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"
морския
A
MANUAL
OF THE
HISTORY
OF
CX TAC
GREEK AND ROMAN
LITERATURE.
BY
AUG. MATTHIÆ,
AUTHOR OF A GREEK GRAMMAR, AND OTHER WORKS.
TRANSLATED FROM THE THIRD AND LAST EDITION.
OXFORD,
JOHN HENRY PARKER:
J. G. F. AND J. RIVINGTON, LONDON.
1841.
BAXTER, FRINTER, OXFORd.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
FEW persons can have prosecuted their
classical studies to any considerable extent,
or with ordinary ardour of research, without
having experienced the want of some such a
manual of reference as that which the present
volume affords; and few can be unacquainted
with the fact, that the native resources of
our Literature are wholly inadequate to supply
the deficiency.
While the labours of Mohnike, Passow, Bern-
hardy, Petersen, Wolf (F. A.), Schaaf, and others,
present an ample range for selection to those who
have mastered the difficult language in which
they are sealed up, the majority of students
in this country have hitherto been left to glean
at best but a fragmentary knowledge of the
iv
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
literary history of Greece and Rome, from
scattered sources or voluminous and expensive
works. Hence in introducing to the English
student the "Grundriss der Geschichte der
Gr. u. Röm. Literatur," by Aug. Matthiæ,
the Translator deems it unnecessary to re-echo
the apology, with which its learned author has
thought fit to preface his volume, since the
charge of officiousness or presumption, so far
as relates to the utility of the undertaking, and
the exigency which gave rise to it, is the very
last which a well-informed reader will be dis-
posed to prefer against him.
The author has himself defended at consider-
able length, both in his Preface, and subse-
quently in a posthumous work, the principles of
arrangement on which he has constructed his
Grundriss. The Translator professes himself
responsible for nothing more than a faithful
version of the original, and has not presumed,
except in a very few instances, to add to, or
animadvert upon, the materials which it pre-
sented to him. He had indeed originally de-
signed to incorporate in the text, or subjoin in
а
• Encyklopädie u. Methodologie der Philologie, p. 75-9.
See also his Verm. Schṛ. p. 200, sqq.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
V
the form of notes, a rather copious supplement
of observations, references, and bibliographical
notices, which he thought likely to interest the
younger student, to stimulate research, and
direct attention to other works of established
reputation, in which the same subjects might be
found more elaborately treated; and of thus, if
the expression may be hazarded, naturalizing
his labours, and accommodating them more
directly to the course and standard of scholar-
ship prevailing in our English Schools and
Universities. Upon subsequent reflection, how-
ever, he was induced to think, that such an
attempt to improve upon a work, which so mani-
festly embodies the carefully digested results of
extensive reading and judicious selection, might
savour of conceit, and, by unreasonably increas-
ing the price and bulk of the volume, tend
rather to mar than give completeness to the
design of its Author.
A few supplemental remarks, [distinguishable
by brackets,] and a few undistinguished notices
of editions, admitted partly from inadvertence,
partly from indecision, and partly from the
inconvenience of suppressing them while the
vi
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
MSS. were in the printer's hands, have never-
theless found their way into the body of the
work;—and hence a few more have been ap-
pended to it, some from the interest of the
subject to which they relate, and others from
their embracing the author's posterior researches,
or materials which, as in the case of the first
and third vols. of Clinton, were not accessible
to him. These accidental incrustations and
excrescences, the growth of circumstances which
did not admit of elaborate research, (valeant
quantum valeant,) the reader is requested to
accept not as fair matter for criticism, or
as an integral portion of the work, but as a
gratuitous and supererogatory addition, which,
like the gold that embossed the statue of the
patron goddess of letters, (Thucyd. ii. 13.) he
is at liberty to treat, at his discretion, as
περιαιρετὸν ἅπαν.
In its present shape and compass, the Manual
will be found, it is presumed, sufficiently cir-
cumstantial in its details to satisfy the require-
ments of the younger student, while, as a re-
pertory of literary criticism, it can hardly fail to
commend itself to those of riper attainments by
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
vii
the authoritative value of its contents, its com-
pendiousness, its perspicuous arrangement, and
its commodious form.
Considerable labour has been expended in
adjusting the references which occur to Müller,
Boeckh, Wachsmuth, &c. to the English trans-
lations of those works, and in substituting
references to the English Edition of Clinton,
in place of the Latin version by Kruger.
Should it be objected, that the convenience
of the reader would have been better con-
sulted, if the text had been disencumbered of
its crowded references, and if these and other
parenthetic citations and remarks had been
thrown into the form of notes; the Translator
will only repeat his profession of scrupulous
adherence to the plan, and deference to the
judgment, of his author; while as an apology
for the elliptic brevity and abruptness which
characterize those portions of the work which
are designed for occasional reference rather
than for continuous perusal, and as a general
introduction to the entire volume, though
from the length of his preface he may seem
to have disregarded the hint which they
convey, it may suffice to add the words
viii
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
of one who wrote in an age less prolific,
and consequently, it might be imagined, more
tolerant of authors and their productions ;-
Καιρὸν εἰ φθέγξαιο, πολλῶν
Πείρατα συντανύσαις
Ἐν βραχεῖ, μείων ἔπεται
Μώμος ἀνθρώπων.
Pind. Pyth. i. 57.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
In contributing an addition to the numerous
Manuals of Greek and Roman Literature which
have already appeared, I have been principally
influenced by the consideration, that I knew of
none which, while it observed the due medium
of specification in its details, was sufficiently
moderate in price to be generally admissible
into schools. I was desirous of putting into the
hands of young scholars, not a bare catalogue
of Greek and Latin Authors, but an outline of
the History of Literature. In communicating
historical instruction, however, no surer founda-
tion can be laid, nor one better calculated to
promote perspicuity and assist the memory,
than a tabular enumeration of events, in the
present instance of authors, arranged in chrono-
logical order, yet in such a manner, that the
Χ
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
whole may be distributed into certain epochs or
periods of time, in each of which, as compared
with that which preceded it, Literature exhibits
a defined and distinctive character. Under the
heads of the several authors, can only be stated
the principal circumstances of their lives, the
time when they lived, (which, if the precise year
of their birth and death be unknown, will
readily appear from their position in the cata-
logue,) and the incidents which exerted any re-
markable influence on their character as authors,
together with the names and subjects of their
works; every thing else, such as detailed par-
ticulars of their lives, sketches and critical sur-
veys of their merits and character as authors,
is reserved for oral communication.
On the other hand, an accurate notice of the
best editions of each author, (not merely of the
most recent, as in Schaaff's Encyclopædia, or of
those which essentially differ from each other,
as in Harles brevior notitia litter. Gr.) is indis-
pensably requisite, were it only as a measure of
security against the errors which so frequently
occur in the transcription of names. The classi-
fication of authors in each period, according to
their respective works, may be proposed as an
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xi
exercise to the pupils themselves, in order that
an opportunity may be afforded them of work-
ing up the materials presented to them in a
different shape, of impressing them more deeply
on their memory, and of forming their judg-
ment.
Such are the principles on which I have con-
structed the present Manual, which, during
a course of several years, I have uniformly em-
ployed as a text book in the education of the
upper classes of our Gymnasium. What assist-
ance I have derived from the labours of others in
the preliminary dissertations prefixed to the
several periods, will sufficiently appear from the
work itself. Those teachers who may be in-
clined to adopt this outline as the basis of their
lectures, will experience little difficulty in sup-
plying more detailed notices of the several authors
from the Manuals of Harles and Mohnigke;
for the convenience of those who possess or
have access to the last edition of Fabricii Bibl. Gr.
I have pointed out the volume and the
page of
this work in which the several articles occur;
in the Bibl. Lat. of the same scholar there will be
no difficulty in finding them from the index.
xii
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
In the second Edition my principal aim has
been to exhibit an historical sketch of the pro-
gress of Greek and Roman Literature, to trace
it from its earliest origin through all the suc-
cessive stages of its developement to the period
of its highest cultivation, and from that again
to the extreme stage of its decline, keeping con-
stantly in view the influence which political
relations in general, and the different branches
of Literature in particular, have reciprocally
exercised upon each other. In the execution
of this design it is not enough to know under
what varieties of form and with what success
the language has been cultivated in a nation,
what authors have attained a standard rank in
each, and what may be assigned to a secondary
and inferior class; it is necessary also to shew
in what manner, and under what circum-
stances, whether operating from within or from
without, these different varieties arose at dif
ferent periods, whence it came to pass that at
different times first one and then another and
then several were in the ascendant, by what
reciprocity of influence the different branches of
Literature were determined and modified, or what
peculiarities of structure they severally derived
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xiii
from the most eminent authors, just as in the
political history of a nation it is not enough to
know what events and forms of government
have at any time occurred, but it will be re-
quisite also to shew how these events and forms.
of government evolved themselves out of the
existing state of the nation, or the views and
characters of its leading men. It is true,
indeed, that in tracing the history of Literature,
the causes of the different phenomena and their
influence are not so obvious as they are usually
found to be in political history: it often hap-
pens that they can only be discovered by con-
jectures after a close and long-continued ob-
servation of contemporary phenomena, or of those
immediately consequent one on another; but it
is also true that these conjectures for the most
part reach a high, very often the highest, degree
of probability, and in determining the charac-
teristics of individual authors, we have accord-
ingly made very successful attempts of this
kind. But such a proper historical representa-
tion of the progress of Literature has a better
claim in my estimation to the merit of a philoso-
phical history of Literature than the scientific
method, as it is termed, which is so much ex-
xiv
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
tolled and recommended as the only right one,
a method which out of partiality for a logical
arrangement classifies the authors according to
the varieties of form which their language as-
sumed, and which, without any regard to their
historical connexion one with another, or to
the predominance of different varieties at dif-
ferent times, represents Literature not in its
living organization, but as a determinate whole,
and not only mutilates it as a whole, but severs
individual authors who have cultivated its dif-
ferent varieties from each other; just as in some
manuals of Universal History, the whole is dis-
tributed into certain periods, and in each period
the history of particular states belonging to it,
according as they follow from east to west, is
related, the result of which is, that instead of
a Universal History, there appears only a num-
ber of single, unconnected, Histories.
Such an historical view of the rise and pro-
gress of Greek and Roman Literature I have
attempted to exhibit in the preliminary dis-
sertations prefixed to the several periods, in
respect to which the chronological enumeration
of authors stands in the relation of notes to the
text, or of chronological tables in history to
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
XV
continuous narration. Several authors who
were noticed in the first edition have been
omitted in the present, on the ground that they
did not appear to have exercised any consider-
able influence on Literature. In every instance,
however, where we possess entire works or col-
lected fragments of an author, I did not feel
myself justified in passing him by without
notice, however insignificant he may be in
other respects.
It would be doing me great injustice to sup-
pose, that I invariably pursued in my Lectures
the precise course which I have here marked
out. A treatise on any subject represents that
particular subject in a scientific and systematized
form, and descends from universals to particu-
lars; in oral instruction the object is to discover
by what method the knowledge to be imparted
may be most easily apprehended by the learner.
In learning, however, the natural course of pro-
ceeding is from individuals and particulars to
generals. In my Lectures accordingly I at first
pass over altogether the preliminary disserta-
tions, and merely go through the chronological
catalogue of authors, mentioning under each
the circumstances which exerted any influence.
xvi
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
on their character; under Alcæus, e. g. the dif-
ferent national character of the Ionic and Doric
race, (p. 24, sq.); under Æschylus, the origin of
the Drama, (p. 51, sq.) &c. Until the pupils
have acquired an adequate knowledge of the
individual authors and the circumstances under
which they lived, it is impossible for them to
comprehend general views with any degree of
precision: a clear and comprehensive view can
only be obtained by one who makes himself
properly acquainted with the authors from their
works, and with the time in which they lived.
For the sake of repetition, I require the pupils
themselves to arrange the authors of each period
according to their different subjects; and this I
find to be the only advantage of what is called
the scientific mode of treating a History of
Literature; such an exercise I have never yet
had reason to think disproportioned to the capa-
cities of young persons.
[The Author's third Preface contains nothing of interest
to the English reader.]
A HISTORY
OF
GRECIAN LITERATURE.
Works upon this subject.
J. A. Fabricii Bibliotheca Græca, cur. Gottl. Christoph. Harles
Hamburg. 1790-1809. 12 vols. 4to. The first edition of this
Work appeared at Hamb. 1718-28, 14 vols. 4to. The new
edition unfortunately remains incomplete.
Th. Christ. Harles Introd. in Histor. Ling. Gr. Altenb. 1792-95.
2 vols. 8vo. Supplementa Tom. 1. 2. Jena 1804. 1806. 8vo.
Ej. brevior notitia litteraturæ Gr. Lips. 1812. 8vo.
Gottl. Chr. Fr. Mohnike Gesch. d. Literatur der Griech. und
Römer 1r. B. Greifsw. 1813.
Groddeck Initia Hist. Græc. literariæ. Ed. 2. Vilnæ 1822.
23. 24. 2 vols. 8vo.
Schoell Hist. de la litterature Grecque profane. Paris 1823. 25.
8 vols. 8vo. translated into German, with additions by I. J. F.
Schwarze. Berlin. 1828, sqq. 3 vols. 8vo. Greek literature is
also greatly indebted to H. F. Clinton's Fasti Hellenici.
Oxford 1834. 3 vols. 4to.
Comp. Dav. Ruhnkenii Oratio de Græcia artium et doctrinarum
inventrice. Lugd. B. 1757. in his Opusc. p. 77, sqq., in my
lat. eloquentiæ exempt. second edition p. 317, sqq.
Treatises upon separate parts.
Ger. J. Vossi de vett. poet. Gr. et Lat. tempor. L. 2. Amstel.
1654. 4to.
B
2
HISTORY OF
Fr. Schlegel's Gesch. d. griech. u. Röm. Poesie. Berlin, 1798,
8vo. 1r B.
Nachträge zu Sulers Theor. B. I. S. 255.
A. W. Schlegel's Vorlesungen über dram. poesie. Heidelb.
1809. Translated by J. Black. Lond. 1815. 2 vols. 8vo.
Aug. Meineke Quæst, scenic. sp. 1. 2. 3. Berol. 1826. 27. 30.
4to. upon the Greek Comedy.
Conr. Schneider über das elegische Gedicht der Hellenen in
Studien von Daub und Creuzer. 4r. B.
Jo. Valent. Franckii Callinus, sive quæstiones de origine carm.
eleg. tract. crit. Altonæ et Lips. 1816. 8vo.
Ueber die parodische Poesie der Griechen in Studien. 6r. B. S.
267 ff.
G. J. Vossii de historicis Gr. Lib. 4. Lugd. B. 1624. 4to.
Ge. Fr. Creuzer die historische Kunst der Griechen in ihrer
Entstehung und Fortbildung. Leipzig, 1803. 8vo.
Chph. Meiners Gesch. d. Urspr., Fortgangs u. Verfalls der
Wissensch. in Griech. u. Rom. Lemgo. 1781, sq. 2 vols. 8vo.
Dav. Ruhnkenii historia critica orat. Græc. prefixed to his edition
of de Rutil. Lup. and in Reiske orat. Gr. Vol. 8. p. 122. and
in Ruhnk. opusc.
J. C. F. Manso über die Bildung der Rhetorik unter den Grie-
chen in his Verm. Abhandl. Bresl. 1821. 8vo.
Collections.
1. Bibliotheca Græca V V. DD. opera recognita et comm. in
usum schol. instructa, curr. Frid. Jacobs et Val. Chr. Fr.
Rost, Gothæ et Erford. 1826, sqq. 8vo.
2. Poetæ Græci princ. heroici carminis. Exc. H. Stephanus
1566. fol.
3. Pindari Carmina-Cæterorum octo lyricorum carmina, Gr.
et Lat. Exc. H. Steph. 1560. 12mo. and 5 other editions
-1624.
4. Carmina novem illustrium feminarum-et lyricorum etc.'
ex bibl. Fulv. Ursini. Antv. 1568. 8vo.
GRECIAN LITERATURE.
3
5. Poetriarum octo-fragm. et elogia-cura Jo. Chr. Wolfii.
Hamburgi 1734. 4to.
Poetriarum Græcarum Carminum Fragmenta, Gr. ed. A.
Schneider, contin. etiam fragg. Cleobulinæ, Euridicæ,
Hedylæ, Irenæ, et Theosebiæ quæ in edit. Wolf. desunt.
Giess. 1802. 8vo.
6a. Mulierum, quæ oratione prosa usæ sunt, fragm. et elogia-
cura Jo. Chr. Wolfii. Hamb. 1739. 4to.
6b. Poetæ scenici Græci. Acc. perditarum fabb. fragm. Recogn.
et præf. est Guil. Dindorfius. Lips. 1830. royal 8vo.
7. Analecta veterum poëtarum Gr. ed. Brunck. Argentor.
1772-76. 3 vols. 8vo..
8a. Anthologia Gr. s. poetarum Gr. lusus, ex rec. Brunckii.
Lips. 1794-5. vol. 8. To which may be added :
8b. Frid. Jacobs animadv. in epigr. anthol. Gr. Lips. 1798-
1814.8 vols. 8vo.
Anthologia Græca, cum versione Latina H. Grotii, acced.
H. de Bosch observationes, notæ, et indices. Ultraj.
1795-1822. 5 vols. 4to.
Anthologia Græca, ad fidem cod. olim Palatini nunc Para-
sini ex apographo Gothano edita, curavit F. Jacobs.
Lips. 1813-17. 4 vols. 8vo.
Delectus Epigrammatum Græcorum, commentariis in-
struxit F. Jacobs. Gothæ 1826. 8vo.
Scriptores Græci minores, quorum Reliquias. fere omnium,
melioris notæ, ex editionibus variis excerpsit J. A. Giles.
Oxon. 1831. 2 vols. 12mo.
This publication comprises the whole remains of fifty
authors, several of whose works have never before been
collected.
9. Theognidis Megar. sententiæ elegiacæ cum interpr. et schol.
El. Vineti. Acc. et horum poetarum opera sententiosa,
Phocylidis, Pythagoræ, Solonis, Tyrtæi, Naumachii,
Callimachi, Mimnermi, Eveni, Rhiani, Eratosthenis,
Panyasidis, Lini, Menecratis, Posidippi, Metrodori, Si-
monidis. Senariorum libellus, per Jac. Her.elium, Curi-
ensem. Basil. 1561. Svo. Often reprinted.
4.
HISTORY OF
10. Opus aureum et scholasticum, in quo continentur Pythagoræ
carmina aurea, Phocyl. Theogn. et aliorum poemata, edita
omnia studio et cura Mich. Neandri. Lips. 1577. 4to.
11. Poeta minores Græci-Acc. observationes Rudolphi Win-
tertoni in Hesiodum. Cantabr. 1674. 8vo. etc.
12. 'Hoixà moinois sive Gnomici poetæ Græci. Ad optimorum
exemplarium fidem emendavit Rich. Franc. Phil. Brunck.
Argentor. 1784. 8vo. Ed. nova correcta notisque (H. G.
Schæferi) et indicibus aucta. Lips. 1817. 8vo.
13. Poetæ minores Græci præcipua lect. variet. et indicibus
locupletissimis instruxit Th. Gaisford. Oxon. 1814-20.
4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1823. 5 vols. 8vo.
Comicorum Græcorum Sententiæ, cum Latina interpreta-
tione H. Steph. 1569. 18mo.
14. Sententiosa vetustissimorum gnomicorum poëtarum opera.
Vol. 1. Pythag.carm. aur. ed. Eberh. Gottl. Glandorf. Lips.
1776. 8vo. vol. 2. Solonis fr. ed. Franc. Arn. Fortlage.
15. Poesis philosophica, vel saltem reliquæ poesis philosophicæ,
Empedoclis, Xenophanis, Timonis, Parmenidis, Cleanthis,
Epicharmi, Orphei carmina, item Heracliti, et Democriti
loci quidam et eorum epistolæ. Græce. Paris. Exc. H.
Stephanus. 1573. 8vo.
16. Vetustissimorum et sapientissimorum comicorum quinqua-
ginta, quorum opera integra non extant, sententiæ, quæ
supersunt. Gr. et Lat. collectæ per Jac. Hertelium Curi-
ensem. Basil. s. 1. Veronæ 1616. 8vo. Frequently re-
printed; sometimes under the title, Bibliotheca I. vetust.
com. etc.
17. Excerpta ex tragediis et com. Gr. tum quæ exstant, tum
quæ perierunt. Em. et Latin. vers. ib. redd. ab Hug. Gro-
tio, cum notis et indice. Paris. 1626. 4to.
18. H. Stephani parodiæ morales in poëtarum vett. sententias
celebriores; acc. centonum vett. et parodiarum utriusque
linguæ exempla. Paris. 1575. 8vo.
19. Scriptores erotici Græci ed Chr. Guil. Mitscherlich. Bip.
1792-94. 4 vols. Corpus scr. erot. Gr. ed Franc. Passow.
Lips. 1824. vols. 1-2.
GRECIAN LITERATURE.
5
20. Historicorum Gr. antiquiss. fragm. coll. em. expl. Frid.
Creuzer. vol. 1. Heidelb. 1806. 8vo.
Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Chaldean, Egyptian,
Tyrian, Carthaginian, Indian, Persian, and other writers,
Greek and English, edited by J. P. Cory. 2d edit.
Lond. 1832. 8vo.
21. Geographica antiqua-c. not. Is. Vossii, I Palmerii, S.
Tennulii et emendd. Jac. Gronovii. Lugd. B. 1697. 4to.
1700. 4to.
22. Geographiæ veteris scriptt. Gr. minores, cum interp. Lat.
dissert. et annott. (ed. J. Hudson.) Oxon. 1698-1712.
4 vols. 8vo.
23. Geographi Gr. min. ed. Franc. Gail. Paris. tom. 1, 2.
1826-28.
24. Geogr. Gr. min. ed. Bernhardy. vol. 1. Lips. 1828. 8vo.
25. Oratorum Græc. monumenta ingenii, e bonis libris a se
emendata, materia crit. comm. integris Hier. Wolfii, Jo.
Taylori, Jer. Marklandi, aliorum, et suis, indicibus deni-
que instructa ed. Jo. Jac. Reiske. Lips. 1770-75. 12
vols. 8vo.
26. Oratores Attici ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri. 7 tomi. Oxonii
1822. 8vo. Berol. (Lips.) 1823. sq. 6 tom. 8vo.
Oratores Attici, Gr. et Lat. cum notis variorum, edidit
G. S. Dobson. Lond. 1828. 16 vols. 8vo.
27. Epistolæ diversorum philosophorum, oratorum etc. g.
Romæ ap. Ald. Manutium. 1499. 4to. again, Gr. Lat.
Aurel. Allobr. (Geneva) 1606. fol. (coll. Cujaciana).
Philosophorum Græcorum veterum, præsertim qui ante
Platonem floruerunt operum Reliquæ, recensuit S. Kar-
sten, vol. 1. 2. Brux. 1830-35. 8vo.
28. Socratis, Antisthenis et aliorum Socraticorum epistolæ
XXXV. Gr. et Lat. cum comm. Leon. Allatii. Paris.
1637. 4to.
29. Collectio epistolarum Græcorum. Gr. et Lat. rec. notis pri-
orum interpr. suisque ill. Jo. Conr. Orellius. tom. 1.
Socratis et Socraticorum, Pythagoræ et Pythagoreorum
quæ feruntur epistola. Lips. 1815. 8vo.
6
HISTORY OF
30. Opuscula Græcorum vett. sententiosa et moralia. Gr. et
Lat. Colleg. dispos. em. et ill. Jo. Conr. Orellius. Lips.
1819, sqq. 2 vols. 8vo.
Parœmiographi Græci quorum pars nunc primum ex co-
dicibus MSS. vulgatur, ed. T. Gaisford. Oxon. 1836.
8vo.
31. Opuscula mythol. phys. et ethica, Gr. et Lat. (c. notis et
var. lect. opera Th. Gale.) Cantabr. 1671. Amstel. 1688.
8vo.
32. Historiæ poëticæ scriptores antiqui etc. Gr. et Lat. (c. notis
ed. Th. Gale.) Paris. 1675. 8vo.
33. Medicorum Græc. opera quæ exstant. Edit. cur. Car.
G. Kühn. Lips. 1821-33. 8vo. 26 vols. are published.
Geoponica, sive de re Rustica, Gr. et Lat. ed. P. Need-
ham. Cantab. 1704. 8vo. Ed. J. N. Niclas. Lips. 1781.
4 vols. 8vo.
34. Θησαυρὸς κέρας ᾿Αμαλθείας, καὶ μῆτοι ᾿Αδώνιδος. Cornu Copiæ
et Horti Adonidis. Venet. in domi Aldi Rom. 1496. fol.
Again, with other Greek Grammarians, Venet. 1497. fol.
A third edition, Venet. 1524. fol. A fourth, ibid. 1525.
8vo.
35. Guil. Dindorfii Grammatici Græci.
8vo.
Lips. 1823. vol. 1.
36. Imm. Bekkeri anecdota Gr. Berol. 1814-21. 3 vols. 8vo.
37. Anecdota Gr. e codd. MSS. Bibl. Reg. Paris. descripsit
Lud. Bachmannus. Lips. 1828. 2 vols. 8vo.
38. Anecdota Gr. e codd. regiis descr. annot. ill. J. Fr. Boisso-
nade. Paris. 1829, sq. 8vo.
Anecdota Græca, e codd. MSS. Bibliothecarum Oxonien-
sium descripsit J. A. Cramer. Oxon. 1835-6. 3 vols.
8vo.
39. Rhetores Græci. Venet. ap. Aldum Manut. 1508-9. 2 vols.
fol.
40. Rhetores selecti, Gr. et Lat. (c. not. Th. Gale.) Oxon.
1676. 8vo. iterum edit. J. Frid. Fischerus. Lips. 1773. 8vo.
41. Rhetores Græci, ex Codd. Florr. Mediol. Monac. Neap.
Paris. Rom. Ven. Taur. et Vindob. emendatiores et auc-
GRECIAN LITERATURE.
7
tiores ed. suis aliorumque annot. instr. indd. locupl. adi.
Chrn. Waltz. Stuttg. et Tub. 1832-36. 9 vols. 8vo.
Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, e Vaticanis codicibus
edita, ab Ang. Maio, Gr. et Lat. Romæ. 1825-33. 8 vols.
4to.
Antiquæ Musicæ auctores septem, Gr. et Lat. cum notis
M. Meibomi. Amst. 1652. 4to.
Scriptores Physiognomoniæ veteres, Gr. et Lat. ed. J. G.
Franzius. Altenb. 1780. 8vo.
Scriptores rei Accipitrariæ, Gr. et Lat. cura N. Rigaltii.
Lutet. 1612. 4to.
Astronomi veteres, Gr. et Lat. Venet. Aldus, 1499. fol.
Veterum Mathematicorum Athenæi, Apollodori, et alior.
opera, Gr. et Lat. Paris. 1693. fol.
42. Historiæ Byzantinæ scriptores, ed. Phil. Labbæus, C. Ann.
Fabroti, Car du Fresne du Cange etc. Paris. 1648-1702.
32 vols. fol. Venet. 1729-33. 23 vols. fol.
43. Historiæ Byz. nova appendix, Opera Ge. Pisidæ etc. a P.
Franc. Fagginio. Gr. et Lat. Rom. 1777. fol.
44. Corpus scriptorum hist. Byz. consilio B. G. Niebuhrii in-
stituta, Bonnæ 1828, sqq. vols. 1 to 30. 8vo.
FIRST PERIOD.
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FLOURISHING
PERIOD OF LITERATURE IN ATHENS.
§. 1. THE first people who laid the foundation of
poetry in Greece were the so-called Thracian tribes,
who, under the name of Pieres, dwelt in southern
Macedonia on Olympus, in Boeotia and Phocis (about
1460 Tereus) on Parnassus and Helicon (Strabo, x.
p. 772), and at Eleusis'in Attica (Eumolpus). Among
them we meet with the earliest minstrel bards, who
were at the same time the priests and instructors of the
people, soothsayers, and sages: Orpheus, Linus, Eu-
molpus, Thamyris, Musæus, etc. The predilection for
signalizing themselves by adventures and dangerous
enterprizes, which soon prevailed so extensively among
the Grecian chieftains, (the heroic age, in the pre-
dominant character of the time, analogous to that of
chivalry in the middle ages, and, like this, a point of
transition from the state of barbarism to the first steps
of civilization), as well as the public festivals and
sacrifices, furnished poetry with a copious variety of
materials, of which the lively and characteristic fancy
of the nation was not slow to avail itself; the exploits
FIRST PERIOD.
9
of the heroes or the praises of the gods were celebrated
in song. The poetic spirit became more and more
awakened and fostered, while the language by means
of animated recitation, accompanied with music and
rhythmical movements, acquired refinement and har-
mony.
§. 2. But of all these earlier poets, an Orpheus, a
Musaus, the hymn-composers Pamphus, Olen (Fa-
bric. Bibl. Gr. t. i. p. 134. 206), and others, we have
only traditions and scanty notices; it is with Homer
that a Grecian literature first begins, as far as we are
concerned; but how much the earlier poets had already
done for language and imagery is evident from the fact,
that this poet at once produced perfect models of the
epic-models, as well in regard to the vivid and lively
portraiture of the individual objects, as on account of
the harmony of the parts and the unity of the whole;
which is not the product of study and theory, or of an
art founded on a knowledge of rules, but of a vigor-
ous imagination under the guidance of its own natural
laws. In order to give publicity to the works of the
admired poet, there were some who sedulously com-
mitted his poems to memory, and then recited them
with an animated and rhythmical delivery, Rhapso-
dists (Wolf proleg. p. xcvi, sqq. a highly esteemed
class of minstrels, so denominated from páßdos, a staff
of laurel, which they carried as a badge of their pro-
fession, Pind. Isthm. 4. 66, or from jáτ adds, to
10
FIRST PERIOD.
5/
recite poems connectedly, whence parà И of the
Homeridæ, id. Nem. 2. 2. See there Boeckh and
Dissen.) The most celebrated of these rhapsodists,
who by this means trained themselves for poets, was
Cinadus of Chios, about Ol. Ixix. (see Ruhnk. epist.
crit. 1. p. 7. Voss mythol. Br. I. p. 103, sqq. new
edit.) Others initated Homer, and produced poems
similar to his (Homeric school. Homerida is pro-
bably the name of a family. Nitszch hist. Hom.
p. 128), and sang either those events of the Trojan
war which he had left untouched, and which were
anterior to the period of time comprised in the Iliad,
or those subsequent to the death of Hector, with
which the Iliad concludes, up to the sacking of the
town and the return of the Greeks (νόστοι, Τηλεγονία,
the latter from the death of Ulysses by his son Teleg.,
both continuations of the Odyssey), without however
designing to complete the Iliad or Odyssey, or other
achievements of the heroic age, as in the 'Exiyover,
Θηβαΐς ἡ κυκλική, Αλκμαιωνίς, Αργοναυτικά, Ηρακλεῖαι,
also detached portions of these, as Aiyiuos, a poem
which contains the earliest transactions of the Dorian
race, a people so much in various ways connected
with Hercules, and was ascribed by some to Hesiod,
by others to Cecrops of Miletus. Of the unity of
action, which Homer observed in such a masterly
?
▲ Vide Heyne index script. ab Apollod. laudatorum, and
Müller's Dorians, p. 33.
FIRST PERIOD.
11
manner, these poets had no idea; they regarded
merely the unity of time, i. e. the chronological con-
nection, and the unity of the person'. They were
called Cyclian poets, because their productions made
up a complete whole of traditional history, xixdos“.
The most celebrated are Lesches (k), Arctinus (c),
Stasinus (m); among them are mentioned also
(Augias) Hagias of Trozen (Nócro), Eugammon
of Cyrene, about Ol. liii. (Theyovia) see Proclus in
loc. cit. These and other such traditions of the
heroic age were also handled by the Lacedæmonian
Cinathon in his Heaxhie (Schol. Apoll. Rh. I.
1357). Tnλeyovia (Hieron. chron. Euseb. ad Ol. v.),
by Creophylus of Samos in his Οιχαλίας ἅλωσις
(Fabric. B. Gr. i. p. 17). These poets might very
well imitate, even to deception, the language of
Homer, especially since they were not so much
versed in the peculiar style of genius which dis-
tinguished the individual poet, as in the general
↳ Aristot. poet. 23.
c Vide Fabric. Bibl. Gr. i. p. 378, sq. Heyne Exc. I. ad Æn.
II. Proclus in Bibl. d. alt. Litt. u. Kunst. 1s. St. Ined. p. 35,
with Heyne's Anm. also in Hephaestion, edit. Gaisford, p. 461.
Bekk. præf. Schol. Il. F. Wüllner de cyclo epico poëtisque cy-
W. Müller de cyclo Græc. epico et
clicis. Monast. 1826. 8.
poët. cycl. Lips. 1820. 8.
Cf. Jahrb. d. Philol. XIII. P. 240.
d Groddeck init. hist. litt. Gr. p. 36, considers him to be the
comic poet of the middle comedy. Thiersch Act. Monac. t. ii.
p. 584, sqq. places him, with Nitzsch hist. crit. Hom. p. 116,
between Arctinus and Lesches.
$
12
FIRST PERIOD.
character of the language in use at that period, but
they were incapable of breathing into their poems his
spirit e.
Remark. The hypothesis of F. A. Wolf, that the
Homeric poems first received their present form from
the hands of comparatively recent editors (diaoxsvα-
oraí), particularly during the reign of Pisistratus, and
under his direction, although defended with consider-
able acuteness and argumentative skill, obtains cre-
dence at present with very few, (see particularly Greg.
Guil. Nitszch hist Hom. fasc. 1. Hannov. 1830. 4to.)
It has been before remarked, that the method of proof
adopted by Wolf rests more on à priori arguments
than upon internal data; and also that the poems must
have had their present compass and arrangement as
early as the times of the first Cyclian writers, because
these would not otherwise have confined their choice
to subjects, which the Iliad and Odyssey had left un-
appropriated'. It has been moreover already observed,
that the inference drawn from the non-adoption of a
similar plan of strict adherence to unity by the Grecian
• Proclus says of these Cycl. p. 378. Gaisf. doubtless on more
ancient authority: τοῦ ἐπικοῦ κύκλου τὰ ποιήματα σπουδάζεται
τοῖς πολλοῖς οὐχ οὕτω διὰ τὴν ἀρετήν. ὡς διὰ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν τῶν ἐν
αὐτῷ πραγμάτων and the Alexandrians did not admit any one
of them into their canon as a classical poet.
f Struve Abhandl. u. Reden, p. 82, folg. O. Müller bei
Nitzch hist. Hom. p. 152, sq. Nitzsch in Ersch u. Grubers
Encycl. Art. Odysee p. 399. hist. Hom. 1. c.
FIRST PERIOD.
13
epic poets, as to the question of its adoption by Homer,
(Wolf prol. p. cxxvi, sqq.) proves too much, and con-
sequently proves nothing". The assertion of Wolf
respecting the evidence of all antiquity (proleg.
p. cxl.), resolves itself, at last, into the evidence of
comparatively modern authorities, Cicero (dicitur),
Pausanias, and others, without receiving any cor-
roboration from more ancient testimony; and, be-
sides, even this would only show that an arrange-
ment had been made, agreeably to the indications
afforded by the poems themselves, not that the
persons commissioned by Pisistratus invented the
plan, and then arranged the individual parts in
conformity to it. Such a contrivance might per-
haps be expected from Alexandrian grammarians, but
not from men of that simple age, who were strangers
to all chicanery and deceit. But when again Wolf
maintains that it was impossible, even for the poets
themselves, without the aid of writing, to project and
retain in their memory poems of so vast an extent, it is
to be feared that our judgment on this point is too much
influenced by modern practice. Depending ourselves
almost entirely on the assistance of writing, we forget
how assiduously the ancients cultivated their retentive
powers, neither do we make due allowance for the effect
of imagination, which with the Greeks was much more
* See my Lehrbuch der Philos. §. 106. p. 107. dritt. Aufl.
14
FIRST PERIOD.
lively and vigorous than with us, and after all there
still remains to be decided the question, whether the
greatest poets of modern times, as Dante, Ariosto, Tasso,
Milton, Klopstock, Goethe, Schiller, and Wieland, have
considered it necessary first to commit their poems to
paper; at least the appeal of Wolf to our own poets,
p. cxvi., has never yet been answered by them (comp.
Schiller's u. Goethe's Briefwechsel (Correspondence),
3r B. S. 89.) The inquiry into the origin of the
Homeric poems appears therefore to be independent
of the question, whether Homer knew and practised
the art of writing; so that we may, with Wolf, con-
sistently deny to Homer and his time the practice, or
even the knowledge of the art, and yet maintain the
possibility of preserving these poems in the order in
which they were composed, without having recourse to
writing. That the knowledge of writing, however, is
more ancient than Wolf is willing to admit, Nitzsch
has shown in his histor. Hom.
Generally speaking, in attempting to clear away the
apparent difficulties which obscure the origin of the
Homeric poems, others arising from the new hypo-
thesis seem to have been overlooked. It is thought
inconceivable that works of such magnitude as the
Iliad, and Odyssey, could have been originated and
preserved without the aid of writing; and, in opposi-
tion to this, an assumption is set up, which is just as
little warranted by any precedent in the literature of
FIRST PERIOD.
15
other nations: for that a work should have derived its
origin, from the productions of several poets being
collected and joined together by the contrivance of one
or more persons, other than the original authors, or
from the circumstance that some preexisting nucleus,
(a quadre,) of moderate dimensions, had gradually,
by means of subsequent additions and accretions, ac-
quired, like a snow-ball, an augmentation of bulk, and
that nevertheless a work thus heterogeneously con-
structed, should be in the whole of one tone and spirit
and as it were of one mould", would be as great a
miracle as if several artists should undertake to restore the
celebrated Torso, and should execute it so cleverly as to
lead a person to suppose, even after the closest scrutiny,
that he saw before him the work of one and the same
artist. It is not to be denied that isolated verses, or
even several, may have been interwoven, through
ignorance, in both poems; inasmuch as there is
scarcely any production of antiquity which has
escaped this fate. But that subsequent revisers should
have designedly interpolated whole passages, which do
not betray themselves by any difference of hue, like
the last book of the Odyssey, is antecedently impro-
h What Cicero says of a speech of Fannius, Brut. 26, 100.
is applicable here: “ nec ejusmodi est, ut a pluribus confusa vide-
atur: unus cnim sonus est totius orationis et idem stilus." Some
also asserted of that speech, "multos nobiles, quod quisque
potuisset, in illam contulisse."
16
FIRST PERIOD.
bable, were it only on the ground that even the Cyclian
poets cautiously abstained from any attempt to describe
again those same scenes, which the original poet had
already delineated. As yet there have been no pas-
sages of any considerable length pointed out by the
old grammarians, or the modern critics, which it is
necessary for us on internal or external grounds to
pronounce spurious. Such decisions are founded
either on hypothetical views, as the assertion of
J. Glob. Schneider's, who is said to have considered
the 9th book of the Iliad an interpolationi: or on a
misconception of the style of thought, and the general
spirit and character of antiquity, as in the opinion that
the last part of the Iliad [viz. the last six books] is
an extraneous addition, or that the catalogue of the ships
is foisted in at an improper place, as if the historians,
Herod. 7. 61, sqq. and Thucydides 7. 52. did not
there first give the catalogue of the belligerent parties,
where the principal battles are described. Least of all
has it been considered that not the old poets only,
but other writers also, suffer themselves to be influenced
in the connection of their thoughts and the arrange-
ment of their works, not so much by regard to the intel-
lect which combines all affinities, though even this is
not altogether excluded from their consideration, as by
the laws of a vivid imagination, which associates even
the bare similitude, and often lays hold of the slightest.
1 Conf. Jen. allg. Littz. 1823. n. 172.
FIRST PERIOD.
17
handle for digression, as Od. 19, 394, sqq., and that,
for this reason, the individual connection often appears
loose and irregular to us, who are accustomed to pro-
ceed according to the demands of reason and rules of
Logic. Whereas, when viewed in relation to the laws
of the imagination, the association of ideas, which
prevails in all ordinary conversation, it appears per-
fectly natural. It is precisely this sort of coherence
which we trace in the gya xai égas of Hesiod, the
arrangement of which deviates so far from a logical
connexion, that H. Twesten was of opinion that
the poem should be divided into several portions ;
the same observation is also applicable to the poems
of Collinus and Tyrtæus, especially to the Elegies
not only of the Greeks, but also of the Romans, to
the Odes of Pindar, and even to the History of
Herodotus. This connection, so incoherent according
to our ideas, can only have been derived from the
k This connection in Hesiod and Herodotus I have attempted
to point out in my vermischten Scriften S. 108, sqq. I am here
reminded of an assertion which F. A. Wolf made in a conversa-
tion with Hier. de Bosch at Amsterdam in 1790, that even the
History of Herodotus had been revised at a subsequent period,
and disfigured by a multitude of digressions and episodes which
stood in no logical connection with the main circumstances of
the narrative. Respecting the train of thought in Pindar, see
Hermann in the Neuen Jahrb. d. Philol. 1 S. 55, sqq. The effect
of the Imagination predominates also in the Greek Syntax, and
those persons are greatly mistaken who expect to find all its
parts constructed on a logical basis.
C
18
FIRST PERIOD.
original poet; but if some learned individual in after
times should wish to arrange and bring together
several detached pieces of a poem of this kind, he
could not arrange them otherwise than according to
logical considerations; and it is too much to suppose
that it could have occurred to any one, however ex-
quisite his poetical taste, to arrange the parts of the
Odyssey in such a manner as we have them arranged
at present; none but the author himself who compre-
hended the whole in the grasp of his genius could do
that; though others also, who possessed the like poetic
genius, might imitate the given model, as Virgil in the
Æneid, and Wieland in the Oberon. When persons
here speak of an art which it would be premature to
expect from the age of Homer, they confound the
term Art, as the faculty of producing something ac-
cording to the knowledge and direction of certain
rules, according to a theory (which, however, did not
exist even in the age of Pisistratus), properly speaking
artificial skill, with art as the immediate emanation
of genius, originating in the inmost recesses of the
mind, conformable to which are all genuine works
of art, in which the authors themselves cannot perhaps
give any account of the manner in which they were
produced, because it appears to them so perfectly
natural'. It has been thought extraordinary, that in
1 This effect of Genius is admirably described in a letter of
Mozart, which I remember to have read in a former number of
FIRST PERIOD.
19
the eleventh Book of the Iliad, v. 809, sqq. after men-
tioning the meeting of Patroclus and Eurypylus, and
the cure which the latter sought to obtain from him,
the thread of the narrative is then broken off, and is
not resumed till the fifteenth Book, v. 390; and then
again at v. 405, it is broken off until it is continued
at the beginning of the sixteenth Book; and persons
have been for this reason induced to regard all the
intervening portion as an extraneous addition. It is
unquestionably true, that a revising poet or scholar
would hardly have arranged the pieces in question as
we now read them, if they had been presented to him
in a detached and unconnected form; he would cer-
tainly have joined together every thing which was
logically connected, and would have avoided any
transition in the narrative from one subject to another;
he would have related in nice and regular order, first
one and then the other. The fact of its not being so,
makes it probable that the loose coherence, as we con-
ceive it to be, proceeds from the original poet, who
directed his view to the main subject, the battle of the
Greeks and Trojans, and incidentally introduced the
subordinate circumstance, the stay of Patroclus with
Eurypylus, until this stay, at the beginning of Book 16,
brings on an important consequence. That Pylæmenes,
who was killed Il. 5. 578., nevertheless follows the dead
body of his son Il. 13. 658., is much less surprising, if
the Leipzig Musicalischen Zeitung. Comp. Wolf proleg.
p. 42.
20
FIRST PERIOD.
the whole poem was merely preserved in the memory,
than if it were indebted for its present form to the
persons whom Pisistratus deputed to arrange it, who
must therefore be supposed not to have at all remarked
the contradiction.
The Odyssey harmonizes with the Iliad in tone and
spirit, in its simple unaffected language, and in the
vividness of its imagery; on the whole, so extremely
uniform, that it becomes difficult to believe that it is
the work of a different author from that of the Iliad,
as some grammarians (oi xweiloves, Wolf proleg. p.
clviii.) maintained, supporting their opinions on ab-
stract grounds, isolated words and expressions, and
mythological episodes". That the Odyssey has not
the energetic character of the Iliad, arises not, as
Longinus thought, from the advanced age of the poet,
but from the difference of subject, inasmuch as the
Iliad portrays the vigorous exertions of heroes in-
council, in fights, and battles, while the Odyssey, for
the most part, depicts peaceful and domestic scenes;
for the Greeks were remarkable for the exquisite tact
with which they discovered a suitable tone for every
variety of subject.
§. 3. In nearly as great estimation with the ancients
m [The question respecting the identity of authorship in the
Iliad and Odyssey was first mooted by the Alexandrian critics.
This identity is rejected by Clinton, Payne, Knight, and Cole-
ridge; the former however conjectures that the interval between
the two poems did not exceed fifty years, as they manifestly
belong to the same school of poetry. Cf. Clint. F. H. 381.]
FIRST PERIOD.
21
was Hesiod (b)", though the subjects of his composi-
tions were very different. In his ἔργα καὶ ἡμέραι, the
most ancient of the poems ascribed to him, he has set
forth in a loose, though, from the natural association
of ideas, a defined connection, exhortations to an
honest, active life, and was therefore the forerunner
of the succeeding gnomic and didactic poets: besides
this, he comprised also, in two works, the coyovia and
Κατάλογος γυναικῶν, the traditions and poetic fictions
respecting the genealogy of the gods and heroes. His
poems also were recited by the rhapsodists. In his
language and imagery, as well as in his religious con-
ceptions, he has a more sombre cast than Homer, and
evinces the spirit of a different time, which is no longer
directed to the lively and cheerful enjoyment of the
boons of life, but to the due adjustment of domestic
and social relations, which had been disturbed by a
complication of disorder and distress". He was suc-
ceeded by other composers of Theogonies, Titano-
machies, Gigantomachies, Genealogies; and there
arose also an Hesiodic school? of poets, who, like
According to Voss (Weltkunde s. xvi. conf. xx. Benj. Con-
stant de la religion, t. iii. p. 294. not. iv. p. 363, et sqq.) he lived
about the 20th, according to Müller (Orchom. s. 358, who con-
tradicts himself however, Dorians 1, s. 33.) about the 35th Olymp.
The poems ascribed to him probably belong to different periods.
[Clinton refers his genuine works to 859-824.]
• Cf. Lobeck Agaloph. p. 312.
P Nitzsch hist. crit. Hom, p. 123. [So called, not because
22
FIRST PERIOD.
him, composed genealogical poems, as the Lacedæ-
monian Cinathon (Paus. II. 3. p. 119. ed. Kuhn. 18.
p. 151), as also one who composed Hearλsia, Tnλeyovia,
Oidinodia. See above, §. 2. Carcinus, author of the
Navдantixá, so called from the country of the poet,
containing a catalogue of celebrated women of the
heroic age; Asius, of Samos'; Eumelus (d). To
the same class of epic poems belong also the hymns,
which relate, in hexameters, either the birth and early
life of a god, until the time when he enters upon his
appropriate functions, or some event in his traditional
history. Of this kind are still extant five hymns,
which are ascribed to Homer, because he was generally
considered as the representative of epic poetry. The
hymns of the Lycian Olen are of more ancient date,
and were composed, as we may infer from Pausanias,
for the Delian festivities, as well as those of the
Athenian Pamphus', in which, among other subjects,
the praises of the family of the Lycomida were sung
at the sacred performance (ἐπὶ τοῖς δρωμένοις Paus. p.
Hesiod was the most ancient poet of this school, but because he
was the most distinguished.]
q Bibl. d. alt. Litt. u. Kunst II. p. 90, sqq.
r Valcken. diatr. de Eurip. tr. p. 58. not.
'Ωλήν, Herod. 4. 35. Paus. 1, 18. 2, 13. 5, 7. p. 392.
8, 21. 9, 27, 10, 5. p. 809. Callim. in Del. 304.
t Пáμows. Paus. 1, 38. p. 92. 39. p. 94. 7, 21. p. 577;.
8, 35. p. 672. 9, 27. p. 762. 29.
672.9,
767.31. p.
773. 35. p. 781.
Philostr. Heroic. p. 693.
p.
FIRST PERIOD.
23
762, at the sacrifice or at the consecrations?). Homer's
hymn to Ceres bears a great resemblance to that of this
poet, and was therefore probably designed like it for
the purpose of religious worship, as was also the first
hymn of Homer to Apollo, in imitation of Olen".
§. 4. The style of these hymn-composers was applied
by Callinus (e) of Ephesus to songs, in which, upon
the irruption of the Treres, a Cimmerian people, into
Asia Minor, he animated his fellow-citizens to valour;
as also among the Spartans, by the Athenian Tyrtœus
(g), although, by the annexed pentameter, he lowered
the majestic tone of the heroic verse. But Archilochus
(ƒ) exhibited the first model of personal satire in a
newly-invented metre, which has a closer approximation
to the language of common life, the iambic (from
¡άñτw, to strike, to hurt? properly the designation of
the class of poetry itself), the object of which was to
ridicule the follies, weaknesses, and foibles of indivi-
duals, e. g. of Lycambes (Horat. Epod. 6, 13. epist.
u Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 135, is of opinion that they were sung
at festivals during the lyrical contest.
x That the name Elegy first arose in the age of Simonides,
Ayos signifying among the Attics a funeral dirge, and that
the term iλysov derived therefrom denoted a distich consisting
of an Hexameter and a Pentameter, and that thence a poem
consisting of several distichs was called laysia in the plur.
or aysia, Francke has shewn in Callinus. See quæstionis
de origine carm. elegiaci tractatio critica, Altonæ et Lips.
1816. 8vo.
24
FIRST PERIOD.
I. 19, 25.), in which, by the force of expression, and
by the energy and brilliancy of his thoughts (Quint.
10, 1, 59.), he became that which Homer was in the
epic. (Vellei. Pat. I. 5. c. not. Ruhnk.) A similar
satirical composition was Margites, in hexameters,
which several of the ancients, as Plat. Alcib. 2. p. 147
B. Aristot. de poet. c. 4, 10. and others, have ascribed
to Homer, and in which, at a later period, Pigres,
brother of Artemisia, is said to have intermixed iambic
versey. Archilochus was succeeded by Simonides of
Amorgus (i), Hipponax (pp), Ananius.
§. 5. At the time when the epos began to decline,
while the cheerful and buoyant character of the Ionians
led them to observe and represent the objects of ex-
ternal nature with a childlike simplicity, the Æolo-
Dorian tribes, who were characterized by greater
solemnity and depth of feeling, and whose penetration
was directed more to the interior of things, without at
the same time renouncing the joys of life, expressed
their feelings and conceptions with the greatest warmth
and vigour in lyrical effusions. The ceremonials of
religious worship, which were always accompanied with
chori, furnished the occasion; thence the hymns,
pœans to Apollo and Diana, particularly with the view
of averting the plague, or other calamities, vous to
Apollo (Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 40.), dithyrambs to
y Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. i. p. 383, sqq. Tyrwhitt et Herm. ad
Aristot. 1. c. Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 106.
FIRST PERIOD.
25
Bacchus, poems composed in the most elevated style
of lyric boldness, as being sung at seasons of drunken
merriment (Philoch. apud Athen. 14. p. 628. A.),
προσόδια (προσώδ.) hymns sung on approaching the
altar, accompanied by flutes, often also in hexameters,
Paus. IV.33.aglivia sung by young women, ogματα,
during the dance around the altar at the time of sacrifice;
yxápa on distinguished men, and others (choral-lyric,
see O. Müller Dor. ii. p. 381, sqq.). But, on other
occasions also, lyric poetry served as a medium of
expression for the feelings, as well for the vehement
and excited, as for the more soft and tender (odal
lyric). To this class belong the cxóa, convivial
songs, which were sung by the guests, with a myrtle
twig in their hand, not in regular order, but alter-
nately, from one side to the other, accompanied with
the lyre, and contained not only exhortations to a
cheerful enjoyment of life, but also serious maxims
for its due regulation ; παροίνια (ᾄσματα) sung in
succession; zãµa, merry songs, which they addressed
to their mistresses at processions; imaháμia, songs of
the reapers, fishermen, spinsters, etc., for there was
scarcely any business of public or private life which
was not accompanied with song and music. The
most distinguished of these poets, whom the Alexan-
drian critics admitted into their catalogue of standard
z Ilgen oxóa s. carmina conviv. Graec. Jena 1798. 8vo.
a S. Zell. Ferienschriften i. p. 55.
26
FIRST PERIOD.
authors (canon), were the nine following: Alcman (h)
at Sparta, celebrated in Пagesvios and love-songs; and
particularly at Lesbos, the warlike foe of tyrants,
Alcæus (p) (Quintil. x. i. 63); the love-breathing
(Horat. Od. IV. I. 10.) Sappho (q); and shortly after,
among the Sicilians, the nervous Stesichorus (r), who
treated particularly epic subjects with lyric boldness
(Quint. 1. c. 62); in Rhegium the love-distracted
(ięwτoμavioraτos, Suid. conf. Cic. Tusc. Qu. iv. 33.)
Ibycus (aa); and, among the Ionians, Anacreon (bb),
who exhorts to the cheerful enjoyment of life: these
were succeeded in the following age by Simonides,
Bacchylides, and, the greatest of all, Pindar. To the
same class belong also the dithyrambic poets, as Arion
() of Methymna in Lesbos, Lasus (qq) of Hermione,
Melanippus (rr) of Melos, who is mentioned by
Xenophon, Mem. p. I. iv. 3. as the best poet of this
class; and some poetesses, as Erinna, Myrti, Corinna.
Each of these lyrics composed not in one species only,
but in several; some in all, though they did not usually
obtain distinction in more than one; they were at the
same time musicians, and several of them are more
celebrated in this last respect, as Terpander (1), Arion,
Thaletas (Hoeck Kreta 3. p. 339), Sakadas, Po-
lymnestus.
b Müller in loc. P. 378.
c Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 43, sqq.
d Müller's Dorians, ii. p. 321, sqq. Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 68.
FIRST PERIOD.
27
§. 6. All these kinds of poetry, as well as those
which remain to be noticed, germinated out of the
political and private life, the ceremonials of religious
worship, and the general habits of society, without
the intervention of any extraneous influence, or any
pre-existing model;-whereas the Romans in their
literature commenced at once with imitating the
Greek poets;-the language again developed itself,
by the plastic energy of its original genius, through
the instrumentality of poetry and music, not by the
aid of artificial theories; while the Romans, on the
other hand, from the very first constructed theirs
according to the rules of the grammarians, but still
after the pattern of the Greeks, and consequently
cramped and constrained it. It is not so much from
necessity, or for want of suitable materials for writ-
ing, that oral delivery was resorted to as the only
medium of communication, but much more on ac-
count of its greater liveliness, a property which
renders it congenial to the taste of other southern
nations also; rhapsodists recited not only the poems
of Homer and Hesiod, but also those of Archilochus
and others, and the study of music was a principal
object in the education of youth f. For that very
reason, however, the productions of the poet became
e Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 70.
f Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 36, sqq.
28
FIRST PERIOD.
more extensively diffused into the spirit of the
nation.
§. 7. While among the different states of Greece,
the forms of government developed and matured
themselves in the greatest variety, and while con-
flicting claims gave rise to frequent intestine and
external wars, and the private relations became more
and more counter to each other, practical statesmen
presented themselves, who, at the head of the state, or
as counsellors through the medium of laws (Zaleucus
among the Locri Epizephyrii, about Ol. xxix. Cha-
rondas of Catana ), composed precepts and admo-
nitions (the seven wise men: Periander at Corinth,
633-563; Pittacus at Mitylene, about 590; Thales
in Miletus, about 597; Solon (v), about 594; Cleo-
bulus, lawgiver in Lindus; Bias in Priene; Chilo in
Sparta; to which some add besides the Scythian
Anacharsis, Pherecydes of Syros, Epimenides (u)
of Crete, Æsop (x), and others). While many of
these, e. g. Periander (Athen. iv. p. 632. D.), Solon,
delivered political precepts and rules of life, for the
most part in the metre afterwards called Elegiac,
also in Scholia, sometimes also in Hexameter, as
Phocylides, and the author of the xevra n, and
maxims of law drawn up in verse were sung at
banquets and on other occasions (Nitzsch hist. Hom.
g Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. ii. p. 1.9. Heynii opusc. vol. ii. p. 1, sqq.
Wachsmuth Historical Antiquities of Greece, i. p. 317, sq.
FIRST PERIOD.
29
p. 38), they were soon followed in the same path by
others; hence arose particularly by means of The-
ognis (dd) and Phocylides (ee), and Xenophanes (00),
a new kind of poetry, which delivered advice and
prudential maxims (ya) for all occurrences of life
(Gnomic poets, a name of modern invention). With
the same view fables (λόγοι, μῦθοι, αἶνοι, ἀπόλογοι) had
been occasionally delivered by the most ancient poets,
e. g. Hesiod, Archilochus, Stesichorus, (Aristot.
Rhet. II. 20.) and others, in which moral instructions
were vividly conveyed under the guise of animals
introduced as talking and acting; in these Esop
particularly distinguished himself'. The same Ele-
giac metre, which had hitherto been employed in
exhortations (παραινέσεις, ὑποθῆκαι), was applied by
Mimnermus (w) to the expression of lamentations on
the shortness and the casualties of life, to the sorrows
of love, and also to the description of its joys; and
first in the following period by Simonides to funeral
dirges and sepulchral inscriptions, for which purpose
it became generally used in all smaller poems, ori-
ginally designed for inscriptions (iжiygáμμaтα), and,
in general, wherever a thought was to be expressed
concisely and pointedly. See Francke Callinus.
§. 8. The sciences, on the other hand, were as yet
h I. G. Huschke de Fabulis Archil. in Miscell. philol. i. 1.
i Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. i. p. 618. Nachtr. zu Sulzers Theorie
V. p. 269. Cf. Quintil. 5, 11, 19. c. not. Spald.
FIRST PERIOD.
30
in an incipient state. Even at this period efforts
were made by the Greeks, particularly by the Ionians
of Lesser Asia, to give a more definite character to
physical science by distinctness of ideas, and to reduce
it, by general principles, to a connected system, or,
in other words, to philosophize, while the Orientals
never advanced it beyond a mere sport of the ima-
gination with symbolical representations. Philosophy
begins with Thales (t), who, with Anaximander (≈}
and Anaximenes (ii), constitutes the Ionic school;
but it consisted for the most part only in mathema-
tical, physical, and astronomical acquirements, and in
speculations on the origin of the universe. Xeno-
phanes of Colophon established in Magna Græcia
the Eleatic school, which sought to attain the same
object by deductions of reason, assigning only a sub-
ordinate place to perception by the senses; but the
researches of the Dorian Pythagoras (gg) were
besides this directed to the moral and political amelio-
ration of the human race. Then arose also the proper
didactic poem, after the example of Hesiod; Xeno-
phanes recited (¿pparfâdu) his tenets in the epic
metre, in which he was followed in the next period
by Parmenides and Empedocles. The Ionian Cadmus
of Miletus (ll), Acusilaus (mm), and IIecatæus (nn),
made the first rude attempts in historic composition,
but they confined themselves to chronicles of single
states and families (hoyoyęápo. Nitzsch hist. Hom.
FIRST PERIOD.
31
p. 87.90.) and to the traditions, which they endeavoured
to relate in continuous order, but which, owing to
their being themselves only an incoherent mass of
local and popular sayings, they did not connect on
any principles of internal affinity and rules of logic,
but on external grounds and resemblances, particu-
larly geographical considerations. Many appended to
these traditions the narrative of subsequent events up
to their own time, as Hecatæus; particularly several
of the following period. From these attempts in
historical composition, as well as in philosophical
researches, arose the prosaic style of writing, which
in philosophical subjects Anaximander or Pherecydes
of Syros (ff) is said to have first practised, and in
historical Cadmus, Pherecydes of Leros, and others.
Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 98, sq.
(a) HOMER, according to the general opinion of the
Ionians (of Chios ?) about 300 years after the taking
k Creuzer die hist. Kunst der Griechen, p. 121, sqq. Poppo
ad Thuc. i. 1. p. 13, sqq. Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 88-90. Of
their plain and artless style, full of childlike simplicity, see
Dionys. Hal. t. vi. p. 819, sq. 864 ed. Reiske. Cic. de orat. 2,
12. Creuz. h. K. p. 180. Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 94, sq. But
the entertaining stories which they introduced possessed great
attraction for their hearers (Thuc. i. 21). It can hardly be
supposed that they studiously designed to imitate the Cyclic
and other poets; this loose connection was demanded by the
character and condition of the age. See §. 2. Remark.
32
FIRST PERIOD.
of Troy, or 1000 B. C. (Bernh. Thiersch über das
Zeitalter u. Vaterland des H. Halberst. 1824. Cf.
Jahrb. d. Philol. I. S. 435, sq. has endeavoured to
prove, that the poet lived in the interval between
the destruction of Troy and the return of the Hera-
clidæ). 'Inds comprehends the period which inter-
vened between the feud of Achilles and Agamemnon,
in the tenth year of the war, and the interment of
Hector. 'Odurosa, the destinies of Ulysses after his
departure from the island of Calypso till his arrival
at Ithaca, and his slaying the suitors, a period of
twenty-four days. These poems were for a long
time recited or declaimed in detached portions by
rhapsodists (the Homerida). But after the time of
Solon, Pisistratus, and his son Hipparchus (c. 538-
510 B. C.), who first arranged them according to
internal data, and ordered them to be recited in
a regular series at the Panathenaic festivals, they
acquired increased notoriety, and were considered, as
they had already been through Lycurgus, as the national
property of all Grecian tribes, as the most genuine basis
of their language, and the main source of their
civilization. There were eight distinct and carefully
corrected copies (dogtúrus), six of which are named
after the cities (αἱ πολιτικαί, αἱ ἐκ πόλεων) from which
they were brought to Alexandria; those of Chios,
Argos, Cyprus, Crete, Synope, Massilia; a seventh
is said to have proceeded from Antimachus of Colo-
FIRST PERIOD.
33
phon, the eighth from Aristotle (i in rov vágonzos,
Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. i. p. 357 sqq.; Wolf prolegom.
p. clxxiv.). In the Alexandrian age the grammarians
bestowed their labour almost exclusively, though too
frequently on mere arbitrary grounds, on the cor-
rection of the text of these poems and on the elu-
cidation of forms of expression which occur in them,
particularly Zenodotus, Aristophanes of Byzantium,
Aristarchus, Crates of Mallus. Fragments of their
researches are preserved in the Scholia, particularly
the Venetian, in Eustathius, and other grammarians.
Whether the text of Homer was really so corrupt as
these grammarians would have us believe, or whether
that only appeared so to them, which did not accord
with their ideas of grammar and taste, cannot now be
determined, as we are not acquainted with the primitive
structure of the text.
Editions. Edit. princ. Florent. 1488. fol. 2 vols. Venet.
Aldus, 1504. 1517. 1524. 2 vols. 8vo. Opera. Florent. Junta,
1519.-Venet. Junta, 1537. 2 vols. 8vo.-Scholia minora in
Iliadem. Romæ 1517. Sch. Didymi in Il. et Od. Venet. 1528.
8vo. cum scholiis minoribus (Didymi) Basil. ap. Hervag.
1535. 1551. fol. min.-Amst. Elzev. 1656. 2 vols. 4to.-Ilias
cum scholiis. Cantabr. 1689. 4to.-Il. et Od. cur. Jo. Henr.
Lederlino et Steph. Berglero. Amstelod. 1707-12. 2 vols.—Il.
et Od. cum schol. Gr. opera Jos. Barnes. Cantabr. 1711. 4to.
2 vols.-Il. et Od. ed. Sam. Clarke. Lond. 1729-1740. 4to.
4 vols. 1760. 1779. 8vo. frequently reprinted.-e rec. et c. not.
Clarkii ed. Jo. Aug. Ernesti. Lips. 1759-1764. 8vo. 1824.
5 vols. Glasg. 1814.-llias et Odyssea, Gr. Oxon. Clarend.
1800. (Grenville edit.) 4 vols. 4to. min.-Opera, recognovit
D
34
FIRST PERIOD.
F. H. Bothe, Lips. 1832-35. 6 vols. 8vo.-Ilias ad veteris
codicis Veneti fidem recensita. Schol. in eam antiquissima ex
eod. cod. aliisque nunc primum edidit Jo. Bapt. Casp. d'Ansse
de Villoison. Venet. 1788. fol.-Ilias ex recens. Fr. Aug.
Wolfii cum ei. Prolegomenis de operum Homericorum prisca et
genuina forma variisque mutationibus et probabili ratione emen-
dandi Vol. 1. Hala, 1795. 8vo. with the Prolegom. Homeri et
Homeridarum opera ex rec. Fr. Aug. Wolfii. Ilias Lips. 1817.
8vo. Odyss. ib. 1817. 8vo.-Odyss. cum var. lection. e cod.
Harleiano et notis Ric. Porsoni. Oxon. 1801.-Hom. carmina
cum brevi annotatione. Acc. variæ lectiones et observationes
veterum Grammaticorum cum nostræ ætatis critica cur. C. G.
Heyne, Lips. 1802. 8 vols. 8vo. (the Iliad alone) tom. 9.
Indic. conf. E. A. G. Gräfenham, ib. 1822. editio minor
Lips. 1804. Oxon. Clarend. 1821-1834. accedunt Scholia
minora 2 vols. 8vo.-(cur. Godofr. Henr. Schaefero) Lips.
ap. Tauchnitz, 1810. 5 vols. 12mo.-Carmm. Hom. Il. et Od.
a rhaps. interpol. repurgata-c. not. ac proleg. in quibus de
eorum orig. auct. et act. inquiritur-op. et stud. Rich. Payne
Knight, Lond. 1820. 8vo. and separately Payne Knight
proleg. ad Homer. s. de carm. Hom. orig. auct. et æt. Præf.
est Ruhkopf. Hannov. 1816. 8vo. Εὐσταθίου ἀρχιεπισκόπου
Θεσσαλονικῆς παρεκβολαὶ εἰς τὴν Ὁμήρου Ιλιάδα. Romæ 1542. fol.
Lips. ap. Weigel. 1827-29. 4 vols. 4to. eis rhy 'Odioσuav Rom.
1549. Lips. ap. Weigel. 1825. 2 vols. 4to. cum ind. Matth. De-
varii ib. 1550. fol. Basil. 1560. Lips. ap. Weigel. 1828. 2 vols.
fol.-Ilias, Gr. from the text of Heyne, with English notes
by W. Trollope, Lond. 1836. 8vo.-Odyssea cum interpreta-
tionibus Eustathii alior. ed. C. D. Baumgarten-Crusius, Lips.
1822-24, 3 vols. 8vo.-Odys. cum scholiis veteribus etc. Oxon.
Clarend. 1827, 2 vols. 8vo.-Odys. ed. et annot. perpet. illus-
travit G. Loewe, Lips. 1828. 2 vols. 8vo.-Scholia in Homeri
Iliad. ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri. Berol. 1825, 2 vols. 4to. Append.
ib. 1827, 4to.-Scholia ant. in Hom. Odyss. maximam partem e
Codd. Ambros. ab Aug. Maio prolata, nunc e Cod. Palat. et
aliunde auctius et emend. edita a Phil. Buttmanno. Berol.
LEGISLAT. OF LYCURG. 880 B. C.
35
1821, 8vo.-J. H. J. Köppin erklärende Anmerkungen zum
H. (Iliade) Hannover 1780, sq. 5 Theile. Greg. W. Nitzsch
erklär. Anm. zu H. Odyss. Hannov. 1st B. 1826. 2nd B.
1831. 8vo.-P. Buttmann, Lexilogus, oder beiträge zur griech.
wörterklärung, hauptsächlich für Homer u. Hesiodus, Berl.
1818-25. 8vo. translated by J. R. Fishlake, Lond. 1836,
8vo.-G. C. Crusius, Vollständstiges Gr. Deut. Wörterbuch,
über die Gedichte des Homeros und der Homeriden, Hannov.
1836, 8vo. F. A. Grauff, Grammatische vorschule zu Homer,
Bern. 1837, Evo.-W. Müller Homerische vorschule, eine
einleitung in das studium der Ilias u. Odys. Leipz. 1836.
8vo.-F. G. Welcker den epische Cyclus oder die Homerischen
dichter, Bonn. 1835, 8vo.-Translations: German by Joh.
Heinr. Voss. 1802, 4 vols. 8vo.-English: Iliad and Odyssey,
by Geo. Chapman, Lond. (circa 1600) fol.-by Alex. Pope,
Lond. 1760, 11 vols. 8vo. frequently reprinted.-by Pope, with
additional notes by Gilb. Wakefield, Lond. 1796, 8vo.-by W.
Cowper, Lond. 1809, 4 vols. 8vo.-by W. Sotheby, Lond. 1834.
4 vols. 8vo.
Spurious Works. 1) Hymni (31) et Batrachomyomachia in
most editions of his works; separately by C. D. Ilgen. Halæ.
1796, 8vo.—rec. Aug. Matthiæ, Lips. 1805, 8vo. 27 Hymns
alone H. in Cererem nunc primum editus a Ruhnkenio Acc. duæ
epistolæ crit. (the first of which treats of the remaining Hymns)
Lugd. B. 1782, 8vo. H. in Cer. rec. et illustr. C. G. Mits-
cherlich. Lips. 1787. 8vo.—Aug. Matthiæ animadversiones in
hymnos Homericos, cum proleg. de cujusque concilio, partibus,
ætate, Lips. 1800, 8vo. H. et epigr. ed. God. Hermannus,
Lips. 1806, 8vo.-rec. et not. instr. Fr. Franke, Lips. 1828,
12mo. “T. sis Thy Anunτgav iibers. u. erläut. v. Joh. Heinr,
Voss, Heidelb. 1826.
but
pro-
(b) HESIODUs, of uncertain date (§. 3.),
bably the most ancient poet next to Homer, of Ascra
in Boeotia.
36
ASSYR. EMP. UNDER PHUL, &c.
Editions of his Works: ed. princ. Orationes Isocratis xviii.
Eid. Theocr.; Hesiodi Opera et Dies. Mediolani 1493. fol.-
Theocr. ecl. xxx. Hesiodi Theogonia; ei. Scutum Herc. et
Georgicon libri ii. Venet. ap. Ald. Manut. 1495. fol.-cum
scholiis Gr. (Procli Diadochi, Jo. Tzetza, Eman. Moschopuli,
Jo. Protospatharii) ed. Joh. Franc. Trincavelli. Venet. 1537.
4to.-Gr. et Lat. cum variant. lection. e MSS. Palatinis et
notis VV. DD. ap. Hier. Commelinum 1591. 8vo.-cum schol.
Gr. ed. Dan. Heinsius Antv. 1603. 4to.-ex rec. Jo. Georg.
Grævii cum ej. Lectionibus Hesiodeis et notis Jos. Scaligeri
et Franc. Guieti. Amstel. 1667. 8vo.-ed. Thom. Robinson.
Oxon. 1737. 4to. Lond. 1756.-ex rec. Robins. cum ei. Jos.
Scal. Dan. Heins. Fr. Guieti et Jo. Clerici n. J. G. Gr. lect.
Hes. et D. Heins. Introd. Acc. variet. lect. MSS. et edd. vett.
scholiaque inedita cur. Chr. Fr. Loesner, Lips. 1778. 8vo.-
rec. et comment. instruxit Car. Goettlingius. Goth. et Erford.
1831, 8vo. in Collectt. nr. 12. t. 1. u. iii. Uebersetzung von Joh.
Hein. Voss. Heidelb. 1806. 8vo.-Editions of single Poems: 1)
égya xai nµégaι in Collectt. n. 11.-e vett. gramm. notationibus
xaì
rec. F. A. G. Spohn. Lips. 1819. 8vo.-2) Theogonia Hesiodea,
textu subinde reficto edita a Frid. Aug. Wolf. Halae, 1783.
8vo.-3.) Scutum Herculis (Fragment of the 4th book of the
Κατάλογοι γυναικῶν, of which the fourth book was called μεγάλαι
noia) cum Grammaticorum schol. Gr. em. et illustr. Car. Frid.
Heinrich. Vratisl. 1802. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 567—617.—
Nachträge zu Sulzers Theorie 3. S. 49.
(c) ARCTINUS, of Miletus, about Ol. ix. (744) ac-
cording to Suidas, Ol. i. according to Euseb. (776),
according to others a contemporary of Lesches. See
Welck. Alcm. fr. p. 7. Author of two epic poems,
the Ailionis, in 5 books, (the period of the Trojan war
extending from the death of Hector to the dispute
concerning the arms of Achilles, the expedition of
GYGES KING OF LYDIA 715 B. C.
37
Memnon with his Ethiopians against the Greeks at
Troy,) and 'Ixlov nigris in 2 books. See Biblioth. der.
a. Liter. und Kunst. 1s St. Inedit. p. 32, and 37.
Fabric. B. G. i. p. 9. Corsini F. A. t. iii. p. 3.
(d) EUMELUS of Corinth, about Ol. iii. (768) or
ix. according to Voss Weltk. s. xxvii. Ol. xl. Author
of epic poems, the Titanomachia, Europia. A later
Eumelus was the author of an historical poem Corin-
thiaca, on the earliest history of the city Corinth.
See Bibl. der alten Lit. und K. 2s. St. 94. 4s. St. S.
52. Corsini F. A. t. iii. p. 7. Jahrb. der Philol. u.
Pädag. xiii. S. 192.
(e) CALLINUS of Ephesus, inventor of the elegiac
metre, in which he exhorted his countrymen to va-
lour in war.
The Alexandrian critics admitted him
into their canon. One elegy has been preserved by
Stobæus. See Brunck. Gnom. p. 58. (Lips. p. 87.)
Gaisf. Jah. Valent. Franckii Callinus.—Call. Tyr-
tæi, Asii carmm. quæ supers. disp. em. ill. Nic.
Bachius. Lips. 1831. 8vo.-Supplement-with a let-
ter, by G. Hermann, Lips. 1832, 8vo.
(ƒ) ARCHILOCHUS of Paros about Ol. xv. (720 B. C.)
inventor of iambic verse, i. e. personal satire; (hence
Archilochia edicta of Cos. Bibulus in Cicero ad Att. ii.
21. Cf. Horat. Epod. 6. 13. Epist. I. 19. 30. Ars
38
SECOND MESSENIAN WAR 682-668.
Poët. 79.) indoi, also an elegiac poet, but not of the
plaintive class. See Francke Callin. p. 36, sq.
A Hymn of his on Hercules used to be sung at the
solemn procession of the conquerors at Olympia (xaλ-
xivixos Pind. Ol. ix. init. from the commencing words
ὦ καλλίνικε, χαῖρ᾽ ἄναξ Ηράκλεις). Commentaries on
him were written by Apollon. Rh. Aristoph. Byz.
Aristarch. Fragments will be found in Collectt. 3.
7. 8. 13. Archiloch. reliquiæ, coll. et illustr. Ignat.
Liebel. Lips. 1812. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 107.
I. G. Huschke de fabb. Archilochi in Miscell. philol.
i. p. 1, sqq. Lips. 1709. 8vo.
(g) TYRTEUS of Athens (a Rhapsodist? whence
the designation Schoolmaster) in Ol. xxiv. (684),
leader or counsellor of the Spartans in the second war
against the Messenians, in which he animated them
by elegies, and on their march by anapæsts (iußargia
pén) to valour, unanimity, and an enthusiastic love
of their country. Three elegies and eight fragments
are extant. His Evouia likewise was celebrated.
(Aristot. Polit. v. 7. Strab. viii. p. 557. ed.
Almel.)
Tyrtæi quæ restant omnia, collegit, ill. ed. Christ. Ad. Klot-
zius Altenb. 1767, 8vo.-See also in Collectt. n. 7, 8, 12, 13,
Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 738, sqq. Also in Script. Gr. Minores,
ed. Giles, Oxon. 1831. Cf. Franck. Callinus, p. 135. and with
that (my verm. Scriften) p. 83, sqq.
LEGISLAT. OF DRACO 624.
39
(h) ALCMAN of Sardis, about Ol. xxvii. (671) ac-
cording to Suid. Ol. xxx. 4. according to Chron.
Euseb. but brought up at Sparta, a lyric poet, parti-
cularly in the Пaglivia class. Upon him also several
grammarians wrote commentaries. See Fragm. in
the Collectt. no. 3.
Giessa. 1815. 4to.
Alcm. fr. ed. Fr. Th. Welcker.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 88.
(i) SIMONIDES of Amorgos one of the iambic poets
admitted into the canon of the Alexandrians, according
to Eusebius about Ol. xxix. (B. C. 664), but according
to Suidas about 780 (778) B. C. An iambic poem by
a Simonides is preserved in Stobæus, Tit. 73.—rec.
atque animadv. illustr. G. Dav. Koeler. Gotting. 1781.
8vo. See Collectt. no. 12. 13. Fabric. B. Græc. t. ii.
p. 150. t. iii. p. 808. xi.
(k) LESCHES (Aέoxns,—ew) of Lesbos, about Ol. xxx.
(660), according to others a contemporary of Arctinus.
See Welker 1. c. Author of an epic poem in four books,
entitled Ιλιάς μικρὰ οἱ ἐλάσσων, which contains the
events before Troy from the dispute concerning the
arms of Achilles to the capture of the city. See
Bibl. der alt. Lit. und K. 1s. st. ined. p. 35. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. i. P. 376.
(1) TERPANDER of Antissa in Lesbos, about Ol.
xxxiii. (648), a lyric poet, and an eminent musician,
40
THE SEVEN WISE MEN 620-540.
held in high estimation particularly at Sparta'. Fa-
bric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 292. Hoeckh Kreta, iii. p. 267.
Müller Dor. ii. p. 383. not. 1. Nitzsch 1. c. p. 41, sq.
143, sq.
5/
(m) To this period belongs also an epic poem which
has been ascribed to Stasinus of Cyprus, thence called
Kung an, comprising the interval between the mar-
riage of Peleus and Thetis and the commencement of
the Iliad, in eleven books. See Bibl. der alten Liter.
K. 1s. st. ined. p. 23. Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. i. p. 382.
Henrichsen de carminn. Cypriis comm. Havn. 1828.8vo.
Jahrb. d. Philol. xiii. p. 183, sqq. 243, sq.
U.
(n) PISANDER (IIeiravdgos), about Ol. xxxiii., of
Camirus in Rhodes, author of a celebrated epic poem,
'Hearλela, in two books. Heyne Exc. I. ad Virg. Æn.
II. p. 382, sqq. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 590, not.
(0) ARION of Methymna in Lesbos, about Ol.
xxxviii. (B. C. 628), lived at Corinth, under Periander,
from the year 633. Inventor of the Dithyrambic.
Herod. 1, 23, sq. Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. ii. p. 110.
1 Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 308. Sylb. μéλos Tewτos regionxe
τοῖς ποιήμασι καὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίων νόμους (Qu. Laws or Lays)
Eμeλomoínos. See Müller Dor. i. p. 369. cf. ii. p. 333. not. 4.
Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 31, sq. 38, sq. 41, sq.
CREESUS KING OF LYDIA 573-545.
41
(p) ALCAUS, about Ol. xlii. (610), of Mitylene in
Lesbos, a lyric poet, distinguished himself by the re-
sistance which he made to the tyrants of his country
with arms and in his poems. See Horat. Od. i. 32. ii.
13. 28, sqq. Fragm. s. in Collectt. no. 3. 4. v. Blom-
field in Museum crit. Cantabr. n. III. Jani prolusiones
III. de Alcæo, p. lyr. ejusque fragm. Hala 1780-82.
4to. Alc. reliquiæ. Coll. et Annot. instr. A. Matthiæ.
Lips. 1827. 8vo. See Welck. in Jahrb. d. Philol. xii.
p. 14, sqq. Seidler im Rhein. Mus. 1829. p. 153, sqq.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 84, sqq.
(q) SAPPHO (ΣañQά,—oũs), contemporary with
Alcæus of Eresus or Mitylene, a lyric poetess.
Besides several fragments we have one of her entire
odes in Dionys. Hal. de compos. c. 23. and another,
for the most part perfect, in Longin. c. 10; the latter
has been translated by Catullus, no. 51. See in the
Collectt. no. 3. 4. fragm.—cura Jo. Christian.
Wolfii. Hamb. 1733. 4to. S. carm. et fragm. rec.
illustr. schemata mus. adi. H. F. Magn. Volger.
Lips. 1810. 8vo. v. Blomfield in Mus. crit. Cant.
no. II. See Fragm. ed. Chrn. Frid. Neue. Berol.
1827. 4to. See Seidler in the Rhein. Mus. 1829.
p. 153, sqq. Fabr. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 137. Sappho von
einem herrschenden Vorurtheil befreit durch Fr.
Gottl. Welcker. Gött. 1816. 8vo.
42
CREESUS KING OF LYDIA 573–545.
(r) STESICHORUS, of Himera in Sicily, about Ol.
xlii. (Clint. p. 5), who gave warning of the tyranny
of Phalaris (Aristot. Rhet. ii. 20), a lyric poet, but
wrote also on epic subjects, e. g. Inguovis, 'Ixiou πégors.
St. fragmenta colleg. Jo. Andreas Suchfort. Gött.
1771. 4to. v. Blomfield in Mus. Crit. Cant. vi. p. 256.
coll. O. Fr. Kleine. Berol. 1828. 8vo. Fabr. B. Gr.
t. ii. p. 151, sq.
(s) ERINNA, of Lesbos, a friend of Sappho, author
of a poem in Hexameter verse, 'Hλanáτn, also of some
epigrams, did not survive her nineteenth year. The
poem eis Páμny is of a much later age. Fabr. Bibl.
Gr. t. ii. p. 120. Welcker in Creuzer. meletem.
vol. ii. p. 3.
(t) THALES, of Miletus, the oldest of the Grecian
philosophers, and founder of the Ionian school. He
foretold a solar eclipse, which happened Ol. xlv. 4.
(597) during a battle between Cyaxares, king of the
Medes, and Alyattes, king of the Lydians (Herod. i.
74); he was also held in high estimation for his
political talents. See §. 5. Clint. p. 7.
(u) EPIMENIDES, of Crete, celebrated as a thauma-
turgist, versed in the art of mysterious consecrations
and lustral ceremonies, purified Athens, Ol. xlv. 3,
CREESUS KING OF LYDIA 573-545.
43
"
B. C. 598. (Kuλávetov yos), at the same time allayed
the commotions of the state, and prepared the legis-
lation of Solon. Several poems are ascribed to him,
χρησμοί, καθαρμοί, a Theogony, Αργοναυτικά, etc. C'.
Fr. Heinrichs Epimenides aus Kreta. Leipz. 1801.
8vo. Fabric. Bibl. Gr. 1. p. 30.
>
(v) SOLON, archon and legislator at Athens, Ol. xlvi.
3, B. C. 594. Some fragments of his are extant, con-
taining for the most part moral and political maxims,
of which the greater number are in elegiac metre
(@μai). See Collectt. 7. 8. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. Sol.
quæ supers. em. atque annot. instr. N. Bachius. Bonn.
1825. 8vo.
(w) MIMNERMUS, of Colophon, inventor of the
plaintive love elegy, particularly in his Nanno, con-
temporary with Solon; according to Horace, Epist. II.
ii. 100, sq., the greatest elegiac poet. Fragments in
the Collectt. no. 7. 9. 12. 14.-quæ supers. ed. N.
Bachius. Lips. 1826. 8vo.—Fabr. Bibl. Gr. p. 733.
(x) Æsopus, Ol. 1. (580), a Phrygian, at first a
slave of the Lydian Xanthus, afterwards liberated by
Iadmon, lived principally at the court of Croesus king
of Lydia, a fabulist (λoyozoós), reckoned also by some
among the seven wise men. His fables were for a
long time preserved, as to their substance, only in the
44
CROSUS KING OF LYDIA 573–545.
mouth of the people, until others at a later period,
antecedently perhaps to the time of Socrates (Wyttenb.
ad Plat. Phæd. p. 124. their metrical structure they
owe particularly to Babrius, in the time of Augustus),
committed them to writing. The collections which
have been preserved in MSS. differ very materially
from each other: the generality of them probably owe
their origin to Maxim. Planudes. Ol. liv. 4, B. C. 560.
Ed. pr. B. Accursii. Mediol. s. a. et 1. 4. 1479 or 80 (only
149 F.)-ap. Ald. Venet. 1498. 4to. 1505. fol.-e cod. bibl.
regiae ap. Rob. Stephan. Paris. 1546. 4to. with 20 new F.)-op.
Is. Nic. Neveleti. Francof. 1610. 1668. 8vo. (with 148 n. F. aus
Pfälzer Handschr.)-Fab. Aesopic. collectio (ed. Joh. Hudson.)
Oxon. 1718.8vo. Other Fables have been published by Tyrrwh.
diss. de Babrio, Lond. 1779. Erlang. 1785. 8vo. from the Cod.
Bodlei. in which several perfect Choliambs are preserved. Fab.
Aesopicae c. Hudsoni suisque annott. ed. Jo. Mich. Heusinger.
Isenaci et Lips. 1741. 8vo.-c. Jo. Hudsoni et J. M. Heusing.
not. cur. G. H. Schaefero 1810. 8vo. with 28 new Fables published
by Rochefort from a Paris. Cod. Cf. Babrius. Fabr. B. Gr. t.
i. p. 618, sqq. Nachträge zu Sulzer V. §. 269. Gravert de Aes.
et fabb. Aesop. Bonn. 1825. 8vo.
(y) PHALARIS, tyrant of Agrigentum about Ol.
liv. (564). 168 letters written in the Attic dialect are
attributed to him, but they are undoubtedly the pro-
duction of a later sophist. See S. Bentl. diss. de epist.
Phalar, etc. in Opusc.philol. Lips. 1781.8vo.—Phalar.
epist. Latin. fecit et illustr. Jo. Dan. a Lennep; finem
operi imposuit et adnotationes quasdam præfixit L. C.
CREESUS KING OF LYDIA 573–545.
45
Valckenaer. Groning. 1777. 4to. Lips. 1823. 8vo.
Fabr. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 662, sqq.
(z) ANAXIMANDER of Miletus, a Philosopher of
the Ionic School, born Ol. xlii. 3. B. C. 609. died
shortly after Ol. lviii. 3. B. C. 545. Fabr. B. Gr.
t. ii. p. 649.
(aa) IBYCUS of Rhegium, a lyric poet, beloved by
Polycrates. Fragm. see Collectt. no. 3. 4. Fabr. B. Gr.
t. ii. p. 124, sqq. Ibyci Rheg. carminum reliquiæ.
Quæst. lyric. i. 1. Scripsit. Fr. Guil. Schneidewin.
Præfixa est Epist. C. Odofr. Mülleri. Gotting. 1833.
8vo. Cf. Hermann in Jahrb. d. Philol. viii. 4.
(bb) ANACREON of Teos, (Tews thence Tïos), emi-
grated with his countrymen to Abdera, Ol. lix. 3. (542),
but passed the greater part of his time with Polycrates
and Hipparchus; a lyric poet, whose effusions prin-
cipally exhibit the joyous scenes of life. Of the
poems which are extant under his name, the greater
part belong to a later age and to different authors.
Natchtr. see Sulzer. vi. p. 343.
Edd. First by Henr. Stephanus. Lutet. 1554. 4to. Then
Tanaquil Faber (le Febvre) Salmur. 1660. 12mo.-Madame
Dacier, Paris 1682. 12mo. Amsterd. 1693. 12mo. and frequently.
-Mich. Maittaire. Lond. 1740. Gr. 4to.- Jo. Corn. de Pauw.
Traj. ad Rh. 1732. 4to.-Guil. Baxter. Londin. 1665. 8vo.
46
POLYCRATES IN SAMOS 532-523.
1710. 8vo. Jos. Barnes. Cantabr. 1705. 8vo. 1721. 8vo.-
Jo. Frid. Fischer. Lips. 1793. 8vo.-Brunck. Argent. 1778.
1786. 12mo.-Joseph Spaletti. Rom. 1781. fol. engraven on
copper from a Vatican Codex.-
-sec. Levesquii coll. Cod. Palat.
rec. Steph. not. int. alior. sel. suisque ill. Fr. Mehlhorn. Glogav.
1825.8vo. Fabr. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 91, sqq.
(cc) About this time also lived ARISTEAS of Pro-
connesus, a pretended thaumaturgist, the author of a
fabulous history of the Scythians, Arimaspians, Hy-
perboreans, rà 'Agudoa, Hesiod. 4, 13, sqq. Paus.
1, 24. V, 7. Vossius de hist. Gr. IV. 2. p. 347.
(dd) THEOGNIS about Ol. lviii. (548), of Megara,
in Sicily, according to Plato, in Attica Corsin. fast.
Att. III.
p. 109. Clinton Fast. Hell. ad a. 544 a native
of the Sicilian, but resident in the Attic Megara Müller
Dor. I. p. 141. II. p. 174. or rather a native of the
Attic, a citizen of the Sicilian. Welcker proleg. p. xiv.
Author of gnomic elegies, designated as one work in a
fragment of Xenoph. in Stob. tit. 86. of which, however,
we have only single distichs mixed confusedly together,
containing moral apophthegms. See Sylburg. Præf.
Ed. princ. Venet. 1495. fol. with Hesiod.-ed. Wolfg. Seber.
Lips. 1620. 8vo.-in the Collectt. nr. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.—Th.
elegi ex fide libr. MSS. rec. et aucti c. n. Fr. Sylburg. et
Brunckii ed. Imm. Bekkerus. Lips. 1815. 1827. 8vo. (with the
addition of 159 V. of an amatory character.) Th. reliquiae.
Novo ord. dispos. comm. crit. et not. adi. Frid. Theoph. Welcker.
Frankof. ad Moen. 1826. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 704, sqq.
POLYCRATES IN SAMOS 532-523.
47
(ee) PHOCYLIDES, of Miletus, a highly esteemed
gnomic poet, of whose productions only a few fragments
remain, every one of which begins with the words zai
τόδε Φωκυλίδεω, whence it would appear that from the
first they had no connexion. The ποίημα νουθετικὸν 11
epic metre which bears his name, is probably the com-
position of a later Christian author.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1495. 4to. with Const. Lascaris Greek Gramm.
ed. Jo. Ad. Schier. Lips. 1751. 8vo.-in the Collectt. nr. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. Fabr. B. G. t. i. P.
700.
(ff) PHERECYDES, of the island Syros, about
Ol. lviii. is said to have made the first attempt to write
in prose on philosophical subjects. He was reputed.
also to have intimate connexion with the gods as
a soothsayer and propitiator. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 661.
(gg) PYTHAGORAS, about Ol. lx. (540), of Samos,
founded a School of Philosophy at Crotona, in lower
Italy, and a league, which, however, was soon broken
up by the selfishness of the Croton Demagogues.
Pythagoras also employed himself in investigating the
origin and arrangement of the universe, and with this
view applied himself to Mathematics, (Arithmetic,
theorema Pythagor.), Astronomy, (Harmony, Music of
the Spheres, a figurative expression to denote the most
perfect unison), and Physics. One of his most cele-
Y
48
FIRST PERIOD.
brated philosophical doctrines is that of the Transmi-
gration of souls, pereμlúxwors. The golden sayings,
5/
xęvoй πn, of Pythag. are the work of a later Pytha-
gorean. Fabr. B. Gr. t. i.
Fabr. B. Gr. t. i. p. 750. Meiners Gesch.
der Wissch. in Griech. u. Rom. Lemgo. 1781. 1 vol.
p. 178, sqq. on the spuriousness of the xevca zn.
See p. 578, sqq.
5/
Edd. of the xevoã an. First Venet. 1494. 4to. with Const.
Lascaris Gr. then in the ed. princeps of Hesiodus; then in
Collectt. nr. 9-14. also in Tabula Cebetis item aur. carm.
Pyth. cum. præfat. Cl. Salmasii. Lugd. Bat. 1640. 4to.-by
J. A. Schier. Lips. 1750.8vo. With the Commentary of Hierocles
(450 A.D.) by Aurispa. Patav. 1474. 4to. by Curterius. Paris.
1583. Lond. 1654. 1673. 12mo.-by B. Needham. Cantabr.
1709. 8vo.—also in Script. Gr. Min. ed. Giles, Oxon. 1831.
(hh) THEANO, wife of Pythagoras. Under her name
there are still extant seven letters, written in the Attic
dialect, Collectt. no. 6. 29. of which, however, the last
four at least are spurious. Translat. by Wieland, die
Pythagorischen Frauen. in the 24th vol. of his Works.
A fragment, likewise spurious, is preserved in Stob.
ecl. phys. I. p.
302. ed. Heeren. Fabr. B. Gr. t. i.
p. 687. 884.
(ii) ANAXIMENES, of Miletus, a Philosopher of the
Ionic School, about Ol. lx. born Ol. liii. according to
Wyttenb. Bibl. cr. III. 4. p. 65. Fabr. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 650. Clinton 5. 7.
CYRUS KING OF PERSIA 560-530.
49
(ll) CADMUS, an historian of Miletus: xticus Miλńtov
zai'Iwvías. Collectt. no. 20. The ancients themselves,
however, considered the writings ascribed to him as
spurious. Fab. B. Gr. I. p. 200. Clinton p. 368.
(mm) ACUSILAUS, of Argos, translated into prose the
genealogical works of Hesiod, (Theogony, Karáλoyos).
See fragm. in Pherecydes.
(nn) HECATEUS, of Miletus, about Ol. lx., wrote
a traditionary history under the title of yertaλoyia and
others. See Herod. v. 36, 125. See in Collectt. no.
20. Ilecat. Mil. fr. Scylacis Caryand. Peripl. Ed.
Rud. Henr. Clausen. Berol. 1831. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. i. p. 201. not. ii. 348. Dahlmann Forschungen
auf. d. Geb. d. Gesch. Altona 1823. II. 1. p. 113, sqq.
XANTHUS, a Lydian. Lydiaca II. IV. Fragm. sce
Collectt. no. 20.
(00) XENOPHANES, of Colophon, about Ol. lx. (540),
founded a School of Philosophy at Elea (Velia) in lower
Italy, see §. 8. Fragm. will be found in Collectt. no. 15.
and a more complete collection in Fülleborn's Beiträgen
zur Geschichte der Philos. VIIs St.-carmm. rel. ed.
et ill. Karsten. Brux. 1830. 8vo. Besides a philoso-
phical history gì Qurtas, there were also by him
Elegies containing exhortations to wisdom and virtue,
Satires on Hom. and Hesiod., Parodies, and an epic
poem Kodo¤ãvos xticis. Fabr. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 613.
50 CYRUS SUBDUES THE GREEKS OF ASIA 561-510.
(pp) HIPPŌNAX, of Ephesus, contemporary with
Crœsus and Cyrus, an acrimonious Iambic poet (in the
canon Alex.), Bupalus and Anthermus (Hor. epod.
6. 13.). He invented the Scazon Iambic. Hippon. et
Ananii iambogr. fragm. ed. Th. Fr. Welcker. Gott.
1817. 4to. Fabr. B. Gr. t. ii.
ii. p.
122.
(49) LASUS, of Hermione, a celebrated Dithyrambic
poet, who according to Suidas, v. Adros, instituted the
Dithyramb. contests, lived in the reign of Hipparchus.
Herod. vii. 6. Fabr. B. Gr. t. i. p. 120. not. e. ii.
p. 128.
(r) MELANIPPIDES, of Melos, about Ol. lxv.
(B. C. 520.) Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 129.
(SS) HERACLITUS ('Hęéxλuros), about Ol. lxix. (504),
of Ephesus, a natural philosopher, notorious for the ob-
scurity of his diction, owing in a great measure to the
difficult nature of his subject. Creuzer hist. Kunst.
p. 185. Of his prose works wagi Qurios see Fragm. by
Schleiermacher in Wolf's and Buttmann's Mus. der
Alterthumswiss. Berl. 1807. t. i. p. 313, sqq. Fabr.
B. Gr. t. ii. p. 623.
SECOND PERIOD.
FROM THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND PERFECT DEVELOP-
MENT OF LITERATURE AT ATHENS, TO THE CUL-
TIVATION OF THE SCIENCES.
§.9. THE Pisistratidæ 528-510 had already gathered
poets around them, as Anacreon, Lasus, Simonides, and
others. Hence arose a new species of poetry-the
Drama. It had indeed been customary from a remote
period especially in the Doric States of Peloponnesus,
in Sicyon viz. (Herod. 5, 67. Bentl. de Phal. p. 159.
163.), to exhibit on the festivals of Bacchus tragic and
comic Chori, in which, besides the Dithyrambus in the
solemn style, passages from the Myths, relating at first
to the Deity, and subsequently to the heroes also (ouder
#gòs Tèv Alóvusor Suid. see Welcker in loc. cit. p. 277.),
were recited by the precentors of the chori (oi dexovTES
Tòv ditugaußov Aristot.), or jocular songs, (xaudia, fr.
κωμος), which were also called τραγωδία, and κωμῳδίαι,
were made the vehicle of gibe and raillery. But repre-
sentation by action and dialogue was first introduced at
a Böckh. Pub. Econ. of Athens. II. p. 207, sqq. Cf. Herm.
ad Aristot. de poet. p. 104. 107. Welcker Nachtr. zu. d. Tril.
p. 139, sq. [also Müller Dor. ii. 362.]
52
SECOND PERIOD.
Athens. To this Thespis about 530' and Phrynichus
annexed the narration of a serious event from the tra-
ditional history, and thus gave rise to the Drama, and
Tragedy properly so called (Aristot. de Poet. 4, 6.).
From these Chori arose first of all the drama satyricum,
in which the Chorus consisted of Satyrs (men in a
state of nature), and the whole (even the heroic scenes)
partook rather of an entertaining character. It was
chiefly cultivated by Pratinas (Welcker über das
Satyrspiel in Nachtr. zu d. Schr. üb. d. Æsch. Tri-
logie p. 183, sqq. particularly p. 276.). A similar
change had been introduced at a still earlier period
into the comic Chori, which displayed a profusion
of wit and humour, by Susarion about 560 and others.
But while this last species was rather to be regarded
as an entertainment for the populace, Eschylus, with
others, became during the Persian war the author of
tragedy properly so called, inasmuch as he brought
forward two interlocutors, and introduced the dialogue,
which, however, was as yet extremely rude, and, in con-
trast with the lyric sprightliness of the Chori, destitute
of spirit. The Satyric Drama, in which Pratinas and
also Eschylus were masters, and Tragedy, were now
the kinds of national poetry in indispensable request
at the celebration of the Dionysian festivals among
↳ Welcker Nachtr. zu. d. Trilog. p. 257, sqq.
© According to Welcker in loc. citat. p. 268. the Dialogue of
the Chorus with the leaders of the Choir, the precentors.
SECOND PERIOD.
53
the Athenians, who to the vivacity of lonic tempera-
ment united all the depth of feeling which characterized
the Dorian race; for the contests in these kinds of
Poetry three festivals were appointed-the Great, the
Rural Dionysia, and the Lenæaº. The poets, of
whom every one engaged in the contest by the com-
mission, and at the expense of a qua, vied with each
other in poetical competition for the prize, which was
adjudged by arbiters specially appointed for the purpose.
Each one produced four pieces, three tragedies (tri-
logia), and a drama satyricum (tetralogia), until
Sophocles first appeared with single pieces. See
Hermann de compositione tertralog. tragic. 1819.
in Opusc. ii. p. 206, sqq. Lyric poetry was at the
same time raised to the acme of perfection by Pindar,
(ah) contemporary with whom, though his senior, was
Simonides, who, with others, celebrated the achievements
of the nation in lyric poems, elegies, and epigrams.
Both, as well as Eschylus and Bacchylides (al),
met with the most flattering reception at the Court
of Hiero of Syracuse 478-467, who was for this state,
what Pisistratus and his sons had been for Athens.
§. 10. These poets all lived at the time of the
glorious Persian wars, which had the effect of awaken-
ing and invigorating every intellectual energy both
among the Athenians and others. The grave and
d See Böckh. in the Abhandlung. der Berl. Akad. Histor.
philol. Cl. 1816-17. p. 47, sqq.
54
SECOND PERIOD.
severe style still prevailed among them. But no sooner
had the successful issue of those wars, and the enjoy-
ment of constitutional liberty, especially under the
administration of Cimon (470-449), inspired the
Athenians with a loftier sense of their importance,
and refined their uncultivated hardihood into a noble
manliness of character, than a corresponding elevation
of the national genius began to display itself in a taste
for Poetry and Art; and Athens became in the same
degree the general resort of those who sought an ap-
propriate stage for the display of their talents. Phi-
losophy, which was principally cultivated in the Free
States of Magna Græcia by the Pythagoreans and
Eleatæ, §. 8. and during this period by Parmenides and
Zeno, was introduced into Athens by Anaxagoras the
Ionian (ao), a sage who not only created an epoch
in Philosophy, by ascribing the origin and structure of
the material Universe to an intelligent First Cause
(vous), but by the grace and diguity of his style con-
tributed also to the improvement of prose composition.
Diog. L. ii. 6. [Cf. Ritter I. 526, 7, 421, 296.]
SOPHOCLES (at) advanced the Tragic Drama to
its highest perfection by the skilful arrangement and
development of the action,--the result of his genius,
not of an acquired theory,- by the representation
of characters, which raise themselves by their moral
dignity above the influence of fate, and the calamities in
which they had involved themselves, not in consequence
SECOND PERIOD.
55
of crimes, but of involuntary errors; by the simple
majesty of the Dialogue, for which he was the first
to employ three interlocutors, and by the curtailment
of the choral odes, which he reduced to their just
proportions, whereas in most over the pieces of As-
chylus, the lyric parts were still allowed a decided
predominance over the Dialogue. Ion also (be),
Achæus (bl), and Agathon (ht), contributed largely
to the improvement of dramatic composition. In
political and forensic eloquence, Pericles, a pupil
of Anaxagoras, was preeminently distinguished. (Cic.
Brut. 7, 28. 11, 44.) Hence, after the death of
Cimon, 449-428, he enjoyed without a rival a
complete ascendancy over the minds of the Athenians;
while, at the same time, the theory and the various
arts of
of eloquence (L. Cresollii theatrum rhe-
torum, orator. etc. in Gronov. thes. antiqu. vol. x.
Ueber die Bildung d. Rhetor. unter den Gr. in Man-
so's verm. Abh. Breslau 1821. L. Spengel ovvaywyn
Tεxv@v s. artium scr. ab init. usque ad edit. Aristot.
Il. de rhetorica. Stuttg. 1828. 8vo.) were introduced
into Athens by Rhetoricians from Sicily, where,
since the expulsion of the Tyrants, especially of
Thrasydæus from Agrigentum 472, and Thrasybulus
from Syracuse 465, eloquence had been cultivated
in various ways in the democratic states, and reduced
to a regular system by Corax, Tisias, and Empe-
docles, (Diog. L. viii. 57. ix. 25. Cic. Brut. 12. 64.
Quinctil. iii. 1. 8vo.). The age of which we treat,
56
SECOND PERIOD.
however, being still of a poetic character, though it
cannot be denied that they imparted to prose com-
position a greater richness and fulness of expression,
they sought to compensate for their deficiency in
solid matter by external pomp, by images and figures.
The most remarkable of those who addicted them-
selves to this pursuit were Gorgias of Leontini (bd),
Protagoras of Abdera (bf), Thrasymachus of Chal-
cedon, who first employed the oratorical rhythm, (Cic.
Or. 52.), Prodicus of Ceos (bn), Hippias of Elis
(bm); at the same time, however, they were ambitious
of signalizing themselves by the extent of their at-
tainments, in being conversant with the whole range
of science at that time known, as Philosophers,
Statesmen, and Orators, and by the versatility of
their talents, which enabled them to treat logical and
inetaphysical problems of every kind, even the most.
diametrically opposite, and to represent them severally,
according to their inclination, in a favourable or an
exceptionable point of view, (Sophisten, Cresollius,
&c. J. Geel hist. crit. sophist. in nov. acta soc.
Rheno-Traj. p. ii. Traj. ad Rh. 1825. 8vo.) an art,
of which Zeno of Elea had laid the foundation by
his Dialectic. Gorgias opened also the first school
of Rhetoric at Athens, and from that time the theory
and practice of eloquence went hand in hand.
§. 11. Historical composition also was cultivated
with success. After that Dionysius, Pherecydes (aw),
Simonides the Genealogist, Herodorus, had begun
SECOND PERIOD.
57
to narrate the oral traditions, and Hellanicus (av),
also to handle proper subjects of history, though
only summarily, and without chronological precision,
(Thuc. i. 97.) Herodotus, an Ionian (bp), the first
who excelled in this species of composition, com-
menced investigations, which were further pursued
at this period, especially by Hippys of Rhegium, and
Herodorus; but, notwithstanding the genuine his-
toric spirit with which he deduces every fact from
its cause, and, without intermixing any reflections
of his own, suffers every incident to evolve itself with
all the vividness of reality before our eyes, notwith-
standing his honest love of truth, which scrupulously
discriminates between what he has heard from others,
and what he has seen and witnessed himself; and his
moral rectitude of feeling, which invariably exhibits
in a prominent light the punishment of wickedness
and insolence, and the reward of virtue and integrity;
notwithstanding the tact and adroitness with which
he connects the most varied multiplicity of facts into
one harmonious whole, (not as an imitator of Homer,
or with any regard to the understanding, but by
embracing occasions of episodical digression as they
spontaneously present themselves,) and the skill with
which he ranges them in subservience to his main
с
[To a deficiency of such subjects we may ascribe the tardy
progress of literature in this department. Before the Persian
war no event of national interest had occurred of sufficient
moment to engage the pen of an historian.]
58
SECOND PERIOD.
design, of setting forth, viz., from their first com-
mencement, the contests of the Barbarians and
Greeks, and despite his (Ionic) talent for vivid
delineation, he is characterized nevertheless, with all
his old honestheartedness and good humour, by a
garrulity, and an almost rude simplicity of speech,
alien to genuine prose, which must ever be the result
of a well-proportioned development of the intellectual
powers f. Thucydides, on the other hand, im-
parted the highest dignity to history; with a stern
severity of criticism f he applied it to the instruction
of others, particularly of Statesmen, (i. 22. Prag-
matismus,) aimed more at depth and richness of
thought than elegance of expression, and although by
no means deficient in imagination (see vii. 70, sq.),
he allowed it too little scope, and preferred an antique
cast and a rigid precision to gracefulness of ex-
pression. His leading characters detail their motives
and views in set formal speeches, because his was
the age in which forensic and political eloquence
flourished, whereas Herodotus for the same purpose
employs almost exclusively the Dialogue. He was
imitated with tolerable success by Philistus (ch) the
Syracusan.
§. 12. The period at which these exertions were
f [His subject, observes Heeren, necessarily made him a critic ;
he thus became the inventor of the art of historical criticism,
probably without being conscious of the great value of his dis-
covery.]
SECOND PERIOD.
59
made, viz. the first half of the Peloponnesian war,
especially from 459%, was peculiarly favourable, in-
asmuch as the national character had received an
elevating impulse from the glorious struggle with the
Doric states, and from the feeling of security and
power which a series of victories had engendered,
as well as from a consciousness of liberty, which was
daily becoming more and more consolidated. But
with the increase of prosperity there was manifested
at the same time a growing appetite for enjoyment,
for selfish and sensual pleasure, and the state mean-
while was surrendered, especially during the adminis-
tration of Pericles, and still more by succeeding
demagogues, who were not so well versed in the
art of government as he was, to the passions
of an unbridled mob; those who were ambitious
This is denominated the age of Pericles, as if the influence
of a single individual could have effected that, in a democratic
state, which was effected by Augustus, or Louis XIV. in
an absolute monarchy. True it is, however, that the age
in which Literature most flourished, coincided with that of
Pericles, because both were under the influence of the same
spirit which characterized the times; for even Pericles was
the creation of his age. And Pericles, it is probable, was not
so much actuated by a genuine enthusiasm for art and science,
like Cosmo or Lorenzo of Medici, as (observes Plutarch) by the
shrewd calculation, that the citizens, especially those of the lower
classes, would more favourably acquiesce in his political in-
novations, in proportion as he provided for them some lucrative
occupation.
60
SECOND PERIOD.
of distinction sought to acquire it not so much by a
genuine patriotism in spirit and action, as by Rheto-
rical and Dialectic arts, and the same tone eventually
pervaded Literature itself. The Tragic art began to
decline; its last great representative, Euripides (bq),
paid too much homage to the rhetorical and dialectic
taste of his contemporaries, and bestowed too little
attention on the arrangement
on the arrangement of his materials;
though, for his great talent in exciting pity, and
moving the passions, he was styled by Aristotle
(Poet. c. 13, 10.) with justice the most tragic of
all poets, and, owing to the truth of his moral and
political reflections, too often, however, introduced
in improper places, was the favourite of the Philo-
sophers. Comedy, on the other hand, which had
originally been nothing more than rude extempo-
raneous jests, gibes, and personalities, acquired a
regular form through Epicharmus (ad) and Phormis
in Sicily, through Cratinus (bg), who gave to
Comedy a more ethical direction, inasmuch as he
lashed vicious characters, and even Pericles, with
unsparing hand, Crates, who constructed his pieces
on a determinate plan, and depicted general cha-
racters, (Meineke qu. scen. 1. p. 26. cf. Lessings
ramb. Dramaturg.), the witty but caustic (Mein. 1. c.
p. 38, sq.) Eupolis (bh), distinguished for the spirit.
and vigour of his delineations, Pherecrates (by), who,
like Crates, preferred general portraitures of character
SECOND PERIOD.
61
to personalities, artıátaros (Meineke 2. p. 32.), and
particularly by Aristophanes (bz), when the art was
in its most palmy state, inasmuch as it exhibited
in its animadversions on political and other miscar-
riages, its ridicule of the Philsophers and Tragic poets,
and its parody of particular passages in their pieces,
a faithful picture of democratic licentiousness. In the
same spirit wrote Hermippus (Meineke p. 30), Phry-
nichus (id. 2. p. 6.), Plato (bi), Amipsias (Meineke
1. c. p. 42, sqq.), and the other comic poets of the old
Comedy, of whom the names of about fifty have been
preserved. Even during this period, however, on the un-
fortunate issue of the Peloponnesian war about Ol. xciii.
it was confined within narrower bounds, and the ridicule
of persons by name, of the administration and the
ministers of state, was interdicted, (middle Comedy.
See Grauert in the Rhein. Mus. II. 1. p. 50, sqq.
a division probably derived from the Alexandrian
Grammarians); with the prevalent increase of poverty
the Chorus also (Meineke 1. p. 34, sq.) became silent.
The poets of this Comedy, of whom the names of
seventy-five are extant, made the old poets, philoso-
phers, especially Platonic and Pythagorean, and Mythic,
and also general characters, as the drunkard, the miser,
&c. the subjects of their raillery (Meineke 2. p. 3, sqq.).
The most celebrated among them were Antiphanes (cx)
and Alexis, also Eubulus (Meineke 3. p. 16, sqq.),
Anaxandrides (id. ib. p. 23.), Amphis (id. ib. p. 42.).
62
SECOND PERIOD.
Great value was attached to Catalogues of the pieces,
as well those of the Tragic as of the Comic poets,
with dates of the years when they were exhibited
(didascalia), since even Aristotle bestowed much
pains upon them, and not only later Grammarians,
as Lycophron, Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Aristo-
phanes Byz., Aristarchus, Crates Mall., Didymus,
but philosophers also wrote upon Comedy, as Theo-
phrastus, Dicæarchus, Chamæleon, Philochorus.
Resembling Comedy as a portraiture of manners
were among the Dorians the Mimes of Sophron (bw)
and Xenarchus, representations in the form of dialogue
from scenes of every-day life, of which we have an imi-
tation still extant in the Adoniazusæ of Theocritus.
§. 13. The corruption of the age instigated noble
spirits to lay a check upon its further progress, par-
ticularly Socrates (bu). The earlier philosophers,
Ionians, Eleatæ, §. 8. and others, in this period
Parmenides (aq), Melissus (as), Leucippus (au),
Empedocles (bb), Democritus (be), Ocellus (ap), had
devoted themselves to the investigation of the nature
of things, and to that which we call Metaphysics, but
the ancients Physics (rà Quoixá); Pythagoras directed
his own energies and those of his disciples, partly to
this subject, but partly also to the moral and political
improvement of men, with the result that, as long as
Pythagoreans presided at their head, the States of
Magna Grecia enjoyed the most uninterrupted tranquil-
SECOND PERIOD.
63
lity and happiness, but that, as soon as the Pythagorean
league was dissolved, they were distracted by parties
and factions. Zeno of Elea (ay) had applied himself
particularly to Dialectic. Socrates devoted himself
entirely to the moral reformation of his contemporaries,
while he discarded metaphysical investigations on Na-
ture and the Universe as useless, and transcending the
capacities of the human mind, and confined philosophy
to the knowledge of men and their duties. The lessons
of virtue which he delivered in artless conversations.
with men of all classes, derived weight from the un-
impeachable rectitude of his life, and the ardour which
he manifested in pursuit of truth, his disinterestedness,
his simple and unaffected manner, which was entirely
free from dogmatism, gave him the advantage over the
avarice and pompous vanity of the Sophists. The
analytical precision and distinctness of his ideas, his
simple and natural diction, and the impulse which he
gave to the study of human nature, had a powerful
effect not only on the spirit of philosophy, but also
on the improvement of the language and style of
prose composition, the last, but, owing to the exact
proportion of the mental powers required for its com-
plete development, the most perfect production of
Grecian genius.
The great historians had their respective failings.
Herodotus, with all his sweetness and perspicuity, was
deficient in energy; Thucydides, with his elevated
64
SECOND PERIOD.
sternness, in grace; the orators Antiphon and Ando-
cides disdained the artificial refinements of the Sophists,
and observed in their speeches that simplicity which
is the indication of a chastened intellect. First the
Socratics, as Antisthenes (Diog. L. vi. 14. Phot. p. 173.
Hoesch. p. 101 b. Bekk.) Cebes and Xenophon (ca), the
last also as an historian, who employed history, not like
Thucydides, as a guide for statesmen, but rather as a
medium of moral cultivation, (to which end, however,
his moral writings more essentially contributed; among
which may be included also his philosophical Romance,
the Cyropædia, being a picture of a flourishing king-
dom subject to an unlimited monarchy,) evince con-
siderable powers of intellect and imagination, acuteness
and wit, and blend precision and dignity with grace
and simplicity. But above all Plato stands preemi-
nent for the versatility of his genius; in his language
are combined all the intellectual powers in their highest
perfection, and in the most beautiful symmetry, and in
his metaphysical, moral, political, and dialectic investi-
gations, by aspiring after the ideal, he laid the founda-
tion of a scientific method of treating philosophy.
§. 14. The flourishing period of philosophy began
with Socrates. But only a few of his disciples, as
Xenophon, Cebes (cs), Æschines (cq), trod entirely
in his steps; others seized upon single portions of the
Socratic doctrine. Antisthenes (c) and Aristippus (co)
occupied themselves, after the example of their master,
SECOND PERIOD.
65
solely with Ethics, but the former carried them to the
extremity of rigour, inasmuch as he paid no regard to
the sensual nature of man, but represented an inde-
pendence on external influences as the highest object
of exertion (the highest good); his successor was
Diogenes (cp). Aristippus, on the other hand, placed
the supreme good in a refined and rational enjoyment
of life. The one was the precursor of the Stoics, the
other of the Epicureans. Others preferred taking up
the acute definitions and conclusions which Socrates
propounded in his discourses, and practised Dialec-
tic, which, however, they disfigured by their fallacies
and sophisms, as Euclides of Megara (cd) (thence
Megarian)", Menedemus of Eretria, (Eretrian). But
Plato (ce), the greatest genius among the Grecian
philosophers, compassed the whole range of philo-
sophy; he applied himself anew to the questions
on the origin and cohesion of the world, on the rise
and signification of ideas, and in general to that
which we denominate Metaphysics, investigations,
which were the more congenial to him, because his
rich poetical imagination found therein the amplest
scope, while at the same time he taught the purest
morality, and shewed himself a master in a sound
↳ Spalding vindiciæ philosoph. Megaricorum, Berol. 1792.
Ritter über die Philos. der Megarischen Schule im Rhein.
Mus. ii. 3. p. 295, sqq. [Ritter Hist. Anc. Philos. ii. p. 124,
sqq. on the Eretrian school, see p. 141.]
F
66
SECOND PERIOD.
and convincing Dialectic as well as in the art of dialogue.
He exhibited at once the essential notion of philosophy
by the distinction which he made between doğa and
iziotμn, and the connection of its several parts. The
Pythagoreans Timæus (ef), Archytas (cg), Philolaus
(en), and others, whose remains contained the noblest
moral and political lessons, were still contemporary
with him, and in high repute.
§. 15. Socrates was also instrumental in separating
philosophy from the study of eloquence, which the
Sophists had united with it (Cic. de Orat. iii. 16,
19), and of thus accelerating the attainment of per-
fection in each, inasmuch as every one might now
bestow his undivided attention upon a single branch;
the healthy and correct taste of the Athenians was a
sufficient check upon any tendency which the im-
portance of the subject-matter might have to super-
induce an indifference as to the language in which
it was expressed, and eloquence found an ample
variety of resources in the public transactions of the
forum and the state. Themistocles, Cimon, Pericles,
Alcibiades, are already named as persons distinguished
for their eloquence (Cic. Brut. 7. Orat. ii. 23. See
Ruhnkenii hist. crit. orat. Græc.); but they left be-
hind them no written orations. These are first ascribed
to Cleophon, Aristophon, Phæax, Callistratus; some
of this description by Antiphon (br) and Andocides
(bx) are still extant. Statesmen, leaders of the
SECOND PERIOD.
67
people (dnμaywyoi), and orators, became synonymous
designations. The first who, as a Socratic, combined
ease and elegance with simplicity and dignity, was
Lysias (cr), a friend of Socrates. But eloquence and
oratory were first directed in their proper channel by
Isocrates (cr). Without being exempt from the
artificial embellishment with which it had been in-
vested by the Sophists, he nevertheless employed it
with discreet moderation, and, reclaiming it from their
unprofitable subtilties, applied it to the practical pur-
poses of life, and by his system of instruction formed
the most eminent orators and writers as Lycurgus,
Leodamus, Isæus, Eubulus, Androtion, Aristogiton,
Cephisodorus, Philiscus, Naucrates, the historian,
Theopompus, Ephorus, and others, (Cic. or. 52. Brut.
8. de orat. ii. 22. iii. 44, 173.). But eloquence first
received its highest finish, when the political relations
became more complicated, and the welfare of the state
itself was placed in jeopardy by the conflict of parties
in the age of Philip of Macedon. Then it was that
Demosthenes (df) displayed in his orations a con-
summate art and vigour of expression combined with
an elevated simplicity, and raised Athenian eloquence
above that of all other nations. As a politician and
an orator, he had the following competitors; Hyperides
(dg), Lycurgus (cz), Hegesippus, Marocles, Polyeuctus
of Sphettos, and others, Eschines (dh), the betrayer of
his country, and Demades (di). On the other hand,
68
SECOND PERIOD.
oratory in the style of Isocrates already began to
exercise a prejudicial influence upon historical com-
position, which first shewed itself in Theopompus (da),
not only in rhetorical ornament, but also in the dis-
tortion of facts.
§. 16. Epic poetry declined more and more; Pa-
nyasis (ar) and Antimachus (ck) were certainly
admitted by the Alexandrians into their canon, but
distinguished nevertheless as authors who in no re-
spect approached the ancient standard (Quintil. x.
1, 53. 4.); and, to judge from their fragments, their
poems, as well as those of Charilus (ci), were rather
the fruits of study than of poetic genius. Among the
lyrics, the Dithyrambic poets Pratinas, Philoxenus
(cl), and Timotheus (cm), were eminent, the last also
as a musician; as an Elegiac and Tragic poet, the
Tyrant Critias (cn). On the other hand, the
Sciences properly so called, which are less subject
to the influence of the imagination, than of the observ-
ation and intellect, were more assiduously cultivated.
Natural philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy, as
well as political science (rà moitiná), especially culti-
vated by the Pythagoreans, Archytas and Plato, were
now for the first time regarded as parts of philosophy;
as natural philosophers, Alemaon, a Pythagorean,
Dionysius of Apollonia, Empedocles and Democritus,
are particularly named; as mathematicians and astro-
nomers, Philolaus, Theodorus of Cnidus, the preceptor
SECOND PERIOD.
69
of Plato, and particularly Eudoxus of Cnidus (cy).
Geography was combined with history; the facts
which had at that time been collected respecting
particular countries and tracts, were communicated
by the earliest prose-writers and historians in their
historical works; as Herodotus likewise frequently
avails himself of opportunities for introducing de-
scriptions of countries from his own personal observ-
ation or from the report of others. Anaximander
(1st Period n. z.) is said to have projected the first
map of the earth, and such was that perhaps which
the Milesian Aristagoras laid before the Spartan
King Cleomenes about 503 B. C. (Herod. v. 49.
χάλκεον πίνακα, ἐν τῷ γῆς ἁπάσης περίοδος ἐνετέτμητο, καὶ
θάλασσά τε πᾶσα καὶ ποταμοὶ πάντες). Proper geogra-
phies unconnected with history are the giλ of
Scylax and Hanno. But first in the age of Alex-
ander, and principally by him, and, at a later period,
by the conquests of the Romans, the sphere of geo-
graphical research became so extended, that Eratos-
thenes and Strabo were enabled to describe the whole
earth at that time known. Medicine was raised by
the priests of Esculapius, 'Aσxλnæádæ, from its rude
state, in which it was confined to the cure of external
injuries, and to magic charms, and became afterwards
more generally known and cultivated. Hippocrates
(bv) of Cos was the first who treated it scientifically.
Gymnastics also were applied to medicinal purposes, for
70 EXPULSION OF THE PISISTRATIDÆ B.C. 510.
F
strengthening and invigorating the body, by Herodicus
of Selymbria, in the time of Socrates. (Plato de Repub.
iii. p. 406. Ast. ad Plat. Phædr. p. 223. Heind. ib.
p. 190. C. Fr. Hermann ad Lucian de conscr. hist.
p. 218.) At the same time Acumenus (Azovμevós)
was the most celebrated Physician in Athens, a friend
of Socrates, as well as his son Eryximachus (Valck. ad
Xen. Mem. p. iii. 13. 2.). But the sons of Hippo-
crates, Thessalus and Draco, already abandoned the
path of experience, and applied to the science.
of medicine dialectic arts and the philosophy of
Plato.
(a) SIMONIDES of Ceos, (Kéws thence Kɛ̃os), born
Ol. lvi. 1. (B. C. 556.) gains a victory over Æschylus
Ol. lxxiii. 1. (448) d. Ol. lxxviii. 2. (467). Inventor
of the plaintive Elegy, and Lyric Poet, eminently
versed in the pathetic style, (Catull. 38, 8. Horat.
Od. ii. 1. 38. Quinct. x. 1, 64.) author of several
smaller poems in commemoration of remarkable per-
sons and events of his time, (xygάuμara, Inscrip-
tions). He was a favourite with Hipparchus, the
Tyrant Hiero of Syracuse, and Pausanias king of
Sparta. On his art of memory, see Cic. de Orat. ii.
86. Quint. xi. 2. 11. Fragments of his Poems and
Epigrams see in Collectt. no. 3. 4. 8–13. van Goens
diss. de Simonide Ceo, poëta et philosopho. Ultraj.
1768. 4to. Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. ii. p. 142.)
PERSIAN WAR FROM 490.
71
(ab) PHRYNICHUS, of Athens, a disciple of Thes-
pis and Tragic poet; he was the first who introduced
female characters, and chiefly made use of the (Tro-
chaic) Tetrameter. Herm. ad Arist. poët. p. 108.)
His piece Μιλήτου ἅλωσις was exhibited Ol. lxx.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 316. cf. Blomfield Præf.
Esch. Pers.
(ac) ESCHYLUS, of Eleusis or Decelea in Attica.
He gained his first Tragic prize Ol. lxxiv. 1. B. C. 484.
But being defeated by Sophocles Ol. lxxvii. 4. B. C.
468., he went to Sicily, and died at Gela Ol. lxxxviii. 1.
B. C. 456. (Clint. p. 45.). Of his 70-90 Tragedies,
7 only are extant. Προμηθεὺς δεσμώτης, Πέρσαι, Ἑπτὰ
ἐπὶ Θήβαις, Αγαμέμνων, Χοηφόροι, Εὐμενίδες, Ικέτιδες.
Editions. Ed. pr. ap. Aldum Manutium 1518. 8vo.-ed.
Franc. Robortelli. Venet. 1552. 8vo.-cum scholiis ed. P.
Victorius. ap. H. Steph. 1557. 4to.-ed. Guil. Canter. Antw.
1580. 12mo. cum scholiis fragm. et cominent. ed. Thom.
Stanley. Londin. 1663. fol.-rec. Jo. Corn. de Pauw. Hagae
Com. 1748. 4to. 2 vols.-rec. et illustr. Chr. God. Schütz. Halae
Sax. 1782-94. 1799.-1807. 1809-1821. 4 vols. 8vo.—ex
ed. Th. Stanl.-ed. Sam. Butler. Cantabr. 1809. 4to. et 8vo.
(by Porson) Lond. et Oxon. (1806) 1794. 2 vols. 8vo. (see Wolfs
Anal. ii. p. 284.)-e rec. Ric. Pors. passim reficta a Guil.
Dindorfio. Lips. 1827. 8vo. ad opt. librr. fidem rec. integr. lect.
variet. notasque adi. Aug. Wellauer. Lips. 1823.3 vols. 8vo. (t. iii.
Lex.Eschyleum. ib.1830.)-Esch.tragg. Prometheus, Persæ et
Septem ad Th. Sophoclis Antigone, Euripidis Medea ex optimis
exemplaribus emendatæ (a Rich. Phil. Brunck.) Argentor.
72
GELON AND HIERO IN SYRACUSE, 480-467.
1779. 8vo. Esch. Prom. ad fidem MSS. em. notas et gloss.
adjecit Car. Jac. Blomfield. Cantabr. 1810. 8vo. Lips. 1822.
also Persæ ib. 1814. Lips. 1823. Sept. c. Th. ib. 1817. Lips.
1823. Agamemn. 1818. Lips. 1823. Choeph. 1824. Lips. eod.
Æschylos Eumeniden Gr. u. deutsch mit erläuternden Abh.
von K. O. Müller. Götting. 1833-4. Esch. von. H. Voss zum
Theil voll. v. J. H. Voss. Heidelb. 1826.-See Nachträge zu
Sulzers Theorie der sch. K. ii. B. S. 391. Fr. Glieb Welcker die
Aeschylische Trilogie Prometheus u. s. w. Darmst. 1824. 8vo.
Nachtrag. Frankf. a. M. 1826.-Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 164, sqq.
(ad) EPICHARMUS, about Ol. lxxiv. of Cos, but
resided in Sicily, a comic poet, see §. 12. Müller
Dor. ii. p. 363. 368. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 298,
sqq. 440. De Epicharmo. Scr. Harles. Essen. 1822.
Svo. C. J. Grysar de Doriensium comœdia. Epi-
charmi etc. fragm. vol. i. Colon. 1828. 8vo.
(ae) THEMISTOCLES the celebrated general of the
Athenians. 21 letters are ascribed to him, which he
is said to have written in exile (477-471.) Bentley,
however, diss. de Phal. ep. has proved them to be
spurious.―e MS. Vatic. ed. Jo. Matth. Caryophilus.
Rom. 1626. 4to.-rec. ill. et vindic. Christ. Schoett-
gen. Lips. 1710. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 691,
sqq.
(af) PRATINAS of Phlius, a lyric poet, invented
also at Athens the Drama Satyricum, and was an
eminent master therein. Müller Dor. ii. p. 380.
PERSIAN WAR. CIMON 470-449.
73
(ag) CORINNA, a lyric poetess of Thebes or
Tanagra. see in Collectt. no. 5. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 118. Welcker in Creuzeri Meletem. ii. p. 1, sqq.
also Boeckh. corp. inscr. t. i.
(ah) PINDAR, of Thebes, b. Ol. lxv. 3. B. C. 517.
d. Ol. lxxxiii. 4. B. C. 445. the greatest lyric poet. Hor.
Od. iv. 2. Of his poeans (διθύραμβοι, ἐγκώμια, ὕμνοι, and
Taιaves, bevor and others), are still extant triumphal
odes on the Victors in the festive games, zıvixia,
Olympia 14, Pythia 12, Nemea 11, Isthmia 8.
Ed. pr. Venet. ap. Ald. 1513. 8vo. cum scholiis per Zach.
Calliergum. Romæ 1515. 4to.-Пndάgou regíodos. op. Erasm.
Schmidii. Viteberg. 1016. 4to.-ed. Oxoniensis (cur. Rich.
West. et Rob. Welsted.) 1697. fol.-Pindari carm. cum lecti-
onis varietate et adnotationibus (scholiis et fragm.) iterum
curavit Chr. Gottl. Heyne. Götting. 1798. 8vo. Lips. 1817. 3
vols. (School Edit. 1798. 1813. 8vo.)-P. opera, quæ supersunt
textu in genuina metra restit. et ex fide MSS. doct. conj. recens.
annot. crit. schol. int. interpr. Lat. comment. perp. et indd. adj.
A. Boeckhius. Lips. 1811-18. ii. (each pp. 2.) 4to.-Pind.
carm. rec. metra constit. lect. var. adj. Chr. Guil. Ahlwardt.
Ed. min. Lips. 1820. 8vo.-ex rec. Boeckhii comm. perp.
illustr. Lud. Dissenius. Gothae et Erford. 1830. 8vo.-Pind.
carmm. selecta cum scholiis selectis suisque notis edid. Frid.
Gedike. Berol. 1786. 8vo. Theoph. Luc. Frid. Tafel dilucidat.
Pindaric. Berol. ii. 1825.-See Nachträge zu Sulzers Th. B. i.
S. 49. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 57.
(ai) BACCHYLIDES, of Ceos, nephew to Simonides,
74
PERSIAN WAR. CIMON 470-449.
a lyric poet, and a rival of Pindar at the court of
King Hiero of Syracuse.
interpr. C. Fr. Neue. Berol.
see in Collectt. no. 7. 8a 12mo.
p. 114.
B. fragm. coll. rec.
1823. 8vo. Fragm.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
(ak) PRAXILLA, of Sicyon, a lyric poetess. See
Collectt. no. 4. 5. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 135.
(al) To this period belongs also, according to
Hug and others, the giλous of the Carthaginian
Hanno, translated into Greek, being a description of a
voyage on the western coasts of Libya. It is found in
the Edit. of Steph. Byz. by Abr. Berkelius, in the
Hudsonian Collect. no. 22. edited by J. L. Hug.
Freib. 1808. 4to. by F. G. Kluge. Bresl. 1828. in a
School programme. Cf. Ukert Geogr. der Gr. und
Röm. (Weimar 1816.) i. p. 61.
(am) DIONYSIUS, of Miletus, an historian, (a
different person from Dion of Samos, [see, however,
Clinton. F. H. ii. 37.]) wrote the traditional history,
(Mulinà Diod. Sic. i. 65, sq. xúxλos μvoirós in Prose.
See Jahrb. der Philol. und Pedag. xiii. p. 242.
Lobeck. Aglaoph. p. 990. Müller Proleg. p. 95. 98.)
the events of his time (Περσικά, τὰ μετὰ Δαρείον).
Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 378. Creuzer hist. Kunst. p.
125, sqq.
CIMON 470-449. DECEMVIRS IN ROME 452. 75
(an) DIOGENES, of Apollonia, a natural philo-
sopher.de ætate et scriptis diss. fragm. ill. doc-
trinam expos. Fr. Panzerbieter. Lips. 1830. 8vo.--
ill. Wilh. Schorn in Anaxag. sqq.
(ao) ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomenæ, b. Ol. lxx. (67
according to Wyttenb. Bibl. cr. iii. 4. p. 65.) 1. B. C.
500. d. 88. 1. B. C. 427, went (in his 20th year?) to
Athens, where Pericles and Euripides had the benefit
of his instruction. §. 10. Among his disciples were
Archelaus of Athens, and Diogenes of Apollonia,
Fragm. coll. et comm. instr. ed. Schaubach. Lips.
1827. 8vo.-ill. Wilh. Schorn. Bonn. 1829. Svo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 644.
(ap) OCELLUS LUCANUS, a Pythagorean, under
whose name a work is extant, περὶ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς
Qucews, probably translated by a more modern hand
from the Doric into the Attic Dialect. (cf. Stob. ecl.
i. p. 422–428. ed. Heeren with Ocellus. p. 514. 519.
530.)
Ed. pr. Paris. 1539. 4to.-Oc. luc. de la nature de l'univers;
Timée de Locres de l'ame du monde, avec la traduction franç. et
des remarques par M. l'abbé Batteux. à Paris 1768.3 vols. 8vo.
Oc. Luc. gr. ad fid. MSS. et edd. rec. comment. perp. auxit et
vindicare studuit A. F. W. Rudolphi. Lips. 1801. Svo. Also
in the Collectt. no. 30. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 855. Meiners
Gesch. d. Wiss. I. p. 584. On the other side, Bardili Epochen
d. vorz. philos. Begr. (Halle 1788.) p. 165.
* 76
PERSIAN WAR. CIMON 470-449.
(aq) PARMENIDES of Elea, about Ol. lxxix. (ac-
cording to Fülleb.), a disciple of Xenophanes. The
fragments of his philosophical poem gì Quσews may
be found in Steph. poes. phil. and more fully in Fül-
leborn's Beyträgen vi. st.
Cf. under Empedocles.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 621. Clinton p. 378.
(ar) PANYASIS of Halicarnassus, about Ol. lxxviii.
paternal uncle to Herodotus, put to death by the tyrant
Lygdamis, Ol. lxxx. 4. B. C. 457. Clint. p. 27. 45.
one of the five classic epics (Quint. x. 1, 54.), wrote
an 'Hexxía in fourteen books, also according to Suidas
another poem on the Ionian Colonies in Asia Minor
in elegiac verse 'Iwvxd. Three fragments of him (of
Heraclea ?) see in Brunck gnom. p. 130. Fab. B. Gr.
t. i. p. 734.
(as) MELISSUS, leader of the Samians against
Pericles, Ol. lxxxviii. 1. (B. C. 428), a philosopher
who developed with greater precision the principles
of Xenophanes respecting the one eternal substance,
a pupil of Parmenides. Περί φύσεως καὶ τοῦ ὄντος.
See Fragments in Brandis comm. eleat. p. 183, sqq.
Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 659.
(at) SOPHOCLES of Athens, b. Ol. lxx. 4. (B. C.
497.) d. Ol. xciii. 4. (B. C. 405), obtained the Tragic
prize against Æschylus Ol. lxxvii. 4. shared the com-
PERSIAN WAR. CIMON 470-449.
77
mand with Pericles against the insurgent Samians.
Of his 106 dramatic pieces, only seven are extant:
Αἴας μαστιγοφόρος, Ηλέκτρα, Οἰδίπους Τύραννος, Αντιγόνη,
Οἰδ. ἐπὶ Κολωνῷ, Τραχίνιαι, Φιλοκτήτης. See §. 10.
Ed. pr. ap. Aldum. 1502. 8vo.-Exória wazaiú. Rom. 1518.
4to.-Soph. Trag. Gr. cum Græcis Demetrii Triclinii scholiis
ap. Adrian. Turnebum. Paris. 1553. 4to.-Sophocl. Trag. VI1.
una cum omnibus Gr. scholiis et cum Latinis Joach. Camerarii.
Acc. annotationes H. Stephani in Soph. et Euripid. 1568. 8vo.—
Gr. opera Guil. Canteri. Antw. 1579. 12mo.-Gr. et Lat. cum
scholiis cur Jo. Capperonnier et Jo. Franc. Vauvilliers. 1781.
4to. 2 vols.-Soph. Trag. VII. ad optimor. exemplarium fidem
emendatæ cum versione et notis ex editione Rich. Franc. Phil.
Brunck. Argentor. 1736. 2 vols. 4to. 4 vols. 8vo.-Tom. iii, iv.
in Soph. Tr. scholiastes Græci (acc. fragm. et ind.) ib. 1789.—
cum animadv. Sam. Musgravii. Acc. Soph. fragm. ex edit.
Brunck. nec non index verborum. Oxonii. 1800. 8vo. 2 vols.-
Soph. Tr. VII. ac deperditarum fragmenta, emend. varietatem
lectionis, scholia, notasque tum aliorum tum suas adjecit Car.
Gottl. Aug. Erfurdt. Acc. Lexicon Sophocleum et index verbo-
rum locupletissimus. Lips. 1802. 6 vols. Trach. Electr. Philoct.
Antig. Edip. Tyr. Ajax. vol. vii. Ed. Col. em. et notas adj.
Ludov. Heller et Lud. Doederlein. Lips. 1825.—ad opt. libr.
fid. iterum rec. et brevibus notis instr. C. G. A. Erfurdt. Lips.
1809, sqq. 8vo. contin. by Hermann.-ad opt. libr. fid. em. c.
brevi notatione emendat. Cur. God. H. Schæfer. Lips. 1810.
2 vols. small 8vo.―ad opt. exempl, fidem ac præc. Cod. vetust.
Florent. a P. Elmsleio coll. em. (Fr. Gaisford). Lips. 1827.8vo.-
rec. et expl. Ed. Wunder. (in Bibl. Gr. c. Jacobs. et R. IX.)
Goth. et. Erf. 1831, sqq. 8vo.-recogn. et brevi ann. schol. in
usum instr. Fr. Neuius. Lips. 1831. 8vo.
Philoctetes cum notis Fr. Gedike. Berol. 1781. 8vo.-ed.
Phil. Buttmann. Berol. 1822.-recogn. et comm. in usum juv.
78
DECEMVIRS IN ROME, 452.
studiosæ ill. J. P. Matthæi. Altona 1822. 8vo.-Ajax Gr. cum
scholiis et commentario perpetuo edid. Christ. Aug. Lobeck.
Lips. 1809. S. Ed. T. ex rec. P. Elmsley, qui et annotatt.
suas adj. Oxon. et Lond. 1811. 8vo. Lips. 1821. 8vo. S. Ed. in
Col. c. schol. vet. et suis comment. tum emendatior edita tum
explanatior ab Car. Reisigio Thur. Jena 1820. 8vo. With
C. Reisigii comm. crit. de Soph. Ed. C. Jenæ 1822. 8vo.
Ejusd. enarratio exegetica. ib. 1823.-e rec. P. Elmsley. Acc.
Brunck. et al. annot. selecta, cui et suam addidit ed. Oxon. 1824.
Lips. eod. a.-Soph. Antig. Codd. MSS. omn. exempl. discre-
pantia enot. e schol. vet. em. atque expl. Fr. C. Wex. Lips.
1829, 31. 2 vols. 8vo.-Scholia in Soph. Trag. e Cod. MS.
Laurent. descripsit P. Elmsley (ed. Th. Gaisford). Oxon. 1825.
Lips. 1826. 8vo.-Syll. var. in Soph. Traged. lectionum (op.
Jo. Frid. Martinus). Hala 1822. 8vo. Glieb C. W. Schneider
vollst. Soph. Wörterverzeichniss. Weimar 1829. 2 vols. 8vo.
C. Matthiæ quæst. Sophocl. Lips. 1832. 8vo.-Fabric. B. Gr.
t. ii. p. 193, sqq. Nachträge zu Sulzers Th. B. 4. p. 86.
(au) LEUCIPPUs, his country unknown, author of
the Atomic system, which was further developed by
Democritus Epicurus. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 658.
(av) HELLANĪCUs, (v. Lobeck. ad Phryn. p. 670 cf.
Krüzer Leb. d. Thucyd. p. 28.), of Mytilene, author of
an historico-geographical description of the known
earth, which is quoted according to its several parts:
Tęwiná, 'Artis &c. Hellan. Lesbii fragm. ed. F. W.
Sturz. Lips. 1788. 1826. 8vo. Cf. Mus. crit. Cant.
1. V. p. 90. Clinton p. 373. not. t.
(aw) PHERECYDES, of Leros, but resident at Athens,
DECEMVIRS IN ROME, 452.
79
(thence Agios and 'Anvalos) wrote principally the tra-
ditional history, in ten books. Ph. fragm. colleg. emend.
ill. fragm. Acusilai adj. Fr. Guil. Sturz. Geræ 1789.
1824. 8vo. 'See my Miscell. Writings, p. 102, sqq.
Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p.
665.
(ax) CHARON, of Lampsacus, about Ol. lxxv. (ac-
cording to Passow p. 10. about Ol. lxvii.), Пegoixá,
History of the Persian war. See Fragm. in Collectt.
no. 20.
(ay) ZENO, of Elea, about Ol. lxxix. disciple of
Parmenides at the same time with Empedocles, founder
of the diaλextinń, i. e. the art of disputing on scientific
subjects, §. 10. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 670, sq.
(az) SIMONIDES yeveaλoyos, about Ol. lxxxii, grand-
son of the lyric poet, wrote a genealogical history after
the manner of the EϾ and the Naupactica. See
Groddeck in Bibl. d. alt. Litt. und K. ii. p. 100.
(ba) HERODORUS, of Heraclea in Pontus, wrote in
prose 'Αργοναυτικά and τὰ καθ' Ηρακλέα. See Groddeck
in Bibl. d. alt. Litt. und K. ii. p. 72, sqq. Müller
Dorians. i. p. 524. Nitzsch hist. Hom. p. 84, sq.
(bb) EMPEDOCLES, about Ol. lxxxiv. B. C. 442,
of Agrigentum in Sicily, disciple of Parmenides, a
80
DECEMVIRS IN ROME, 452.
celebrated philosopher and naturalist, left behind him,
besides several other works, a philosophical poem, πıçi
φύσεως.
Empedocles Agrigentinus: de vita et philosophia ejus expo-
suit, carminum reliquias collegit, recensuit, illustravit Frid.
Guil. Sturz. Lips. 1805. 8vo. Emped. et Parm. fragm. ed.
Amed. Peyron. Lips. 1810. 8vo. Cf. B. H. C. Lommatzsch die
Weisheit des Empedokl. Berlin 1830. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i.
p.805. Clinton, p. 365. An astronomical poem in Iambics falsely
ascribed to him 'Eμredoxλéovs oquiga, may be found, in Fabric.
B. Gr. t. i. p. 816. ed. Harl.
(bc) DEMOCRITUS, of Abdera, pupil of Leucippus,
about Ol. lxxxiii. (B. C. 446.) (b. Ol. lxxvii. 3. according
Wyttenb. Bibl. cr. iii. 4. p 65. according to others Ol.
lxxx. B. C. 460. See Clinton. p. 43. d. Ol. cv. 4=
357 at the age of 104), a naturalist and philosopher.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 628.
(bd) GORGIAS, of Leontini, a disciple of Empe-
docles, a sophist or philosopher, orator and rhetorician,
inventor of the periodic style, of various rhetorical
figures, and especially of the rhetorical numerus.
Cic. Or. 12. 50. 52. He displayed his art in
various parts of Greece, particularly in Athens,
where he had Critias and Alcibiades for his hearers,
and was likewise highly esteemed by the now aged
Pericles. (Philost. vit. Soph. p. 493. Philostratus
at least says nothing of his having delivered the
DECEMVIRS IN ROME, 452.
81
funeral oration over those who fell at Salamis.)
He
was one of his country's ambassadors when she sued
for the assistance of the Athenians against the Sy-
racusans Ol. lxxxviii. 2. (B. C. 427.), and opened at
Athens the first school of rhetoric. Two declamations
are ascribed to him. Ελένης ἐγκώμιον and Παλαμήδους
άoxoyla in Reiske Or. t. viii. Bekk. Dem. iv. App.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 805. Manso Gesch. d. Rhet.
p. 13. Clinton. p. 371. not. n. H. E. Foss de Gor-
gia Leontino comm. Hal. 1828. 8vo.
(be) ION, of Chios, about Ol. lxxxii, one of the
five classic Tragedians. (On his fragments see Rich.
Bentley Epist. ad Millium in his Opuscul. Philolog.
Lips. 1781.). He was also the author of lyric
poems, particularly Dithyrambs and Elegies. (Brunck.
Anal. i. p. 161). Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 126. 307.
(bf) PROTAGORAS, of Abdera, about Ol. lxxxiv. a
Philosopher and Orator, the first who called himself a
sage (ropiorns), and gave instruction for money. Cic.
de Orat. iii. 32. de Nat. Deor. i. 1. 23. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. ii. p. 688. Clinton, p. 365.
(bg) CRATINUS, of Athens, obtained the prize Ol1.
lxxxvi. 1. (B. C. 476), one of the most distinguished
poets of the Old Comedy, author of from 21 to 25
G
82
PERICLES, 449–428.
Comedies, though the titles and fragments of 40 are
cited. Meineke qu. scen. i. p. 22, sqq. See the Col-
lectt. no. 16. 17.-Fragm. coll. et ill. M. Runkel.
Lips. 1827. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 430. Meineke
qu. scen. i. p. 14, sqq.
(bh) EUPOLIS, of Athens, about Ol. lxxxvii. junior
to Cratinus, a classic poet of the Old Comedy.
Fragments of 20 Comedies, among which the most
celebrated were Bézτa, particularly directed against
Alcibiades, (Meineke i. p. 42, sqq.) Añpeot, in which
he ridiculed the scandalous maladministration of
public affairs then prevailing at Athens since the
death of Pericles, (Meineke p. 48, sq.), Kóλaxes, in
which he lashed the rich and gluttonous Callias,
son of Hipponicus, and his parasites, especially Pro-
tagoras, (Meineke p. 51.) Magixus, against Hyper-
bolus, (id. p. 56.) and Пóλus resembling the Ane.
(id. p. 58.) See in Collectt. no. 17. Cratin. et Eup.
scr. Guil. Lucas. Bonn. 1826. 8vo. De Eupolidis
dýμois ac modeσiv scr. Gust. Car. Henr. Raspe. Lips.
1832. Cf. Gfr. Hermann in d. allg. Schulz. 1833.
ii. no. 13. Cf. Pherecrates. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 445.
Meineke qu. scen. p. 35, sqq.
(bi) PLATO, of Athens, about Ol. lxxxviii. (Clint.
p. 65.) also a classic poet of the Old Comedy. By him
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
83
รา
there were 28 pieces, among which the most cele-
brated were, 'Exλds vro, Eograí (Meineke 2. p. 16,
sq.) Kλeopãv (id. ib. 17, sq.) Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 485. Meineke qu. scen. 2. p. 11.
(bk) HEGEMON, of Thasos, contemporary with
Alcibiades, the first poet who wrote Parodies. See
Studien von Daub und Creuz. 6, 2. p. 267, sqq.
(bl) ACHEUS, of Eretria, one of the Tragic poets.
received into the canon of the Alexandrians, who
wrote chiefly Satyric Dramas. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 279.
(bm) HIPPIAS, of Elis, a Sophist, who professed
to know and to do every thing, junior to Pro-
tagoras. Cic. de Orat. iii. 32. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 657.
(bn) PRODICUs, of Ceos, a celebrated Sophist.
Hercules Prodicius. Xen. Mem. S. ii. 1. Cic. Off. i.
32. ad Div. v. 12. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 718.
Welcker in Rhein. Mus. i. S. 532.
(bo) DIAGORAS, of Melos, bros, banished from
Athens Ol. xci. 2. d. B. C. 415.
(bp) HERODOTUS, 'Heodoros, of Halicarnassus, in
84
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
Caria, born Ol. lxxiv. 1. B. C. 484. He wrote in the
Ionic Dialect the first proper historical work in nine
books, of which the wars of the Greeks with the Per-
sians up to the battle of Mycale constitute the principal
subject. This he recited at the Olympic Games Ol.
lxxxi. 1. (see, however, Dahlmann Forsch. auf d. Geb.
d. Gesch. II. 1. p. 18–37. and on the other side
Krüger Leb. d. Thuc. p. 24.) and at the Panathenaic
festival at Athens (?) Ol. lxxxiv. 1. B. C. 444. in
parts, but he continued to improve and perfect it at
Thurii in Lower Italy, whither he had gone with
an Athenian colony Ol. lxxxiv. 2. B. C. 443.
There is an Epitaph upon him in Anal. Br. iii.
p. 263. no. 533. Anthol. Palat. ii. p. 824. no. 212.
Dahlmann Herodot. im 2ten B. der
see §. 11.
Forsch.
Ed. pr. Venet. ap. Ald. 1502. fol.-(The Lat. Version of
Laur. Valla, Venice. 1474. fol. is of earlier date.)-ed. H. Ste-
phani. 1570. 1592. fol.-ed. Th. Gale. Londin. 1679. fol.-rec.
Jac. Gronovius. Ludg. B. 1715. fol.-cum annotat. Th. Galei
et Jac. Gron. curavit, et suas itemque Lud. Casp. Valcke-
nærii notas adjecit Petr. Wesselingius. Amstel. 1763. fol.-
Opera Frid. Volg. Reizii. t. i. Lips. 1776. 1807. t. ii. contin.
Godofr. Henr. Schæfer. Lips. 1800.-Histoire d'Herodote, trad.
du Grec, avec des rem. hist. et crit. un essai sur la chronol.
d'Her. et une table geogr. (par Larcher.) Paris 1802. 7 vols.
8vo. ad vett. codd. fidem denuo rec. lect. var. interpr. Lat.
adnott. Wess. et Valck. aliorumque et suis ill. Jo.Schweighaeuser.
Argent. et Par. 1816. 6 vols. 8vo. Lexicon Herodoteum...
instr. Jo. Schweigh. Argent. et Paris. 1824. 8vo.-cod. Sancr.
•
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
85
MS. denuo cont. lect. variet. commodius dig. annot. varr. adj.
Th. Gaisford. Oxonii 1824. 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1824, sqq.-textum
ad Gaisf. rec. recogn. perpetua tum Fr. Creuzeri tum sua annot.
instr. Joh. Chrn. Fel. Baehr. Lips. 1830, sqq. 8vo. For in-
terpretation, Rennel on the Geographical system of Herod. is
particularly valuable. Lond. 1800. 4to. Cf. Niebuhr on the
Geography of Herodotus, Bonn. 1828. 8vo. Commentationes
Herodoteæ. Scribebat Fr. Creuzer. p. i. Lips. 1819. 8vo.
C. L. Struve de dial. Herod. Spec. 1-3. Regiom. 1828-30. 4to.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 327.
(bq) EURIPIDES, born at Salamis, Ol. lxxv. 1.
B. C. 480. first gained the prize in Tragedy B. C. 442.
A pupil of Anaxagoras, and the Sophist Prodicus, died
Ol. xciii. 3. B. C. 406. at the Court of King Archelaus
of Macedonia. Of his 123 Tragedies we have only
eighteen (and the beginning of the nineteenth) extant:
Εκάβη, Ορέστης, Φοίνισσαι, Μήδεια, Ἱππόλυτος στεφανηφόρος,
Αλκηστις, Ανδρομάχη, Ικέτιδες, Ιφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Αὐλίδι, Ιφ.
ἡ ἐν Ταύροις, Ρῆσος, Τρωάδες, Βάκχαι, Κύκλωψ, Ἡρακλεῖδαι,
Ἑλένη, Ιων, Ἡρακλῆς μαινόμενος, Ηλέκτρα, (Δανάη, ques-
tionable. See Wolf's Anal. 4s st.) See §. 12.
Ed. pr. Eurip. Medea, Hippolytus, Alcestis, Andromache
Gr. Florent. (op. J. Lascaris). 4to.—Trag. XVIII. Venet. ap.
Ald. 1503. 8vo.-Scholia Gr. in VII. Trag. ab Arsenio collecta.
Venet. 1534. 8vo. Basil. 1544. Svo.-Eur. Electra ed. P. Vic-
torius Romæ 1545. 8vo.-Eurip. Trag. XIX. op. Guil. Canteri.
Antv. 1571. 12mo.- Eur. Tr. XIX. acc. nunc recens vicesimæ,
cui Danae nomen, initium, e vetustis. bibl. Palat. membranis
Gr. et Lat. (cum G. Canteri notis). Heidelb. ap. Commel. 1597.
8vo. Eur. quæ exstant omnia, Trag. XIX. fragm. scholia ed.
86
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
Jos. Barnes. Cantabr. 1694. fol.-recens. fragm. colleg. notas
perpetuas subjecit Sam. Musgrave M.D. Oxonii. 1778. 4 vols.
4to.-Eur. Trag. fragm. epist. ex ed. Jos. Barnesii recusa et
aucta appendice observationum e variis doctorum virorum libris
collecta. Lips. 1778-1788. 3 vols. 4to.-Eurip. Trag. et fragm.
rec. interpr. Lat. corr. scholia Gr. e Codd. MSS. partim supplevit,
partim emend. Aug. Matthiæ. Lips. 1813-29. 8vo. Tom. i. ii. iii.
text iv. v. schol. vi. vii. viii. not. ix. fragm.-rec. et comm. instr.
A. I. Edm. Pflugk (Bibl. Gr. cur. Jacobs et Rost poet xi.)
Goth. et Erford. 1829. 8vo.
Edd. of separate Plays. Eur. Phænissæ. Interpretationem
addidit H. Grotii, Græca castigavit e MStis atque adnota-
tionibus instruxit; scholia partim nunc primum evulgata sub-
jecit Lud. Casp. Valckenaer. Franequ. 1755. Lugd. B. 1803.4to.
Lips. 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.-Eur. Hippolytus :—adnot. instruxit
Lud. C. Valckenaer. Acc. L. C. V. diatribe in Euripidis per-
ditorum dramatum reliquias. Lugd. B. 1767. 4to. Lips. 1823.
8vo.- Eurip. drama: Supplices mulieres ad Codd. MSS. re-
censitum et notis uberioribus illustratum (ed. Jer. Markland.).
Lond. 1763. 4to. Oxon. 1811. 8vo. Lips. 1822.—Iphigenia in
Aul. et Iph. in Tauris ad Codd. MStos recens. et notulas
adjecit Jer. Markland. Lond. 1771. 8vo. Oxon. 1811. Lips.
1822. 8vo. Eur. Trag. IV. Hecuba, Phoenissæ, Hippolytus,
et Bacchæ, ex optimis exemplaribus emendatæ (per R. Fr. Ph.
Brunck.) Argent. 1780. 8vo.-Sophocl. El. et Eurip. Andro-
mache ex opt. exempl. emend. Argent. 1779. 8vo.—Sophoclis
O. T. et Eurip. Orestes ex opt. ex. em. ib. eod.-Esch. Prom.
Pers. et S. ad Th. Soph. Ant. Eurip. Medea ex opt. ex em.
Argent. 1779. 8vo. Eurip. Hecuba ad fidem MSS. emendata
et brevibus notis emendationum potissimum rationem redden-
tibus instructa. In usum studiosæ juventutis (edid. Rich. Por-
son.) Lond. 1797. 1801. 8vo. By the same, Eur. Orestes ib.
1798. Phœnissæ 1799. Medea 1800. All four plays are printed
together: Eur. Tragœdiæ-ed. Rich. Porson. tom. i. Lips.
1802. 1807. 1824. 8vo.-Eur. Hecuba. Godofr. Hermanni ad
eam et ad R. Porsoni notas animadversiones. Lips. 1800. 8vo.
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
87
-Eur. Hercules fur. recens. God. Hermannus. Lips. 1800. 8vo.
E. Supplices rec. G. Hermann. ib. 1811. 8vo. Bacchæ ih.
1823. 8vo. Ion. 1827. Hecuba 1831. Iphig. Aul. 1831. Iphig.
Taur. 1833.-Eur. Troades ad optt. libr. fidem rec. et brevibus
notis instruxit Aug. Seidler. Lips. 1812. 8vo.-E. Electra-
rec. Seidl. ib. 1813. 8vo.-E. Iph. in T. ib. eod.-Heracl. ex
rec. P. Elmsley, qui annot. suas et alior. sel. adj. Oxon. 1813.
8vo. Lips. 1821. 8vo.-Hipp. coronifer ad fid. MSS. et vett.
edd. em. et annot. instr. Jac. Henr. Monk. Cantabr. 1814.
Lips. 1823. Gr. 8vo.- Alc... rec. Monk. ib. 1816. Gr. 8vo.
cum int. Monkii suisque annot. ed. Wüstemann. Goth. 1823.
8vo. c. del. annot. potiss. Monkii. Acc. emend. G. Hermanni.
Lips. 1824. 8vo.-Androm. ed. Jo. Lenting. Zutph. 1829. 8vo.
-Electr. recogn. P. Camper. Lugd. B. 1831. 8vo.-Medea in
us. stud. juv. rec. et ill. P. Elmsley, Oxon. 1818. 8vo. Acc.
God. Hermanni adnotatt. Lips. 1823. 8vo.-Racchæ in us.
stud. juv. rec. et ill. P. Elmsley. Oxon. 1821. 8vo. Lips.
1822.-Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 234, sqq. Nachträge zu Sulz.
V. B. 2.
He
(br) ANTIPHON, of the borough of Rhamnus in
Attica, born Ol. Ixxv. 2. (B. C. 479), accused of
treachery and executed Ol. xcii. 2. (B. C. 411), the
most celebrated teacher of eloquence in his time.
also wrote speeches for others, for which he received
pay, and speeches on fictitious events (or. sophistica
declamationes), and spoke once only himself, in his
own defence. There are still extant 15 oration. soph.
See Ruhnken. diss. de Antiphonte in his opusc. orat.
philol. crit. Lugd. B. 1807. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 750.
88
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
Ed. pr. Orationes veterum oratorum. Venet. ap. Aldum.
1513. fol.-ap. Henr. Stephanum. 1575. fol.-Orat. Gr. ed.
J. Jac. Reiske. in vol. vii. p. 603. ed. Bekker in vol. i.
(bs) THUCYDIDES, of Athens, b. Ol. lxxvii. 1.
B. C. 472, a pupil of Antiphon? Ol. lxxxix. 1. B. C.
424, he commanded an Athenian army in Thrace,
but was banished because he came too late to prevent
the surrender of Amphipolis to the Lacedæmonian
Brasidas. He lived as an exile in different parts
of Greece 20 years, and there, assisted by his
acquaintance with Lacedæmonians and Athenians, he
collected with the greatest care, and at considerable
expense, the materials for his history of the Pelo-
ponnesian war, of which, however, after his return,
he was only able to complete 8 books to the beginning
of the 21st year of the war, and died Ol. xcvii. 2.
B. C. 391. K. W. Krüger Untersuch. über das
Leben des Thukyd. Berlin 1832. 4to.
1503.—cum
Ed. pr. Venet. ap. Ald. 1502. fol.-Scholia ib. 1503.-
scholiis ap. Henr. Stephan. 1564. 1588. fol.-ed. Jo. Hudson.
Oxon. 1696. fol.-rec. Jo. Wasse; edit. cur. Car. Andr. Duker.
Amstel. 1731. fol.-reprinted Biponti, 1788. 6 vols. 8vo.-
ad edit. Dukeri cum animadv. Jo. Christ. Gottleber edid. Car.
Lud. Baver. Lips. 1790. 4to. et Chr. D. Beck. 1804. 2 vols.-
ad opt. Codd. fid. rec. et ill. Chr. Frid. Ferd. Haackius. Lips.
1820. 2 vols. 8vo. ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri. Acc. scholia Gr. et
[i See Clinton, vol. ii. p. 77.]
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
89
Dukeri Wassiique annotationes. Berolini 1821. 3 vols. 8vo.-
ed. Poppo. Lips. p. i. ii. iii. proleg. et Thuc. 1. 1. 1821-25. p. ii.
vol. iv. v. vi. Thuc. 1. 2-8. 1826-28. p. iii. comm. vol. i. 1831.
vol. ii. 1833.-ed. S. T. Blomfield. Lond. 1830. vol. iii. 8vo.
Eng. Transl. of the same, Lond. 1828, 29.-rec. et ill. Franc.
Goeller. Lips 1826. ii. vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 721.
•
(bt) AGATHON, of Athens, about Ol. xc. a tragic
poet. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 281.
(bu) SOCRATES, of Athens, born Ol. lxxvii. 3.
B.C. 469. of poor parents, condemned to drink the
poisoned cup, Ol. xcv. 2. (B. C. 399.) see §. 13.
(bv) HIPPOCRATES, of the island Cos ('ITT.
(Ιππ.
Kãos), of the family of the Asclepiadæ, b. Ol. lxxx.
1. (B.C. 460.), d. at Larissa, Ol. cv. 4-357,
the first physician who reduced his science to a
system. He travelled much, and afterwards esta-
blished a school of medicine at Cos, which continued
in high repute many years subsequent to his death.
Seventy-two compositions pass under his name, but
many
of them are spurious. Groddeck. i. p. 204, sq.
Ed. pr. Venet. Ald. 1526. fol.-Basil. 1538. fol. edited by
Janus Cornarius.-opp. omn. rec. et illustr. Anutius Foesius.
Francof. 1595. Genev. 1657. fol.-ed. Jo. Ant. van der Lin-
den. Lugd. B. 1665. 8vo. ii. tom.-Hipp. et Galeni opera
edid. Ren. Charterius (Chartier). Lutet. 1679. xiii. vols. fol.
-cum variet. lectt. e Codd. Vindob. ed. Steph. Mackius.
90
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
Viennae 1743-49. ii. vols. not completed.-In the Collectt. 33.
vols. xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1825, sqq.-Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 506,
sqq.
(bw) SOPHRON, of Syracuse, wrote inovs av-
δρείους καὶ γυναικείους, representations in dialogue of
characters, modes of life, manners, and customs,
in a prosaic but yet in a rhythmical style. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. iii. p. 493. Sophr. mimorum fr. in Clas-
sical Journ. no. 8. p. 381, sqq. Mus. Cantabr.
no. 7. p. 340, sqq. Müller Dorians ii. p. 371.
(bx) ANDOCIDES, of Athens, b. Ol. lxxviii. 2.
B. C. 467, a statesman and orator. There are four
of his orations still extant: περὶ τῶν μυστηρίων (de-
livered Ol. xci. 2. B. C. 415. in reply to the charge
that he was privy to the mutilation of the Mercuries,
and the profanation of the Eleusinian mysteries, of
which Alcibiades was principally accused), narà 'Aλ-
κιβιάδου (Ol. xci. 1.), περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ καθόδου (Οl. xcii.
2. B. Chr. 411.), περὶ τῆς πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους εἰρήνης
(Ol. xcvi. 4. B. C. 393). Reiske Orat. Gr. t. iv.
Bekker t. i. Andok. übers. und erläut. von A. G.
Becker. Quedlinb. 1832. 8vo.-Jan. Otto Sluiter
lectiones Andocideæ. Lugd. B. 1804. 8vo. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. ii. p. 758. Ruhnk. hist. crit. orat. p.
xlix, sqq.
(by) PHERECRATES, a celebrated poet of the Old
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
91
Comedy (in the canon of the Alex.) of whose pieces
from thirteen to eighteen are quoted, among which
"Aygıɑ exhibited Ol. Ixxxix. 4. Plat. Protag. p. 327.
D. See Heinrich Epimen. p. 192, sqq. Dess. de-
monstratio et restitutio loci corrupti e Plat. Prot.
Kiel. 1813. 4to.-Pher. et Eupol. fr. coll. et adnot.
adj. M. Runkelius. Lips. 1829. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. ii. p. 473, sqq. Meineke qu. scen. 2. p. 31,
sqq.
(bz) ARISTOPHANES, of Athens, the wittiest and
most spirited poet of the Old, and (in the Plutus)
of the Middle Comedy, and, in regard to language,
a perfect model of the Attic dialect. His eleven
pieces which still remain out of sixty are: Пλoũтos,
Nepiha, (exhibited Ol. lxxxix. 2. B. C. 423),
Νεφέλαι,
See
Βάτραχοι, Ἱππεῖς, Αχαρνείς, Σφήκες, Ορνιθες, Εἰρήνη,
Ἐκκλησιάζουσαι, Θεσμοφοριάζουσαι, Λυσιστράτη,
Nachtr. zu Sulzer's Th. vii. 1. p. 113.
Editt. Ed. pr. Aristoph. Comœdiæ ix. cum schol. Gr. Venet.
ap. Ald. 1498. fol.-Flor. ap. Phil. Juntam. 1515. and Thes-
mophor. and Lysistrata ib. eod.—Arist. Com. xi. Gr. Lat. cum
scholiis antiqu. et notis Virr. DD. recens. Lud. Küster. Am-
stel. 1710. fol.-Ar. Com. xi. ad fidem optt. Codd. em. cum
notis Steph. Bergleri nec non C. Andr. Dukeri ad 4 priores.
Acc. fragm. cur. P. Burmanno Sec. Lugd. B. 1760. ii. vols.
4to.-Ar. Com. ex optim. exemplarib. em. studio Rich. Fr.
Phil. Brunck. Argent. 1783. iv. vols. 8vo.-Ar. com. auc-
toritate libri præcl. sec. x. emend. a Philippo Invernizio.
92
PELOPONNES. WAR, 431-404.
Lips. 1794. ii. vols. 8vo.—The 3d and following vol. under the
title: Commentarii in Arist. Com.-colleg., digessit, auxit
Chr. Dan. Beckius. Lips. 1809, sqq. 8vo. the 6th and following
vol. by Dindorf. 1821.-c. schol. et var. lect. rec. Imm. Bek-
kerus. Acc. notæ Brunck. et reliqu. Londini 1829. 5 vols. 8vo.
übers. von J. H. Voss mit erläuternden Anm. von H. Voss.
Braunschw. 3 vols. 1821. 8vo.—Arist. com. Plutus cum schol.
recognovit et notis instruxit Tih. Hemsterhuis. Harling.
1744. 8vo. Lips. cur. Schaefer. 1811. 8vo.-Aves Gr. rec.
et perpetua adnot. illustr. Chr. D. Beck. Lips. 1782.-Nubes
cum schol. rec. et annot. J. Aug. Ernesti suasque add. Godofr.
Hermannus. Lips. 1799. 1830. 8vo.-ed. Car. Reisig. Lips.
1820. 8vo.-Acharn. ex rec. P. Elmsley.-Pax, ex rec. Guil.
Dindorfii. Lips. 1820. 8vo. Equites c. ei. ib. 1821. Aves 1822.
Ranæ 1824. Eccles. 1826. Acharn. 1828. Ar. fragm. ex
rec. Guil. Dind. ib. 1829. F. V. Fritzsche de Babyloniis Ar.
comm. Lips. 1830. 8vo.-Arist. Wolken, eine Comödie, Griech.
und Deutsch (v. Fr. Aug. Wolf.) Berlin 1811. 4to. J. W.
Süvern über Ar. Wolken. Berlin 1826. 4to. The same, über
Ar. Tugas ib. 1827. 8vo.-Car. Reisigii conjectaneorum
in Arist. ii. 2. Lips. 1816. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 356,
sqq.
(c) ANTISTHENES, of Athens, a pupil of Gorgias,
and afterwards of Socrates, founder of the Cynic
(Kuvóragyes) Sect, which taught a most austere system
of morals, and restricted its followers to bare neces-
saries, and a precursor of the Stoics. Two oratorical
exercises (μελέται), Αἴας and Οδυσσεύς, may be found
in Reiske, t. viii. p. 52, sqq. Bekk. t. iv. 4. Append.
epp. Socr. p. 8. Fabric.
p. 26. a letter of his in Orell.
B. Gr. t. ii. p. 697. t. iii. p. 512.
DIONYS. I. AT SYRACUSE.
93
(ca) XENOPHON, of Athens, b. Ol. lxxxiii. 2. B. C.
447, saved by Socrates in the battle at Delium, Ol.
lxxxix. 1=424, conducts the return of 10,000
Greeks from Asia, Ol. xciv. 4. B. C. 401. d. Ol. cvi.
1=356. A pupil of Socrates, a friend of Agesilaus.
Editt. 1) of his entire works. Ed. pr. Florent. ap. Phil. Juntam.
1516. fol.-ap. Aldum. 1525. fol.-ap. Henr. Stephanum. Paris.
1561. fol. and better 1581. fol.-Gr. et Lat. cur. Leunclavius.
Basil 1569. 1572. Francof. 1594. fol.-Gr. et Lat. cur. Ed.
Wells. Oxon. 1703. 8vo. 5 vols.-cur. Car. Aug. Thieme. Lips.
1763, sqq. 1801.-4to. 4 vols.-As a help. F. W. Sturz Lexicon
Xenophonteum. Lips. 1801-3. 4 vols.-illustr. Benj. Weiske.
Lips. 1798-804. 6 vols. 8vo.-quæ exstant, ex. ll. scr. fide et
VV. DD. conject. rec. et interpret. est Joh. Glob Schneider.
Lips. 1829. 6 vols. 8vo. (Frid. Aug. Bornemann). 2) separate
treatises: a. Cyropædia libr. viii. rec. Thom. Hutchinson. Oxon.
1727.4to.—e rec. Hutchins. (ed. Morus.) Lips. 1774. 8vo. 1784.
8vo. rec. J. C. Zeune. Lips. 1780. 8vo.-(Schneider. Lips.
1800. 1815. 8vo.)— ad fid. maxime Cod. Guelph. ed. Ern. Poppo.
Lips. 1821.-J. Fr. Fischeri comm. in Xen. Cyrop. ed. Christ.
Theoph. Kuinoel. Lips. 1803. 8vo.-rec. Fr. A. Bornemann.
(in Jac. et Rost. bibl. Gr.) Goth. et Erf. 1828. b. Anabasis 1. vii.
rec. Th. Hutchinson. Oxon. 1735. 4to. 1745. 8vo. and with notes
by Porson. Cantabr. 1785. 8vo.-e rec. Hutch. ed. Morus. Lips.
1775. 8vo.-rec. J. C. Zeune. Lips. 1785. 8vo.-(Schneider
Lips. 1806. 8vo. Bornem. 1825. c. anim. Porsoni).—rec. Lud.
Dindorf. Lips. 1825.-recogn. et ill. C. G. Krüger. Halis 1826.
8vo.-ed. Ern. Poppo. Lips. 1827. 8vo. c. Historiæ Græc. 1. vii.
rec. Morus. Lips. 1778. 8vo.-(Schneider. Lips. 1791. 1821.
8vo.)-d. Memorab. Socr. 1. iv. ed. P. Victorius. Flor. ap. hær.
Juntæ 1558.—ex rec. et cum notis J. Aug. Ernesti. 1737. 8vo.
especially (with Valcken. and Ruhnken's annot.) 1772. 8vo.—
cum notis Ern. Ruhnk. Valcken. Hindeburg. (Lips. 1769. 8vo.)
94
DIONYS. I. AT SYRACUSE.
suisque ed. J. C. Zeune. Lips. 1781. 8vo.-(Schneider. Lips.
1790.8vo. 1801. 1816. 8vo.-recogn. et ill. G. A. Herbst. Halis
Sax. 1827. 8vo. e. Econom. Apol. Socr. Sympos. Hiero, Agesil.
(Valkenaer disputed the genuineness of Agesil. See on the other
side Weiske præf. Agesil.) c. animadv. J. Aug. Bachii. Lips.
1749. 8vo. rec. J. C. Zeune. Lips. 1782. 8vo.-(Schneider.
Lips. 1805. 8vo.)-Hiero. Rec. et interpr. est C. H. Frotscher.
Lips. 1822. 8vo.—-Conviv. rec. et interpr. est. Fr. A. Bornemann.
Lips. 1824. 8vo. Acc. ej. apol. S.-T. recog. et ill. G. A.
Herbst. Hal. 1830. 8vo. f. Opusc. politica (de republ. Athen.-
Böckh Pub. Econ. of Athen. i. p. 62. Not.-et Lacedæm. de
reditibus) equestria et venatica rec. J. C. Zeune. Lips. 1778.
8vo.-(Schneider. Lips. 1817. 8vo.) Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 1, sqq.
(cb) CTESIAS, of Cnidos, private physician to the
younger Cyrus, lived afterwards in the Persian Court
till 395. He wrote a history of the Persians up to
398 in twenty-three books, and a book on India, 'of
which however only fragments are left, which may be
found in the editions of Herodotus by Gale and
Wesseling-.opp. reliquiæ. Coll. rec. ill. Jo. Chrn.
Felix. Bühr. Francof. ad M. 1824. 8vo. Fab. B. Gr.
t. ii. p. 740.
(cd) EUCLIDES, of Megara, a disciple of Socrates,
who, however, chiefly practised Dialectics or the art of
confuting others by subtle questions and conclusions,
for the most part fallacies, founder of the Megarian
school, the members of which were called 'Egiorixoi and
AazExtinol. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 715. t. iii. p. 625.
CORINTH. WAR,394.-PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS 387. 95
(ce) PLATO, of Athens, b. Ol. lxxxvii. 3. B. C. 430.
d. Ol. cviii. 2=347, disciple of Socrates, and founder
of the Academy. See §. 13. Respecting his travels
see Clinton, p. 366. not. e.
Editt. Ed. pr. Aldina. Venet. 1573. fol.-ap. Henr. Ste-
phanum. Paris. 1578. fol. 3 vols.-cum vers. et argum. Marsilii
Ficini. Lugd. 1590. Francof. 1602. fol.- ed. Bipontina 1781—
87. 11 vols. 8vo. with dialogorum Pl. argumenta exposita et
illustrata a Diet. Tiedemann. 1786. 8vo.-Plat. opera ex rec.
H. Stephani passim emend. adj. schol. et nott. critt. ed. Christ.
Dan. Beck. Lips. 8 vols. 1813-19. 12mo.-Plat. diall. Gr. et
Lat. ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri. Berol. 1816. p. i. 1, 2. p. ii. 1, 2, 3.
p. iii. 1, 2, 3. comm. crit. ib. 1823. 2 vols. 8vo.-ad opt. libr.
fid. rec. Lat. convertit Fr. Ast. Lips. Weidm. 1819-1830.
i-ix. Text x. Annot. 8vo.-ad fid. codd. Florr. Pariss. Vindob.
aliorumque recogn. Godofr. Stallbaum. Lips. Weigel. 1822, sqq.
8 vols. 8vo. rec. et adn. crit. instr. C. Ern. Chph. Schneider.
Lips. Teubner. up to the present time 3 vols.
Separate Dialog. Plat. Dialogi V. (Amatores, Euthyphro,
Apol. Socr. Crito, Phædo) rec. et illustravit Nathan. Forster.
Oxonii 1745. 1765. 8vo.-Pl. Euthydem. Apol. S. Crito, Phædo
Gr. e rec. H. Stephani varietate lect. et anim. crit. ill. J. Fr.
Fischer. Lips. 1760. 1770. 1783. Cratylus et Theæt. Lips. 1770.
8vo. Sophista, Politicus, Parmenid. Lips. 1774. 8vo. Philebus
et Sympos. Lips. 1776. 8vo. Plat. dial. IV. Meno, Crito,
Alcibiades 1. 2. cum anim. Gedicke, Gottleber, Schneider. cur.
Biester. Berol. 1780. 1790. cur. Biest. et Buttmann. ib. 1811.
1822. 1830.—Pl. Symposium verbessert und mit kritischen und
erkl. Anmerk. herausg. v. F. A. Wolf. Leipz. 1782. 1828. 8vo.-
Plat. Io, ad fidem cod. Venet. vett. edd. revocatus et illustr. a
M. Guil. Müller. Hamb. 1782. 8vo.-Plat. dial. selecti cura
L. Fr. Heindorfii. Berol. 1802-1810. 1827, sqq. 4 vols. 8vo.
(I. Lys., Charm., Hipp. maj., Phædrus. II. Gorgias et Theat.
III. Crat., Euthyd., Parm. IV. Phædo, Sophistes, Prota-
CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS.
96
goras).—Pl. Phædon explanatus et emend. prolegom. et annot.
Dan. Wyttenbachii. Lugd. B. 1810. 8vo. Lips. 1825.-Pl. Meno
proleg. et comm. ill. God. Stallbaum. Lips. 1828.-Pl. Politia
s.de rep. 11. x. rec. atque explan. Fr. Astius. Lips. 1814. 8vo.-
Plat. Leges et Epinomis ad opt. libr. fid. em. et perp. adnot. ill.
Fr. Astius. Lips. 1814. 2 vols. 8vo.-Pl. Philebus. rec. et ill.
God. Stallbaum. Acc. Olympiodori scholia nunc primum edita.
Lips. 1820. 8vo.-Io. prol. vindic. et annot. instr. Gr. Guil.
Nitzsch. Lips. 1822. 8vo. Euthyphro. proleg. et comm. ill.
Godofr. Stallbaum. 1823.-dial. sel. (apol. S. Crit. Phæd.
Symp. de rep.) rec. et comm. in usum schol. instr. Godofr.
Stallbaum. (Collectt. no. 1. vol. xi.) Goth. et Erf. 1827, sqq.
4 vols. 8vo. Symp. ad opt. 1. fid. ed. c. D. Wyttenb. animadv.
adnot. instr. P. A. Reynders. Groning. 1825. 8vo.-dial. IV.
Lach. Euthphr. apol. S. Menex. adn. perpet. ill. Fr. Guil.
Engelhardt. Berol. 1825.-Timæus, recogn. ill. A. F. Lindau.
Lips. 1828. 8vo.-Scholia in Platonem ex Codd. MSS. primum
coll. ed. D. Ruhnkenius. Lugd. B. 1800. 8vo. Phil. W. van
Heusde spec. critic. in Platonem. Lugd. 1803. 8vo.—C. Mor-
genstern de Plat. rep. comm. III. Halis 1794.8vo. Th. Gaisford
lect. Platon. e membr. Bodleianis etc. Oxon. 1820. 8vo.-
A. Boeckh. comm. in Platonis Minoem et libr. prior. de legibus.
Hal. 1806. 8vo.-Groen van Prinsterer prosopographia Plato-
nica. Lugd.B.1823.8vo.-Plat. Works, translated by Fr.Schleier-
macher. Berl. ii. 1804. 1809. 1819-1828. i. 1, 2. ii. 1, 2, 3.
iii. 1. 8. Fab. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 57, sqq. Ast über Plato's Leben
u. Schriften. Leipz. 1817. Socher über Plato's Schriften.
München 1820. 8vo. Phil. Guil. van Heusde initia philos.
Platonica. Traj. ad Rh. 1827.
(ef) TIMEUS, of Locri in Lower Italy, a Py-
thagorean, under whose name a work has come down
to us περί ψυχᾶς κόσμω.
Editions generally with Plato. S. Ocellus. Fabric. B. Gr.
CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS.
97
On
t. i. p. 877. Meiners Gesch. d. Wiss. i. p. 587, sqq.
the other side Bardili Epochen der vorz. philos. Begr. p. 165,
sqq.
(cg) ARCHYTAS, of Tarentum, a Pythagorean
philosopher, mathematician, particularly a mecha-
nician, at the same time a great statesman and
general. Hor. Od. I, 28.
Fragm. Tegì Tñ; pabaμarinns, ed. Jo. Grammius. Hafn.
1707. 4to.-dixa xóyos nabodixoì (spurious) cum epist. Jo. Ca-
merarii. Lips. 1564. 8vo.—and in Collectt. no. 30. II. p. 273.
no. 30. Moral and other fragments in Collectt. no. 30. Il
p. 234. no. 30. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 831. Meiners Gesch.
d. Wiss. i. p. 596. Bardili de Arch. philos. in Nov. acta soc.
Lat. Jen. i.
sqq.
p.
3.
(ch) PHILISTUS, of Syracuse, eyewitness of the
defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, B. C. 415, then
admitted to the councils of Dionysius the elder,
about Ol. xciii.=405, but afterwards banished by
him, recalled by Dionysius the younger, Ol. ciii.
1=367. maintains his ground against Dio, Ol. cv.
3=358. Zixerd in two parts. 1st, up to the cap-
ture of Agrigentum, 406. B. C.
seven books. 2d,
13.—
reign of Dionysius the elder, two books, up to Ol.
civ. 2-303. Cic. Br. 17. ad Qu. fr. 11, 13.-
Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 730.
De situ et origine Syracus. scripsit atque Phil. et Timæi rer.
Sicul. fragm. adj. Fr. Göller. Lips. 1818. 8vo.
H
98
CAPTURE OF ROME BY THE GAULS.
(ci) CHERILUs, of Samos, a celebrated epic poet,
in the time of Plato, who took for his subject the
Persian war. Vossius de poetis Gr. c. V. de histor.
Gr. iv. 7. p. 370. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 292,
sq. Horace speaks of a later Chœrilus. Horat.
Epist. ii. 1, 232. A. P. 359. Chœrili Samii quæ
supersunt coll. et ill-Aug. Ferd. Naecke. Lips.
1827. 8vo. Additam. ib. 1827. 4to.
(ck) ANTIMACHUS, an epic poet, esteemed by
Plato of Colophon. On account of his epic poem
Onßais, the Alexandrian grammarians reckoned him.
among the five classic epic poets. He was also the
author of an elegiac poem Audŋ, lamentations on the
death of his beloved.
Antimachi Coloph. reliquiæ: coll. et explevit C. Ad. Gli.
Schellenberg. Halæ. 1786. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 104,
sqq.
(cl) PHILOXENUS, Ol. xcv. of Cythera, at the
court of Dionysius I. by whom he was imprisoned
in the stone quarries at Syracuse, a dithyrambic
Κύκλωψ.
poet. Kúxha. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 134. Wyt-
tenbach. diatr. de Philoxenis in Philomath. II.
p. 64.
(cm) TIMOTHEUS, of Miletus, about the same
FLOURISHING PERIOD OF THEBES, 371-362. 99
time, but his junior, a dithyrambic poet, as was also
Telestes, Diod. Sic. xiv. 46.
(en) PHILOLAUS, of Croton, a disciple of Archy-
tas, one of the most celebrated Pythagoreans. Plato
received instruction from him at Heraclea in Lower
Italy, and Simmias and Cebes at Thebes. (Plat.
Phædon. p. 61. D.) He wrote on arithmetic, the
anima mundi, and other subjects. Philolaos des
Pythagoreers Leben nebst den Bruchstücken seines
Werks von A. Boeckh.
Berlin 1819. 8vo. Cf.
Ideler in the Museum d. Alterthumswiss. Il. p. 405.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 862.
(co) ARISTIPPUS, of Cyrene, a disciple of Socra-
tes, though not a stedfast adherent to his moral
principles, founder of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed
the summum bonum in the enjoyments of sense,
and from which the epicurean school afterwards
proceeded; a man of the world, and a favourite
of Dionysius the elder. Horat. Epist. i. 1, 18. 17,
23. with Wieland's Note. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 700.
(cp) DIOGENES, of Sinope, (Enán) b. Ol. xci. 3.
(B. C. 413.) d. Ol. cxiv. 2. (323), a disciple of
Antisthenes, and the most celebrated Cynic philo-
Jorm
100 PELOPIDAS. DION. II. IN SYRACUSE, 368–357.
sopher. Twenty-seven letters are falsely ascribed
to him. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 516.
(cq) ESCHINES, of Athens, a disciple of Socrates.
Under his name we have three dialogues: on virtue,
ERYXIAS, on riches, AXIOCHUS, on death, which,
however, were probably the production of later and dif-
ferent authors; ex. gr. the Axiochus posterior to
Crantor. See my verm. Schriften, p. 51.
Edit. first in the Editions of Plato. Separately: Gr. Lat. ed.
Jo. Clericus. Amstel. 1711. 8vo. ed. P. Horreus. Leov.
1718. 8vo. cur. J. Fr. Fischer. Lips. 1786. 8vo. See also
Simonis, Socratici Dialogi IV.-de lege, de lucri cupidine, de
justo ac de virtute. Additi sunt incerti auctoris dialogi Ery-
xias et Axiochus. Rec. Aug. Boeckhius. Heidelb. 1810. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 691.
(cr) LYSIAS, an orator, son of the Syracusan
Cephalus, b. at Athens Ol. lxxx. 3. (B. C. 458.)
d. Ol. c. 2. (B. C. 379.), accompanied Herodotus
B. C. 443, to Thurii till 411; banished by the thirty
Tyrants 404; he lived in Megara till 403, after the
restoration of the democracy B. C. 402. ¡coreλńs.
Forty-four orations are extant, see §. 15.
Editt. Ed. pr. ap. Aldum. Venet. 1513. fol. with other
Orat.-rec. Jer. Marklandi et suas notas add. Jo. Taylor.
Lond. 1739. 4to.-cum notis Tayl. et Marklandi edid. Reiske
in Oratt. Gr. tom. v. vi.-ed. Athan. Auger. Paris. 1783.
Maou
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360-336.
101
2 vols. 8vo. ad cod. Vindobon. expr. cura Fr. K. Alter.
Viennæ. 1785. 8vo. Bekk. orat. Att. t. i.-Lysiæ et Æsch. or. sel.
comm. in usum schol. instr. a Joh. Henr. Bremi. Goth. et Erf.
1826. 8vo.—orat. quæ supers. omn. et deperd. fr. ed. et brevi
adnot. crit. instr. C. Foertsch. Lips. 1829. 8vo.-in ord. chronol.
red. ed. et adnot. crit. instr. Jo. Franz. Monach. 1831. 8vo.
Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 760.
(cs) CEBES (Kéßns), a Theban, disciple of Socrates,
author of a philosophical treatise under the title of
íva, which contains an allegorical picture of human
life, the genuineness of which, however, some have,
perhaps unreasonably, called in question.
Edit. generally with Epictet. alone. Cebetis Theb. tabula e
MSStis restituta a Jac. Gronovio. Amstel. 1689. 8vo.-coll.
IV. Codd. Paris. ed. J. Schweighaeuser. Argentor. 1806, 12mo.
Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 702.
(ct) ALCIDAMAS, of Elea in Asia Minor ('Eλairns),
a rhetorician. Two declamations are ascribed to him,
Οδυσσεὺς κατὰ Παλαμήδους προδοσίας and περὶ σοφιστών.
in Reiske orat. Gr. t. viii. and Bekker t. iv. 4. Appendix
p. 33. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 776.
(cu) CRITIAS, of Athens, a disciple of Gorgias and
Socrates, but the most despotic of the thirty tyrants.
A (gnomic) elegy by him of little worth has been in
part preserved by Athenæus X. p. 432. Besides the
Atalante, some also ascribed to him the Tragedies
102
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360–336.
Pirithous and Sisyphus, which by others are assigned
to Euripides.-fragm. disp. ill. em. N. Bachius. Lips.
1827. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 294.
(cv) ISOCRATES, of Athens, b. Ol. lxxxv. 4. (B. C.
436.) d. Ol. cx. 3=338. a disciple of Prodicus and
Gorgias, (Cic. or. 52.). A teacher of eloquence, whose
school sent forth the most eminent orators and authors.
Cic. Or. ii. 20. Brut. 8. Owing to a want of confidence
and vocal power (Cic. Or. ii. 3.), he never spoke in
public. His twenty-one extant orations he wrote
partly for others, and partly as models for his pupils,
see §. 15. ( (The anecdote recorded by Cic. or. iii. 35.
or. 19, 62. Quint. iii. 1, 14. is at variance with
Chronology.)
Editt. Ed. pr. Mediolani cur. Demetrio Chalcondyla 1493. fol.-
Venet. ap. Aldum 1513. 1534. fol.-ed. Hieron. Wolf. Basil.
1551. 1570. fol.—ap. Henr. Stephanum. 1593. fol.—-ed. Guil.
Battie. Lond. 1749. 2 vols. 8vo.-ed. Athan. Auger. Paris.
1782. 3 vols. 8vo.-ad optim. exempl. fidem emendavit (?)
Wilh. Lange. Halis Sax. 1803. 8vo.-'Icong. Lóyoı xai śwıorodai
μετὰ σχολίων παλαιῶν, οἷς προσετέθησαν σημειώσεις etc. ἐν Παρισίοις
uw?. (1807). 2 vols. 8vo. (ed. Adamant. Coray.)-Bekk. or. Att.
t. ii.-oratt. commentt. instr. a Jo. Henr. Bremi. Goth. et Erf.
1831,sqq.-Is. Panegyricus rec. et illustr. Sam. Fr. Nath. Morus.
Lips. 1804. 8vo. c. Mori suisque ann. ed. Guil. Dindorf. Lips.
1826. 8vo. c. Mori suisque annot. ed. Fr. A. W. Spohn. Ed. 2.
cur. J. Ge. Baiterus. Lips. 1831. 8vo. Areopagiticus ed.
J. T. Bergmann. Lugd. B. 1819. 8vo.-or. de permutatione
cujus pars ingens primum Gr. edita ab A. Mustoxyde. Mediol.
1812. 8vo. ex codd. MSS. suppleta ab Andr. Mustox. Rec.
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360-336.
103
J. C. Orellius. Turici 1814. 8vo.-admon. ad Demonic. in
Collectt. no. 30. 2 vols. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 777.
(cw) CHION, of Heraclea on the Euxine, a disciple
of Plato, slew the Tyrant Clearchus of Heraclea, but
was slain by his guards, Ol. cvi. 4=353. Seventeen
spurious letters pass under his name. Chionis epist.
Gr. ad Codd. Mediceos rec. castig. notas et ind.
adjecit Jo. Theoph. Coberus. Dresd. et Lips. 1765.
8vo. in the Memnon of J. C. Orelli. Lips. 1816. 8vo.
Fab. B. Gr. t. i. p. 677.
(CX) ANTIPHANES, about Ol. xcviii. a celebrated poet
of the Middle Comedy, (in the canon of the Alex.),
author of more than 260 pieces. His country unknown.
P. H. Koppiers obss. philol. in loca quædam Antiph.
Lugd. B. 1771. 8vo. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 414. Meineke
qu. scen. 3. p. 49.
(cy) EUDOXUS, of Cnidus, about Ol. ciii. (B. C.
366.) a disciple of Plato, by whom also he was ac-
companied in his travels to Egypt, (Clinton, p. 366.
not. e.), a great mathematician and astronomer, whose
work on astronomy was translated into verse by Aratus.
Fab. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 10.
(cz) Lycurgus, of Athens, of the noble family of
the Eteobutadæ, b. Ol. xciii, 1=408, a disciple of
104
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360–336.
Plato and Isocrates, a friend of Demosthenes, esteemed
for his integrity, love of liberty, and firmness of principle,
died Ol. cxiii. 1=328, after having delivered in the
senate an account of his political conduct. One Oration
in Leocratem. in Taylor and Reiske. vol. iv.-e rec.
Taylori ed. J. Godofr. Hauptmann. Lips. 1753. 8vo.-
mit. teutschen Noten von J. H. Schulze. Braunschw.
1798. 8vo. emend. C. F. H(einrich.) Bonnae ad
Rhen. 1821. 8vo.-recogn. Taylori prol. et anim.
integr. Hauptm. Reisk. Schulz. sel. Mori ined. suas-
que adj. oratt. deperd. fr. coll. A. G. Becker. Magdeb.
1821. 8vo. rec. Frid. Osann. Jen. 1821. 8vo.-Bekk.
or. Att. t. ii.-Fab. B. Gr. t.
t. ii. p. 812.
(d) ISEUS (of Athens or Chalcis), an orator, dis-
ciple of Lysias and Isocrates, instructor of Demosthenes.
Ten speeches on hereditary property in Reiske Orat.
Gr. t. vii. and the eleventh περὶ τοῦ Μενεκλέους κλήρου.
(by Th. Tyrwhitt.) Lond. 1785. 8vo. and in Bibl. d.
alt. Lit. and K. 3s St. Ined. also at the end of Isocr.
π. ἀντιδ. by Orrell.—περὶ τοῦ Κλεωνύμου κλήρου nunc
primum duplo auctior inv. et interpr. Ang. Majo.
Mediol. 1815. Gr. 8vo. Bekk. orat. Gr. t. iii.—
recogn. annot. crit. et comm. adj. Ge. Fr. Schömann.
Gryphisw. 1831. 8vo.-Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 808.
(da) THEOPOMPUs, of Chios, a disciple of Isocrates,
b. about Ol. c. 3=378. one of the most celebrated
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360–336.
105
historians, but negligent in style, (Meneike qu. scen.
2. p. 71. Cic. Brut. 17. de orat. ii. 23. iii. 9. 1. epit.
Herodoti. Ruhnk. hist. crit. or. Gr. p. lxxxvii.
Frommel de Th. epit. Her. in Creuzer Meletem. iii. 2.)
Ελληνικά in twelve books from the period at which
Thucydides ends Ol. xcii. 2. to the sea-fight at Cnidos
Ol. xcvi. 3=394. Φιλιππικά in fifty-eight books
history of Philip from Ol. cv. 1=360. into which,
however, many other irrelevant circumstances were
introduced, as the history of Dionys. the elder and
the younger. fr. coll. disp. et expl. Eysson-Wiggers.
Lugd. B. 1829. 8vo. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 801. Ruhnk.
hist. cr. or. p. 87. Clinton, p. 375. not. g. A. J. E.
Pflugk de Theop. vita et scriptis. Berol. 1827. 8vo.
(db) EPHORUS, of Cuma, also a disciple of Isocrates,
wrote a history of the Greeks from the return of the
Heraclidæ 1191 B. C. to Ol. cx. 1=340.--fragm.
coll. atque ill. M. Marx. Carlsr. 1815. 8vo. (Cf.
Friedem. et Seeb. Misc. cr. ii. p. 754, sqq.) Fab. B.
Gr. t. ii. p. 355. 800. Clinton, p. 373. not. ƒ.
(dc) ASCLEPIADES, of Tragilus in Thrace, a disciple
of Isocrates, wrote rgayadovμɛva, i. e. an exposition of
the subjects dramatized by the Tragic poets. Ascle-
piade Trag. Tragodumenón reliquiæ. Diss. posthuma
Fr. Xav. Werferi in the Actis philol. Monac. t. ii.
fasc. 4. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 289.
106
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360–336.
(dd) To this period also, subsequently to Ol. cv.
the giλous of the Mediterranean sea, which is
ascribed to Scylax of Caryanda in Caria under Darius
Hystaspes, appears to belong. See Niebuhr in the
Abh. der Berl. Acad. hist. phil. Cl. 1804—11. p. 83.-
Ed. pr. Dav. Hoeschelii. August. Vindel. 1608. then
in Collectt. no. 21. 22. Fab. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 606,
sqq.
(de) ENEAS, surnamed Tacticus, about Ol. civ.
(probably the general of the Arcadians, Xen. Hell. vii.
3, 1.). Two treatises by him, Tακτικὰ and πῶς χρὴ που
λιορκούμενον ἀντέχειν, were first published with Polybius
by Is. Casaubon. Paris 1609.-de toler. obsidione lib.
ad Codd. Paris. et Medic. rec. comm. int. Is. Casaub.
not. Jac. Gronov. Koesii, Casp. Orellii et suas adj.
Jo. Conr. Orellius. Lips. 1817. 8vo. Fab. B. Gr.
t. iv. p. 334.
(df) DEMOSTHENES, of Athens, b. Ol. xcviii.
4-385. first appeared as an orator against his guar-
dians in Ol. civ. 1–364. His first oration against
King Philip Ol. cvii. 1=352. (three λóyoı 'OXvvlianoí.)
Pursued by Antipater, he took poison in the island
Calauria, Ol. cxiv. 3=322. Sixty-one orations. There
are Scholia upon him which are attributed to Ulpian,
of whom nothing further is known. Wolf. ad or.
Lept. p. 210. Clinton fasti Hell. App. p. 360.
PHILIP OF MACEDON, 360-336.
107
•
Edd. Ed. pr. Aldina. Venet. 1504. fol.— cum comm. Ulpiani.
Basil. ap. Hervag. 1532. fol.-Gr. Lat. cum Ulpiani comm.
ed. Hieron. Wolf. Basil. 1549. 1572. Franc. 1604. fol.-cum
Ulp. Paris. 1570. ap. Benenatum, fol. (cur. Morell. ed. Dion.
Lambinus). ed. J. Taylor. Cantabr. 1748-57. 1774. 4to.
2 vols.―ed. J. J. Reiske. Lips. 1770. 2 vols. Ed. corr. cur.
G. H. Schaefer. Lond. 1822. 4 vols. 8vo. Apparat. crit. 3 vols.
Ind. 1 vol. 8vo. App. crit. exeget. ad Demosth. Obsop. Wolf.
Tayl. Reisk. annot. tenens. Dig. aliorumque et suis annot.
auctum ed. God. H. Schaefer. Lond. 1824-27. 5 vols. 8vo.-
ed. Ath. Auger. tom. i. Paris. 1790. 4to. Bekk. or. Att. t. iv.
i. ii. iii. iv.—Demosth. or. adv. Leptinem cum scholiis veterib.
et comm. perpetuo ed. Fr. Aug. Wolf. Halis 1789. 8vo. repet.
J. H. Bremi. Turic. 1831. 8vo.-or. in Midiam, ed. notis crit.
et exegeticis instruxit G. L. Spalding. Berol. 1794. 8vo. cur.
Buttmann. ib. 1823. 8vo.-rec. M. H. E. Meier. Hal. 1831, sq.
8vo.-or. de pace cum schol. et Andr. Danaei prælection. ed.
Chr. D. Beckius. Lips. 1799. 8vo.-or. pro corona rec. E. C.
Fr. Wunderlich. Gott. 1810. 1820. 8vo.-Esch. et D. or. de
corona. Ex recognit. Imm. Bekkeri. Acc. scholia partim inedd.
Hal. 1815. 8vo.-Dem. Philippicæ in usum schol. recogn.
Bekkerus. Berol. 1816. 8vo. Phil. I. Olynth. III. et de
pace rec. et comm. ill. C. A. Rüdiger. Lips. 1829. Svo.-
Philipp. oratt. v. ex rec. I. Bekk. ed. et ill. J. Th. Voemel.
Francof. 1829. 8vo.-in Androt. et C. H. Funkhaenel. Lips.
1832. 8vo.—oratt. sel. comm. in usum schol. instr. ab Joh. H.
Bremi. Goth. et Erf. 1829: 8vo. Dèm. Political orations trans-
lated into German, and with notes by F. Jacobs. Leipz. 1805.
1833. 8vo.-Dem. as a Stalesman and orator. Historico-crit.
Introd. to his Works by Gerh. Becker. Halle 1816. 8vo.—Dem.
as a citizen, orator, and author, by the same. Quedl. u. Leipz.
1830. 8vo. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 816.
(dg) HYPERIDES, of Athens, a disciple of Plato and
Isocrates, an orator distinguished for his eloquence
and patriotism, put to death by order of Antipater,
108
ALEXANDER, 336-323.
Ol. cxiv. 3=322. Of his fifty-two orations there is
only one remaining, the seventeenth among those of
Demosthenes, p. 211. Reisk. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 856.
Ruhnk. 1. c. p. lxix. ad Rutil. i. 19. p. 64.
(dh) ESCHINES, of Athens, of mean extraction,
the antagonist of Demosthenes, ambassador at the court
of Philip, Ol. cviii. 3=344. having lost his cause in
the suit de corona against Demosthenes, Ol. cxii.
3=330. retired to Rhodes. Three orations.
Edd. Ed. pr. Aldum. Venet. 1513. then with Demosthenes.-
Reiske or. Gr. III. IV. Bekk. or. Att. t. iii.-oratt, sel. ad fid.
Codd. MSS. recogn. et ill. J. H. Bremius. Turici 1824. 8vo.
-or. in Ctesiphontem rec. E. C. F. Wunderlich. Gott. 1810.
8vo. Fab. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 850.
(di) DEMADES, of Athens, an orator, an antagonist
of Demosthenes, and in the pay of Philip; put to
death by Antipater, whom he had derided, and Cas-
sander, Ol. cxv. 2=319. on the pretext of treachery.
Reiske orat. Gr. t. iv. Bekk. or. Att. t. iii. Fab. B. Gr.
t. ii. p. 868. Ruhnk. hist. crit. or. p. lxxi.
(dk) SPEUSIPPUs, nephew of Plato, and his successor
in the Academy, Ol. cviii. 1–348. His posthumous
works were purchased by Aristotle for about three tal,
Fab. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 187.
THIRD PERIOD.
§. 17. EVERY department of literature had been
now so assiduously cultivated, as to leave little or no
encouragement for future adventurers to hope for
success in attempting to strike out a new path. On
the other hand, the sciences properly so called were
for the most part still in their infancy; they had
either as yet been wholly unattempted, as Geography
and Physiology, or they existed only in a mass of
single, unconnected, and often conflicting acquire-
ments, as Philosophy, Mathematics, and Astronomy.
Then it was that an individual appeared, who, with a
prodigious extent of knowledge, possessed in the
highest degree the talent of systematic arrangement-
Aristotle (a). He divided the whole range of Philo-
sophy into the theoretical and practical, into Logic,
Physics, (Cosmology, Psychology, Theology, #gwrn
φιλοσοφία, which his interpretors called τὰ μετὰ τὰ
Quoixá), and Ethics (properly speaking Moral, Poli-
tical, and Economical science). Each of these parts,
under the guidance of certain leading principles, he
arranged in systematic order, but especially Logic,
110
THIRD PERIOD.
Rhetoric, and Poetry, by accurately observing and
reducing to rule the method of the earlier Philo-
sophers, Orators, and Poets, while at the same time
he exhibited in a connected form the precepts of the
Rhetoricians; so that in fact these sciences owe their
origin to him. He applied himself likewise with un-
remitting ardour to the study of Natural History, in
which he derived powerful support from his pupil Alex-
ander (Plin. H. N. viii. 16.), the customs and political
institutions of all the then known nations, and the
literary history of his country, to which his work
περὶ ποιητῶν, his history of Eloquence and Rhetoric
(Cic. de inv. 2. 2. orat. 2. 38. Brut. 12.), his
didacnaλía, belonged, and in which he was followed
by several of his pupils, as Theophrastus and Dica-
archus. He also exercised his ingenuity and zeal in
the elucidation of Homer in his προβλήματα Ομηρικά.
Thus the principal aim of his exertions was, to
observe accurately every thing which presented itself
to him, to compare and to generalize; in Philosophy
also properly so called he had the merit of col-
lecting and arranging, rather than that of original
invention.
§. 18. But there is another respect also, in which
Aristotle exerted a decided influence upon his own
as well as on the following age. He was the
first to establish a library, the same, which, after
being augmented by that of Theophrastus, was
THIRD PERIOD.
111
conveyed by Sylla to Rome, and gave occasion
to that which Ptolemy Lagus, governor, and after-
wards king of Egypt, himself a man of letters, esta-
blished in his capital, in that part of the city where
the royal palace was situated (called Bruchion), and
which after the additions made to it by his successors
is said to have contained upwards of 400,000 volumes,
i. e. distinct works.
His successor Ptolemy Philadelphus founded a
second large library in the Serapeum, which was
computed at 70,000 volumes. Ptolemy Lagus also
founded a museum at Alexandria, i. e. an academy
for distinguished men of science, who might here
in uninterrupted leisure devote their whole time to
philosophical research".
§. 19. Eumenes II. of Pergamus 197-158.
founded a library in his capital likewise, and thus vied
with the kings of Egypt, as did also his son and suc-
cessor Attalus II. 158—138. until Antony made a
present of the library of Pergamos to Cleopatra. (Plu-
tarch. Anton. c. 58°.) In other states also and in the
islands a revival of learning took place, in consequence
a Beck specimen historiæ bibliothecarum Alexandr. Lips.
1810. 4to. G. Dedel hist. crit. bibl. Alex. Lugd. B. 1823.
4to.
b Gronov. thes. antiq. Græc. t. viii. 2738, sqq.
c Manso über die Attaler, annexed to his Leben. Constantins
d. Gr.
112
THIRD PERIOD.
of many learned men having been obliged by the
cruelties of Ptol. Physcon 145-117. to quit Alex-
andria, and seek a refuge in other places. (Athen.
iv. p. 184. c.) These favouring circumstances had
the effect of directing attention, which had already
been powerfully awakened, in a still greater measure
to the master pieces of antiquity, and to scientific
investigation, and Alexandria became the seat of
learning. Euclides (b) founded Mathematics as a
science, in which also Aristarchus of Samos (bu),
Apollonius of Perga (by), Hero, Archimedes, (cc),
and Hipparchus (ci), distinguished themselves ;
Eratosthenes (bz) founded Geography and Chrono-
logy. The ambition to excel in every department,
and to compass the entire field of knowledge, was
particularly fostered. (Пovirogia. see Luzac. lect.
Att. p. 132.) The person most distinguished for the
extent and variety of his attainments after the example
of the Aristotelians, ex. gr. Heraclides Ponticus (ag),
was the same Eratosthenes who for that reason
acquired the name of Philologus, also that of Beta,
which was considered a more appropriate designation
than Alpha, to which he might have been entitled, if
he had confined himself to one particular subject.
In general it was the custom of learned men to
acquire by the study of ancient works such knowledge
as was necessary for understanding and explaining
the old authors, Grammar, Mythology, History,
THIRD PERIOD.
113
and especially Archæology, and to apply these ac-
quirements to the elucidation of the old Classics
in matter and language (Grammarians). Men of
letters, even Poets, were now, almost without ex-
ception, Grammarians. (Heyne opusc. i. p. 98, sq.)
It was owing to the Grammarians, and particularly to
the conflux of strangers at Alexandria, the situation
of which as a mar of commerce was upon the
confines of the three quarters of the globe, that the
language was preserved in its original purity: the
emendation of the text of the Homeric poems, in
which Aristotle (n diógtwois i en vágonzos) and Zeno-
dotus (ay) had already occupied themselves, became
an especial object of their attention, though the science
of criticism made no considerable progress even under
Aristophanes (ef) and Aristarchus (ck). The
Grammarians at Pergamos likewise pursued their
studies with eminent success, among whom Crates
of Mallus was particularly distinguished. As a guide
for students in the great mass of writings which lay
before them, the Alexandrian grammarians made a
selection of those which they deemed the best authors,
(canon) (Ruhnk. hist. crit. or. Gr. p. xciv sqq.
whose opinion is considerably modified in C. Ferd.
Ranke comm. de Aristophanis vita, in the Leipzig
impression of Rutilius Lup. ed. Ruhnken.), an
arrangement to which we should probably owe the
preservation of the most valuable monuments of
I
114
THIRD PERIOD.
antiquity, if subsequent events had not in some
degree neutralized this effect. But the same zeal
which prompted the Egyptian kings to purchase for
their libraries the books of celebrated authors at a
high price, had tempted many, even in the time of
Ptolemy Philad., to ascribe to authors of note in-
ferior productions, or even to compose works them-
selves and pass them off under their names. (Bentley
opusc. p. 155, sqq. Lips. Luzac lect. Att. 149,
sqq.)
§. 20. The study of Grammar determined the
whole course of Literature in Alexandria. By the
study of the ancient Classics many were incited to
attempt poetical composition themselves. Seven poets
were considered worthy of distinction (Pleias, not to
be confounded with the Pleias tragica. Groddeck II.
p. 4.). But, with few exceptions, they were more
eminent for the great correctness of diction and
structure which their poems exhibited, for a skilful
imitation of the language of poetry, and for their
mythological learning, than for genuine poetical
talent a. Apollonius Rh. (cd), and, among those
d Jam multis rebus penitus conversa erat facies Græcarum
litterarum, uti ipsarum civitatum. Pro foris, pro pulpitis et
scenis et celebritatibus publicis musea et bibliothecæ, pro inge-
nio propriarum opum divite, trepida et mediocribus ausis se
committens imitatio, pro poesis et eloquentiæ concitatissimo
spiritu sobria et sæpe frigida eruditio in omnesque partes doc-
THIRD PERIOD.
115
of Pergamos, Aratus (bp), display most taste; Cal-
limachus (bo), though preferred by the Romans,
especially by Propertius, to all the other Elegiac
poets except Philetas (aq), abounds indeed in
erudition and ornament, but is too often injudicious
in its application; the same observation may perhaps
be extended to Euphorion (ce), while Lycophron (bk)
betrays an utter want of taste. Others applied the
poetic style to subjects which did not at all admit of
being so treated, as Nicander, who, without belonging
to the Alexandrian school, wrote after their model on
Medicine, Scymnus (ct), and Dionysius Pericgetes
(df), on Geography. The most numerous were
those who displayed the sportiveness of their wit in
short epigrammatic compositions, but they no longer
celebrated illustrious men and remarkable events with
the same grace and dignity which characterized the
ancient poets. One of these would-be wits and
maudlin poets, Meleager (cs), collected the epigrams
of ancient and modern writers into a wreath, which
he arranged according to the initial letters of their
poems. Exaggerated demands which even in the
time of Aristotle (see de poet. c. 18.) were not un-
trinarum diffusa lectio, pro inventionis sollertia sedulitas et
cura et nitor quidam dispositionis poëticique sermonis, pro ar-
tium denique omnium magnifico et nativo flore corollæ ex undi-
que decerptis flosculis collectæ conspiciebantur. Wolf. proleg.
ad Hom. p. clxxxix.
116
THIRD PERIOD.
frequently made upon poets, the effort to outvie
their predecessors and to acquire distinction by
novelty, an effect which they could only produce
by a frequent affectation of wit and conceit, and a
hankering after the approbation of the great, stifled
every attempt to follow nature, and literature de-
clined when kings and princes, not content to pa-
tronize, began to assume its direction.
§. 21. In those places, on the other hand, where
book-learning less prevailed, as ex. gr. at Athens, the
poetic art exhibited its natural complexion. At the
same period the New Comedy, which numbers sixty-
four poets, adorned by the names of Philemon (au),
Menander (aw), Philippides (ao,) Diphilus (bg),
and others of whom we have imitations in Plautus and
Terence was in full vigour at Athens. It amused,
improved, and instructed by general portraitures of
character, and owed its origin to the study of nature
and mankind, which prevailed in the Peripatetic school.
One Poet of this period was particularly distinguished
for his genuine poetic genius and for his unsophisticated
and vivid representation of nature, Theocritus (bm),
of Syracuse, who appears, however, to have resided at
Alexandria, though only for a short time.
§. 22, The followers of Aristotle continued to
tread in his steps, particularly Heraclides (ag), Theo-
phrastus (ak), Aristoxenus (al), Dicæarchus (at),
though without his ability to grasp the whole circle
THIRD PERIOD.
117
of knowledge. But besides the Aristotelian or Peri-
patetic schools, there flourished or sprung up other
sects of Philosophers. While Epicurus (be) carried
out the system of Aristippus and set forth a life of
pleasure, the nová, as that aim of all, even of moral,
action which nature herself prescribes, and in theo-
retic philosophy laid down as the basis of his cos-
mogony the fortuitous operation
operation of mechanical
causes (the Atomic system), Zeno (bb) developed
in its extreme rigour the moral system of Antisthenes,
while he taught that virtue, the acting from pure prin-
ciples of reason, was the only good, and vice the only
evil; that all else was indifferent, i. e. had no ground
either of preference or rejection in itself, but only in
external circumstances. Almost more eminent than
the founder of the Stoic school were his successors
Cleanthes (bs) and Chrysippus (bz), Panœtius (cm)
and Posidonius (cx). Among the Epicureans the
following obtained celebrity, Hermarchus, of Myti-
lene, (Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 604. Grodd. ii. p. 118.)
Metrodorus (bf), Zeno, whose lectures Cicero
attended at Athens, and Philodemus (cx'). Charmed
by the confidence with which the Stoics above all
others propounded their opinions, the middle academy
under Arcesilaus (bd) dexterously exhibited the
arguments for and against every proposition in a
logical form, hoping thus, by carefully balancing
both, to arrive at the truth. The chief ornaments
118
THIRD PERIOD.
of this school were Carneades (co), who was also
distinguished for his eloquence, Crantor (be), and
Clitomachus. The Peripatetics and Academics were
to a great degree the conservators of sound taste
(Heyne opusc. t. i. p. 88.), and Athens continued to
be the principal seat of Philosophy and Taste. At
Alexandria the Academics, Peripatetics, and Stoics met
with little encouragement, the Epicureans with rather
more, while the Cyrenaics as courtiers, and the Cynics
(as court-jesters ?) were in high estimation. Philo-
sophical investigations were principally pursued by
all parties and with no little acrimony, the more so
as they appeared to offer a, solitary compensation for
the loss of liberty.
§. 23. Other kinds of literature, however, were
not neglected. History, as well as Natural Philo-
sophy and Geography derived fresh aliment from the
expeditions of Alexander and his successors, though
at the same time it encouraged a taste for marvellous
stories of foreign lands, and in general for extravagant
tales, such as Lucian, particularly in his serious his-
tories, so often ridicules. The Sicilian Timæus (bi)
first directed the attention of the Greeks to the
growing power of the Romans. One historian was
preeminent, Polybius (ch), who with a harshness
of language was distinguished above his contempo-
raries by his practical observation, his genuine
historic spirit, and his sound critical discernment;
THIRD PERIOD.
119
The Samian
But in the last
under Augustus
qualities which he had acquired in the wars and
political negociations of the Achæan league, by his
intercourse with the greatest generals and statesmen
of his time, and by foreign travel.
Duris was also held in estimation.
times of the Roman Republic and
there appeared Historians, who are entitled to con-
sideration not so much for their lucid arrangement,
their practical views, and their vigour of delineation,
as from the importance of the circumstances which they
narrate; as Dionysius of Halicar. (dd), in whom
we observe a rhetorical style and a mind hampered
with the prejudice that every thing Roman was
derived from Greece, and Diodorus Sic. (de), who
is too frequently inaccurate and frivolous. Elo-
quence became mute, as its sphere became more and
more contracted. At the cominencement of this
period besides Dinarchus (am), Demochares (am),
nephew to Demosthenes, was its chief ornament; he
wrote likewise, but in a rhetorical style, the history of
his time. (Corsin. fast. Att. II. p. 96. Ruhnk. ad
Rutil. L. p. 7. Clinton, p. 379, sq. Meineke qu.
scen. 3. p. 52.) With so much the greater zeal was the
study of Rhetoric pursued, particularly by Hegesias,
(genus Asiaticum. Cic. orat. c. 67. Brut. 83.
Ruhnk. ad Rutil. L. p. 25.) but it was of a character
which aimed more at figures and tropes, witty anti-
theses, bombast and false ornament, than at truth
120
THIRD PERIOD.
and vigour of conception, the nervous style of anti-
quity having been already reduced by Demetrius of
Phalerus, to an effeminate and fascinating delicacy.
(Cic. Brut. 9. §. 37. 38. 25. cf. or. 27. 69. de
orat. II. 23. 95. Quintil. X. 1, 80. XII. 10,
16-20. Plut. Anton. c. 2.) In Cicero's time the
brothers Menecles and Hierocles of Alabanda, and
Apollonius Molo, Cicero's master, were eminent pro-
ficients in this style. (Cic. in loc. cit.)
§. 24. Even after Greece had become a Roman
province, it continued to be the fashion for young
Romans, who wished to form their minds by the study
of Philosophy and the Sciences, or even to acquire
only an exterior polish, to pass some time at Athens.
At Alexandria the study of Grammar still prevailed,
but instead of an all-embracing Philology, it became
inore and more confined to investigations upon the
elements of language and verbal inflexions. The
master spirits of the age chose Rome for their
residence, as the historian Dionysius of Halicar-
nassus, the geographer Strabo, and the philosophers
Cornutus and Musonius f.
f On this period see Heyne de genio sæculi Ptolemæorum
in his Opusc. acad. Vol. I. p. 76. VI. p. 436. Luzac lectt. Att.
Lugd. B. 1809. p. 133, sqq. Manso verm. Schr. I. p. 221.
II. p. 323. Beck de philologia sæculi Ptolem. Lips. 1818.
4to. Matter essai historique sur l'école d'Alexandrie. Paris,
1820. 2 vols. 8vo.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336–323.
121
(a) ARISTOTLE, of Stagīra in Macedonia, b. Ol.
xcviii. 4. (385), a pupil of Plato from Ol. ciii. 2.
(367), afterwards preceptor of the young Alexander.
After Ol. cxi. 3. (334), he established a school at
Athens in the Lyceum (περίπατος. Περιπατητικοί), (1.
Ol. cxiv, 3. (322) at Chalcis in Euboea, see §. 17.
His writings (esoter. and exoter. Niebuhr rhein.
Mus. I. p. 253. Rom. Hist. I. p. 20.) are:
1) logical: Organon: κατηγορίαι, περὶ ἑρμηνείας ἀναλυτικὰ
πρότερα 2 Β. ἀναλ. ὕστερα 2 Β. τοπικὰ 8 Β. περὶ σοφιστικῶν
iλśyxwv 2 B. 2) rhetorical: a. rixon pnr. 3 B. ex rec. et cum
comm. P. Victorii. Venet. 1548. Basil. 1549. Flor. 1579.
fol.-cum comm. M. A. Majoragii. Venet. 1572. 1591. fol.-
ed. Chrph. Schrader. Helmst. 1648. 1661. 4to. cur. Garve
et Reiz. Lips. 1772. 8vo. J. Sev. Vater anim. et lectt. ad
Arist. 1. III. rhet. c. auctar. F. A. Wolfii Lips. 1794. 8vo.-
ad fid. MSS. recogniti c. vers. Lat. Acc. animadv. varior. Oxo-
nii. 2 vols. 1820. Gr. 8vo. Die r. pnr. ægòs 'Aλığ. is spurious. b.
Tegì TOINTIxñs, fragment of a larger work. cum comm. P. Vic-
torii. Flor. 1560. fol.-e rec. Dan. Heinsii Lugd. B. 1611.
8vo. 1643. 12mo. ex rec. et cum animadverss. Thph. Chrph.
Harles. Lips. 1780. 8vo.-e rec. Thom. Tyrwhitt. Oxon. 1794.
4to. and 8vo.- cum comm. Godofr. Hermanni. Lips. 1802. 8vo.
c. comm. Val. Herm. etc. ed. E. A. Guil. Graefenham. Lips.
1822. 3) physical: physicæ auscultat. libr. 8. de cœlo IV. de
generatione et corruptione II. Meteorologica IV. de anima
III. parva naturalia XI. The work de mundo (c. J. Ch. Kap-
pii. Altenb. 1792. 8vo.) is not genuine. 4) on natural history:
Historiæ animalium 1. X. (textum rec. J. C. Scaligeri vers.
dilig. recogn. comm. et indd. adj. Jo. Gottl. Schneider. Lips.
1815. 4 vols. 8vo.)-de partibus animalium IV. de generat. ani-
mal. V. de plantis II. (de mirabilibus auscultationn. spurious
122
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336-323.
ed. J. Beckmann. Gott. 1786. 4to.) etc. 5) metaphysical: Twv
μerà Tà Quoixà 14 B. of which, however, several are spurious, or
relate to a different subject. Aristot. et Theophrasti Metaphys.
ad fid. vett. Codd. MSS. rec. C. A. Brandis. Berol. t. i. 1823.
6) ethico-political: 'Hexav Nixoμaxeiwy X. c. comm. P. Victorii.
Flor. 1584.-ad codd. et edd. vett. fidem recogn. ill. Lat. Lamb.
interpret. castig. adj. Car. Zell. Heidelb. 1820. 2 vols. 8vo.-
recogn. var. lect. adj. ill. ind. orn. Edw. Cardwell. Oxonii 1828
-1831. 2 vols. 8vo.-translated and explained by Chr. Garve.
Breslau 1798–1806. 2 vols. 8vo.- de republica VIII. cum
comm. P. Victorii. Flor. 1576.-cum paraphrasi Dan. Heinsii.
Lugd. B. 1621. 8vo.-cura Herm. Conringii. Helmst. 1656.
4to.-rec. emend. illustr. J. Glo. Schneider. Francof. ad V.
1809. 2 vols. 8vo.-ad Codd. fid. ed. et adnot. adj. Car. Göt-
tling. Jenæ 1824. 8vo. Cf. Gust. Pinzger de iis, quæ Aristot.
in Plat. Politia reprehendit. Lips. 1822.-Oixovoquinós. 'Ava-
νύμου οἰκονομικά. Φιλοδήμου π. κακιῶν καὶ τῶν ἀντικειμένων ἀρετῶν.
ed. et adnot. adj. Cor. Göttlingius. Jenæ 1830. 8vo.—ToλITEIãv
rà owlóμeva coll. ill. proleg. adj. C. Fr. Neumann. Heidelb.
1827. Φυσιογνωμικόν.
7) Dvory vwpeixóv. Scriptores physiognomici veteres ;
rec. J. G. Fr. Franzius. Altenb. 1780. 8vo. 8) miscellaneous
writings: Problemata. Anonymi ŒEconomica, quæ vulgo Arist.
falso ferebantur. e ll. scr. et vers. ant. em. et enarr. J. Glo.
Schneider. Lips. 1815. 8vo. His "Tuvos eis ¿gsrǹv has been
published separately by C. A. G. Gräfenham. Muhlhus. 1831.
4to. Progr.
Complete Editions of his Works: Ed. pr. ap. Ald. Venet.
1495, sqq. 5 vols. fol.-Basil. 1550. fol.-cur. Jo. Bapt. Ca-
motio. Ven. ap. Ald. 1552. 6 vols. 8vo.-op. et stud. Fr.
Sylburgii. Francof. 1587. 11 vols. 4to.-ex bibl. Is. Casauboni.
Lugd. 1590. fol.-ed. Guil. du Vallius. Paris. 1619. 1629.
1639. 4 vols. fol.-ad optim. exemplarium fidem rec. annot.
crit. librr. argum. et nov. vers. Lat. adj. Jo. Thph. Buhle.
Biponti 1791-sqq. as yet 5 vols. 8vo.-ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri.
Berol. 1831. 2 vols. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 195. Ch. A.
Brandis über die Schicksale d. Aristot. Bücher u. einige Kri-
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336–323.
123
Greek ex-
terien ihrer Aechtheit in the Rhein Mus. I. p. 236.
positors of Arist. whose commentaries are still extant are
Alexander of Aphrodis. Ammonius, Eustratius, and others. See
Buhle Aristot. t. i. p. 286, sqq.
(ab) XENOCRATES, of Chalcedon, a pupil of Plato
and successor of Speusippus in the Academy, Ol.
cx. 2. (339). Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 191.
(ac) ALEXIS, of Thurii, about Ol. cxi. B. C. 334,
a poet of the middle Comedy, is said to have written
about 245 pieces. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 406.
Meineke
qu. scen. 3. p. 27,
27, sqq.
(ad) ANAXIMENES, of Lampsacus, a disciple of
Diogenes Cyn. a companion of Alexander, a rhe-
torician and historian (in the Alex. canon.) 1. πçã-
Tai irtogiai, A history of the Greeks from the earliest
times to the battle of Mantinea. 2. A history of
Philip. 3. A history of Alexander. Vossius de
histor. Gr. I. 10. p. 45. Ruhnk. hist. crit. orat. Gr.
p. lxxxvi. in ed. Rut. L. Clinton, p. 376.
(ae) HECATEUS, of Abdera, a companion of Alex-
ander the Great, an historian who is said to have
written upon the history and religious antiquities
of the Jews. Hecat. Abd. ecloge c. n. Jos. Scaligeri
suoque comm. perpetuo ed. P. Zornius. Altona
1730. 8vo.
124
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336-323.
(af) CALLISTHENES, a companion of Alexander,
put to death by his order B.C. 325. He described
the expedition of Alexander, and also 'Exλnx from
the peace of Antalcidas Ol. xcviii. 2=387, to the
capture of the Delphic temple by the Phocians in ten
books. See Vossius de histor. Gr. p. 35. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. iii. p. 36. Clinton, p. 376. not. k. His
veracity was as little approved as his style.
Among the most eminent of Alexander's historians
at this period may be reckoned also ARISTOBULUS, of
Cassandrea (Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 35.), and the
king of Egypt, PTOLEMÆUS LAGI, † 284. (Fabric.
ib. p. 50.) both of whom Arrian principally followed
as most worthy of credit, and CLITARCHUS, who
was esteemed for his talents at least if not for his
fidelity. (Fabr. ib. p. 38. Sainte-Croix examen
crit. des anc. historiens d'Alexandre le Grand.
Paris. 1804. 8vo. Conr. Mannerts Gesch. der
unm. Nachfolger Alex. Leipz. 1787. 8vo. p.
352.)
(ag) HERACLIDES PONTICUS, of Heraclea, a pupil
of Plato, Speusippus, and Aristotle. Of his numerous
philosophical, historical, grammatical, and political
writings there is extant only a fragment, igi ToλTEIWY.
Gr. et Lat. ed. Nic. Cragius. Lugd. B. 1670. 8vo.-
ed. e Codd. em. et illust. G. D. Köler. Hale
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336–323.
125
1804. 8vo. also in the Ælian of Coray. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iii. p. 495.
(ah) CRATES, of Thebes, a pupil of Diogenes and
a Cynic, about Ol. cxiii. B. C. 328. His wife Hip-
parchia was of the same sect. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. iii. p. 514. Clinton, p. 179.
(ai) CHAMELEON, of Heraclea on the Pontus, a
Peripatetic, wrote upon several ancient poets, the
Iliad, the lyric poets, the old comedy, hence a literator.
Boeckh. Præf. Pind. schol. p. ix.
(ak) THEOPHRASTUS (formerly Tyrtămus), of
Eresus in Lesbos, a pupil and successor of Aristotle,
Ol. cxiv. 2. (321). Of his numerous philosophical,
especially moral, physical, physiological, and political
productions there have been preserved only historiæ
plantarum X. besides de causis plantarum VIII.
etc. and 31 moi xagaxrñges, which, however, have
more the appearance of being extracts of a later date
from the moral writings of Th. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 408. Clinton, p. 366, not. g.
Editt. 1) of his entire works: ed. pr. ap. Ald. 1497. fol.
1552. 8vo. with Aristot.-rec. Dan. Heinsius. Lugd. B. 1613.
fol.-rec. J. G. Schneider. Lips. 1818, sqq. 5 vols. 8vo. 2)
a. Hist. plant. cum notis Jul. Cæs. Scaligeri et Rob. Stephani
ed. Jo. Bodæus a Stapel. Amstel. 1644. fol-ed. Joh. Stack-
126
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336–323.
house. Cantabr. 1814. 2 vols. 8vo. b. Charact. Nürnberg in
Bilib. Pirkheymer 1527. (only 15.) In the Arist. of Camotius with
8 new.-rec. et comment. instruxit Is. Casaubonus. Lugd. 1592.
8vo. and with 5 new, Ch. 1598. 8vo. and often.-rec. Th.
Gale in Opusc. myth. etc. Cantabr. 1671. 8vo.-rec. P. Need-
ham. Cantabr. 1712. 8vo.-c. ined. Aug. Buccheri notis, varr.
lectt. MSS. et commentatt. ed. Jo. Conr. Schwarz. Cob. 1739.
4to. rec. et ill. add. comm. Is. Casaub. J. Fr. Fischer. Cob.
1763. 8vo.-Char. eth. Theoph. capita II. hactenus anecdota e
Cod. MS. Vaticano ed. Jo. Chph. Amadutius. Parm. 1786.
4to.-The Characters of Theoph. for upper schools, a new Edit.
by Jac. H. Nast. Stuttg. 1791. 8vo.-rec. Jo. Gottl. Schneider.
Jenæ 1799. 8vo.—ad optt. libr. fid. rec.-Fr. Astius. Lips. 1818.
8vo. On the Munich Cod. see Acta Monac. t.
see Acta Monac. t. iii. p. 365.
(al) ARISTOXENUS, of Tarentum, a pupil of Aris-
totle; lives of philosophers; a collection of Pytha-
gorean maxims; on the tragic poets; mathematical
works, of which one upon music, ἁρμονικῶν στοιχείων
3 B. is still extant. See Antiquæ musicæ auctores
VII. ed. M. Meibomius. Amst. 1652. 4to.-Aristox.
rhythmic. elem. fragm. e bibl. Veneta D. Marci nunc
primum ed. Jac. Morellius. Venet. 1785. 8vo.—
Guil. Leon. Mahne diatribe de Aristoxeno.
1793. 8vo.-Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 632.
Amstel.
(am) DINARCHUS, of Corinth, a pupil of Theo-
phrastus, b. Ol. civ. 4. (360), d. Ol. cxv. 2. (319), an
orator. His three orations, see Reiske or. Gr. IV.
Bekh. t. iii. Ruhnk. ad Rutil. L. II. 5. p. 88. 126.
Chr. Wurm comm. in Din, orat. 3. Norimb. 8vo.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 336-323.
127
-Din. orr. 3 ed. C. Ern. Aug. Schmidt. Lips.
1826. 8vo.
(an) DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS (Quλngɛús), a pupil
of Theophrastus, esteemed for his eloquence, (§. 23.)
from Ol. cxv. 3. (318), governor of Athens under
Cassander, but banished by Antigonus and Demetrius
Poliorc. Ol. cxxi. 1=296. d. at Alexandria Ol. cxxiv.
1. (284). A rhetorical work gi gunveías, is impro-
perly ascribed to him. (Probably by Demetrius of
Alexandria. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 63.) See in
the Collectt. no. 39. 40.—cum comm. ed. P. Victorius.
Flor. 1562. fol. 1594. fol. Dem. de elocutione libr.
cur. Jo. Glob. Schneider. Altenb. 1779. 8vo. Fabr.
B. Gr. t. vi. p. 63. Ruhnk. hist. cr. or. Gr. p.
XCI.
(ao) PHILIPPIDES, of Athens, an eminent poet of
the new comedy (in the Alex. canon). Fabric. B.
Gr. t. ii. p. 479. Clinton, p. 177.
(ap) To this period probably belongs also, if we
may judge from the notice of him by Stratokles in
the fragm. in Athen. IV, p. 137. C. (see Ruhnk.
ad Rutil. L. p. 32.) MATRON, a celebrated parodist.
See Studien IV. p. 293, sqq
Osann. anal. crit.
p. 73. Fab. B. Gr. t. i. p. 550. His fragments pre-
served in Athenæus are no. 7. of the Collectt.
128 REIGN OF DEM. POL. PTOL. LAGI, 323–284.
(aq) PHILETAS (Piλntãs), of Cos, a distinguished
elegiac poet, and as such a model of Propertius; also
a grammarian, preceptor to Ptolemy II. Phil. Coi
fragm. quæ reperiuntur, coll. et not. ill. K. Ph.
Kayser. Gotting. 1793. 8vo. Phil. Hermesian. et
Phanoclis reliquiæ. Dispos. em. ill. N. Bachius.
Hale 1829. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 518. ii.
p. 874. iv. p. 490. vi.
p. 378.
(ar) HERMESIANAX, of Colophon, an elegiac
poet, wrote three books of elegies under the title,
AEÓVTOV. One fragment preserved by Athenæus vid.
in Ruhnken. Ep. crit. App. and in Ilgenii opusc.
and in Phil. of Bach. Cf. Hermann. opusc. t. iv.
p. 239. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. 873.
p.
(as) PHANOCLES, also an elegiac poet, whose poems
bore the title, Ερωτες ἢ καλοί. A very beautiful
fragment has been preserved by Stobæus, tit. 62. See
Ruhnken. ibid. See Philetas.
(at) DICEARCHUS, of Messana in Sicily, a pupil
of Aristotle, who chiefly occupied himself in historical
researches. Of his numerous writings there are still
extant fragments of a geographical poem in Iambics,
ἀναγραφὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, and of a treatise in prose, βίος
'Exa. a description of their systems of government,
manners, and customs, in three books. Dic. Geo-
PTOLEMY LAGI in Egypt, 323–284.
129
graphica quædam, see de vita Gr. Ei. descriptio Gr.
Exc. H. Stephanus. Paris. 1589. 8vo.-cum L.
Holstenii lucubrat. ed. Gul. Manzi. Romæ 1819.
4to.-Bios Eλλ. aliaque fr. geogr. emend. atque
illustr. a M. Marx in Creuzeri melet. iii. p. 171,
sqq. Collectt. no. 22. in the 2d vol. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iii. p. 486.
(au) PHILEMON (ewv), of Soli in Cilicia,
a celebrated poet of the new comedy, d. Ol. cxxix. 3.
(262) æt. 90. 97 Comedies. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii.
p. 476.
(aw) MENANDER, of Athens, son of the Athenian
commander Diopithes, the most distinguished poet of
the new comedy, a pupil of Theophrastus, b. Ol. cix.
3. (342), d. Ol. cxxii. 2. (291).
Men. et Phil. reliquiæ, quotquot reperiri potuerunt Gr. et
Lat. c. not. Hug. Grotii et Joh. Clerici. Amstel. 1709. 8vo.
On the other side Phileleutheri Lips. (Bentley) emendationes in
Men. et Phil. reliqu. Traj. ad Rh. 1710. 8vo. Cantabr. 1714. 8vo.
Cf. Infamia emend. in Men. rell. (by Jac. Gronov.) Lugd. B.
1710. 12mo.-Philargyrii Cantabr. (Jo. Corn. de Pauw) emen-
datt. in Men. et Phil. reliqu. Amstel. 1711. 8vo. Men. et Phil.
reliqu. Ed. Aug. Meineke. Berol. 1823. 8vo. Fabric. Bibl.
Gr. t. ii. p. 454.
(az)
APOLLODORUS. There were three come-
dians of this name, of whom one was of Gela in
3
1
}
1
>
130
PTOLEMY LAGI IN EGYPT, 323-284.
Sicily, a contemporary of Menander, another of
Carystus in Euboea, the third of Athens. Terence
was indebted to one of these for his Hecyra and
Phormio. He was also in the Alexand. canon.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 419, sqq.
(ay) ZENODOTUs, of Ephesus, a pupil of Philetas,
and director of the Alexandrian library under Ptolemy
Philad., one of the most celebrated grammarians who
attempted to amend the text of the Homeric poems.
(διορθωτής, διόρθωσις.) Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 362.
a
(az) EUHEMERUS (Evuegos), of Messana,
favourite of Cassander, wrote a history of the Gods,
in which he endeavoured to prove from inscriptions
on monuments in temples, especially in the fabulous
Panchaia in India, that all the gods of the Greeks were
formerly kings and generals; thence abɛos. This
probably poetic work was translated by Ennius.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 616.
(b) EUCLIDES (Eixλsions), about Ol. 118. B.C.
308, the creator of Mathematics as a science. His
principal work is oroxsła µatnu. 15 bks. (of which 14,
15, are by Hypsicles of Alexandria).
Ed. pr. Eucl.
op. Gr. c. Theonis expositione cura Sim. Gry-
næi. Basil. 1530. fol.-Gr. Lat. ex rec, Dav. Gregorii. Oxon.
PTOLEMY LAGI IN EGYPT, 323–284.
131
1703. fol.- Elementa rec. et ad usum tiron. accomm. (G. F.
Bärmann.) Lips. 1769. 8vo.-Gr. et Lat. Comm. instr. edid. J.
W. Camerer et C. Fr. Hauber. Berol. t. ii. 1824. 26.-
Il. prior. c. XI. XII. rec. glossarioque instr. J. G. C. Neide.
Hala 1825.-ex opt. 11. in usum tiron. Gr. ed. E. F. August.
Berol. 1826-29. 2 vols. 8vo. translated by J. F. Lorenz. Halle
1809. 8vo.-trad. par F. Peyrard. Paris. 1804. Fabric. P. Gr.
t. iv. p. 44.
(ba) SIMMIAS, of Rhodus, a Grammarian, a writer
of Epigrams, and of some poems constructed in the
form of an egg, a hatchet, and a wing. See Brunck.
Anal. t. i. 204. ii. p. 525.
525. Jacobs. i. p. 139, sqq.
p.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 808.
Jacobs. i.
Βωμός.
A similar curiosity of
art was constructed by DoSIADAS in his Bapos.
Brunck. t. i. p. 412. Jacobs. i. p. 202. Fabr. ib.
p. 810.
(bb) ZENO, of Citium in Cyprus, b. Ol. civ, 3.
(361.), d. Ol. cxxix, 1. (264.), a pupil of Crates,
Polemo, and other phil., founded a new School at
Athens, which from the croй Toxían, where he taught,
was called the Stoic (Erwinoi), and embraced all parts
of Philosophy, particularly the Moral (§. 22.) and
Dialectic. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 579, sqq. Clinton,
p. 368. not. i.
(bc) EPICURUS, of Gargettus in Attica, brought
up at Samos, where his father Neokles had landed
132 DEMETRIUS POL. KING OF MACEDONIA, 294-287.
possessions, (×λngouxos), from his 18th year Ol. cxiv. 2.
=323. at Athens. From Ol. cxviii, 3. (307.) he
taught in a garden at Athens, §. 22. He died Ol.
cxxvii. 2. As an author he had little merit. Epic.
Physica et meteorolog. duab. epist. ejusd. compre-
hensa. Gr. ad fidem libr. scr. et edd. em. atque in-
terpr. est J. Glo. Schneider. Lips. 1813, 8vo. Ep.
fragm. lib. II. et XI. de natura-ill. a Car. Rossinio
(Voll. Herculan. t. ii. Neap. 1809. fol.)-em. ed.
J. C. Orellius. Lips. 1818, 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 582. by Knebel, prefixed to his Transl. of Lucretius.
(bd) ARCESILAUS, of Pitana in Æolis, about Ol.
cxx. (300), a pupil of Theophrast and Polemo, and
school-fellow of Zeno, founder of the new Academy.
§. 22. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 162. Clinton, p. 367.
not. h.
(be) CRANTOR, of Soli, one of the most celebrated
Academic Philosophers. Among his numerous
writings that gì vous was particularly esteemned
which supplied materials to Cicero in his Consolatio.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 169.
(bf) METRODORUS, of Athens or Lampsacus, the
most celebrated pupil of Epicurus. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. iii.
p.
606.
PTOL. II. PHIL. 284-246. ANTIOCHUS, 281–262. 133
(bg) DIPHILUS, of Sinope, a poet of the new
Comedy, about Ol. cxv. 320. See Terent. Adelphi
Prol. Fabric. Bibl. Gr. t. ii. p. 438.
(bh) RHINTHON, of Tarentum, parodied the
Tragedies with much wit. (ἱλαροτραγῳδία, φλύαξ, φλυα
xorgáQos). Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 320. Osann. anal.
crit. p. 70. Müller Dor. ii. p. 375.
(bi) TIMEUS, of Tauromenium in Sicily, in the reign
of the tyrant Agathocles of Syracuse (317-285), by
whom he was banished, a celebrated, but a rhetorical
and censorious Historian. (Polyb. t. iii. p. 398, sqq.
Schweigh. Diod. Sic. xiii. p. 211. Cic. de or. ii.
14. Brut. 95.), wrote 'Iraλind nai Zinediná 8. B.
Eλinuxà xai Zinedina (of both 28 bks. in Athen.),
also the war of the Romans with Pyrrhus 280-275.
Cic. ad Famil. v, 12. Vossius de histor. Gr. i. c. 12.
p. 67. His fragments, see in F. Goeller de situ et
orig. Syracus. Lips. 1818, 8vo.
(bk) LYCOPHRON, of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the
reign of Ptol. Philad., (see however Niebuhr Rhein.
Mus. i. 108.) a Grammarian, author of a learned poem,
a Monologue, Alexandra or Cassandra, on which Is.
or Joh. Tzetzes has written a learned Commentary.
Ed. pr. Venet. ap. Ald. 1513. 8vo. cum Tzetzis comm.
(et not. Guil. Canteri, Meursii et edit.) ed. Joh. Potter. Oxon.
134 ANTIOCHUS OF SYRIA. PYRRHUS. ANTIGONUS.
1697. 1702. fol.-cum vers. et comm. G. Canteri, paraphra-
sin, notas et ind. Gr. adj. H. God. Reichardt. Lips. 1788.
8vo. and as a help Ισαακ. καὶ ᾿Ιω. τοῦ Τζέτζου σχόλια εἰς Λυκοφς.
ed. Chr. God. Müller. Lips. 1811. 3 vols. 8vo.-ed. Leop. Se-
bastiani. Rom. 1803. 4to. ed. Bachmann. vol. 1. Lips. 1830.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 750, sqq.
(b) HIERONYMUS, of Cardia in Cherson. Thrac.
a favourite of Antigonus and Demetrius, related the
exploits of Alexander and his successors. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iv. p. 43. Mannert Gesch. d. unmitt. Nachf.
Alex. p. 352, sqq. Clinton, p. 177.
(bm) THEOCRITUS, of Syracuse, under King
Hiero, 269-214, in the time of Ptolem. Philad., the
most eminent bucolic poet: 30 Idylls. Nachtr. zu
Sulzer 1st B. p. 89. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 764.
G. F. Naeke de Theocr. Bonn. 1828. 4to.
Ed. pr. Mediol. 1493. fol. (with Isocr.)-ap. Ald. Manut.
Venet. 1495. fol.-op. Musuri. Flor. ap. Juntam. 1515. 8vo.-
op. Zach. Calliergi. Romæ 1516. 8vo. at first with the Scholia-
ed. H. Stephanus in Princ. poët. Gr. her. carm. Lutet. 1566.
fol. and separate 1579. 12.-cum em. J. Scaligeri et Is. Casau-
boni lectt. Heidelb. ap. Commel. 1596. 8vo.-cum not. Dan.
Heinsii. Heidelb. ap. Comm. 1604. 4to.-cum schol. Gr.
comm. Hent. Steph. J. Scaligeri et Is. Casaub. cur. et emend.
J. J. Reiske. Vienn. et Lips. 1765, sq. 2 vols. 4to.-ed. Thom.
Warton. Oxon. 1770. 2 vols. 4to.-Th. X. Eidyll. cum notis
ed. ejusd. Adoniazusas uberioribus adnot. instruxit L. C.
Valckenaer, Lugd. B. 1773. 8vo.-Th., Bionis et Moschi
carm. buc. Gr. et Lat. emend. var. lectt. instruxit L. C.
ANTIOCHUS OF SYRIA. PYRRHUS. ANTIGONUS. 135
Valckenaer. Lugd. B. 1779. 8vo.-e rec. Valcken. ed. Fr.
Jacobs. Gothæ 1808. 1821. 8vo.-Th., Bion et Moschus ad
opt. libr. fidem em. cur. God. Henr. Schaefer. Lips. 1809.-
Th., B. et M. carm. Gr. cum comm. int. Valeken., Brunckii,
Toupii (ed. Heindorf.) Berol. 1810. 2 vols. 8vo.-Theocr. B. et
M. in Poet. Gr. min. ed. Gaisf. t. ii. Oxon. 1814.—and t. iv.
1820. Scholia in Theocr. e Codd. MSS. em. et suppl. Th.
Gaisf.—Th. rel. Gr. et Lat. Textum recogn. et c. anim. Har-
lesii, Schreberi al. excerptis suisque ed. T. Kiessling. Lips.
1819. 8vo.-c. vett. schol. ad fid. opt. edd. rec. annot. crit. in
schol. adj. J. Geel. Amstelod. 1820. 8vo.-Th. Bion. et Mosch.
quæ supers. c. schol. Gr. ad fidem optt. edd. et Codd. MSS.
cur. etc. J. A. Jacobs. Hal. 1825.-recogn. et ill. Ern. Frid.
Wüstemann. Goth. et Erford. 1830. 8vo.-Theocrit. Bion
and Moschus by J. H. Voss. Tüb. 1808. 8vo. Fr. A. W.
Spohn lect. Theocrit. Lips. 1823. 4to.
(bn) MERO or MYRO, of Byzantium, a poetess,
mother of the younger Homer, a tragic poet. See
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ii. p. 131. Jacobs animadv. ad
anthol. t. xiii. p. 920. Her fragments are No. 5. of
Collectt. and in Schneider's Movcav även. Giess, 1802.
8vo. p. 207.
(bo) CALLIMACHUS, of Cyrene, about Ol. cxxv.
(280), a Grammarian, member of the Museum, in
high estimation with the Romans as an elegiac poet.
(Propert. iii. 1.) Of his numerous works there remain
only 6 Epic Hymns and Epigrams. Nachtr. zu Sulz.
ii. 86. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 814, sqq.
p.
Ed. pr. Flor. per. Lascarim. 4to.-Hymni, epigr. et fragm.
cum not. int. H. Steph. Bon. Vulcanii, Annæ Fabri, Th. Græ
136
GONATAS IN MACEDONIA, 278-243.
vii. R. Bentleii: quibus acc. Ez. Spanhemii comm. et notæ.
nunc primum edita Tib. Hemsterhusii et Dav. Ruhnkenii :
rec. Lat. vert. et notas suas adj. Jo. Aug. Ernesti. Lugd. B.
1761. 2 vols. 8vo.-Call. quæ supersunt. rec. et c. not. delectu
ed. Car. Jac. Blomfield. Lond. 1815. 8vo.-Call. elegiarum
fragm. cum elegia Catulli Callim. coll. atque illustr. a L. C.
Valckenaer. ed. Jo. Luzac. Lugd. B. 1799. 8vo. A. F. Naeke
de Callim. Hecale. Bonna 1829. 4to.
(bp) ARATUS, of Soli in Cilicia, lived with King
Antigonus, and by his order versified with ability the
Qaivoμeva of Eudoxus. (Cic. de orat. 1, 16.) Daivóμeva
nai Aloonμiła, translated by Cicero, Cæsar German.,
Avienus. Nachtr. zu Sulz. VI. p. 359. Grauert im
rhein. Mus. I. p. 336.
Ed. pr. ap. Ald. 1499. fol.-Syntagma Arateorum c. Hug.
Grotii. Lugd. B. 1600. 4to.-Gr. et Lat. ad Codd MSS. et opt.
edd. fidem rec. cum Theonis scholiis et version. Cic. Cæs. G. et
Av. cur. Jo. Theoph. Buhle. Lips. 1793. 1801. 2 vols. 8vo.-
Ar. Phæn. et Diosem. Eratosth. Catast. Dionysii orb. terr.
descr.- ——cur. notasque adj. F. C. Matthiæ. Francof. 1817.
8vo.-c. annot. crit. ed. Ph. Buttmann. Berol. 1826. 8vo,—c.
schol. recogn. Imm. Bekkerus. Berol. 1828. 8vo. Translated
and explained by J. H. Voss. Heidelb. 1824. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iv. p. 87.
(bq) TIMON, of Phlius, about Ol. cxxvii. (272), a
pupil of Pyrrho, wrote among others satirical poems
upon the Dogmatic Philosophers (caλo), in which he
usually parodied the Homeric style of verse. In
ANTIGONUS 278-243. PTOL. EVERGET. 246-222. 137
Brunck's Anal. II. p. 67. are 39 Fragm. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iii. p. 623.
(br) ANTIGONUS, of Carystus, author of a com-
pilation of Natural History. συναγωγὴ ἱστοριῶν παρα-
δόξων.
cum ann. G. Xylandri, J. Meursii, R. Bentleii, J. G.
Schneideri, J. N. Niclas suisque ed. Jo. Beckmann. Lips.
1791. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 303.
(bs) CLEANTHES, of Assus in Troas, a pupil and
successor of Zeno at Athens from Ol. cxxix. (264).
A sublime philosophical Hymn on Jupiter, the pro-
duction of his genius, is still extant. See Brunck.
poët. gnom. gr. p. 141. Κλεάνθους ὕμνος εἰς Δία, gr.
and German by Herm. Heinr. Cludius. Gött. 1786.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 550.
—
(bt) BION, native of a Greek colony on the
Borysthenes (Dnieper), thence Borysthenita, a pupil
of Theophrastus, about 280 B. C. Author of satyric
Dialogues, whose pungency is noticed Hor. Epp. II.
2, 60. and as such the prototype of Lucian. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. iii. p. 165. Welcker præf. Theogn. p. lxxxv,
sqq.
(bu) ARISTARCHUS, of Samos, inventor of the
138 ANTIGONUS 278-243. PTOL. EVERget. 246–222.
Sun-dial, and of the theory that the earth revolves round
its own axis and round the sun, on which account he
was arraigned by Cleanthes of impiety. One of his
productions, on the magnitude and distance of the sun
and the moon, is still extant. Gr. cum F. Commandini
versione Lal. notisque suis atque Comm. ed. Joh.
Wallis, Oxon. 1688, 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv.
p. 18.
(bw) MANETHOS or-ON, of Sebennytus or Helio-
polis in Lower Egypt, about Ol. cxxix. High Priest at
Mendes or Heliopolis, author of an Egyptian history,
Aiyvariand in 3 books, from the earliest times to the
reign of the last Persian King Darius Codomannus,
Fragments of whose works are collected in the
Eusebius of Scaliger, and in Scaliger de emend. tem-
porum. Another Latin work under his name de
regibus Egyptiorum is by Annius of Viterbo. An
extant poem under his name on the influence of the
stars, 'Añoveλioμaτmà in 6 books first appeared, it is
probable, in the last period of the Roman empire.—
e cod. Mediceo primus ed. Jac. Gronovius. Lugd. B.
1698. 8vo. recogn. comm. de Maneth. ejusque carm.
brevesque annot. crit. adj. C. A. Maur. Axtius et
Fr. Ant. Rigler. Colon. ad Rh. 1828, 1832, 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 128.
(bx) BEROSUS, a contemporary of Manetho, Priest
of the temple of Baal at Babylon, about 260, wrote
PTOL. EVERGET. PTOL. IV. PHILOPATOR 221-204. 139
3 books, de antiquitatibus Chaldaicis et Babyloniis,
fragments of which have been preserved by Josephus
and Eusebius, collected by Scaliger for his Euseb. de
emendat. temporum and in Fabric. B. Gr. t. xiv.
p. 175. of the old edit. Ber. Chaldæorum hist. quæ
supersunt cum comm. de Ber. vita et librorum ejus
indole auct. Jo. Dan. Guil. Richter. Lips. 1825, 8vo.
To him also were falsely ascribed by Annius of Viterbo
antiquitatum ll. V.
(by) APOLLONIUS, of Perga in Pamphylia, a Mathe-
matician: 8 books, Conicorum, of conic sections, of
which only the first 4 are extant, but the 5th, 6th, and
7th, are known from the Arabic translation.-ed. Edm.
Halley, Oxon. 1710. fol. Apoll. P. locorum plano-
rum lib. II. ed. Rob. Simson. Glasgow, 1749. 4to. by
Joh. W. Camerer. Leipz. 1796.—de sectione determi-
nata, restored, by R. Simson,-freely ed. by W. A.
Diesterweg. Mainz 1822. 8vo.-de inclinationibus,
restored by S. Horsley, ed. by W. A. Diesterweg.
Berlin, 1823. 8vo.-de sectione rationis, according to
Edm. Halley, freely ed. Berlin 1824. 8vo.-de sect.
spatii, restored by the same, Elberf. 1827, 8vo. Ap.
de tactionibus, quæ supersunt, nunc primum edita e
Codd. MSS. a Jo. Guil. Camerer. Goth. et Amst.
1795. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 192.
(b) CHRYSIPPUS, of Soli, b. Ol. cxxv. 1. (280.)
140
PHILOPATOR 221–204.
PTOL. IV.
d. Ol. cxliii. 2. (206.) A pupil and successor of Clean-
thes, the greatest dialectician and most voluminous
writer among the Stoics. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 547. Baguet de Chrys. vit. doct. et reliqu. Lovan.
1822. 4to. Chrn. Petersen philosophiæ Chrysippeœ
fundamenta. Hamb. 1827. 8vo.
(c) ERATOSTHENES, of Cyrene, b. Ol. cxxvi.
1. (272.) A pupil of Callimachus and Zeno, curator
of the Alexandrian library from cxxxviii. 1. (226.) d.
Ol. cxlvi. 1. (192.) distinguished in all departments of
knowledge, (thence called the Beta,) especially in
geography, mathematics, and astronomy.
Er. Geographicorum fragm. coll. et ill. Günth. C. Fr. Sei-
del. Gott. 1789. 8vo. G. Bernhardy Eratosthenica. Berol.
1822. 8vo.-Er. Catasterismi. (Explan. of the Constellations
an Excerpt. from Hygin. Cf. Müller Prol. p. 199.) first by
Jo. Fell. annexed to his Aratus. Oxon. 1672. 8vo. then in Gale
opusc. mythol. Amstel. 1688. 8vo.—cum interp. Lat. et comm.
cur. J. Kr. Schaubach. Gott. 1795. 8vo. See also Aratus.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 117.
ร
(ca) RHIANUS, of Bene in Crete, a grammarian
and historical poet. His principal production in
poetry was Μεσσηνικά, then Θεσσαλικά, Αχαϊκά, Ηλια
axá. A beautiful fragment may be found in Brunck's
Gnomic. p. 131. (188. Lips.) and with others in
(Jacobs i. p. 299.) Gaisf. p. Gr.
ακά.
Anal. t. i. p. 479.
PT. V. EPIPH. 204-281. PHIL. OF MAC. 221-173. 141
min. t. iii. p. 274, sqq. Epigrams in the Greek
Anthol. See Jacobs Animadv. in Anth. Gr. iii. 3.
p. 945. Rh. quæ supersunt.
Ed. Nic. Saal. Bonn.
1831. 8vo. C. G. Siebelis de Rhiano. Budiss. 1829.
t. i.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t.
i. p.
734.
(cb) PHILOCHORUS, of Athens, under Ptolem. IV.
and V., a pupil of Eratosth., an historian and gram-
marian. His principal work was 'Artis. Phil. libro-
rum fragm. a Lenzio coll. ill. Car. Godofr. Siebelis.
Lips. 1811. 8vo.
(cc) ARCHIMEDES, of Syracuse, put to death
at the capture of Syracuse by Marcellus in the second
Punic war, B. C. 212. a great mathematician, especially
versed in mechanics.
Opp. cum Eutocii commentariis Gr. Lat. Basil. 1544. fol.—
Arenarius et de dimensione circuli cum vers. et not. Jo. Wallis.
Oxon. 1676. 8vo.-Ed. Sam. Barrow. Oxon. 1667.-ed. Torelli.
Oxon. 1792. translated into French with explanatory notes by F.
Peyrard. Paris. 1807. 4to. 1808. 2 vols. 8vo.-Archim. Di-
mensio Circuli with the Comm. of Eutokius with notes by Joh.
Gutenäcker. Würzb. 1825. 1828. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv.
p. 170.
(cd) APOLLONIUS RHODIUS, of Naucrates in
Eg. (?), a pupil of Callim. a teacher of rhetoric and
a citizen of Rhodes, succeeded Eratosthenes in the
142 PT. V. EPIPH. 204-181. PHIL. OF MAC. 221-173.
librarianship at Alex. 192 B. C.
finished poem, 'Agyovavrind, 4 books.
Author of a highly
Ed. pr. cum scholiis Gr. Florent. 1496. 4to.-Venet. in æd.
Aldi. 1521. 8vo. c. schol. ed. H. Stephani. 1574. 4to.-cum
schol. et not. var. ed. Jo. Shaw. Oxon. 1777. 2 vols. 4to.-e scr.
8 vett. libbr. nunc primum emendate ed. R. Fr. Ph. Brunck.
Argent. 1780. 4to. and 8vo.-cum schol. Gr. comm. indic. ed.
Chr. D. Beck. Lips. 1797. (at first one vol.)-e rec. et c. not.
Br. acc. schol. Gr. e cod. bibl. Paris. nunc primum evulg.
Lips. 1810-12. 8vo.-rec. int. lect. var. adj. scholia aucta et
emend. add. A. Wellauer. Lips. 1828. 2 vols. 8vo. Weichert über
das Leben und Gedicht d. Ap. v. Rh. Meissen. 1821. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 262. Nachträge zu Sulz. vi. p. 179.
(ce) EUPHORION, of Chalcis, librarian to King
Antiochus the Great of Syria, a learned and con-
sequently an obscure poet, wrote zaidas in 5 books,
on mythological subjects, also ἱστορικὰ ὑπομνήματα
(Athen. iv. p. 154. C.)
154. C.) De Euph. Chalc. vita
et scriptis disser. et fragm. coll. et ill. A. Meineke.
Gedani 1823. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i.
ii. p. 304.
p. 594.
(f) ARISTOPHANES, of Byzantium, a pupil of
Callim. and Eratosth., curator of the Alexandrian
library under Ptol. Philometor, (not Philadelphus,
as stated in Fabric.) He exercised his critical
powers upon Homer, and is said to have introduced
the Greek accents. (Villoison anecd. Gr. t. ii.
p. 31, sq.) Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 364. iv. p. 359.
ANTIOC. THE GR. 224-187. PT. V. EPIPH. 204-181. 143
(cg) AGATHARCHIDES, of Cnidos, had charge of
the young king Ptol. Alexander (107-88); history
of Alexander and his successors, τὰ ᾿Ασιατικά and
rà Evgwπianá, description of the Red Sea, and the
adjacent countries, fragments of which may be seen
in Hudson. Geogr. Gr. min. tom. i. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. iv. p. 32.
(ch) POLYBIUS, of Megalopolis in Arcadia, born
Ol. cxliii. 4. (204.); in the art of war a pupil of
Philopomen, filled the most important offices in his
native city, and was sent as ambassador to Ptolemy
Epiphanes, Ol. cxlix. 4. (180). Becoming an object
of suspicion to the Romans, he was brought with
other chiefs of the Achæan league to Rome 166,
where he became the friend and adviser of the
younger Scipio. Through him he obtained access
to the public archives of Rome, and from them
as well as in the course of his travels in Egypt,
Gaul, and Spain, &c. he collected materials for an
universal history, beginning with the second Punic war
and ending with the defeat of Perseus (218-168), in
40 books, in which he exhibited the model of a
practical history. After the death of Scipio 128 he
returned to his country, and died Ol. clxiv. 2. (122).
Of his history only the first five books have been pre-
served complete.
144
EUMEN. OF PERG. 197-158.
Ed. pr. Hagen. 1530. fol. per Vinc. Obsopœum with the
Version of Nicol. Perottus.-ed. Is. Casaubon. Paris. 1609.
fol.—cum not. Casaub., F. Ursini, H. Valesii, Jac. Palmerii
et suis ed. Jac. Gronovius. Amstelod. 1670. 3 vols. 8vo.-rep.
cum gloss. Polyb. J. Aug. Ernesti. Lips. et Vindob. 1763,
sq. 3 vols. 8vo.-rec. Jo. Schweighäuser. Lips. 1789, sqq.
8vo. 4 vols. Text and iv. Comm. gloss. Indd.-Pol. historiarum
excerpta Vatic. (in Maji scr. vett. coll. t. ii. p. 369, sqq.) Rec.
Jac. Geel. Lugd. B. 1829. 8vo.-P. et App. hist. exc. Vatic.
recogn. a J. Fr. Lucht. Alton. 1830. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. iv.
P.
313.
(ci) HIPPARCHUS, of Nicaea in Bithynia, an
astronomer (?) Ol. cliv.—clxiii. (160—124.) observed
the Equinoctia and left behind him a catalogue of
fixed stars according to their longitude and latitude,
and of the solar and lunar eclipses. There is extant
a comment. upon the Phon. of Eudoxus and Aratus
in three books. ed. P. Victorius. Flor. 1567. fol.
and Dion. Petavii Uranologium. Paris. 1630. fol.
Amstel. 1703. fol.
(ck) ARISTARCHUS, of Samothrace, about Ol.
clvi. B. C. 154. a pupil of the grammarian Aristo-
phanes, one of the most celebrated grammarians, who
exercised his criticism upon Homer but in an arbi-
trary manner. From him and Aristophanes the se-
lection of classical authors (canon) derives its origin.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 357. Wolf proleg. ad Hom.
P. 244.
ATTAL. II. Of perg. 158-138.
145
(cl) CRATES, of Mallus (Maλλous) in Cilicia
(Mallotes), a grammarian, preceptor of Panatius.
He made a recension of Homer. Being sent by
Attalus II. to Rome, he introduced there the study of
Grammar. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 558. vi. p. 362.
Wolf. proleg. ad Hom. p. 276.
(cm) PANETIUS, of Rhodes, about Ol. clviii. B. C.
145, preceptor and friend of the younger Scipio,
and several other Romans, a Stoic philosopher,
but with many distinguishing peculiarities. His
treatise περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος was adopted by Cicero
as the basis of his book De Officiis.—de Panatio
Stoico diss. F. G. van Lynden. Lugd. B. 1802.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 567.
(cn) BION, of Smyrna,
MoscHUS, of Syracuse,
See
Idyl poets, imitators
of Theocritus.
Naeke in Allg.Schulz.
1828. ii. n. 100. p.
827, sq.
Generally with Theocrit. Separately by Heskin. Oxon. 1748.
8vo.-c. notis int. F. Ursini, B. Vulcanii, H. Steph., Jos.
Scal., Is. Casaub., D. Heinsii, G. Xylandri, Jac. Palmerii.,
nec non sel. Longapetræi, N. Schwebelii et Jo. Heskin cur.
J. Ad. Schier. Lips. 1752. 8vo.-ex rec. Valck. c. var. lectt.
ed. F. Jacobs. Gotha 1795. 8vo.—translated and explained by
J. Kp. F. Manso. Leipzig 1807. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 800, sqq.
L
146 PT. PHYS. 145-117.CARTH. AND COR. DESTR. 146.
(co) CARNEADES, of Cyrene, an eloquent Aca-
demic, and founder of the third Academy, com-
bated chiefly the Stoics with the method and prin-
ciples of Arcesilaus (inox). Ol. clvi. 2. B. C.
156, he went with the peripatetic Critolaus of
Phaselis as ambassador to Rome. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. iii. p. 166.
(cp) PHILO, of Byzantium, a mechanician, about
151 B. C. Mechanicorum lib. iv. v. Gr. et Lat. in
Mathemat. vett. Paris. 1693. fol. p. 49. A work
of little importance περὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ θεαμάτων is also
ascribed to him:-Ph. Byz. lib. de septem orbis
spectaculis, Gr. cum vers. duplici Dem. Salvagnii
Boessii et Leonis Allatii. (Rom. 1640. 8vo.) Textum
recognovit, not. Leon. All. Bastii aliorumque et suas
adj. Jo. Conr. Orellius. Lips. 1816. 8vo. Fabric.
B. Gr. iv. p. 131.
(cq) NICANDER, of Colophon, about Ol. clviii.
B. C. 147. a Physician, Grammarian, and Poet. Tewe-
γικά, Cic. Or. i. 16. Ετεροιούμενα 5 Β. Two didactic
poems are extant, Ongland and 'Aλžáguana. Nachtr.
zu Sulz. vi. p. 373.
Ed. pr. cum schol. Gr. ap. Aldum. Ven. 1499, fol. on the
Dioscorida.-c. schol. interpr. et annot. Jo. Gorræi. Paris.
1557. 3 vols. 4to.-Alexiph. emend. anim. et Eutecnii paraphr.
WARS WITH MITHRID. FR. 98.
147
ill. J. Glo. Schneider. Halæ. 1792. 8vo.-Theriaca c. schol.
Gr. Eutecn. metaphr. et fragm. rec. em. ill. Jo. Glo. Schneider.
Lips. 1816. 8vo.-c. not. Bentl. ined. in Mus. crit. Cant. III.
IV. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 344.
(cr) APOLLODORUS, of Athens, a Grammarian and
Historian: xgovind in iamb. verse up to Ol. clviii. 4.
There is still extant B.ß. in 3 books, legends of
the Greeks up to the Trojan war.
Ed. pr. Bened. Ægii. Romæ 1555. 8vo.-em. e cod. Palat.
ab Hieron. Commelino. 1599. 8vo.-Tanaqu. Fabri Salmur.
1611. 8vo. Th. Gale in Collectt no. 31.-ed. Heyne. Gott.
1782. small 8vo. 4 tom. 1803. Gr. 8vo. 2 tom.-by Clavier
with the French Transl. Paris. 1805. 2 vols. 8vo.-Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iv. p. 287.
(cs) MELEAGER, of Gadara in Syria, an Epigram-
matic Poet, about Ol. clxx, B. C. 96, collected the
Epigrams and short poems of 46 authors into an
anthology, στέφανος.
Mel. genuine poems in Brunck's Anal. t. i.—Mel. reliquiæ
ed. J. C. F. Manso. Jena 1789. 8vo.-cum obss. crit. ed.
Frid. Græfe. Lips. 1811. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 416.
(ct) SCYMNUS, of Chios, wrote a Geography in
Iambics (περιήγησις τῆς οἰκουμένης, which he dedicated
to the King of Bithynia, Nicomedes III. (92-75.)
Ed. Dav. Hoeschel Aug. Vind. 1600. 8vo.-in Hudson.
Geogr. Gr. min. vol. ii. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 613.
148
POMPEIUS. CÆSAR. CICERO.
(cu) DIDYMUS, a pupil of Aristarchus, author of
4000 treatises; thence called xxxvτegos. The
Scholia min. in Hom. are ascribed to him, though
they are rather extracts from his own and others' com-
mentaries. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 386. vi. p. 363.
(cw) CONON, contemporary with Cæsar and
Antony, wrote 50 Mythological narratives, (dynoeis)
which Photius has preserved. Collectt. no. 31.—ill. J.
Arn. Kanne. Gott. 1798. 8vo.
(cx) POSIDONIUS, of Apamea, resided at Rhodes.
A pupil of Panætius, contemporary and friend of
Cicero and Pompey, a Stoic Philosopher, and also a
Statesman and Historian. As such he wrote và μerà
Пoλúẞtov in 52 books.
Posid. Rh. reliquiæ coll. atque ill. Jan. Bake. Acc. D.
Wyttenbachii ann. Lugd. B. 1810. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 572, sq. Heeren de fontibus Plut. p. 138.
(cx³) PHILODEMUS, of Gadara, friend of L. Piso,
the subject of one of Cicero's Orations, an Epicurean.
Epigrams by him see Anthol. Gr. Brunck. ed. Jacobs,
t. ii. p. 70, sqq. On the passage of Horat. Sat. i. 2,
121. see Jacobs in Wolfs Litt. Anal. i. p. 357. A
fragment gì proginйs has been published from the
MSS. found at Herculaneum in Antiquit. Hercul. t. v.
POMPEIUS. CÆSAR. CICERO.
149
p.721. and another regi povrns also, t. i. Neap. 1793.
{01. περὶ κακιῶν καὶ τῶν ἀντικειμένων ἀρετῶν. Also t. iii.
Neap. 1827. and in Aristotelis Econom. ed. Göttling.
p. 41, sqq. p. 151. tegi toinuótwv in Voll. Hercul.
Oxonii, Clarend. 1824, 25. 2 vol. fol. See Fabric.
B. Gr. t. iii. p. 609. Jacobs, Anthol. Gr. t. xiii.
p. 936.
(cy) APOLLONIUS SOPHISTA, of Alexandria, a
pupil of Didymus, a Grammarian. Lexicum Gr.
Iliad. et Od. primus e Cod. Sangerman. ed. Jo. Bapt.
Casp. d'Ansse de Villoison. Paris. 1773. 4to.-rec.
Herm. Tollius. Lugd. B. 1788. 8vo. ex rec. Imm.
Bekkeri. Berol. 1833. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i.
p. 505.
(cz) DIONYSIUS THRAX, (of Byzantium ?) a
Grammarian. His τέχνη γραμματική, a classical work
in his time, may be found in Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi.
p. 311. and cum Charobosci, Diomed. Melampodii,
Porphyr. Stephani schol. in Imm. Bekkeri Anecd.
Gr. t. ii. p. 627. 645. the Scholia also in Villois.
anecd. II. p. 99. 138.
(d) GEMINUS, an astronomer, of Rhodes, about the
Ol. clxxviii. B. C. 66. ɛioaywyn eis và Quiróμeva ed. Edo
Hildericus. Lugd. B. 1603. 8vo. Petavii Uranologion.
Paris. 1630. Amstel. 1703. fol.
150
POMPEIUS. CESAR. CICERO.
(da) ANDRONICUS, of Rhodes, a Peripatetic, ar-
ranged the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and
wrote exegetical commentaries on several works of the
former. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii.
p. 464.
(db) PARTHENIUS, of Nicæa, in the time of Au-
gustus; περὶ ἐρωτικῶν παθημάτων, dedicated to Cornelius
Gallus, his pupil.
Ed. pr. interpr. Jan. Cornario. Basil. 1531. 8vo.-Th. Gale
hist. poet. script.-em. stud. L. Legrand ed. C. G. Heyne.
Gott. 1798. 8vo. F. J. Bast lettre critique sur Anton. Liber.
Parthenius et Aristénète. Paris. 1805. Lat. by Wiedeburg.
Lips. 1809. 8vo. Cf. Aristoph. Plut. ex ed. Hemsterh. ed.
Schæfer at the end. p. xxv. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 305.
(de) BABRIUS, in the time of Augustus, translated
the fables of Æsop with much taste into Choliambics.
The prose fables of Æsop now extant are for the most
part taken from the Choliambics of B.; also the fables
of Syntipas, a Persian, translated out of the Syriac by
Mich. Andreopulus, edited by C. Fr. Matthæi. Lips.
1781. 8vo.
Th. Tyrwhitt. diss. de Babrio. Lond. 1776. 8vo.—Erlang.
1785. 8vo. Twenty Fables of B. from a Vatican. Cod. in Fabulæ
Æsopicæ, quales ante Planudem ferebantur-c. ac st. Fr. de
Furia. Lips. 1810. 8vo. v. p. 143, sqq. Babrii fabb. ed.
F. X. Berger. Monach. 1816. 8vo. Aiowasiwv ovvaywyn ed.
A. Coray, Paris. 1810. 8vo.- s. fab. nunc primum e Cod.
Aug. ed. Jo. Gottl. Schneider. Bresl. 1812. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. i. p. 628. Nachtr. zu Sulz. V. p. 295.
AUGUSTUS, 31 в. C.—14 a. D.
151
(dd) DIONYSIUS, of Halicarnassus in Caria, a
Rhetorician and Historian in the time of Cæsar
and Pompey, lived 22 years at Rome from 31 B. C.
(Batt. of Actium), where he diligently collected the
materials for his Roman History, αρχαιολογία Ρωμαϊκή
in 20 books, from the foundation of the city to the
first Punic war, of which however only the first 11
books, to the year of the city 312, have come down to
us. His rhetorical writings also are particularly
valuable, especially his critiques upon distinguished
orators, Thucydides, &c.
1. Complete edition of his works. Ed. pr. (Lat. Translation of
Lapus Biragus. Tarvis. 1480. fol.) Gr. c. Rob. Stephani Lutet,
1546. fol.-Frid. Sylburg. Francof. 1586. 2 vols. fol.—e rec.
Sylb. ed. Joh. Hudson. Lond. 1704. 2 vols. fol.-J. Jac.
Reiske. Lips. 1774-77. 6 vols. 8vo. 2. Separate works,
Rom. antiqu. pars hactenus desiderata, nunc denique ope codd.
Ambros. ab Ang. Majo (Script. vett. Coll. t. ii. p. 465, sqq.)
restituta. Mediol. 1816. Francof. ad M. 1817. 8vo.—zegi ouv-
Ososws óvoμáтwy ex rec. Jac. Uptoni. Lond. 1702. 1728. 8vo.
1747. 8vo. cum priorum editorum suisque annotationibus ed.
God. H. Schæfer. Lips. 1808. 8vo.-e copiis bibl. Monac. em.
ed. Fr. Goeller. Acc. var. lect. in Themist. orat. e cod. Mon.
excerptæ a Fr. Jacobs. Jenæ 1816. 8vo. Tixvn ¡nrog. emend.
et illustr. H. A. Schott. Lips. 1804. Gr. 8vo.-Dion. historio-
graphica.-ed. C. Guil. Krüger. Hala 1823. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iv. p. 382.
(de) DIODORUS SICULUS, of Argyrium in Sicily,
in the time of Cæsar and Augustus, wrote a general his-
152
AUGUSTUS, 31 B. C.-14 a. d.
tory of the early Greek and Latin Historians, arranged
according to Olympiads and the succession in the
Roman consulate, but not so carefully compiled as
might be desired, Bißλon irrogin in 40 books,
from the most ancient times to Ol. clxxx. (B. C. 60,)
of which only books 1-5, incl. 11—20, incl. have
come down to us entire.
Ed. pr. Basil. 1539. 4to. (B. 16—20.)—-H. Stephani. 1559.
fol. (1-5. 11-15 B.)-ed. Laur. Rhodomannus. Hanov. 1604.
fol. ad fid. MSS. rec. P. Wesseling. Amstelod. 1745. fol.
2 vols.-e rec. Wessel. ed. Jer. N. Eyring. Bip. et Argent.
1793-1800. 10 vols. 8vo.-ed. H. K. Abr. Eichstädt. Halæ
2 vols. 1800.—1802. (to B. 14.) 8vo.-ed. Lud. Dindorf. Lips.
1826, sqq. 4 vols. 8vo.-Exc. libh. VII. VIII. IX. X. XXI-
XL. in Maji Script. vett. Coll. t. ii. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv.
p. 361.
(df) DIONYSIUS PERIEGETES, probably of Charax
in the Arabian Gulph, whom Augustus sent as the
companion of his adopted son Caius Agrippa to the
East. He wrote a Geography, wegińynow oixovμévns, in
Hexameters, upon which Eustathius, Archbishop of
Thessalonica, about 1160, wrote a learned commentary.
Nachtr. zu Sulz. vi. p. 388. Schirlitz. in Seebodes
neuem Arch. iii. 2. p. 32.
Edd. prr. Ferrara 1512. 4to. Venet. ap. Ald. 1513. 8vo. with
the Eustat. by Rob. Steph. Lutet. 1577. 4to. in Collectt.
no. 2.-ed. Ed. Thwaites with Eust. Oxon. 1697. 8vo.-ed.
Joh. Hudson. (with Eust.) Oxon. 1710. 1712. 1717. 8vo.-c.
AUGUST. TIBERIUS, 14-37. CALIGULA-41. 153
vet. comm. et interpr. rec. God. Bernhardy. in Collectt. no. 21.
2. 3. See also Aratus. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. P. 586.
(dg) NICOLAUS, of Damascus, a Peripatetic and
Historian, much beloved by Cæsar Augustus. Author
of a Universal History in 142 books, and of a σvvaycozin
ev, dedicated to King Herod, fragments of which
are preserved in Stobæus.-Nicol. Dam. historiarum
exc. et fragm. Gr. c. not. H. Valesii al. et suis ed. Jo.
Conr. Orellius. Lips. 1804. and Supplem. c. n. Coray,
Fr. Creuzeri, Jo. Schweighauser etc. Lips. 1811.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 500.
(dh) STRABO, of Amasea in Pontus, in the time of
Augustus and Tiberius: yeayeaQınà libr. 17. a work
written in a critical and philosophical spirit, and also
an exposition of the history, manners, and constitu-
tions of ancient nations. He had previously written
an historical work, và μɛrà Пoλúßiov. Heeren de fontt.
Plut. p. 142.
Ed. pr. ap. Ald. Venet. 1516. fol.-ed. Is. Casaubonus
(sospitator Str.) Genev. 1587. fol. Paris. 1620. fol.-with the
Annotations of all former Editors ed. Th. Jansson van Almelo-
veen. Amsterd. 1707. fol.-rec. J. Ph. Siebenkees, K. H.
Tzschucke et Friedemann. Lips. 7 vols. 8vo. 1796-1819.-
juxta edit. Amstel. Codd. MSS. collationem, annot. tab. Geogr.
adj. Th. Falconer. Oxon. 1807. 2 vols. fol.-ed. Coray. Paris.
1817-19. 4 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 558.
154 AUGUST. TIBERIUS, 14—37. CALIGULA—41.
(di) LESBONAX, a Rhetorician in the time of
Tiberius, by whom are still extant two Orations, or
rather Declamations, exhortations to bravery against
the Thebans and Lacedæmonians in the Peloponnesian
war. See Reiske oratt. Gr. t. viii. Bekk. t. iv. p. 4.
App. He is a different person from a later Gramma-
rian of this name, whose work, tegi oxnuμáτwv, is found
in the Ammonius of Valckenaer.
(dk) PHILO, a Jew of Alexandria, eminently versed
in the Platonic Philosophy, which he applied in alle-
gorical interpretations to the explanation and vindi-
cation of Judaism, particularly in his treatises de
mundi opificio, de vita Moysis, &c. In the year 41,
an Ambassador to the Emperor Caligula.
Ed. pr. Paris. ap. Adr. Turnebum. 1552. fol.-e Cod. rec.
suppl. illustr. Th. Mangey. Lond. 1742. 2 vols. fol.-Aug. Fr.
Pfeiffer. Erlang. 1785-92. 5 vols. 8vo. not complete.—(ed.
Car. E. Richter.) Lips. 1828-30. 8 vols. 8vo. wegì ȧgsrñs xai
Tŵv uurãs pogówv inv. et interpr. Aug. Majus. Mediol. 1816. de
providentia etc. from the Armen. ed. A. B. Aucher. Venet.
1822. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 722.
(dl) APION, an Alexandrian Grammarian, a pupil
of Didymus, accuser of the Jews before the Emperor
Caligula, wrote, besides an Egyptian history in 5
books, λέξεις Ομηρικώς, from which the Lexicon of
Apollonius appears to be taken. Excerpta Apionis
CALIGULA.
CLAUDIUS-54. NERO-68. 155
glossarum Homericarum in Etymolog. Gudianum
by Sturz. p. 601. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 504.
Addit. ad Gregor. Cor. ed. Schaefer, p. 891. 894.
(dm) ONOSANDER, in the time of the Emperor
Claudius: στρατηγικός.
Ed. pr. Nic. Rigaltii. Paris. 1599. 4to.-cura Nic. Schwe-
belii. Norimb. 1762. fol. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 336.
(dn) PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES, of Anazarbus in
Cilicia, about 64, a Physician, and the most eminent
of the Greek Botanists: de materia medica libri VI.
περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, etc.
Ed. pr. Ald. Venet. 1499. fol.-rec. J. Ant. Saracenius.
Francof. 1598. fol.-rec. Curt. Sprengel. in Collectt. no. 33.
t. xxv. vi. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 673.
παρ'
(do) EROTIANUS, in the time of Nero: T Tag'
"Intoxęáte. Xékewv cuvaywyn. Friedem. et Seeb. Misc.
Ιπποκράτει λέξεων συναγωγή.
crit. i, 2. p. 271.
Ed. pr. Henr. Steph. Paris. 1564. 8vo.-rec. Jo. Ge. Frid.
Franz. Lips. 1780. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 233.
(dp) ANNEUS CORNUTUS, of Leptis, instructor
of the poet Persius, a Stoic, banished by order of
Nero, A. D. 66. περὶ τῆς τῶν θεῶν φύσεως. See Col
156 CALIGULA.
NERO-68.
CLAUDIUS-54.
lectt. no. 31. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p. 554. Ger.
Jo. de Martini disp. de L. Ann. Cornuto. Lugd. B.
1824. 8vo.
(dq) MUSONIUS RUFUS, a celebrated Stoic, ba-
nished by Nero, but recalled by Vespasian. Dan.
Wyttenbachii (Nieuwland) de Musonio R. phil.
Stoico Amstel. 1783. 4to. Muson. anecdota in
Wyttenb. Philomath. i. p. 157. ii. p. 3.—reliqu. et
apophth. cum annot. ed. J. V. Peerlkamp. Harlem.
1822. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iii. p.
Cf. Studien v.
Daub. u. Creuzer. vi. Th. p. 74.
566.
(dr) FL. JOSEPHUS, a Jew of Jerusalem, a Phari-
see; being taken captive by Vespasian in the year 67
at Jotapata in Galilee, he recovered his liberty when
his prophecy that Vespasian and Titus would become
emperors was accomplished. He accompanied Titus
in the year 70 to the siege of Jerusalem, of which he
wrote a description: de bello Judaico libr. VII.
Antiquitatum Judaicarum libr. XX. etc.
Ed. pr. Basil. 1544. fol.-rec. Sig. Havercamp. (with the
Annotations of all former Editors.) Amstel. Lugd. B. et Ultraj.
1726. 2 vols. fol.-ed. C. E. Richter Lips. 1825-27. 4 vols.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 1.
(ds) EPICTETUS, of Hierapolis in Phrygia, at
first a slave of Epaphroditus, being afterwards set
VESPASIAN, 69-79. TITUS, -81. DOMITIANUS, -96. 157
at liberty he lived at Rome till 94, after that at
Nicopolis in Epirus, a Stoic estimable for the purity
and integrity of his life. His discourses were
written down after his death by his pupil Arrian.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 64.
(dt) ARETEUS, a Cappadocian, and an eminent
Physician. between 81-96. de caussis et signis acut.
morborum iv. b. de curatione iv. b. not come down
to us entire.
Ed. pr. Jac. Goupyli. Paris. 1554. 8vo.-rec. Joh. Wigan.
Oxon. 1723. fol.-e Goup. rec. cur. Herm. Boerhave. Lugd.
B. 1731. fol.-ed. C. Glob Kühn in Collectt. no. 33. vol. xxiv.
1828. c. Petiti etc. comm. et ind. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv.
p. 703.
[Note. For a valuable collection of facts and testimonies
relating to the authors of this period, see ch. 12. of the Ap-
pendix to vol. iii. of Clinton's Fasti Hellenici.]
FOURTH PERIOD.
§. 25. THE peculiar taste of the Emperor Hadrian
(117-138) introduced at this time among the
Greeks, particularly at Alexandria, a fashion of speak-
ing and writing on a variety of subjects in a language,
which, though artfully constructed in imitation of the
Attic, by an affectation of florid ornament often inter-
changed poetic with prosaic expressions, and even
affected those anomalies of diction which occur in
Attic writers, as Atticisms, (Sophists). The most
ingenious of this class, and at the same time the most
worthy of commendation for their style, are Lucian
(b), and the Emperor Julian (cr). Most of them,
however, contented themselves with Speeches and
Declamations upon scientific, especially philosophical,
subjects, e. g. Dio Chrysost. (a), Aristides (ba),
Maximus Tyrius (bk), Himerius (cw), Libanius
(sc), Themistius (cx); they likewise composed for
amusement forensic or political orations after the
model of the ancients. Others sought to display their
rhetorical talent in amatory epistles, as Aristanetus
(ct) and Alciphron (ci); others wrote letters under
FOURTH PERIOD.
159
the name of ancient statesmen, philosophers, &c. as
the letters of Phalaris, of Themistocles, of Pythagoras
and his disciples, the Socratics, Euripides, and others.
(See Bentley opusc. philol. Lips. 1781. 8vo.) Mar-
vellous histories, aud narratives of love adventures,
(Milesian tales, which Aristides of Miletus is said to
have first introduced before the time of Sylla,) com-
posed without any semblance of reality, whether we
regard invention or arrangement, and in a studied
but insipid style, came more and more into vogue ª.
As an aid to the acquisition of the Sophistical style,
the Grammarians compiled Dictionaries, in which
they carefully distinguished words and phrases pecu-
liar to the Attics from those in general use (Atticistæ),
but often represented as genuine Attic what was
chiefly to be met with in the writings of the Sophists.
Other dictionaries also for the elucidation of expres-
sions occurring in particular authors, e. g. Homer, the
Orators, &c. or of antiquated words, began to abound
in proportion as language degenerated, and became a
subject of learned cultivation.
§. 26. Other learned men collected the effusions of
the earlier poets, particularly Epigrams, as Philip of
Thessalonica in the time of Trajan, who in imitation
of Meleager (§. 20.) collected the minor poems of 13
authors, and, like him, arranged them alphabetically
a Manso über den Griech. Roman in dessen Verm. Schriften.
Leipz. 1801. 8vo. part ii. p. 201, sqq.
160
FOURTH PERIOD.
with his own in a orέQavos, or wreath, Strato of Sardis
(Movoa πaidixh), Agathias (ef) in the time of Justinian,
who collected the poems of later writers, particularly
of his contemporaries, and arranged them according
to their subject matter (xixhos), Constantinus Cepha-
las (el), who compiled a similar Anthology from the
older collections with the addition of some more recent
poems, and a few others of earlier date, and the
Monk Maximus Planudes (f), whose Anthology
was for a long time the only one known till that of
Constant. Cephalas also came to light. Sentences
from the ancient poets, especially tragic or comic
writers, together with choice passages of philosophers,
historians, and orators, were collected by Joh. Stobæus
(dx), and extracts from authors with tables of contents
by the patriarch Photius (ek). There were, however,
in this period authors of considerable eminence, above
all Plutarch (aa), in his moral, i. e. philosophical
writings, and especially in his biographies, which, from
the extent and variety of knowledge and erudition
which they display, though applied in undue measure,
and with a style occasionally cramped, may be held up
as models, the Historian Arrian (af), Dio Cassius
(c), the Geographer and Astronomer Ptolemy (an),
the philosophical and accomplished Physician Galen
(ay), the Philosophers M. Aurelius Anton. (at), and
Sextus Empir. (bg), and the acute Critic Longinus
(cd). During the conflict between Paganism and
TRAJAN 98-117. HADRIAN 117–138. 161
Christianity, men of reflecting minds sought repose in
Philosophy, and hence there arose, likewise at Alex-
andria, a Philosophy of fancy and feeling which led
directly to fanaticism, (The New Platonic or Alex-
andrian Phil.) Athenæus (bt) and Pausanias (az)
merit consideration only for the valuable information
which they contain, and for the fragments of antiquity
which they have preserved. The Mathematical
Sciences also were cultivated with success; Poetry
continued what it was in the former period, and the
poets Oppian (br), Nonnus (dî,) Musœus (dn), Qu.
Smyrnæus (e), are only of value to professed scholars
and philologists. After the capture of Alexandria by
the Emp. Aurelian, the Alexandrian school ceased, and
Byzantium (Constantinople) became henceforth the
seat of learning, where from the time of Constantine
it was subject to the influence of the Church and the
Court. But after the time of Julian, in despite of
the exertions of Grammarians, language and literature
began rapidly to decline.
(a) DIO CHRYSOSTOMUS, of Prusa in Bithynia,
particularly esteemed by Trajan, a Sophist. There
are 80 speeches by him upon general philosophical
and other subjects.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1551. 8vo.-e rec. atque emendatione Fed.
Morelli. Paris. 1604. 1623. fol.-ex rec. J. J. Reiske. Lips.
1784. 2 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 122.
M
162 TRAJAN 98-117. HADRIAN 117-138.
(aa) PLUTARCH, of Chæronea, b. 50, d. 120, am
eclectic philosopher; Hadrian, to whom he was pre-
ceptor, appointed him procurator Græciæ. 1) vitæ
parallelæ 44. 2) moralia, philosophical, antiquarian,
and other dissertations, miscellaneous treatises 92.
Plut. opusc. mor. Venet. 1599. fol.vitæ parall. Flor. Junt.
1517. fol.-opera ed. H. Stephanus. 1572. 10 vols. 8vo.-
Francof. ap. Wechel. 1599. 1620. 2 vols. fol.-ed. J. J. Reiske.
Lips. 1774-79. 12 vols. 8vo.-Jo. Ge. Hutten. Tubing. 1791
-805. 14 vols. 8vo.-Vitæ parall. ed. Aug. Bryan. et Mos. du
Soul. Lond. 1729. 5 vols. 4to.-moralia emend. Dan. Wytten-
bach. Oxon. 1795–800. 5 vols. in 10 parts. 8vo.—Animadv. t. i.
(or Plut. t. vi.) Oxon. 1810. vol. ii. p. 1. 1821. Index Græcit.
(or Plut. t. viii.) ib. 1830. 2 vols. 8vo.-Vita parall. ed. Coray.
Paris. 1809-1811. 3 vols. 8vo.-cur. God. H. Schaefer. Lips.
1826. 5 vols. 12mo. v. par. Themist. et Camilli, Alexandri et
Cæs. ed. K. H. Jördens, Berol. 1788. 97. 8vo.—Theseus et
Romul. Lycurg. et Numa Pompil. rec. E. H. G. Leopold.
Lips. 1789. 8vo.-Marius, Sulla, Lucullus et Sert. ed. Leopold.
Lips. 1795. 8vo.-Agesil. et Xenoph. encom. Agesil. ed. Detl.
C. Guil. Baumgarten-Crusius. Lips. 1812. 8vo.—Alcib. e
codd. Paris. recogn. perp. ann. instr. J. C. F. Bähr. Heidelb.
1822. 8vo. Philop. Flamin. Pyrrh. recogn. perp. ann. instr.
J. C. F. Bähr. Lips. 1826. 8vo.-Arist. et Cato m. rec. et
anim. crit. instr. Car. Sintenis. Lips. 1830. 8vo.—v. Themist.
rec. et ill. idem. Lips. 1832. 8vo. v. Emil. P. et Timol.
recogn. J. C. Held. Solisb. 1832.-de sera num. vindicta ed.
Dan. Wyttenbach. Lugd. B. 1772. 8vo.—Tagapvbnrınòs ægòs
'Aπλλávov. recogn. et comm. ill. Leon. Usterius. Turic. 1830.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 153. A. H. L. Heeren de fontt. et
auctoritate vitt. parall. Pl. Gotting. 1820. 8vo.
(ab) THEON, of Smyrna, a Mathematician and
TRAJAN 98-117. HADRIAN 117-138.
163
the
Platonic Philosopher, about 117, wrote upon
application of Mathematics to the elucidation of Plato.
Some fragments ed. Ism. Bullialdus. Lut. Paris. 1644.
4to. lect. div. suamque annot. add. J. J. de Gelder.
Lugd. B. 1827. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 35.
(ac) CLEOMEDES, an Astronomer: zvxdızõs Bew-
gias peteŃgwv libr. II. Basil. 1533. 8vo.-ed. M.
Hopper. Basil. 1561. 8vo. rec. et ill. a Rob. Balforeoi
Burdig. 1605. 4to.-ex rec. Jani Bakii c. potior.
script. discrep. et annot. ed. C. Chr. Thph. Schmidt.
Lips. 1832. 8vo. Fabric. B. G. t. iv. p. 38.
(ad) ALCINOUS, a Platonic Philosopher: siraywy'n
τῶν δογμάτων Πλάτωνο; - c. Αpuleio Venet. ap. Ald.
1551. 8vo.—ex rec. Heinsii (Lugd. B. 1607. 8vo.
1614. 8vo.) Oxon. 1667. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 523.
(ae) CL. ÆLIANUS, in the time of Nerva, Trajan,
and Hadrian : τακτικά.
Ed. Robortell. Venet. 1552. 4to.-c. anim. Sixti Arcerii.
Lugd. B. 1673. 4to.
(af) FL. ARRIANUS, of Nicomedia in Bithynia,
governor of Cappadocia 134, Senator (and Consul ?)
at Rome, a pupil of Epictetus, whose philosophical
disquisitions he committed to writing, dissertatt.
164 HADRIAN 117-138. ANTONINUS PIUS-161.
Epictetea 4 books; Epict. Enchiridion; also de
expeditione Alexandri M. Indica &c. An imitator
of Xenophon.
1) Diss. Epict. Venet. 1535. 8vo.-ed. Hieron. Wolf. 1561.
2) Diss. et Enchir. Venet. 1558. 8vo. ap. Trincav.-ed.
Hieron. Wolf. Basil. 8vo. s. a. (1560). cur. Jo. Upton. Lond.
1741. 2 vols. 4to.-3) Enchir. ed. pr. Venet. 1528. 4to. cum
Simplicii comm.-ed. Dan. Heinsii c. notis Salmasii. Lugd.
B. 1640. 4to.-ed. Heyne. Dresd. 1756. 1776. 8vo.-Epicteteæ
phil. monumenta ed. J. Schweighæuser. Lips. 1779, sq. 3 vols.
8vo. 4) de exped. Alex. Venet. ap. Trincav. 1535. 8vo.-ed.
Nicol. Blancard. Amstel. 1688. 8vo.- ed. Jac. Gronovius.
Lugd. B. 1704. fol.-ed. Ge. Raphelius. Amstel. 1757. 8vo.
maj.-ed. F. Schmieder. Lips. 1798. 8vo. rec. et annot. crit.
tum al. sel. tum suis instr. Jo. Ern. Ellendt. Regim. 1832.
2 vols. 8vo.-opp. Gr. studio A. C. Borheck. Lemgo. 1811.
3 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 89.
(ag) ARTEMIDORUS, of Ephesus, in the time of
Hadrian and Antoninus Pius: vagongitiná, upon the
interpretation of dreams.
Ed. pr. Venet. ap. Ald. 1518. 8vo.-cum n. Nic. Rigaltii.
Lutet. 1603. 4to.-rec. J. Gottfr. Reiff. Lips. 1805. 2 vols. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 260.
(ah) MARCELLUS, of Side in Pamphylia (Sidetes),
wrote βιβλία ιατρικά, 42 books, a fragment of which περὶ
ixtúa ed. Fed. Morell, Paris. 1591. 8vo. It is also
appended to Plutarch, de educ. puerorum, and also to
HADRIAN 117-138. ANTONINUS 138–161. 165
the Oppian of Belin du Ballu. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i.
p. 15.
(ai) DRACO STRATONICENSIS, a Grammarian.
His only extant work: megi μérgwv-primum ed. God.
Hermannus. Lips. 1812. 8vo. is an extract from a
larger work interpolated with the remarks of later
Grammarians. As an Appendix thereto Tricha,
Elia Monachi et Herodiani tract. de metris cd.
Franc. de Furia. Lips. 1814. 8vo.
(ak) APOLLONIUS, of Alexandria, with Bein. Dys-
COLUS, a celebrated Grammarian in the reigns of
Hadrian and Antonin. Pius.
1) regi ouvrážews 11. 4. Venet. ap. Ald. 1495. fol.-in Theod.
Gaza introd. gramm. op. Fr. Sylburg. Francof. 1590. 4to.-ex
rec. Imm. Bekkeri. Berol. 1817. 8vo.-2) de pronomine liber,
primum ed. Imman. Bekkerus in Museum Antiquit. studiorum
vol. i. Fasc. 2. Berol. 1811. 3) de conj. et de adv. ll. in
Bekkeri anecd. Gr. t. ii. 4) historiæ mirabiles. cum ann. Guil.
Xylandri. Basil. 1568. 8vo.-ed. Jo. Meursius. Lugd. B. 1620.
4to.-ed. Teucher. Lips. 1792. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi.
p. 271.
(al) ANTONIUS POLEMO, of Laodicea, a celebrated
Sophist at Smyrna, in the time of Trajan, Hadrian,
and Antonin. Pius: λoyo TáQio, upon Cynægi-
rus and Callimachus.-ed. P. Possinus. Tolosa 1637.
8vo.—c. n. Poss. Steph. Cant. et Reisk. ed. Jo. Conr.
Orell. Lips. 1819. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 2.
166 HADRIAN 117-138. ANTONINUS 138-161.
(am) PHLEGON, of Tralles, a freedman of Ha-
drian; Frag. de Olympiadibus, a treatise de mirabili-
bus and rigi paxęcßiwr.-ed. et ill. Guil. Xylander.
Basil. 1568. 8vo.-ex rec. Jo. Meursii, c. ei. et Guil.
Xyl. anim. ed. Jo. Ge. Frid. Franz. Halæ 1775. 8vo.
Ed. 2da emend. F. J. Bastii. ib. 1822. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. v. p. 255.
(an) CLAUDIUS PTOLEMÆUS, of Pelusium, a
Geographer and Astronomer, about 140. 1) yɛwyęα-
Qixñs ¿Qnyńcews libr. viii. c. Erasmi Roterod. Basil.
1533. 4to. Paris. ap. Wech. 1546. 4to. c. n. Ger.
Mercatoris. c. tabb. geogr. et castig. P. Bertii.
Francof. (Lugd. B. Amstel.) 1618. fol.-cum tabb.
geogr. per Gerard. Mercatorem et P. Montanum.
Francof. (Amstel.) 1605. fol. 2) μɛɣáans diarážews s.
almagisti (al. and μiyoros). libr. XIII. (System of
Astronomy,) cum Theonis Alex. comment. libri XI.
Basil. 1538. fol. IIT. μadnation oívražıs. trad. sur les
MSS. du roi par l'abbé Halma et suivie des notes de
M. Delambre. Paris. 1814. 2 vols. 8vo. 3) a chro-
nological work upon the Kings of the Assyrians,
Medes, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, up to Antoni-
nus P. and others. węóxugoi xavóves—e MSS. ed. cum n.
H. Dodwellii in Dodw. dissert. Cyprianicæ. Oxon.
1684. 4to. Amstel. 1700. fol. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 270.
HADRIAN 117-138. ANTONINUS PIUS 138-161. 167
(ao) TIBER. CL. ATTICUS HERODES, of Marathon
in Attica, Consul at Rome in the year 141; a Sophist.
A Declamation by him, π. Toλivelas, may be found in
the 8th book of Reiske Oratt. Gr. in Bekk. t. iv.
Append.-Herod. Attici quæ supersunt ed. et ill.
Raph. Fiorillo. Lips. 1801. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. v. p. 4.
(ap) APPIANUS, of Alexandria, in the reigns of
Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, an advocate at
Rome, and one of the procuratores imperatt. i. e.
Finance-directors in the provinces, wrote a history of
the Romans, arranged according to the nations con-
nected with it, in 24 books, but of which only half
are extant.
Ed. Car. Stephani. Lutet. 1551. fol.-ed. H. Stephanus.
1592. fol.-ed. Alex. Tollius. Amstel. 1670. 2 vols. 8vo.-ed.
J. Schweighæuser. Argent. 1785. 3 vols. 8vo.-exc. Vatic.
See Polyb. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 244.
(aq) NICOMACHUS, of Gerasa in Arabia, about
147, a Pythagorean and Mathematician. By him we
have, 1) agilμntixñs eioaywyñs ll. 2.-ed. Chr. Wechel.
Paris. 1538. 4to. (Comm. in Jamblich. de vit. et phil.
Pythag. 1. iv. ed. Sam. Tennulius Arnh. 1668. 4to.)
2) Exagidior agrovins libr. II.—Antiquæ musicæ
auctores VII. ed. M. Meibomius. Amstel. 1652. 4to.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 629.
168
M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS, PHIL. 161-180.
(ar) ANTONINUS LIBERALIS, in the reigns of the
Antonines: prapogács, 41 narratives of transform-
ations, extracted from different authors, principally
poets.
Ed. pr. Guil. Xylandri. Basil. 1568. 8vo.-ed. Th. Muncker.
Amsterd. 1676. 12mo.-ed. H. Verheyck. Lugd. B. 1774.
8vo.-c. not. Xyl. Abr. Berkelii. Th. Munck. et H. Verh. ed.
Teucher. Lips. 1791. 8vo.-Gr. e cod. Paris. auct. atque
emend. ed. adn. int. Xyl. Berk. Th. Galii, Munck. Verh.
sel. Fr. Bastii et suas adj. Ge. Aenoth. Koch. Lips. 1832.
8vo. also in Collectt. no. 32. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 309.
(as) HEPHÆSTION, of Alexandria, a Gram-
marian, preceptor to the Ælius Verus, who after-
wards became Emperor. Enchir. de metris.
Flor. ap. her. Juntæ. 1526. 8vo.-cum schol. ed. J. Corn.
de Pauw. Traj. ad Rhen. 1726. 4to.-ad fid. MSS. rec. c. n.
var. cur. Th. Gaisford. Oxon. 1810. 8vo. Ed. nov. et auct.
Lips. 1832. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 299.
(at) M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS, b. 121, Em-
peror 161, d. 180, a Stoic philosopher, wrote rav eis
Eavròv libri xii. Rules of life from the Stoic philo-
sophy.
Ed. pr. Guil. Xylandri. Tiguri 1558. 8vo. (Lugd. 1626.
12mo.) afterwards Basil. 1568. 8vo-ed. Th. Gataker. Can-
tabr. 1652. 4to. Traj. ad Rh. 1697. fol.-ad fidem Codd.
M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS, PHIL. 161-180. 169
MSSt. em. J. Matth. Schulz. Schlesw. 1802. vol. i. 8vo. no
more published. Ed. D. Coray. Paris. 1815. 8vo. maj.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 500. Eichstaedt exercit. Antonianæ
I-VI. Jen. 1820, sqq.
(au) POLYÆNUS, a Macedonian, Advocate and
Rhetorician, about 163. σrgarynatıãv libri viii.
Ed. pr. c. n. Is. Casauboni. Lugd. B. 1589. 12mo.-e Codd.
em. c. n. Cas. et suis ed. Paner. Masvicius. Lugd. B. 1690.
8vo. ed. Coray in Παρέργων Ἑλληνικῆς βιβλιοθήκης τομ. α'.
Paris. 1809. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 321.
(aw) HERMOGENES, of Tarsus, a Rhetorician,
wrote, when in his 17th year, his réxvn ¡ntogixǹ, but
lost in his 27th year both memory and speech.
His Rhet. consists of five parts: the first (goyvμváo-
para) is printed from a Turine Cod. in Bibl. der
alt. Lit. und Kunst t. viii. ix. Ined. and from
2 Par. Codd. in Classic. Journ. no. 10. p. 381.
no. 12. p. 396. no. 14.
396. no. 14. p. 417. no. 15. p. 155.
Ed. pr. in Collectt. no. 34.-c. vers. et scholiis Jo. Sturmii
ed. Jo. Cocinus. Argent. 1570. 8vo.-c. comm. Gasp. Lau-
rentii. Col. Allobr. 1614. 8vo.-ed. Walz in Collectt. no. 41.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 69.
(ax) ELIUS HERODIANUS, of Alexandria, son
of Apoll. Disc. a Grammarian, was in favour with the
Emperor Marcus Antoninus. Portions and fragments
170 COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193-211.
of his writings may be found in Collectt. no. 34. Bek-
ker. anecd. iii. p. 1086, 1142. annexed to the Phry-
nichus of Pauw and Lobeck. (Cf. Bachmann.
anecd. ii. p. 402.) more in Pierson's App. to Mœris,
and in the App. to God. Hermanni de emend. rat.
Gr. gramm. Lips. 1801. 8vo. in Villoison Anecdot.
Gr. t. ii. p. 85. 86. 175.—περὶ μονήρους λέξεως in
Guil. Dindorf. Gramm. Gr. t. i. 1823. 8vo.—πegi
σχημάτων in the App. to Ιω. τονικὰ παραγγέλματα.
ed. Guil. Dindorf. Lips. 1825. 8vo.-'He. ixiurgioμoś.
Her. partitiones ed. Jo. Fr. Boissonade. Lond.
1819. Gr. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr, t. vi. p. 278.
(ay) CL. GALENUS, of Pergamos, 131-201,
lived for the most part at Rome, a philosophical
Physician, Mathematician, Grammarian.
Ed. pr. Ald. Venet. 1525. 5 vols. fol.-Basil. 1538. 5 vols.
fol.-ed. Ren. Chartier. Paris. 1679. 13 vols. fol.—with
Hippocr.-ed. Car. Glob. Kühn. t. i-xx. Lips. 1821,
&c. 8vo. (in Collectt. no. 33.) His Lexicon on Hippocr. ed.
Franz. See Erotianus. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 378.
(ay') MEMNON, of Heraclea on the Euxine
wrote the history of his country in more than 16
books, of which some carefully selected extracts
are found in Photius.-c. Ctesia et Agatharch. ed.
H. Stephanus. Paris. 1557. 8vo. 1594. 8vo.-Memn.
exc. Acc. Nymphidis, Promathida, Domit. Calli-
COMMOD. 180–193. SEPT. SEVER. 193–211. 171
strati fr. et Chionis epist. coll. et ill. Jo. Conr.
Orellius. Lips. 1816. 8vo.
(az) PAUSANIAS, of Cæsarea in Cappadocia,
about 174, travelled much in order to make himself
acquainted with monuments, and wrote at Rome
τῆς Ἑλλάδος περιήγησιν 10 books.
Venet. ap. Ald. 1516. fol.-c. Xyl. Sylb. et suis anim.
ed. Joach. Kuhnius. Lips. 1696. fol.-e Codd. em. J. F.
Facius. Lips. 1794-96. 4 vols. 8vo.-ed. Gr. em. adnot.
atque indd. adj. Car. God. Siebelis. Lips. 1822–28. 5 vols.
8vo.-recogn. Imm. Bekkerus. Berol. 1826. 2 vols. 8vo.—
trad. par Clavier. Paris. 1815-21. 5 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. v. p. 307.
(b) LUCIAN, of Samosata in Syria, between 122—
200, an advocate at Antioch, then a Rhetorician,
in which character he taught in Gaul, Macedonia,
and Greece, an eclectic philosopher, in the reign
of Marc. Anton. Actuarius and Procurator of a
port of Egypt. In his writings he ridiculed the
follies, foibles, and vices of men, especially of the
philosophers.
Ed. pr. Florent. 1496. fol.-ed. Jo. Benedictus. Salmur.
1619. 2 vols. 8vo.-ed. Tib. Hemsterhusius et J. Fr. Reitzius.
Amstelod. 1743. 4 vols. 4to. reprinted Bipont. 1789–91. 9 vols.
8vo. ex fide Codd. Pariss. rec. Fr. Schmieder. Halæ 1800.
2 vols. 8vo. (Hemst. animadv. appendix in Anecd. Hemst.
Ed. J. Geel. Lugd. B. 1825. 8vo. p. 1-163.)-post Tib.
Hemst. et Reitz. denuo castig. c. var. lect. schol. Gr. VV.
172 COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193-211.
suisque adn. et indd. ed. J. T. Lehmann. Lips. 1822, sqq.
7 vols. 8vo.-Toxaris Gr. proleg. instr. annot. et quæst. adj.
C. G. Jacob. Halæ 1825. 8vo.-Göttergesp.-von E. Fr.
Poppo. Leipz. 1825. 8vo.-dial. deor. cum schol. Gr. brevibus
not.-ed. F. V. Fritzsche. Lips. 1829.-Alex. Demon. etc.
ex conform. F. V. Fritzsche. Præc. quæstiones Lucian.
Lips. 1826. 8vo.-Alex. prol. instr. annot. et exc. adj. C.
G. Jacob. Colon. 1828.-quomodo hist. conscribi oporteat, ed.
C. Fr. Hermann. Francof. 1828. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 325.
(ba) EL. ARISTIDES, of Hadrianopolis in Bithy-
nia, 129-189, lived at Smyrna, a much esteemed
Sophist; 53 of his speeches and a rhetorical work
are still extant.
Ed. pr. Flor. ap. Junt. 1517. fol.-c. n. Guil. Canteri.
Geneva 1604. 3 vols. 8vo.-opp. omn. rec. Sam. Jebb. Oxon.
1722. 1730. 2 vols. 4to.-ex rec. Guil. Dindorfii. Lips. 1829.
3 vols. 8vo.-declam. Leptineæ. Em. atque annot. cum suis,
tum A. Maii et Jo. Morellii ill. ed. Guil. H. Grauert. Bonnæ
1827.-scholia in Arist. oratt. Panath. et Platon. plurima ex
parte nunc primum e Codd. MSS. ed. Guil. Frommel. Fran-
cof. ad Mon. 1826. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 12.
(bb) JUSTINUS MARTYR, of Sychem or Flavia
Neapolis in Palestine, became a Christian, but being
calumniated, particularly by the Cynic Crescentius,
was beheaded by order of the Emp. Marc. Aurel.
Anton. in the year 165.
Opp. ex offic. Rob. Stephani. Paris. 1551. fol.-c. notis
et indd. Fr. Sylburgii. Heidelb. 1593. fol. Paris. 1615.
COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193–211. 173
Colon. 1686. fol.-c. MSS. Codd. coll. et illustr. op. unius
e monachis congreg. S. Mauri (Prudentius Maranus) Paris.
Hag. Com. 1742. fol.-ed. Fr. Oberthür in Opp. Patrum
Græc. t. i.iii. Würzb. 1777. 8vo.-Apologia e rec. Gra-
biana (Oxon. 1700. 8vo.) varr. lectt. et conject. VV. DD.
add. Chrn. Guil. Thalemann. Lips. 1755. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. vii. p. 52.
(bc) ATHENAGORAS, of Athens, a Platonic philo-
sopher and Christian, whose efforts were principally
directed to the elucidation of Christian ideas by
Platonic, πρεσβεία περὶ Χριστιανῶν.
Ed. ex offic. H. Steph. 1557. 8vo.-c. emend. var. lectt. ad-
nott. var. ed. Ed. Dechair. Oxon. 1706. also in the Justin M. of
Maran.-deprec. pro Christ. c. var. lect. et comm. perp. ed.
Jo. Glieb. Lindner. Longosalissæ 1774. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. vii. p. 95.
(bd) TATIANUS, a Syrian, a man profoundly
versed in the Greek philosophy and literature,
became a Christian at Rome, a follower of Justin M.
afterwards the founder of a new sect from the year
172. λόγος πρὸς Ἕλληνας—ed. Conr. Gesner. Tiguri
1546.--ed. W. Worth. Oxon. 1700. 4to. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. vii. p. 87.
(be) PHRYNICHUS, of Bithynia, a Sophist, in the
reigns of M. Aurelius and Commodus, made a
selection of Attic words, in alphabetical order, ixλoyn
ῥημάτων καὶ ὀνομάτων Αττικ
174 COMMOD. 180–193. SEPT. SEVER. 193–211.
Ed. Zach. Calliergi s. a. (1517) 8vo.-c. n. Jo. Nunnesii,
Dav. Hoeschelii, Jos. Scalig. et suis ed. Jo. Corn. de Pauw.
Traj. ad Rh. 1739. 4to.-c. n. Nunn. Hoesch. Scal. et de
Pauw. ed. explic. Chr. Aug. Lobeck. Lips. 1820. 8vo.—ix râv
Φρ. τοῦ ᾿Αραβίου τῆς σοφιστικῆς προπαρασκευῆς ἰτι Bekkeri anecd.
Gr. i. p. 3.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 175.
τῶν
(bf) JULIUS POLLUX, of Naucratis, in the time.
of M. Aurelius and Commodus, teacher of rhetoric at
Athens, wrote a catalogue, arranged according to the
classes of subjects, of idiomatic and synonymous
words, 'Ovoμactiv. 10 books.
Ven. ap. Ald. 1502. fol.-edd. Jo. H. Lederlinus et Tib.
Hemsterhuis. Amstel. 1706. fol.-cur. Guil. Dindorf. Lips.
1824. 5 vols. 6 pp. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 141.
(bg) SEXTUS, a physician (Empiricus) and Pyr-
rhonic philosopher, under Commodus, about 190.
Πυῤῥωνείων ὑποτυπώσεων libr. III. πρὸς μαθηματικούς
(Dogmatists, Sages, and Philosophers) libri XI.
Ed. pr. Paris. ap. H. Steph. 1621. fol.-e Codd. MSS.
em. Jo. Alb. Fabricius. Lips. 1718. fol. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 527.
(bh) ÆLIUS MERIS, ATTICISTA, a Grammarian,
about 190 : λέξεις Αττικῶν καὶ Ἑλλήνων.
Ed. Joh. Hudson. Oxon. 1712. 8vo.-c. Jo. Hudsoni, St.
Bergleri. Cl. Sallierii et all. suisque notis ed. Jo. Piersonus.
Lugd. B. 1759. 8vo. reprint. Lips. 1831. cum annot. suis et
COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193–211. 175
plerisque J. Fr. Fischeri denuo ed. G. A. Koch. 1830, sq.
2 vols. 8vo. ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri. see Harpocration, p. 147.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 171.
(bi) ARCADIUS, of Antiochia, Tɛgi Tóvwv primus
ed. Edm. Henr. Barker. Lips. 1820. 8vo. also in
Collectt. no. 35.
(bk) MAXIMUS TYRIUS, lived at Rome in the time
of Commodus, a Sophist and Platonic Philosopher.
Of his treatises, διαλέξεις οι λόγοι upon philosophical
subjects, there are 41 extant.
Par. ap. Henr. Steph. 1557. 8vo.-e codd. Parr. em. Jo.
Davisius c. annot. Jer. Marklandi. Lond. 1740. 4to.
cum notis Davis. et Marklandi ed. J. J. Reiske. Lips. 1774.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 515.
(bl) (FLAV.?) PHILOSTRATUS the elder, in the
time of Septimius Severus, Philippus (244), a Sophist,
taught eloquence at Rome and Athens: vita Apol-
lonii Tyanensis, 8 books. (G. T. Becker spec.
var. lect. et obs. in Phil. v. Apoll. l. I. adj. schol. Gr.
MS. ad VII. libr. priores.
Acc. Fr. Creuzeri
annot. Heidelb. 1821. 8vo.) Heroica, Dialogue
between a Vine-dresser and a Phoenician upon 21
Homeric Heroes; rec. J. Fr. Boissonade. Paris.
1806. 8vo. Imagines 66. Description of a picture
gallery at Naples. Philostratorum imagines et
Callistrati statuæ ad fid. vett. ll. rec. et comm.
adj. Fr. Jacobs. Lips. 1825. 8vo. Cf. Chr. Gottl.
176 COMMOD. 180-193. Sept. sever. 193–211.
Heynii Philostrati Im. illustratio in Opusc. ac
vol. v.) vitæ Sophistarum, 2 books. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. v. p. 540.
(bm) FLAY. PHILOSTRATUS, the younger, nephew
on the mother's side to the former, of Lemnos, in the
time of Caracalla: imagines.
Philostratorum opp. ed. Gottfr. Olearius. Lips. 1709. fol.
Fabric. ib. p. 554.
(bn) ZENOBIUS or ZENODOTUs, a Sophist, about
200, made extracts from the proverbs collected
by Lucillus Tarrhæus and Didymus.
(bo) DIOGENIANUS of Heraclea, a contemporary
of the former, author of a large dictionary. Out of this
an anonymous writer made a collection of proverbs.
Acccording to Suidas, Diogen. also compiled an
ἀνθολόγιον. See both those works together, Zenobii
epitome paramiarum (Lucilli) Tarrhæi et Didymi,
Flor. ap. Junt. 1497. 4to.—-ñagoulaı Ennavınal illustr.
ab Andr. Schotto. Antwerp. 1612. small fol. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. v. p. 108.
(bq) T. FLAVIUS CLEMENS, Presbyter at Alex-
andria, a learned man who attempted to recommend
Christianity by comparing it with the doctrines of the
COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193-211. 177
ancient Greek philosophers. προτρεπτικός λόγος, παι
δαγωγός ll. III. στρωματεῖς (writings of a miscellaneous
character) U. VIII.
Ed. pr. Flor. cur. P. Victorio 1550. fol.-ex rec. Fr. Syl-
burgii. Heidelb. 1592. fol.-c. n. Fr. Sylb. et Dan. Heinsii.
Lugd. B. 1616. fol. Paris. 1629. fol.-c. n. Heins. Wilh.
Lowthi et aliorum suisque ed. Jo. Potter. Lond. 1715. fol.
Venet. 1757. 2 vols. fol.-recogn. Reinh. Klotz. Lips. 1831,
sq. 3 vols. 8vo. Clem. Al. liber quis dives salutem consequi
possit, perp. comm. ill. a Car. Segaario. Traj. ad Rh. 1817.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 119.
dλievtixà
(br) OPPIANUS, of Corycus in Cilicia, in the
reigns of M. Antonin. and Commodus, author of
a poem Tià in 5 books. Oppian, of Apamea
in Cappadocia, who lived in the time of Caracalla
(211–217) and wrote a poem zvvnyerizά in 4 books,
is a different person. Of the poem evrind, there
is extant only the paraphrase by Euteknius. ed.
Er. Vinding. Havn. 1702. 8vo. Nachtr. zu Sulz. vi.
p. 379.
Ed. pr. Halieutica Gr. Flor. ap. Junt. 1515. 8vo.-Hal. et
Cyneg. Venet. ap. Ald. 1517. 8vo. ap. Hadrianum Turne-
bum. Paris. 1555. 4to.-rec. et c. comm. ed. Conr. Ritter-
shusius. Lugd. B. 1597. Svo.-em. Jo. Gottl. Schneider.
Argent. 1776. large 8vo. Lips. 1813. 8vo.-ed. Belin. du
Ballu. Argent. 1786. 4to. and large 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 590.
(bs) DOSITHEUS commonly Dosith. Magister.
N
178 COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193-211.
i
Δωσιθ. τοῦ γραμματικοῦ ἑρμηνευμάτων βιβλίον γ. nunc
primum int. ed. comm. et indd. instr. Ed. Böcking.
Bonn. 1832. 12mo.
Egypt, about
davoro PIOTŴV
δειπνοσοφιστῶν
(bt) ATHENÆUs, of Naucratis in
210, a Grammarian and Sophist.
libri xv. Dialogues of several learned men at a
banquet upon different subjects of literature, par-
ticularly valuable for the frequent introduction of
fragments of lost poets.
The first 2 books and
the beginning of the 3d are extant only in an
extract.
Ed. pr. Aldina. Venet. 1514. fol.-cum comm. Is. Casau-
boni. Lugd. tom. i. 1612. t. ii. 1621. fol. 1657-1664. fol.—
ed. Schweighaeuser. Bip. 1801-1807. Text. 5 B. Comm. 9 B.
8vo.-ex rec. Guil. Dindorfii. Lips. 1827. 3 vols. 8vo.-
Fr. Jacobs additamenta animadv. in Ath. Deipn. Jenæ 1809.
8vo. Aug. Meineke curæ crit. in comic. fr. ab Athen. servata.
Berol. 1814. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 602.
(bu) ALEXANDER, of Aphrodisias in Caria, teacher
of the peripatetic philosophy at Athens and Alex-
andria in the time of Septim. Severus and Caracalla.
He wrote chiefly Commentaries upon the writings of
Aristotle and other works. agi yuxus libri II. and
Tegi eiμaguévns l. I. which are extant in the Venet.
Edit. of Themistius, (1534. fol.), the latter also in
Hug. Grotii Opp. theol. Amstel. 1679. fol. t. iii.
COMMOD. 180-193. SEPT. SEVER. 193-211. 179
Ptotini, Bardesanis Syri et Ge. Gemist. Plethonis de
fato que supersunt. Rec. Jo. Conr. Orellius. Turic.
1824. 8vo. de febribus lib. in Germ. nunc pr. ed. Fr.
Passow. Vratisl. 1822. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 650.
(bw) DIOGENES, of Laertius in Cilicia, in the
reigns of Septim. Severus and Caracalla, wrote an
insipid and uncritical compilations de vita, placitis et
dictis clarorum philosophorum libr. X.
Ed. pr. Basil. ap. Froben. 1533. 4to.-c. n. Aldobrandini.
(Rom. 1594. fol.) Is. et Merici Casaubon. et comm. Ægid.
Menagi ed. Marc. Meibomius. Amstel. 1692. 2 vols. 4to.-
P. Gassendi comm. in libr. X. Diog. L. Paris. 1646. fol.—ed.
P. D. Longolius. Curiæ Regn. 1739. 2 vols. 8vo.-em. append.
crit. et indicc. instr. H. G. Huebnerus. Lips. 1828, sqq. 8vo.
Is. Cas. et Æg. Men. obss. et em. ed. id. ib. 1830. 8vo. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. v. p. 564.
(br) AGATHEMER, a Geographer in the time of
Septim. Severus: ὑποτυπώσεων τῆς γεωγραφίας ἐν ἐπιτο-
µỹ libr. II.—ed. Sam. Tennulius, Amstel. 1671. 8vo.
-in Hudsoni geogr. script. min. vol. ii. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. iv. p. 615.
(by) AMMONIUS SACCAS, a man of low extraction,
but great talent, founder of the new Platonism, whose
aim was the union of the Platonic and Aristotelic
180 CARACALLA 211-217. MACRIN. HELIOGABAL.
philosophy, the contemplation of and an intimate union
with the Absolute. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 701.
-
(b2) CL. ÆLIANUS, of Præneste in Italy, a So-
phist, in the time of Severus Alex. variæ historiæ
libri XIV, extracts from Athenæus and others in an
ornate style.
Ed. Cam. Peruscus. Romæ 1545. 4to.-ed. Joach. Kuhn.
Argent. 1685. 8vo. improved by Joh. Heinr. Lederlin. ib. 1713.
8vo. ed. Jac. Perizonius. Lugd. B. 1701. 8vo.-ed. Abr.
Gronovius. Lugd. B. 1731. 4to.-ed. Coray. Paris. qws (1805).
Histor. Animal. libri XVII. ed. Conr. Gesner. Tiguri 1556.
fol.-ed. Abr. Gronovius. Lond. 1744. 4to.-Jo. Gottl. Schnei-
der. Lips. 1784. 8vo. 2 vols.-ad fid. 11. MSS. constit. Fr.
Jacobs. Jenæ 1832. 2 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 611.
(c) DIO CASSIUS COCCEIANUS, of Nicæa in
Bithynia, from 180 a Roman Senator, in the years
222 and 229 Consul, though the Prætorians demanded
his death. He wrote a Roman history in 80 books,
from the arrival of Æneas to the year 229, but of
which only the 36-54 books remain; of the 55—60
there is only an extract by an anonymous hand; of
the 1st books to 146 B. C. there is one by Zonaras in
his Hist. From books 35-80, which contained the
History of the period from Pompey to Alexander Sev.
Jo. Xiphilinus of Trapezus made an extract in the
11th Cent.
Ed. pr. Rob. Stephani. Lutet. 1548. fol.-cum n. Leun-
clavii, R. Steph. Xyl. Sylb. H. Steph. F. Ursini. Hanov. 1606.
SEVERUS ALEXANDER 222-235.
181
fol.-em. et c. n. VV. DD. ed. Herm. Sam. Reimarus cum
annott. J. Alb. Fabricii. Hamb. 1750. fol. 2 vols.-em.-Joh.
Jac. Reiskii al. et suas notas adj. Fr. Guil. Sturz. Lips. 1824.
vols. 8vo.-Dion. C. hist. Rom. exc. in Ang. Maii scriptt.
vett. coll. t. ii. p. 135, sqq. p. 527, sqq. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 138.
(ca) ORIGENES, Presbyter at Cæsarea, b. at Alex-
andria 185, d. 253, bestowed his critical labours upon
the Greek Translation of the LXX, and wrote besides
several philosophical works.
Opp. omnia, rec. et ill. Car. Delarue. Paris. 1733-1759.
4 vols. fol.-ad ed. Par. ed. Oberthür. Würzb. 1785. 15 vols.
8vo. ex var. edd. et Codd. rec. atque ill. C. et C. V. Delarue,
denuo rec. em. cast. C. H. Ed. Lommatzsch. Berol. 1831. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 201.
(cb) HERODIANUS, about 238, lived chiefly at
Rome, and wrote a Roman History from the death of
the Emp. M. Aurel. to the reign of Gordian. (180-
238) in 8 books.
Ed. pr. Aldina. Venet. 1503. fol.-ed. H. Stephani. 1581.
4to.-in Sylburg. scriptt. hist. rom. min. Francof. ad Mon.
1590. fol. t. iii.-Jo. Henr. Boecler. Argent. 1644. 1662. 1672.
8vo.-Fr. Aug. Wolf. Halis 1792. 8vo.-ed. Theoph. Guil.
Irmisch. Lips. 1789. Gr. 8vo. 2 books. (only I. II. III. IV. to c.
15.)—ad cod. Venet. a se excuss. recogn. I. Bekkerus. Berol.
1826. 8vo.
(cc) PLOTINUS, b. 205 at Lycopolis in Egypt
pupil of Ammonius Saccas, lived chiefly at Rome
182 SEVERUS ALEXANDER.-AURELIAN 270-75.
He is the most eminent among the New Platonists.
His works were revised, arranged, and published
under the name of Enneades, by his pupil Porphyrius.
Edit. Basil. 1580. fol.-Pl. liber de pulchritudine
ad Codd. MSS. fidem em. annot. perpet. interjectis
Dan. Wyttenbachii notis-adj. Frid. Creuzerus.
Heidelb. 1814. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 676.
(cd) [DIONYSIUS CASSIUS] LONGINUS, b. 213,
perhaps of Athens, pupil of Ammon. Saccas, applied
himself particularly to Grammar, Criticism, and
Eloquence, became the Counsellor of Zenobia Queen
of Palmyra, and as such put to death by order of the
Emp. Aurelian, 273. Ruhnkenii diss. de Longino. Of
his numerous writings there only remains that regi
ὕψους.
Ed. pr. Franc. Robortelli. Basil. 1554. 4to.-ed. Jac. Tollius.
Traj. ad Rhen. 1694. 4to.-ed. Zach. Pearce. Lond. 1724.
4to.-ed. Sam. Fr. Nath. Morus. Lips. 1769. 8vo. libellus ani-
madverss. ib. 1773. 8vo.-ed. Jo. Toup. Oxon. 1778. 4to. and
8vo.-ed. Benj. Weiske. Lips. 1809. large 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. vi. p. 79.
(ce) TIBERIUS, a Rhetorician: Tegi Tây Tagà Anreo-
obéves oxygeárary in Collectt. no. 34. Tib. rh. de
figuris, altera parte auctior, una cum Rufi arte
rhetorica. Ed. Jo. Fr. Boissonade. Lond. 1815. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p.
118.
(ef) In the second century after Christ we may
AURELIAN 270-275. DIOCLETIAN 284-305. 183
probably date the appearance of the oracula Sibyllina
11. XIII. by Christian authors,-11. VIII. ed. Xyst.
Betuleius. Basil. 1545. 4to. Jo. Opsopaus, Paris.
1589. 8vo. Servat. Gallæus. Amstelod. 1689. 4to.—
lib. XIV. ed. Ang. Mai. Mediol. 1817. 8vo. See
Birger Thorlacius de libris Sibyllistarum vet. eccles.
Havn. 1815. 8vo.— Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 238, sqq.
(cg) ACHILLES TATIUS, of Alexandria, about 300,
wrote a Romance de amoribus Clitophontis et Leu-
cippes l. VIII. also περὶ σφαίρας ΟΙ εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ ᾿Αρ.
Φαινόμ.
Ed. Jo. Commelin. Heidelb. 1601. 8vo.-ed. Benj. Glieb.
Laur. Boden. Lips. 1776. Gr. 8vo.-Christ. Guil. Mitscherlich.
Bip. 1792, 8vo.-textum ad MSS. fidem rec. not. sel. Salmasii,
ineditas Fr. Guyeti, Goettlingii, Hasii et suas adj. Fr. Jacobs.
Lips. 1821. 8vo.—gì σpaigas ed. P. Victorius. Flor. 1567. fol.
Dion. Petavii Uranologium. Paris. 1630. Amst. 1703. fol.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 41. t. viii. p. 130.
(ch) PORPHYRIUS, prop. Malchus, a Syrian, b.
233, d. 305, pupil of Plotinus and Longinus, who
distinguished himself as a New Platonic, lived chiefly
at Rome. Besides several smaller philosophical and
grammatical writings, (Scholia in Hom. at the end of
Virgil. collat. scriptt. Gr. ill. ed. Valckenaer. Leov.
1747. 8vo.) are extant: 1) lib. de vita Pythag.—c.
n. Luc. Holstenii (Rom. 1630. 8vo.) et C. Rittershusii
ed. Lud. Küster. Amstel. 1707. 4to. See Jamblichus.
1
184
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT 306–337.
2) de abstinentia ab esu anim. l. IV.-rec. et c. n.
P. Victorii, Jo. Valentini, Jo. J. Reiskii suisque ed.
Jac. de Rhoer. Traj. ad Rhen. 1767. 4to. 3) de
antro Nympharum in Od.-rec. R. M. van Goens.
Traj. ad Rh. 1765. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 725.
Πορφ. Φιλ. πρὸς Μαρκέλλαν, inven. interpr. notisque
declar. Angel. Maius. Mediol. 1816. (annexed to his
Philo).
(ci) ALCIPHRON, of uncertain age, one of the most
elegant of the Sophists, an imitator of Menander
(see Meineke quæst. Men. I. p. 53.), wrote 44 letters,
in which are represented the modes of thinking and
living which characterize different classes, (e. g. Fisher-
men, Peasants, Parasites.)
In Collectt. no. 27.-rec. ed. Steph. Bergler. Lips. 1715.
8vo. rec. cum St. Bergl. comm. et not. VV. DD. ed. J. A.
Wagner. Lips. 1798. 2 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 695.
(ck) TIMEUS, at the end of the third century,
Lexicon vocum Platonicarum, which Dav. Ruhn-
kenius first edited from a MS. of the Library at
St. Germain. Lugd. B. 1754. 1789. 8vo. cur. et
observ. append. aux. G. A. Koch. Lips. 1832. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. 243.
p.
(cl) JAMBLICHUS, of Chalcis in Syria, a pupil of
Porphyry, a New Platonic and Magician.-1) de vita
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT 306-337.
185
Pythag. (first book of a work περὶ τῆς Πυθ. αἱρέσεως
in 10 books.)-rec. Lud. Küster. Amstel. 1707.
4to. (with Porph.)—recogn. Küst. aliorumque anim.
adj. Th. Kiessling. Acc. Porphyr. de vit. Pyth.
ç. n. Holst. et Ritterh. Lips. 2 vols. 1815, sq. 2) πgo-
TgETTINós rec. Kiessling. Lips. 1812. 8vo. 3) in Ni-
com. Ger. arithm. ed. et ill. Sam. Tennulius. Arnh.
1688. 4to. 4) de myster. Æg.-ed. Th. Gale. Oxon.
1678. fol. A fragment of the work: de fato, occurs
in the Ed. of Tennulius. See other frag. in Villois.
Anecd. Gr. t. ii. p. 188, sqq. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v.
p. 758.
(cm) EUSEBIUS, (Pamphili sc, amicus), of Cæ-
sarea in Palestine, b. 264, Bishop in his native town,
fr. 315. d. 340. There are extant by him, 1) a
Chronicon in the Latin Translation of Hieronymus-
Thesaurus temp. op. et st. Jvs. Scaligeri. Lugd. B.
1606. fol. Amstel. 1658. fol. Eus. chron. canonum
ll. II. opus ex Haicano cod. a D. Joh. Zohrabo dili-
genter expressum et castig. Ang. Maius et J. Zohrab.
nunc primum conjunctis curis Latinit. donatum notis-
que ill. additis Gr. reliquiis edd. Mediol. 1818.-
chron. bipartitum nunc primum ex Armen. textu in
Lat. conversum, adnot. auctum, Gr. fragm. exornatum
opera P. F. Bapt. Ancher. Venet. 1818. 2 vols. 4to.
od. I. fol. 2) εὐαγγελικῆς ἀποδείξεως προπαρασκευή in
15 books.-ed. R. Stephanus. Paris. 1544. fol.-rec.
186
CONSTANTINE II. -340. CONSTANS-350.
Franc. Vigerus. Paris. 1628. fol. Colon. 1688. fol.
3) demonstratio evangelica 10 books.-ed. Rob.
Stephan. Paris. 1545. fol.-ill. Ric. Montacutius.
Paris. 1628. fol. Colon. 1688. fol. 4) hist. ecclesi-
astica 10 books. -rec. Rob. Stephan. Paris. 1544.
fol.-em. et ill. H. Valesius. Paris. 1659. 1677. fol.
-in Hist. eccles. scriptt. Gr. ed. Guil. Reading.
Cantabr. 1720. 3 vols. fol.-c. int. H. Valesii comm.
sel. Read. Strothii al. animadv. edid. suas animadv.
excurs. indd. add. Fr. Ad. Heinichen. Lips. 1827, sq.
3 vols. 8vo.—5) de vita Constantini ll. IV. et Paneg.
-ed. id. Lips. 1830. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 335.
(cn) APHTHONIUS, a Rhetorician and Sophist of
Antioch, wrote progymnasmata rhetorica in imitation
of Hermogenes.
Ed. pr. Collectt. no. 39.-c. n. Jo. Schefferi. Upsal. 1670.
-(c. Dan. Heinsii.) Lugd. B. 1626. 8vo. with Theon réxv
Tegi #gozvμvaoµárwv. lastly in the Collectt. no. 41. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. vi. p. 94.
(co) THEON, a Rhetorician of Alexandria, goyu-
peváσpara, the most important work on this subject.
See Collectt. no. 41. t. i.
p. 145.
(cp) PALEPHATUS, about 322, wrote a work Eęś
άioτv, in which he explained the Myths for the most
part historically. We still possess an extract from
the first book.
CONSTANTIUS -361.
JULIANUS -363. 187
Ed. pr. apud Ald. Venet. 1505. fol. (with Æsop and others.)
-in Collectt. no. 31.-rec. Sig. Frid. Dresigius. Lips. 1735.
1751. 8vo.—rec. J. Fr. Fischer. Lips. 1772. 1786. 1789. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 182.
(cq) HERACLITUS, of uncertain age, anthor of a
work ἀλληγορίαι Ομης. and of another περὶ ἀπίστων,
which was formerly ascribed to Heraclides Pont.
All. Hom. ed. pr. ap. Ald. Venet. 1505. fol.—Collectt. no.
31.-ed. Nic. Schow. Gott. 1782. 8vo. z. àríor. Rom. 1641.
8vo. by Leo Allatius. Collectt. no. 31.
(cr) FLAV. CL. JULIANUS, apostata, b. 331,
Emperor 360, d. 363, a man of great talent, who dis-
tinguished himself not only as a general and states-
man, but also as a Philosopher and an eloquent
author. We have still extant by him Satires, Misopo-
gon, Cæsares, Speeches, and 9 Letters.
Opp. ed. Dion. Petavius. Paris. 1630. 4to.-ed. Ez. Span-
hemius. Lips. 1696. 2 vols. fol. Les Césars de l'emp. Jul.
Amsterd. 1728. 4to.-Cæsares ed. Jo. Mich. Heusinger.
Goth. 1736. 1741. 8vo. Jul. in Constantii laudem or. cum
anim. D. Wyttenbachii ed. Godofr. Henr. Schaefer. Lips.
1802. 8vo. Jul. imp. quæ feruntur epist. Acc. ei. fragm.
c. pöemat. Ad fid. 11. MSS. ac typis excus. rec.cum
priorum editt. tum suis observ. ill. Lud. Henr. Heyler. Mo-
gunt. 1828. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi.
p. 719.
(cs) LIBANIUS, of Antioch, b. 314, d. 386,
a Sophist, lived principally at Constantinople, and
188 CONSTANTIUS -361. JULIANUS -363.
was a favourite with the Emperor Julian. We have
by him progymnasmata, Declamations, Speeches, and
Letters.
Ed. Feder. Morèllus. Paris. 1606. 1627. 2 vols. fol.-rec. et
ill. J. J. Reiske, ed. Ern. Reiske. Altenb. 1784-97. 4 vols.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 750.
(ct) ARISTENETUS, of Nicæa, a Sophist, friend
of Libanius, came to Nicomedia 358 at the time of an
earthquake. He wrote amatory epistles in imitation
of Alciphron.
Ed. pr. ex bibl. Jo. Sambuci. Antw. 1566. 4to.—rec. et c.
n. Merceri (Paris. 1639.) ed. de Pauw. Traj. 1738.—ed. Frid.
Lud. Abresch. Zwoll. 1749. 8vo. Ei. lectiones Aristaneteæ
ib. eod.-Virr. erud. et Cl. Salm. ac Th. Munckeri not.
Amstel. 1752. Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 695.
(cu) VALERIUS HARPOCRATION, of Alexandria,
a Rhetorician and Grammarian, contemporary of
Libanius, wrote a Lexicon X oratorum.
Ed. Ald. Venet. 1503. fol.-cum Phil. Maussaci et H.
Valesii notis ed. Nic. Blancardus. Lugd. B. 1683. 4to.-ed.
Jac. Gronovius. Lugd. B. 1696. 4to. Harpocration et
Moris. ex rec. Imm. Bekkeri. Berol. 1833.-c. ann. interpr.
et lect. 1. MS. Vratisl. Lips. 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. vi. p. 245.
(cw) HIMERIUS, of Cios in Bithynia, lived at
Athens as a teacher of Rhetoric in and after the
JULIAN. -363.
THEOD. THE GR. 378-395. 189
reign of Julian, a Sophist, and an imitator of
Aristides. There are several Declainations by him
still extant.
Himerii quæcunque reperiri potuerunt, e codd. nunc pri-
mum ed. et rec. Gottfr. Wernsborf. Gott. 1790. 8vo. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. vi. p. 55.
(cx) THEMISTIUS, surnamed Evqgadis, of Paph-
lagonia, in the reign of Julian, and still living in
that of Arcadius, Senator 355, Præfectus of Con-
stantinople 362 and 384, and companion of the
Pr. Arcadius in the west, a philosopher and an
eloquent speaker. Of his writings there still remain
a paraphrase of some works of Aristotle, and 33
orations.
Ed. pr. Ald. Venet. 1534. fol. (8 R.)—ed. H. Stephanus.
1562. 8vo. (14 R.)-ed. Dion. Petavius. Paris. 1618. 4to.
(19 R.)—ed. Joh. Harduin. Paris. 1684. fol. (33 R.)—ex cod.
Mediol. em. a G. Dindorfio. Lips. 1832. 8vo. μ. λöyos
πρὸς τοὺς αἰτιασαμένους ἐπὶ τῷ δέξασθαι τὴν ἀρχήν. inven. et
interpr. Ang. Maius. Mediol. 1816. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv.
p. 790.
(cy) DIOPHANTUS, of Alexandria, applied himself
chiefly to Algebra. He wrote Arithmetica in 13
books, of which 6 are still extant, and de numeris
polygonis.-c. comm. Gasp. Bachet de Meziriac.
Paris. 1621. fol.-The de numeris Polygonis trans-
190 THEOD. THE GR. 378-395.
ARCADIUS -408.
lated by F. Poselger. Leipz. 1810. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. v. p. 641.
(cz) SALLUSTIUS, Cos. in the year 363, a
Platonic.—περὶ θεῶν καὶ κόσμου -c. n. Luc. Holstenii ed.
Gabr. Naudæus. Roma 1638. Lugd. B. 1639.
12mo. also in Collectt. no. 31.-L. Holst. et Th.
Galei annot. int. Formeii (French transl. Berlin
1748. 8vo.) autem selectis aliorumque et suis ill. J.
C. Orellius. Turici 1821. 8vo.
(d) AMMONIUS, a Grammarian of Alexandria,
about 389, wrote a dictionary of synonyms, wɛgi
ὁμοίων καὶ διαφόρων λέξεων, which appears to be in
great part taken from the work of an old Grammarian,
the Ptolemæus of Ascalon, (Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi.
p. 156, sq. 521.) π. διαφορᾶς λέξεων.
Ed. pr. ap. Ald. 1497. 1524. fol.-ed. Lud. Casp. Valcke-
naer. Lugd. B. 1739. 4to. Nova ed. (cur. G. H. Schaefero.)
Lips. 1822. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. v. p. 715.
(da) HELIODORUS of Emesa in Syria, in the time
of Theodosius the Great and his son, afterwards
Bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. In his youth he
wrote a Romance Aitioπix@v libr. X. de amorib. Thea-
genis et Charicleæ.
Ed. pr. Basil. 1534. 4to.-ap. Hier. Commelin. 1596. 8vo.
Lugd. 161). 8vo.-cum anim. Jo. Bourdelotii. Lutet. Paris.
THEOD. THE GR. 378–395. ARCADIUS –408. 191
1619. 8vo.-recogn. Ch. W.
2 vols. 8vo.-rec. Coray. Paris.
Gr. t. viii. p. 111.
Mitscherlich. Argent. 1798.
1805. 2 vols. 8vo.
vols. 8vo.
Fabric. B.
(db) GREGORY NAZIANZENUS, brought up at
Nazianzus in Cappadocia, b. 300, Bishop at Con-
stantinople 378, which post, however, he soon re-
signed. There are orations, epistles, and poems by
him. The dramatic poem Χριστὸς πάσχων, for the
most part consisting of verses of Euripides, is
spurious. (See Drama christ. quod X. II. inscri-
bitur, num Greg. Naz. tribuendum sit, quæstionem
proposuit H. Car. Abr. Eichstadius. Jena 1816.
4to.) Opera cum MSS. reg. cont. em. et interpr. est
Jac. Billius. Paris. 1609. 1611. 2 vols. 1630. 2 vols.
fol.-Opera S. Greg. Venet. 1753. 2 vols. fol.—
stud. monach. ord. S. Bened. e congr. S. Mauri (ed.
Clemencet.) Paris. 1778. 1 vol. fol. unfinished.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 383.
(dc) BASILIUS MAGNUS, of Cæsarea in Cap-
padocia, educated at Antioch, Constantinople, and
Athens, at the latter with Gregory, in his native
city diaconus, presbyter, and from 371 Bishop.
Homilies.-Opera omnia. Basil. 1551. fol.—c. Front.
Ducæi et Fed. Morelli. Paris. 1618. fol.-castig.
Julian. Garnier. Paris. 1721-30. 3 vols. fol.-
Basil. M. ad adolescentes oratio de modo e literis Gr.
192 THEOD. THE GR. 378-395. ARCADIUS -408.
proficiendi ed. Frid. Guil. Sturz. Geræ. 1791. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ix. p. 1.
(dd) NEMESIUS, Bishop at Emesa in Phoenicia.
de natura hominis em. Chrst. Fr. Matthæi.
Hala 1802. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 448.
1
(de) PAPPUS, of Alexandria, about 390, an
eminent Philosopher and Mathematician. Of his
mathematical collections only a small portion is
extant, in the Aristarchus of Wallis, the Euclides
of Gregory, Apollonius Perg. Oxf. 1706. 8vo. and
by Camerarius, also in Bredow epist. Paris. The
5th to the 8th book inclusive are printed in the Lat.
Translat. of Commandinus. Pisauri 1588. 1602.
П. ovvaywyai, collect. mathem. nunc prim. Gr. ed.
Herm. Jos. Eisenmann. Libri V. p. alt. Paris. 1824.
fol. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ix.
p. 170.
(df) EUNAPIUS, of Sardis, about 400. Bio-
graphies of the Philosophers and Sophists.-e cod.
Sambuci c. Hadr. Junii castigg. Antwerp. 1568.
8vo.- -e codd. Palat. em. et suppl. Hier. Commelin.
Heidelb. 1596. 8vo.-vitas sophist. et fr. hist. rec.
notisque ill. J. F. Boissonade. Acc. ann. D. Wytten-
bach. Amstelod. 1822. 8vo.
(dg) JOHANNES, of Antioch, b. 354, baptized 372,
ARCADIUS-408. HONORIUS -423.
193
from 398 Bishop of Constantinople, but banished
for his open censure of the vices of the great men;
d. 407; the most eloquent among the distinguished
Fathers of the Church; thence Chrysostomus.—
Opera ex rec. Front. Ducæi et Car. Morelli. Paris.
1609-33. 12 vols. fol.-c. Henr. Savilii. Eton.
1613. 7 vols. fol.-op. et st. Bern. de Montfaucon.
Paris. 1718-38. 13 vols. fol.-Jo. Chrys. selecta.—
annot. subj. Jo. van Voorst. Lugd. B. 2 vols. 1827.
31. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 454.
(di) HESYCHIUS, of Alexandria, at the beginning
of the fifth cent., author of a voluminous Lexicon,
compiled from the old Grammarians, of which we
have a fragment still remaining. C. F. Ranke
de Lex. Hesych. vera orig. et gen. forma. Quedlinb.
1831. 8vo.
Ed. pr. Ald. Venet. 1514. edited by Marcus Musurus.-
cum notis DD. VV. rec. Jo. Alberti. tom. i. 1746. tom. ii. 1766.
fol.-Hes. Lex. e cod. MS. biblioth. D. Marci restitutum,
auctore N. Schow. Lips. 1792. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi.
p. 201.
To the fourth century, the period of the conflict.
between Paganism and Christianity, we may also
assign with much probability the so-called ORPHICA.
Ed. pr. ap. Phil. Juntam. Flor. 1500. 4to.-Ald. 1517.
8vo. at first with the poem Aidixá.-by Henr. Steph. in Collectt.
0
194
HONORIUS -423.
ARCADIUS-408.
no. 2.-by Joh. Matth. Gesn. and Chr. Hamberger. Lips. 1764.
8vo.-rec. God. Hermann. Lips. 1805. 8vo.
Separate Works: 1) Argonautica ed. Joh. Gottl. Schneider.
Jena 1803. 8vo. translated by J. H. Voss in his Hesiod. Hei-
delb. 1806. 8vo. (See Herm. diss. de ætate scriptoris Argonaut.
his Edit. Jacobs in Ukert's Geogr. d. Gr. und Röm. 1, 2.
p. 351. Lobeck. Aglaoph. p. 233.) 2) üµevos (86) (S. Lobeck.
Aglaoph. p. 396.) translated into Latin by Jos. Scaliger.
Lugd. B. 1516. 12mo. 3) sgì xilwv (upon the theurgic and
medicinal powers of stones) rec. Th. Tyrwhitt. Lond. 1781.
8vo. also in Herm. Edit. The Fragm. of the Orphica have
been collected by Lobeck also in the Aglaoph. p. 411—1104.—
Fabric. B. Gr. t. i. p. 140.
(dk) SYNESIUS, of Cyrene, a Platonic philosopher,
from 410 Bishop of Ptolemais near Cyrene; Speeches,
Letters, and Hymns.
Opp. rec. Dion. Petavius. Paris. 1612. 1640. fol. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. ix. p. 190.
(dl) LONGUS, author of a romance, vão tãy
κατὰ Δάφνιν καὶ Χλόην βιβλ. δ.
Ed. pr. Raph. Columbanii. Flor. ap. Phil. Juntam. 1598.
4to.-e codd. F. Ursini cur. Godofr. Jungermann. Hanov.
1605. 8vo.-ed. P. Mollius. Franequ. 1660. 4to.-ed. Benj.
Glieb. Laur. Boden. Lips. 1777. 8vo.-rec. Jo. Bapt. Casp.
d'Ansse de Villoison. Paris. 1778. 8vo.-recogn. Ch. W.
Mitscherlich. Argent. 1794. large 8vo.-rec. Godofr. H.
Schaefer. Lips. 1803. 12mo.-Longos the Soph. Daphnis and
Chloe Greek and German by Fr. Passow. Leipz. 1811. 8vo.
(in which the parts wanting in former editions have been
supplied from the Florent. Cod.) Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 133.
ARCADIUS -408.
195
HONORIUS -423.
(dm) NONNUS, of Panopolis in Egypt, about 410,
wrote 1) Alovucianav l. 48. a poem learned in matter and
diction, but destitute of taste. ed. Ger. Falkenburg.
Antv. 1597. 4to. Hanov. 1605. 1610. 8vo.-suis et
al. conj. em. et ill. Frid. Gräfe. Lips. vol. i. 1819.
ii. 1826. 8vo. 2) A metrical Paraphrase of the
Gospel of St. John, ed. Franc. Nansius. Lugd. B.
1599. 8vo.-ed. Frid. Sylburg. ap. Comm. 1596.
8vo.-Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 601. N. v. Pan. der
Dichter. Ein Beitrag zur Gesch. d. Gr. Poesie von
Ouwaroff. Petersb. 1814. 8vo.
(dn) MUSEUS, a Grammarian. Từ xưa Heo xào
Aiavdgov, an epic poem.-Venet. ap. Aldum. 1517.
8vo.-ed. H. Steph. in Collectt. no. 2.—c. n. Barthii
et al. ed. Jo. Henr. Kromayer. Hala 1721. 8vo.
ex rec. Matth. Roeveri cum schol. Gr. varr.
lectt. et not. Lugd. B. 1737. 8vo.—ex rec. Jo.
Schraderi. Leov. 1742. 8vo. Ed. nov. auct. cur.
God. H. Schaefer. Lips. 1825. 8vo.-ed. Car.
Fr. Heinrich. Hanov. 1793. 8vo.-Musæos, the
original text, translation, introd. and crit. annot.
by Francis Passow. Leipz. 1810. 8vo.
(do) XENOPHON EPHESIUS, author of a romance,
de Anthia et Habrocome libr. V. ed. Anton. Cocchius.
Lond. 1726. large 8vo.-recogn. Chr. Guil. Mits-
196 THEOD. II. 408-450.
MARCIAN -456.
cherlich. Bipont. 1794. 8vo.-rec. et ill. Al. Em.
L. B. de Lo. cella. Vienn. 1796. 4to.-rec. adnot.
illustr. P. Hofmann Peerlkamp. Harlem. 1818. 4to.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 146.
(dp) CHARITON, of Aphrodisias, wrote a romance,
de Charea et Callirrhoe, τῶν περὶ Χαιρέαν καὶ Καλλιῤῥόην
śwτixav dinɣnpárov libr. 8vo.-ed. Jac. Phil. d'Orville.
Amstel. 1750. 4to. Lips. 1783. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. viii. p. 150.
(dq) SYRIANUS, of Alexandria, a celebrated Pla-
tonic Philosopher and Rhetorician, about 432. His
commentary on several books of Aristotle's Meta-
physics is extant only in the Latin Translation of
Hieron. Bagolinus. Venet. 1558. 4to. A com-
mentary upon the treatise of Hermogenes περὶ στάσεων,
in Rhet. Gr. Venet. ap. Ald. 1508. 2 vols. fol. is
ascribed to him. A fragment of his works is rò magi
εἰς περὶ
idea, an introduction to Hermog. T. . was first
published by Spengel συναγωγή τεχνῶν p. 195. Fa-
bric. B. Gr. t. ix. p. 357.
(dr) Zosimus, about 435, comes fisci, wrote a his-
tory of the Emperors, particularly from Constantius
LEO THE GREAT, 457–474.
197
to 410, with a short survey of the history of former
reigns, νέας ιστορίας βίβλοι ἕξι
Ed. Fr. Sylburg. in Scriptt. hist. Rom. min. t. iii. P. 623.
-c. notis variorum cur. Chph. Cellario. Jenæ 1713. 8vo.—
rec. et illustr. J. Fr. Reitemeier. Lips. 1784. 8vo. Fabric.
B. Gr. t. viii. p. 62.
(ds) PROCLUS, surnamed LYCIUS and DIA-
DOCHUS, i. e. successor to his master Syrianus, born
at Constantinople 412, died at Athens 485, an
eclectic Philosopher.
1) Four Hymns, at first with Orpheus. Flor. ap. Jun-
tam 1500. 4to. Venet. ap. Ald. 1517. 8vo. Brunck. Anal.
t. ii. p. 441. Jacobs Anth. iii. p. 148. Two newly-discovered
H. in Biblioth. d. alten Litt. u. K. i. p. 46. ii. p. 10, sqq.—2) In
theolog. Plat. libri VI. cur. Frid. Lindenbrogio ed. Æm. Por-
tus. Hamb. 1618. fol. See below 5.) 3) Xenrroμabría c. schol.
Andr. Schotti et Jo. Nunnesii. Hanov. 1615. 4to. Cf. Bibl.
d. alt. Litt. u. K. 1r Th. Ined.-4) Comm. in. Plat. Timæum
1. v. Basil. 1534. fol. (in that ed. of Plato.) 5) Initia philos. ac
theol. ex Platon. fontibus ducta s. Procli Diad. et Olympiodori
in Plat. Alcib. comm. Ex Codd. MSS. nunc primum Gr.
edid. itemque ejusd. Pr. institutionem theol. integriorem
emendatioremque adj. Fr. Creuzer. Francof. ad M. 1820.
3 vols. 8vo.- Procli opp. e codd. MSS. bibl. reg. Paris. nune
primum ed. V. Cousin. Paris. (Strasb.) 1820-25. 4 vols. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. ix. p. 363.
(dt) MARINUS, of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine,
successor to
to Proclus in the Platonic school at
Athens: vita
Procli. — ed. Jo.
Procli. — ed.
Jo. Alb. Fabricius.
198
LEO THE GREAT, 457–474.
Hamb. 1700. 4to.-ad fid. MSS. rec. J. F. Bois-
sonade. Lips. 1814. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ix.
p. 370.
(du) STEPHANUS BYZANTINUS, a Grammarian,
about 470, wrote a Geographical Dictionary, vixá,
of which we have still remaining a fragment Avun to
ATIov, and an extract by the Grammarian Hermolaus
in the time of Justinian.
Amstel.
Venet. ap. Ald. 1502. fol. Flor. 1521. fol. The Fragment
de Dod. was first published by Sam. Tennulius.
1669. 4to.-c. anim. Th. de Pinedo. Amstel. 1678. fol.-restit.
et illustr. Abr. Berkelius. Lugd. B. 1688. 1694. fol.—Luc.
Holstenii notæ et castig. postumæ ed. Steph. Ryckio. Lugd.
B. 1684. fol.-c. præf. Guil. Dindorf. Lips. 1825. 8vo.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 621.
(dw) HIEROCLES, about 450, teacher of the
Platonic philosophy at Alexandria. Extracts from
his philosophical writings have been preserved by
Photius; a Commentary on the carm. aur. Pyth. ;
Gr. et Lat. Græca accuratius recogn. et ad MSS.
Codd. fidem em. una cum notis subjunctis ed. R. W.
Lond. 1742. 8vo.-H. opera, c. Jo. Pearsoni. Lond.
1655. 1673. 2 vols. 8vo. 'Aστria rec. Jo. Ad. Schier.
Lips. 1768. 8vo.--ed. Jac. de Rhoer. in Observ.
philol. Gron. 1768. 4to.
(dz) STOBEUS, about 500, collected from poets
ZENO 474-91.
199
ANASTASIUS -518.
and prose writers philosophical sentences, which he
arranged according to their subjects in two works.
1) ixλoyai Quoınai nai ýlıai 2 books, primus ed. Guil.
Canter. Antv. 1575. fol.-ed. A. Herm. Lud. Heeren.
Gott. 1792-1801. 2 parts, 4 vols. 8vo. 2) Sermones
—2 books.—ære et diligentia Fr. Trincavelli. Venet.
1535. 4to.-Gr. et Lat. per Conr. Gesnerum. Tig.
1543. 50. 59. fol. Francof. ap. Wechel. 1581. fol.
(interpolated and intermixed with the Collectt. of
Antonius Melissa and Maximus,) a superior edition
by Aurel. Allobr. 1609. fol.-ed. Nic. Schow. Lips.
1797. tom. i. 8vo.—ad MSS. fid. em. et suppl. Th.
Gaisford. Oxon. 1822. 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1823.
4 vols. 8vo.-Dicta poëtarum, quæ ap. Jo. Stob.
exstant, emend. et Lat. carm. reddita ab Hug.
Grotio. Paris. 1623. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. ix.
p. 569.
(dy) COLUTHUS, of Lycopolis in Egypt, about
518, wrote a poem on the Rape of Helen.
Ed. pr. Ald. s. a. 8vo.-ed. Jo. Dan. a Lennep. Leov. 1747.
8vo. cur. God. H. Schaefer. Lips. 1825. 8vo.-e cod. Mutin.
suppl. et em. Im. Bekkerus. Berol. 1816. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. viii.
P. 166.
(dz) TRYPHIODORUS, an Egyptian poet, desti-
tute of taste: 'Ixiov äλwois ed. Th. Northmore. Cant.
et Ox. 1791. Lond. 1804. 8vo.-ed. G. H. Schaefer.
200
JUSTINIAN 527-565.
Lips. 1809. fol.--c. J. Merickii et Schaef. annot.
integr. ed. F. A. Wernicke. Lips. 1819. 8vo. Fa-
brie. B. Gr. t. viii. p.
169.
(e) QUINTUS (Kövtos) SMYRNÆUS of uncertain
age, wrote a poem, chiefly derived from the Cyclics;
πagαλeπóμeva Oungov, in Homeric diction, in 14
books, which was discovered in the convent Cassula
near Otranto, (thence Qu. Calaber). Fabric. B. Gr.
t. viii. p. 161.
Ed. pr. Ald. with Coluth.-ed. Laur. Rhodomann. Hanov.
1604. 8vo.—ed. Jo. Corn. de Pauw. Lugd. B. 1734. 8vo.—rec.
Th. Ch. Tychsen. Argent. 1807. 2 vols. 8vo.
(ca) THEOPHILUS, a jurist, assisted in the Col-
lection of Laws arranged by Justinian-paraphrasis
Gr. Institutionum Justin. c. n. P. Nanni, J. Curtii,
D. Gothofredi, H. Ernstii et C. A. Fabrotti ed.
Guil. Otto Reitz. Haga Com. 1751. 2 vols. 4to.
Des Antec. Theophilus Paraphrasis der Instit. Justi-
nians, übers. und mit Anm. von K. Wüstemann. Ber-
lin 1823. 2 vols. 8vo. The works of other Jurists,
Thalelai, Theodori, Stephani, Cyrilli al. Jct. Gr.
comment. in tit. Digest. et Cod. de postulando.-et
cod. MSto. bibl. Lugd. B. ed. D. Ruhnkenius. Hag.
Com. 1752. fol. and in Meermann's thesaur. III. IV.
(eb) DAMASCIUS, of the city Damascus, an eclectic
MAURICIUS 582-602. HERACLIUS 610-641. 201
Philos. master to the following.-Aquarxiov diadózov
ἀπορίαι καὶ λύσεις περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀρχῶν. Ad fidem
Codd. MSS. nunc primum ed. J. Kopp. Francof.
1827. 8vo.
(ec) SIMPLICIUS, of Cilicia, an eclectic Philosopher,
the most acute and judicious interpreter of Aristot.
and Epictet. Comm. in Arist. l. phys. auscult. Venet.
ap. Ald. 1526. fol.-in Arist. Categorias. Basil.
1551. fol.-in Ar. l. IV. de cœlo. Venet. 1548. 1583.
fol. His Comment. on Epictetus Enchir. in Epicte-
teæ phil. monum. ed. Schweighaeuser. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. ix. p. 529.
(ed) HESYCHIUS, of Milet. with the title vir illu-
stris, an Historian.-Hes. Mil. de viris doctrina
claris, lib. ei. de rebus patriis Constantinopoleos
(Fragm. of the Chronicle of Belus, King of Assyr., to
the death of King Anastasius) c. not. ed. Jo. Meursius.
Lugd. B. 1613. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 544.
(ee) PROCOPIUS, Secretary to Belisarius, of Cæ-
sarea in Palestine, Advocate at Constantinople, wrote
Gothica, wars of Belisarius with the Persians, Vandals,
Goths. 8 books. 'A véndora, secret History of the Court
at Constantinople are of doubtful authenticity.
Opp. ed. Claud. Maltretus. Paris. 1662. 2 vols. fol.-Anecd.
Nic. Alemanno defensore primum e bibl. Vatic, prolata, nunc
202 MAURICIUS 582-602. HERACLIUS 610-641.
plerisque in locis æqualium testimoniis falsitatis convicta a Jo.
Eichelio. Helmst. 1654. 4to.-anecd. Alem. Maltr. Reinhardi
Toup. al. annot. crit. et hist. suasque animadv. adj. Jo. Conr
Orellius. Lips. 1827. 8vo.-Procop. e rec. G. Dindorfii. Bonn.
1833. in Collectt. no. 44. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 553.
(ef) AGATHIAS, of Myrina in Æolis, continued
the history of Procop. to 559. ed. Bonav. Vulcanius.
Lugd. B. 1594. 4to. ed. B. G. Niebuhr. Bonn. 1828.
in Collectt. no. 44. He wrote also Epigrams (short
occasional poems): Brunck. Anal. t. iii. p. 33.
Jacobs Anthol. t. iv. p. 3. and made a collection of
the Epigrams of contemporary poets according to
their subjects, called Kúxλos, in 7 books.
metrical preface has been edited from the Cod. Palat.
by Fr. Jacobs Anm. in epigr. Anthol. Gr. Prol. p. i.
ii, sqq. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 424. 459.
The
(eg) JOHANNES LAURENTIUS LYDUS, of Phila-
delphia in Lydia, b. 490.—opusc. de mensibus et fr.
de terræ motibus e Codd. MSS. ed. Nic. Schow.
Lips. 1794. 8vo.-de mensibus quæ exst. excerpta
recogn. et em. perp. cum sua tum Nic. Schowii tum
C. B. Hasii et Fr. Creuzeri al. adnot, instr. Guil.
Roether. Darmst. 1828. 8vo.-de magistratibus reip.
Rom. lib. III. nunc primum in lucem editi et vers.
notis indicibusque aucti a Jo. Domin. Fuss. Præf.
est Car. Bened. Hase. Paris. 1812. large 8vo. J. D.
Fuss ad C. B. Hase epist. in qua Jo. Laur. Lydi d.
CONSTANT. PORPHYROGEN. 780-802. MICH. III. 203
magistr. r. R. opusculi textus et versio em. loci diffi-
ciliores illustr. Bonn. 1821. 8vo.-de ostentis, quæ
supers. c. fr. l. de mens. e codd. regg. ed. C. B. Hase.
Paris. 1823. 8vo.
(ch) THEOPHYLACTUS SIMOCATTA, an Egyptian,
Sophist and Historian: History of the Reign of King
Mauricius in 8 books.-stud. Car. Ann. Fabrotti,
Paris. 1647. fol. (the fourth part of the Parisian, the
third part of the Venet. collection of the scriptt.
histor. Byzantina)-anogía Quoixai c. n. Andr.
Rivini. Lips. 1653. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii.
p. 582.
(ei) NICEPHORUS, b. 758, Patriarch of Constanti-
nople 806, but banished for his defence of Image-
worship 815, (µoroyntńs), d. 828 in the convent.-
Chronologia compendiaria, from the creation to his
own times in Jos. Scaligeri thes. temp.-c. not. Jac.
Goar. Paris. 1652. fol. (in the sixth book of the
Paris. the fifth of the Venet. Collectt.)-Breviarium
historicum from the death of K. Mauricius in the year
602 to 770. c. n. Dion. Petavii. Paris. 1616. (and in
the eighth book of the Paris. the seventh of the Venet.
Collectt.) c. L. Schopen. Bonn. 1830. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. vii. p. 462, 603.
(ek) PHOTIUS, Patriarch of Constantinople, from
204 842-867. BASILIUS I. -886. LEO PHIL.-911.
857-867, then 886, d. 891. Besides several con-
troversal writings in theology, there is extant by him
a work, Βιβλιοθήκη οι Μυριόβιβλον, which contains
critical examinations, (reviews) extracts and fragments
of 280 books which he had read: (60 Speeches of
Antiph. [now 16], 60 of Isocr. [21], Lysias 425,
[34], Isæus 64 [10], Demosth. 65 [42], Hyperides
77 [1], Dinarch. 64 [3], Lycurg. 15 [1]. Alto-
gether 830 [128], wanting 702.)
ed. Dav. Hoeschelius. Aug. Vind. 1601. fol.-ed. Andr.
Schottus. Genev. 1613. fol. Rothom. 1653. fol.-ex rec. Imm.
Bekkeri. Berol. 1824. 2 vols. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. x. p. 670.
Lexicon Photii e duobus apogr. ed. Godofr. Hermann. Lips.
1808. 4to. J. Fr. Schleusner. lib. animadv. ad Photii Lexicon.
Lips. 1810. 4to. Ei. Curæ noviss. in Phot. Lexic. Lips. 1812.
4to. •. λížɛwv ovvaywyń e cod. Galeano descr. Ric. Porson.
Lond. 1822. 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1823. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi.
p. 603. t. vii. p. 566.
(el) CONSTANTINUS CEPHALAS, at the beginning
of the tenth century, collected an Anthology of all
the earlier Epigrammatists. The MS. was first dis-
covered by Salmasius 1606 at Heidelberg, and the
inedita were copied by him. From the transcripts
made by him were printed: Epigrammata Græca pro
anecdotis prodeuntia ed. Jo. Jensius. Roterod. 1742.
8vo. Sepulcralia carmina ex Anthol. MS. (ed. Leich.)
Lips. 1745. 4to. Anthologiæ Græcæ a Const. Cephala
conditæ libri III. Lips. 1754. 8vo. Stratonis alio-
842-867. BASILIUS 1,-886. LEO PHIL.-911. 205
rumque vett. poët. Gr. epigr. ed. Chr. Ad. Klotzio.
Alteb. 1764. 8vo. Jo. Gottl. Schneider. periculum
crit. in anthol. Const. Cephala. Lips. 1772. 8vo.
With the advantage of all these editions and of his
own transcript, Brunck published his Analecta, &c.
See Collectt. no. 7. reprinted in Collectt. no. 8.
From the Vatican Codex a complete copy was made
by the Abb. Jos. Spaletti, which Duke Ernest
purchased for the Library at Gotha, made use of in
Frid. Jacobs animadv. in epigr. Anthol. Gr. Lips.
1798-1803. 7 vols. 8vo. From that: Im. Gottl.
Huschke Analecta crit. in anthol. Gr. cum suppl.
epigr. maximam partem ineditt. Jena 1800. 8vo.
Anthol. Gr. ad fidem cod. Palat. nunc Parisini ex
apogr. Goth. edita: cur. epigramm. in cod. Palatino
desiderata et annot. crit. adj. Frid. Jacobs. Lips.
1813—17. 3 vols. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 426.
(em) CONSTANTINUS PORPHYROGENITUS, b. 905,
Emp. 912, but poisoned by his son Romanus 959,
an author, but ill qualified for a ruler.-de adminis-
trando imperio ad fil. Rom. c. n. Ans. Banduris in
his Imperium orient. Paris. 1711. Venet. 1729.
2 vols. fol.-de thematibus (quarters of the troops)
rec. Fed. Morellus. Paris. 1609. 8vo. and in Banduri
Imp. or.-History of the Reign of the Emp. Basilius.
—c. vers. Franc. Combefisii. Paris. 1685. fol. (in the
eighteenth book of the Paris. the sixteenth of the
206 MICHAEL III. (THEODORA) 842-67. BASIL. I.
Venet. Collectt. and Collectt. no. 44. 1829.) and
other writings. By his order were prepared also
Collections: 1) neQadaiwdŵv vñoleσewv capit. s. tituli
53, of which still remain: a) tit. 27. Excerpta de
legationibus, Extracts from the now lost books of
Polybius, Diodorus Sic., Dionys. Halic., Dio Cassius,
Appian.-ed. e bibl. Fulv. Ursini. Antw. 1582. 4to.-
b) tit. 50. Exc. (Peiresciana) de virtutibus et vitiis.—
H. Valesius primum Gr. ed. Paris. 1634. 4to.-
2) FewπOVIxãv libri XX. (the Collector was Cassia-
nus Bassus) post P. Needhami curas ad MSS. fidem
denuo rec. et ill. Jo. Nic. Niclas. Lips. 1781. 4 vols.
8vo. 3) He caused a new revision to be made of
the edicts of the Greek Emperors, of which a
collection had been announced by the Emp. Basilius
(867-886) in his πgóxɛgov tv vouwv, and prepared by
his son Leo VI. the Wise (886—911): Bacıdıxwv
diatóžewv 1. 60. ed. C. A. Fabrotti. Paris. 1647.
7 vols. fol. (only 41 books complete, the others in a
úvols.)—Basil. ll. 49–52. e cod. MS. bibl. Paris.
int. ed. Guil. Otto Reitz in the fifth book of Meer-
mann's thes. jur. civ. et can. Hag. Com. 1752.—
4) Imarginá-ed. Sim. Grynæus. Basil. 1537. 4to.
Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 1.
(en) Jo. ZONARAS, of Constantinople, filled offices.
a Zonaras is the first of the four proper scriptores historiæ
Byz. Next to him is Nicetas Choniates, who wrote the
-886. LEO PHILOS.-911. ALEXIUS 1081-1118. 207
of high dignity under Emp. Alexius Comnenus (1081
-1118), but afterwards entered a monastery. Xgovizór
of the Creation to 1118.-primum ed. Hieron. Wolf.
Basil. 1557. 3 vols. fol.-em. et ill. Car. du Fresne
du Cange. Paris. 1686. 2 vol. fol. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. vii. p. 468.-Zonara lexicon ed. J. A. H. Titt-
mann. Lips. 1808. 2 vols. 4to.
(eo) ANNA COMNENA, daughter of the Emp.
Alexius Comm. b. 1083. d. 1148, wife of Nicephorus
Bryennius, wrote after the death of her husband
(1137) the history of her father, 'Aλeğiás, in 15 books.
-c. n. ed. David. Hoeschelius. August. Vind. 1610.
4to. (only 8 books.)—ed. P. Possinus. Paris. 1531.
fol. (in the thirteenth book of the Paris. eleventh of
the Venet. Collectt.) Translat. in Historische Me-
moiren published by Fr. Schiller. Jena 1790. 8vo.
first and second books. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 727.
(ep) LEO DIACONUS in the time of Basil. II. and
Constantine VIII. History of the death of Emp.
Constant. Porphyrog. to that of the Emp. Joh.
Tzimisces. hist. e bibl. regia nunc primum ed. et
notis ill. C. B. Hase. Paris. 1828. fol. Niebuhr corp.
script. hist. Byz. t. xi.
history of 1118-1206; next to him Nicephorus Gregoras from
1204-1351; next to him Laonicus Chalcondylas (prop. Chal-
cocond.) from 1298-1462. The rest of the Byzantine historians
related the history of particular pericds and reigns.
208
MANUEL I. COMN. 1143–1180.
(eq) EUDOCIA MACREMBOLITISSA, daughter of
Emp. Constant. VIII, wife of the Emp. Constantinus
Ducas (1059-67) and Romanus Diogenes 1068.
'Iavid, an historico-mythological Dictionary compiled
from different authors, particularly Grammarians and
Scholiasts.—ed. Jo. Bapt. Casp. d'Ansse de Villoison.
Venet. 1781. fol. and 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 55.
(er) SUIDAS, at the end of the 11th century, com-
piled a Lexicon from the Schol. of Aristophanes,
Thucydides, Apollonius Rhod. and others.
Ed. pr. Mediol. 1499. fol-ed. Lud. Küster. Cantabr. 1705.
3 vols. fol. Toup. Emendatt. in Suidam et Hesychium et al.
Lexicogr. Gr. Oxon. 1790. 4 vols. 8vo. Th. Reinesii obss. in
Suid. Enot. digessit et ed. Chr. Gottfr. Müller. Lips. 1819.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 389.
The Etymologicum magnum is of uncertain date.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1499. fol.-cura Fr. Sylburgii. Heidelb.
1594. fol. Lips. 1816. 4to. Appended thereto 1. Etym. Gr.
ling. Gudianum et alia Gramm. scripta e Codd. MSS. nunc
primum edita. Acc. notæ ad Etym. M. ined. Barkeri, Bekkeri,
Kulenkamp, Peyroni al. quas digessit et una cum suis edidit
Frid. Guil. Sturzius. Lips. 1818. Sturzii novæ annot. in Et.
m. Lips. (Gratulationsschrift an HR. Beck.) Lips. 1828.
2. Orionis Theb. Etymol. pr. ed. Fr. Guil. Sturz. Lips. 1820.
4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 595.
(es) Jo. TZETZES, a very learned, but insipid,
Grammarian of Constantinople, about 1150. By
ALEXIUS III. 1195.-ANDRON. I. 1282-1328. 209
}
him are
extant: Chiliades, in versibus politicis
in Corp. pöet. Gr. Geneva. 1614. t. ii.-ad fid.
2 Codd. Monac. recogn. annot. et ind. instr.
Theoph. Kiessling. Lips. 1826. 8vo.-Scholia upon
Hesiod and Lycophron, which are also ascribed to
his brother Isaac.—Antehomerica, Homerica et
Posthom. e codd. ed. et comm. instr. Frid. Jacobs.
Lips. 1793. 8vo. ad codd. integriores rec. Imm. Bek-
kerus. Berol. 8vo.—Εξήγησις εἰς τὴν Ὁμήρου Ιλιάδα
in the Draco Straton. of Hermann.
(et) GREGORIUS, Bishop (Metropolit.) at Corinth,
about 1150, wrote a work de dialectis.
Ed. Gisb. Koen. Lugd. B. 1776. 8vo.-rec. et c. not. Koe-
nii, Bastii, Boissonadi suisque ed. Godofr. Henr. Schaefer.
Lips. 1811. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 194.
(eu) EUSTATHIUS, of Constantinople, about 1194,
Archbishop at Thessalonica, Commentary upon Ho-
mer and Dion. Perieg., see above. A Romance which
bears his name, de amoribus Ismeniæ et Ismenes
11 books, is by an Egyptian. Ed. Gill. Gaulmin.
Lutet. Par. 1618. 8vo.-L. H. Teucher. Lips. 1792.
8vo.—Eusth. opusc. Acc. Trapez. hist. scr. Panaretus
et Eugenicus. E Codd. Basil. Paris. Ven. nunc
primum ed. Thph. Luc. Fr. Tafel. Franc. ad M.
1832. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. viii. p. 136.
P
210 ALEXIUS III. 1195.-ANDRON. I, 1282-1328.
(ew) NICETAS ACOMINATUS CHONIATES, of
Chonæ or Colossæ in Phrygia, filled the highest
posts of honour at Constantinople, and wandered
after the capture of this city through Franconia
in the year 1204 to Nicæa, where he died 1206;
Geschichte des Gr. R. v. Joh. Comnenus bis Heinr.
Balduin (1118-1206) in 21 books.-ed. Hieron.
Wolf. Basil. 1557. fol.-c. C. Ann. Fabrotti.
Paris. 1647. fol. (in the 14th book of the Paris.
the 12th of the Venet. Collect. and Collectt. no.
44. 1829.)-narr. de statuis ant. quas Franci post
capt. a. 1204. Const. destruxerunt, e cod. Bodlei.
emend. a Fr. Wilken. Lips. 1830. 8vo. Fabric. B.
Gr. t. vii. p. 737.
(ex) PHILEMON, a Grammarian:
òv TEX-
Xoyınós. Ex bibl. Paris. (ed. Car. Burney.) Lond.
1812. 8vo. Phil. gramm. quæ supersunt vulgatis et
emendatiora et auctiora ed. Fr. Osann. Berol. 1821.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vi. p. 169. not.
(ey) THEODORUS METOCHITA, Chancellor under
the Emperor Andronicus I. about 1314, but banished
by his successor Andronicus II. died in a convent
at Constantinople, 1332, one of the most learned
men of his time.-Th. Met. miscellanea philol. et
histor. Gr. Textum e cod. Cizensi desor, lectionisque
ANDRON. II. 1328-1341. JOHAN. 1. 1341-1392. 211
var. ex aliquot aliis codd. enotatam adj. Chr. God.
Müller. Præf. est Theoph. Kiessling. Lips. 1821.
8vo. Fabric. B. Gr. t. x. p. 412.
(ez) THOMAS MAGISTER, (mag. officiorum, i. e.
colonel of a section of the body-guard and Chancellor
of Emperor Andronicus I., then as a monk at Thes-
salonica Theodulus) Εκλογὴ ὀνομάτων ᾿Αττικῶν.
Ed. pr. Romæ 1517. 8vo.-ed. Jos. Steph. Bernard. Lugd.
B. 1757. 8vo. ed. Car. Jacobitz. Lips. 1833. 8vo.-Thom. M.
sive Theoduli monachi ecloga v. Att. ex rec. et cum proleg.
Frid. Ritschelii. Halis Sax. 1832. 8vo. Fabric. B. Gr.
t. vi. p. 181.
(f) MAXIMUS PLANUDES, a monk at Constanti-
nople and Grammarian, about 1327. Besides several
theological writings, there is extant by him a col-
lection of Æsop's Fables (see above), and an An-
tholog. epigr. Græc. VII. 1. arranged in chapters,
and these according to the initial letters of the super-
scription.
Anthol. Planud. ed. pr. per Jan. Lascarim. Flor. 1494. 4to.
-c. not. Joh. Brodæi. Basil. 1549. fol.-ed. H. Stephani.
1566. 4to.-Francof. ap. Wecheli hær. 1600. fol. with Scholia.
-ed. Hieron. de Bosch. c. vers. Lat. Hug. Grotii. Ultraj.
1795-1823. 5 vols. 4to. Fabric. B. Gr. t. iv. p. 429.
(fa) NICEPHORUS GREGORAS, of Heraclea in
Pontus, in the year 1295, d. 1359. His Byzantine
212
JOHANNES I. 1341-1392.
History in 38 books embraced the period from 1204
to 1359; only the first 24, however, (to 1351), were
printed.-ed. Hier. Wolf. Basil. 1562. fol. (only 11
books.)-c. n. Ducangii et suis ed. Joh. Boivin. Paris.
1702. fol. (the 21st book of the Paris. the 20th of
the Venet. Collect.-(ed. L. Schopen. Collectt. no.
44. 1828. 2 vols. A fragment of his
λογίαι περὶ γραμματικῆς is extant in God. Hermanni
l. de em. rat. Gr. gramm. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii.
p. 632.
sxvo-
(fb) JOHANNES CANTACUZENUs, Emperor 1342,
from 1355 a monk: Historiæ Byzantinæ l. IV. from
1320-1354.-c. Pontani et Gretseri notis. Paris.
1645. 3 vols. fol. (in the 17th book of the Paris. in
the 15th of the Venet. Collectt.) Collectt. no. 44.
1828. 31. He wrote also against the Mahomedans
and Heretics. Fabric. B. Gr. t. vii. p. 727.
(fc) CONSTANTINUS HARMENOPULUS, a jurist
at Constantinople, born 1320, died 1380. Texε-
gov vóμwv, promtuarium juris civilis in 6 books, and
vóμo yewgyizoi, leges agraria.-ex var. Codd. MSS.
em. atque auxit Guil. Otto Reitzius. Haga Com.
1780. fol. Besides these we have some theological
writings by him.
FOURTH PERIOD.
213
Owing to the advances which the Turks were
continually making upon the Grecian Empire, and
especially in consequence of the capture of Con-
stantinople in the year 1453, the Grecian literati
were scattered abroad; they betook themselves for
the most part to Italy, and planted the knowledge
of Grecian Literature in western Europe. The most
distinguished of the Grecian sages, who lived for
the most part in Italy, are; Emanuel Chrysoloras a
the proper restorer of Grecian Literature in Italy,
where he taught at Rome, Venice, Milan, and Pavia,
died 1415 at the Council of Constance; Theodorus
Gaza, of Thessalonica, about 1430, Translator of
several writings of Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ælian,
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and author of a Greek
Grammar, Venet. 1495. fol.; Georg. of Trebisonde,
born 1396, died 1480, vindicator of Aristotle against
the Platonists; Bessarion, of the same place, born
1395, Cardinal 1439, died 1472, a Platonist, transla-
tion of Xenophon's MS.; Georg. Gemistus or Pletho,
of Constantinople, at the Council of Florence 1438,
restorer of the Platonic philosophy, author of several
historical and other writings; Michael Glycas,
author of Annals of the Creation to the death of
the Emperor Alexius Comnenus (c. ann. Phil.
Labbei. Paris. 1660. fol. in the 10th book of
the Paris. in the 9th of the Venet. Collect.);
[a See Tennemann, p. 262.]
214
FOURTH PERIOD.
Michael Apostolius, of Byzantium, who about 1450
came to Italy, author of a collection of Greek
proverbs, wagoμuía (c. n. P. Pantini et al. VV.
DD. Lugd. B. 1619. 1634. 1653. 4to.); Manuel
Moschopulus, of the same place, who fled to Italy
about 1453, author of several treatises on Grammar;
Johann. Argyropulus of the same place, preceptor
to Angel. Politianus, Jo. Reuchlin, and others;
Laonicus Chalcondyles, of Athens, about 1470,
author of a history of the Turks, and of the decline
of the Grecian Empire from 1298-1462, in 10
books, (op. C. Ann. Fabrotti. Paris. 1650. fol.
in the 17th book of the Paris. in the 16th of the
Venet. Collect.); Constantinus Lascaris at Milan
1460-1470, author of a Greek Grammar and of other
grammatical works; Georg. Phranzes, of Constanti-
nople, born 1401, monk at Corfu, author of a
Byzantine chronicle from 1401-1477, in 4 books,
(ed. Franc. Car. Alter. Vindob. 1796. fol.);
Demetrius Chalcondyles, of Athens, at Milan about
1479, editor of Homer. Flor. 1488; Janus Lascaris,
of Rhyndacus, editor of 4 Tragedies of Euripides, and of
the Greek Anthology. For an account of these re-
fugees, see W. Roscoe, Life of Lorenzo de Medici,
and his Life of Pope Leo X.
ROMAN LITERATURE.
J. A. Fabricii bibliotheca Latina, etc. cura J. A. Ernestii. Lips.
1773, 74. 3 vols. 8vo.
Th. Ch. Harles introd. in notitiam litterat. Rom. Lips. 1794.
2 vols. 8vo.-Ei. brevior notitia litteraturæ Romanæ. Lips.
1789. 8vo. Supplem. 1799-1801. 2 vols. 8vo.-contin. C.
Fr. Henr. Klügling. Lips. 1817. 8vo.
J. C. F. Manso über d. rhetor. Gepräge der Röm. Litt. in
Verm. Abh. u. Aufs. Bresl. 1821. 8vo.
G. J. Vossius de poëtis Latinis. Amstel. 1652. 4to.
Kurzer Abriss der Geschichte der Röm. Poësie in Nachträgen
zu Sulzer. 1 book.
Joh. Hartmann Eberhardt über den Zustand der schönen Wiss.
bei d. Röm. Aus d. Schwed. mit Zus. (von Kordes.) Al-
ton. 1801. 8vo.
G. J. Vossius de historicis Lat. lib. iii.
Supplem. et observv. ad. Voss. de h. 1.
Hamb. 1709. 8vo.
Lugd. B. 1627. 4to.
Ed. J. A. Fabricius.
[Crusius' Lives of the Roman Poets, 2 vols. 1753.]
J. Chr. F. Bähr Gesch. d. Röm. Litter. Carlsr. 1828. 8vo.
G. Bernhardy Grundriss der Röm. Litter.
Halle 1831. 8vo.
Litteratur, mit ver-
gleichenden Ueberblick des Römischen. Halle 1836. 8vo.
[G. Bernhardy Grundriss der Griechischen
L. Schaaf Geschichte der Griechischen und Römischen Lit-
teratur. 1837. 8vo.
Dunlop's History of Roman Literature, 3 vols. 8vo.]
Collections of several Authors.
1. Fragmenta vett. poët. Latin. Paris. ap. Rob. et Henr. Ste-
phanos. 1564. 8vo.
216
ROMAN LITERATURE.
2. Mich. Maittaire opp. et fragm. vett. poët. Lat. Lond. 1713.
2 vols. fol.
3. Anthologia vett. Lat. epigr. et poem. sive Catalecta poet.
Lat. in 6 libros digesta, ed. P. Burmannus II.
Amstel. 1759-1773. 2 vols. 4to.
4. Poetæ Lat. min.-cur. P. Burmanno.
2 vols. 4to.
Leidæ 1731.
5. Poeta Lat. minores cur. Jo. Chrn. Wernsdorf. Altenburg.
(Helmst.) 1780-94. 6 vols. 8vo.
6. Syntagma tragœdiæ Lat. ed. Mart. Ant. Delrio. Antverp.
1594. 4to. Paris. 1607. 1619. 4to.
7. Collectanea vett. tragic. c. n. G. J. Vossii ed. P. Scri-
verius. Lugd. B. 1620. 8vo.
8. Comicorum Lat. Fr. ed. H. Stephanus. Paris. 1569. 8vo.
9. Poetarum Latii scenicor. Fr. rec. Fr. Henr. Bothe. Hal-
berst. 1823, sqq. 5 vols. 8vo.
10. Ant. Riccoboni liber de historia cum fragm. vett. histor.
Lat. Venet. 1568. Basil. 1579. 8vo.
11. Fragm. historic. vett. Lat. ab Aus. Pompa coll. em. et
scholiis ill. Amstel. 1620. 8vo.
12. Scriptores rei rustico vett. Lat. cur. Jo. Matth. Gesnero.
Lips. 1735. 1773. 2 vols. 4to.
13. Iidem cur. J. Glo. Schneider. Lips. 1794. 4 vols. 8vo.
14. Venatio novantiqua h. e. auctores rei venaticæ antiquæ,
cum comm. Jani Vlitii. Lugd. B. 1645. 12mo.
15. Poetæ Lat. rei venat. scriptt. et bucol. ant. c. n. integr.
VV. DD. (ed. Sig. Havercamp.) Lugd. B. et Hag.
Com. 1728. 4to.
16. Historiæ Augustæ scriptt. VI.
fol.) c. cast. Frid. Sylburgii.
(ed. pr. Mediol. 1475.
Francof. 1585. fol.-c.
not. J. Gruteri. (Hanov. 1611.) Is. Casauboni. (Paris.
1603. 4to.) et Cl. Salmasii. Lugd. B. 1670. 2 vols. 8vo.
17. Panegyrici vett. (ed. pr. Vienna. 1513. 4to.) c. not. varr.
Paris. 1643. 1655. 2 vols. 12mo.-rec. ac not. int.
par-
tim ined. Chrn. Gottl. Schwarzii et excerptis alior.
additis etiam suis instr. et ill. Wolfg. Jaeger. Norimb.
1779. 2 vols. 8vo.
ROMAN LITERATURE.
217
18. Mythographi Latini, C. Jul. Hygin. Fab. Planciades Ful-
gentius, Lactantius Placidus, Albricus philos. em. et
comm. perp. ill. Thom. Munckerus. Amstel. 1681. 8vo.
-ed. Aug. van Staveren. Lugd. B. et Amstel. 1742.
4to. maj.
19. Veteres de re militari scriptt. c. comm. et anim. Godesc.
Stewechii (Antv. 1585. 1592.) et P. Scriverii (Antv.
1607. 4to. 1632. Lugd. 1644. 12mo.) Vesaliæ Clivo-
rum. 1670. 8vo.
20. Antiqui rhetores Lat. ex bibl. Franc. Pithæi, JC. Paris.
1599. 4to.-rec. em. et notis auxit Cl. Capperonuerius.
Argent. 1756. 4to.
21. Grammaticæ Lat. auctores antiqui cura Helia Putschii.
Hanov. 1605. 4to.
22. Corpus gramm. Lat. vett. coll. aux. rec. Fr. Lindemann.
Lips. 1832, sqq. at present 3 vols. 4to.
FIRST PERIOD.
THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF LITERATURE TO THE
TIME OF CICERO.
§. 1. EVEN up to the end of the first Punic war,
(A. U. C. 513. A. C. 241.) the Romans had no
Literature; for neither the convivial songs, in which
the ancients are said to have sung the exploits of
distinguished men, (Cic. Brut. 19. Tusc. d. I, 2. IV,
2. Valer. Max. II, 1, 10.), nor the songs of the
Salii (axamenta), nor the celebration of festal dances
without song and words, which the Romans adopted
as a propitiatory rite from the Etrurians in the year
A. U. C. 390 (364), nor the Fabula Atellana,
Farces, which their young men of rank annexed to
those exhibitions; (Liv. VII, 2. Manut. ad Cic. ad
Famil. IX, 16. Schober über d. Atellan. Schausp. d.
Römer, Leipz. 1825. 8vo.) nor the coarse merriment of
the Ludi Osci (Cic. ad Fam. VII, 1. Tacit. Ann. IV,
14.), nor the Fescennine songs of the Peasantry (Hor.
Epist. II, 1, 139.) can be regarded as any thing
[" In the opinion of Diomedes the Grammarian, they were
of a Tragi-Comic character, resembling the Greek Satires.
They are remarkable as being the only indigenous species of
the Roman drama.]
FIRST PERIOD.
219
more than the rude elements of intellectual cultivation;
nor indeed can we ascribe any higher merit to the
annales maximi of the Pontif. max. (Civ. Or. II, 12.
Beaufort sur l'incertit. des prem. siècles, p. 46.) or
the libri lintei, Registers of the Consuls, and of the
most important events. (Beauf. p. 96, sqq.) It was
when the Romans had spread their conquests over
Magna Grecia (fr. A. U. C. 416 to A. C. 338), and
in the first Punic war (490-513 to A. C. 264-241),
over Sicily, and, after the Illyrian war (524-230),
had become more intimately acquainted with the
Greeks of Græcia Propria, and had been received into
communion with them at the Isthmian games, that
they first began to bestow their attention upon the
cultivation of speech and language.
§. 2. A Grecian slave of Tarentum, Livius Andro-
nicus, subsequently emancipated by his master M.
Livius Salinator, first produced in the year A. U. C.
514. A. C. 240. Latin tragedies translated from, and
modelled after, the Greek", (Liv. l. c. Cic. Brut. 18.
Quint. X, 2, 7. Bentl. ad Hor. Ep. II, 1, 71.), and
translated also the Odyssey. His example was
followed by Cn. Nævius of Campania (about 519=
[b Dunlop well observes, "The Greek Drama acquired a
splendid degree of perfection by a close imitation of nature;
but the Romans never attained such perfection, because, how-
ever exquisite their models, they did not copy directly from
nature, but from its representation and image."]
220
FIRST PERIOD.
235. Gell. N. A. XVII, 21, d. 550. Cic. Brut. 15,
60. Davis. ad Cic. Tusc. I, 1. extr.), who was likewise
formed by the Literature of Greece, and who borrowed
Tragedies (11 Titles) and Comedies from the Greek,
also wrote an historical poem de bello Punico primo
(divided by the Grammarians into 7 books, Suet. de
gramm. 2. Vossius de hist. Lat. p. 7, sqq.) but owing
to the freedom with which after the example of the
old comedy he assailed in his plays the Roman
Grandees, particularly P. Scipio and the Metelli, he
was compelled to retire from Rome to Utica. In his
time, during the second Punic war (536-553-218
-201), appeared the first Annalists, Q. Fabius Pictor
and L. Cincius Alimentus, (Beaufort, p. 158. Wach-
smuth röm. Gesch. p. 27, sqq.), who, however, with-
out any pretensions to historical criticism, had not yet
raised themselves above the first rudiments of style.
(Cic. Or. II, 12. Leg. I, 2.)
§. 3. The art of poetry was first advanced by
Q. Ennius of Rudiæ in Calabria, whom the Romans
regarded as the father of their poetry, (b. 515–239.
d. 585=169. Cic. Brut. 18. 20. Cat. m. 5.). He
was brought to Rome about 550 by M. Cato, (Cen-
sorius), and there enjoyed his society with that of
the Scipios, M. Fulvius, and others. (Cic. Tusc. I, 2.)
His tragedies (23 Tit.) were modelled after those of
Euripides; he wrote also Saturas, poems in various
metres upon miscellaneous subjects (Diomed. ap.
FIRST PERIOD.
221
Putsch. III. p. 482. Gesner. thes. l. 1. v. Satyra),
Annales in 18 books, an historical Epos, for which
he first constructed the hexameter (Cic Brut. 19.),
a poem Scipio in trochaic metre (Voxsius de histor.
Lat. p. 10.), and farces, and translated a work of
Euhemerus on the Gods. (Cic. de nat. d. I. 42. Lact.
inst. I, 2.). But however much he may have raised
himself above Nævius, he little satisfied the require-
ments of a cultivated taste, (Quint. X, 1, 88. Cf.
Spald. ad I, 8, 8.). Contemporary with Ennius were
the Comic poets Plautus (d. 570), who was dis-
tinguished by a genuine comic humour, which too
often, however, degenerated into the low and vulgar,
and Cæcilius Statius of Gallia Cisalpina, (d. 586),
of 45 of whose Comedies we have still extant the
Titles and Fragments, (Statii deperd. fab. fragm. ed.
L. Spengel. Monach. 1829. 8vo.) Both translated
into Latin plays of Menander, Diphilus, and other
poets of the New Com., the latter with inferior talent,
and in language less pure. (Cic. ad Att. VII, 3.
Brut. 74. Gell. II, 23. Horat. Ep. II, 1, 59.)
§. 4. All this was the fruit of an enlightened study
of the Grecian Literature which had been introduced
into Rome by emancipated Greeks from the very
commencement of the second Punic war, (Suet. de ill.
gramm. 1.), but which had hitherto been confined
to a few individuals who possessed the requisite
leisure without exercising any considerable influence
222
FIRST PERIOD.
upon the nation at large; generally speaking, the true-
bred Roman looked upon the study of the Sciences and
fine arts of the Greeks, as an idle and frivolous pur-
suit. The Roman character had been moulded
during the course of several centuries by a succession
of wars, hardships, and vigorous exertions to a staidness
which regarded with indifference every thing uncon-
nected with the administration of the state in war and
peace, and the constitution which had gradually issued
from the circumstances of former times,-a constitution
which was as yet rather a felicitous than a wisely-planned
combination of the democratic and aristocratic ele-
ments, in which plebeian licentiousness and patrician
insolence were equally restrained, while the proud
consciousness of glorious victories upheld the solemn
dignity of demeanour, which so remarkably dis-
tinguished the citizen of Rome. Hence arose an
antagonism between respect for national custom and
the pressure of an intellectual exigency; the same
Cato, who reproached the Cons. M. Fulvius Nobilior
with having taken poets with him into his Province,
(Cic. Tusc. I, 2.) applied himself zealously in his
old age to the study of Grecian Literature, (Cic.
Acad. IV, 2. Cato m. 1.). The study of the Greek
language was still more assiduously prosecuted when in
the year 586 168 Macedonia became a Roman
Province, when soon afterwards a thousand of the
most considerable Achæans were cited to appear
FIRST PERIOD.
223
at Rome, and were detained in captivity for the
space of seventeen years, (Casaub. ad Suet. de cl.
rhetor. 1. tom. iv. p. 308. ed. Wolf.), when in the
year 599-155 Carneades the Academic, Critolaus
the Peripatetic, and Diogenes the Stoic, came to Rome
as ambassadors from Athens, and delivered speeches
and philosophical disquisitions before the first men of
the state, (Cic. Or. II, 37. Quint. XII, 1, 35.
Lactant. Inst. V, 13, 16.); lastly, when about 600
Crates of Mallus came to Rome as ambassador from
King Attalus of Pergamos, and being detained there
by the fracture of his leg, entertained the principal
citizens with his interpretations of the Greek poets.
(Suet. de gramm. 2.) With the Stoic Panatius
and Polybius, Lælius, Scipio Africanus, and others,
lived in the closest intimacy; after the example of
Crates the Roman Grammarians began to read and
explain in their public lectures the native poets in
place of the Greek, and thus to render them better
known. Once more the severity of the Roman
manners made a stand against the arts of foreigners;
by a decree of the Senate in the year 593-161, the
Grecian Philosophers and Rhetoricians were banished
from Rome. In their places appeared now Latin
Rhetoricians, until their schools also were shut up, in
the year 661=93.
§. 5. A taste for the dramatic productions of
Grecian genius was, however, far too widely spread
224
FIRST PERIOD.
to admit of being coerced by government edicts.
Instead of science and the fine arts being the pursuit
of freedmen and persons of low extraction, as was
formerly the case, the eques C. Lucilius of Suessa
Pometia, great uncle of Pompeius M. began now
to apply himself to their cultivation, and became the
creator of the Roman Satire, a species of poetry
unknown to the Greeks, but modelled in its spirit
and design after the Old Greek Comedy, in which he
lashed the vices and follies of his time with much
humour and pungency, (Horat. Sat. I, 4, 10. Quint.
X, 1, 94. v. Spald. Heind. on Hor. p. 238, sq.).
For at that juncture, after the destruction of Corinth
and Carthage (608=146), there was generally and
increasingly manifested a desire to realize the en-
joyment of possessions which had been won with
toil, and the strict subordination of rank which had
prevailed under the old régime was broken up by
the attempts of the Gracchi to repress the dominant
influence of the Nobiles. The friend of Scipio and
Lælius, P. Terentius of Carthage, produced the
Greek Tragedies of Menander and others in a style
so polished, that the assistance of his two friends.
was commonly thought to be recognised in them,
and instead of Greek characters and manners (com.
palliata), L. Afranius the contemporary of Ter.
exhibited Roman, (fab. togatæ, ex. gr. Querolus see
Aulularia, inc. auct. com. tog. Rec. et ill. C. S.
FIRST PERIOD.
225
Klinkhamer. 1829. 8vo. tabernaria, and in the Trag.
prætextatæ. See Diomed. III. p. 486, sq. Hor. A.
P. 285. On Afranius see Hor. Ep. II, 1, 57.
Quint. X, 1, 100. Rutgers. Var. lect. IV, 19.)
At the same time Tragedy attained to the highest
point which it was destined to reach at Rome, in the
hands of M. Pacuvius of Brundusium, the nephew
of Ennius (18 Tit. De M. Pacuvii Duloreste scr.
Henr. Stieglitz. Lips. 1826.) and his junior con-
temporary L. Attius (57 Tit.) (Cic. Brut. 64. Gell.
XVII, 21. extr.), Friend of Dec. Brutus, the Cos.
in the year 616, (Cic. Brut. 28. Arch. 11.), both
of whom likewise copied after the Greek Tragedians,
but also introduced upon the stage events of the
Roman History (fab. prætextate), the former in
his Paullus, the latter in his Brutus.
97. Cf. Cic. Or. 11. in. Brut. 74.
1,55. Ovid. Amor. I, 15, 19. Gell. VII, 14. XIII,
2. Bayle dict. Accius. Heind. on Hor. Sat. p. 219.
Fr. Osann anal. crit. poesis Rom. scenicæ reliqu.
illustr. Berol. 1816. 8vo. A. G. Lange vindicir
Trag. Rom. Lips. 1823. 4to. and in his verm.
Schriften. Leipz. 1832.)
(Quint. X, 2,
Horat. Ep. II,
§. 6. Eloquence on the other hand flourished
without opposition, and soon outstripped the fine arts
in consequence of the frequent occasions supplied
for its exercise in the peculiar circumstances of the
Roman polity, and the revival of party contests at
Q
226
FIRST PERIOD.
the time of the third Punic war, (see particularly dial.
de causs. corr. eloqu. c. 36.). Cicero mentions as
the first orator properly entitled to the name (Brut-
16.) M. Cato, Cos. in the year 559–195, Censor
570=184, died 605149, in whose 150 speeches
he finds not it is true the polished diction, the
rounded sentences and modulated structure of his
time, but in other respects all the characteristics
of a great orator, (Cic. ib. 17, 18.). Among the
numerous other orators stood preeminent Serv. Sulpi-
cius Galba Cos. in the year 646=108, (Cic. Brut.
21, sqq. Or. I, 53. II. 65.), then Tib. and C. Grac-
chus, 621-633-133—121, (Cic. Brut. 27. Or. III,
60.), Q. Catulus about 652=102. (Cic. Brut. 35.)
But the greatest orators, those indeed who may
be considered almost perfect in the art, were L. Lici-
nius Crassus. Cos. 659, and M. Antonius, Cos.
655, (Cic. Brut. 36, sqq. especially de orat.). Some
of these orators already profited by the instructions
of the Greek Rhetoricians, as at that time Tiber.
Gracchus is said to have been formed by Diophanes ;
it was even thought that genius derived more aliment
from Grecian exercises in oratory than from Latin,
for which a school was first opened by Plotius Gallus
about 661-93 (Suet. de cl. rh. 2.). But so great
was the prejudice against Grecian Literature, that the
orators, even Cicero, (pro S. Roscio 25. pro Arch.
in Verr. IV. 59, 60. et sæp.) thought it necessary
FIRST PERIOD.
227
to disavow an acquaintance with it in the presence of
the people.
§. 7. Besides eloquence, jurisprudence was an
accomplishment of singular efficacy in opening the
way to the highest offices of state (Cic. Mur. 8, 19.
Off. II, 19, 65. c. n. Beier. Liv. 39, 40.
Hor. Ep.
II, 1, 103, sqq.). After S. Elius Pætus the con-
temporary of Ennius, M. Cato Censorius, and his
contemporary P. Mucius Scævola, M'. Manilius,
Cos. 604 150, and Q. Mucius Scævola, the friend
of the orator Crassus, were particularly distinguished
for their legal acquirements. History also was cul-
tivated by eminent statesmen, by Cato, L. Calpurn.
Piso Frugi, Cos. in the year 621=133, L. Cœlius
Antipater, C. Fannius about 124. The poet Attius
also wrote an historical work, Annales. All these,
however, adopted the insipid style of the ancient.
annalists; even Calo, whose Origines in 7 books
(Corn. N. Cat. 3.) are much eulogized by Cicero in
Brut. 17, was no exception, as is evident from other
passages of the same author, (Or. II, 12. Leg. I,
Cœlius Antipater is the only one who raised himself
to a preeminence above the rest. (Cic. ll. cc. on the
other hand Or. 69.) Even the Commentarii de rebus
suis of the Dictator L. Cornel. Sylla, however
valuable the materials which they contained, can
hardly be said to possess the characteristics of a
vigorous style. The Annals of Q. Valerius Antias
2.);
228
FIRST PERIOD.
in 74 books were prized for their comprehensiveness.
(Voss. de hist. Lat. c. 10.)
Fragm. of these Poets see Collectt. no. 1-11.-Ennii fragm.
coll. Hier. Columna. Neap. 1590. 4to. rec. Franc. Hesselius.
1707. 4to. Ennii Medea; comm. perp. ill. H. Plank. Got-
ting. 1807. 8vo.-Lucilii Satir. quæ supersunt fragm. cur. A.
F. Dousa. Lugd. B. 1597. 4to.
M. ACCIUS PLAUTUS, of Sarsina in Umbria, born
527 (227), died A. U. 570, (184.) 130 Comedies
were ascribed to him, but of these only 21 are recog-
nised by Varro as genuine. (Gell. III.3. Cf. Hor.
Ep. II. 1. 58. 170. A. P. 270. Quint. X. 1. 99.
Gell. XVII. 2.)
Ed. pr. (by Ge. Merula.) Venet. 1472. fol.-ed. Sim. Car-
pentarius. 1513. 8vo.-ed. Nic. Angelius. Flor. ap. Juntain.
1512.-ed. Joach. Camerarius (sospit. Pl.) Basil. 1551. 1558.
8vo.-ed. Dion. Lambinus cum comm. Paris. 1577. 1587.
fol.-ed. Jan. Gruterus. 1592.-cum comm. Frid. Taubmanni.
Francof. 1612. 1621. 4to.-ed. Jo. Frid. Gronovius. Amstel.
1684. 8vo. (cum præf. J. A. Ernesti.) Lips. 1760. 8vo.—
noviss. recogn. et notis ill. Vienn. ap. Schrämb. 1792, sqq.
5 vols. 8vo.-rec. et c. comm. perp. ed. B. F. Schmieder.
Gotting. 1804.5 vols. large 8vo.-Rudens, rec. F. W. Reitz.
1789. 8vo. Trinummus rec. God. Hermann. Lips. 1800. 8vo.
Miles Gloriosus c. n. super. interpr. et suis ed. J. T. L. Danz.
Weim. 1804. 8vo.
M. PORCIUS CATO CENSORIUS, of Tusculum,
died A. U. 604. A. C. 149. de agricultura s. de rebus
rusticis liber ad filium.
See Collectt. no. 12. and 10. 11.
FIRST PERIOD.
229
P. TERENTIUS AFER, of Carthage, b. A. U. 561,
A. C. 192; came to Rome as the slave of the Senator
Terentius Lucanus, d. in Arcadia A. U. 594, A. C. 159.
Comm. of Donatus and Eugraphius (about 998).
Ed. pr. Mediol. 1470. fol.-ed. M. Ant. Muretus. Venet.
1555.particularly1558.8vo. and frequently reprinted.—em. Gabr.
Faërnus. Flor. 1565. 8vo.- ed. Fr. Lindenbrogius. Paris. 1602.
4to. Francof. 1623. 4to.-ed. Jo. Phil. Pareus. (c. cast. Jo.
Riccii etc.) Neapoli Nemet. 1619. 2 vols. 4to.-ex rec. Rich.
Bentleii. Cantabr. 1726. 4to. Amstel. 1727. 4to. Lips. 1791.
large 8vo. ed. Arn. Henr. Westerhov. Hagæ Com. 1727.
2 vols. 4to. repet. cur. G. Stallbaum. Lips. 1830. 8vo.—ex rec.
Lindenbrogii c. ejusd. observ. et Donati, Eugraphii et Cal-
purnii comm. integr. Bentleii et Faërni lectt. et conject. ed. J.
K. Zeune. Lips. 1774.-e cod. Halensi ed. P. Jac. Bruns.
(cum Ruhnk. dictatis. Halæ 1811. 2 vols. 8vo.)—ad Codd.
MSS. et opt. edd. recogn. variet. lect. comm. perp. et ind. verb.
instruxit F. C. G. Perlet. Lips. 1821. 8vo. Ei. animadv. in
Ter. comm. ib. 1829. Dav. Ruhnkenii in P. Ter. com. dictata
cur. Lud. Schopeni. Bonn. 1825. 8vo.
Comicorum Latin. fragmenta see Collectt. no. 8.
SECOND PERIOD.
GOLDEN AGE OF LITERATURE.
I. AGE OF CICERO.
§. 8. THE party contests which distracted the
Republic in its last times, had the same effect in
maturing the growth of eloquence at Rome, which the
external convulsions of the state produced at Athens.
Next to Crassus and Antonius (§. 5.) Q. Horten-
sius was the most accomplished orator, (Cic. Brut.
92. L. C. Luzac spec. histor. jurid. de Q. Hortensio
orat. Lugd. B. 1810. 8vo.). But M. Tull. Cicero
soon surpassed him as well as all other orators before
and after him, (Quint. X, 1, 105, sqq.), for the very
reason that he did not confine his attention exclusively
to eloquence, but applied himself to the whole
range of the arts and sciences of the Greeks, and
particularly to the Academic Philosophy, (Cic. Brut.
91, sqq. orat. 3. Quint. XII, 2, 23.). No other
orator except Demosthenes can compete with him in
the art of hitting on every subject the appropriate
expression, and becoming hue of speech; he is as
much a master in the impassioned, the pathetic, and
SECOND PERIOD.
231
the sublime, as he is in the smooth and simple style.
But his eloquence is rather that of the feeling, while
that of Demosthenes appeals more to the understand-
ing; so that the one appears more indebted to nature,
the other to artª; (Quint. X, 1, 106.); hence Cicero
is richer in all the figures of speech, and more
luxuriant, or, as some of his contemporaries thought,
(Quint. XII, 10, 12, sqq. dial. de caussis c. el. c.
18.) more tumid, than Demosthenes; but however
little deficient the Romans may have been in a nice
perception of harmony, (Cic. Brut. 30, 107. 63, 214.),
they required nevertheless, with their staid and solemn
temperament, more powerful stimulants than the
excitable Athenians. (cf. Quint. XII, 10, 27-57.)
Next to him the obscure M. Calius Rufus, (Cic. Brut.
79. Quint. X, 1, 115. IV, 2, 123. Manut. ad Cic.
epist. VIII. p. 348. ed. Græv.), the scrupulous pains-
taking C. Licinius Calvus, (Cic. Brut. 81, sq. ad
Famil. XV, 21. Quint. X, 1, 115. c. n. Gesn. dial.
de causs. c. el. c. 18. 21.), were in good repute, and
above all C. Julius Cæsar, (Cic. Brut. 72. Quint. X,
1, 114. 2, 25. dial. de causs. corr. el. c. 21.), who
[For a graphic illustration of their respective excellence,
see Longinus, xii. 4, 5. and for a further exhibition of the
parallel, see Middleton's Life of Cicero, ii. 487. What St.
Jerome calls, "pulcherrimum illud elogium," thus uninvidiously
determines the question of precedence, "Demosthenes tibi præ-
ripuit ne esses primus orator; tu illi, ne solus."]
232
SECOND PERIOD.
would have been Cicero's most formidable competitor,
if his military talents had not pointed out a different
path for his ambition.
§. 9. But Cicero gave the finish to Roman Lite-
rature in other departments also. Upon his gradually
retiring from public affairs after his exile in B. C. 56,
he exhibited in his rhetorical and philosophical
writings perfect models of the didactic style, and his
letters are the most perfect specimens which the
Literature of either Greece or Rome can produce.
In all the oratorical character is conspicuous, especially
in his 3 books de oratore, in which he approaches nearest
to Plato in fulness and splendour of expression, then in
his orator and Brutus. In his letters ad familiares
also the diction is elaborated with all the art of a
Rhetorician; while on the other hand his letters to
Atticus are plain, artless, friendly communications,
and his philosophical writings, as regards their intrinsic
merits, the shallowest of his productions, are charac-
terized, amidst all their rhetorical fire, with the airiness
and vivacity of a spirited conversation.
§. 10. Next to Cicero, the Roman Literature is
most indebted to Jul. Cæsar, who not only improved
and refined the language, (Cic. Brut. 72, 75, 261.),
but also imparted to it a peculiar ease and gracefulness
of expression. In his book de bello Gall. et civil. he
is not inferior to Herodotus in charm of diction, while
in an exquisite elegance he far surpasses him. Next
SECOND PERIOD.
233
to him in this respect stands Cornelius Nepos, espe-
cially in his life of Atticus, however little we may be
disposed to value the matter of his other biographies.
But as an historian of the first class appeared in the
last years of Cicero, or probably not till after his
death, Sallustius, who in richness and vigour of
thought as well as in terseness of expression, approxi-
mated very closely to his model Thucydides, and
though by his affectation of antiquated expressions,
(Quint. VIII, 3, 29. Suet. Oct. 86. de gramm. 15.)
and his parade of moral apophthegms characteristic of
the old Roman virtue, but which he practically refuted
in his life, he failed to produce the effect which he
intended, he is nevertheless entitled to a higher degree
of admiration on the ground of his having had no pre-
decessors worthy of notice; for even L. Sisenna, the
best of the historians who had hitherto appeared, was
far from satisfying the legitimate requirements of a
competent judge, (Cic. Brut. 64. de Leg. I, 2. Vellei.
II, 9.). Of Lucceius, the data we possess are too few
to admit of our forming an opinion, whether the enco-
miums which Cicero awards to him (ad Fam. V. 12,)
as an historian, are founded on his favourable judg-
ment, or on his endeavour to conciliate him to his
purpose, (cf. ad Fam. XV, 21, 6.). L. Lucullus,
the conqueror of Mithridates, wrote his history of the
Social war in the Greek language, (Cic. ad Att. I, 19.
Heeren de fontt. Plut. p. 156.), and neither hist
234
SECOND PERIOD.
extracts from the historical works of Fannius, Cœlius
Antipater, and Polybius, (Interprr. ad Cic. epp. ad
Att. XII, 5.) were thought by M. Brutus, nor his
Roman History, (Liv. IV, 23. X, 9. Gell. VI, 3.) by
L. Ælius Tubero, (Voss de histor. Lat. I, 12. p. 56.)
who accompanied Q. Cicero to Asia as Legate, to entitle
him to any distinguished place among the historians.
§. 11. Poetry, on the other hand, yielded little
fruit; the Epos, Comedy and Tragedy seemed
extinct. The didactic poem of Lucretius, which ex-
hibits only in isolated passages indications of a poetic
spirit (Cic. ad Quint. fr. III, 11. Quint. X, 1, 87.
Spald. ad Quint. t. i. p. 198.), belongs rather to
Philosophy; the poems of Catullus indeed charm by
their sensibility and a pleasing unaffected imagery;
with him the orator Calvus holds a coordinate rank
in his amatory pocis, (Hor. Sat. I, 10, 19. m. Heind.
N. Ovid. Amor. III, 9, 62. Trist. II, 427, 431.
Prop. II, 25, 89. Gell. XIX, 9.). But in the
poems of Lucretius and Catullus, written in an age
when prose composition had reached its maturity,
there still adheres the rust of antiquity, as well as in
those of M. and Q. Cicero; and the following age.
was first destined to produce a poet, who raised the
language of poetry to the same degree of elevation
which that of prose had already attained. Instead of
Comedy, a new kind of Drama, the Mimes, Mono-
dramas, which represented in a comic style, principally
SECOND PERIOD.
235
with the help of gesticulation, characters drawn from
common life, too often, however, interspersed with low.
and vulgar jests, for the entertainment of the Roman
populace, was constructed by Cn. Mattius, (Gell.
XX, 9. XV, 25.), the eques Dec. Laberius, (Wieland
on Hor. Sat. I, 10, 6. p. 295.), and his junior con-
temporary, the freedman Publius Syrus; but not-
withstanding the occasional intertexture of moral
sentiments, it did not reach the standard of an elevated
class of poetry, (Ziegler de mimis Rom. Gött. 1789.
8vo.). M. Terentius Varro Atacinus (of Atax, a
place in Gallia Narbonensis) translated the Argo-
nautica of Apollonius Rhodius, in which, as far as can
be judged from the fragments which remain, he seems
to have attained a high standard of purity in his dic-
tion, (Ruhnk. epist. crit. p. 199–201. Quintil. X,
1,87. Cf. Wernsdorf poet. Lat. min. t. i. p. 154,
sqq. F. Wüllner de P. Ter. Varr. Atac. vita et
scriptis comm. Monast. 1829. 4to.). But notwith-
standing that the period of which we treat presents to
us no poet of distinguished eminence, the cultivation
of the art was not altogether abandoned, though it was
pursued merely with a view to the acquisition of ease
and adroitness in the use of language generally, and
as a means of improving its modulation. Besides
Cicero and Calvus, Hortensius also, (Gell. XIX, 9.)
Q. Lutatius Catulus, and Jul. Cæsar, wrote poems,
the former two of the amatory kind, (Gell. l. c.).
236
SECOND PERIOD.
§. 12. At Rome meanwhile the number of Gram-
marians or learned men, partly Greeks who quitted
their country as slaves, and then upon their emanci-
pation opened schools, was continually upon the
increase, so that at times there were upwards of 20
schools of Grammarians (litterati, litteratores b) in
the city in great repute and much frequented. (Suet.
de gramm. 3. 4.) They instructed the sons of the
principal men at Rome, and diffused a general taste
for the Literature, Philosophy, and learning of
Greece. The most celebrated, according to Suetonius,
are M. Antonius Gnipho (see Schütz Proleg. ad Cic.
rhetor.), whom Cicero himself while Prætor attended,
Orbilius, Atteius of Athens, the friend of Sallust,
who adopted the surname of Philologus, Valerius
Cato, more highly esteemed as a Poet and a teacher of
the art of Poetry, Cornelius Epicadus, a freedman of
the Dictator Sulla, who completed his commentarios,
Staberius Eros, preceptor of Brutus and Cassius, Cur-
tius Nicia, friend of Pompey and Cicero, and among
b [The following passage from Suetonius merits attention,
as exhibiting the extent of meaning attached by the ancients to
the term Grammatici: "Appellatio Grammaticorum Græcâ
consuetudine invaluit, sed initio Literati vocabantur. Corne-
lius quoque Nepos in libello, quo distinguit literatum ab erudito,
literatos quidem vulgo appellari ait eos qui aliquid diligenter et
acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere." Suet. de
Ill. Gr. c. 4. Cf. also Quintil. xi. 1.]
SECOND PERIOD.
237
the Rhetoricians, Sext. Clodius (Suet. de ill. rhet. 5.
Cic. ad Att. IV, 15. Phil. II, 19.) and Q. Corni-
ficius, Cicero's colleague in the Augurate, to whom
Quint. ascribes the rhetorica ad Herenn. (Spald. ad
Quint. III, 1, 21. Schütz. l. c.) It soon, moreover,
became the custom for every one who made pre-
tensions to a polite education, to visit Greece, par-
ticularly Athens, and there to study Philosophy and
Rhetoric, as Cicero himself did. Thus learning pro-
perly so called progressively extended itself at Rome,
and the present age resembled in this respect the Alex-
andrian, while at the same time, as regards Eloquence
and History, it reminds us of the flourishing times of
Athens. The most learned Roman was M. Terentius
Varro, the friend of Cicero, then P. Nigidius Figulus,
(Ern. Cl. Cic. Gell. XIX, 14. Dio Cass. 45, 1.
Suet. Oct. 94.), an Orator, Grammarian, Astrologer,
and Pythagorean Philosopher. Pomponius Atticus
also, the friend of Cicero, who, by abstaining from
all participation in the public business of the state,
and by the voluptuous ease in which he lived, shewed
himself to be an epicurean, must, in regard to his
liber annalis and other writings, be classed rather
among the Antiquarians than the Historians. (Voss.
de hist. l. I. c. 11.)
238
SECOND PERIOD.
II. AGE OF AUGUSTUS.
§. 13. Literature assumed a very different position
from the time that in the year 723, B. C. 31, Octa-
vianus acquired possession of the empire by his victory
at Actium. Eloquence, which, in the decline of
liberty, had lost its proper aliment, became more and
more excluded from public life, and confined to the
schools of Rhetoricians, and in its place succeeded
Poetry, which, during the busy life of the Republic,
had served only for the filling up a vacant hour re-
deemed from the service of the state, especially as it
was the principal means of procuring favour with the
first men of the day, with Octavian himself, Asinius
Pollio, and particularly with Mæcenas. Virgil now
gave to epic and didactic Poetry their highest finish
even in regard to metrical structure and diction,
although his prodigious talent for decoration does not
suffice to disguise his poverty of invention. In the
genuine Roman species, in satire and in his Epistles,
Horace delivered in the Socratic style Philosophy
and practical wisdom of a most cheerful cast, and
was the first who introduced into the Literature of
Rome the Iambics of Archilochus and Lyric Poetry,
the former in his Epodes the latter in his Odes,
in which, although he is inferior to Pindar with
respect to boldness and vigour, he is nevertheless
SECOND PERIOD.
239
a model in regard to taste and artificial arrange-
ment.
§. 14. The Literature of Rome was peculiarly rich
in Elegy, as well of the amatory as of the plaintive kind;
Tibullus stands preeminent for truth of conception, for
a natural grace, and for the harmony of his language
and versification. The Elegies of Pedo Albinovanus
and Cornelius Gallus, as well as the otherwise
beautiful Elegies ad M. Valerium Messalam (in
Wernsdorf. II. p. 147.) and the Consolatio ad
Liviam de morte Drusi, were of inferior merit.
§. 15. Next to these beroes appeared also as poets:
L. Varius, the friend of Virgil and Horace, whose
Tragedy Thyestes, Quintilian (X, 1, 97. Cf. dial. de
causs. c. el. c. 12. extr.) considers equal to any of
the Greek Tragedies, and whom Horace (Od. 1, 6.
Serm. 1, 10, 43, sq.) names as the first Epic, although
he is not mentioned as the author of any other Epic
poem besides a Panegyricus in Augustum and a poem
de morte, probably Julii Cæsaris, (Heyne ad Donat.
vit. Virgil. 8, 30. 14, 53. Mitscherl. arg. Hor. Od.
1, 6. Voss. on Virgil. Ecl. p. 396. 475. Heind. on
Hor. Sat. p. 119.); T. Valjius Rufus, friend of
Horace and Tibullus, whom the latter (IV, 1, 180.)
[c Lipsius in a letter to Cruquius, Epistolicarum Quæst.
lib. ii., thus records his opinion: "Horatio, mi Cruqui, in Lyri-
eis merito illud Homericum dabimus . . . οἷς κοίρανος ἔστω.”]
240
SECOND PERIOD.
extols as the Epic who approaches nearest to Homer,
but also an Elegiac poet, (Broukh. ad Tib. l. c.
Spalding. ad Quint. III, 1, 18.); C. Helvius Cinna,
celebrated for his obscurely learned poem in Hexame-
ters Smyrna, on the birth of Adonis, whom Sm. bore
to her own father Cinyras, a poem, by the interpret-
ation of which the Grammarian Crassitius rendered
himself distinguished, (Suet. de gramm. 18. See Voss.
on Virg. Ecl. IX, 35. p. 473. Spald. ad Quint. X,
4, 4.); Cassius of Parina, one of the conspirators
against Jul. Cæsar, whom Octavian caused to be put
to death at Athens after the battle of Actium, author
of a short probably amatory poem, in the style of
Tibullus, (Hor. Epist. I, 4. and Wieland, p. 88. Cf.
Wernsd. p. Lat. min. II. p. 261.). Furius Bibaculus,
whom Horace sarcastically mentions as an Epic poet,
Serm. I, 10, 36. II, 5, 41. is nevertheless ranked by
Quintilian, X, 1, 96. as an Iambic poet with Catullus
and Horace, (Heind. p. 215. Spald. ad Quint. VIII,
6, 17. X. l. c.). Maecenas also wrote poetry; but he
seems not himself to have set much value upon his
productions, which are first quoted with disapprobation
on account of their nice and affected expression by
later writers, (Spald. ad Quint. IX, 4, 28. X, 2, 17.
Cf. Wolf's Anal. I. p. 268.) since he is no where
mentioned in this character, either by Virgil or
Horace. He exercised a more salutary influence as a
patron and protector of poets, perhaps also as a Critic,
SECOND PERIOD.
241
(Hor. Sat. I, 10, 81.), since a critical taste often
exists without the faculty of producing original com-
positions. As critics such as he wished to please
Horace 1. c. mentions besides Mæcenas, Virgil, and
Varius, Plotius Tucca, to whom also Virgil con-
signed his unfinished Æneis for completion (Heind.
on Hor. p. 119.), Aristius Fuscus (Heind. p. 198.)
and the brothers Visci (Heind. p. 189.); also Quinc-
tilius Varus (Hor. A. P. 438. Heyne Exc. II. ad
Virg. Bucol. p. 167.) To the same class belongs also
Domitius Marsus, who was at the same time an
ingenious epigrammatist. (Broukh. ad Tib. IV, 15.
Spald. ad Quint. III, 1, 18. VI, 3, 102.). In
dramatic Literature Sp. Mecius Tarpa was reputed
the most competent judge since the time of Cicero
(Heind. p. 216.). But the new school of poets
formed by the poets above named was zealously
opposed by the Grammarians, who usually explained
the old poets-the modern were first explained by
Q. Cæcilius Epirota, a freedman of Atticus, (Suet. de
gramm. 16.)—and consequently conceived an affection
for them. Among them Horace particularly mentions
Hermogenes Tigellius of Sardinia. (Heind. p. 32. 100.
Manso über Horaz. Beurth. der ült. Dichter in
Verm. Abh. and Aufs. p. 87.)
§. 16. What Mæcenas effected for the art of Poetry,
the same did Asinius Pollio for Rhetoric. After the
latter as the plenipotentiary of Antonius had con-
R
242
SECOND PERIOD,
cluded the peace between him and Octavianus with
Mæcenas at Brundusium in the year 712, he withdrew
himself for the most part into the retirement of
literary leisure. As an orator, he was, it is true, as
much censured for his antiquated simplicity and
tameness as he was extolled for the judicious arrange-
ment of his speeches, (Quint. X, 1, 113. 2, 17, 25.
dial. de causs. c. el. 21. Senec. epist. 100.); as an
historian he was not in the estimation of Quintilian
worthy of a place among the classical authors, how-
ever truly he may have represented his facts, and
deduced them from their causes; of his Tragedies not
one was published, and they were probably designed
merely for private circulation among his intimate
friends. He was however a main support of the Arts
and of Literature, and was in this respect celebrated no
less than Mæcenas by Virgil and Horace; from the
spoils obtained in the war against the Parthians, 715,
he founded the first public library at Rome; his
judgment as a connoisseur in art was as that of one
of the first men in the state, decisive for the reputation
of poets and men of letters. As a critic, however, he
was rather a captious censor, than a dispassionate
judge, probably for the same reason, and not from the
direct influence of republican principle, that he so
often went counter to Octavianus, and that he attached
himself to Cicero during his life, (see. Cic. Epp. ad
Famil. X, 31. 32. 33.), and after his death reviled
SECOND PERIOD.
243
him, (Senec. suas. 7.)-viz. from vanity, which seeks
by depreciating others to raise itself the higher.
(Manut. ad Cic. Epp. ad Fam. X, 31. Voss. de hist.
1.
p. 80. Voss. on Virg. Ecl. 4. Thorbecke comm. de
C. As. P. vita et stud. doctr. Lugd. B. 1820. 8vo.
Cf. Heind. on Hor. Sat. p. 91. 217.)
§. 17. Besides Pollio, there was a distinguished
character, as a general, orator, and patron of the fine
arts, M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, one of the
noblest of the Romans, who being proscribed by Antony,
fled when a youth of 17 in 711 to Brutus and Cassius,
after the battle of Philippi went over to Antony, but
after the peace at Brundusium, "disgusted at the
dependence of his debauched commander on Cleopa-
tra," espoused the cause of Cæsar Octavianus,-the
patron of Tibullus. As an orator he was remarkable
for a highly polished diction and an agreeable charm,
but was deficient in energy, (Quint. X, 1, 113. dial.
de c. c. el. 18.), wrote also in his old age a work de
familiis Romanis. (Voss. de hist. Lat. p. 88. Voss. on
Virg. Ecl. VI, 74. p. 329. M. Val. Mess. Corv. in
eenige tafereelen uit de Rom. geschiedenis geschetst
door v. Hall. Amsterd. 1818.). Another orator
Cassius Severus was detested and feared on account
of his acrimonious wit and calumnious temper, (Quint.
X, 1, 116, sq. dial. de c. corr. el. 26. Schulze ib. c.
19. Interpr. ad Hor. Epod. 6. Wyttenbach ad Plut.
p. 479.), but was the first to give to oratory a false
A
244
SECOND PERIOD.
direction by a sentimental and florid exuberance of
style, (dial. de caussis c. el. 19.). The passion for
eloquence which had been excited and fostered by the
peculiar circumstances of the state at a former period,
and which sought its gratification in the schools
rather than in public life, would necessarily augment
the number of Rhetoricians, who at the same time
proposed as exercises in declamation (declamationes)
or displayed as models, speeches on subjects which
were either fictitious, or the same which others had
handled before them. (Wolf. præf. or. Marc. p. 23.
Spald. ad Quint. IX, 2, 91. X, 1, 18.). Sound
learning also would necessarily derive encouragement
from the example of such men as Asinius Pollio and
Messala, as well as from the Palatine Library founded
by Augustus, (726, B. C. 28.) The custom which
had been established by Asinius Pollio of reading his
compositions, poems, even dramatic, speeches, speci-
mens of historical works, not only before a circle of
friends, but also before large and mixed assemblies,
would necessarily furnish an additional incentive to
display by a parade of erudition, novel terms and ex-
pressions, and by rhetorical ornament. (Lips. epist.
sel. Cent. 11. ad Belgas 48. Cf. Wolf. l. c. p. XIX,
sqq. Spald. ad Quint. X, 1, 17. p. 16.).
2 Many of the spurious orations of Cicero, (see below,)
Sallust. declam. are probably declamatory exercises of this
description. See Wolf Præf. or. Marc. p. xxii, sqq.
SECOND PERIOD.
245
§. 18. The poems of Propertius and Ovid already
exhibit palpable indications of this revolution in
taste, which a nearer acquaintance with the Alex-
andrians had also contributed to produce. The former
is thoroughly Alexandrian, and is more studious of
effect by the ostentation of learning than of captivating
the feelings in a more natural manner by correctness
of expression; though it cannot be denied that he
possesses consummate art, and a preeminent talent for
the sublime and majestic, a qualification which in-
duced him to handle heroic subjects in the Elegy.
Ovid with the greatest facility of versification possessed
a brilliant, sportive wit, which with him "o'ersteps the
modesty of nature," rather than true poetic genius, and
was the first by his rhetorical arts to give to taste a
false direction. (Wolf. l. c. p. xxxii. Cf. Senec.
Contr. II, 19. extr. IV, 28. extr. Quint. X, 1, 88.
93. 98.). After the manner of the Alexandrians,
some also wrote didactic poems upon subjects which
rarely admit of being properly handled in verse, as
Emilius Macer of Verona, upon the properties of
plants in the style of Nicander, (Broukh. ad Tib.
II, 6. Voss. Vorr. zu Tibull, übers. p. x, sq. Spald.
ad Quint. VI, 3, 96. Cf. Quint. X, 1, 56. 87.),
another Halieutica, a poem upon fishes, which was
formerly ascribed to Ovid. (Wernsd. poet. Lat. m. I.
p. 141.)
§. 19. This rhetorical taste began gradually to pre-
246
SECOND PERIOD.
vail in historical composition also, not indeed as yet
to such a degree as to disfigure matters of fact, but in
respect to the artificial garniture with which it in-
vested them. The precedent was established by Tro-
gus Pompeius, who, in imitation of Theopompus by
means of introductions, episodical narratives, and
digressions, constructed out of the history of the
Macedonian empire a general history of all the
nations at that time known, (Voss. de hist. Gr. I,
19. p. 98. Wolf. præf. ad Marc. p. xxxii.)
Livy, on the other hand, in regard to pictorial effect,
is a perfect historian, and, though he has not the
ease of Cæsar or yet of Cicero, but by a compression
of style affects an air of solemn dignity, he never-
theless surpasses even the historians of Greece in the
loveliness and richness of his
life and spirit of his delineations.
p. 27, sqq. Niebuhr Röm.
Quint. II, 5, 19. I, 5, 56.
101.).
colouring, and the
(Bibl. crit. III, 4.
Gesch. II. p. 10.
VIII, 1, 3. X, 1.
VALERIUS CATO, a Grammarian (Sueton. de
gramm. 11.) and Poet, lost his property in con-
sequence of the Agrarian distribution under Sulla.
Among his poems, Lydia and Diana were held in
particular estimation. A poem, Dira, (imprecations
upon the lands of which he had been despoiled,) is
ascribed to him. See Collectt. no. 4. 5.-Val. Cat.
SECOND PERIOD.
247
pöem. rec. et ill. C. Putschius. Jena 1828. 8vo.
Bibl. d. alt. Litt. u. K. 9s St. p. 56.
T. LUCRETIUS CARUS, of Rome, eques, b. 95,
B. C. destroyed himself 52, devoted to the Epicurean
Philosophy: de rerum natura libri VI.
Ed. pr. Veron. 1486. fol.-cum comm. D. Lambini. Paris.
1563. 4to. 1570. 4to. Francof. 1583. 8vo.-rec. Ob. Gifanius.
Antv. 1566. 8vo. Lugd. B. 1595. 8vo.-ed. Tan. Faber. Salmur.
1660. 4to.-ed. Th. Creech. Oxon. 1695. 8vo. Lond. 1717. 8vo.
Lips. 1766. Basil. 1770. 8vo.-c. not. int. D. Lamb. etc. ed.
Sig. Havercamp. Lugd. B. 1745. 4to.-ad MSS. fidem rec.
comm. perp. ill. Gilb. Wakefield. Lond. 1796. 3 vols. 4to. and
8vo.-c. Rich. Bentleii animadv. Gilb. Wakefieldii commentt.
integris cæterorumq. interprr. obss. sel. ed. H. K. Abr.
Eichstaedt. Lips. 1801. vol. i. 8vo.-ad opt. ll. fid. c. perp.
annot. crit. gramm. et exeget. ed. Alb. Forbiger. Lips. 1828.
12mo. übers. v. Knebel. Leipz. 1821. 2 vols. 8vo.
M. T. CICERO, b. at Arpinum A. U. 648-106.
B. C. Cos. 691=63, banished 57, and continued in
exile 16 months, put to death 711-43. See The His-
lory of the Life of M. T. C. by Conyers Middleton.
Lond. 1741. 3 vols. 8vo. translated by Seidel, Dantzick
1791-93. 4 vols. 8vo. Wieland in the preface to his
translation of Cic. Letters.
For an account of his
writings see de divin. II, 1. 2. His philos. and rhet.
writings are of a date subsequent to his Consulship,
his first oration pro Quintio 78 B. C.
248
SECOND PERIOD.
Editions of his Works. Ed. pr. ap. Sweinh. et Pannarz.
1466, sqq. fol. Mediol. 1498. 4 vols. fol.-ed. P. Victorius.
Venet. 1534. 4 vols. fol.-ed. Jo. Camerarius. Basil. 1540.
4 vols. fol.-ed. P. Manutius. Venet. 1540. 10 vols. 8vo.
1578-83. fol.-ed. Dion. Lambinus. 1566. 4 vols. fol.-ex
sola fere Codd. MSS. fide studio Jo. Gulielmi et Jan. Gruteri.
Hamb. 1618. 4 vols. fol.-recogn. ab J. Gronovio. Lugd. B.
1692. 4 vols. 4to. cur. Jo. A. Ernesti. Lips. 1737. Halæ 1758.
6 vols. 8vo. with Clav. Cic.-ex rec. A. J. Ernesti. Halæ 1774.
7 vols. 8vo.-Oxon. 1783. 10 vols. 4to. with Var. of 24 MSS.-
ed. Chr. Gf. Schütz. Lips. 1814. 16 vols. 8vo. with Lex. Cicer.
23.-rec. et ed. J. Casp. Orellius. Turic. 1826, sqq. 4 vols.
6. p. large 8vo.
Edd. of separate treatises. 1) opp. rhetorica rec. et ill. Chr.
Gf. Schütz. Lips. 1804-8. 3 vols. a) Rhetor. ad Her. ed.
Garatoni. Neap. 1777. Rhet. ad Her. IV. et de Invent. II.
cum notis intt. Lambini etc. ed. P. Burmannus 2 vols. Lugd. B.
1761. 8vo.-repet. cur. suasque not. adj. Fr. Lindemann. Lips.
1828. 8vo. b) de oratore 3 vols. ed. Jac. Lud. Strebæus.
Paris. 1540. fol. 1557. 4to.-em. et illustr. Zach. Pearce.
Cantabr. 1732. 8vo.-ed. Harles. Lips. 1815. 8vo.-rec. ill. O.
M. Müller. Lips. et Züllich. 1819. 8vo. c) Brutus s. de cl.
orat. cum comm. Seb. Corradi. Flor. 1552. fol.-ill. J. Ch. F.
Wetzel. Hal. 1793. 8vo. c. n. Jo. A. Ern. alior. interpr. sel.
ed. suasque adj. Frid. Ellendt. Regim. 1825. 8vo. d) Orator
¡llustr. Bened. Schirach. Halæ 1766. 8vo.-ex tribus Codd.
denuo rec. H. Meyerus. Acc. ep. crit. C. H. Frotscheri.
Lips. 1827. 8vo.-orat. Brut. Top.-c. annot. C. Beieri et
edit. denuo rec. Jo. Casp. Orellius. Turic. 1830. 8vo.
e) Topica. f) de partit. oratoria. g) de optimo gen. dic.-
2) Orationes 69. rec. c. comm. Asc. Pediani et notis int.
Lambini etc. ed. J. G. Grævius. Amstel. 1699. 6 vols. 8vo.-
e rec. Grævii c. var. not. ed. Garatoni. Neap. 1777–88. 9 vols.
8vo.-M. T. C. opp. ad opt. ll. rec. anim. crit. instr. indd. et
lex. Cic. add. Chrn. Dan. Beckius. Lips. 1795-1807.4 vols. 8vo.
(contains only the first 30 Orations.-or. Verrinæ ex rec. et c.
SECOND PERIOD.
249
anim. Thpb. Chrp. Harles. Acc. Asconii comm. Erlang. 1783,
sq. 2 vols. 8vo. Verr. ll. VII. Ad fid. Codd. MSS. rec. et
expl. C. T. Zumptius. Berol. 1831. 8vo.-M. T. C. quæ vulgo
feruntur orr. IV. post red. in sen. ad Quir. p. r. pro domo de
har. resp. recogn. F. A. Wolf. Berl. 1801. 8vo.—or. pro Marc.
rec. F. A. W. 1802. 8vo.-or. pro Cn. Plancio c. adnot. Gasp.
Garatoni. Bonon. 1813. 8vo. c. int. comm. Garaton. sel.
adnot. quibus suas add. Jo. Casp. Orellius. Lips. 1825.-ad
opt. codd. fid. em. et interpret. tum al. tum suis explan. Ed.
Wunderus. Lips. 1830. 4to.-or. pro T. Ann. Milone cum
adn. et vers. ital. ed. Gasp. Garatoni. Bonon. 1817. 8vo.-M.
T. C. trium orationum, pro Scauro, pro Tullio, pro Flacco
partes ineditæ c. ant. schol. item inedito; invenit, rec. not. ill.
Angelus Maius. Mediol. 1814. Francof. ad M. 1815. 8vo.—
or. pro. Sc. pro Tull. et in Clod. fr. ined., pro Clu. pro Cæl.
pro Cæc. var. lect., or. pro Mil. a lacunis restit. ex membr.
palimps. Bibl. R. Taur. ed. Amed. Peyron. Stuttg. et Tub.
1824. 4to.-ed. Car. Beier. Lips. 1825. 8vo.-c. emend. suis
et comm. iterum edd. Andr. Guil. Cramer et Car. Fr. Heinrich.
Kiliæ 1816. 4to.-ed. Orelli. 1826. 8vo.-M. T. C. orationum
pro M. Fonteio et pro C. Rabirio fr. T. Livii 1. 91. fr. plenius
et emendatius, L. Senecæ fr. ex membr. bibl. Vatic. ed.
a B. G. Niebuhrio. Romæ 1820. 8vo.-M. T. C. oratt.
VII. in usum schol. ed. A. Matthiæ. Lips. 1818. 8vo.-or.
VI pro Sulla, pro Sext. pro Mil. pro Lig. pro Deiot. pro Arch.
etc. ed. A. Matthiæ. Lips. 1830. 8vo. orr. Philipp. Textum
castig. et c. n. varr. et comm. Garatonii, suis anim. ed. G. G.
Wernsdorf. Lips. 1821. 8vo. 8) Epist. ad div. s. ad famil.
XVI. (ed. by Fr. Petrarca at Vercelli) ex rec. J. G. Grævii.
Amst. 1677. 2 vols. 8vo. (P. Manut.)-rec. et ill. Chph. Cel-
larius auct. et em. studio Glieb. Cortii. Lips. 1749. 8vo. e rec.
Grævii c. var. not. ed. Garatoni. Neap. 1777. 4 vols. 8vo.-
Ep. ad T. Pompon. Att. XVI. subsequent to Cic. Consulat. (ed.
by F. Petr.) ex rec. J. G. Grævii. Amst. 1684. 8vo.- Ep. ad
Qu. fr. III. et ad M. Brutum I. cum notis Victorii etc. Hage
Com. 1725. 8vo. His collected Frag. transl. and illustr. by Wie-
250
SECOND PERIOD.
land. Zurich. 1808, sqq. 7 vols. 8vo. Cic. epp. ed. Chr. Theod.
Schütz. Halæ 1809, sqq.-epp. ad fam. ad Att. etc. tempp. ord.
dispos. ad optt. edd. et MSS. codd. præs. Ambrosianos coll. sel.
interpr. notis novisque auctæ cur. Fr. Bentivoglio. Mediol.
vol. I. 1826. 8vo. 4) Philos. Treatises. a) Academ. quæst. I.
et IV. rec. Jo. Davisius. Cantabr. 1736. 8vo. Halæ 1806. 8vo.
-ed. Jo. Aug. Görenz. Lips. 1810. 8vo.-b) de fin. b. et m.
V. ed. Jo. Davisius Cantabr. 1728. 8vo. Halæ 1804, 8vo.-ex
rec. et cum not. J. H. Bremii. Turici 1798. 1 vol. 8vo.-rec.
Jo. Aug. Görenz. Lips. 1813. 8vo.-c. sel. Goer. annot. quibus
suas subj. Frid. Vil. Otto. Lips. 1831. 8vo.-c) Tusc. disput.
V. ed. Jo. Davis. Cantabr. 1709. 8vo. Halæ 1805.-ex rec.
Fr. A. Wolfii. Lips. 1792. 8vo. 1807.-e Wolf. rec. edid. et
ill. R. Kühner. Jenæ 1829. 8vo. d) de nat. deor. III. ed.
J. Davis. Cant. 1718. 1723. 1733. 8vo. Halæ 1820. 8vo. ed.
Kindervater. Lips. 1796. 8vo. ad lib. MSS. partim nondum
adhibit. fid. rec. et em. Lud. Frid. Heindorfius. Lips. 1815.
8vo. ex rec. Ern. c. not. Davis. Acc. Fr. Creuzeri aliquot
annot. ac præf. et var. lect. e 13 Codd. ed. G. H. Moser. Lips.
1818. 8vo.-e) de divinatione. II. ed. Jo. Davisius. Cantabr.
1721. 8vo. Hala 1807. 8vo.-ed. Jo. Jac. Hottinger. Turici
1793. 8vo.-c. omn. erudit. animadv. recogn. Fr. Creuzeri et
C. Ph. Kayseri suasque animadv. add. G. H. Moser. Francof.
1828. 8vo. f) de fato a Fragm. ex rec. J. H. Bremii. Lips.
1795. 8vo.-g) de Legibus III. ed. J. Davisius. Cant. 1727.
8vo. Halæ 1809. 8vo. ed. Jo. Aug. Goerenz. Lips. 1809. 8vo.
-rec. suasque anim. adj. G. H. Moser. Francof. 1824. 8vo.—
h) de officiis III. ex rec. et c. n. Jo. Ge. Grævii. Amstel.
1688. 8vo.-ed. Zach. Pearce. Cant. 1745. 8vo. ex rec. et cum
n. Heusingerorum. Brunsv. 1783. 8vo. rec. Aug. Gotth. Gern-
hard. Lips. 1811. 8vo.-ad probatiss. exempl. fid. em. et cum
comm. ed. a Car. Beiero. Lips. 1820. 2 vols. 8vo.-i) Cato
major. k) Lælius. rec. et schol. Jac. Facciolati suisque anim.
instr. A. G. Gernhard. Lips. 1825. 8vo.-in us. schol. brevi
annot. crit. instr. C. Beierus. Lips. 1828. 12mo. 1) Paradoxa.
Cato, Læl. Par. perp. ann. et excurs. ill. J. Ch. F. Wetzel.
SECOND PERIOD.
251
Liegn. 1792.-de off. Cat. m. Parad. ex rec. Grævii (ed. Gara-
toni.) Neap. 1777. 2 vols. 8vo. Cato m. et parad. rec. et
scholiis Jac. Facciolati suisque anim. instr. A. G. Gernhard.
Lips. 1819. 8vo. Lost treatises and fragm. a) de rep. 1. VI.
quæ supersunt ed. Aug. Maio. Romæ 1822. Stuttg. 1822. 8vo.
-rec. et em. Fred. Steinackerus. Lips. 1823. 8vo.—recogn.
G. H. Moser. Francof. 1S26. 8vo.-ex rec. C. Fr. Heinrichii
Ed. maj. c. comm. crit. in 1. I. Bonnæ 1828. 8vo. extant at
the beginning of the eleventh Cent.; a fragment of them, Som-
nium Scipionis, has been preserved aud interpreted by Macrobius.
b) Aratea. c) de gloria II. which yet were in the possession
of Petrarch. (P. Alcyonius, about 1522.) d) Œcon. e Xenoph.
e) Dem. or. pr. Cor. et Æsch. in Ctes. f) de philos. s. Horten-
sius.-Q. T. Cicero de petitione consulatus. rec. Chrn. Gottl.
Schwarz. Altd. 1719. 8vo.
M. TERENT. VARRO, b. at Rome, [A. U. 638,]
116 B. C., once trib. pl., a partizan of Pompey, but
pardoned by Cæsar, lived from that time in learned
leisure; being proscribed with Cicero, he saved himself,
and returned to Rome under Octavian (Augustus),
d. B. C. 27. The number of his writings, treating
upon almost every variety of subject, was 490. Of him
Cic. Ac. I, 3. 1) De lingua Lat. ad M. T. Cic. I.
XXIV, of which only 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. remain.
Ed. pr. ex recogn. Pompon. Læti. s. 1. et a.-Venet. 1474.
-cum conjectaneis Jos. Scaligeri. Paris. 1565. 8vo. 1581. 8vo.
Auctores ling. 1. ed. Dion. Gothofredus. Genev. 1602. 1622.
4to.-c. not. Ant. Augustini, Adr. Turnebi, Jos. Scalig. et
Aus. Popmæ. Bip. 1788. 2 vols. 8vo.-rec. L. Spengel. Berol.
1826. 8vo. emend. et annot. a Car. Od. Müllero. Gotting.
1833. 8vo.
SECOND PERIOD.
252
2) De re rust. III.
See scriptt. rei rust. The complete works of V. ed. H. Steph.
c. Jos. Scal. et P. Victorii notis 1569, etc. Amstel. 1623. 8vo.
Besides satyra Menippeæ in Prose, but mixed with Verse, after
the example of the Cynic Menippus, for the most part on moral
subjects. Spald. ad Quint. I, 4, 4.
Q. "VALERIUS Catullus, b. 668 U. C. 86 B. C.
of the Peninsula Sirmio on the lac. Benacus (l. di
Garda) near Verona, of a respectable family, was still
living about 707, B. C. 47. Lyrica, elegiæ, epigr.
Generally with Tibullus and Propert. Ed. pr. 1472. ed. Vinc.
1481. fol.—c. nott. M. Ant. Mureti, Jos. Scaligeri, Jan. Dousæ,
Jo. Passeratii all. ed. Jo. Ge. Grævius. Traj. ad Rhen. 1680.
8vo.-c. comm. Is. Vossii. Lond. 1684. 4to.-c. annot. Jo.
Ant. Vulpii (Cat. Tib. Pr.) Patav. 1710. 4to. (Cat. alone)
1737. 4to. Cat. carmina, varietate lect. et perpetua adnot.
illustrata a Fr. Guil. Doering. Lips. 1788.-ad opt. ll. fid.
recogn. var. lect. et indd. adj. C. J. Sillig. Gotting. 1823. 8vo.
-ex rec. Car. Lachmanni. Berol. 1829. 8vo. Cat. epith.
Pelei et Thet. ill. C. G. Lenz. Altenb. 1787. 8vo.-el. ad
Manlium. Lectionem constituit Laur. van Santen. Lugd. B.
1788. 4to. The Pervigilium Veneris, by an anonymous author,
may be found separate with the notes of Salmasius, Scriverius,
and others, in Baudii amores. Lugd. B. 1638. 12mo. and in
Collectt. no. 5. tom. iii.
CORN. NEPOs, b. at Hostilia in the Veronesian
b See Jahrb. d. Philol. u. Pædag. XIII. p. 283, sq.
SECOND PERIOD.
253
territory, was poisoned by his freedman Callisthenes,
B. C. 30. Vitæ excell. Gr. imperatt. 20. (designedly
short, see Epamin. 4.) Hamilcaris, Hannib. Of his
work upon the Rom. Historians, there is extant only
his vita Catonis maj.; of that de viris illustr. Vita
T. Pompon. Attici. A revision of his work was made
by Æmilius Probus in the time of Theodosius the
Great.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1471. fol.-ex em. etc. comm. Dion. Lam-
bini. Paris. 1568. 4to.-c. comm. Jo. Andr. Bosii. Lips. 1657.
Jen. 1675. 8vo.-c. nott. varr. ed. Aug. van Staveren. Leid.
1734. 1773. 8vo. Stuttg. 1820. 2 vols. 8vo. (cur. Guil. H.
Bardili.)—ed. Jo. Mich. Heusinger. Isenac. 1747. 8vo.-ed.
et ill. K. H. Tzschucke. Gott. 1804. 8vo.--mit. Anm. v. J. G.
Bremi. Zürich. 1812. 1820. 1827. 8vo.-recogn. sel. al. suisque
notis max. part. gramm. ill. G. Fr. Günther. Halis. 1820. 8vo.
-He wrote besides Chronic. libr. III., illustrium virorum libr.,
of which 16 are cited.
C. JUL. CÆSAR, b. 654 U. C. 100 B. C. + 710
U. C. 44 A. C., an Orator, Grammarian, General,
Statesman, de b. Gall. libr. VII. (the eighth is by
Hirtius,) de b. civ. libri III. The Books de bello
Alex., de b. Afric. and de b. Hispan. (badly written
and very corrupt) are by unknown authors.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1469. fol. ed. Jungermann. Francof. 1606.
1669. 4to.-ex Museo Jo. Ge. Grævii. Amstel. 1697. 8vo.
1713. 8vo. rec. et c. not. sel. varr. ed. Jo. Davisius. Cant.
1706. 4to. Lond. 1727. 4to.-Prachtausgabe v. Sam. Clarke.
Lond. 1712. krit.-c. not. Davisii, Clarkii et suis ed. Fr.
542
SECOND PERIOD.
Oudendorp. Lugd. B. 1737. 4to.-ex rec. Oud. ed. Morus.
Lips. 1780. denuo curavit Oberlin. ib. 1805. 8vo.-de b. civ.
with notes by J. C. Held. Sulzb. 1827. 8vo.-de b. gall. with
notes by the same, 2d edition. Sulzb. 1832.—de b. gall. illustrated
by Chr. G. Herzog. 2d edition. Leipz. 1831. 8vo. His orations
are lost: de analogia libri II. ad M. T. Cic. Anti-Catones II.
against Cic.
C. SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS, b. 669 A. U. C. 85
B. C. at Amiternum in the Sabine territory, in the
year 704 expelled from the Senate (Heind. on Horat.
Satir. p. 40.), reinstated by Cæsar, Prætor, Governor
of Numidia, d. A. C. 35. de bello Catilinario and de
bello Jugurth.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1470. fol.-ex recogn. J. Gruteri. Francof.
1607. 8vo.-rec. Jos. Wasse. Cantabr. 1710. 4to.~ed. Gottl.
Corte. Lips. 1724. 4to.-ed. Sig. Havercamp. Amstel. 1742.
2 vols. 4to.-recogn. F. D. Gerlach. Basil. 1823, sqq. 3 vols.
8vo. ex rec. et c. int. adnott. Cortii div. lect. Haverc. ed.
C. H. Frotscher. Lips. 1825. I vol. 8vo.-ad fid. codd. MSS.
rec. c. sel. Cortii not. suisque comm. ed. Frid. Kritzius. Lips.
vol. i. 1828. 8vo. Catil. interpreted by Chrn Glob Herzog.
Leipz. 1828. 8vo.-de conjur. Catil. liber. with notes by E. W.
Fabri. Nürnb. 1831. 8vo. His principal work historiarum P.
R. libri VI. from the death of Sulla to the Catil. conspiracy, is
lost. histor. 1. III. fr. ex Cod. Vatic. ed. ab Aug. Maio. auct.
et em. cur. Jo. Theoph. Kreyssigio. Misen. 1830. 8vo.
M. VITRUVIUS POLLIO, of Verona: de archite-
ctura l. X. in the reign of Augustus. (Respecting the
age in which he lived, see Hirt. über d. Pantheon.)
SECOND PERIOD.
255
Ed. pr. s. 1. et a. Flor. 1496. fol.-c. not. castig. et obs.
G. Philandri (Lugd. B. 1554. 4to.) D. Barbari et C. Salmasii
ed. Jo. de Læt. Amstel. 1649. fol.-rec. et gloss. ill A. Rode.
Berol. 1800, sq. 4to.-ex fide libr. scr. rec. emend. suisque et
VV. DD. annot. ill. J. Gottl. Schneider. Lips. 1807. 3 vols.
8vo. c. not. noviss. Jo. Poleni et comm. variorum rec. Sim.
Stratico. Utini 1825, sqq. 4 vols. 4to.
P. VIRGILIUS MARO, b. 70 B. C. at Andes in the
Mantuan territory, d. 19 B. C. at Brundusium;
1) Bucolica or Ecloga 10, written between 41 and 38
B. C. in the following chronological order, 2. 3. 1. 5.
9. 4. 6. 8. 7. 10. The poet employs pastoral scenes
to pourtray his own situation and feelings. Alone
with an Engl. transl. and notes by J. Martyn. Lond.
1794. 4to. 2) Georgica. IV. its composition occupied
7 years. Alone with an English transl. and notes
by J. Martyn. Lond. 1741. 4to. 1746. 8vo. German
by Dusch. Hamb. 1760. Virgils ländliche Gedichte
übers u. erklärt von J. H. Voss. Alton. 1797, sqq. 4to.
2d edition of the same, 1830. 8vo. 3) Eneis. Servii
(in the time of Constantine the Great,) commentarii
in Virg. upon the Bucolica and Georgica by Jun. Phi-
largyrius and M. Valerius Probus, upon the Æneid
by Tib. Claud. Donatus.
Editions of the complete Works of Virgil. Ed. pr. Romæ s.
1. et a. (1467).—Venet. 1471. fol. with Servius.—cum comm.
Jo. Lud. de la Cerda. Lugd. 1612-19. 3 vols. fol. Col. Agr.
1647, sqq. and often.-ed. Fr. Taubmann. Francof. 1618. 4to.
ed. Nic. Heinsius. Amst. 1676. 12mo. Lugd. B. 1684. 12mo.
256
SECOND PERIOD.
in us. Delph. cur. Car. Ruæo. ed. 2. Paris. 1692, and often.-
ed. P. Burmann. Amst. 1745. 6 vols. 4to. cum comm. vett.
et Heinsii notis ined.-ed. Heyne. Lips. 1803. 4 vols. 8vo.
(3d ed. 4th ed. cur. Ge. Phil. Eber. Wagner. 1830, sq.) ed.
Heyne in usum tironum. cur. Wunderlich et Ruhkopf. Lips.
1815, sq. 2 vols. 8vo. translated by J. H. Voss. Braunschw.
1799. 1820. 3 vols. 8vo. P. Virg. M. Appendix cum sup-
plem. multorum antehac nunquam excusorum poëmatum. Jos.
Scalig. castig. et comm. ed. Fr. Lindenbruchio. Lugd. B. 1595.
8vo. (Catalecta Virg. Culex, Ciris, Copa, Moretum etc.) Mor.
u. Copa b. Wernsd. II. p. 245.
Q. HORATIUS FLACCUS, b. at Venusia in Apulia,
65 B. C. d. 8 B. C. His compositions in the order
of time are: Sermon. I. B. C. 39–37. Sermon. II.
B. C. 34-32. Epodon. lib. B. C. 31–30. Od. I.
Od. III.
B. C. 29-27.
B. C. 23-22.
Od. II. B. C. 25-24.
Epist. I. B. C. 19. 18. Od. IV.
Epist.
et carm. sæc. B. C. 16—14. Epist. II. unknown.
Commentaries upon him were written by Acron and
Porphyrius.
Ed. pr. s. 1. et a. (Mediol. 1470 ?) 4to.-c. comm. Acr. et
Porph. per Ant. Zarotum. 1486. fol.-per Ge. Fabricium. Ba-
sil. 1555. 2 vols. fol.-cum comm. Dion. Lambini. Lugd. 1561.
4to. Par. 1567. 4to. 1605. 4to. Francof. 1612. 4to.-ex 11 MSS.
em. c. comm. antiquis op. Jac. Cruquii. Antv. 1578. 4to.-c.
comm. Læv. Torrentii. Antv. 1608. 4to.-rec. Rich. Bentley.
Cantabr. 1711. 4to. Amst. 1728. 4to. Lips. 1764. 2 vols. 8vo.—
em. Alex. Cuningham. Hag. 1721. 8vo.-Hor. eclogæ c.
schol. perp. præcipue ant. gramm. ed. W. Baxter. (Lond.
1725. 8vo.); recudi cur. var. lect. et suis obss. auxit J. M.
Gesnerus. Lips. 1752. nov. ed. cur. J. K. Zeune, ib. 1788.
SECOND PERIOD.
257
8vo. 1815. 8vo.-ill. Chr. G. Mitscherlich. Lips. 1800. 2 vols.
8vo. only the Odes. ad MSS. em. et ill. Car. Fea. Rom. 1811.
2 vols. 8vo. reprint. by Bothe. Heidelb. 1826. 2 vols. 8vo.
Acc. Jo. Ge. Grævii schol. ad Od. I. II.-rec. (18 MSS.) et
ill. Car. Vanderbourg. Paris. 1812. 3 vols. 8vo. only the Odes.
-rec. et ill. Fr. Guil. Doering. Lips. t. i. ed. 3. Lips. 1824.
t. ii. ed. 2, 1828.—rec. et ann. instr. J. Ch. Jahn. Lips. 1824.
8vo. [by Orellius, 1837.] Des Q. Hor. Fl. Satiren erklärt v.
L. F. Heindorf. Bresl. 1815. 8vo. übers. v. Voss. Heidelb.
1806. 2 vols. 8vo.-Horat. Satiren übers. mit erläuternden Anm.
von C. M. Wieland. Leipz. 1786. 1794. 1804. 8vo.-Satir.
kritisch bericht. übers. u. erläut. v. C. Kirchner. Ir Th. Strals.
1829. 4to.-Eb. Briefe übers. mit hist. Einleit. u. a. Erläut. v.
C. M. Wieland. ebend. 1787. 1790. 1801. 8vo.-Epist. erklärt
von Fr. E. Th. Schmid. Halberst. 2 Th. 1828. 1830. 8vo.
5.
C. CORNEL. GALLUS, of Forum Julii (Frejus),
b. A. U. 684, B. C. 69, Præf. Ægypti under Au-
gustus, (see on the other hand Burm. ad Prop. I,
in.), with whom, however, he fell into disgrace and
destroyed himself, A. U. 728, B. C. 25. Four books.
of Elegies upon Lycoris. Quint. X, 1, 93. An
Elegy is attributed to him: Non fuit Arsacidum etc.
ed. Ald. Manut. Florent. 1590.-c. anim. perp. J. J.
Scaligeri in his Opusc. var. Francof. 1612. 8vo
Wernsd. P. Lat. min. t. iii. also annexed to Catullus,
Tibullus, and Prop. Six other Elegies belong to
Maximianus, a versifier in the time of the Emperor
Theodoric. Fabric. B. L. i. p. 425. (Virgil's Ciris
can hardly be the composition of Gallus, since in his
poem Scylla was metamorphosed into a sea-monster,
S
258
SECOND PERIOD.
(Virg. Ecl. 6, 74, sqq.), but in the Ciris into the bird
Cf. 54, sqq. Voss.
of the same name, v. 487, sqq.
zu Virg. Ecl. 6, 74. p. 329, sq.)
ALBIUS TIBULLUS, eques R., contemporary with
Virgil and Horace, d. B. C. 19. Elegiar. libr. IV.
The third book is written under the name of a
damus, the fourth under that of a Sulpicia.
Lyg-
Romæ 1475. 4to.-
Ed. pr. s. 1. et a. probab. 1472. 4to.
cum comm. S. Broukhusii. Amstel. 1708. 1727. 4to. Cat.
Tib. Prop. cum comm. Jo. Ant. Vulpii. Patavii 1710. 4to.
and alone Pat. 1749. 4to. rec. et ill. Heyne. Lips. 1798. 8vo.
and cur. Wunderlich. Lips. 1817. 8vo. Alb. Tibull and Lyg-
damus revised according to MSS. by J. H. Voss. Heidelb. 1811.
Svo.-ex rec. et c. anim. Imm. G. Huschkii. Lips. 1819.
2 vols. 8vo.-textu ad codd. MSS. et edd. recogn. c. notis
et indd. ed. Ern. C. Chrn. Bach. Lips. 1819. 8vo. übersetzt
und erklärt von Voss. Tübing. 1810. 8vo. Fr. A. Guil.
Spohn de A. Tib. vita et carmm. disp. P. I. c. 1-5. Lips.
1819. 8vo.
S. AUR. PROPERTIUS, of Umbria, junior to
Tibullus, contemporary with Ovid, b. A. U. 739,
B. C. 15.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1482. 4to.--ed. Jo. Passeratius. Paris. 1608. fol.
rec. J. Broukhusius. Amstel. 1702. 4to. 1727. 4to.-cum
comm. Vulpii. Patav. 1755. 2 vols. 4to.-var. lect. et perp.
annot. ill. F. Glo. Barth. Lips. 1777. 8vo.-cum comm. perp.
P. Burmanni II. ed. Laur. Santen. Traj. 1780. 4to.—ad fid.
optt. codd. rec. int. Groning. Neapol. excerpt. Puscii var. lect.
SECOND PERIOD.
259
brevemque adn. adj. Fr. Jacob. Lips. 1827. 12mo.-c. obss.
crit. ed. H. Paldamus. Halæ 1827. 8vo.-ex rec. Car. Lach-
manni, Berol. 1829. 8vo.
P. OVIDIUS NASO, eques. of Sulmo in Pelignis,
b. 43 B. C. in his 51st year banished to Tomi,
d. 17 A. D.
Ed. pr. Romæ 1471. 2 vols. fol.-rec. Nic. Heinsius. Amst.
1661. 68. 3 vols. 12mo.-rec. P. Burmann. Amst. 1727.4 vols.
4to.-e rec. N. Heinsii c. ejusd. not. integr. cur. ind. adj. J. F.
Fischer. Lips. 1758. 1773. 2 vols. 8vo.-e rec. Burm. ed. Mits-
cherlich. Gott. 1796. 1819. 2 vols. 8vo.-ad codd. MSS. fidem
recogn. var. lect. subj. et clav. Ovidianam add. Jo. Chr. Jahn.
Lips. 1828.
Editions of separate Poems. 1) Elegies. a. Epistles. a. Heroi-
des 21. avec les comm. de Caspar Bachet de Meziriac. Hag.
1716. 8vo.-ed. Dav. Jac. v. Lennep. Amst. 1809. 1812. 8vo.
-rec. comm. N. Heins. P. Burm. v. Lenn. instr. Vitus Loers.
Colon. 1830.32. 2 vols. 8vo.-B. epist. ex Ponto IV. b. others.
Amorum libri III. Tristium libri V.-Trist. 1. V. e Ponto
1. IV. e rec. Burm. animadv. interpr. exc. suasque adj. Th. Ch.
Harles. Erl. 1772. 8vo. 2) Didactic Poems. ars amatoria. III.
1. remedia amoris; Fastorum 1. VI.-c. ind. historicophilol.
ed. G. Ch. Taubner. Lips. 1749. 2 vols. 8vo.-rec. Th. E.
Gierig. Lips. 1812. 8vo.—cur. var. lect. cod. Francof. adj. F.
C. Matthiæ. Francof. ad M. 1813. 8vo. 3) Heroic. Metamor-
phoseon 1. XV. ill. F. E. Gierig. Lips. 1804. 2 vols. 8vo. ed.
III. em. et aucta c. J. C. Jahn. 1821. 2 vols. 8vo. übers. v. J.
H. Voss. Berl. 1798. 2 vols. 8vo.
A. SABINUS, 3 Epistles in reply to Ov. Heroides;
Ul. Penelopœ, Demoph. Phyllidi, Paris Œnona.
PUBLIUS SYRUS, a freedman and Mime Poet, a
260
SECOND PERIOD.
favourite of Jul. Cæsar. A collection of moral sen-
tences out of his Mimes has been preserved. rec.
Des. Erasmus. Basil. 1502. 4to.-c. not. et comm.
Jan. Gruteri. Lugd. B. 1708. 8vo. 1727. 8vo.—rec.
Rich. Bentley appended to his Terence and Phædrus.
-ed. Tzschucke. Lips. 1790. 12mo.-ed. J. C. Orel-
lius. Lips. 1822. 8vo. Supplem. ib. 1824. 8vo.
Fabric. B. L. i. p. 477.
P. CORNELIUS SEVERUS. The Poem Etna, which
goes under his name, was probably the production
of Lucilius, the friend of Seneca.-ed. Th. Gorallus
(Clericus). Amstel. 1715. 8vo.-in Collectt. no. 5.
-Lucilii jun. Etna. Rec. not. J. Scaligeri, Lin-
denbr. et suas add. Fr. Jacob. Lips. 1826. 8vo.
A Fragment of Corn. Sev. de morte Ciceronis see
Collectt. no. 5.
C. PEDO ALBINOVANUS, a friend of Ovid. Some
ascribe to him the Consolatio ad Liviam Drusam de
morte Drusi, which stands also in the Burmann and
other Edd. of Ovid, on still slighter grounds elegia
in obitum Mœcenatis, and a third de Macenate mori-
bundo.
See Catal. Virg. rec. c. not. Scalig. Lindenbrog. Heinsii et
suis ed. Th. Gorallus. Amstel. 1703. 8vo.-El. in mortem
Drusi ex rec. Burm c. notul. crit. ed. Ch. Dn. Beck. Lips.
1783. 8vo. The elegies in ob. Mæc. and de Mæc. are also to be
found in Wernsd. P. Lat. m. tom. iii.
t
SECOND PERIOD.
261
GRATIUS FALISCUS, contemporary with Ovid.
See Epp. ex Pont. IV, 16, 34. Cynegeticon lib.
Wernsd. I. p. 141. also ascribes to him the Halieu-
ticon. Gr. F. et Olymp. Nemes. carm. venat. cum
scripturæ variet. et aliorum suisque commentatt. ed.
Reinh. Stern. Halis Sax. 1832. 8vo.
Venet. 1534. 8vo. also in the Collectt. 14. 15.
TITUS LIVIUS, a native of Padua, from 58 B. C.
died A. D. 19. Historiæ Rom. from the foundation
of the city to B. C. 10, in 142 books, of which only
35 are extant, I-X. and XXI-XLV.
Ed. pr. Rom. s. a. (1469.)—ed. J. Fr. Gronov. Amst. 1679.
3 vols. 8vo.-rec. Arn. Drakenborch 1735-46. 7 vols. 4to.
Stuttg. 1820, sqq. 8vo.-ed. Aug. Wilh. Ernesti. Lips. 1769.
8vo. 3 vols. 1801-4. 5 vols. 8vo. ill. Stroth. et Doering.
Gotha 1796–1819. 7 vols. 8vo. em. ab J. Thph. Kreyssigio.
Lips. 1823, sqq. 5 vols.—Fragm. e l. 96. primus vulg. P. Jac.
Bruns. Hamb. 1773. fol. c. schol. Giovenazzii. Rom. 1773.
rec. Jo. Theoph. Kreyssig. Chemnit. 1807. 8vo. Lips. 1813.-
recogn. Imm. Bekkerus. Sel. VV. DD. not. in us. schol. add.
F. E. Raschig. Berol. 1829, sqq. 3 vols. 12mo.
C. JULIUS HYGINUS, of Spain or Alexandria, a
freedman of the Emp. Augustus, and friend of Ovid,
curator of the Palatine Library. Ascribed to him are,
1) liber fabularum 277, a compilation from Scholiasts
and other Grammarians; 2) poëticon Astronomicon
262
SECOND PERIOD.
libri IV, for the most part translations of the Cata-
sterismi of Eratosthenes.
Ed. pr. d. P. A. Venet. 1482. 4to. d. Fab. Basil. 1535. fol.
-See Collectt. no. 18.
CESAR GERMANICUS, son of Drusus and grandson
of Augustus, b. 17 B. C. died A. D. 19 of poison at
Antioch. 1) Phænomena Aratea. 2) Diosemeion
fragm. compiled from several Greek authors.
Ed. pr. with Manil. Bonon. 1474. Syntagma Arateorum ill.
H. Grotius. Lugd. B. 1600. 4to. Germ. Aratea c. int. H. Gr.
notis etc. ed. Jo. Conr. Jul. Schwartz. Cob. 1715. 8vo.
M. MANILIUS, a poet wholly unknown in other
respects, to whom a didactic poem, Astronomicon l. V.
is ascribed, which treats particularly of the influence
of the constellations upon the destinies of men, and
has many poetical passages.
Ed. pr. Norimb. s. a. (1472.) 4to. per Jo. Regiomontanum.
cum not. Jos. Scaligeri. Paris. 1579. 8vo. ap. Comm. 1590.
8vo. Lugd. B. 1600. 4to. cura Boecleri. Argent. 1655. 4to.-
ed. R. Bentley. Lond. 1739. 4to.-e rec. Bentl. ed. El. Stoeber.
Argent. 1767. 8vo.
P. RUTILIUS LUPUS, (see Ruhnk. Præf. p. xi,
sqq.) a Rhetorician, translated in one book, which
however the Grammarians have divided into two, four
books of Gorgias, an Athenian Rhetorician, the pre-
SECOND PERIOD.
263
ceptor of the younger Cicero, (Cic. ad Div. XVI, 21.)
upon the Rhetorical Figures de figuris sententiarum
et elocutionis.
e biblioth. Franc. Pithai. Paris. 1599. 4to. cum notis Cl.
Capperonnerii. Argent. 1756. 4to.-rec. et annot. adjecit Dav.
Ruhnkenius. Lugd. B. 1768. 8vo. ex rec. et c. int. adnot.
Ruhnk. ed. C. H. Frotscher. Lips. 1831. 8vo.
VERRIUS FLACCUS, a freedman and celebrated
Grammarian, preceptor to the grandsons of Augustus,
Caius and Lucius. Sueton. de ill. Gr. c. 17. Festus
made an extract from his work de verborum significa-
tione. V. Fl. quæ exstant, cum castigat. Jos. Scali-
geri. Lutet. 1575. 8vo.-Fastorum anni R. a Verr.
Fl. ordinatorum reliquiæ, ex marmor. tabb. fragm.
nuper effossis coll. et ill. Acc. V. Fl. opp. fr. omnia
quæ exstant-cura et st. P. F. Fogginii. Rom. 1779.
fol. also in the Suet. of Wolf. vol. iv. p. 315.
THIRD PERIOD.
FROM THE DEATH OF THE Emp. augustus (A. D. 14.)
to the reign OF THE ANTONINES (A. D. 138.)
§. 20. WITH Augustus the Romans lost the very
shadow of liberty, and Literature, reft of its genial
influence, declined. Under the dark suspicious Tibe-
rius, the insane Caligula, the simple Claudius, the
mere vassal of his freedmen and women, and the
sanguinary Nero, it was dangerous to possess talent
and to employ it to any nobler purpose than that
of the most obsequious and degrading flattery.
Hence the honourable pride which distinguished the
Roman character disappeared, and with it expired all
sensibility for the noble and becoming in the arts and
sciences. Eloquence, however, it must be admitted,
was still cultivated with creditable success by Julius
Florus in the time of Augustus and Tiberius (Quint.
X, 3, 13. c. n. Spald.), by Domitius Afer, from the
reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, (Quint. X, 1, 118.
Spald. at V, 7, 7.), and by Julius Africanus in the
reign of Nero, (Quint. ib. Spald. at VIII, 5, 15.);
THIRD PERIOD.
265
but in proportion as it had lost its appropriate stage, a
partiality for Rhetoric increased, which, the fewer the
occasions presented in actual life for its legitimate
exercise and the rarer the instances of elevated senti-
mentª, tended in the same degree to vitiate their taste
for the simple and natural.
In place of the solemn dignity which characterized
a former age, there now succeeded a studied and often
ridiculous bombast; in order to acquire favour with
the great, an affectation of wit prevailed, and efforts
were made to invest every subject with an air of
facetiousness and originality". The language, it
is true, was enriched with many new forms of ex-
pression, but in order to acquire this novelty the
vocabulary of the Poets was rifled, and the boundary
lines of Prose and Poetry effaced. No other indi-
vidual contributed more to pervert the national taste
than Seneca, a man who to prodigious talents united
the ambition of shining by the brilliancy of his wit,
his antitheses, and the terse and pointed structure
of his sentences. (Quint. X, 1, 125, sqq.)
§. 21. Every description of Literature was infected
with this rhetorical mania. Poetry, which next to
a The dialog. de causs. corr. el. 19. 20. exhibits a lively por-
traiture of the eloquence which prevailed at that period.
b Istud acutarum festivarumque rerum aucupium in pro-
sam orationem primus invexit Trogus Pompeius, in ligatam
Ovidius. Ruhnk. præf. Vell. p. xii, sq.
འ
266
THIRD PERIOD.
Rhetoric had the greatest number of votaries, ex-
hibited a preference for rhetorical subjects, and de-
generated into declamation; and that she might not
be outstripped by Prose, perceived the necessity
of elevating her diction likewise to a higher tone.
Lucan, the best Epic Poet of this age, belongs in the
opinion of Quintilian (X, 1, 90.) rather to the
orators than the poets; while his luxuriant and
tumid diction, his delineations of character, and his
speeches, the most brilliant parts of his poem, indicate
the rhetorical bias of his genius, the choice which
he made of an historical subject shews how imperfectly
he understood the essential nature of Poetry. The
example of Valerius Flaccus introduced, moreover,
an affectation of learned display; and if Silius
Italicus strikes us less in a rhetorical point of view,
the fact may be imputed rather to the poverty of
his genius and the embarrassment resulting from
his attempt to imitate Virgil. Declamation associated
with a harsh Stoicism characterizes the Satires of
Persius, and the Tragedies of Seneca are mere de-
clamatory exercises, without any well-defined plan,
without nature and truth, though not without noble
sentiments, a profusion of moral maxims, and much
boldness of imagery. Pomponius Secundus seems to
have distinguished himself more by brilliancy of
expression than by tragic vigour. (Quint. X, 1,
Spald. at VIII, 3, 31. dial. de causs. corr. el. 13.)
98.
THIRD PERIOD.
267
§. 22. History was cultivated with success by a
few individuals of the age of Augustus, particularly by
Cremutius Cordus (Vossius de hist. I, 22.) and Au-
fidius Bassus in his libr. belli Germanici and b.
civilis, whose historical work was continued by the
elder Pliny (Voss. l. c.); but the works of the former
in consequence of their unreserved and open character
were burnt in the reign of Tiberius by a decree of the
senate, and the author himself impelled to suicide.
The only historian of this period whose works
remain to us, Velleius Paterculus, has with all his
rhetorical colouring the merit of an easy pleasing
diction, and an animated style. On the other hand,
the anecdotes which Valerius Maximus collected,
served for no other purpose than as a medium for the
exhibition of his rhetorical art in a parade of sen-
timents. Among the philosophical systems the Stoic
was in most repute, not so much from its peculiar
aptitude for raising generous spirits above the cor-
ruption and calamitous state of the times by the
additional energy which it imparted to a consciousness
of the moral dignity of mankind, as from the attraction
of its pompous and dazzling sentiments which ren-
dered it a most eligible resource for rhetorical
decoration.
§. 23. The vigour and good taste of the Roman
character raised itself once more in the prosperous
reign of Vespasian and Titus. Quintilian, both by
268
THIRD PERIOD.
precept and example, restored eloquence to the Cicero-
nian standard, and had a worthy successor in the
person of his pupil, the younger Plinius; Tacitus
wrote the history of his time with the old Roman
spirit, and with true republican dignity, and developed
an art of graphic representation, of which Thucydides
and Sallust had alone as yet furnished examples.
But the spirit of the time was too far corrupted to
admit of its sacrificing the substantial advantages
which an acquiescence in the prevailing taste held out,
to any disinterested exertions in art and science.
Statius even outvied his predecessors in Epic and
Lyric Poetry by rhetorical bombast and erudite
display. Whether Saleius Bassus (Wernsd. p. l. m.
IV, p. 43.) was that perfect poet, which the author
of the Dialogue de caussis corr. el. c. 5. represents
him to have been, is very questionable, since Quinti-
lian (X, 1, 90.) denies him this character.
History confined itself to dry memoirs of the Em-
perors, as with Suetonius, or degenerated, as in the
instance of Florus, who was rather a panegyrist than
an historian, into mawkish declamation. Servilius
Nonianus, to whom Quintilian (X, 1, 102.) ascribes
noble thoughts and an exuberance of sentiment, but at
the same time a diction somewhat too luxuriant, seems
likewise to have been a rhetorical Historian. All the
efforts of the Emperors since the time of Vespasian
to promote the study of the arts and sciences by
THIRD PERIOD.
269
giving salaries and other encouragements to the pro-
fessors, (Ast Grundriss der Philologie, p. 542, sq.),
opposed no effectual check to the progressive decline
of taste.
T. PHÆDRUS, a Thracian, freedman of Augustus,
wrote, probably in the reign of Caligula, Fabularum
Esopiarum libr. V., which, however, had so little
notoriety, that Seneca Cons. ad Polyb. 27. mentions
the fable of Æsop as intentatum Rom. ingeniis opus.
See Nachträge on Sulz. Th. 6. p. 29.
Ed. princ. P. Pithai. Augustod. 1596. 12mo.-cum notis
Conr. Rittershusii et spicilegio Casparis Scioppii. Lugd. B.
1598. 1610. 8vo.-rec. Rigaltius. Par. 1599. 12mo.-ed. P.
Burmann. Lugd. B. 1719. 12mo. cum integris comm. Ritt. etc.
Amst. 1698. 8vo. Hag. C. 1718. 8vo. Lugd. 1778. 8vo.-rec.
[ In opposition to those who impugn the genuineness of the
Fables ascribed to Phædrus, on the ground of their not being
mentioned by any other writers than Martial, 3, 20. and Avi-
enus; and of the Esopic Fable being affirmed by Seneca to be
intentatum Romanis ingeniis opus, contending that they were
fabricated in modern times by Perottus or Gab. Faernes, the
author maintains in his Encycl. d. Phil. p. 162. that poems so
manifestly stamped with the Roman genius of a pure age,
cannot reasonably be conceived to have been the production of
a modern scholar, who must first have acquired the language
before he composed them, and that the discovery of the MS. of
the 10th century, from which the Fables were first printed,
affords incontestable proof that they were at least anterior to
the 10th century.]
270
THIRD PERIOD.
Rich. Bentley ad calc. Ter.-cum novo comm. (without the
notes of the former.) ed. P. Burmann. Lugd. B. 1727. 4to.--
cum var. lectt. et comm. perp. ed. Schwabe. Hal. 1779-81.
3 vols. 8vo. Brunsv. 1806. 2 vols. large 8vo.-prima ed. crit. c.
int. var. Codd. Pithœani etc. Acc. Cæs. German. Arat. ex fide
Codd. em. et suppl. Pervig. Ven. ad Codd. Salm. et Pith.
exactum ab Jo. Casp. Orellio. Turic. 1831. 8vo. ed. 2. 1832.
Comp. gen. Schulz. 1829. 2 vols. n. 129. 1831. 2 vols. n. 126.
VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, eques, prætor under
Tiberius, wrote in the year 30 a sketch of the Roman
history up to the death of Livia, the mother of
Tiberius, in two books, of which the first, which con-
tains a short survey of the powerful nations which
existed before the foundation of the city, is in a
very mutilated state. He was put to death as being
a friend of Sejanus in the year 31. Of his work
there was only one Codex, now lost.
Ed. pr. Beat. Rhenani. Basil. 1520. fol.-ed. J. Lipsius.
Antv. 1607. 1648. fol.-ed. P. Burmann. c. n. var. Lugd. B.
1719. 8vo.―e rec. et c. comm. perp. Jo. Fr. Gruneri. Cob.
1762. 8vo.-c. int. anim. doctt. cur. Dav. Ruhnkenius. Lugd. B.
1779. 2 vols. 8vo. denuo ed. C. H. Frotscher. Lips. 1830, sqq.
8vo. rec. et ill. Jani et Krause. Lips. 1800. large 8vo.
translated by Fr. Jacobs. Leipz. 1793. 8vo.
VALERIUS MAXIMUS, in the reign of Tiberius;
dictorum factorumque memorabilium libr. IX. ac-
cording to some an extract from a larger work.
Ed. pr. Moguntiæ 1471. fol.-ed. Steph. Pighius. Antv.
1567.1574. 8vo. c. brev. n. J. Lipsii. Antv. 1585 etc.—cum
THIRD PERIOD.
271
not. integr. VV. DD. ed. Abr. Torrenius. Lugd. B. 1726. 4to.
-e rec. Torren. c. var. lect. notisque perp. ed. Kappius. Lips.
1781. 8vo. ed. Helfrecht. Hof. 1799. 8vo.
M. ANN. SENECA, of Corduba, a Rhetorician,
collected for his sons the most memorable thoughts
from the Declamations of the Rhetoricians in the age
of Augustus, 1) 35 controversias in 10 books, of
which we still possess the 1. 2. 7. 9. 10.; of all
there still remain Excerpta. 2) suasorias. See dial.
de c. corr. el. 35.
Controv. Venet. 1490. Contr. et suasor. Ven. 1492. fol.—
ed. Jo. Fr. Gronovius. Amst. 1672. 8vo. in the 3d book of the
Opp. Sen.
A. CORNEL. CELSUS wrote on different subjects,
Rhetoric, History, Jurisprudence, Philosophy, the art
of war, Agriculture; there are still extant de re medica
libr. VIII. in which the most useful and valuable por-
tions of the medical systems then known are collected
with much critical discrimination and judiciously
arranged. Medicorum Cicero. See Encyclop. v.
Ersch u. Gruber.
Ed. pr. Flor. 1478. fol.-cura Th. Jans ab Almeloveen.
Amst. 1687. 12mo. 1713. 1746.-rec. c. not. sup. Car. Chru.
Krause. Lips. 1766. 8vo.-ex rec. Leon. Targæ. Patav. 1769.
4to. ex rec. Targa. Acc. G. Matthiæ lexicon Celsianum.
Lugd. Bat. 1785. 4to.
POMPONIUS MELA, of the Province Bætica, in
272
THIRD PERIOD.
the reign of Claudius, Cosmographic s. de situ orbis
libri III.
Ed. pr. Mediol. 1471. 4to.-ed. Is. Vossius Hagæ C. 1658.
4to. Franequ. 1701. 8vo.-rec. Jac. Gronovius. Lugd. B. 1683.
8vo. 1696. 8vo. ad omnium Angl. et Hibern. codd. MSS.
fidem recogn. et ill. (opera Jo. Reinoldi.) Lond. 1711. 1719.
Eton. 1761. 4to.-ed. Abr. Gronov. c. not. var. Lugd. B. 1722.
8vo. 1743. 8vo.- e Codd. MSS. rec. c. not. crit. et exeget. ed.
K. H. Tzschucke. Lips. 1807. 7 vols. 8vo.
L. JULIUS MODERATUS COLUMELLA, of Gades,
in the reign of Claudius, wrote de re rust. lib. XII., of
which the tenth is a didactic poem upon horticulture,
as a supplement to Virg. Georg.
Edd. see in Collectt. no. 12. 13.
CL. RHEMNIUS FANNIUS PALEMON, of Vicentia,
a Grammarian, (Suet. de ill. Gr. 23.): ars gramma-
tica. See Collectt. no. 21. Fabric. B. L. tom. iii.
p. 403. de ponder. et mens. in Collectt. no. 4. 2 vols.
p. 396.
SCRIBONIUS LARGUS DESIGNATIANUS, private
physician to the Emp. Claudius, wrote de compositione
medicamentorum.
First by Jo. Ruellius. Basil. 1529. 8vo. cum not. et lex.
Jo. Rhodii. Patavii 1655. 4to.-ed. Joh. Mch. Bernhold.
Argent. 1786. 8vo.
THIRD PERIOD.
273
ASCONIUS PEDIANUS, of Padua, friend of Livius
and Silius Italicus, (Sit. It. XII, 212. Quint. I, 7.),
wrote in the reign of Claudius or Nero, (Markl.
Præf. ad quat. Cic. or. p. lxxvi. ed. Wolf.) Comm. in
orationes quasdam Ciceronis, (Verr. 1. 2. 3. and
begin. of the fourth; pro C. Cornelio, or. in toga cand.
contra Anton. et Catil. in Calpurn. Pis. pro M.
Scauro, pro Milone.) See the Grævian Edit.
M. VALERIUS PROBUS, of Berytus, a Grammarian,
in the reign of Nero, (Suet. ill. gramm. 24.), another
of this name in the time of Hadrian, Gell. IX, 9.
XIII, 19. Under this name are extant grammatica-
rum institutionum l. II. (in Putsch. p. 1386.) and
Schol. in Virg. Bucolica et Georg., but which appear
to be the work of a later Grammarian.
L. ANN. SENECA, son of the Rhetorician, Preceptor
to the Emp. Nero, and put to death by his order,
A. D. 65. (Tacit. Annal. XIV, 60, sqq.), a Stoic
Philosopher. Of his works remain a) 12 philosophical
treatises, (de ira ll. III., de consolat. ad Helviam m.,
de cons. ad Polybium, de cons. ad Marciam, de pro-
videntia, de animi tranquillitate, de constantia sa-
pientis, de clementia, de brevitate vitæ, de vita beata,
de otio (imperfect), de beneficiis ll. VII.) b) 124
Letters to Lucilius; c) naturalium quæstionum
(particularly upon Meteorology) libri VII. d) άжо-
T
274
THIRD PERIOD.
xoλoxúvTwo's (Satire upon the Emp. Claudius, as if a
reception among the pumpkins, κολοκύνθη, as ἀποθέωσις),
a satyra Menippea. Upon him, see Quint. X, 1,
125, sqq.
Ed. pr. Neapol. 1475. fol.-c. n. M. Ant. Mureti, (Rom.
1585.) Erasmi (Basil. 1529.) etc. Faris. 1602. 1607. 1627. fol.
-c. n. J. Lipsii. Antv. 1605. 1652. fol.-c. n. int. J. Lips.
Jo. Frid. Gronovii et sel. varr. Amst. 1672. 8vo. 3 vols. (vol.
iii. enth. Seneca rh.-)-rec. et ill. F. E. Ruhkopf. Lips. V.
1797-1811. 8vo.-Epist. cur. adnot. adj. F. C. Matthiæ. vol. i.
Francof. ad M. 1803. 8vo.-emend. J. Schweighauser. Argent.
2 vols. 1808. 8vo.-Natur. quæst. 11. VII. em. et comm. perp.
ill. G. D. Koeler. Gott. 1819. 8vo.-de providentia. Rec. var.
lect. et ind. instr. B. A. Nauta. Lugd. B. 1828. 8vo.
Under the name of Seneca there are besides 10
Tragedies, (Herc. f. in imitation of Eurip., Thyestes,
Thebais s. Phænissæ, Hippol. or Phædra, in imitation
of Eurip., Edipus in imitation of Soph. Ed. T.,
Troades in imitation of Eur., Medea in imitation of
Eur., Agamemnon, Hercules Etaus in imitation of
Soph. Tr., Octavia), probably rhetorical exercises, and
perhaps by different authors.
Ed. pr. Ferrariæ. s. 1. et a. (1481.) See Collectt. no. 6. 7.-
rec. J. Fr. Gronovius. Amstel. 1682. 8vo.-c. not. Gronov. et
sell. varr. ed. Jo. Casp. Schroeder. Delphis 1728. 4to.-recogn.
Fr. H. Bothe. Lips. 1819. 3 vols. 8vo.-rec. Torkill. Baden.
Lips. 1821. 2 vols. 8vo.
A. PERSIUS FLACCUS, of Volaterræ in Etruria, b.
in the year 34, eques, a pupil of the Stoic Ann. Cor-
THIRD PERIOD.
275
nutus, died in his 28th year in the reign of Nero.
6 Satires. Nachtr. on Sulz. VI. p. 81.
Ed. P. Pithæus (cum vett. scholiis). Paris. 1585. 8vo. Hei-
delb. 1610. 8vo. c. Is. Casauboni comm. Lond. 1647. 8vo.
generally with Juvenal.
M. ANN. LUCANUS, of Corduba, nephew to the
Philosopher Seneca, put to death by Nero's order A.
65, in his 27th year. Pharsalia libr. X. See Nachtr.
on Sulz. 7. p.
340.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1469. fol.-c. schol. ant. et var. not. ed. Fr.
Oudendorp. Lugd. B. 1728. 4to.-ed. Gottl. Corte. Lips. 1626.
8vo. cum Heinsii not. ined. et suis ed. P. Burmann. Lugd.
B. 1740. 4to.-c. not. H. Grotii (Lugd. B. 1626. 8vo.) et
Rich. Bentleii. Strawberry Hill. 1760. 4to.-c. n. sel. H. Gro-
tii int. et adauctis Rich. Bentl. ed. C. Fr. Weber. Lips. 1821
--31. 3 vols. 8vo.-c. not. Barth. Christii Cort. Gron. Heins.
Martyni-Lag. Telleri al. Ed. morte Cortii interr. abs. C. Fr.
Weber. Lips. 1828–30. 2 vols. 8vo.
C. SILIUS ITALICUS, b. in the year 25, Cos. 67,
and twice again under Vespasian, lived till the early
part of Trajan's reign, died in the year 100 in
Campania, after a lingering illness, of hunger; an
imitator of Cicero and Virgil. Punica s. de bello
Punico II. libr. XVII. up to the triumph of Scipio.
See Nachtr. on Sulz. VII. p. 369,
p. 369, sqq.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1471. fol.-ed. Dan. Heinsius c. crepund. Sil.
Lugd. B. 1600. 12mo.-ed. Christ. Cellarius. Lips. 1695.
12mo.-ed. Arn. Drakenborch. Traj. ad Rh. 1717. 4to.-comm.
perp. ill. J. Ch. Gli. Ernesti. Lips. 1791. 2 vols. 8vo.―ill.
Ruperti. Gott. 1795-98. 2 vols. 8vo.
276
THIRD PERIOD.
C. VALERIUS FLACCUS SETINUS BALBUS, pro-
bably of Padua, where he died prematurely 88, lived
in the time of Vespasian. Argonauticon ad Fl.
Vespasianum libri VIII. (the last unfinished), in
which he particularly imitated Apollonius Rhodius.
See Nacht. on Sulz. VIII. 5. p. 296.
Ed. pr. Bononiæ 1474. fol.-em. Nic. Heinsius. Amst. 1680.
12mo. without noles. Traj. 1701. 1724. 12mo. (cur. P. Burm.)
with the notes.-ed. P. Burmann. c. not. var. Lugd. B. 1724.
4to. cum not. Burm. et alior. ed. Thph. Ch. Harles. Altenb.
1781. 8vo. rec. et ill. J. A. Wagner. Gott. 1805. 8vo.
Q. CURTIUS Rurus, of whose life no particulars
are known, as he is not quoted by any ancient author.
De rebus Alex. M. libri X., of which, however, the
first two are wanting, supplied by Freinsheim, Cella-
rius, and others. See Buttmann and Hirt über das
Leben des Q. Curtius R. Berl. 1820. 8vo.
Ed. pr. Venet. (1470.) ed. Jo. Freinshemius. Argent. 1648.
8vo. 2 vols.-ed. Chph. Cellarius. Lips. 1711. 12mo.-cum
notis var. ed. H. Snakenburg. Lugd. B. 1724. 4to.-var. lect.
et perp. annot. ill. Jo. Th. Cunze. Helmst. 1795–802. 8vo.
-rec. F. Schmieder. Gott. 1804. 8vo. Commentar. 1804. 8vo.
ad fid. Codd. MSS. rec. C. Theoph. Zumptius. Berol. 1826.
8vo.
C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS, of Verona or Novocomum,
b. A. D. 23, served under Claudius in Germany,
filled subsequently different civil offices, and was at
THIRD PERIOD.
277
last appointed to the command of the fleet at Mise-
num. Here he died at the eruption of Vesuvius in
the year 79; (Plin. ep. VI, 16.) a man most ardently.
devoted to the acquisition of knowledge, and of in-
defatigable industry. Of his writings, (see Plin. ep.
III, 5.) among which we have particularly to regret
the loss of the bellorum Germani e libr. 20. we still
possess historia naturalis libr. 37. a compilation
made not always with due accuracy and fidelity from
more than 2000, chiefly Greek, authors upon Cosmo-
graphy and Geography, the History of Nature and
Art. His life Ant. Jos. Com. a Turre Rezzonici
disquisitiones Pliniana, t. i. Parm. 1763. ii. 1767.
fol.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1469.-Hermol. Barbari castigationes in
Plin. Rom. 1492, sq. fol.-em. Alex. Benedictus. Venet. 1507.
fol.-per P. Bellocirium (i. e. Danesium). Paris. 1532. fol.-
c. not. J. Fr. Gronovii. (cur. Schrevel.) Lugd. B. 1669. 3 vols.
8vo. rec. Jo. Harduin. Paris. 1723. 2 vols. fol. (Plagiarius.)
-cum. not. int. Harduini etc. rec. J. G. F. Franz. Lips. 1778
-91. 10 vols. 8vo.
M. FABIUS QUINTILIANUS, of Calagurris (Calahorra)
in Spain, came with Galba to Rome, where he acquired
great renown as a pleader, and during 20 years till 88,
as a teacher of eloquence. De institutione oratoria
lib. XII. (found 1417, in the monastery at St. Gallen.
by Poggius). H. Dodwell. annal. Quint. in Burm.
and Capper. Edit.
278
THIRD PERIOD.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1470. fol.-The first critical Edition, per Om-
nibon. Leonicenum. Venet. ap. Jenson 1471. fol.-rec. Ra-
phael Regius. Venet. 1506. 1512. fol.-c. n. var. cur. J. Bur-
manno. Lugd. B. 1720. 2 vols. 4to.-c. not. Cl. Capperonerii
et var. Paris. 1725. fol.-ed. Jo. Matth. Gesner. Gotting. 1738.
4to. rec. et explan. G. L. Spalding. Lips. 1798-1816. 4 vols.
8vo. (Vol. v. suppl. annot. et ind. continens, cur. Car. Tim.
Zumptius. Lips. 1829.)-ex Spald. rec. ad schol. us. cur. God.
A. Ber. Wolff. Lips. 1816-21. 2 vols. 8vo.-not. max. p.
criticas adj. Aug. Gotth. Gernhard. Lips. 1830.-instit. orat.
1. X. ex rec. et c. comm. C. H. Frotscher. Lips. 1826. 8vo.
To Quintilian were ascribed also 19 large and 145
small oratorical exercises, declamationes, of which,
however, the last appears to be by different authors
principally modern; besides a Dialogue equally
excellent in matter and diction of the year 74, de
causis corrupta eloquentiæ, or de oratoribus, which,
however, some assign to Tacitus, and which commonly
stands in the editions of Tacitus. (See Spald. ad
VI. proœm. 3. X, 3, 22.
3. X, 3, 22. Dial. de orat. Tacito
vindic. auct. A. G. Langio in Dronkes Edit.) Alone
cum not. int. P. Pithoi, J. Lipsii, J. Fr. Gronovii
et all. et sel. Mureti etc. ed. Er. Benzelius. Upsal.
1706. 8vo.-illustr. Chph. Aug. Heumann. Gotting.
1719. 8vo.—rec. et ill. J. H. A. Schulze. Lips. 1788.
Svo.-rec. et annot. instr. E. Dronke. Confluent.
1828. 8vo.-rec. et annot. crit. instr. Fr. Osann.
Gissæ 1829. 8vo.-ed. Jo. Casp. Orell.
1830. 8vo.
Turici
THIRD PERIOD.
279
P. PAPINIUS STATIUS, of Neapolis, b. 61, a
favourite with Domitian on account of his facility
iu Versification, died 95 in his native city. By him
we have: 1) Silvarum l. V. occasional poems chiefly
in Hexameters. 2) Thebaidos libr. XII. 3) Achil-
leidos libr. II. unfinished. Nachtr. on Sulz. Th.
VIII. p. 344.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1472. fol.-ex rec. Fr. Lindenbrogii c.
var. lect. et Lutatii (Lactantii) Placidi schol. in Theb.
(Venet. 1490. fol.) atque in Ach. nunc pr. vulg. e MS. Franc.
Pithai. Paris. 1600. 4to.-e rec. et cum n. J. Fr. Gronovii.
Amstelod. 1653. 12mo. Ej. diatribe in Statium. Hag. Com.
1637. 8vo. cum Emer. Crucei antidiatr. ed. Ferd. Hand. Lips.
1812. 2 vols. 8vo.-cum comm. Casp. Barthii ed. Chn. Daum.
Cygneæ 1664. 2 vols. 4to. ed. Ferd. Hand. t. i. Lips. 1817.
8vo. Stat. Silvas em. et ill. Jerem. Markland. Cant. 1728.
4to. Dresd. 1827. 4to.
DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS, of Aquinum, until
the middle of his life a distinguished Rhetorician,
then wrote Satires, but which he did not publish
till the reign of Trajan and Hadrian. XVI Satires.
Nachtr. on Sulz. VI. p.
294.
Ed. pr. Romæ 1470. fol.-cum not. brev. Theod. Pul-
manni. Antv. 1565. 8vo.-cum vet. Schol. et variorum comm.
Amstel. ap. Wetst. 1684. 8vo.-c. Persio ed. Henr. Chrn.
Henninius. Lugd. B. 1695. 4to.- rec. et comm. perp. illustr.
G. Alex. Ruperti. Lips. 1801. 2 vols. 8vo.-rec. et annot.
instr. E. Guil. Weber. Wimar. 1825. 8vo.-In Juv. sat.
comm. vetusti; post P. Pithoei curas auxit, VV. DD. suis-
que notis instr. A. G. Cramer. Hamb. 1823. 8vo.
1
280
THIRD PERIOD.
M. VALERIUS MARTIALIS, of Bilbilis in Spain
(Calatayud), lived in the reigns of Domitian, Nerva,
and Trajan. Epigr. libr. XIV. (XIII Xenia. XIV
Apophoreta).
Ed. pr. Venet. 1470. 4to.-ex rec. et cum comm. Domit.
Calderini. Venet. 1474. fol. etc.-rec. Gruterus. Francof.
1596. 1602. 12mo.-cum comm. varior. Paris. 1617. fol.-ill.
Matthæus Rader. Mogunt. 1627. fol.-c. P. Scriverii adnot.
J. Lips. S. Rutg. Is. Pontani notis. Lugd. B. 1618, sq.
12mo.—ex recogn. P. Scriverii. Lugd. B. 1619. 12mo. Amst.
1653. Liber de spectaculis (upon the public exhibitions of Titus
and Domit. by several) ill. Nic. Perottus in Cornucopiæ.
Venet. 1513. fol. Mart. Epigr. in an extract Lat. and Germ.
from the poet. Transl. of different authors collected by K. W.
Ramler. Leipz. 1787-93. 5 vols. 8vo. See Lessings sämmt!.
Schriften. Berl. 1827. 17r Th. p. 143, sqq.
SULPICIA. Of her writings is extant satira de
edicto Domitiani s. de corrupto reip. statu temporibus
Domit. See Burm. poët. Lat. min. t. ii. p. 408.
Wernsdorf. p. l. m. iii. p. 85.
TERENTIANUS MAURUS, of Carthage, a work in
a variety of metres, de literis, syllabis, pedibus, et
metris. See Grammatici vett. ed. Putsch. p. 2383.—
e rec. et c. not. Laur. Santenii, abs. D. J. van
Lennep. Traj. ad Rh. 1825. 4to. Fabric. B. L.
t. iii. p. 415. Cf. Wernsd. t. ii. p. 249.
C. CORNELIUS TACITUS, eques, procurator Galliæ
THIRD PERIOD.
281
Belgica in the reign of Vespasian and Titus, Consul
in the year 97 under Nerva. He wrote 1) vita Agri-
cola, his father-in-law; 2) de moribus Germanorum,
in the time of Trajan; 3) historiarum libri V. from
Galba a. 69, to the peace with Claudius Civilis a. 71.
4) annalium libri XVI. from the death of Augustus
a. 14, to the death of Nero a. 68. The 7th, 8th,
9th, 10th books, a. 37-47, are wanting, and the
end of the 5th and 16th books. The first six books
were found by Phil. Beroaldus in the Abbey of
Corvey, 1515. The MS. came into the possession
of Pope Leo X. and then of the Florent. Bibl.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1469. fol. (Ann. 11—16.)—ed. Beroaldi.
Rom. 1515.—ed. Just. Lipsius. Antv. 1574. 1600. 4to. and fol.
-rec. Curt. Pichena. Flor. 1600. Franc. 1607. 4to.-rec. Ber-
neccerus c. not. Freinshemii. Argent. 1638. and cum not.
var. and J. Fr. Gronovii. Lugd. B. 1685. 8vo.-rec.
Theod. Ryckius. Lugd. B. 1687. 2 vols. 12mo.-cum notis
var. ed. Abr. Gronovius. Lugd. B. 1721. 4to.-rec. notas int.
J. Lipsii, J. Fr. Gron. Nic. Heinsii et suas addid. J. A.
Ernesti. Lips. 1752. 1772. 2 vols. 8vo. denuo cur. Oberlin.
ib. 1801.-ed. Gabr. Brotier. Paris. 1771. 3 vols. 4to.-c.
comm. perp. ed. G. H. Ruperti. Gott. 1805. 8vo. (Ann. alone.)
—rec. et comm. adj. Ge. H. Walther. Hala 1831, sq. 4 vols.
8vo. ab Imm. Bekkero recognitus. Lips. 1831. 2 vols. 8vo.-
Ann. recogn. adn. crit. adj. Theoph. Kiessling. Lips.-Agri-
cola. Orig. text. Transl. Annot. by G. L. Walch. Berol. 1827.
8vo. rec. et annot. instr. E. Dronke. Cobl. 1827. 8vo.—Guil.
Boetticher lex. Taciteum. Berol. 8vo.
S. JUL. FRONTINUS, from the reign of Vespasian
282
THIRD PERIOD.
to that of Trajan, died 106. 1) de aquæductibus urbis
Romæ 1. II. ed. Jo. Polenus. Patav. 1722. 4to.-
cum not. Pol. et suis ed. Adler. Altona 1792. 8vo.
-2) Strategematicôn. l. IV. in rei milit. scrippt.
ed. Godesc. Stewechius. Lugd. B. 1592. 8vo. et
P. Scriverius ib. 1644. 12mo.-cum notis Fr. Guieti,
Jo. Fr. Gronovii et suis ed. Sam. Tennulius. Lugd.
B. 1675. 12mo.-rec. et not. var. add. Fr. Ouden-
dorp. Lugd. B. 1731. 8vo.-cum not. Oudendorp.
et all. ed. N. Schwebelius. Lips. 1772. 8vo.
C. PLINIUS CECILIUS SECUNDUS, of Novo-
comum, nephew to the elder Pliny and pupil of
Quintilian, first acquired a name as a pleader, after-
wards enjoyed the favour of Trajan, and filled the
highest posts of honour; Consul and Procurator
Bithyniæ. 1) Epistolarum l. X., of which the
10th contains Pl. despatches to Trajan, and the latter's
rescripts; Ep. 97 one of the most remarkable,
the rest to his friends, are carefully written after
the model of Cicero with a view to publication.
Ed. pr. s. 1. 1471. fol. 8 B. Complete Venet. ap. Ald.
1504. 1518.-cum obss. exc. var. et J. Fr. Gronovii ed. Veen-
husen. Lugd. B. 1669. 8vo.- cum not. Cortii et sel. var.
ed. P. Dan. Longolius. Amstel. 1734. 4to.-ed. J. M. Ges-
ner. Lips. 1739. 8vo. 1770.-Epist. rec. et ill. Gierig. Lips.
1800-802. 2 vols. 8vo.- Epist. et Paneg. rec. Gottl.
Erdm. Gierig. Lips. 1806. 2 vols. 8vo.-ex rec. et c. annot.
THIRD PERIOD.
283
perp. J. M. Gesneri, quibus J. Mch. Heusingeri, J. Ch.
Tph. Ernesti suasque notas add. Gf. H. Schaefer. Lips.
1805. 8vo.
2) Panegyricus Trajano dictus, when Cos. 105.
rec. Arntzenius. Amstel. 1738. 4to.-rec. et ill. Schwarz.
Norimb. 1746. 4to.-ed. Gottl. Erdm. Gierig. Lips. 1796. 8vo.
C. SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, a Grammarian
and Rhetorician, friend of the younger Pliny, and
private secretary, mag. epistol. to Hadrian. Of his
numerous writings there remain: 1) vitæ XII. Im-
perat. 2) 1. de illustr. Grammat. 3) 1. de claris
rhetoribus, imperfect. 4) 1. de poëtis, only the
lives of Terence, Horace, Persius, Lucan, Juvenal.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1470. fol.-ed. Rob. Stephanus. Paris. 1543.
8vo. rec. Des. Erasmus. Basil. 1518. fol. 1546. fol.-cum
comm. Is. Casauboni. Genev. 1595. 4to. 1615.-cum int.
comm. Lævini Torrentii et Is. Casaub. et not. var. (J. Fr.
Gronovii) ed. J. G. Grævius. Traj. 1703. 4to.—rec. et comm.
ac notis var. ill. P. Burmann. Amstel. 1736. 2 vols. 4to.-
rec. et ill. J. A. Ernesti. Lips. 1748. 8vo. 1772. 8vo.-c. not.
Grævii, Jac. Gronovii, Dukeri et suis ed. Fr. Oudendorp.
Lugd. 1751. 8vo.-c. Ern. notis Casaub. comm. ed. F. A.
Wolf. Lips. 1802. 4 vols. 8vo.-recogn. comm. ill. clavem
Sueton. adj. Detl. C. Guil. Baumgarten-Crusius. Lips. 1816.
3 vols. 8vo.
JULIUS OBSEQUENS collected from Livy and
others notices of the prodigia, of which one Fragm.
284
THIRD PERIOD.
remains, extending from the year 249 B. C. to
Augustus, completed by Conr. Lycosthenes (Wolf-
hart.) Basel. 1552. 8vo. and others.
c. not. Jos. Scaligeri, Nic. Heinsii, Gisb. Cuperi, Schef-
feri, P. Burmanni et suis ed. Fr. Oudendorp. Lugd. 1720. 8vo.
-cum anim. Scheff. et Oud. cur. Kapp. Hof. 1772. 8vo.
L. ANNEUS FLORUS, a Spaniard or Gaul in the
time of Trajan, wrote rerum Rom. libr. IV. or Epi-
tome de gestis Romanorum, a Panegyrist rather than
an Historian.
ex rec. Phil. Beroaldi. Mediol. 1510. fol.-rec. El. Vi-
netus. Paris. 1576. 4to.-rec. Jo. Stadius. Antv. 1567. 8vo.-
rec. Gruterus. Heidelb. 1597. 8vo. (c. not. Cl. Salmasii) ib.
1609. 8vo.-rec. Jo. Freinshemius Argent. 1632. 1669. 8vo.-
rec. Jo. Ge. Grævius. Traj. 1680. 8vo.-ed. c. not. var. Car.
Andr. Dukerus. Lugd. B. 1722. 8vo. reprint. Lips. 1832. 8vo.
―e rec. Grævii c. ejusd. animadv. præf. J. F. Fischeri. Lips.
1760. 8vo.
FOURTH PERIOD.
FROM THE ANTONINES 138 TO THE END OF THE
WESTERN EMPIRE.
So far at least the language had been preserved in
its purity, and carefully conformed to the models
exhibited by ancient authors; but as the intercourse
of the Romans with Barbarians extended, great multi-
tudes of these nations were continually being intro-
duced into, or establishing themselves in the heart of
the Provinces; and since the Provincial Schools in
Carthage, Burdigala, Lugdunum, Augusta Treviro-
rum, &c. no longer considered themselves obliged to
take the cue of their taste from Rome, corruption
spread itself, particularly under the Antonines, till it
pervaded the very language, which became overlaid
with exotic words, phrases, and constructions. Ter-
tullian distinguished himself beyond all others by a
barbarous diction, probably with the view of shewing,
that while exclusively engrossed with his subject-
matter, he deemed attention to language derogatory to
his dignity, and in order to produce a contrast to the
286
FOURTH PERIOD.
Rhetoric employed in the service of Paganism. In
proportion as language declined, the number of Gram-
marians increased, inasmuch as authors found it more
and more necessary to study their mother tongue, as
a dead language, from ancient models. By the study
of these models some few raised themselves above the
level of their contemporaries, as particularly Lactan-
tius and the poet Claudian, also, though in a less
degree, Gellius and Appuleius.
A. GELLIUS, of Rome, a Rhetorician and Gramma-
rian, in the time of Antoninus Pius. Noctium Atti-
carum libr. XX, a collection of Collectanea on histo-
rical, grammatical, and antiquarian subjects.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1472. fol.-ed. H. Stephanus. Paris. 1585.
8vo. Aurel. Allobr. 1609.—em. J. Fr. Gronovius. Amst. 1651.
12mo. 1665. 12mo. Lugd. B. 1687. 8vo.-ad Codd. MSS.
exegerunt Jo. F. et Jac. Gronovii. Lugd. B. 1706. 4to.-ex
rec. Gron. c. præf. J. L. Conradi. Lips. 1762. 2 vols. 8vo.
FL. AVIANUS, in the time of the Antonines, wrote
42 fables in elegiac metre.-Ed. pr. s. l. 1494.—rec.
c. n. Neveleti, Barthii et suis H. Cannegieter. Amstel.
1731. 8vo.-ed. Nodell. ib. 1787. 8vo.
DIONYSIUS CATO, an author otherwise unknown,
but under whose name we have a poem disticha de
moribus.
FOURTH PERIOD.
287
Ed. pr. Aug. Vind. 1475. 1485.-c. Græcis metaphrasibus
Max. Planudis Jos. Scaligeri etc. german. vero Mart. Opitii ed.
Chrst. Daumius. Cygneæ 1672. 8vo.-c. n. Erasmi, Scaligeri,
Opitii, Barthii, Daumii suisque et c. gr. metaphr. ed. Otto
Arntzenius. Traj. ad Rh. 1735. 8vo.-rec. J. Mch. Bernhold.
Neust. 1784. 8vo.—ex rec. Arntz. ed. Tzschucke. Lips. 1790.
12mo. Fabric. B. L. t. iii. p. 259, sqq.
JUSTINUS made an extract from Trogus Pompeius
hist. Philipp.-Historiarum Philipp. ex Tr. P. ex-
cerptarum libri XLIV.
Ed. pr. Romæ s. a. 4to.-e castig. Sabellicí Paris. 4to.-
ill. Jac. Bongarsius (Sospitator). Paris. 1581. 8vo.—ed. Jo.
Ge. Grævius c. not. int. VV. DD. et suis Lugd. B. 1683. 8vo.
170). 8vo.-cur. Th. Hearne. Oxon. 1674. 8vo.-c. not. int.
VV. DD. ed. Abrah. Gronovius. Lugd. B. 1719. 8vo.-c. var.
lect. ed. P. Burmannus. Lugd. B. 1722. 12mo.-e rec. Grævii.
c. ej. et J. Fr. Gronovii anim. ed. J. Fr. Fischer. Lips. 1757.
8vo. (cur. Oberlin.) 1807. 8vo.-ex rec. Gronov. et cum divers.
lect. ed. Græv. VV. DD. comment. var. lect. ll. nondum adhib.
suasque ann. atque indd. adj. C. H. Frotscher. Lips. 1827.
8vo. sec. vetust. codd. prius neglectos recogn. brevi adnot.
crit. et hist. instr. Frid. Duebner. Lips. 1831. 8vo.
M. CORN. FRONTO, of Cirta in Africa, an advocate
at Rome, and preceptor in Rhetoric to the princes
M. Aurel. and L. Verus, highly esteemed in his time
as an orator, though his writings are full of barbarisms.
-de differentiis vocum in Putsch. p. 2191, sqq.-
opp. ined. c. epist. item ined. Antonini Pii, M. Aurelii,
L. Veri et Appiani. Inv. et comm. prævio notisque
288
FOURTH PERIOD.
ill. Ang. Majus. Mediol. 1815. 1823. 2 vols. 8vo. -
ad ex. Mediol. Francof. ad M. 1816. 8vo.-reliquiæ.
Meliorem in ord. digestas, suisque et Ph. Buttm.
Heindorf. ac sel. Maii anim. instr. iterum ed. B. G.
Niebuhr. Berol. 1816. 8vo. (Eichstaedt) M. C.
Frontonis opp. notitia et specimen. Jena 1816. fol.
M. Corn. Front. et M. Aurel. Imp. epist. L. Veri et
Anton. Pii etc. epist. reliquiæ, e cod. rescr. bibl. Vatic.
cur. Ang. Majo. Rom. Cella 1832. 8vo.
L. APULEIUS, of Madaura in Africa, brought up
at Carthage, an orator and Platonic Philosopher in
the time of the Antonines.-Opp. ed. pr. Roma 1469.
fol.-c. comm. Ph. Beroaldi et Stewechii et al. VV.
DD. emend. Basil. 1560. 1620. 3 vols. 8vo.-ed.
Geverh. Elmenhorst. Francof. 1621. 8vo.-ex rec.
P. Scriverii. Lugd. B. 1624. 12mo.-c. var. lect.
Altenb. 1778. 2 vols. 8vo. Metamorphoseon s. de
asino libri XI. (taken from a narrative of Lucius of
Patræ, from which Lucian also borrowed in his
narrative of the Ass, a Satire upon the corrupt morals,
particularly the superstition of those times.)—c. not.
ed. J. Pricæus. Gouda 1650. 8vo.-c. n. int. var.
impr. Fr. Oudendorpii. Præf. præm. D. Ruhnk.
Lugd. B. 1786-1823. 3 vols. large 4to. The Gram-
marian is a different person. See L. Cæc. Minutiani
et Apul. min. de notis aspirationis et de diphth. ll. II.
Ed. et anim. auxit Fr. Osann. Darmst. 1826. 8vo.
FOURTH PERIOD.
289
T. PETRONIUS ARBITER, probably in the age of
the Antonines (Ignarra de palæstra Neap. p. 182.
Cf. Bibl. cr. II, 1. p. 84.), pretended author of a
Satyricón liber, a Menippean or Varronian Satire
upon the corruption of his time, but which has not
been preserved entire.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1499. 4to.-c. Jani Dousæ præcidaneis.
Lugd. B. et Paris. 1585. 8vo.-c. comm. Jos. Ant. Gonsalv.
de Salat. Francof. 1629. 4to.-e Codd. em. et comm. VV. DD.
ill. P. Burmann. Ultraj. 1709. 1743. 4to.-e rec. Burm. c. not.
crit. et ind. ed. Kr. Glo. Anton. Lips. 1782. A beautiful
Poem found among these Satires. de b. civ. or de mutat. reip.
Rom. s. Wernsd. P. Lat. min. t. iii. p. 24, sqq, other smaller
ones ib. t. iv. p. 283. 753.
Q. SEPTIMIUS FLORENS TERTULLIANUS, of Car-
thage, one of the most learned Fathers of the Church,
whose style however is bombastic and barbarous. See
Ruhnk. præf. ad Schelleri. lex. in my Eloqu. Lat.
exemplis. (Altenb. 1821. 8vo.) p. 349, sq.
Opp. per B. Rhenanum. Basil. 1521. fol.-ad fidem vetust.
exempl. em. diligentia Nic. Rigaltii. Paris. 1675. fol.-rec.
J. Sal. Semler. Hal. 1770-73. 1824-29. 6 vols. 8vo.-de
pallio. Cl. Salmasius rec. explic. ill. Lugd. B. 1656. 8vo.
SERENUS SAMMONICUS, in the time of Septimius
Severus and Caracalla, put to death by the latter.
By him or by his son we have a Poem de medicina.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1488. 4to.-ad Codd. MSS. castig. c. not.
et comm. Rob. Keuchenii. 1668. 8vo.-in Collectt. no. 4.
U
290
FOURTH PERIOD.
rec. lect. variet. not. interpr. sel. suasque add. J. Ch. Theoph.
Ackermann. Lips. 1786. 8vo.
NONIUS MARCELLUS, of Tibur, author of an
important work on the subject of Grammar, de pro-
prietate sermonis.
Ed. pr. 1471. fol. s. 1.-rec. Adr. Junius. Antv. 1565. 8vo.-
cum not. sel. ed. Jos. Mercerus. Paris. 1614. 8vo.-ex rec. et
c. n. Merc. Lips. 1826.
C. JULIUS SOLINUS, a person of whom no par-
ticulars are known, wrote a work Polyhistor, an
extract from the elder Pliny.
cast. Cl. Salmasius. c. ei. Exercit. Plinianis. Paris. 1629.
2 vols. fol. Traj. 1689. 2 vols. fol.
APICIUS, a notorious glutton (Plin. H. N. X, 48.
Juven. XI, 3.), under whose name a cookery-book,
de re culinaria 1. X. is extant, but which might,
perhaps, be more correctly entitled Cœlii Apicius.
Ed. pr. s. 1. et a. with Suet. de rhet. et gramm.—c. var.
lect. et not. Hummelbergii. (Tiguri 1542. 4to.) suisque ed.
Mart. Lister. Lond. 1705. 8vo.-rec. not. Barthii, var. lect.
Reinesii et obss. Ant. van der Linden add. Theod. Jansson ab
Almeloveen. Amst. 1709. 8vo.--ed. Joh. Mich. Bernhold.
Ansb. 1800. 8vo.
M. MINUCIUS FELIX, an African, author of an
Apology for the Christians in the form of a dialogue
Octavius.
FOURTH PERIOD.
291
Ed. pr. Rom. 1542. fol. as the 8th book of Arnobius. adv. g.
-ex rec. et c. n. Chstph. Cellarii. Halæ 1699. 8vo.-ex
rec. Jac. Gronovii c. not. int. Woweri, Elmenhorstii, Heraldi
et Rigaltii. Lugd. B. 1709. 8vo.-ex rec. Jo. Davisii, c.
ei. anim. et n. int. Heraldi et Rigaltii. Cantabr. 1712. 8vo.
CENSORINUS, a Grammarian, about 238, wrote
a learned work, de die natali, which extends over a
great variety of subjects.
Ed. pr. Bonon. 1497. fol.-rec. fragm. inc. script. (de
naturali institutione) subj. Lud. Carrio. Paris. 1583. 8vo.-
rec. em. et ill. Henr. Lindenbrogius. Hamb. 1614. 4to. Lugd.
B. 1642. 8vo.—rec. cum comm. Lindenb. et not. sel. Scalig.
Barthii, Salm. Meursii al. ex rec. Sig. Havercamp. Lugd. B.
1743. 8vo.—ex rec. et c. anim. J. Sig. Gruberi. Norimb.
1744. 1810. 8vo.
AQUILA ROMANUS, a Grammarian and Rhe-
torician, wrote de figuris sententiarum et elocutionis.
See antiqui rhet. e bibl. Franc. Pithai.
1599. 4to.-by Ruhnkenius on Rutil. L.
Paris.
M. AURELIUS OLYMPIUS NEMESIANUS, of Car-
thage, wrote Cynegetica in a pure style, and not
without poetic talent. Burm. poet. Lat. min. t. i.
Wernsd. poct. Lat. min. t. i. See Grat. Falisc.
T. JULIUS CALPURNIUS, of Sicily, wrote 11 Idyls
addressed to his patron Nemesianus, which are more
292
FOURTH PERIOD.
remarkable for facility of versification than poetic
talent.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1471. fol.-See Collectt. no. 3. 5. 15.-rec,
adnot. et glossario instr. Ch. D. Beck. Lips. 1803. 8vo.
CL. MAMERTINUS, author of a Panegyricus dic-
tus Maximiano Herculio Aug. of the year 289, and
a Genethliacus Maximiani et Diocletiani; ori-
ginating in the custom which prevailed particularly
in several cities of Gaul, of conveying congratulations
and thanksgivings to the emperors through the instru-
mentality of Rhetoricians. (The other Panegyrici are ;
Eumenius of Augustodunum (Autun), Nazarius, Cl.
Mamert. minor, Latinus Pacatus Drepanius. Fa-
bric. Bibl. Lat. ii. p. 424, sqq.)
See Collectt. no. 17. Cf. Heyne censura XII. Paneg. in
Ejus opusc. VI. p. 80, sq.
ARNOBIUS, of Sicca in Africa, wrote to shew his
fitness to be received among the Christians 7 books
advers. gentes, a learned work: ex rec. V. celeberr.
(Cl. Salmasii) et int. omnium (Theod. Canteri, God.
Stewechii, Elmenhorstii, Des. Heraldi) comm. Lugd.
B. 1651. 4to.
ELIUS LAMPRIDIUS SPARTIANUS, friend or
freedman of the Emperor Diocletian, wrote the life
of Hadrian and Ælius Verus, probably also of An-
FOURTH PERIOD.
293
tonin. Pius, M. Aurel. Anton., L. Verus, Avidius
Cassinus (general under M. Aurel.), Commodus,
and other Emperors.
See Collectt. no. 16.—Cf. Heyne censura VI. scr. hist. Aug.
in Opusc. VI. p. 52.
L. CŒLIUS LACTANTIUS FIRMIANUS, in the
reigns of Diocletian and Constantine the Great,
Teacher of Oratory in Nicomedia, wrote with much
learning and philosophy, and in a language felicitously
formed after the model of classic antiquity, besides
several ethico-dogmatic treatises, institutiones di-
vinas lib. VII. and others.
Ed. pr. 1465. fol.-ex fid. et auct. Codd. MS. em. Jo.
Tornæsius. Lugd. 1587. 8vo.-em. et ill. Jos. Isæus. Cesenæ.
1646. fol.-c. not. var. rec. J. L. Bünemann. Lips. 1739. 8vo.
CHALCIDIUS, a Platonic Philosopher, according
to some a Jew, according to others a Christian, by
whom we have a translation of the first part of Plato's
Timæus with a learned commentary.
Ed. pr. Paris. ap. Bad. Ascens. 1520. fol.-ex rec. et c. n.
Meursii. Lugd. B. 1617. 4to.
JULIUS RUFINIANUS, a Rhetorician, by whom we
have a small work, de figuris sent. et eloc.
Rutil. L.
See
294
FOURTH PERIOD.
JULIUS FIRMICUS MATERNUS, of Sicily, Advo-
cate in the time of Constantine the Great till 336;
upon the influence of the stars, matheseos libr. VIII.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1497. fol.-rec. Nic. Pruckner.
Basil. 1533. 1551. fol.-de errore prof. relig. ed. Fr.
Münter. Havniæ 1826.
FAB. MARIUS VICTORINUS, a Grammarian; ex-
positio in l. II. Cicer. de inventione: ap. Rob. Ste-
phan. Paris. 1537. 4to. and in the Rhetor. Pithai.
ars grammatica de orthographia et ratione metrorum.
See Putsch. Gr. vett. p. 2450.
ELIUS DONATUS, a celebrated Grammarian at
Rome, preceptor to St. Hieronymus. By him are
extant (imperfect and interpolated) Scholia upon
Terence, besides ars (de litteris syllabisque pedibus
et tonis, de octo partibus orationis) de barbarismo,
solæcismo et tropis, which last are found in Putsch.
Gr. vett. p 1735—1779. The Scholia on Virgil are
by a younger Tiberius Don.
Cf. Pompeii commentum artis Don. Ejusd. in l. Don. de
barbar. et metaplasmo commentariolum Acc. ars gramm. Ser-
vii. Primum ed. Fr. Lindemann. Lips. 1820. 8vo.
SEX. AUREL. VICTOR, of Africa, a favourite with
the Emperor Julian. By him we have: 1) liber de
viris illustribus urbis Roma, which was formerly
FOURTH PERIOD.
295
ascribed to Corn. Nepos, Suetonius, or the younger
Pliny; 2) . de Cæsaribus from Augustus to Con-
stantius; also 3) 1. de origine gentis Romanæ.
c. comm. Andr. Schotti. Antv. 1579. 1582. 8vo. in the hist.
aug. scriptt. by Sylburg and Gruter; c. not. int. varr. ed.
Jo. Arnzenius. Amst. 1733. 4to.-ex rec. et c. anim. J. Fr.
Gruneri. Cob. 1757. 8vo.-ed. Th. Ch. Harles. Erl. 1787.
8vo.-rec. anim. et indd. instr. Fr. Schroeter. Lips. 1829. 31.
2 vols. 8vo.
FL. EUTROPIUS, Secretary to Constantine the
Great, afterwards accompanied the Emperor Julian
on his expedition against the Persians, also Pro-
consul of Asia 371, wrote by order of the Emperor
Valens, breviarium Romanæ historiæ 1. X., from
which Frid. Sylburg. published a Greek translation
of the Pæanius, in Scriptt. hist. Græci min. 1590.
t. iii.
ed. Chph. Cellarius. Cize 1678. 8vo.-c. not. varr. ed.
Sig. Havercamp. Lugd. B. 1729. 8vo.-rec. Henr. Verheyck.
Lugd. B. 1762. 8vo.-rec. C. H. Tzschucke. Lips. 1804. 8vo.
-Paanii metaphr. ed. Kaltwasser. Goth. 1780. 8vo.
SEXTUS RUFUS; breviarium de victoriis ad pro-
vinciis pop. R. ad Valentinianum II. Aug.
Script. hist. R. ed. J. Grutero. Hanov. 1611. fol.—c. n.
Henr. Meibomii. Helmst. 1588. 8vo.-c. n. Chr. Cellarii.
Halæ 1698. 8vo.-ed. Tzschucke. Lips. 1793. 12mo.
296
FOURTH PERIOD.
L. AMPELIUS, a person otherwise unknown; liber
memorialis, remarkable facts in Astronomy, Geo-
graphy, History; first published by Salmasius in
his Com. on Florus; then in the Edd. of Flor.
DEC. MAGNUS AUSONIUS, of Burdigala (Bor-
deaux), Grammarian, Rhetorician, and Poet, pro-
bably a Christian, preceptor to the Emperors Gratian
and Valentinian, filled several distinguished offices,
among others the Consulate 379, and died 392. By
him we have Liber epigrammatum; 20 Idyls, of
which the 10th, Mosella, is the best, and others.
Ed. pr. Venet. 1470. fol.-c. not. int. Scaligeri al. et
sel. J. F. Gronovii et Jo. Ge. Grævii al. ed. Jac. Tollius.
Amstel. 1671. 8vo.-in usum Delphini ed. Julian. Floridus et
Jo. Bapt. Souchay. Paris. 1730. 4to. Cf. Wernsd. p. 1. m. I.
p. 192. 231. II. p. 299. Heyne censura ingenii et morum D.
M. Aus. in Opusc. acad. t. vi. p. 19.
AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, a Greek of Antioch,
served among the imperial Life Guards at Rome,
and wrote with much fidelity and sound judgment
a history of the reign of Nerva up to the death of the
Emperor Valens 378 in a rugged, often barbarous,
language in 31 books, of which the first 13 are
lost.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1474. fol.-c. not. Henr. et Hadrian. Va-
lesii suisque ed. Jac. Gronovius. Lugd. B. 1693. 4to.—e rec.
FOURTH PERIOD.
297
Gron. ed. et glossarium add. Jo. Aug. Ernesti. Lips. 1773.
8vo.c. not. int. Lindenbrogii, Valesiorum et Gron. ed.
J. Aug. Wagner. et K. Gottl. A. Erfurdt. Lips. 1808. 3 vols.
8vo. Heyne censura ingenii et hist. Amm. Marc. in Opusc.
acad. t. vi. p. 35.
PLINIUS VALERIANUS, of Comum, a Physician,
wrote de re medica l. V. chiefly extracts from Pliny's
Natural History.
Ed. pr. Rom. 1509.-ed. Alb. Torinus. Basil. 1528. fol.
FLAV. VEGETIUS RENATUS, Vir illustris, Comes :
epitome institutorum rei militaris 1. V. addressed
to Valentinian II.
Antv.
Ed. pr. Oxon. 1468.-em. Godesc. Stewechius.
1585. 4to. 1592. 8vo. 1607. 4to.-c. sel. not. God. Stewechii
et P. Scriverii ed. et em. N. Schwebelius. Norimb. 1767. 4to.
By another Publ. Vegetius are artis veterinariæ
s. digestorum artis mulomedicinæ l. IV. first Ba-
sil. 1528. 4to.—then in Scriptt. rei rust. by Gesner.
Q. AURELIUS SYMMACHUs, Vir Consularis and
præfectus urbis, under Valentinian II., Theodosius
and his sons, an adversary of Christianity: epis-
tolarum ad diversos l. X. in imitation of Pliny.
Ed. pr. Argent. 1510. 4to.-c. not. Franc. Jureti. Paris.
1604. 4to.-rec. Jac. Lectius. Genev. 1587. 1599. Evo.-c.
298
FOURTH PERIOD.
not. Casp. Scioppii. Mogunt. 1608. 4to.-rec. electa Symmach.
et Symm. lexicon adjecit Phil. Pareus. Neap. Nemet. 1628.
Francof. 1642. 8vo.-Symm. VIII. oratt. ined. partes. Inv.
notisque declaravit Angel. Maius. Mediol. 1815. 8vo. Cf.
Heyne censura ingenii et morum Q. Aur. Symm. in Opusc.
t. vi. p. 1.
VIBIUS SEQUESTER, his age and country un-
known; de fluminibus, fontibus, lacubus, nemo-
ribus, paludibus, montibus, gentibus, quarum ap.
poëtas mentio fit.-ed. Franc. Hesselius. Rote-
rod. 1711. 8vo.—varr. lect. et int. VV. DD. com-
ment. suasque adj. Jer. Jac. Oberlin. Argent.
1778. 8vo.
SEXTUS POMPEIUS FESTUS, a Grammarian, made
an extract from the work of Verrius Flaccus de ver-
borum significatione, which however has been pre-
served only in an extract of Paulus Diaconus (in the
8th cent.)
Ed. pr. Mediolani 1471. fol.-ill. Jos. Scaliger. Paris. 1575.
8vo.-in usum Delph. ill. Andr. Dacerius. Paris. 1681. 4to.-
c. n. int. Jos. Scaligeri, F. Ursini, Ant. Augustini, A. Dacerii.
(cur. Jo. Clerico.) Amst. 1699. 4to.
SERVIUS MAURUS HONORATUS, a
a celebrated
Grammarian, Commentator on Virgil. Other gramm.
writings, see in Putsch. p. 1779, sqq., among which
FOURTH PERIOD.
299
ars de pedibus versuum s. centum metris. Centime-
trum corr. a Laur. Santenio Lugd. B. 1788. 8vo.
FL. MALLIUS THEODORUS, Cos. in the year 399,
a Grammarian: de metris-e cod. Guelph. ed. J. F.
Heusinger. Guelph. 1755. 4to.-ad fidem codd. Paris.
recogn. J. F. Heusinger. Lugd. B. 1766. 8vo.
AURELIUS PRUDENTIUS CLEMENS, a Spaniard,
b. 348, author of Christian poems without poetic
merit.-Prud. quæ exstant; Nic. Heinsius ex vet.
exempl. rec. et anim. adj. Amstel. 1667. 12mo.-rec.
et annot. ill. Chph. Cellarius. Hala 1703. 8vo.
PAULUS OROSIUS, a Spaniard, but lived from the
year 415 in Africa with Augustinus, and in Bethlehem
with Hieronymus; historiarum l. VII. adv. paganos
-ad fid. MSS. adj. int. not. Franc. Fabricii et Lud.
Lautii rec. suisque animadv. nummisque ant. ill. Sig.
Havercamp. Lugd. B. 1788. 4to.
Be-
CL. CLAUDIANUS, of Alexandria, in the time of
Honorius and Arcadius, a Poet of much talent.
sides several panegyrical poems on Honorius, Stilicho,
and others, we have by him two Epic poems de raptu
Proserpinæ libri III. and an unfinished Giganto-
machy, and several Epigrams, occasional poems, &c.
300
FOURTH PERIOD.
Ed. pr. Vicent. 1482. fol.-ed. Casp. Barth. Francof. 1650.
4to.-rec. Nic. Heinsius. Lugd. B. 1665.-c. not. int. varr.
ed. P. Burmann. II. Amst. 1760. 4to.-ill. Jo. M. Gesner.
Lips. 1759. 8vo.-rec. perpetuaque annot. ill. G. L. König.
Gotting. 1808. vol. i. 8vo.
AUR. MACROBIUS, Vir consularis et illustris, sacri
cubiculi præfectus, under Honorius, probably a Greek,
wrote Comm. in Cic. Somn. Scipion. libr. II. and
Conviviorum Saturnaliorum libr. VII.,
libr. VII., a learned
Dialogue on various scientific subjects.
Ed. princ. Venet. 1482. fol.-Basil. 1535. fol. (cur. Jo.
Camerario) c. not. Pontani, Jac. Gronovii (Lugd. B. 1670.
8vo.) suisque ed. Zeune. Lips. 1774. 8vo.
RUFUS FESTUS AVIENUS, a Poet. By him we
have yet extant: metaphrasis Arati. Venet. 1488.
4to.-Hug. Grotii synt. Arateorum. Lugd. B. 1600.
4to. Metaphrasis Periegeseos Dionys. Al. and a frag-
ment of a description of the sea-coast from Cadiz to
Marseilles, the latter in Iambics (703. V.) Venet.
1488. 4to. vetera poëmata cur. P. Pithœo. Paris.
1590. 8vo. 1599. 12mo. Wernsd. p. Lat. min. t. v.
p. 2. 3.
FL. SOSIPATER CHARISIUS, a Grammarian: in-
stitutionum gramm. ad fil. l. V. the beginning and
the end in a mutilated state, in Putsch. p. 1, sqq.
Fabric. B. L. t. iii. p. 394.
FOURTH PERIOD.
301
DIOMEDES, a Grammarian: de oratione, partibus
orationis et vario rhetorum genere l. III. in Putsch.
p. 270, sqq. Fabric. B. L. t. iii. p. 397.
CL. RUTILIUS NUMATIANUS, a Gaul, via con-
sularis, præfectus urbis, in the reign of Honorius,
wrote a now imperfect Itinerarium in elegiac verse
and two books, in which he described his journey from
Rome to Gaul.
Ed. pr. per Jo. Bapt. Pium. Bonon. 1520. 4to.-em. et ill.
Jos. Castalio. Romæ. 1632. 8vo.-rec. et comm. adj. Casp.
Barth. Francof. 1623. 8vo.-c. int. Simleri, Castal. Pithæi,
Sitzmanni (Lugd. 1618. 8vo.), Barthii, Grævii al. animadv.
Amstel. 1687. 12mo.-c. sel. var. lect. atque integr. not.
Grævii Jansson. ab Almeloveen, nec non Gottl. Cortii suisque
ed. J. Sig. Gruber. Norimb. 1804. 8vo.-rec. Chr. Tob. Damm.
Brand. 1760. 8vo.-Burm. p. Lat. min. t. ii. Wernsd. p.
1. m.
t. v. p. 1.
MARCIANUS CAPELLA, of Madaura, wrote in a semi-
barbarous language a work in the form of an Ency-
clopædia upon the 7 liberal arts, (Grammar, Logic,
Rhetoric, Geom., Arithmet., Astronomy, Music), to
which is prefixed as an introduction an allegorical
romance, de nuptiis Mercurii et Philologia.
Ed. pr. Vicent. 1499.-rec. et ill. II. Grotius (14 J). Lugd.
B. 1599. 8vo.-rec. var. lect. et anim. ill. J. Ad. Götz. Norimb.
1794. 8vo.
302
FOURTH PERIOD.
After the decline of the Western Empire, the follow-
ing still deserve notice:
AMICIUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS SEVERINUS BOE-
THIUS, Cos. in the year 510, executed by order of
the Emp. Theodoric, 524, a Platonic Philosopher. He
wrote in prison de consolatione philosophiæ l. V. ed.
J. Th. B. Helfrecht. Car. R. 1797. 8vo.-Opera
Basil. 1570. fol. Heyne Censura Boëth. de cons.
phil. in opusc. ac. t. vi. p. 143.
MAGNUS AURELIUS CASSIODORUS, of Scylacium
in Bruttii, b. about 470 of a respectable family in the
time of Odoacer and Theodoric, Cos. 514, d. in the
monastery Vivarese near Scyll. about 560, Philosopher,
Rhetorician, and Grammarian. Among his writings
particularly deserve notice epist. variarum l. XII. on
account of the Edicts and Rescripts of Theodoric and
his successors.
Opp. omnia, ad fidem MSS. Codd. em. et aucta et ill. op. et
st. J. Garetii. Rotomagi. 2 vols. 1679. fol. Venet. 2 vols. 1729.
fol.
PRISCIANUS, of Rome, brought up at Cæsarea, a
Grammarian, taught in the time of Justinian at Con-
stantinople: commentariorum grammaticorum 1.
XVIII. de accentibus, de versibus com., de præexer-
citamentis rhetoricæ after that of Hermogenes, etc.
FOURTH PERIOD.
303
in Putsch. Periegesis e Dionysio, carmen de ponde-
ribus et mensuris, epitome Phænomenon s. versus de
sideribus in Wernsd. p. l. min. t. v. p. 1.—Pr. opp.
ad vetustiss. Codd. fidem rec. A. Krehl. Lips. 1819,
sqq. 2 vols. 8vo.-opp. minora, ed. J. Lindemann.
Lugd. B.
APPENDIX.
ON THE TERMS
ἀοιδός, ῥαψῳδός, ῥαψῳδεῖν, Ομηρίδαι, διασκευασταί.
STRICTLY speaking, in the early poetry of Greece the
modòs recited his own effusions only, and the paydòs, some-
times indeed his own, for the composition of which the
practice of recitation not unfrequently qualified him, but
generally the effusions of others. The origin of the
practice and its designation may be traced to Hesiod,
who is said by Nicocles, apud Schol. Pind. Nem. ii. 1.
to have been the first Rhapsodist, πρῶτον ῥαψῳδῆσαι. In the
early ages the Rhapsodi were held in high estimation,
as being the sole depositaries of the national poetry; it
was not until after the introduction of writing, and the
general institution of lyric and other recitations of a
theatrical character, that they lost caste, and became
degraded to the rank of mere ὑποκριταὶ and χορευταί, Plat.
Pol. ii. 373. Legg. ii. 658. The etymology of the term
has been much controverted. Of the two schools of Rhap-
sodists we learn from Pausanias, (ix. 30.) that the Ho-
meric accompanied their recitations on the lyre, and that
X
306
APPENDIX.
the Hesiodic simply held the púßdos, but whether " as
a badge of their profession," as the author affirms, or from
its supposed effect upon the imagina tion, admits of doubt ;
"Non enim casu factum est, quod lauri ramum pro sceptro
vates accepit, ut opinabatur Wolfius, sed divino ille ramus
spiritu implet eos qui manu tenent," observes Göttling on
Hesiod. Theog. 1. 30. "Ea enim erat lauri natura se-
cundum Græcos, ut et canentes vaticinandi facultate
impleret, et promptos ad audiendum animos inspiraret
excipientibus." Id. in Præf. p. xiii.
Hence also it was
worn, carried, and even eaten by prophets, and called
μαντικὸν φυτόν.
μartinòv QUTóv. To a kindred origin Nitzsch (Hist, Hom.
p. 139,) ascribes the practice of singing ozók at feasts to
a branch of laurel or myrtle, the εἰρεσιῶναι and ἱκετηρίας
of suppliants; the sceptre or staff which Homer puts into
the hands of his orators when addressing the assembled
people, the púßdos of Mercury, and the seytale of the
Spartans. Hence the etymology of the term would
appear to be correctly deduced from púßdos, there being no
greater dissimilarity between paßdydis and jafądòs than
between βάλλω and ψάλλω, βδέω and ψέω. The expression
¡arrà črn of Pindar (Nem. ii. 1.), when viewed in con-
nexion with the κατὰ ῥάβδον ἔφρασεν of the same poet, (Isth.
4. 66.), determines nothing in favour of the etymology
from járt, and the alleged apocryphal origin and hetero-
geneous structure of the Homeric poems. But even
admitting jú to be the true etymon, the expression
night simply denote the continuous flow of the ros, in
contradistinction to lyric and dramatic poetry, which is
interrupted by pauses and divisions; and hence from its
antiquity, the term pads appears to have been appro-
APPENDIX.
307
priated, when other kinds of poetry came into cultivation,
to the epic as the most ancient species, and it is probably
in this sense that Plato proleptically applies it to Homer,
and that the Homeric poems have been designated
ῥαψῳδίας.
'Oungidas.] Whether the Homerida were a family or caste
-like the Asclepiadæ in Cos, the Dædalidæ at Athens,
and the Talthybiadæ at Sparta-as the author with Her-
mann (Pol. Antiq. p. 11. 6.) supposes, or simply a school
devoted to the preservation and recital of the Homeric
poems, is a question which does not admit of an easy
solution; we may, however, not unreasonably conjecture,
that the immediate descendants of the poet were the first
to interest themselves in the preservation and transmission
of his works, and that then as his fame extended, a
regularly organized ddarnaλía was instituted, by which
they were securely delivered down to the age of Pisis-
tratus, when, if not before, as, in other parts of Greece at
least, is extremely probable, they were in their existing
order consigned to writing.
How far the daσxevaσral of Pisistratus, or those of a later
age at Alexandria, may have tampered with the structure
of the poems which they undertook to edit, can only be
surmised from internal data, and the author's reasoning
in defence of their general integrity will probably appear
to most of his readers conclusive. That they did some-
what more than edit and revise, that they occasionally
even interpolated and expunged, seems generally admitted.
See on this subject, Wolf Prolegg. Herm. præf. in H.
Hom. Heinrich. de diasceuastis Hom. Kil. 1807. Coleridge
308
APPENDIX.
on the Greek Classic Poets, p. 57. The authorities usually
cited to prove that they were the composition of different
authors, and that they owe their origin to the age of Pisistra-
tus, have been notoriously misrepresented. The passage of
Ælian, V. H. xiii. 14. on which so much stress has been
laid by the French critics Rapin and Perault, simply avers
that Pisistratus àπions (published them), which the Lat.
Vers. rendersconfecit;' the ambiguity of which, as
Boileau (Reflex. sur Longin. iii. p. 197.) has shewn, may
possibly have been the source of their delusion. As regards
the possibility of their oral transmission without the aid of
writing, on which Wolf has expressed himself so incon-
sistently, see, for a discussion of the question, Clinton,
vol. i. Append. 372. and Heeren, Pol. Hist. of Gr. pp-
99-101. 2d edition. The Calmuck Dschangariade,
which are said to exceed the Homeric poems in length,
are preserved without the aid of writing among a people not
unacquainted with the art.
Clinton maintains that they were composed, B. C.
962-927, that they were orally preserved for about two
centuries, and that they were committed to writing, at
least in Ionia and Æolis, as soon as written poetry came
into use, viz. B. C. 776-700, between the times of
Arctinus and Archilochus.
On note (1) p. 18.] The same characteristic influence of
genius is indicated in the reply which Lucian represents
Homer to have made, when asked why he began the
Iliad with the rage of Achilles, viz. οὕτως ἐπελθεῖν αὐτῷ μηδὲν
irirndsúravi. Ver. Hist. ii. §. 20. p. 280. Bip.
ἐπιτηδεύσαντι.
APPENDIX.
309
On p. 20.] The author reasserts and defends his opinion
respecting the genuineness of the Odyssey in his Encykl.
der Phil. p. 157—9. In answer to the hypothesis of Fr. A.
Wolf, that the striking resemblance in point of expression
which exists between them, may be accounted for on the
ground of the Iliad being regarded as a sort of stereotype
for the Epic style, he observes, that the spirit which breathes
in both poems is the same, that the characters and incidents
exhibit the same life, the same power of vivid delineation,
which stamps them severally with the impress of a strongly
defined individuality,-a talent which perhaps only three
others have hitherto possessed, viz. Shakspeare, Walter
Scott, and Goethe-a talent which cannot be cast into a
mould, or acquired from others--a talent such as nature alone
can impart, and of which she is exceedingly sparing; and
that such a notion would tend to degrade the Greeks to a
level with the Egyptians.
It is worthy of remark, that no suspicion of the spurious-
ness of the Odyssey appears to have been entertained before
the age of the Alexandrian critics, and that of these,
Aristarchus, by implication at least, assigns it
doubtingly to Homer.
On p. 31.] The age of Homer has been as fruitful a
subject of controversy, as his individuality, and the genu-
ineness of the poems ascribed to him.
opinions have been held respecting it.
Three principal
See Clinton, i.
359, sqq. who adopts the date sanctioned by Aristotle,
placing his birth at the time of the Ionic migration, B. C.
988, and Coleridge, p. 132, sqq.
Page 2. line 7.
8.
10.
15.
ERRATA.
for Comedy read Comedians
for this read it
for Cinædus . . ... Cecrops read Cinothus
Cercops
29. note m. Payne, Knight dele comma
•
pides. ... Myrtis
26.
for Melanippus
45.
20.
for sec read zu
55.
5.
58.
9.
for over read of the
delet
59.
2.
113.
1.
Myrti read Melanip-
165.
(ak)
236. note b.
244. line 11.
275.
2.
for especially read indeed
for especially Archæology read Archæology
generally
for with Bein read with the sobriquet of
for Quint. xi. read Q. Inst. ii.
for ©, read ^; and add the most celebrated of
these was M. Porcius Latro
for on read zu
INDEX.
Achæus, 55, 83.
The numerals refer to the page.
Achilles Tatius, 183.
Acumenus, 70.
Acusilaus, 30, 49.
Amipsias, 61.
Ammianus Marcell. 296.
Ammonius Gramin. 190.
Ælianus Tact. 163.
Ælianus Soph. 180.
Emilius Macer, 245.
Æneas Tact. 106.
Eschines Socr. 64, 100.
Æschines orator, 67, 108.
Eschylus, 52, 71.
Æsopus, 28, 29, 43.
Afranius, 224.
Agatharchides, 143.
Agathemer, 179.
Agathias, 202.
Agathon, 55, 89.
Αἰγίμιος, 10.
Alcmus, 26, 41.
Alcidamas, 101.
Alcinous, 163.
Alciphron, 158, 183.
Alemæon, 68.
Αλκμαιωνίς, 10.
Aleman, 26, 39.
Alexander Aphrod. 178.
Alexandrine Library, 110.
Alexis, 61, 123.
Ampelius, 296.
Ammonius Saccas, 179.
Anacharsis Scyth. 28.
Amphis, 61.
Anacreon, 26, 45.
Ananius, 24.
Anaxagoras, 54, 75.
Anaxandrides, 61.
Anaximander, 30, 31, 45, 69.
Anaximenes Lampsac. 123.
Anaximenes Milesius, 30, 48.
Andocides, 64, 66, 90.
Andronicus, 150.
Livius, 219.
Androtion, 67.
Anna Comnena, 207.
Annales maximi, 219.
Antigonus Caryst. 137.
Antimachus, 68, 98.
Antipater, L. Cœlius, 227.
Antiphanes, 61, 103.
Antiphon, 64, 66, 87.
Antisthenes, 64, 92.
Antoninus Liberalis, 168.
Antoninus philos. 168.
312
INDEX.
M. Antonius orat. 226.
Aphthonius, 186.
Apicius, 290.
Apion, 154.
Apollodorus Comic. 129.
Athen. 147.
Dyscolus, 165.
Apollonius Molo, 120.
Pergæus, 112, 139.
Rhodius, 114, 141.
Sophista, 149.
ἀπόλογοι, 29.
Appianus, 167.
Apuleius, 222, 288.
Aquila Rom. 291.
Aratus, 115, 136.
᾿Αργοναυτικά, 10.
Arcadius, 175.
Arcesilaus, 117, 132.
Archilochus, 23, 37.
Archimedes, 112, 141.
Archytas, 66, 68, 97.
Arctinus, 11, 36.
Aretius, 157.
Argyropulus, Joh. 214.
Aristanetus, 158, 188.
Arion, 26, 40.
Mathem. 113, 137.
Aristarchus Gramm. 112, 144.
Aristeas, 46.
Aristides, 158, 172.
Aristippus, 65, 99.
Aristius Fuscus, 241.
Aristobulus, 124.
Aristogiton, 67.
Aristophanes, 61, 91.
Byz. 113, 142.
Aristophon, 66.
Aristoteles, 109, 121.
Aristoxenus, 116, 126.
Arnobius, 202.
Arrianus, 160.
Artemidorus, 164.
Ασκληπιάδαι, 69.
Asclepiades, 105.
Asconius Pedianus, 273.
Asinius Pollio, 241.
Asius, 22.
Atellana fabulæ, 218.
Athenæus, 178.
Athenagoras, 173.
Atticus, Pompon. 237.
Attius, 225, 227.
Aufidius Bassus, 267.
Aurelius Victor, 294.
Ausonius, 296.
Avianus, 286.
Avienus, 300.
axamenta, 218.
Babrius, 150.
B
Bacchylides, 26, 53, 73.
Basilius Magnus, 191.
Berosus, 138.
Bessarion, 213.
Bias, 28.
Bion, 137, 145.
Boëthius, 302.
Brutus, 234.
C.
Cadmus, 30, 49.
Cæcilius Statius, 221.
Cæsar, C. Jul. 253.
Cæsar Germanicus, 262.
Callimachus, 115, 135.
Callinus, 23, 37.
Callisthenes, 124.
Callistratus, 66.
Calpurnius, Jul. 291.
Calvus, C. Licin. 231, 234.
Canon of the Alexandrians,
113.
Cantacuzenus, Joh. 212.
Carcinus, 22.
INDEX.
313
Carneades, 118, 146, 223.
Cassiodorus, 302.
M. Cœlius Antipater, 227.
Rufus, 231.
Cassius, Parm. 240.
Sever. 243.
Columella, 272.
Coluthus, 199.
227, 228.
Cato, M. Porcius, 220, 226, Käμo, 25.
Cato Dionysius, 286.
Comedy, old, 51.
middle, 61.
Valerius Gramm. 236,
new, 116.
246.
Conon, 148.
Catulus, Qu. 226, 235.
Catullus, 234, 252.
Cebes, 64, 101.
Celsus, 271.
Censorinus, 201.
Cercops, 10.
Cephisodorus, 67.
Chalcidius, 293.
Chalcondyles, Laonicus, 214.
Demetrius, 214.
Chamæleon, 125.
Charisius, 300.
Chariton, 196.
Charon, 78.
Charondas, 28.
Chilo, 28.
Chion, 103.
Chœrilus, 68, 98.
Choral Lyric, 25.
Chrysippus, 117, 139.
Chrysoloras, Eman. 213.
Chrysostomus, Dio, 161.
Johann. 192.
Cicero, 230, 232, 234, 247.
Cinathon, 11, 22.
Cinathus, 10.
Cincius Alimentus, 220.
Cinna, Helvius, 240.
Claudianus, 286, 299.
Cleanthes, 117, 137.
Clemens Alex. 176.
Cleobulus, 28.
Cleomedes, 163.
Cleophon, 66.
Clitarchus, 124.
Clitomachus, 118.
Constantinus Cephalas, 204.
Harmenopulus, 212.
Constantinus Porphyrogenitus,
205.
Corax, 55.
Corinna, 26, 73.
Cornelius Gallus, 239, 257.
Nepos, 232, 252.
Severus, 260.
Cornificius, 237.
Cornutus, 120, 155.
Crantor, 118, 132.
Crassus, L. Licin. 226.
Crates Com. 60.
Cynic. 125.
Mallotes, 113, 145, 223.
Cratinus, 60, 81.
Cremutius Cordus, 267.
Creophylus, 11.
Critias, 68, 101.
Critolaus, 223.
Ctesias, 94.
Curtius, 276.
Cyclians, 11.
Κύπρια ἔπη, 40.
D.
Damascius, 200.
Declamationes, 244.
Demades, 67, 108.
Demetrius Chalcondylas, 214.
Phalereus, 119, 127.
Demochares, 119.
314
INDEX.
Democritus, 62, 68, 80.
Demosthenes, 67, 106.
Diagoras, 83.
Dicæarchus, 110, 116, 128.
Didymus, 148.
Dinarchus, 119, 126.
Dio Cassius, 180.
Chrysostomus,
158.
Diodorus Siculus, 119, 151.
Diogenes Apollon. 75.
Cynicus, 67, 99.
Laertius, 179.
Stoicus, 223.
Diogenianus, 176.
Diomedes Gramm. 301.
Dionysius Apollon. 68.
Cato, 286.
Halicarn. 119, 120,
151.
Milesius, 56, 74.
Perieget. 115, 152.
Thrax, 149.
Diophantus, 189.
Dioscorides, 155.
Diphilus, 116, 133.
Dithyrambs, 24.
Domitius Afer, 264.
Marsus, 241.
Donatus, Æl. 294.
Dositheus, 177.
Draco Hippocratis f. 70.
Stratonic. 165.
Drama, origin of, 51.
satyricum, 52.
Duris, 119.
Ephorus, 67, 105.
Ἐπίγονοι, 10.
Epigrams, 29, 70, 115.
Επιθαλάμια, 25.
Epicharmus, 60, 72.
Epictetus, 156.
Epicurus, 117, 13K
Epimenides, 28, 42.
Ἡρακλεῖαι, 11.
Eratosthenes, 112, 140.
Eretrians, 65.
Erinna, 26, 42.
Erotianus, 155.
Eryximachus, 70.
Etymologicum magnum, 208.
Eubulus Com, 61.
rhet. 67.
Euclides, Mathem. 112, 130.
Megar. 65, 94.
Eudocia, 208.
Eudoxus, 69, 103.
Eugammon, 11.
Euhemerus, 130.
Eumelus, 22, 37.
Eumolpus, 8.
Eunapius, 192.
Euphorion, 115, 142.
Eupolis, 67, 82.
Euripides, 60, 85.
Eustathius, 209.
Eusebius, 180.
Eutropius, 295.
F.
Fabius Pictor, 220.
Fescennines, 218.
Firmicus, 294.
E.
Festus, 298.
Εγκώμια, 25.
Florus, 268, 284.
Eleatic School, 30.
Elegy, 23. not. x.
Jul. 264.
Empedocles, 30, 55, 62, 68, 79. Fronto, 287.
Frontinus, 281.
Ennius, 220.
Furius Bibaculus, 240.
INDEX.
315
G.
Galba, Serv. Sulpic. 226.
Galenus, 169.
Gellius, 286.
Geminus, 149.
Georgius Gemistus or Pletho,
213.
Georg. Phranzes, 214.
Trapezunt. 213.
Gnomic Poets, 29.
Gorgias Leont. 56, 80.
Gracchus, Tib. and Cai. 226.
Grammarians, Greek, 113.
Roman, 236.
•
Gratius Faliscus, 261.
Gregorius Corinth. 209.
Nazianz. 191.
H.
Hagias, 11.
Hanno, 74.
Harmenopulus, 164.
Harpocration, 188.
Hecatæus Abder. 123.
Miles. 30, 31, 49.
Hegemon, 83.
Hegesias, 119.
Hegesippus, 67.
Heliodorus, 190.
Hellanicus, 57, 78.
Hephæstion, 168.
Heraclides, 112, 116, 124.
Heraclitus, allegor. 187.
... Ephesius, 50.
Hermarchus, 117.
Hermesianax, 128.
Hermippus, 61.
Hermogenes, 169.
Hero, 112.
Herodianus, Gramm. 169.
historic. 181.
Herodicus, 70.
Herodorus, 56, 79.
Herodotus, 63, 83.
Hesiodus, 21, 35.
Hesychius, Alex. 193.
Ill. 201.
Hierocles, Alaband. 119.
Platon. 198.
Hieronymus Card. 134.
Himerius, 158, 188.
Hipparchus, 112, 144.
Hippias, 56, 83.
Hippocrates, 69, 89.
Hipponax, 24, 50.
Hippys, 57.
Historie Byzant. scr. 206,
not.
Homerus, 9, 11, 31.
Horatius, 238, 256.
Hortensius, 230, 235.
Hyginus, 261.
Hyperides, 67, 107.
I.
Jamblichus, 184.
Ibycus, 26, 45.
Johannes Argyropulus, 214.
Cantacuzenus, 212.
Chrysostomus, 192.
Ion, 55, 81.
Ionic School, 30.
Josephus, 156.
Isæus, 67, 104.
Isocrates, 67, 101.
Julianus apost. 158, 187.
Julius Africanus, 264.
Florus, 264.
Obsequens, 283.
Tigellius, 241.
Justinus, 237.
Juvenalis, 279.
Herodes Atticus, 167.
Martyr, 172
316
INDEX.
L.
Laberius, 235.
Lactantius, 222, 293.
Lampridius, 292.
Laonicus Chalcondyles, 214.
Lascaris, Janus, 214,
Constantin. 214.
Lasus, 26, 50.
Laurentius Lydus, 202.
Leo Diaconus, 207.
Leodamas, 66.
Lesbonax, 154.
Lesches, 11, sq. 29.
Leucippus, 62, 78.
Libanius, 158, 188.
Library at Alexandria, 110.
Pergamos, 111.
Rome, 242, 244.
libri lintei, 219.
Licinius Calvus, 231, 234, sq.
Linus, 8.
litterati, -tores, 236.
Livius, 246, sq. 261.
Livius Andronicus, 219.
Longinus, 182.
Longus, 194.
Lucanus, 266, 275.
Lucceius, 233.
Lucianus, 158, 171.
Lucilius, 224, 260.
Lucretius, 234, 247.
Lucullus, 233.
Lycophron, 115, 133.
Lycurgus, 67, 103.
Lysias, 67,
J00.
M..
Manethos, 138.
M' Manilius, 227.
Manilius astron. 262.
Manuel Moschopulus, 214.
Marcellus Sidetes, 164.
Marcianus Capella, 301.
Margites, 24.
Marinus, 197.
Marinus Victorinus, 294.
Martialis, 280.
Matron, 127.
Mattius, 235.
Maximus Planudes, 211.
•
Tyrius, 158, 175.
Megarians, 65.
Melanippides, 26, 50.
Meleager, 115, 147.
Melissus, 62, 76.
Memnon, 170.
Menander, 116, 129.
Menecles, 119.
Menedemus, 53.
Messala Corvinus, 243.
Metrodorus, 117, 132.
Michael Apostolius, 214.
.. Glycas, 213.
Mimes, 234.
Mimnermus, 29, 43.
Minucius Felix, 290.
Moeris Atticista, 174.
Morocles, 67.
Moro (Myro), 135.
Moschus, 145.
P. Mucius Scævola, 227-
Q.
Musæus, 8, 195.
Museum at Alexandria, 111.
§. 18.
Musonius, 120, 156.
Myrtis, 26.
Macrobius, 300.
Mæcenas, 240.
Macius Tarpa, 241.
Mallius Theodorus, 299.
Mamertinus, 292.
Nævius, 219.
N.
Naucrates, 67.
INDEX.
317
Ναυπακτικά, 22.
Nemesianus, 291.
Nemesius, 192.
Nicander, 115, 146.
Nicephorus, 203.
Gregoras, 211.
Nicetas Choniates, 210.
Nicolaus Damasc. 153.
Nicomachus, 167.
Nigidius Figulus, 237.
νόμοι, 24.
Nonius Marcellus, 290.
Nonnus, 195.
νόστοι, 11.
0.
Ocellus Lucanus, 62, 75.
Odal Lyric, 25.
Olen, 9, 22.
Onosander, 155.
Oppianus, 177.
Oratory of the Greeks, 66.
Origenes, 181.
Orosius, 299.
Orpheus, 8.
Orphica, 193.
Osci ludi, 218.
Ovidius 245, 259.
παροίνια, 25.
Parthenius, 150.
Pausanias, 171.
Pedo Albinovanus, 239, 260.
Periander, 28.
Pericles, 55, 59, not.
Persius, 266. 274.
Petronius, 289.
Phæax, 66.
Phædrus, 269.
Phalaris, 44.
Phanocles, 128.
Pherecrates, 60, 90.
Pherecydes Athen. 31, 47, 78.
.Syrius, 28, 31, 47.
Philemon Com. 93, 129.
Gramm. 210.
Philetas, 115, 128.
Philippides, 116, 127.
Philiscus, 67.
Philistus, 58, 97.
Philo Jud. 154.
...Mechan. 146.
Philochorus, 141.
Philodemus, 117, 148.
Philolaus, 66, 68, 99.
Philosophy, 30, 54, sqq. 62,
sqq. 109, sq. 117, sq. 161.
Philostrati, 176.
Philoxenus, 68, 98.
Phlegon, 166.
Phocylides, 28, 29,
47.
P.
Phormis, 60.
Photius, 203.
Phranzes, 214.
Phrynichus Trag. 52, 61,
71.
Pacuvius, 225.
Pæans, 24.
Pætus, S. El. 227.
Palaphatus, 186.
palliatæ comæd. 224.
Pamphus, 8, 22.
Panatius, 117, 145.
Panyasis, 68, 76.
Pappus, 192.
παρθένια, 25.
Parmenides, 30, 54, 62, 76.
..Soph. 173.
Pindarus, 26, 53, 73.
Pisander, 40.
Piso, L. Calpurn. 227.
Pittacus, 28.
Plato, 65, 68, 82, 95.
Comic. 61, 82.
Plautus, 221, 228.
Pleias Alex. 114.
318
INDEX.
Plinius Secundus, 276.
.Cæcilius Sec. 268, 282.
Plinius Valerianus, 297.
Plotinus, 181.
Plotius Tucca, 241.
Plutarchus, 160, 162.
Polemo, Anton. 165.
Pollux, 174.
Polyænus, 169.
Polybius, 118, 143.
Rhianus, 140.
Rhinthon, 133.
Rufinianus, 293.
Rufus, Sextus, 295.
Rutilius Lupus, 262.
·
Numatianus, 301.
S.
Polyeuctus, 67.
Sabinus, 259.
Polymnestus, 26.
Sacadas, 26.
Pomponius Atticus, 237.
Saleius Bassus, 268.
Sallustius Platonic. 190.
..historic. 233, 254.
Mela, 271.
.Secundus, 266.
Porcius Latro, 244.
Porphyrius, 183.
Posidonius, 148.
prætextata fabulæ, 225.
Pratinas, 52, 68, 72.
Praxilla, 74.
Priscianus, 302.
Proclus, 197.
Procopius, 201.
Prodicus, 56, 83.
Propertius, 245, 258.
προσόδια (προσῳδ.) 25.
Protagoras, 56, 81.
Prudentius, 299.
Ptolemæus Claud. 160.
.Lagi, 124.
Pythagoras, 30, 47, 62.
Q.
Quintilianus, 267, 277.
Quinctilius Varus, 241.
Quintus Smyrnæus, 200.
R.
Sappho, 26, 41.
Saturæ, 220, 173.
σκόλια, 25.
Scævola, Q. and M. 227.
Scribonius Largus, 272.
Scylax, 106.
Scymnus, 115. 147.
Seneca, M. Ann. 266, 271.
L. Ann. 265, 273.
..tragicus, 207, 213.
Serenus Sammonic. 289.
Servilius Nonianus, 268.
Servius, 298.
Sextus Empiricus, 174.
Sibyllina oracula, 183.
Silius Italicus, 266, 275.
Simmias, 131.
Simonides Amorg. 24, 39.
..... Ceus, 26, 29, 53, 70%
Simonides geneal. 56, 79.
Simplicius, 201.
Sisenna, 233.
Socrates, 62, 89.
Solinus, 290.
Solon, 28, 43.
Sophists, 56, 158.
Sophocles, 54, 76.
Rhapsodists, 9, 27.
Sophron, 62, 90.
Rhemnius Fannius Palæmon,
Speusippus, 108.
272.
Stasinus, 11, 40.
INDEX.
319
Statius, Cæcil. 221.
.Papin. 279.
Stephanus Byzant. 198.
Stesichorus, 26, 42.
Stobæus, 198.
Strabo, 120, 153.
Suetonius, 268,
283.
Suidas, 208.
Sulla, 227.
Sulpitia, 280.
Sulpicius Galba, 226.
Susarion, 52.
Synesius, 194.
Theophylactus Simocatta, 203.
Theopompus, 67. 104.
Thespis, 52.
Thessalus, 70.
Thomas Mag. 211.
Thrasymachus, 56.
Thucydides, 58, 63, 87.
Tiberius rhet. 182.
Tibullus, 239, 258.
Tigellius Hermog. 241.
Timæus histor. 118, 133.
...Locr. 66, 96.
Timon, 136.
. Soph. 184.
Timotheus, 68, 98.
Tisias, 55.
Symmachus, 297.
Syrianus, 196.
Syrius Publ. 235, 259.
T.
tabernariæ fabulæ, 225.
Tacitus, 268, 280.
Tatianus, 173.
Terentianus Maurus, 280.
Terentius Afer, 224, 229.
Varro, 237, 251.
Terpander, 26, 39.
Tertullianus, 285, 289.
Tetralogies, 53.
Τηλεγονία, 11.
Thales, 28, 30, 42.
Thaletas, 26.
Thamyris, 8.
Theano, 48.
Themistius, 158, 189.
Themistocles, 72.
Theocritus, 116, 134.
Theodorus Cnid. 68.
..Gaza, 213.
. Metochita, 210.
Theognis, 29, 46.
Theon. Alex. 186.
.Smyrn. 162.
Theophilus, 200.
Theophrastus, 110, 116, 128.
togate fab. 224.
Tragedy, origin of, 51.
Trilogies, 53.
Trogus Pompeius, 246.
Tryphiodorus, 199.
Tubero, 234.
Tyrtæus, 23, 38.
Tzetzes, 208.
V.
Valerius Antias, 227.
..Cato, 246.
.Flaccus, 266, 276.
.Maximus, 267, 270.
...Probus, 273.
Valgius Rufus, 239.
Varius, 239.
Varro, M. Ter. 237, 251.
. Atacinus, 235.
Varus, Quintilius, 241.
Vegetius, 297.
Velleius Paterculus, 267, 270.
Verrius Flaccus, 263.
Vibius Sequester, 298.
Virgilius, 238, 255.
Visci, 241.
Vitruvius, 254.
320
INDEX.
X.
Xenarchus, 62.
Xenocrates, 123.
Xenophanes, 29, 30, 49.
Xenophon, 64. 93.
..Ephesius, 195.
Y.
ὑπορχήματα, 25.
Zaleucus, 28.
Z.
Zeno Eleat. 54, 56, 63.
Stoic. 117, 131.
Epicur. 117.
Zenobius s. Zenodotus, 176.
Zenodotus Gramm. 113. 130.
Zonaras, 206.
Zosimus, 196.
FINI8.
BAXTER, PRINTER, OXFORn.

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