Inque eam rem is quo
quomque de ea re aditum erit iudicem iudiciumue ita dato
utei depecunia credita iudicem iudiciumue dari oporteret,
. . . Quae plostra noctu in urbem inducta erunt, quominus
ea plostra inania aut stercOris ex portamdei caussa post solem
Ortum h(oris) X diei bubus iumenteis ue iuncta in u(rbe)
R(oma) et ab u(rbe) R(oma) p(assus) M esse liceat, e(ius)
h(ac) l(ege) m(ihil) r(ogatur),
. . . Quae loca serueis publiceis ab cens(oribus) habitandei
utemdei Caussa ad tributa sunt, ei quominus eis loceis utantur,
e(ius) h(ac) l(ege) n(ihil) r(ogatur), '
Queiquomque immunicipieis coloneis praefectureis foreis com-
ciliabuleis c(iuium) R(omanorum) IIuir(ei) IIIIuir(ei) erunt
alioue quo nomine mag(istratum) potestatemue sufragio eorum,
quei' quoiusque municipi Coloniae praefecturae fori COnciliabuli
erunt, habebunt, meiquis eOrum quem in eo municipio Colonia
praefectura foro COnciliabulo in senatum decuriones COnscriptosue
legit0 neue sublegitO meue Coptato neue recitandos curato nisi
indemOrtuei damnateiue lOCum eiusue quei COnfessus erit se
senatorem deCurionem COnSOreiptumue ibei h(ac) l(ege) esse non
licere,
. . . Qui pluribus immunicipieis Coloneis praefectureis domi-
cilium habebit et is Romae Census erit, quo magis in municipio
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('uIm10 ej Imqpe T^
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smqj Te jaA eemb *uTeT011II T UI'epeUI qm .'smuIIxeTUI smUUTjdo ,
IZ 'gA 'I ']ugmò) 'pup[ eU[] Jo suOjdjIosUIT UT (m IapIo eu[}
IOJ 3 TTA) sm^uyayovu, 's^^ujdo ex[II S3UIIIIods JO UIOI4dope
ot[] pò000j0 OUIA @UI S€A q; q?U[4 40t3J 0U|0 UIOIJ AOUIX[ 0A
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3uIpaaooms eUIos pU'è smjsmám W ex[II 'Tes0t3O smTm ß
'Im10I0dUII0]do
Qmbs[9 qUIB0TI04 SOLIepUmj sjdiOTUmUII SmUIIUII 0m0mb qUIIS è]0I 00
smUIIUII Omb '0|0tJ pJmb 9m9UI OTp90I0TII STmb 9m9N ']U0SS9 08100,I
-U00 0070] mUIUIIO0 0U]ppe s039| seepè 'TTpop (01)0S 0m (19q6)[d
039| smqídíoTUmUI SI9 s039I UTmUIIIId UIIOmb 'tIIm, 00qe S0I se0 [9S
'1TI01I0do [9]m f010U0] UTI01I SOUTepTImj sgdfOIUIllUI '|I0X0II00 1II0mè]
-mUIIUIIO0 4TI0p|ppe S939| seepè '|U0sm! smTmdod (UI030)[ (0UT0)II
omb 'oUmxO Id OUIUIU OBUII (UTeQ03o) I (UII030)I (OLIU)I 4S0d sf pTmb
I9S '10I0p IdfOTImUII Smj9 omsmqjdfOIUmTI OUIUpUmj 0[(IfOTmUI UII
S939| [9]m 'jTmJ 4S0 SmSSIUII0d (01)0S 0m (f9q6)[d 039| [9mò
'(Imqe30) I (TTTj)UI
(930)I (00)q (sm)9 'Imqe9sT90 (939)I (ot)q eTm100J08Id èTIO[00
Classical Perìod. *. 101
damnäß is a, form of damnatus affected in legal phrase-
ology. It seems to represent am I-stem damnati-, like
Sαnαtes (a legal term for allies who had revolted but
afterwards returned to their allegiamce, * quasi sana,
mente *) beside sanati, Manes beside O. Lat. mano- and
the like. * Dammatis became damnas, as the Plautime
forms mostratis, Arpìnatis, etc., beca me nostras, A'pìnCIS.
A curious spelling (due to am etymological theory ?) is
the use of mm, for m, in the Gerumd and Gerundive, e.g.
tuemdam, also in tamtam, etc. Notice also aput, om
Vhich see § 20.
LXI. Glandes, found at Perusia; 41—40 B.O. (C. I. L.
I. 685, 692.)
(a) L, AntOni Calui peristi 0, Oaesarus uictoria,
(b) Esureis et me Célas,
These sentences were carved by soldiers om the leadem
bullets which they shot against the defenders of Perusia,
in the course of the long blockade of L. Antonius by
Octaviamus. They shew us how Latin was Wittem by
uneducated Romans at that period. Notice the spelling
eBureis With ei for later , and the retentiom im plebeiam
Latin of the old Gen. emding -ös (-üs) of the 3d Decl.,
Caesarus (§ 10). The first sentence has am echo of a
Trochaic Septenarius. This was the popula), metre at
this time, and in uneducated hands was generally cOn-
structed with regard to accent rather than to quantity.
Two interesting monuments of Augustus follow, the
official proclamation about the Ludi Saeculares, amd the
autobiographical notice of the Emperor, They should
102* Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
be compared with the Law of Julius Caesar (No. 60),
amd the Decree of the Emperor Claudius (No. 64).
LXII. Commentarius Ludorum Saecularium, foumd
recently in the bed of the Tiber. (Epheme7'is Epigra-
phica, VIII. ii.)
. . . Ludique noctu sacrificio confecto sunt commissi in
scaena, quoi theatrum adiectum non fuit nullis positis sedilibus,
centumque et X matronae quibus denuntiatum erat XVuirorum
uerbis sellisternia, habuerunt Iunoni et Diamae duabus sellis
pOsitis,
Κ, Ium, in Capitolio bouem marem Ioui Optimo maximo
proprium immolauit imp, Caesar Augustus, ibidem alterum
M. Agrippa, precati autem sunt ita :
Iuppiter optime maxime uti tibi in illeis libreis scriptum
est quarumque rerum ergo quodque melius siet populo R, Quiri-
tibus tibi hOC boue mare pulchro sacrum fiat te quaeso pre-
C0rque ; Cetera uti supra,
Ad atallam fuerunt Caesar Agrippa Scaeuola Sentius IIOllius
Asinius Gallus Rebilus, è
Deinde ludi Latini in theatro ligneo quod erat COnstitutum
in Campo secundum Tiberim sumt COmmissi, eodemque modo
sellisternia, matres familiae habuerunt, neque sunt ludi inter-
missi iei qui noctu COepti erant fieri et edictum propositum,
XV uir s, f, dic, ;
Cum bono mOre et proinde Celebrato frequentibus exsemplis,
quandocumque iusta laetitiae publicae Caussa fuit, minui luctus
matrOnarum placuerit, idque tam sollemnium sacrorum ludorum-
que tempore referri diligenterque opseruari pertinere uideatur
Classical Perìod. 103
et ad honorem deorum et ad memoriam Cultus eOrum : statuimus
offici nostri esse per edictum denuntiare feminis, uti luctum
minuant,
Noctu autem ad Tiberim sacrificium fecit deis Ilithyis libeis
VIIII popanis VIIII pthoibus VIIII imp, Caesar Augustus ; pre-
0atus est hOC m0d0 : -
Ilithyia, utei tibei in illeis libreis SCriptum est, quarumque
rerum ergo, quodque melius siet p, R, Quiritibus, tibi VIIII
popanis et VIIII libeis et Vllll pthoibus sacrum fiat; te quaeso
preCOrque,
IV monas Iun, in Capitolio immolauit Iunoni reginae bouem
feminam imp, Caesar Augustus, ibidem alteram M. Agrippa et
preCatus est hOC modo:
Iuno regina, uti tibi in illis libris SCriptum est, quarumque
rerum ergo quodque melius siet p, R, Quiritibus, tibi boue
femina, pulchra Sacrum fiat ; te quaeso precorque,
Deinde CX matribus familias nuptis, quibus demu[ntiatum
fuit ut conuenirent, imp, Caesar Augustus] praeit in haec uerba :
Iuno regina, ast quid est quod melius siet p, R, Quiritibus . . .
Sacrificioque perfecto pueri XXVII quibus denuntiatum erat
patrimi et matrimi et puellae totidem Carmen Cecinerunt; eodem-
que modo in Capitolio . . .
Carmen COmpOsuit Q, Horatius FlaCCus, . . .
In connection with this interesting record of Augustus?
reign, the Carmen, Saeculare of Horace should be read.
atallam is obscure. The Word has been connected with
attónus (atamus?), a vessel used for sacrificial purposes.
It may be a Dimimutive ; cf. Hispallus from Hispámus.
INotice the spellings quoi (the form in use even im
104 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
Quintilian's time), illeis libeiB and the frequent use of
ei, ex8emplis, opBeruari the phometic spelling, While obs-
was the grammatical, pthoibuB. The last example ex-
hibits the normal mode of expressing a, Greek aspirate
group in classical Latin. We should Write plhisis, mot
phlhisis, dipthongus, not diphlhongus, etc.
LXIII. The Monumentum Ancyranum or Res Gestae
Divi Augusti, from the Wall of a, temple at Ancyra
(edited by Mommsen).
Rérum gestárum díuí Augusti, quibus Orbem terrarum imperio
populi Rom(ani) Subiécit, et impensarum, quas in rem publicam
populumque Romanum fecit, incîsarum in duabus aheneis pílís,
quae sunt Romae pOsitae, exemplar subiectum, Rés publica me
quid detrimenti Caperet, me pro praetore simul cum COnsulibus
prouidere iussit, Populus autem eódem ammo mé Consulem, cum
00(n)s(ul) uterque bello Cecidisset, et trium uirum reí publicae
COnstituendae creauit,
Quî parentem meum interfecerunt, eós im exilium expulí iudi-
ciís legitimís ultus eórum facimus, et p0st0á bellum inferentís
rei publicae uici bis acie,
Eella terra et mari ciuilia, externaque tóto in orbe terrarum
suscepi uictorque Omnibus superstitibus cíuibus pepercí, Exter-
mas gentés, quibus tút0 ignOSci p0tuit, COnseruâre quam excídere
malui, Millia ciuium Rómanorum adacta sacrâmento meO fuerunt
circiter quingenta, Ex quibus dedúxi in Coloniás aut remîsi
in municipia sua stipendis emeritis millia, aliquantum plura
quam treCenta, et iis Ommibus agrós a me emptOs aut pecuniam,
prô praediis a me dedi, Naues Cépi seSCentas praeter eás, si
quae minóres quam triremes fuerunt,
Classical Period. 105
Eis Ouáms triumphaui, tris egi curulîs triumphós, et appellátus
sum uiciens semel imperátOr, 0um deinde plúris triumphos
mihi senatus deCreuisset, eis supersedi, Item saepe laurus de-
pOSui, in Capitolio uotis, quae quóque bello muncupaueram, solutîs,
0b res á me aut per legatOS meós auspicîs meis terra marique
prospere [gestâs quinquagiens et quinquiens decreuit senátus
supplicandum esse dis immortalibus, Dies autem, per quôs
ex sémâtûs COnsulto supplicátum est, fuere DCCCLXXXX, In
triumphis meis ducti sunt ante currum meum regés aut regum
liberi nouem, Consul fueram terdeciens, cum scribebam haec, at
agebam Septimum et trigensimum ammum tribuniciae potestatis,
Dictaturam et apsenti et praesenti mihi datam . . . a populo
et Senatu M. Marcello et L, Arruntio consulibus non aCCepi,
Non reCusaui in Summa frumenti penuria Curationem annonae,
quam ita administraui, ut . . . paucis diebus metu et periclo
quo erat populum uniuersum meis impensis liberarem, Consu-
latum tum datum annuum et perpetuum nOn aCCepi,
Patriciórum numerum auxí COnsul quintum iussú populi et
senátús, Sematum ter légi, ln Comsulátú SextO Cénsum populi
Conlegá M. Agrippâ égî, Lústrum post ammum alterum et qua-
dragensimum féci, Qu6 lústro ciuium Románórum Censa sunt
Capita quadragiens Centum millia et sexaginta tria millia,
Iterum Consulari cum imperio lústrum sólus féci 0, 0ensorino
et 0, Asimio COS, Quô lústro censa sunt cíuium Romanórum
Capita quadragiens Centum millia et duCenta triginta tria millia,
Tertium COnsulári cum imperio lústrum COnlegâ Tib, Oaesare
filio feci Sex, Pompeio et Sex, Appuleio COS, Qu6 lústro Censa
Sunt ciuium Románórum Capitum quadragiens centum millia
et nongenta trigenta et septem millia, Legibus nouis latis 00m-
106 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
plura exempla maiorum exoleSCentia, iam ex nOstro usu reduxi et
ipse multárum rérum exempla imitanda posteris traditi,
Vota pro ualetudine mea suscipi per COnsulés et sacerdotes
quinto quoque anno senatus deCreuit, Ex iis uotîs saepe fece-
runt uíuo me ludos aliquotiens sacerdotum quattuOr amplissima
Collégia aliquotiens COnsules, Priuatim etiam et múnicipatim
úniuersi ciues sacrificauerunt semper apud Omnia, puluínária pró
ualetudine mea,
Nomen meum senatus COnsulto inclusum est in Saliáre car-
mem, et saCrOsanctus ut essem . . . et ut quoad uíuerem, tribù-
nicia potestás mihí esset, lege sanctum est, Pontifex maximus
ne fierem in uíuí COnlegae locum, populo id sacerdotium deferente
mihi, quod pater meus habuit, recusaui. Gepi id sacerdotium
- aliquod pOst annós eô mortuo qui ciuilis motus OCCasione OCCU-
pauerat, Cumcta, ex Italia ad Comitia mea . . . tanta multitudine,
quanta Romae numquam antea fuisse fertur, COeunte P, Sulpicio
G, Valgio COnsulibus, -
Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta aedés Honoris et Virtutis ad
pOrtam Capenam pro reditu meO senátus COnsaGrauit, in qua-
pontifices et uirgines Vestales anniuersárium sacrificium facere
iussi die, quo COnsulibus Q, Lucretio et M, Winucio in urbem ex
Syria redi, et diem Augustalia ex COgnOmine n0str0 appellauit, . . .
The spelling of am inscriptiom of this sort would, we
may be sure, be carefully looked after; for Augustus
Was noted for his attention to Orthography and other
points of grammar. The apex of dedúxi shews us that
the w of the Perf. of duco was promounced long like the
w of the Pres. (cf. lústrum). Notice apsenti (cf. opseruari
of the Comm. Lud. Saec.).
Classical Period!. 107
LXIV. Inscriptiom of the Emp. Claudius at ILyons.
. . . Equidem prímam Omnium illam cogitationem hominum
quam maxime prímam OCCursuram mihi prouide0, DepreCOr, me
quasi nouam istam rem introduci exhorrescatis, sed illa potius
Cogitetis quam multa in hâc cîuitate nouata sint et quidem
statim ab Origine urbis nostrae in quod formas statúsque rés
p(ublica) nostra, díducta sit,
QuOndam réges hanc tenuére urbem, meo tamen domesticis
suCCeSSOribus eam tradere COntigit, Superuenere alieni et qui-
dam externí ut Numa Romulo suCCesserit ex Sabinís ueniéns,
uícinus quidem, sed tunc externus; ut AnC6 Márcio Prîscus Tar-
quinius, propter temeratum sanguinem, — quod patre Demaratho
Corinthio natus erat et Tarquiniensi mátre generosâ sed inopî
ut quae tali marito necesse habuerit succumbere, — cum domi
repelleretur á gerendís honoribus, pOstquam Romam migrauit
regnum adeptus est, Huic quoque et filio nepotiue eius, nam
et hoc inter auctores discrepat, insertus Seruius Tullius, si
nostros sequimur captiua natus 0Cresiâ, sí TusCOS Oaeli quondam
Viuemmae sodalis fidelissimus Omnisque eius Cásús COmes; post-
quam uariâ fortuna exáctus cum Omnibus reliquîs Caeliáni exer-
citûs Etráriá excessit montem Caelium OCCupauit et aduce suô
Caelio ita appellitatus mutatôque nOmine, nam Tusce Mastarna
eí momen erat, ita appellatus est ut dixi, et regnum summâ cum
rei p(ublicae) útilitate optinuit. Deinde, pOstquam Tarquini Su-
perbî móres inuísi cîuitati nOstrae esse COeperunt qua ipsius qua
filiorum eius, nempe pertaesum est mentés régni et ad COnsules
annuós magistrâtûs administratio reí p(ublicae) tránslata est,
Quid nunc commemorem dictaturae hóc ipso COnsulári im-
perium ualentius repertum apud maiores nostrOS quo in asperiori-
bus bellís aut in cíuili motú difficiliore uterentur, aut in auxilium
108 Hamdbook of Latin In8criptions.
plebis Creatós tribunos plébei ? Quid áconsulibus ad decemuiros
translátum imperium, $olutoque postea decemuirali régno ad
consules rúsus reditum ? Quid in plurís distributum COnsulare
imperium tribunOsque militum COmsulari imperio appellatós, qui
séni et saepe octoni Crearentur ? Quid COmmunicátos postrémo
cum plebe honóres non imperi solum sed sacerdotiorum quoque ?
Iam si nárrem bella, á quibus coeperint maiores nostri et quo
processerimus, uereor né nimiô insolentior esse uidear et quae-
sisse iactatiónem glóriae prolati imperi ultrá 6ceanum, sed illoo
potius reuertar cíuitatem . . . potest sane nouo more et díuus
Augustus auOnculus meus et patruus Ti, Oaesar Omnem flórem
ubique coloniárum ac municipiorum bonórum scilicet uirorum
et locupletium in hâc Cúria esse uoluit, Quid ergo! non Italicus
senatOr prouinciali potior est ? Iam uobîs cum hanc partem
censurae meae adprobáre coepero quid de eáré sentiam rebus
Ostendam, sed me prouinciales quidem sim0d0 Ornare curiam
poterimt reiciendos puto,
Ornátissima, eCCe Colonia ualentissimaque Viennensium quam
longo iam tempore Senat0reS huic curiae COnfert, ex qua Colonia
inter paucOs equestris órdinis órnamentum L, Vestîmum fami-
liarissime díligo et hodieque in rebus meís detineo, cuius líberí
fruantur, quaesó, primo SacerdotiOrum gradú, pOst modo cum
annîs promoturi dignitatis suae incrementa, Ut dîrum momen
latronis taceam, et odi illud palaestricum prödigium quod ante
in domum COnsulatum intulit quam Colonia, sua solidum cíuitatis
ROmanae benificium cónsecuta est, Idem dé frátre eius p0SSum
dícere miserabili quidem indignissimoque hóc cású ut uobîs utilis
Senator e$$e non po$sit,
Tempus est iam, Ti, Caesar Germanice, detegeré té patribus
COnSCriptîs quo tendat Oratio tua ; iam enim ad extremos fînes
Galliae Narbonensis uenistî,
Classica] Perìod. 109
Tot ecce insignes iuuenes quot intueor non magis sunt paeni-
tendi senatOreS quam paenitet Persicum nobilissimum uirum ami-
cum meum inter imagines maiorum suorum Allobrogici momen
legere, Quod si haec ita eSSe COn$entitis quid ultrâ desideratis
quam ut uobîs digito demonstrem solum ipsum ultra fines pro-
uinciae NarbOnensis iam uobîs SenatOreS mittere quando ex Lugu-
duno habere nos nostri Ordinis uiros non paenitet, Timide
quidem, p(atres) c(onsCripti), egre$$us adSuetOS familiares que
uobîs prouinciarum terminOs sum, sed destricte iam COmatae
Galliae Causa agenda est, inqua, siquis hoc intuetur quod bello
per decem annOs exercuerunt diuom Iulium, ídem OppOnat Centum
annOrum immóbilem fidem obsequiumque multîs trepidîs rébus
nostrís, plusquam expertum illi patri meo Druso Germaniam
Subigenti tutam quiete sua secúramque âtergo pácem praestite-
runt, et quidem cum adcensus nouo tum opere et in ad Sueto
Gallís ad bellum auocatus e$$et, quod opus quam arduum sit
mobîs munc Cum maxime, quam uís mihil ultra, quam ut publice
motae sint facultates nOstrae exquiratur, mimis magno experi-
mentO COgnOScimus,
Claudius, tOO, made a, hobby of grammatical studies, so '
that this inscription is valuable evidence for the orthog-
raphy of the period. The account of Servius Tullius is
am interesting contribution tO early Romam history.
Notice nárrem, dîxi, which shew that the first syllable
in each of these words had a, long vowel. (Cf. On raro,
No. 73.)
The eruptiom of Vesuvius im 79 A. D. destroyed Hercu-
lameum amd Pompeii. In the ruins of Herculaneum a,
collection of papyrus rolls, the books of the period, Was
110 Handbook Qf Latin, Inscriptions.
found, some of them in Latin. At Pompeii, besides act-
ual inscriptions, many * graffiti,' i.e. sentences scratched
on a wall by idlers, have come to light. They shew the
careless illiterate spelling of the day, as the papyri the
literary Orthography.
LXV. Herculaneam Papyrus, containing the *Incerti
de Augusti Bello Aegyptiaco Carmen* (ed. Baehrens,
Poet. Lat. Min. vol. i., p. 218).
. Praeberetque suae spectacula, tristia, mortis,
Qualis adinstantîs aciés Cum tela parantur,
Signa, tubae, Classesque simul terrestribus armîs,
Est facies ea uisa locî cum saeua COirent
fnstrumenta necis uario COngesta paratú,
Undique sic illúc campo deforme COactum
0mne uagabatur leti genus, Omne timoris
. Aut pendente suis Ceruîcibus aspide, mollem
Labitur in somnum trahiturque libídine mortis,
Perculit afflatu breuis hunc sine morsibus anguis
Volnere seu tenui; pars imlita parua uenéni
0cius interemit, laqueîs pars cogitur artís
Intersaeptam animam pressís effundere uenis,
Immersisque freto clauserunt guttura, fauces,
. nec urbem
0psidione tamen nec COrpOra moenibus arcent,
Castraque promuris atque arma peάestria, ponunt,
Hos interO0etus talisque ad bella paratús
Utraque sollemnis iterum reuocauerat Orbes,
Cónsiliis nox apta ducum, lux aptior armis,
Classical Period.' 111
LXVI. Pompeian Graffiti.
(1) Accompanying a, picture of gladiatOrS. (C. I. L.
Iv. 538.)
Tetraites Prudes . . . ' Abiat Venere Bompeiiana iratam qui hoc
laesaerit,
Tetraites, Prudens . . . Habeat Venerem, Pompeiamam,
iratam, quî hoc laeserit.
The famous gladiator Tetraites, or in the Oscam form
Petraites, is known from Petronius, c. 52: nam Her-
merotis pugnas et Petraitis in poculis habeo, and c. 71 :
valde te rogo, ut secundum pedes statuae meae catellam
fingas et coronas et unguenta, et Petraitis Omnes pugnas.
Misspellings like abìat, with mute h and confusion of
e and i, laesaerit, with confusiom of αe and e, reflect the
pronunciation of the populace (partly Greek, paTtly Os-
eam, partly foreign and servile) of Pompeii. In time these
depraved forms found their way into the speech of the
capital, and at last even into literary Latin (§ 26).
(2) (C. I. L. Iv. 650.)
Gauium Rufum IIuir(um) o(ro) f(aciatis),
Gávìo- is the Oscam form of the name Góìo-.
(3) (C. I. L. Iv. 882.)
Pilocalus uotum sol(uit) libes merito,
Om libes for libems see § 22.
(4) Trochaic Septenarius, on WaIl of room in house of
Sallust. (C. I. L. Iv. 1234.)
112 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
Bupa, que bela, is tibi me misit qui tuus est uale,
pυρα, qu@e bella es, tîbî me misit qwi twVS est : Vale.
Om que for quae, cf. laesaerìt above (1).
(5) Limes from Ovid, A. A. i. 475 sq., On the wall of a
law-court. (C. I. L. Iv. 1895.)
quid pote tam durum saxso aut quid mollius unda?
dura, tamen molli SaXSa Cauantur aqua,
Ovid's lines begim : quid magis est Saa:o durum, αύt, etc.
Om æs for a see on saa swm, No. 45. s
Tam for tam may reflect the vague sound of final -m,
which shewed its presence only in the nasal tone it gave
to the preceding vowel (§ 20), or it may be due to the
pronunciatiom im Ome Word-group of the Adv. and Adj.
tam-durum. Cf. etiamnunc for etiam ^Vnc, a spelling
mentioned by Romam Grammariams amd foumd on a Her-
cula meam papyrus.
(6) Limes om the wall of a laW-court. (C. I. L. Iv. 1824.)
quisquis amat, ueniat, Veneri uolo frangere C0stas
fustibus et lumbos debilitare deae,
si potest illa mihi tenerum pertumdere pectus,
quit ego non pOSsim Caput illae frangere fuste?
v. 3. potést, though mot allowed by the classical poets,
mo doubt represented the everyday promunciation at this
time, as it did in the time of Plautus and the early Dram-
atists, who freely admit this scansiom.
v. 4, quit (= quid, § 20), to be metrical, should be cur ;
illae Was a, current by-form of illi, Dat. Sg. Fem.
Classical Period. 113
(7) Lines On the wall of a laW-court. (C. I. L. IV. 2487.)
admiror, paries, te non Oecidisse ruina,
qui tot scriptorum taedia sustineas,
This: is a specimem of the correct Latin of the time,
differing in no respect from the orthography of ouI text-
books.
CHAPTER IV.
IMIPERIAL ANI) LATE LATIN.
26. To this period belongs the gradual decay of Latim,
amd its passage into the Romamce lamguages of modern
EuTope. It is, unfortunately, hardly possible to get from
inscriptions a clear and conmected account of the down-
ward progress of the language. For it was from the
spokem language of the Romam Provinces that the
Eomamce languages arose ; while it is the Written or
literary language that is presemted to us, more or less
correctly according to the education of the maker of
the inscription, Or the locality to which it belongs, in
inscriptions amd in documents. It is the deviations from
standard Latin On these inscriptions which give us a
glimpse at the actual spokem Latin of the place and
time ; but this spokem language, Vulgar-Latim as it is
usually called, never wholly reveals itself to us until it
appears as a fully developed Romance language—Italiam,
IFrench, Spamish, and the like. A Latim Word like bíbit
is, in Italiam, beve, the Latin î having been replaced
by e (close e, the vowel of French été), and the Latim
intervocalic b by v, while the t, at first retained before
a vowel initial (cf. Fr. *il vien(t),' but * vient-il??; * il
a' but * a-t-il ? ?), has finally been dropped in all circum-
stamces. The promunciation beve(t) (with v sounded like
our w) was probably a very old one, but the only trace of
114
Imperial and Late Latin. 115
it that We could expect to find on an imscription Would
be that the word would mow and them be writtem bebit,
or bibet Or bive, or bevi, or even (the phometically COI'rect
spelling) beve, though in the great majority of instances
it would be writtens in accordance with the rules of the
grammatical hamdbooks of the time, bibit. It is, them,
to the faulty spellings of late Latin inscriptions that we
must look for information about the actual spoken lam-
guage of the period.
27. Here are the chief faults that we find: —
(1) e and αe (also oe) are confused.
(2) e and i, o and w, are confused.
(3) final Consonants are dropped; m, e.g. vino (Ital.
vino) for vinum, pace (Ital. pace) for pC' cem ; s, e.g.
advocato (Ital. advocato) for advocatus ; t, e.g. Ital. beve
(see above).
(4) hand in hand with this loss of the case-endings
went the confusiom of cases and the expression of all
cases by one case-form.
To distinguish the Gen. and Dat. a Prep. was used,
e.g. de vino Gen., a(d) vino Dat. (Fr. de vin and à vin).
(5) b and v are confused.
(6) h is Wrongly omitted or inserted.
(7) 3. and 8 are confused.
(8) ct and tt (f) are confused.
(9) c and q are confused.
(10) In the Verb, Auxiliaries like habeo, vado, take the
place of Temse suffixes.
(11) f for Gk. φ. By the fifth century A. D. Gk. Φ
had become a spirant, as it is in mod. Gk.
116 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
(12) ci amd ti are confused When a vowel follows.
(13) 8c and ss alre confused before e, i.
(14) ί(e) Was prefixed to initial St, Sp, Sc.
28. The change in the promunciatiom of c before the
e and â voWels is an important change. In speaking of it
we must caTefully distinguish between c in a Word like
centum, cîvîtas, and c in a, Word like uncîa. It Was in the
latter class of words where ci (ce) was followed by a
vowel that the assibilation of c first begam. T% (te) in
a similar situation was assibilated in the same Way, so
that nuntius, Vncia, etc., came tO be pronounced as a
disyllable with some s-sound at the beginning of the
second syllable. The Romamce words from Latin platéa,
a (wide) street, may be cited as examples of the change,
Ital. piaZZa, Spam. plaza, Fr. place. This palatalization
of tì and ci in hiatus (i.e. before another vowel) may be
referred to the fourth and fifth centuries A. D. The assibi-
lation of c (not t) before e, i, when these vowels were
followed by a consonant, came much later, about the sixth
and seventh centuries (cf. Ital. cento, città, With c soumded
like our ch of * church,? Fr. cent, cité). G assumed before
e, è the sound Of y at a, somewhat earlier period; and
before other vOWels g became, when pretonic, a mere spi-
rant like g of German * Tage,' and so is oftem omitted in
Writing, e.g. frualitas for frugalitas, A(u)(g)wstus, whence
Fr. Août. (See my Hìst. Gram. Ch. ii. § 7.) ,
29. Another change that passed over the language was
the gradual loss of the distinction of quantity under the
influence of the stress accentuation. Am accentuated
vowel, we may roughly say, became long, an unaccented,
Imperial and Late Latin. 117
short; e.g. örätor, piper for örätor, piper. Or rather
the different, vowels of a word came tO have more Or
less the same length (much as is the case in modeTn
Italiam), and the distinction between vowels Was rather
qualitative than quantitative. E was * close* e (rather
tham * long? e) and Was merged in the neighbouring sound
i. É was * opem ' e (rather tham * short* e) and was
merged in ae. So with ì and ö. Quantitative Metre
thus became am artificial branch of poetry, no longer
reflecting the actual educated pronunciatiom, and Ac-
centual Metre takes its place more or less completely
according to the education of the writer.
30. Syncope, too, attacked every short post-tonic or pre-
tonic syllable and changed the whole aspect of the lam-
guage. Lat. vetùlus became vetlus, veclus (Ital. vecchio),
simia became simya (Fr. singe), âpium became apyum,
(Fr. ache), cambîare became camby@re (Fr. changer).
(Hist. Gram. ch. ii. § 7.) This faet must be borne in
mind in reading the rude accentual or half-accentual
metres of later Latin; e.g. promounce potyones (No. 69).
LXVII. Wax-Tablet relating to the abolitiom of a
* eollegium funeraticium,' Dacia, 167 A. D. (C. I. L. III.
ii. p. 927.)
. . . Iulium Iuli quoque cOmmagistrum suum ex die magisteri
sui nOn aCCeSsisse ad Alburnum neque in COllegio: seque eis qui
presentes fuerunt rationem reddedisse et si quit eorum abuerat
reddedisset siue funeribus et Cautionem suam in qua eis Cauerat,
recepisset: modoque autem neque funeraticis sufficerent neque
loculum aberet neque quisquam tam magno tempore diebus
118 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
quibus legi COntinetur COnuenire uoluerint aut cOnferre funera-
ticia siue munera : seque idcirCO per humo libellum publice
testantur, ut, si quis defunctus fuerit, ne putet se collegium
abere aut ab eis aliquem petitiOnem fumeris abiturum, . . .
Late spellings are presentes, reddediBse, etc., abuerat,
etc. Om quit for quid, see § 20.
LXVIII. Epitaph in rude Hexameters on a Pannoniam
soldier. Found at Rome. End of second century A. D.
(Eph. Epigr. Iv. 346, 936.)
respice praeteriens, uiatOT, COnsobrini pietate parata;
Cum lacrimis statui, quant0 in munere p0st0 uidetis,
Pannonia, terra Creat, tumulat Italia, tellus,
annis XXVI, ut sibi castris honorem atquireret ipse,
dolori magno substentauit tempOre longo,
postea, cum sperans dolorem effugisse mefandam,
ante diem meritum humo demersit at Styga Pluton,
quotsi fata, e0 sinuissent luce uidere,
ista prius triste munus posui dolore repletus,
munus inane quidem, terra, nunc diuidit ista
Ossua sub titulo potius, tu opta, uiatOr,
Cum pietate tua ipso terra leue, nobis fortuna beata,
ex qua tu pOssis obitus bene linquere nato
Val, Antonius et Aur, Victorinus hered(es) Ulpio Quintiano
eq(uiti) sing(ulari) ben(e) mer(ito) posuer(unt),
1. 2. quantum, ίη ηυηere positwm. l. 4. A service of
25 years would entitle him to a * missio honesta.' l. 6.
cum sperans, * When hoping.' l. 8. eum, sîvîssent lucem,
videre. l. 12. îpsâ te7'ram levem, nobis fortunam, beatam.
1. 13. ηαtum.
Imperial and Late Latin. 119
LXIX. Epitaph in rude Hexameters from Carthage.
End of second century A. D. or later. (C. I. L. VIII. 1027.)
Vitalis Aug, n(ostri) tabellarius, uiuet et COnuiuat, Et Anti-
gona, uiuet et oonuiuätur, •
dum sum Vitalis et uiuo, ego feci sepulcrhum
adque meOs uersus, dum transseo, perlego et ipse,
diploma circaui totam regione pedestrem
et canibus prendi lepores et denique uulpes,
postea potiones Calicis perduxi libenter,
multa iuuentutis feci, quia sum mOriturus,
quisque sapis iuuenis, uiuo tibi pOne sepulcrhum,
This thoroughly pagam epitaph of a lusty postmam,
who bore the not inappropriate name of Vitalis, has
some points of linguistie interest. Notice (1) the doubt
about the spelling of the chr of sepulchrum, (2) adque
for atque, (3) the pronunciation Of Gk. δάπλωμα as di-
plóma, the stress accent om the first syllable having
shortened the second as in Mod. Greek, and its declen-
sion in everyday speech as a Latin A-stem (cf. Schema,
-ae, Plaut.), (4) trisyllabie potyones (§ 30), etc., etc. In
V. 7. quisque has its O. Lat, sense Of quîcumque ; v. 3,
circa re (for circuêre) is the prototype of Fr. ehercher ;
regione(m) pedestrem, is the district assigned to the foot
postal service as opposed to the mail-coach service.
LXX. Acrostie epitaph in rude Hexameters, from
Tunis. Second Or third century A.D. (G. I. L. VIII. 152.)
Urbanilla mihi coniunx uerecundia, plena, hic sita est
Eomae COmes negotiorum socia parsimonio fulta,
I20 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
bene gestis omnibus cum in patria mecum rediret,
au miseram Oarthago mihi eripuit SOciam,
nulla spes uiuendi mihi sine COniuge tali ;
illa domum seruare meam, illa, et consilio iuuare,
luce priuata misera, quescit in marmore clusa,
Lucius ego COniunx hic te marmore texi
Amo nobis sorte dedit fatu, cum luci daremur,
l. 4. au, InteTj. l. 9. ha^c nobis Sortem, dedit fatum.
LXXI. Epitaph in Hexameters from Nicopolis om the
Danube. Third century. (C. I. L. III. 754; suppl. 7436.)
floribus ut saltem requiescant membra iucundis
Aeliae Carae mihi nunc hoc inclusae sepulcro,
regina Ditis magni regis, preCOr hoc te —
nam meruit haec multa suis pro laudibus a me—
inmeritae propere soluentem fila dearum,
quae glob0 Parcarum reuoluta, cumcta gubernant,
qualis enim fuerit uita, quam deinde pudica,
si pOssem effari, cithara suadere ego Manes,
haec primum casta, quot te audire libenter
et mundi spatia, Ditis quoque regia, nOrunt,
hanc preCOr Elysiis iubeas cOnsistere Campis
et myrta, redimire COmas et tempora, flore,
Lar mihi haec quOndam, haec spes, haec unica uita,
et uellet qu0d uellem, nollet quoque ac si ego mollem,
intima mulla ei quae nOn mihi mota fuere,
nec labOs huic defuit, nec uellerum inscia, fila,
parca manu set larga meo in amOre mariti,
nec sine me cibus huic gratus nec munera Bacchi,
Imperial and Late Latin. 121
consilio mira, cata mente, nobili fama,
carmini, pOSSeSSOr, faueas preCOr, ac preCOr ut tu
hamo tituli sedem uelles deCOrare quodammis
et foueas aeui monumentum tempore grato,
roscida, si rosula seu grat0 flore amaranthi
et multis generum pomis uariisque n0uisque,
ut possit toto refoueri tempOris anno,
l. 5. inmeritae, sc. Aeliae, soluentem, sc. reginam Ditis.
l. 8. guadere = Suaderem. l. 9. quot = quod, cf. l. 17. set.
l. 21. quodannis. (§ 20.) l. 24. for multum generum Or
multig.
LXXII. Epitaph in Hexameters, from Rome. 348
A.D. (Rossi, Inscr. Christ. Rom. I. 64, 101.)
v, felix uita uiri, felicior exitus ipse,
Caiami semper Crescit per saecula momem,
nescit fama mOri setl semper uibit ubique,
aduenit hospes princeps ROmanus in urbem,
qui fuit hic primum iuris COnsultOr amicus,
Quiescit im pacem depOsitus diem quartum monas Augustas
Plauio Filippo et Flauio Sallea COnsulibus: pater Sabbatius
fecit,
l. 3. uibit = vivit (§ 27). l. 4. In late poetry am initial
h makes a preceding short syllable long by positiom.
This was am arbitrary usage of poets in imitation of
Virgil's terga fatigamus hasta, where, however, - m\s is
really a case of lengthening im arsi. Initial h was
scarcely sounded at this period (§ 27). l. 4. refers to
Constantine. l. 5. qui = cui. l. 7. Filippo (§ 27).
122 Handbook Qf Latín Inseriptions.
LXXIII. Epitaph in rude Hexameters, from mear
Nola. 359 A.D. (C. I. L. x. 1338.)
semper ob meritum uincis praeconia laudis
et bona progenies quaeret tua fortia facta,
rerum summa COrOs melius exercendos docet,
belle quidem tua, ex Ordine gesta maremus;
iam me uimGet amor, mequeo temere dolorem,
laeta, quidem semper Felicis nomine ducta,
laetior ut essis iacis in pace fidelis,
abis ut decuit Felicis pace perennem
Eusebio et Ypatio COSS, dep(osita) in p(ace) VI kal, Ium,
Notice the acrostie formed by the initial letters of each
lime, Serbillae. l. 2. fortia facta, the current Latin phrase
for Our * doughty deeds.' Cf. Virg. Aen. x. 369: —
Per vos et fortia, facta,
Per ducis Euamdri momen devictaque bella.
l. 3., i.e. in heaven. l. 4. maro is a, spelling recom-
mended by various Romam Grammarians (cf. gnôruS).
(See mórrem, No. 64.) 1. 7. essis = essës, iacis = îacês
(§ 27). l. 8. abis = habës (§ 27).
LXXIV. Epitaph in rude Hexameters, from Rome.
Pourth century A. D. (C. I. L. VI. 30123.)
. . . paucis] mensibus actis
pOst muptias, tenero per quam biduatus amOre est,
Casta, cui Coiux c[ubilia seruat amorem]
posteris Ostendens, ulli si Credere fas est,
patre repugnante propio hec nomine signat
noberCam uincens, fame nOmen ubiquem,
Imperial and Late Latin. 123
1. 2. biduatu8= viduatus. l. 3. cuí. l. 5. The father, at
the step-mother's instigatiom, refused to go to the expense
of a, tomb. propio = proprio. The sound of r in two suc-
cessive syllables was unpleasing to the Romans. Hemce
increbesco for increbresco, praestigiae for praestrigîae, etc.
(p. 25; Hist. Gram. ch. ii. § 18.) hec = haec. l. 6. nober-
cam= novercam, fame, etc., for famae Sed nomen, ubique (est).
LXXV. Epitaph in rude Hexameters, from Syria.
Pourth or fifth century. (C.I.L. III. 124).
Sede sub hac recubat clarus praetorique praefectus
MaiorinOs uirtute caelebratus magna per orbem.
haec illi nuc requies fati, haec sedis aeterna
Pilippi extructa, studiis gratique nepotis,
l. 2. MaiorinoB = Matovp?vos. caelebratuB = celebratus.
l. 3. nuc = nunc. l. 4. Filippi = Philippi.
LXXVI. Epitaph of a bishop in rude Hexameters.
Algiers. — 440-A.D. (C. I. L. VIII. 8634.)
hic iacet antistes sanctusque Nouatus
ter denos et VII sedis qui meruit annos,
precessit die X kal, Septb, (anno) pr(ouinciae) 0000I,
LXXVII. Epitaph in rude Hexameters, from the dis-
trict of the Hirpini, 469 A.D. (Not. Scav. 1893, p. 422.)
hic Lucianus Cum bOna pace quiescit,
innOCeS mansuetus mites letus cum amicis amicus
uixit amnis pl(us) m(inus) L nulla manente querella
depositus est in pace die . . kl, Septembres Flabio Marciano
et Zenone u(iris) [cl, COns.].
124 Handbook Qf Latin, Inseriptions.
LXXVIII. From a sermom of Avitus, archbishop of
Viemme, delivered on the consecratiom of a church at
Amnemasse, near Geneva, c. 520 A. D. The sermon is
preserved in a papyrus Ms. of the sixth century in the
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
Habeat hic Caelestis cultur reditus suos, legat hic de laOri-
marum riu[lis] manepolos gaudiorum, Exeguetas praesentes
tabernaculi repOnendi satis est ampla mercidi; quamuis multum
Orreis sullercia, ruralis apponet, spiritalis tamen fecundetas fruc-
tus hic COngregat . . . quia hodiae Zaccheus noster Abrahae sui
filius declaratur,- hio Christus cum gaudio mansur permansurus
excipetur ; hic iuxta euangelii regolam pauperebus thesaurus
aperitur, Salus quae facta est hodie domicilio Crescat et domino
sic refectione dupleOata germine benedicatur prouentibus uber-
tatis terra temporaneis, uilla perpetuis; illa pauperis nutriat,
haec fidelis; ibi COrpOrum suppetat pastus, hic mentium ; quic-
quid illic largitio sparserit, hic adumet oratio; et quia bene
recognusCit hodie condetur meritum suum, Hospis eram et col-
legistis me; et quicquid fecistis uni ex minimis meis mihi fecistis,
SuCCedat Christus, hospicio introeat ; quod adtrahetur, suscipiat ;
quod offertur, benedicat ; quod instetuit, restituat; inuitetur
uotis, teneatur factis, caedatur in sacrificiis, pascatur in paruolis,
cultur = cultor; manepoloB = manipulos ; praesenteB =
praesentis ; mansur = 'mCTYSOr ; recognuscit = recogno$cit.
LXXIX. Epitaph of a, bishop im rude Hexameters,
from Spain. Early part of sixth century. (Rossi, Inscr.
Christ. Rom. II. 294, 3.)
te Ioannem Tarraco coluit mirificum uatem
tuosque in hoc loCO in pace COndidit artus.
Imperial and Late Latin. 125
in te libra mOrum, in te modestia tenuit regnum,
nitens eloquio mitissimus pollebas in COrde
gerens curam pauperum, pietate preditus ampla,
sanctus namque uita, fide magnificentius ipse
apparuisti Cunctis pergens ad premia Christi,
tuum mempe mOmen tuamque dulcissimam mentem
laudabunt posteri, numquam abolenda per euum,
merita praeCOniis adtollunt facta per saeclis,
denis equo libramîne remeantibus lustris
rector doctOrque prefuisti monacis et populis
Octiens denOs uita peragens feliciter annos,
LXXX. Rude Hexameters from Algiers, 539 A.D.
(C. I. L. VIII. 5352.)
una, et bis senas turres Crescebant in Ordine totas,
mirabilem operam citO COnstructa, uidetur,
posticius sub termas balteo COncluditur ferro,
mullus malorum poterit erigere manum,
patrici SolomOnis institutionem nem0 expugnare ualeuit,
defensio martirum tuetur pOsticius ipse,
Clemens et Vincentius martires Custodiunt introitum ipsum,
The limes are Scanned according tO accent and mumera-
tion of syllables, but all sense of * quantity ' is lost.
Notice the barbarOus use of the accusative for the nomi-
mative in ll. 1, 2. posticius = porta, postica.
LXXXI. Epitaph in rude Hexameters, from Dalmatia,
599 A. D. (C. I. L. III. Suppl. 9527.)
hic iacit Iohannes peCCatur et indignus
presbiter. expleto annOrum circulo quinto
hunc sibi sepulcrum Iohannis COndere iussit
126 Handbook Qf Latin Inscriptions.
Marcellino suo pro consule nato
germano praesente simul cunctOsque nepotes,
Ornauit, tumolum mente fideli defunctus,
aCCessit obsis una cum COniuge natis
Amastasii seruans reuerenda limina sancti,
tertio pOst decimum Augusti numero mensis
ind(ictione) II praefiniuit saeculi diem,
LXXXII. Epitaph of am Abbot, from Spaim, 630 A. D.
(Hübner Inscr. Hisp. Christ. 142.)
haec tenet orna tuum uenerandum COrpus Uincenti abbatix
set tua, saCra tenet anima caeleste, sacerdos,
regnum, mutasti in melius cum gaudia uite,
martiris exempla signat, Cu0d membra saCrata,
demonstrante deo uatis hic repperit index,
Quater decies cuinOs et duOs uixerat annos,
misterium Christi mente sincera minister,
raptus aetereas subito sic uenit ad auras,
sic simul officium finis uitamcue remouit,
spiritus adueniens domini Cu0 tempOre sanctus
in regionem piam uixit animamcue locabit,
Omnibus his mox est de flammis tollere flammas,
obiit in p(ace) d, W id, Mart, era DCLXVIII,
1. 1. abbatix = abbátis. (§ 27.) orma = urna. l. 4. It is
mot clear what is referred tO. l. 7. misterium = mysteri-
orum. l. 11. uixit = ueaeit ; locabit = locauit. (§ 27.)
LXXXIII. Attestatiom of witness to a, grant to the
Church at Ravenna, probably in the early part of the
seventh cent. A. D. The document is in the Library of
the Earl of Crawford amd Balcarres.
Imperial and Late Latin. 127
Amastasius uir honestus Excabiss' huic chartule usufructu-
ariae donationis supraSCriptarum sex unciarum principalium in
integro supernuminate totius supstantie mubile et immubile
sisequae mouentibus, sicut superius legitur, facta in suprascripta
sancta, Ravennatè ecclesia, a Johanne uiro Clarissimo expathario,
qui dicitur, Georgio magistro militum et nunc primiCerius numeri
filicum TheudosiaCus suprascriptO donature, qui mi presente
signum sancte Crucis ficit et COra nubis ei relicta est, rogatus
ab eodem testis susCribsi et de COnserbandes Omnibus que supe-
rius adscripta leguntur ad sancta euangelia COrpOraliter mei
presentia prebuit SaCramenta et hanc donatione ab eodem pre-
dicto Iohanne acture premuminate sancte Rauennati aecclesie
traditam uidi,
mubile = mobili, sisequae = seseque, expathario = spa-
thario, like iscola (Fr. école) (§ 27), ficit = fecit, cora
nubis = coram, nobis, conserbandeB = comse)'vandis.
LXXXIV. Judgment by Thierry III, King of the
Erench, om a claim, by a Womam mamed Acchildis against
Amalgarius, of a, portion of land, 679—680 A. D. The
document is preserved in the Archives Nationales, Paris.
Theudericus rex Francorum, uir inluster,
Cum ante dies in nOstri uel prOCerum nOstrOrum presencia
COmpendio in palacio nOstro ibique ueniens fimema nomene Acchil-
dis Amalgario interpellauit, dum dicerit e0 quod porcione sua
in uilla NonCobanti Bactilione ualle, quem de parti genetrici
sua Bertane quondam ligebus obuenire debuerat, post se malo
Ordene retenirit; qui ipse Amalgarius taliter dedit in respunsis
eo quod ipsa terra in predictO loCO Bactilione ualle de annus
128 Handbook Qf Latin Inseriptions.
triginta et uno inter ipso Amalgario uel genetOre suo Gaeltramno
quOndam semper tenuerant et pOssiderant, sic eidem nunc a
nostris prOCerebus ipsius Amalgario fuissit, iudeCatum ut de
nouo demOmenatus aput sex, sua mano septima, dies duOs ante
istas kalendas Iulias in Oraturio nOstro super Cappella domni
Martine, ubi reliqua sacramenta percurribant, hoc dibirit coniu-
rare quod antedicta, terra, in predictO loCO Bactilione ualle inter
ips0 Amalgario uel genetOre suo Gaeltramno de annus triginta
et uno semper tenuissint et pOSSedissint, nec eis diger numquam
fuissit, nec aliut exinde non redebirit nisi etlonio sacramento,
Sed ueniens antedictus Amalgarius ad ipso placito LusareCa,
im palacio n0str0 um0 cum hamedius suOs, ips0 sacrament0 iusta
quod eidem fuit iudicatum et nostras equalis precepcionis locum-
tur, in quamtum imluster uir DructOaldus COmes palati noster
testimumiauit ligibus uisus fuit adimplissit, et tam ipse quam
et hamefliae suae diliguas eorum dereXsissint, Propteria iobi-
mus ut ipsa porcione in predictO loCO Bactiliome uualle, unde
inter eus Orta fuit intencio, memoratus Amalgarius COntra ipsa
ACChilde uel suis heridibus Omne tempore abiat euindeCata,
0dimberthus recognouit,
Datum sub die segundo kalendas Iulias annum vii rigni nOstri
LusareCa in dei nomene f[eliciter],
LXXXV. Rhyming epitaph from the meighbourhood Of
Corduba. 7th cent. A.D. ? (Inscr. Hisp. Christ. 132.)
hic Teudefredi condita
membra quiescunt arida,
cujus Origo fulgida
brebe refulsit inclita,
Imperial a^d Late Latin. 129
LXXXVI. Judgment, of Pepim, Mayor of the Palaee,
awarding to Fulradus, Abbot of St. Denis, property in a
place called Curbrius, im the province of Telle, agaimst
the claim of Ragana, Abbess of Sept Meules. 750 A. D.
The document is preserved in the Archives Nationales,
IParis.
Cum resedissit inluster uir Pippinus, maiorem domus Atti-
niaco im palacio publico ad uniuersOrum causas audiendum uel
recta iudicia termenandum, ibique ueniens Fulradus, abba, de
monastherio sancti domni Dionisii, ubi ipse preciosus domnus
in COrpOre requiescit, aduocato Ragane abbatissa momene legitem0
interpellabat, repetebat ei eo quod ipsa Ragana uel agentis
monasterii sui Septemolas res sancti Dionisii pOst se malo urdine
retenebat iniuste in loco qui dicitur Gurbrius in pago Tellau,
quem Chairebaldus et COniux sua Aillerta per eOrum testa-
mentum ad Casa sancti Dionisii COndonarunt, Sed ipsi legitemus
in presente adistabat et ibidem Ostendebat Cartas de nOmene
Prancane, qualiter ipsas res ad Septemolas COndonassit, Unde
et nOS aCC Causa pro ueretate inquesiuimus quod ipsas ris per
drictum ad casa sancti Dionisii aderant et ipsi legitemus nulla
habuit quod COntra ipsa istrumenta sancti Dionisii dicere aut
obponere dibuissit, Unde et de presente ipsa strumenta, im
Omnibus ueraCes esse dixit, et postea per su0 uuadio ipsi Fulrado
abbati de ipsas res in Curborio per suo uuadio in Causa sancti
Dionisii uisus fuit reuestisse, et per suo fistugo sibi exinde dixit
esse exitum tam pro se quam pro ipsius Raganam abbatissa uel
agentis monastherii sui Septemolas . . . Propteria iobemus ut,
dum ac Causa sic acta uel perpetrata fuit, ipsi Fulradus alba uel
Casa sancti Dionisii seo successoris sui ipsas ris in COrb0ri0,
de quantum quod Chairebaldus et cOniux sua Aillerta per eOrum
180 Handbook of Latin Inseriptions.
istrumentum manus potestadiuas ad casa sancti Dionisii condo-
narunt contra ipsa Ragane abbatissa uel agentis monastherii sui
Septemolas uel in cOntra ipsius legitemo seo successoris eOrum
habiat euindicatas atque elidiatas et sit inter eos in postmodum
ex ac re omneque tempore subita causacio,
Uuineramnus recognouit et subsCripsit,
Notice acc and ac for hac (§ 27), a spelling which has
caused much confusion in Mss. of Latin authors ; drictum
(Fr. droit); uuadio with uu to express the sound of our w,
now that Latin v (u) had passed into the sound of our v ;
seo for seu (disyll.) -
INDEX.
[NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.]
Ablative Sing. im -d, 50, 58.
Accent, 1 sqq., 14 sq., 117 ; Sec-
ondary, 15.
Accented Metre, 15, 117.
ad and at, 51.
ae and e, 115.
Aemilius Paulus, Decree of, 57.
af, 75.
Aleria, 41. '
Aletrium Temple Inscr., 83.
alis for alius, 93.
Alphabet, earliest Latin, 8.
Ancyranum Monumentum, 103.
Apex, 76.
αγ- for ad-, 57, 66.
arf(uerunt), 66.
ατ'ιιOrswm, 57.
Arval Hymn (see Carmen Ar-
vale). -
asom fero, 31.
atallam, 103.
Atilius Sarranus, inscr. of, 73 sq.
Augusti Res Gestae (see Ancy-
ranum).
Awrilius, 38.
Auxiliary Verbs in Late Latin,
116.
Avitus, Sermom of, 125.
b and v, 116.
Bacchanalibus, S. C. de, 59 sqq.
IBantia, LaW of, 80.
boum, 16. -
Ereves Breviantes, Law of, 48.
c, the letter, 8 ; before e, i, 116.
C. for Gaius, 10.
calecam da^m, 84.
Capua, inscrr. of magistrates of,
88 sq.
Carmem Arvale, 25.
Carmina, Saliaria, 26.
cema, 32.
Cerus, 27.
cì and tï, 116.
circare (Fr. chercher), 120.
Claudius, inscr. of Emp., 106 sqq.
-clwm, and -culum, 55.
Cn. for Gnaeus, 10.
Columna Rostrata, 45 sq.
Commentarius Ludorum Saecu-
larium (see Lud.).
conqwaeisïuei, 76.
comtio, 66.
ct and tt, 116.
d and t, 51.
131
132
Indeac.
-d im Abl. Simg., 50.
IDaciam Wax-tablet, 118.
dammas, 100.
dan^umt, 70.
Declensiom, Early Latim, 11 ;
Late Latim, 116.
deda, 44.
dedro, 44.
deus, 16.
IDiphthongs, history of, 7, 47.
diplóma, 120.
domus, 96.
I)oubling, of comsonant, 48 ; of
vowel, 48.
Duelomaî, 63.
Dvenos, 20.
dumtaacat, 82.
du01yus, 40.
Dvenos Bowl, 19.
e, Writtem for ei, 9; and ae,
115.
eì and i, 47, 75.
eros, 25.
f, earliest form of letter, 8; for
Gk. φ, 116.
Taliscam Collegium Coquorum,
inscr. of, 67.
fefalced, 18.
fifellares, 93.
ITifth Declensiom, 92.
fortia facta, 123.
Eurfo Decree, 93.
g, the letter, 9 ; before e, i, 117.
Gemitive Plur. in -01'um, 40, 94.
Gnaiuod, 42.
gmatus, 52.
graffiti, Pompeiam (see Pomp.).
| h, initial, lengthens by positiom,
122 ; loss of, 116.
haud and hau, 51.
Herculaneam Papyrus, 110 sq.
Herculaneus Pagus (see Pagus).
hîbus, 42.
hîc, Adv., 76.
Hînm ad, 38.
huc, 69.
IO-stems, Nom. Sing.
Nominative).
-ί(s) for -$us, 37, 93.
of (see
jubeo, 65.
Julia, Municipalis Lex, 97 sqq.
Julius Caesar, 100.
Âc, the letter, 9.
l for ll in milia, etc., 75, 95.
LαSes, 25.
Law of Breves Breviantes (see
JBreves); of Accemtuation (see
Accent).
Letters (see Alphabet).
ILewcesie, 27.
Lex Repetundarum (see Rep.) ;
Rubria, (see Rub.); Julia, Mu-
nicipalis (see Jul.).
Luceria, inscr., 56.
Ludorum Saecularium Commen-
tarius, 101 sqq.
-η, fimal, 32, 51.
Indeœ.
133
Maurte, 34.
med, 50.
Même)'va, 30.
N[omumentum Ancyranum (see
Amc.).
Mummius, Dedicatory Inscrr. of,
71 sqq.
m, dropped before s, f, 52.
necesws, 64.
Nemi, inscrr. from, 32, 36, 38.
mequîmont, 70.
nì and me, 63.
Nominative Sing. of IO-stems,
37, 93.
Nummasîoî, 18.
ö became ìì, when unaccented,
16, 35 ; before mg, etc., 17.
o and w im Late Latim, 115.
0έπιιηγαγνα, 31.
olom'om, 46.
oppidum, 84.
Optative, 21, 56.
oquoltod, 65.
-orum, Gen. Plur. (see Gen.).
polluctum, 70.
Rompeian graffiti, 111 sqq.
p0^0, pOswi, 75.
Popillius, milestone of, 74.
poplîcus, 65.
lPraeneste, inscrr. of, 28 sqq.
IPraemestime fibula, 18.
Prepositiom Written with Noun,
33.
| prop(r)io, 124.
paastores, 76.
IPaenultima, Law of Accentua-
tiom, 5.
Pagus Hercula meus, Decree of,
89. w
Parasitic Wowel, 35, 57.
pariswywa, 42.
partìm, 33.
Paulus (see Aemilius Paul.).
Picenum, inscr. of, 44 sq.
Pisaurum, inscrr. Of, 44 sq.
IProsepmaï, 30. '
pth, 103.
q for qu; 21.
qw for cu, (quw), 88, 92.
Quantity in Late Latin, 117.
quî, Adv., 77.
quOìeì, 77.
r for d (see ar-) ; for s (see Rho-
tacism).
Repetundarum Lex, 84.
res dîvîma, 54.
Res Gestae Divi Augusti (see
Ancyranum).
Rhotacism, 6.
Romance languages, 114.
Rostrata, Columna (see Col.).
Rubria, Lex, 96.
s and 3, 116 ; for ss in causa,
etc., 95.
-s final, 51.
Saetur m0-, 29.
ASalutus, 36.
Saturmiam Metre, 15.
Scipio Epitaphs, 39, 76 sqq.
séd, 50.
134
Indeac.
seîgnwm, 37.
se^mwmîs, 26.
Shortemimg of Fimal Wowels, 48,
sî'emps, 83.
sowo- for suo-, 68.
Spoletium inscr., 53.
sto, 20.
Sulla, inscrr. in homour of, 92 sq.
supera, 92.
Syncope, 5, 118. .
taacSat, 82.
ted, 50.
Terebonio, 35.
ti amd ci, 116.
tt amd ct, 116 ; for ss, 57.
w for δ (see ö) ; and o in Late
Latin, 115.
-um, Gen. Plur., 40, 94. .
v amd b, 116.
vê- for vö-, 52. /
Vertuleii, I)edicatory Tablet of,
69. +
vîces^ma, 33.
Vowel-weakeming, 5, 17.
Vulgar Latin, 114 sqq.
Weakening of Wowels
Vowel-weakening).
(see
3; and s, 116.
a;s for ac, 73.
?y, 94.
2, 94.
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ZA TIW. 15
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Inflections, Adverbs and Prepositions, and Syntax. Of these
subjects, those of Hidden Quantity, Inflections, and Syntax re-
ceive special attention ; and the results of recent investigation
are set forth fully and clearly, but in compact form.
Professor Edouard Wölfflin, in the Archiv für Lateinische Lexikographie
zzmd Grammatik. February, I896. Auf geringem Raume ist viel wis-
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. . . Die deutsche Wissenschaft wird sich nur freuen dass das amerikan-
ische Schulwesen ein so brauchbares Hilfsmittel gewonnen hat.
Professor Hermann Osthoff, University o/ A/eidelberg : Steht auf der
Höhe des heutigen Wissens.
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geration to say that so compact, helpful, and practical a collection of
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has yet appeared that is so satisfactory. Professor Bennett seems to
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that to many teachers, as well as students, the mere perusal of this little
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gressive instructor can afford to be without, as it summarizes an immense
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