GEORGE-W MARSHALL, LLD, F.S.A.

Museums
QL
425
M76
parts in pol
41


TESTACEA BRITANNICA
BRITANNICA
Natural History
O BRITISH SHELLS
G
S
-
MARINE, LAND, and FRESH-WATER,
including the most minute: systematically arranged and
EMBELLISHED with FIGURES,
a
GEORGE MONTAGU. EL.S.
BY
Cach shell, cach crawling insect holds a rando
Important in the plan of Him, who framed
This scale of beings; holds a rank which lost
Would break the chain, and leave behind a
a gap.
Which nalure's self would rue.
Part 1
Stillingflect.
3
4
8
6
„А
5
Α.
А A
E.
B
D
7
F
2
Vignette 1.
E.D. del!et sculp!
1803

>

TESTACEA BRITANNICA:
OR,
BRITISH SHELLS .
PART I.
PRINTED BY J. S. HOLLIS, ROMSEY:
AND SOLD BY J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET, LONDON,


Museum
des
1 donat
64796
INTRODUCTION
Swy str-s-lo
AS natural hiſtory has, within the laſt half century,
occupied the attention and pens of the ableſt philoſo-
phers of the more enlightened parts of the globe, there
needs no apology for the following ſheets; fince the
days of darkneſs are now paſt, when the reſearches of
the naturaliſt were conſidered as trivial and uninte-
reſting:
In the preſent age, it is acknowledged, that every link
in the great chain of nature is important, the ſtudy of
which
may
tend not only to the comforts and luxuries
of life, but to the love, adoration, and, admiration of
that being, who alone was capable of forming the whole.
When the great LINNÆUS firſt began his ſyſtem of
nature, he did not conſider conchology as worthy his no-
tice, as ſhells are only the covering or exuviæ of ani-
mals; but as their extreme beauty, and variety, natu-
rally attracted attention, and their durability enabled
A 2
them

them to be preſerved without trouble, no branch of
natural hiſtory has been more ſought after.
If it were poſſible to add to the deſcription of each
fhell, that of the hiſtory of the animal inhabitant, it
would, moſt undoubtedly, have been of great importance
with reſpect to their arrangement: ſuch indeed has been
partially attempted, but if we conſider the difficulty of
obtaining the greater proportion of ſhells in a recent,
or living ſtate, we ſhall at once perceive the impoffibi-
bility of claſſing them by the animal.
Great as the difficulty may be, to define the nu-
merous ſpecies according to the Linnæan, or any other
method, by the order, ſituation, and number of teeth,
and formation of the hinges, in bivalves; and the ſtruc-
ture of the mouth, or aperture, in univalves; yet we
believe it is leſs perplexing, than it would be by the
animal itſelf, from the impoflibility of inveſtigating by
diſſection, the anatomical parts of the more minute
ſpecies : ſo that upon the whole, it muſt be confeſſed,
though arbitrary, the only, method of throwing ſhells
into divifions or genera is, by their form and ſtructure.
Various have been the attempts of different authors
with regard to ſyſtematic arrangement, but we do not
think

111
think they have improved upon the Linnæan plan, or
in the leaſt elucidated the ſubject : it muſt, however, be
confeſſed, that ſome of the generic characters of that
great naturalift, are not ſufficient diſtinctions, though
we admit, it would perhaps be difficult to alter them for
the better : and as to the animals, that inhabit the ſame
genus of ſhells, being all the fame, as has been generally
ſuppoſed, we may venture to affirm, that fimilar ſhells
are ſometimes inhabited by very different animals; and
that few of the Linnæan genera of teſtacea, are wholly
inhabited by the fame kind of animal. On this ſubject,
however, much remains to be done, being as yet in
conſiderable obſcurity.
Some new genera might probably be formed with
advantage, as a vaſt variety of ſhells have been diſcover-
ed ſince the laſt edition of the Syſtema Nature, which
were wholly unknown to LINN ÆUS ; and amongſt them
many productions of our own coafts, which do not
ſtrictly belong to any of the Linnæan genera. We have,
however, pretty ſtrictly adhered to that arrangement,
except in a few inſtances.
The genus Lepas, we have divided into two; after
the plan of Doctor PULTENEY, as not poſſeſſing any
fimilitude, except in that of the animal inhabitants.
Thoſe

iv
Thoſe of the felle kind, are termed Balanus; while the
pedunculated are continued under their original title.
In the Oltrea, thoſe which are aurited, are ſeparated
under the generic denomination of Peeten; and we have
alſo added a new genus next to the Serpula, for ſuch as
bear ſome affinity to that tribe, but do not come under
the Linnean characters of the genus, being indepen-
dent, and not affixed by the baſe to other bodies; which
we have called Vermiculum. Theſe laſt, indeed, were
almoſt wholly unknown to LINNÆUS, and are entirely
of the more minute kind.
In the ſpecies, as far as were known to that author,
we have alſo retained his trivial names, wherever they
could be clearly identified, except in a few inſtances,
where thoſe of ſome engliſh authors were adopted, as
better known to the britiſh conchologiſt ; or where we
had occafion to place them in different genera.
It is not our intention to trace the hiſtory of con-
chology from the earlieſt writers on the ſubject, as we
have chiefly quoted thoſe of more recent date, fince
that branch of philoſophy has been better underſtood.
Amongſt the foreign topical writers, MARTINI,
CHEMNITZ, MULLER, SCHROETER, and GUALTIERI
tand

V
ſtand high in reputation, to whom we have referred in
general; eſpecially the copious works of the two for-
mer, whoſe numerous figures have, by the aid of GMEL-
IN, enabled us to aſcertain many of the Linnæan ſpecies.
Of engliſh teſtaceological authors, there are few
who have treated on the ſubject at large ; amongſt theſe
Lister ſtands foremoſt, and who firſt attempted a de-
fcription of engliſh ſhells in 1678, in his Hiſtoria Ani-
malium Angliæ; and afterwards his Synopſis, which
contains, amongſt a vaſt variety of foreign ſpecies, all
his engliſh ſhells, with additions. This work was finiſh-
ed in 1694, and the laſt edition was publiſhed at Oxford
in
1770, under the inſpection of Doctor HUDDESFORD.
After LISTER, PETIVER was the only one for ſome
years, who added to conchology any thing new, except
a few provincial hiſtorians, Plot, Morton, BORLASE,
DALE and others. Nothing, however, appeared in the
leaſt compleat on the ſubject, exclufively on engliſh ſhells,
for near a century after the writings of Lister, when
Mr. PENNANT treated profeſſedly on that hiſtory, in
the fourth volume of his Britiſh Zoology, publiſhed in
1777, to the no ſmall advantage of that ſcience, by the
addition of a great number of well executed figures, and
by far the greater part of what he deſcribed; in which
he nearly adhered to the Linnæan ſyſtem.
In

vi
In the year 1778, DA COSTA brought out his Hiſto-
ria Naturalis Teftaceorum Britanniæ, or Britiſh Concho-
logy, with copious deſcriptions, embelliſhed with 123 fi-
gures of diſtinct ſpecies, many of which were unknown
to preceding writers. This author has profeffedly en-
tered upon a new ſyſtem, built upon his Elements of
Conchology, before publiſhed; and it is to be lamented,
that he did not at leaſt adopt the Linnæan ſpecific, or
trivial names, to which the ear of the conchologiſt has
been ſo long familiarized: his fynonyms, however, are
copious, which facilitates the identity of each ſpecies.
At this time, no one had thought the more minute
ſhells of our coaſts, of fufficient importance to give them
a thorough inveſtigation, or at leaſt to deſcribe them,
although fomething of this nature had been attempted
at Rome by PLANCUS in 1760, entitled Liber de Conchis
minus Notis, in Littore Ariminenfi.
To the indefatigable reſearches of Mr. Boys of
Sandwich, this taſk was reſerved, by whoſe ample aſſiſt-
ance Mr. WALKER was made acquainted with all the mi-
croſcopic ſhells of that coaſt, which enabled him in the
year 1784 to publiſh a work, entitled Teſtacea minuta
rariora ; in which are deſcribed 87 minute ſpecies, ac-
companied with figures, the moſt part of which were
entirely new. This undertaking laid open an entire new
field

vil
field in britiſh teftaceology, and thoſe who have fince
paid any attention to the ſubject muſt own, that their
labours are amply repaid by the ſuperior beauty and
elegance of this diminutive tribe; and it muſt be con-
feſſed, that the hiſtory of ſhells cannot be compleat
without them. From theſe probably ſome new genera
might be, with propriety, formed; and to which alone
we are indebted for ſeveral ſpecies of the Nautilus ge-
nus, a defideratum before in the britiſh Fauna.
Since this period, a catalogue and deſcription of
ſhells, found in Dorſetſhire by Doctor PULTENEY, has
been given in HUTCHINS's hiſtory of that county:
amongſt which are many new and rare ſpecies.
Mr. DONOVAN is alſo at this time publiſhing a Hiſ-
tory of Britiſh Shells, with elegant coloured figures,
which is to be concluded in fixty numbers, making five
vols, octavo, four of which have already been laid be-
fore the public; theſe, however, have not included the
more minute ſpecies.
In the Linnæan Tranſactions Mr. ADAMS has entered
upon the ſubject of minute ſhells, and has given figures
of ſeveral perfectly new, from the ſouth coaſt of Wales.
b
Much

vini
Much, however, remains to be done; for when we
conſider the locality of the productions of nature, and
the ſmall portion of our extenſive coaſts, which have
been examined with a microſcopic eye, it need not be
feared that the ſubject will ſoon be exhauſted, or that we
have yet a knowledge of one half of the ſmaller ſpecies,
which elude the reſearches of the naked eye. In order,
therefore, to make the hiſtory of britiſh conchology as
compleat as the nature of things would admit, a work
was wanting, that would bring the whole into one view,
fyftematically arranged.
Such a work we have been induced to undertake,
by the great variety of ſhells which have fallen to our
lot to diſcover, many of which have never been deſcribed
as engliſh, and ſome entirely new; which, together witin
thoſe already known, will make near four hundred and
feventy different fpecies; a number far exceeding any
thing hitherto on the ſubject, and more than treble thofe
deſcribed by DA COSTA; and we truſt it will be re-
ceived with that candour uſually beſtowed on ſo intri-
cate, and arduous an undertaking; as our beſt endea.
vours have not been wanting to elucidate a ſubject, the
inveſtigation of which has been productive of ſo much
pleaſure and amuſement, our reſearches having been ex-
tenſive;

ix
tenſive; not confined to the cloſet, but have drawn the
hidden treaſures from their native ſites,
The deſcriptions are as conciſe as poſſible, confiftent
with the neceſſity of giving a full and perfect idea of each
ſpecies; and figures are given of ſuch only as are en-
tirely new, or have not appeared in any engliſh work,
except in ſuch caſes where it was thought requiſite for
the purpoſe of compariſon.* To which, in many in-
fances, is added a ſhort deſcription of the animal in-
habitant, a circumſtance of no ſmall importance in aid
of diſcriminating fome nearly allied ſpecies; though of
no generic uſe in conchology. An attention to this
alone, could have induced us to refer, in many inſtan-
ces to MULLER.
The ſynonyms are drawn from ſome of the beſt au-
thors, and moſt topographical writers omitted, except
in a few caſes, where the objects were in obſcurity.
b 2
Should
* As it was impoſſible to be aware of the extent of Mr. DONOVAN's cabi-
net, or of the ſhells he intended to figure, duplicates will unavoidably occur
in a few inſtances in our work, as ſome of the plates were engraved when lit-
tle more than two volumes of that publication had made its appearance. Some
fpecies alſo originally intended to have been given in this work, have been
anticipated by Mr DONOVAN, and thereby we are enabled to refer to good
figures to illuſtrate our intentions, without multiplying repreſentations of the
fame ſubjects.

Should the following ſheets be deemed to poffefs
any ſmall ſhare of merit, the public are indebted to the
labours of a friend, who not only undertook the en-
graving, but in part alſo the colouring of the figures ;
executed from the objects themſelves, they are a faith-
ful repreſentation, unadorned with the gaudy, high-
coloured tints, which too often miſlead.
But for this aſſiſtance, ſo neceſſary in the ſmaller
fpecies, this work might never have ſeen the light; and
it is only to be regretted, that it was found too large an
undertaking for the hand that gave it exiſtence, to figure
all the ſhells that could have been wilhed.
As this friend of ſcience, however, may not unde-
ſervedly feel the ſhafts of the critical artiſt, it may be
right to diſarm them, by obſerving that, the feminine
hand of the engraver was ſelf taught, and claims no
other merit in the execution, than what reſults from a
deſire to further ſcience by a correct repreſentation of
the original drawings, taken by the fame hand; both
equally the works of amuſement, not labour for emolu-
ment. Further, it was not originally intended that any
but coloured figures ſhould be given, and that only to a
few copies, printed on fuperior paper; but overpowered
by the deſire of particular friends, plain impreſſions are
fuffered

ſuffered to go into the world with the inferior copies,
though executed only for the purpoſe of colouring,
To the naturaliſt therefore, and not to the artiſt an
appeal is made; if the repreſentations are correct out-
lines of the objects, the deſign is accompliſhed; and we
truft ſcience will be conſidered as having reaped more
advantage from ſuch, than from highly finiſhed engrav-
ings devoid of correctneſs and character.
The ſpecies hereafter deſcribed, with a few excepti-
ons, are in our own cabinet, and have chiefly been collect-
ed from their native places by ourſelves, or by the hands
of a few friends, whoſe conchological knowledge, and
fcientific reſearches are too well known to be doubted :
but under every individual, the authority of its being
britiſh will be found; and when any doubts are enter-
tained, it is particularly ſpecified.
Aware that ſome ſhells have been given as engliſh
which never originated there, we have been cautious of
admitting any thing, but upon the beſt authority; and
where we have expreſſed doubt, we beg it may not be
conſidered as arrogance, or contempt of the opinion of
others, but a wiſh to develop truth: we are all liable to
errs

xil
err, but thoſe leaſt, who ſearch for nature where nature
flows.
Subjoined will be found a ſuccinct deſcription of
the ſeveral animals inhabiting ſhells as recorded by Lin-
NÆUS and others : and a ſketch of the Mullerian arrang-
ment of univalve ſhells, by their ſeveral inhabitants.
To which is added a copious alphabetical as well as
fyftematical index.
It now only remains for us to return our ſincere
thanks to ſuch friends as have affifted us through this un-
dertaking with ſpecimens, and information on the ſub-
ject; and we take this opportunity of publicly acknow-
ledging their favours.
Amongſt theſe, particular obligations are due to
our much eſteemed friend, and able conchologiſt, the
late Mr. Boys of Sandwich, by whoſe kind aſſiſtance we
have been able to aſcertain almoſt the whole of the mic
nute ſhells found on that coaſt, as publiſhed by WALKER,
with many additions entirely new.* In theſe acknow-
ledgments
* From this patron of ſcience, we alſo received a nomenclature by Doctor
SOLANDER, of many minute ſhells he had ſent to Bullſtrode for the Dutcheſs
of Portland; and others received from the Doctor at the ſame time, from her
Grace's cabinet in return. This has been of conſiderable ſervice to us with
reſpect to fynonyms.

xiii
ledgments we beg leave to include our thanks to Mr.
HENRY Boys, fon to our late worthy friend, for his
joint aſſiſtance.
To that able naturaliſt, the late Doctor PULTENEY
of Blandford, we are indebted for many rare ſpecimens
from the coaſt of Dorſetſhire, and for his information
and remarks; which were not of leſs affiftance to us than
his Catalogue, publiſhed in HUTCHINS's hiſtory of that
county, and ſeparately for the uſe of his friends.
To Mr. SWAINSON and Mr. Sowerby of London,
we beg alſo to return our acknowledgments for their af-
ſiſtance in ſpecimens; and moreover for the ready acceſs
to their cabinets: and for ſimilar a&ts of kindneſs, our
thanks are equally due to the Rev. THOMAS RACKETT.
The very friendly aſliſtance given us by that pro-
moter of ſcience, and attentive obſerver of nature, Mr.
Bryer of Weymouth, and in particular, for the per-
million of ſelecting any thing from his little cabinet of
ſome of the more rare (hells, found on that coaſt, de-
ſerves our warmelt thanks; as it enabled us to add ſeve-
ral nondeſcript fpecies to this work.
And laſt, though not leaſt, our valuable and wor-
thy friend, Doctor LATHAM of Romſey, claims our
par-

xiv
particular acknowledgments, not only for the ready ac-
ceſs to his well ſtored library on natural hiſtory; but for
the very great aſſiſtance of ſuperintending the preſs, and
thereby contributing not a little to the furtherance of the
deſign, which otherwiſe, for want of convenience, might
have continued much longer in darkneſs.
We ſhall now conclude this introduction by remark-
ing, that in the various purſuits of natural hiſtory, our
notes on ſhells indigenous to Great Britain had ſome
years paſt increaſed fo conſiderably, and ſo far exceeded
any thing extant upon the ſubject, that we had begun to
throw them into ſome form, with intention of giving our
diſcoveries to the world on ſome future day.
At this juncture, being informed by a valuable
conchological friend, that ſuch a work was undertaken
by an acquaintance who would be much obliged by any
aſliſtance, we did not heſitate to relinquiſh our deſign,
wiſhing the ſubject in more able hands; and moſt chear-
fully communicated fuch information as was thought
conducive to ſuch a hiſtory; being always ready to lend
our feeble aid to the friends of ſcience. Several plates
were engraved for this work, but for what reaſon the
letter preſs never made its appearance is not known; it
was, however, not intended to take in the minute ſpecies.
As

As ſoon, therefore, as we were informed from the
beſt authority, that this ſcheme was abandoned, (which
we ſhould have the more regretted, if it had been intend-
ed to include the whole britiſh teſtacea) we again took
the reſolution of giving our diſcoveries to the public in a
ſyſtematical arrangement, which ſhould include ſhells of
every deſcription, found within the iſland of Great
Britain, and its circumfluent ſeas, the reſult of which,
is the following ſheets, in which no pains have been
ſpared either in collecting the ſynonyma of authors, or
in pointing out the miſtakes into which they may have
fallen. By thus conſulting the various writers referred
to, the ſynonyms are founded upon ſtrict perſonal inveſti-
gation, and not copied from others; a circumſtance too
frequently the cauſe of unneceſſary extenſion of ſpecies,
and the perplexity of ſcience.
We do not pretend to aſſert that no errors are to be
found in this work, on the contrary, it would be ſurpri-
ſing if there were not many on a ſubject fo intricate and
abſtruſe; it muſt however be recollected, that in many
inſtances where individuals have been deſcribed in a very
laconic manner, reference to ſuch objects can only de-
pend on individual opinion; for we may venture to af-
firm, that ſcarce two conchologiſts will be found to a -
gree,

xvi
gree, as to the identity of a large portion of the Linnæan
Teftacea: in order, therefore, to obviate theſe embaraſs-
ments, authors have too frequently been induced to fol-
low each other. Under theſe difficulties we have en-
deavoured to clear the way, as well as the nature of cir-
cumſtances would admit,
Whenever we have pointed out the errors of others,
it has been wholly with a view to elucidate the ſubject,
without the leaſt intention of diſparagement to fuch
works; and we truſt it will be found, that none of our
illuſtrative remarks carry with it invedlive.
We, in our turn, expect fimilar remarks by others,
who may hereafter treat on the ſubject, when time and
opportunity may have encreaſed the catalogue of en
gliſh ſhells: till then, we hope our endeavours will be
rewarded by the approbation of the ſcientific reader, at
leaſt for the good intention,) with whom it remains to
determine, whether we have fallen ſhort, or not, of the
general plan.
GEORGE MONTAGU.
Knowle, Sep. 1, 1803.

xvi
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
DIV. I.
MULTIVALVE SHELLS.
Gen. I.
CHITON.
Page
1 Marginatus
2 Lævis
3 Septemvalvis
4 Cinereus
5 Albus
6 Crinitus
7 Faſcicularis
1
2
3
ib.
4
ib.
5
Gen. II. BALANUS.
1 Communis
2 Balanoides
3 Punctatus
4 Rugofus
5 Clavatus
6 Tintinnabuluin
7 Coftatus
8 Conoides
9 Striatus
10 Diadema
6
7
8
ib.
10
ib.
11
12
ib.
13
C2
GEN. III.
LEPAS.
Page,
15
76
17
18
557
1 Anatifera
2 Anſerifera
3 Sulcata
4 Scalpellum
5 Faſcicularis
GEN. IV. PHOLAS.
1 Dactylus
2 Parvus
3 Criſpatus
4 Candidus
5 Striatus
20
22
23
24
26
DIV. II.
BIVALVE SHELLS.
GEN. V.
MYA.
1 Pholadia
2 Arenaria
3 Truncata
4 Margaritifera
28
30
32
33
5 Ovalis

xviii
Page,
5 Ovalis
6 Pictorum
7 Inæquivalvis
8 Suborbicularis
9 Pubeſcens
10 Prætenuis
11 Diftorta
12 Bidentata
34
36
38
39
40
41
42
44
14 Lactea
15 Rotundata
16 Flexuoſa
17 Carnaria
18 Inæquivalvis
19 Maculata
Page.
70
71
72
73
75
75
GEN, VI. SOLEN.
1 Siliqua
2 Novacula
3 Enfis
4 Vagina
5 Pellucidus
6 Legumen
7 Fragilis
8 Antiquatus
9 Minutus
10 Veſpertinus
11 Squamofus
12 Pinna
46
47
48
ib.
49
50
51
52
53
54
565
566
GEN. VIII. CARDIUM.
1 Edule
2 Aculeatum
3 Echinatum
4 Ciliare
5 Lævigatum
6 Nodofunn
7 Elongatum
8 Exiguum
9 Mediuin
10 Rubrum
11 Diſcors
12 Muricatului
18 Arcuatum
14 Corneum
15 Amnicum
16 Lacuſtre
17 Tuberculatum
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
ib.
83
ib.
84
85
ib.
86
ib.
89
568
GEN. VII.
TELLINA.
GEN. IX.
1 Fervenfis
2 Squalida
9 Lata
Donacina
5 Tenuis
6 Striata
7 Fabula
8 Solidula
9 Faufta
10 Crafía
11 Proficua
12 Radula
13 Bimaculata
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
63
64.
65
66
68
69
MACTRA.
1 Solida
2 Subtruncata
3 Stultorum
4 Dealbata
5 Compreſſa
6 Boyfii
7 Triangularis
8 Lutraria
9 Hians
10 Glauca
11 Tenuis
92
93
94
95
96
98
99
ib.
102
571
572
GEN.

xix
Gen. X
DONAX
3 Noæ
4 Minuta
5 Nucleus
Page.
139
140
141
1 Trunculus
2 Denticulata
3 Complanata
4 Plebeia
5 Irus
6 Caſtanea
Page.
103
104
106
107
108
57S
143
GEN. XIV. PECTEN.
1 Maximus
2 Jacobæus
3 Opercularis
4 Varius
5 Lineatus
6 Diſtortus
7 Obfoletus
8 Glabel
9 Lævis
145
146
147
149
149
150
ib.
Gen. XV.
OSTREA
1 Edulis
2 Striata
151
153
Gen. XI. VENUS
1 Paphia
2 Verrucofa
S Striatula
4 Illandica
5 Chione
6 Exoleta
7 Undata
8 Tigerina
9 Sinuofa
10 Ovata
11 Minima
12 Subcordata
13 Granulata
14 Deflorata
15 Decuffata
16 Pullaſtra
17 Perforans
18 Virginea
19 Aurea
20 Sulcata
21 Triangularis
22 Spinifera
110
112
113
114
115
116
117
119
120
ib.
121
ib.
122
123
124
125
127
128
129
131
577
ib.
GEN. XVI. ANOMIA.
1 Ephippium
2 Squamula
3 Aculeata
4 Undulata
155
156
157
ib.
Gen. XII.
CHAMA.
1. Cor
GEN. XVII. MYTILUS.
1 Edulis
159
2 Incurvatus 160
3 Pellucidus
ib.
4. Barbatus
161
5 Modiolus
163
6 Umbilicatus 164
7 Rugofus
ib.
8 Præcifus
9 Criſta galli
134
165
766
10 Diſcors
167
11 Diſcrepans
169
12 Cygneus
GEN. XIII. ARCA.
1 Pilofa
2 Lactea
136
138

XX
GEN. XXI.
BULLA.
12 Cygneus
13 Anatinus
14 Avoneníis
15 Striatus
16 Ungulinus
Page.
170
171
172
173
582
GEN, XVIII. PINNA.
1 Pectinata
2 Ingens
3 Muricata
178
180
183
1 Lignaria
2 Ampulla
3 Patula
4 Aperta
5 Haliotoidea
6 Plumula
7 Catena
8 Emarginata
9 Denticulata
10 Hydatis
11 Akera
12 Cylindracea
13 Umbilicata
14 Truncata
15 Obtufa
16 Diaphana
17 Fontinalis
18 Hypnorum
Page.
205
206
207
208
211
214
215
216
217
ib.
219
221
222
223
DIV. III.
UNIVALVE SHELLS.
ib.
225
226
228
GEN. XIX. NAUTILUS.
1 Beccarii
186
2 Beccarii perverſus 187
3 Criſpus
ib.
4 Lævigatulus
188
5 Calcar
189
6 Depreſſulus 190
7 Umbilicatulus 191
3 Craffulus
ib.
9 Lacuſtris
ib.
10 Carinatulus 195
11 Semilituus
196
12 Rectus
197
13 Radicula
ib.
14 Subarcuatus
198
15 Jugoſus
ib.
16 Coltatus
199
GEN. XXII. VOLUTA
1 Tornatilis
2 Pallida
3 Jonenfis
4 Denticulata
5 Alba
6 Catenata
231
232
233
234
235
236
Gen. XXIII. BUCCINUM.
1 Undatum
GEN. XX. CYPRÆA.
1 Pediculus
2 Aralica
3 Bullata
4 Voluta
232
2 Lapillus 239
3 Reticulatum 240
4 Macula
241
5 Ambiguum 242
6 Hepaticum 249
7 Bilineatum 244
8 Perdix
ib.
9 Lineatum
200
201
202
203

xxi
Page.
9 Lineatum 245
10 Cinétum 246
11 Minimum 247
12 Terreſtre 248
13 Obtufulum 250
14 Breve
ib.
15 Minutum
ib.
16 Lave
251
17 Obtuſiffimum ib.
GEN. XXIV. STROMBUS.
1 Pes Pelecani 253
2 Coftatus
255
Gen. XXV. MUREX.
1 Defpectus 256
2 Antiquus 257
3 Corneus
258
4 Erinaceus 259
5 Purpureus 260
6 Linearis
26]
7 Muricatus 262
8 Turricula ib.
9 Rufus
263
10 Sinuofus
264
11 Coſtatus 265
12 Attenuatus 266
13 Gracilis
267
14 Nebula
ib.
15 Septangularis 268
16 Fuſcatus
269
17 Tubercularis 270
18 Adverſus
271
19 Reticulatus 272
20 Minutiffimus 275
2 Tenuis
3 Exiguus
4 Striatus
5 Tumidus
6 Crafſus
7 Magus
8 Cinerarius
9 Umbilicatus
10 Terreſtris
11 Fufcus
12 Cinereus
Page.
275
277
278
280
281
283
284
286
287
289
ib.
PART II.
GEN. XXVII. TURBO.
ib.
ib.
1 Terebra
293
2 Cinctus
295
3 Clathrus 296
4 Clathratulus 297
5 Elegantiffimus 298
6 Nitidiffimus 299
7 Unicus
8 Subtruncatus 300
9 Truncatus
10 Littoreus 301
11 Tenebroſus 303
12 Rudis
304
13 Striatulus 306
14 Vinctus
307
15 Auricularis 30S
16 Canalis
309
17 Craffior
ib.
18 Parvus
310
19 Coftatus
311
20 Striatus
312
21 Bryereus 313
22 Coniferus 314
23 Denticu
GEN, XXVI.
TROCHUS.
1 Ziziphinus
274

XXH
59 Sexdentatus
60 Tridens
61 Carychium
62 Juniperi
63 Elegans
64 Faſciatus
65 Fontinalis
Page.
337
338
339
340
342
346
348
GEN. XXVII. (Continued.)
Page.
23 Denticulatus 315
24 Cimex
ib.
25 Subumbilicatus 316
26 Ventrofus
317
27 Ulvæ
318
28 Pullus
319
29 Punctura
320
30 Ruber
ib.
31 Vitreus
321
32 Decuſſatus 322
33 Reticulatus ib.
34 Spiralis
323
35 Interſtinctus 324
36 Unidentatus ib.
37 Plicatus
325
38 Pallidus
ib.
39 Nivofus
326
40 Semicoftatus ib.
41 Unifaſciatus 327
42 Cingillus
328
43 Quadrifaſciatus ib.
44 Interruptus 329
45 Retiformis 330
46 Fuſcus
ib.
47 Strigatus 331
48 Carinatulus ib.
49 Rivulus
ib.
50 Sandvicenfis 332
51 Fulgidus
ib.
52 Albulus
ib.
53 Scriptus 333
54 Subarcuatus ib.
55 Elegans
ib.
56 Divifus
334
57 Subrufus
ib.
66 Perverſus 355
67 Bidens
357
68 Laminatus 359
69 Biplicatus 361
70 Labiata 362
71 Vertigo
363
72 Jugofus 586
Gen. XXVIII. HELIX.
1 Stagnalis 367
2 Fragilis
369
3 Paluftris
370
4 Foflaria
372
5 Peregra
373
6 Auricularia 375
7 Putris
376
8 Glutinoſa 379
9 Lutea
380
10 Limoſa
381
11 Lavigata 382
12 Detrita
384
19 Vivipara 386
14 Tentaculata 389
15 Lubrica
390
16 Obſcura
391
17 Subcylindrica 393
18 Lackhamenfis 394
19 Octanfra&ta 396
20 Polita
398
21 Decuſſata 399
22 Labioſa
400
23 Petræa
書法
​58 Mufcorum
ib.

XXIII
GEN. XXVIII. (Continued.)
Page
23 Petræa
Page
403
405
407
59 Cornea
60 Complanata
61 Carinata
62 Vortex
63 Spirorbis
64 Contorta
65 Alba
66 Criſtata
67 Fontana
68 Nautileus
443
450
4.51
454
455
457
459
460
462
464
GEN. XXIX
NERITA.
1 Littoralis
2 Pallidula
3 Glaucina
4 Fluviatilis
5 Pellucida
6 Alba
467
468
469
470
472
ib.
24 Pomatia
25 Afperfa
26 Nemoralis
27 Hortenfis
28 Arbuſtorum
29 Virgata
30 Cingenda
31 Rufefcens
32 Cantiana
33 Hiſpida
34 Fufca
35 Lucida
36 Trochiforinis
37 Lacuna
28 Spinuloſa
39 Caperata
40 Radiata
41 Umbilicata
42 Lapicida
43 Ericetorum
44 Subcarinata
45 Depreſſa
46 Paludofa
47 Crenella
48 Uniſpiralis
49 Reſupinata
50 Globoſa
51 Reticulata
52 Striata
53 Coarctata
54 Tubulata
55 Variegata
56 Faſciata
57 Nitidiffima
58 Bicolor
412
413
415
418
420
422
423
424
425
427
428
429
430
432
434
435
437
438
439
440
441
443
444
ib.
ib.
445
ib.
446
ib.
ib.
447
ib.
GEN. XXX. HALIOTIS.
1 Tuberculata
473
GEN. XXXI. PATELLA.
1 Vulgata
2 Pellucida
3 Parva
4 Bimaculata
5 Fluviatilis
6 Lacuſtris
7 Antiquata
8 Ungarica
9 Militaris
10 Chinenſis
11 Fiffura
12 Apertura
13 Græca
475
477
480
482
ib.
484
485
436
488
489
490
491
492
d
GEN

xxiv
GEN, XXXII. DENTALIUM.
Page
1 Entalis
494
2 Striatuin.
495
3 Gadus
496
4 Imperforatum ib.
5 Trachea 497
6 Glabruin 497
Page.
3 Bicorne
519
4 Perforatum ib.
5 Intortum
520
6 Subrotundum 521
7 Oblonguin 522
**
8 Lacteum
522
9 Striatum
523
10 Globofum ib.
11 Læve
5.24
12 Marginatum ib.
13 Retortum
ib.
14 Perlucidum 525
15 Urna
ib.
16 Squamoſum 526
GEN. XXXIII. SERPULA.
基 ​#
1 Spirorbis 498
2 Spirillum
499
3 Granulata 500
4 Carinata
502
5 Corrugata
ib.
6 Cornea
503
7 Heteroſtropha 503
8 Siniftroría 504
9 Minuta
505
13 Lucida
506
11 Reverſa
508
Gen. XXXV. TEREDO.
| Navalis
527
12 Vernicularis
13 Triquetra
14 Tubularia
509
511
513
15 Lobata
515
GEN. XXXIV. VERMICULUM.
1 Incurvatum
2 Pervium
518
ib
GEN. XXXVI. SABELLA.
1 Alveolata
2 Penicillus
3 Granulata
4 Chryfodon
5 Conchilega
6 Lumbricalis
7 Cirrata
8 Arenaria
9 Subcylindrica
10 Setifcrinis
11 Curta
12 Compreſſa
540
541
544
546
547
549
550
552
ib.
553
554
555
GENERIC

XXV
GENERIC CHARACTERS
OF
The ſeveral Animals inhabiting Shells,
Many of which are found independent, in a true Molluſca ſtate.
SHELL, is the natural covering of many animals for
the protection, ſecurity, and defence of their ſoft and
delicate bodies; and which grows, and enlarges as the
encreaſing bulk of the animal requires : it muſt there-
fore be conſidered as much a part of the animal as the
covering of a crab or a tortoiſe.
The animals hitherto diſcovered to inhabit the ſhells
of Great Britain, which have been thoroughly defined,
and reduced to ſyſtematic arrangement are
6 Spio
1 Doris
2 Triton
3 Aſcidia
4 Tethys
5 Limax
7 Amphitrite
8 Terebella
9 Nereis?
d2
1 DORIS

xxvi
1 DORIS.
Body creeping, oblong, and flat beneath; mouth
placed below on the fore part: vent behind, uſually on
the back, and ſurrounded by a fringe: feelers two or
four, feated on the upper part of the body in front, and
retractile within their proper receptacles.
The Doris is the inhabitant of the Chiton: many ele-
gant ſpecies are molluſca.
2 TRITON
Body oblong; mouth with an involute fpiral proboſ-
cis : tentacula or arms twelve, fix on each ſide, divided
nearly to the baſe, the hind ones cheliferous.
The Triton is found to inhabit Balanus and Lepas:
and one fingle ſpecies inhabits the ſea in a molluſca ftate.
3 ASCIDIA.
Body fixed, roundiſh, and apparently iſſuing from a
ſheath: apertures two, generally placed near the upper
part, one beneath the other: adhere by their baſe to
rocks, ſhells, and other marine ſubſtances; are more or
leſs gelatinous, and ſeem to have no other powers of mo-
tion

xxvi
tion than contracting and dilating themſelves alternate-
ly, by which means they eject the water taken in, with
conſiderable force.
The Aſcidia is rather a numerous genus: is found to
inhabit Pholas, Solen, ſome of the Mya, Maxtra, and
probably part of other bivalve teſtacea: many ſpecies
are molluſca.
It is probable this, as well as moſt other aquatic ani-
mals poſſeſſed of little or no locomotion, are androgy,
nous; the power of ſelf-propagation moſt likely extends
to all the inhabitants of multivalve and bivalve teftacea,
but to few, if any, of the univalve, except Serpula, or
ſuch as are feffile,
4 TETHYS.
Body detached, rather oblong, fleſhy, without pe-
duncles: mouth with a terminal, cylindrical proboſcis,
under an expanded membrane or lip: apertures two on
the left fide of the neck.
The Tethys is not found in a molluſca ftate in the
Britiſh feas, but is ſuppoſed to inhabit the greater part
of bivalve ſhells; according to LINN ÆUS, the Tellina,
Cardium, Mactra, Venus, Oſtrea, and others; this, how-
ever, is not without exceptions in many inſtances.
5 LIMAX

Xxviii
5 LIMAX.
Body oblong, creeping, with a fleſhy kind of ſhield
above, and a longitudinal flat diſk beneath: aperture
placed on the right ſide within the ſhield: feelers four,
fituated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each
of the larger ones.
Theſe are what have been generally conſidered as the
generic characters of the Limax, Slug, or Snail, and
feem to correſpond with the formation of thoſe ſpecies
which are found in a molluſca ſtate; but with reſpect to
the various animals which have been conſidered as be-
longing to this genus, for the moſt part inhabiting the
turbinated univalve ſhells, we fear too much latitude is
required to bring the whole, or even the greater part of
them, into the Limax genus. It is well known that moſt,
if not all, freſh-water, as well as moſt marine univalve
ſhells, are inhabited by an animal poſſeſſed of only two
feelers, or tentacula, deſtitute of eyes at their tips, but
placed at their baſe, varying in ſituation in different ſub-
jects : in ſome alſo the tentacula are long, and fetaceous,
in others ſhort, broad and flat.* It is alſo a queſtion
whether the aperture on the right fide would take in
thoſe animals which have every other character of the
true Limax, found to inhabit the heteroftrophe, or re-
verſed ſhells,+ all of which have the foramen, or aper-
ture on the left ſide.
The
* From the number and formation of the tentacula; and the relative ſituation
eyes,
MULLER has formed many new genera out of the Linnean Limas.
+ For a definition of this appellation, fee page 351.
of the

XXIX
The Linnæan characters certainly take in the whole
of the land ſhells we are acquainted with, except theſe,
and one or two others; but beſides the difference in the
number of tentacula, and fituation of the eyes, the cir-
cumſtance of the aquatic teſtacea being inhabited by ani-
mals of different fexes, and not hermaphrodites, as in
the molluſca Limaces, and ſuch as inhabit moſt land
ſhells, have never been thoroughly attended to. Theſe,
however various, have generally been conſidered to
come indiſcriminately within the Limax genus; as ſuch
we ſhall leave them at preſent, this work being profeſſed-
ly on ſhells, and not on their animal inhabitants, more
than is ſufficient for ſpecific purpoſes.
At the end of this, we have ſubjoined a plan of MUL-
Ler's arrangement of univalve teſtacea by the animal,
in order to ſhew to what great variety the Linnæan Li-
max is extended.
6 SPIO.
Body projecting from a tube, jointed, and furniſhed
with dorſal fibres: peduncles rough with briſtles, and
placed towards the back: feelers two, long, fimple :
eyes two, oblong.
The Spio inhabits Sıbella: one or two fpecies on our
coaſts very minute, the caſes, not deſcribed under the
article Sabella, being inviſible to the naked eye.
7 AMPHI

7 AMPHITRITE.
Body projecting from a tube and annulate: peduncles,
or feet ſmall, numerous, with lateral faſciculi, and
branchiæ: feelers two, approximate, feathered: no
eyes.
The Amphitrite inhabits ſome ſpecies of Serpula, and
Sabella, or holes in rocks,
8 TEREBELLA.
Body oblong, creeping, naked, furniſhed with lateral
faſcicles or tufts, and branchiæ: mouth placed before,
furniſhed with lips, without teeth, and protruding a cla-
vated proboſcis : feelers numerous, ciliated, capillary,
feated round the mouth.
The Terebella inhabits many ſpecies of Serpula, Den-
talium, and Sabella; many are deſtitute of any natural
covering, but fix themſelves in holes of rocks.
9 NEREIS.
Body long, creeping, with numerous lateral pedun-
cles, or feet on each ſide, and faſciculi: feelers fimple,
rarely none: eyes two or four, rarely none.
The

The Nereis is ſaid to inhabit the Sabella; poſſibly in
fome inſtances this may hold good, but we ſuſpect the
greater part are independent in a molluſca ſtate, inha-
biting the ſand and mud at the bottom of the ſea, where
they form themſelves cells; and are much more active
than the other three preceding ſpecies.
Beſides the animals here enumerated, there are doubt-
leſs many whoſe habitations are teſtaceous, which at pre-
ſent are wholly unknown: that of the Nautilus ſeems to
be very imperfectly underſtood: it is figured in Rumpf.
Mus. tab. 17. fig. B. but no one appears as yet to have
arranged it, or even ventured to give it a name.
It is moſt probable, many of the minute ſtraight Nau-
tili are inhabited by animals very different from thoſe of
the convoluted kinds.
Some ſpecies of Serpula, eſpecially thoſe of a conca-
merated ſtructure, are doubtleſs inhabited by animals of
a different nature from thoſe which reſide in ſhells of a
more ſimple form.
The Vermicula are probably inhabited by various ani-
mals, as their ſtructure is ſo variable; but it is likely we
ſhall ever remain in ignorant conjecture with reſpect to
the conformation, and anatomical definition, of ſuch di-
minutive creatures, fo obſcured by their teſtaceous co-
vering:
e
MULLER'S

xxxii
అరితికి
MULLER'S ARRANGEMENT
OF
UNIVALVE TESTACEA,
BY THEIR
SEVERAL ANIMALS.
MULLER has divided his Vermes terreſtres & fluvia
atiles into genera, by the number, and form of the ten-
tacula, and ſituation of the eyes; by which the Linnæ-
an arrangement of teſtacea is overthrown, and mixed in-
diſcriminately throughout the Mullerian fyftem : in this
the molluſca Snails, or naked Limaces, are included, as
the fourth column of the plan annexed will evince,
where the Linnæan generic names are prefixed to thoſe of
MULLER, enumerated in the third column.
WITHOUT SHELL.
Mull. Syft. Lin. Syft.
Seyes at the tip of
Tentacula linear 4
Limax. Limax.
the longeſt .
of}
UNIVALVE

xxxii1
UNIVALVE SHELL.
Mull. Syft. Lit. Syfi.
Tentacula linear 4 eyes at the tip of the longeſt Helix. Helix.
Tentacula linear 2 eyes at the tip
Vertigo. Turbo.
eyes at the baſe exterior Nerita.
S Helix.
Turbo.
Tentacula ſetace-
|
Helix.
ous 2
eyes at the baſe interior Planorbis.
Bulla.
Leyes at the baſe poſterior Valvata. Helix.
Tentaculatrunca- ſ eyes at the baſe interior
eyes at the baſe interior Ancylus. Patella
ted 2
eyes at the baſe poſterior Carychium. Turbo.
Tentacula trian-
gular 2
eyes at the baſe interior Buccinum. Helix,
TO THESE MAY BE ADDED,
Tentacula ſetaceous 2
Turbo.
Feelers 2 one plumoſe } eyes at the baſe
The laſt diviſion does not belong to the Mullerian ſyſ-
tem, but is introduced for the purpoſe of ſhewing ano-
ther ſtrong ſub-diviſion by the animal; and which would
include the Valvata of MULLER. It is very extraordi-
nary, that author did not avail himſelf of ſuch a ſtrong
mark of diſtinction for his generic character of Valvata;
whereas, he has only uſed it fpecifically by calling the
only ſpecies he knew criſtata. To this, however, might
be added, his Nerita piſcinalis, the Turbo fontinalis of
this work; which is alſo creſted or plumoſe,
Beſides what has already been remarked, that ſome
of this claſs are hermaphrodite, and others of different
fexes; it will be found alſo that ſome are oviparous, and
others viviparous: and it is remarkable, that all thoſe
with
e 2

with four tentacula, whoſe eyes are placed at the ſum-
mit of the two longeft, are hermaphrodite, and are all
land ſpecies. Thoſe with two tentacula, and their eyes
fituated on the head, are of different ſexes; and except
two known fpecies at preſent (Turbo elegans, and Cary-
chium,) are all aquatic,
Among this laſt diviſion, one or two are viviparous,
a circumſtance not known amongſt the land ſpecies.
If under ſuch variations theſe animals are all to be
conſidered as Limaces, the generic characters muſt be a
little more extended than thoſe fixed by Linnæus; and
ſhould at leaſt run thus to comprehend all the varieties.
Body oblong, creeping, with a longitudinal flat diſk be-
neath; aperture moſt uſually placed on the right ſide: ten-
tacula two, or four: eyes two,* placed either at the baſe
of the tentacula on the head, or at the extremity of the
two longeſt.
That the Linnæan Limax ought to be divided there
can not be the leaſt doubt; but we cannot agree with
MULLER, that it is capable of forming ſo many genera,
by the mere circumſtance of the eyes being placed a lit-
tle more or leſs behind, or to one ſide of the tentacula.
There ſeems, however, to be two ſtrong natural divi-
fions ;
* If the animal of Turbo elegans ſhould prove to be poffcffed of four eyes,
which we ſuſpect, the characters muſt be further extended thus, eyes two,
rarely four, &c.

XXXV
fions: firſt, thoſe with ocellated tentacula ; and ſecond,
ſuch as have their eyes ſituated on the head: each of
which might again be divided into two families; thus,
1 LIMAX.
Body oblong, creeping, with a longitudinal, flat diſk,
or ſuſtentaculum, beneath : foramen, or aperture, moſt
uſually placed on the right ſide: tentacula ocellated.
Terreſtrial, hermaphroditical.
* Tentacula four: eyes two, placed at the ſummit of
the two longeſt.
** Tentacula two.
2 LUBRICA.
Body oblong, creeping, with a longitudinal flat diſk,
or ſuſtentaculum, beneath: foramen, or aperture, moſt
uſually ſituated on the right ſide: tentacula not ocel-
lated: eyes two, placed on the head. Moſtly aquatic,
and of different ſexes,
* Tentacula, or feelers, four, one of which is plumoſe.
** Tentacula two.
To the firſt diviſion of the Limax would belong all the
molluſca tribe uſually termed Slugs: of theſe the Limax
cinereus

Xxxvi
cinereus and agreſtis, GMELIN p. 3100, and p. 3101,*
appear to be the link between the teſtacea and molluſca,
(being pofleffed of a fhelly fubftance under the ſhield
upon the back,) connecting theſe land animals together;
as ſome of the marine Bullæ do that of the aquatic :
Bulla aperta, haliotoidea, and plumula, equally conceal
their ſhells.
The circumſtance of ſome of the naked Limaces pof-
ſelling a fhell internally, the anatomical enquiries of
SWAMMERDAM and LISTER could not overlook; both
theſe authors have deſcribed and figured it."
That theſe animals therefore belong as much to the
Vermes teftacea as many of the Bulla, there is no doubt;
but it was not thought neceſſary at preſent to form a new
genus on purpoſe, for a ſhapeleſs ſhell of irregular
growth.
It is uſually ſomewhat oval, ſometimes flat and thin,
with a membranaceous margin; others are half as thick
as they are broad, and rarely poffefſed of any concavity:
colour filvery-white, or of a micaceous appearance; the
upper fide is a little convex, and ſlightly wrinkled con-
centrically to the ſmaller, or pofterior, end: the under
part
* Limax filans. Lin. Trans. iv. p.85. tab 8. Both theſe Limaces are capable
of ſuſpenſion, as well as others which are deſtitute of fimilar internal confor-
mation. Limax parvus cinereus. Liſter Conch. t. 101, f.101.--Id. t. anat.f.5.
† Hill. Swammerd. p. 71. t. 8. f. 8.--Lift. Conch. t. 5. anat, f. 5.--Id.
Angl. p. 128. t. 2. f. 15.

xxxvii
part is ſometimes rough, and granulated with cryſtal-
like, ſhining angles.
This ſhell is the Lapislimacis or Snail-ſtone of authors,
and is ſaid to have been uſed for medical purpoſes : ac-
cording to popular opinion, it cures the tertian ague,
if
faſtened to the patient's arm.
FAVANNE has figured ſeveral ſpecies of Limax in his
Zoomorphoſe, tab. 76, that appear to be the intermedi-
ate link between ſuch as poſſeſs an internal ſhell, and
thoſe with teſtaceous covering; theſe have only a ſmall
ſhell attached to the poſterior end. But as no ſuch have
been diſcovered in England, we only mention it to ſhew
the nice gradations in nature's work, and how utterly
impoſſible it is to divide that chain, which ſhe has ſo ad-
mirably linked together.
* Encyclopædia Britannica.

ERRATA.
PART 1
Page 2, 1. 4, for eight read eighths
9, 17, run r. runs
18, margin, Scalpellum, f. 4.
r. f. 3
38, ditto, Inequevalvis r. Ine-
quivalvis
39, 1. 14, entrance, r. entrances
41, margin, Pretenuis, r. Pre-
tenuis
108, Synonyms, Borl. Corn. f. 38
r. t. 28
152, 1. 22, rockey, r. rocky
175, note, * antenna was, r. were
215, 1. 7, pinnatified, r. pinnati-
fid
217, 1. 4, nd, r. ſand
245, margin, Lrneatum r. Line-
atum
249, Gualteri, r. Gualtieri
250, dele : after anfraétibus
271, 1, 1. month, r, mouth
272, 1. 22, Sandwhich, r. Sand-
wick
288, 1. 16, Anglica I. Anglice
PART II.
Page 327, margin, for 37, read 41.
362, ditto, & p. 590 T. labia.
ta r. labiatus
398, 1. 23, Altinea, r. 4 Ein
nia
409, 410, 412, fpiculi, r. spin
cula
464, margin and p. 597, He.
lix Nautileus, r. Nautilea
482, l. 16, breath r. breadth
492, l. 13, heighth, r. height
524,
1.
9,
ftriata, r. ftriatum
529, 1. 23, Pholas, r. Pholades
532, 7, acount r. account
552, 1. 3, anterior, r. pofterior
595 Index, omitted Inæqui-
ftriata Tellina, 567
597 Membranaceus Helix, 1.
Turbo
600 Striatum Oftrea r. Oftreum
601 Vulgare Oftre, 1. Offreuz

BRITISH SHELLS.
Div. I. MULTIVALVE.
II. BIVALVE.
III. UNIVALVE.


1
DIV. I.
MULTIVALVE SHELLS.
GEN. I.
CHITON.
Animal a DORIS.
SHELL, conſtructed of many plates or valves, placed
tranſverſely on the back of the animal, and lying upon
each other at the anterior edge.
1.
Chiton Marginatus. Gmel. Syft. p. 3206. 26.
MARGINATUS.
Br. Zool. t. 36. f. 2.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 165.
C. with eight-valves carinated along the back, pro-
jecting over each other in a point or beak on the dorſal
elevation: when viewed with a glaſs appears like ſha-
green;

2
green, marginated: colours various, duiky, cinereous ·
brown, inclining to fleſh-colour, ſometimes mottled;
ſhape oblong-oval; length five-eights of an inch; breadth
three-eighths.
This ſeems to be the ſhell deſcribed by Mr. PENNANT,
but we never could obſerve the margin ſufficiently reflect-
ed to become a character, or that the edge is more fer-
rated than in moſt other ſpecies. It was originally
found at Scarborough, by the above author: and Doctor
PULTENEY mentions it on the Dorſethire coaſt.
We have not unfrequently taken it by dredging in Sal-
comb bay, in Devonſhire, affixed to oyſters, and other
ſhells, as well as to ſtones: have alſo received it from
Sandwich in Kent.
2.
LÆVIS.
Chiton Lavis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3206. 27.
Br. Zool. t. 36. f. 3.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 165.
C. with eight ſmooth valves, or very faintly ftriated
tranſverſely: back elevated : valves beaked; margin
broad, finely reticulated, oblong; length half an inch,
breadth a quarter.
This ſeems to be the C. lævis of Mr. PENNANT, who
ſays it inhabits the ſhores of Loch Broom, in Weſt Roſs-
shire.

3
Shire. It is uſually of a fine deep rufous-brown; ſome-
times mottled with yellowiſh-white, with a ſmall line of
the fame along the back; but this is not a permanent
character, as it ſhould ſeem to be by Mr. PENNANT'S
deſcription.
We have frequently found it with the preceding ſpecies
in Sılcomb bay, from which it is principally diſtinguiſhed
by not being ſo broad; in being ſmooth, and the margin
being reticulated.
3.
C. with ſeven carinated valves, ſtrongly beaked; the SEPTEMVALVIS.
five middle ones divided tranſverſely from the anterior
baſe to the beak, the hinder compartment very fine ſha-
green, the other very ſmooth, or faintly ſtriated tran-
verſely: the extreme valve at each end rufous-brown, the
reſt generally dark cinereous; beaks frequently rufous;
margin moderately broad, and faintly reticulated: ſhape
of the laſt deſcribed : length half an inch. Found in
Salcomb bay, but rare,
4.
Chiton Cinereus. Lin. Syft. p. 1107.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3204. CINEREUS.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 163.
C. with eight valves nearly ſmooth, compreſſed, oval,
carinated; the valves proje&ting into a beak on the back,
and
B 2

4
and reflected a little at the poſterior angle at the baſe:
margin moderately broad, edge ſlightly ciliated: colour
cinereous : length a quarter of an inch.
Found rarely in Salcomb bay, in Devonſhire, on ſtones
and old ſhells, like the preceding.
Doctor PuLTENEY ſays on rocks, and on oyſters at
Weymouth, and from Poole.
5.
ALBUS.
Chiton Albus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1107.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3204.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 96. f. 817.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 162.
C. with eight ſmooth valves, white, oval, not cari-
nated: firſt valve notched on the hinder edge. Smaller
than the C. cinereus. Doctor PULTENEY fays upon
oyſter ſhells from Poole: and on other ſhells, but leſs
common: alſo on the Ulva inteſtina and latiſſima.
6.
CRINITUS.
Chiton Crinitus. Gmel. Syft. p. 3206.
Br. Zool. t. 36. f. 1.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 161.
C. with ſeven valves, thick ſet with ſhort hairs : five-
eighths of an inch long.
Such

5
Such is Mr. PENNANT's deſcription, who ſays it inha-
bits the ſea near Aberdeen. Mr. Boys informed us he
found it at Sandwich.
7.
Chiton Faſcicularis. Lin Syft. p. 1106.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3202. FASCICULARIS,
Chem, Conch. x. t. 173. f. 1688.
Muller. No. 3017.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 162.
C. with eight valves, apparently ſmooth, but when
examined with a glaſs, will be found to be rough like
ſhagreen, except on the elevated dorſal ridge; margin
ſurrounded with tufts of whitiſh hair, one at the junction
of each valve, and two in the front, making eighteen in
number; colour brown, or dark cinereous : length five.
eighths of an inch, breadth rather more than two-eighths.
Doctor PULTENEY obſerves, this ſhell is not uncom-
mon on oyſters from Poole. We have found it in confide-
rable abundance in Salcomb bay in Devonſhire, with all
the other ſpecies except the albus and crinitus, and is by
far the moſt common; like the reſt it adheres to oyſters
and other ſhells, as well as to ftones; and with them in-
habits the deep, ſo that it is only to be obtained by
dredging. It is alſo found at Sandwich in Kent, where
it feems to be not uncommon; as among a parcel of theſe
ſhells we received from Mr. Boys, the greater part were
of this ſpecies. On the coaſt of Barbary it is of a much
fuperior fize, not unfrequently above an inch long.
GEN.

6
GEN. II.
BALANUS.
Animal a TRITON.
SHELL, of many erect unequal valves, affixed by a
broad baſe, or ſeſſile.
1.
COMMUNIS.
Lepas Balanus.
Lin. Syft. p. 1107.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3207.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 165.
Liſter. Conch. t. 443. f. 286.-Don. Br.
Shells.i. t. 30. f.1. Br. Zool. t. 37. f. 4.
Lepas Cornubienfis. Br. Zool. t. 37. f. 6. var.
Balanus Porcatus. Da. Coſta. p. 249.
Balanus Communis. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
B. with a ſtrong rugged ſhell, of a cinereous-brown
colour ; compartments unequal and frequently indiftinct,
compoſed of irregular longitudinal ftriæ or ridges: of a
conic ſhape, detached ſhells frequently perfe&tly round at
the baſe, and regularly ſloping upwards: the aperture
not large in proportion ; operculum of four valves tranſ-
verſely ftriated, with a longitudinal furrow on the two lon-
geft. Diameter at the baſe, ſometimes an inch, height
nearly three quarters.
This

7
This ſpecies is not uncommon on many parts of our
rocky coaſts, to which it adheres ſo ſtrongly as to render it
difficult to ſeparate whole: moſt commonly in cluſters,
by which they are diſtorted into various ſha pes.
2.
Lepas Balanoides. Lin. Syft. p. 1108.-Gmel. Syſt. p 3207. BALANOIDES.
Turt. Lin. iv. 166.-Br. Zool. t. 37, f. 5.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 36. f. 2. 3.
Balanus Vulgaris. Da. Coſta. p. 248. t. 17. f. 7.
Lifter. Conch. t. 444. f. 287.
Id. Angl. t. 5. f. 41.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
B. with a ſub-conic, and ſometimes much depreſſed ſhell,
uſually with fix compartments divided by a deep longi-
tudinal furrow, ſmooth, white, frequently deeply ſulcated
at the baſe; the poſterior compartments the largeſt :
aperture larger in proportion than in the laſt ſpecies :
operculum of four valves; the two upper flightly ftriated
tranſverſely, the others fmooth. Diameter at the baſe, a
quarter, rarely half an inch.
This is by far the moſt plentiful ſpecies on all our rocks
between high and low water mark, ſometimes entirely co-
vering them: it is alſo found attached to wood, ſhells, ,
and cruſtaceous animals.
Balanus

8
3.
PUNCTATUS.
Tab. 1. F. 5.
Balanus Punctatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
B. with a very rugged brown ſhell; compartments in-
diſtinct; frequently punctured; operculum of four valves,
the upper one with a few longitudinal ridges or ítriæ; the
edges of the ſuperior and inferior valves cloſely united at
the top, indented or notched, and lock into each other:
theſe are often punctated like a thimble: the baſe ſpreads
a very little, and is not much broader than it is high,
which does not exceed a quarter of an inch, and uſually
leſs. It is a very common ſpecies on the South coaſt of
Devonſhire, covering whole rocks near high water mark;
and on the Patella Vulgata cloſely cluſtered together.
This has probably been confounded with the preceding
fpecies, but is readily diſtinguiſhed by its dull brown
colour, and rugofe appearance, and eſpecially by the
operculum, which is ſo effentially different.
A variety conſiderably more elevated, cylindric, and
with the aperture as large as the baſe is ſometimes met
with; this has the valves of the operculum more punc-
tated.
The figure is magnified; that of the natural fize was
accidentally omitted.
4.
RUGOSUS.
Balanus Rugofus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 97. f. 824.
B. with a fub-cylindric ſhell, uſually divided into fix
compartments by furrows which become broad towards
the

9
the top, where the ſhell ſpreads into angulated points,
and is frequently as wide as at the baſe: the compartments
are irregular, thoſe on the poſterior fide broadelt; theſe
are ſometimes wrinkled or ſtriated longitudinally, others
are more ſmooth, moſt times white; but a variety is of a
purpliſh red; aperture large, in de margin ridged tranf-
verſely: operculum of four rough valves but not ftriated,
angulated, erect, forming four diſtinct points a little re-
flexed. Height from half to three quarters of an inch;
diameter at the baſe uſually much leſs.
A variety of this ſpecies with a more extended baſe, and
not ſo much in height, has frequently been confounded
with the B. Balanoides: but the breidth of the aperture,
angulated margin, and quadrifurcated operculum are un-
erring marks of diſtinction. We ſhall here take the op-
portunity of remarking, that as the greater part of this
genus is ſubject to great variety, and frequently run fo
much into each other as ſcarcely to be diſtinguished by
common obſervation, it is neceſſary to attend to the
operculum, which we have hitherto found an unerring
guide; at leaſt with reſpect to the Britiſh ſpecies, which
in other reſpects approach each other in ſome of their
varieties.
For want of that attention to this eſſential part, fo
much confuſion has ariſen, that it is difficult to place the
Synonyms to many of this genus.
С
Balanus

5.
CLAT ATUS.
Balanus Clavatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
Br. Zool. t. 37. A. 5.
Lepas Elongata. Gmel. Syft. p. 3219.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 98. f. 838.
Ellis. Zooph. p. 198. t. 15. 7. 8.
B. with a long clavated ſhell, ſlender at the baſe, di-
lated at the top, and uſually cloven into fix diviſions :
the compartments three wide, and three narrow, wrinkled
longitudinally, and faintly ſtriated tranſverſely. Length
two inches : diameter at the baſe three-eighths of an inch.
This ſpecies we believe is not common on our coaſt, as
we have never been able to procure it alive, or with its
operculum. Mr. PENNANT has given a figure of it, but
ſuſpected it was only a variety of the Balanoides.
Doctor PULTENEY ſays it has been found in the ſea at
Weymouth, in deep dredging. It is therefore probably
a pelagic ſpecies. This gentleman alſo informs us, that
it was firſt diſcovered by Sir JOSEPH BANKS, who
brought it from Newfoundland : and that in Iceland is
grows to the length of three inches.
6.
TINTINNABU-
LUM.
Lepas Tintinnabulum. Lin. Syſt. p. 1108.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3208.
Liſter. Conch. t. 443. f. 285.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 97. f. 828 to 831.
Br. Zool. p. 73. No. 8.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 166.
Balanus

11
Balanus Tintinnabulum. Da. Coſta. p. 250.
.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
B. with a ſtrong ſhell, uſually divided into fix raiſed
and fix depreſſed compartments, the former running to
a point upwards and ftriated longitudinally; the latter
contracting to a point downwards, and tranſverſely ftri-
ated : aperture nearly as large as the baſe, angulated;
colour purple. Length an inch and a half, or two inches ;
breadth rather leſs.
This ſpecies though admitted into Britiſh Conchology,
is ſcarcely to be called an Engliſh ſhell. It is the pro-
duce of warm climates, and brought to us on the bottoms
of ſhips, where they are frequently ſeen adhering in
cluſters: and of courſe dead ſhells are ſome times found
on our ſhores ; but we doubt if they ever breed in this
climate.
7.
COSTATUS.
Lepas Coftata. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 30. f. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 167.
B. with numerous equidiſtant ribs diverging from the
aperture: ſhape ſomewhat conic.
Mr. Donovan informs us that this ſpecies was found
by the late T. ADAMS, Eſq. of Pembroke, adhering to
pieces of broken rock, and is in the poſſeſſion of the Rev.
C 2
T. RACK-

12
T. RACKETT, of Spetiſbury, Dorſet. The figure above
quoted is about three-eighths of an inch in diameter at
the baſe, nearly round, and of a light colour.
8.
CONOIDES.
Lepas Conoides. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 30. f. 3.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 16 7
B. with ſmooth valves pointed at the apex : aperture
very
ſmall. Found by Mr. Bryer, affixed to the Lepas
Anatifera.
This ſpecies, which we prefume was found at Weymouth,
is deſcribed as above by Mr. DONOVAN: the figure given
is about three-eighths of an inch diameter at the baſe,
of a conic ſhape; the compartments appear to be fix,
divided at the top; the three poſterior ones larger than
the others; and all flriated longitudinally, and ſlightly
tranſverſely; giving it a reticulated appearance : colour
purpliſh.
9.
STRIATUS,
Lepas Striata. Br. Zool. t. 38. f. 7.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 98. f. 834.
Walker's Min. Shells. f. 87.
Lepas Verruca.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3212. 17.
Balanus Intertextus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 25.
Lepas Intertexta. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 36. f. 1. Turt. Lin.
iv. p. 166.
Balanus Striatus, Da. Coſta. p. 250.
B. with

13
B. with a compreſſed white ſhell, with the compart-
ments ſtrongly ribbed in an oblique direction to each
other, and finely ftriated acroſs the ribs: the margin of
the baſe irregularly ferrated: aperture oblique, perfectly
cloſed by an operculum, and ſo obſcured that it is diffi-
cult to find, except when alive. Diameter a quarter of
an inch, rarely ſo much.
This fingular and curious fpecies, was firſt publicly
noticed by Mr. Pennant as an Engliſh ſhell, from the
Portland Cabinet. Doctor PULTENEY ſays, he has ſeen
it common on oyſters, but more frequently on the Oftrea
O percularis, both from Weymouth and from Poole.
We have found it not uncommon upon various ſhells
on the South coaſt of Devon, particularly in Salcomb
bay; and ſometimes in cluſters on the roots of alge.
It is not uncommon on the coaſt of Sandwich in Kent,
from whence we have received it; and Mr. WALKER
obferves it is found on the roots of Sea-weeds; the fineſt
ſpecimens on lobſters.
10.
Lepas Diadema. Lin. Syſt. p. 1198.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3208. DIADEMA.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 99. f. 843. 844.
Liſter. Conch t. 445. f. 268.
Gualt. t. 106. f. 9.
Ph. Tranf. 1758. pt. 2d. t. 34. f. 1.
Lepas

14
Lepas Diadema. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 56. f. 1. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 166.
Balanus Balæna. Da. Coſta. p. 251. t. 17. f. 2. 2. 2.
B. with a ſub-compreſſed hemiſpheric ſhell, with twelve
compartments; fix depreſſed flat and ſtriated tranſverſely;
the others which are alternate are prominent, with four,
five, or fix elevated longitudinal ridges, and tranſverſe
ftriæ ; at the top is a deep cavity, funnel-Shaped, hexago-
nal within, at the bottom of which is the aperture: the
ribs are alſo furniſhed with openings at their ſummit: the
baſe is concave, furniſhed with diviſions or cells in a
radiated manner: in live ſhells this part is covered with
a tough coriaceous membrane. It is uſually of a dirty-
white colour, an inch in height, and two or three inches
diameter towards the baſe; but commonly not half fo large.
a
The animal figured by Mr. Ellis in the Philoſophical
Tranſaétions reſembles a cluſter of ſmall hooded ſerpents,
iſſuing from the aperture and openings on the top of the
ribs.
This ſpecies is rarely found in the Southern parts of
this Kingdom, but is often met with on the ſhores of
Scotland and the iſlands contiguous.
It appears to inhabit ſome ſpecies of Whale, by which
it is ſaid that the natives of the Northern parts diſtinguiſh
one kind from the reſt.
Whether this is really diffinct from the Balanus Ba-
lænaris, which is found adhering to the pectoral wrinkles
of the Bulæna Boops is doubtful.
GEN.

15
GEN. III.
LEPAS.
Animal a TRITON.
SHELL, with ſeveral unequal plates or valves con-
nected by cartilages; affixed by a tubular fleſhy peduncle.
Lepas Anatifera. Lin. Syft. p. 1109.--Gmel. Syſt. p. 3211. ANATIFERA.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 100. f. 853.855.
Liſter. Conch. t. 439. f. 282.
Br. Zool. t. 38. f. 9.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 26.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 7.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 169.
Balanus Anatiferus. Da. Coſta, p. 253. t. 17. f. 3.
L. with a compreſſed ſhell of five valves, the two lower
ones large and ſomewhat of a triangular ſhape, longitudi-
nally wrinkled, and obſoletely ſtriated in a radiated man-
ner from the lower anterior angle; the two ſuperior valves
long and tapering downwards to an obtuſe point, the upper
part angulated on each fide, top rounded: theſe are
alſo

16
alſo faintly wrinkled longitudinally, and obſoletely ſtriated
from the upper poſterior angle in a radiated manner. The
dorſal valve is long ſlender and rounded, ſmooth down
the middle, and fulcated on each ſide; the cartilages that
connect the valves, and the peduncle at the baſe are
uſually of a reddiſh-orange colour. Length an inch and
a half, and ſometimes more, breadth of the largeit part
an inch: colour blueith-white, and glolly.
This ſpecies is frequently found adhering to the bot-
tom of ſhips in great quantity, cluſtered together of all
fizes, the fmaller ones adhering by ſhort pedicles to the
larger. It particularly attaches itſelf to wood; pieces of
timber are not uncommonly thrown upon our ſhores
covered with them: we obſerved one of fir above twenty
feet long, drifted on the coaſt of Devonſhire, that was
completely covered with Bernacles.
This is the ſhell which was formerly ſuppoſed to pro-
duce the Bernacle Gooſe, a curious account of which may
be ſeen in Gerarde's Herbal.
2.
ANSERIFERA.
Lepas Anſerifera. Lin. Syſt. p. 1109.- Gmel. Syft. p. 3210
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 100. f. 856.
Gualt. t. 106. f. 2. 3.
Lijter. Conch. t. 440. f. 283.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 168.
L. with a compreſſed ſhell of five valves, much re-
ſembling the preceding ſpecies, but is readily diſtin-
guiſhed

17.
guiſhed from it by being ſtrongly ftriated in a radiated
manner, the inferior valve from the lower anterior angle,
and the ſuperior one from the upper poſterior margin;
theſe are croſſed by very fine ſtriæ, which give a faint
reticulated appearance: the angles of the valves are much
more ſharp and pointed, and particularly the apex: the
dorſal valve is compreſſed at the ſides, and brought to
a fine carinated edge, whereas in the other it is rounded,
and only ſub-carinated down the middle: This is a re-
markable character, and ſufficient to diſcriminate the ſhell
if all others were wanting: the ſuperior valves are alſo
much more compreſſed, which makes the ſhell extremely
thin or flat on the poſterior fide. Length one inch:
breadth not quite three quarters : colour bluiſh-white.
This ſpecies is rarely found with the former; we have
taken it from a piece of drifted wood on the ſouth coaſt
of Devonſhire, from half an inch in length to the ſize
before mentioned; the connecting cartilages and pedicle
bright orange-red.
3.
L. with a compreſſed ſub-triangular ſhell of five valves, SULCATA.
the inferior ones wrought with fifteen ſtrong ribs diverg- Tab. 1. f. 6.
ing from the lower anterior angle; that which runs along
the front is larger than he reit, and forms a margin; the
two fuperior valves form a pointed apex, and na
downwards to a point, furniſhed with ſeven oreht ribs
Ow
D
with

18
with ſmaller intermediate ones, diverging from the poſte-
rior margin ; the dorſal valve ſomewhat compreſſed, and
ſtrongly ſtriated longitudinally, with a ſmooth fub-cari-
nated edge. Length a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly
as much : colour dirty-white: pedicle ſhort, dulky: ſhape
ſomewhat like the laſt, but ſhorter and more triangulated.
This new and elegant ſpecies we found on Gorgonia Fla-
bellum on the Dorſetſhire coaſt near Portland Iſland: the
few that were on it were detached, not in cluſters; ſome
not half as large as that deſcribed.
A figure of the natural fize was accidentally omitted.
4.
SCALPELLUM.
TAB. 1. f. 4.
Lepas Scalpellum. Lin. Syft. p. 1109.-Gmel. Sy t. p. 3210.11.
Chem. Conch. viii. vig. 17. f. A. and a.
Liſter. Conch t. 439. f. 281.
Gualt. t. 106. f. C.
Ph. Trans. 1758. vol. 2. t. 34. f. 4. (Ellis.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 168.
L. with thirteen valves of a light brown colour, not
poliſhed, but rather rough without any ſtriæ ; faintly
wrinkled in ſome parts, and covered with ſhort hairs ;
thoſe on the dorſal valve ſet in ſeries or rows tranſverſely :
the three lower valves on each ſide, to which the peduncle
is fixed, are very ſmall; the two next larger; the fupe-
rior one the largeſt, running a little oblique to the reſt,
and is pointed at the top: the dorſal valve is compreſſed,
the

19
the edge rounded at the baſe and runs into a ſharp proceſs
about half way up; from whence it turns in a diagonal
line to cover the edge of the two ſuperior valves: the
the whole ſhell is much compreffed ; the anterior and
pofterior fides are nearly parallel to each other for rather
more than half way from the baſe; the upper part is
truncated obliquely to the front; the apex turns a little
backward.
The peduncle is large in proportion, cylindric, com-
poſed of many annulations of the fame colour as the ſhell;
is nearly of the ſame length, and covered with ſhort
hairs.
This ſpecies is rarely above five-eighths of an inch long
independant of the peduncle; and three-eighths broad.
It is a rare ſhell, and ſeldom met with on our coaſt.
We firſt received it from Mr. Boys of Sandwich, and
fince found it on a ſpecies of Gorgonia, to which it ſeems
to be particularly attached. CHEMNITZ mentions the
ſame circumſtance. Hitherto it has been only known as
a production of the Norwegian ſeas, and even there ac-
counted extremely rare. Ours were taken off Plymouth
by trawling.
D 2
GEN.

20
Does
GEN. IV.
PHOLAS.
Animal an ASCIDIA.
SHELL, with two large valves open at each end, with
ſmaller acceſſory valves or plates at, or near the hinge.
Hinge, folded back, united by a cartilage; tooth fingle
in each valve beneath the hinge, long, incurvated.
1.
DACTYLUS.
Pholas Dactylus. Lin. Syft. p. 1110. 20.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3214. 1.- Turt. Lin. iv.
p. 172.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 101. f. 859.
Liſter. Conch. t. 433. f. 276.
Id. Anat, t. 19.f. 1.2.-Br. Zool.t.39.f.10.
Pholas Muricatus. Da. Coſta. p. 244. t. 16. f. 2. 2.
Pholas Hians. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 26.
Borlaſe Corn. t. 28. f. 31.
P. with a rough ſhell ftriated tranſverſely, and ſlightly
longitudinally, or from the hinge; the anterior end
ſtrongly

21
ſtrongly muricated, extending into a beak, forming a
large rictus or gape.
Hinge reflexed and forms ſeveral cells on the back,
which are covered with two ftriated valves connected
longitudinally; below the hinge another long plate-like
valve affixed to the connecting membrane: teeth, one in
each valve projecting inwards ; long, curved, flat: colour
white. Length an inch and a quarter : breadth ſome-
times as much as four inches.
This ſhell has been conſidered by ſome as diftin&t from
the Dačtylus of LINNÆUS: GMELIN however has quoted
the figure of CHEMNITZ and LISTER which is evidently
this ſhell.
The Pholades are all Borers : this is frequently found
in hard clay, marl, and wood: the largeſt we ever ſaw
was on the north ſhore at Poole. It is not uncommon
on many parts of our coaſt from eaſt to weft; and we
have picked it up of a large ſize on the ſands of Caer-
marthenſhire.
At Salcomb on the coaſt of South Devon, it is found in
great abundance together with the P. Candidus and Par-
vus burrowed in the ſtumps of old trees, which formerly
grew there, but now covered with the tide except at very
low water. Theſe are taken by the fiſhermen and uſed
with ſucceſs for baiting their hooks,
Pholas

22
2.
PARVUS.
TAB, 1. f. 7. 8.
Pholas Parvus. Br. Zool. t. 4. f. 13.
Da Coſta. p. 247.
P with a rough white ſhell tranſverſely and longitudi-
nally ftriated, except at the ſmaller end; the larger end
declines into a kind of beak, where it is muricated: hinge
reflex without cells: plate at the back one, connected by
a membrane to the valves; no acceſſory plate below the
hinge; teeth, one in each valve, ſlender, curved, fur.
niſhed with a knob at their baſe. Length half an inch ;
breadth one inch.
This ſpecies was originally given by Mr. PENNANT,
but has ever ſince been confounded with the Dactylus
and Crifpatus.
From the former it may be readily known by not hava
ing any cells on the reflected margin of the hinge; from
the latter in not having the longitudinal furrow; and
from both by the knob at the baſe of the tooth,
It is longer in proportion to its breadth than the Dac-
tylus, and ſhorter than the Criſpatus.
If this ſhould be the ſhell deſcribed in the Britiſh Zo-
ology of which we can but little doubt, it is unfortunate
that the eſſential characters were omitted, eſpecially as it
is ſtated to be like the Criſpatus externally, but never
found larger than a hazel nut. From this circumſtance
probably

23
probably Da Costa was led to believe it was no other
than the young of that ſhell.
In this ſtate of uncertainty we are rather inclined to
give credit to ſo able a naturaliſt, than to add ours as a
new ſpecies, with a greater probability of its being the
ſame. The Parvus ſeems to be a very local ſpecies : is
found in great abundance in decayed wood, below the
town of Salcomb on the coaſt of South Devon, the only
place we ever met with it: and where the Criſpatus is
never found, but the Dactylus and Candidus equally
plentiful. The Pholades are all ſlightly connected at the
hinge, and rarely found perfect except when alive, as the
acceſſory valves ſoon ſeparate. In a live ſtate theſe ſmaller
valves or plates are evident and diſtinguiſhing characters.
6.
Pholas Criſpata. Lin. Syſt. p. 1111. 25.
CRISPATUS.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3216. 6.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 102. f. 872. to 874.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 62.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 27.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 173.
Pholas Criſpatus. Br. Zool. t. 40. f. 12.
Pholas Bifrons. Da. Coſta. p. 242. t. 16. f. 4. 4.
Liſter. Conch. t.436.f.279.&t. Anat. 19.f.3.
Id. Angl. t. 5. f. 38.
Pholas Parvus. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 69. young.
P. with a ſtrong, gibbous, opaque ſhell, ſub-oval, obtuſe,
and very open at both ends: tranfverfely ftriated; half
the

24
the ſhell reticulated, and ſeparated from the plain fide by
a broad furrow down the middle, extending from the
umbo or beak to the oppofite margin: hinge reflex,
ſmooth, forming a cavity or furrow at the anterior end :
this end is truncated obliquely to the front margin, which
forms a ſort of beak or angle at the end next to the
hinge.
Inſide ſmooth, gloffy; an elevation acroſs the middle
cauſed by the furrow on the outſide: tooth long, flat,
much curved: colour whitiſh, or tinged ferruginous.
Length ſometimes, nearly two inches; breadth above
three, but more commonly much leſs.
This ſpecies is found on various parts of our coaſt, bur-
rowed in clay or lime-ſtone ; but ſparingly on the weſtern
fhores, and thoſe ſmall and dead ſpecimens; indeed we
believe it is no where plentiful of a large ſize.
DONOVAN has figured the young of this ſpecies for
the Pholas Parvus, but has followed Da Costa in ex-
preſſing a doubt of its being diſtinct from the Crifpata.
Had theſe authors ever ſeen the true Parvus ſuch doubts
never could have ariſen.
CANDIDUS.
Pholas Candidus. Lin. Syft. p. 1111. 23.-Gmel Syſt. p.
3215. 4.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 101. f. 861.862.
Liſter. Conch. t. 435. f. 278.-II. Ang. t. 5.
f. 39.
Polas

25
Pholas Candida. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 26.-Turt. Lin. iv.
p. 173.
Pholas Candidus. Br. Zool. t. 39. f. 11.
Da Coſta. p. 246.
P. with a thin, fragile, femipellucid, oblong, yellow-
iſh-white ſhell, rounded at both ends; ftriated tranſ-
verſely, croſſed by finer ftriæ in a radiated manner from
the umbo : a few of the radii at the larger end muricated,
or ſet with ſhort ſpines: hinge reflected, ſmooth, forming
a finus at the back: acceſſory valve one at the hinge,
none on the connecting membrane below the hinge. In-
fide ſmooth, gloſſy-white: tooth in each valve flender, in-
curvated, above which on the margin of one valve is an
erect tooth-like proceſs. Length three-quarters of an
inch; breadth two inches.
This appears to be a very local ſpecies on our coaſts.
Da Costa certainly could never have examined a
perfect ſpecimen of this ſhell, or he would not have
expreſſed a doubt of its being a diſtinct fpecies. If every
other character was wanting, the erect tooth-like proceſs
is ſufficient to diſcriminate it; but it is alſo readily dif-
tinguiſhed from all the preceding ſpecies, by the valves
fhutting cloſe at the larger end.
Lister met with it at the mouth of the river Tees,
but ſays it is ſcarce. Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as
a ſhell of the Dorſetſhire coaſt.
E
We

26
We have only found it alive at Salcomb on the ſouth
coaſt of Devonſhire, where it is ſufficiently plentiful in
decayed wood at low-water mark, in company with the
Dactylus and Parvus.
3.
STRIATUS.
Pholas Striata. Lin. Syft. p. 1111.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3215.3.- Turt. Lin. iv.p.172.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 102. f. 864. 866.
Pholas Nanus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 27.
Pholas Conoides. Phil. Trans. lv. p. 1. t. 1.
P. with a conoid white fhell, the larger end ſtrongly
reticulated, the reſt irregularly ftriated : at the front
margin the lip ſeems to fold back, and forms a ſmooth
ſurface on the reticulated part: the plate or ſhield at
the hinge is large, of a ſub-oval ſhape, beneath which is
a narrow plate joined to the membrane which connects
the valves: in the front is another narrow plate and
membrane, which ſeems to prevent the ſhell from open-
ing, except at the ends: at the ſmaller end it gapes con-
fiderably, the larger end nearly cloſed: tooth long, flen-
der, and much curved. Length half an inch, breadth
three-quarters.
Whether this ſpecies can ſtrictly be faid to be Engliſh
may be doubted; it is however not uncommonly found
burrowed in the planks at the bottoms of ſhips, returned
from

27
from the Mediterranean, and probably other ſouthern
latitudes.
Whether it has bred in our ſeas and become natural-
ized, is not aſcertained. In a piece of timber now before
us, perforated by this and the Teredo Navalis, it is re-
markable how effectually they deſtroy the planks of a ſhip
by their conjoint actions: the Pholas perforates the wood
acroſs the grain, while the Teredo inſinuates itſelf with
the grain in all directions.
E 2
DIV

28
DIV. II.
BIVALVE SHELLS.
GEN. V.
MYA.
Animal an ASCIDIA.
SHELL, moſt commonly gaping at one end.
Hinge, for the moſt part furniſhed with a ſtrong, thick,
and broad tooth not inſerted into the oppoſite valve.
PHOLADIA.
Mya Dubia. Br. Zool. t. 44. f. 19.-Turt. Lin. iv. p. 179.
Chama Parva. Da. Coſta. p. 234.
Pholas Faba. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 27.
M. with a thin, brittle, opaque fhell, of a light colour
and oval ſhape, marked with fine concentric ítriæ: the
beak is ſmall, but prominent, placed at one end: the valves,
when

29
when ſhut, have a large oval gape or opening in front,
oppoſite the hinge. Inſide white: hinge furniſhed with
a ſmall plate, or rudiment of a tooth, projecting, inwards.
There ſeems to have been various opinions, with re-
ſpect to the claſs in which this ſhell ſhould be placed.
Mr. PENNANT, who firſt gave it to the public, met
with it in the Portland Cabinet; and ſeemed to be doubt-
ful with regard to the genus in which it ought to be
placed, by the trivial name of Dubia he affixed to it,
Da Costa has placed it with his Chama, which con-
ſiſts chiefly of Linnæan Myæ. Doctor PULTENEY has
made it a Pholas; we preſume under the authority of
Doctor SOLANDER. It does not however appear that
there ever were ſufficient grounds for placing it in the
Pholas genus. Even Doctor PULTENEY himſelf remarks,
that he has ſeen ſeveral of theſe ſhells, but had not ſeen
one with the acceſſory valves, the eſſential part of the
character of that genus.
Mr. PENNANT and Da Costa mention its poſſeſſing
a tooth, or the rudiment of one. This circumſtance per-
haps has more inclined us to fix it in the Mya genus ;
others may perhaps hereafter remove it to the Mytilus,
for the ſmall elevation of the hinge is ſcarcely to be deno-
minated a tooth.
In

30
In its general habits, it certainly appears very nearly
allied to the Pholades, but the want of the acceſſory valves
forbids its being placed in that claſs: though, if we ad-
mit of the exiſtence of a tooth, it is the link that connects
the Pholas and Mya. This hitherto ſeems only to have
been found at Weymouth, or on the Dorfet coaſt, by thoſe
who have deſcribed it. We have found it not uncommon
on the Devonſhire coaſt, at Torbay and at Plymouth,
burrowed in detached pieces of lime-itone; but always
dead ſhells, though in good condition. It rarely exceeds
three-quarters of an inch in length; and is frequently
tinged with rufous-brown.
2.
ARENARIA.
Mya Arenaria. Lin. Syſt. p. 1112.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3218. 2.
Br. Zool. t. 42. f. 16.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f. 3. 4.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 175.--Don. Br. Shells. iii.
t. 85.
Chama Arenaria. Da. Coſta. p. 232.
M. with an oval ſhell, moderately concave, generally
of a rugged appearance, but ſome are more ſmooth with
numerous ſmall concentric ftriæ; in fuch the ſhells are not
fothick and ſtrong as in the more rugofe variety: the hinge
is not very remote from the centre, but neareſt the larger
end: the umbo is rather prominent; one valve furniſhed
with a broad, thick, erect tooth, by which it is joined to
the

31
the other or toothleſs valve, by the connecting cartilage.
Infide white, glofly. This ſpecies is a gaper, the ſmaller
end is incapable of clofing, and reflects outwards, par-
ticularly in that valve which has the tooth.
It
may
be rather conſidered as a local, but not a ſcarce
fhell. Da Costa mentions having received it from Kent,
and the Iſle of Wight. We have received it alſo from Kent
and from Portſmouth, and have ſeen it in great abundance
in the gravelly parts of the ſhores of Southampton river,
at low water, buried at the depth of fix or ſeven inches,
with the gaping end upwards; and ſo ſtrongly wedged
in by the ſhingle, that it is difficult to get them up with-
out a pointed iron inſtrument.
In this ſituation the ſhells are always very rugged, but
thoſe which are found in ſand are more ſmooth and regu-
larly grown, and covered with a brown epidermis, which
being removed the ſhell is white: thoſe of a ruſty or
blackiih colour are only ſtained by the mud or ochreace-
ous clay. The fiſhermen about Southampton call them
old-maids, and ſometimes collect them for food. They
are diſcovered by a ſmall hole on the ſurface, through
which they eject a quantity of water if preſſed. The
common fize is about three inches wide; ſometimes
though rarely above four; and two inches and a half
long from hinge to margin.
Mya

32
3.
TRUNCATA.
Mya Truncata. Lin. Syſt. p. 1112.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3217. 1.
Br. Zool. t. 41. f. 14.-Turt. Lin. iv.
p. 174.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 27.-Don. Br. Shells.
iii. t. 92.
Liſter. Conch. t. 428. f. 269.-Id. Angl.
t. 5. f. 36.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f. 1. 2.
Chama Truncata. Da Coſta. p. 233. t. 16. f. 1.
M. with a ſub-oval ſhell, truncated at the ſmaller end,
where it gapes conſiderably more than the Arenaria: it
is wrought with concentric wrinkles, covered with a yel-
low tough epidermis, extending half an inch or more be-
yond the open end, like a thick membrane, through
which the animal extends itſelf: the valves are very con-
cave and reflect at the ſmaller end; the tooth like the
preceding fpecies, very broad and erect. Inſide white.
This ſpecies is found lodged under gravel near low-
water mark, on ſome of our coaſts; but dead ſhells are
more frequently found with the epidermis worn off: in
that ſtate they are nearly white, or tinged with yellow.
In this country it ſeems to be extended from South to
North, as it is ſaid to be found in the Orknies: we are
alſo informed that in Greenland it is the food of man, and
other animals.
We

33
We have taken it alive on the coaſt of Devonſhire
meaſuring two inches and a half in length, and three
inches and a half in breadth. In this ſtate the epidermis
of the ſhell joins to the tube or proboſcis of the animal,
and becomes on that part a tough, thick, dark-coloured,
coriaceous ſkin for its protection: and is greatly wrinkled
when contracted.
The animal is capable of extending this tube to the
diſtance of nine or ten inches, and of contracting it to
about three, but cannot withdraw it into the ſhell.
MARGARITI
FIRA.
Mya margaritifera. Lin. Syſt. p. 1112.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3219.
Br. Zool. t. 43. f. 18.
Da. Coſta. p. 225. t. 15. f. 3.
Liſter. Conch. t. 149. 4.--Id. Angl. app.
t. 1. f. 1.- Shroet. Flufscon. t. 4. f. 1.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f. 5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 176.
M. with a thick, ſtrong, ovate-oblong ſhell, fomewhat
indented or arcuated oppoſite the hinge; covered with a
black epidermis: rugged and decorticated, particularly
about the umbo, and frequently perforated with ſmall
round holes. Inſide of a greeniſh pearly hue: fometimes
of a deep bronze all over, or only in patches on the ele-
vated parts; for the inſide is frequently rugged and worn,
F
as

34
as if the animal was conſtantly throwing off part of its
ſhell, both externally and internally. Teeth ſtrong; in
one valve a fingle tooth, locking into a bifurcated tooth
in the oppofite valve. Length two inches and a half,
breadth five inches.
Inhabits only the rapid rivers, particularly thoſe of the
moſt mountainous parts, and rocky torrents: not uncom-
mon in the northern parts, and in Wales: is alſo common
in the rivers of Devonſhire, which take their ſource from
the mountains of Dartmoor, particularly the Aun or
Avon,
This ſpecies has long been famous for producing
pearls, of a good celour, and of conſiderable ſize: and
was formerly ſought after for that purpoſe. Conway was
noted for them: and we are informed by CAMDEN that
Sir John HAWKINS had a patent for fiſhing them in the
river Irt, in Cumberland.
5.
OVALIS.
Mya Ovalis.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 27.
Mya Piétorum. Br. Zool. t. 43. f. 17.
Liſter. Conch. t. 146. f. 1.-t. 147. f.2.3.
Id. Angl. t. 2. 30.
Da Coſta. p. 228 t. 15. f.4.-Don. Br. Shells.
11. t. 89.---Shroet. Flufscon. t. 3. f. 2. 3.
M. with a ſtrong oval ſhell, of a duſky-green colour,
almoſt black at the ſmaller end, marked with ſeveral con-
centric

35
centric wrinkles; umbo placed near to the larger end:
hinge furniſhed with one tooth, which locks into a bifur-
cated tooth in the oppoſite valve; theſe are ſtrong and
crenated; beſides which it has lateral lamine, two in one
valve, and one in the other. Inſide pearlaceous: Length
fometimes near two inches; breadth four. A variety is
frequently found of an olive-green, thin and ſemipellucid,
with a few faint radiated ftriæ from the umbo : the teeth
not near ſo ſtrong, and the inſide reſplendent like mother-
of-pearl.
This variety has been conſidered by ſome as a diſtinct
ſpecies: but as they are to be found in all gradations in
ſubſtance and colour, ſuch muſt be conſidered as varieties
only. The thin ſhells, and thoſe which are covered with
a green or yellowiſh epidermis, are moſt commonly found
in ponds; whereas the dark and ſtrong ſhells inhabit rivers.
This ſpecies has been deſcribed and figured by many
authors for the M. Piftorum of LINNÆUS. Doctor PuL-
TENEY conſiders it perfectly diſtinct from that ſhell, and
indeed we cannot but aſſent to his opinion. It moſt
probable LINN ÆUS was not acquainted with this ſpecies :
and Gmelin has certainly confounded the two, if we
may judge from his fynonyms, for he has quoted both
Lister and CHEMNITZ for the Piétorum, whereas the
former has not given a figure of that ſhell, but evidently
two varieties of this; the latter has figured the true
Pictorum.
The
F 2

36
The ovalis and margaritifera rarely if ever inhabit the
fame waters; this being found only in the flow rivers,
and never in rapid torrents.
The large and thick variety has, we underſtand, been
alſo ſeparated by ſome conchologills, and called Mya
Solida; but certainly without foundation; for there is no
leading character of diſtinction; the ſhape, hinge, teeth,
and every other part is the ſame; and the only difference
is in the ſubſtance of the ſhell, a circumſtance not alone
fufficient to admit of its being a diſtinct ſpecies.
This very ſtrong variety is not uncommon in the Avon,
that runs through the north of Wiltſhire and Somerſetſhire,
inhabiting the deeper parts of the river.
0.
PICTORUM.
Mya Pi&orum. Lin. Syft. p. 1112.
Gmel Syſt. p. 3218.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f. 6.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 175.
Shroet. Flufscon. t. 3. f.2.t. 3.f.45.-t.4.f.6.
M. with a ſub-oval, ſub-arcuated fhell, moderately
thin, of an olive-green colour, ſometimes darker at one
end, inclining to duſky; wrought with concentric wrin-
kles: beak or umbo placed near to one fide; hinge nearly
ſtrait, from which it declines alike to both ends, which
are equally rounded: the front margin either ſtraight or a
little indented. Inſide gloffy, ſmooth, pearly; in each
valve

37
valve a ſingle broad crenated tooth, with two lateral la-
minæ in one valve and one in the oppoſite, locking into
each other.
This ſhell is not very unlike the ovalis in the form and
ſtructure of the teeth, but very effentially in ſhape and
fize. Doctor PULTENEY in his Catalogue of Dorſetshire
ſhells, does not conſider the Mya Piftorum of LINNÆUS
as an Engliſh fhell; and at our requeſt favoured us with
foreign ſpecimens of what is conſidered the Linnæan
Pictorum, which were in every reſpect like our ſhell. It
ſeems that Doctor SOLANDER confidered this as the true
Pielorum, but not found in England; and named the
ovalis as a diſtinct ſpecies in ihe Portland Muſeum. We
believe this is a rare, or at leaſt a very local ſhell in
England; it is however not uncommon in the river Ken,
net, above the town of Newbury in Berkſhire, where we
diſcovered it, but have never found it in any other place.
It is common in Holland and many other parts of the
Continent, and is generally uſed by painters for holding
their colours, whence the name.
The ovalis, which is common in moſt parts of this
kingdom, is uſed for the ſame purpoſe, but greatly ex-
ceeds the Pi&torum in fize, which ſeldom is more than an
inch from the hinge to the oppoſite margin, and an inch
and three-quarters wide.
abrigo
Cardium

38
7.
INEQUE VALVIS.
Cardium ſtriatum apicibus reflexis. Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 85.
M. with a ſub-triangular, ſtrong, thick, opaque, white
ſhell, frequently covered with a brown epidermis : under-
valve deep; beak central, prominent, ftanding high above
the hinge, furniſhed with one ſtrong, erect tooth ſome-
what recurved: Inſide ſmooth, the margin appearing as
if ground to an edge.
Upper valve not half the ſize of the other, ſmooth, but
radiated with a few obſolete ſtriæ from the beak; at the
hinge a notch to receive the tooth of the oppoſite valve.
When cloſed the margin of the under valve projects con-
fiderably.
The fingular formation of this ſhell is not well defined
by WALKER, poſſibly he had never ſeen the perfect ſhell :
indeed the ſuperior valve might readily be miſtaken for
a diſtinct ſpecies : he has alſo erred in making it a
Cardium.
a
This ſhell is by no means uncommon; but rarely to be
obtained alive, or with connected valves; we have found
it on the coaits of Cornwall and Devonſhire, and in a
living ſtate dredged from Salcomb-bay. Mr. Boys fa-
voured us with the under-valve from Sandwich for Wal-
ker’s ſhell here quoted. Diameter rarely above three-
eighths of an inch.
M. with

39
8.
RIS.
M. with a ſub-pellucid, fub-orbicular ſhell, of a yel- SUBORBICULA-
lowiſh-white colour, frequently covered with a brown
epidermis ; faintly ftriated tranſverſely, ſomewhat glofly;
margin oppoſite the hinge nearly ſtrait; fides nearly equal,
rounded: hinge central : beak ſmall, pointed, turning
to one ſide: in one valve a ſingle tooth immediately
under the beak, locking into a double one in the oppoſite
valve; with a laminated tooth behind the beak in each,
ſomewhat remote. Inſide gloſſy-white: valves ſhut cloſe.
Length rather exceeding three-eighths of an inch; breadth
half an inch.
We firſt diſcovered this ſpecies in hard lime-ſtone at
Plymouth, fragments of which were thrown upon the
beach perforated in all directions; the entrance of theſe
excavations were much ſmaller than the ſhell, ſo that it
muſt have entered in a younger ſtate; and from which
it never could recede. It is ſometimes dredged up in
Salcomb-bay, detached from any other ſubſtance, ſo that
it does not ſeem to be a Borer in all fituations; perhaps it
does not enter any thing but lime-ſtone, which is not to
be found in this laſt place.
This ſhell is ſo much like the Cardium corneum in
ſhape, that it might readily be miſtaken for a variety, ex-
cept attention is paid to the hinge, and that this is marine,
whereas the other is only found in freſh-water. A variety
is highly gloſſed, with a reſplendent pearly hue.
Mya

40
9.
PUBESCENS.
Mya pubeſcens. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 27.
Mya declivis. Br. Zool. No. 15 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 175.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 82.
M. with a very thin brittle, oval, white, ſhell, trun-
cated at the ſmaller end: in the larger fpecimens the
outſide appears, through a magnifier, ſomewhat like
fhagreen, and is very rough to the touch; ſlightly ſtri-
ated concentrically: behind the cartilage ſlope one valve
turns upwards in a ſingular manner, and embraces the
edge of the other valve: the beak is nearly central, point-
ed, and turns a little fideways: hinge furniſhed with one
broad tooth-like plate projecting inwards in each valve,
to which the connecting cartilage is fixed. Inſide white
and gloſſy. In young ſhells the teeth are not very con-
fpicuous, nor the outſide ſo rough.
This ſpecies is not uncommon, of a ſmall ſize, taken
up with fand from Falmouth Harbour: ſometimes met
with on the Devonſhire coaft; one we received from Ply-
mouth, taken by dredging was two inches broad, and one
inch and a quarter long. Doctor PuLTENEY (who ſays
this ſhell was firſt noticed by the late Dutcheſs. Dowager
of Portland) ſpeaks of having ſeen it two inches and a
half long, and three inches and three-quarters wide:
dredged up at Weymouth.
We

41
We have reaſon to believe the full grown ſhell of this
ſpecies is the Mya declivis of Mr. PENNANT, which he
deſcribes to be frequent about the Hebrides, and that the
filh is eaten by the gentry. The figure given by the ſame
author for Tellina fragilis t. 47. f. 26. is ſo extremely like
in ſhape to the ſmaller ſhells of the M. pubeſcens, that
we ſhould not have had the leaſt doubt of its being the
the ſame, had it not been placed with the Tellens; the
deſcription too, anſwers ſo well to our ſhell, that we are
almoſt inclined to think the hinge might not have been
ftriatly attended to; and certainly it is not the T. fragi-
lis of LINN ÆUS.
Doctor PULTENEY likens the T. fragilis of the Britiſh
Zoology to the Mya pretenuis; but that ſhell is never ſo
much truncated as the figure given in that work; whereas
the M. pubeſcens is always of that form.
In the broad tooth of the larger ſpecimens of this
ſhell, is a ſmall proceſs or denticle, which is not obfer-
vable in younger ones.
10.
Mya prætenuis. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 28.
Chama prætenuis. Petiv. Gaz. t. 94. 4.
PRETENUIS,
TAB. 1. f. 2.
M. with an oval, thin, brittle, flat ſhell, of a whitiſh
colour, marked with a few fine concentric ſtriæ; umbo
very ſmall, pointed, turned to one fide, but placed
G
EIG
nearly

42
nearly central; valves not capable of cloſing at the ſmaller
end. Inſide white: a broad tooth in each valve hollowed
in the middle, projecting horizontally inwards; the teeth
when cloſed cover each other, and by which they are.
held together by the connecting cartilage. Length above
half an inch, breadth one inch.
We are informed that PETIVER received his ſhell from
Poole. It has been called White Spoon-hinge, from the
tooth reſembling the bowl of a ſpoon. Doctor PULTE-
NEY mentions having found it on the North ſhore near
Brownſea Ijle, and on the ſhore between Weymouth and
Portland; and remarks with ſome doubt whether it is not
the young of the pubeſcens.
We have no doubt of its being perfeâly diſtinct, and con-
ceive if the Doctor had met with the young of the pubeſcens
to have compared, ſuch doubts would never have exiſted.
This ſhell is not truncated, is much more flat, and has
not that fingular flexure of the dexter valve; beſides
which the tooth is eſſentially different.
It is not uncommonly dredged from Falmouth Har-
bour, but moſtly ſingle valves: is alſo found on the South
coaſt of Devon, where we have taken perfect ſhells.
11.
DISTORTA, M. With a ſub-pellucid, thin, fragile, white ſhell, rug-
Tab. 1. f. 1. ged and diſtorted into various ſhapes; the valves are
convex

43
convex, moſtly of a ſub-oval form ; but riſes high at the
umbo, where it projects beyond the margin or commiffure;
the beak is ſmall, placed nearly central, and does not
turn to either ſide. In the broader ſpecimens the hinge
is placed nearer to the larger end; ſuch are not in general
ſo uneven and rugoſe as thoſe of a more fub-orbicular
ſhape; but all are more or leſs finuous and indented at
the margin. Inſide white: hinge furniſhed with a broad
ſub-triangular tooth in each valve, hollowed in the mid-
dle, projecting horizontally inwards, much like the pu-
befcens : theſe teeth, like the two preceding ſpecies, cover
each other when cloſed, and by which the valves are con-
nected with a cartilage. This ſhell, which has ſomething
of the habit of the two preceding ſpecies, is much more
convex than the prætenuis, and the tooth not ſo long and
rounded; it differs alſo from the pubeſcens in the ſhape of
the tooth, and in not being truncated; and from both in
its rugged and diſtorted ſhape.
We firſt noticed this ſpecies at Falmouth, amongſt the
fand dredged from the harbour for manure, and have
ſince found it lodged in hard lime-ſtone at Plymouth, into
which it had bored like the Pholas; probably the occa-
fion of its diſtorted growth. It is alſo found on other
parts of the coaſt of South Devon, but not plentiful.
The largeſt ſpecimen we have met with is not above
three-quarters of an inch long and an inch wide; others
are as long as they are broad. This and the two pre-
G 2
ceding

44
ceding ſpecies though perhaps not ſtrictly belonging to
the Mya genus, cannot be placed with more advantage in
any other of the Linnvan genera. Doctor PULTENEY
informs us, that had Doctor SOLANDER lived to finiſh his
ſyſtematic deſcription of the Portland Cabinet, it was his
intention to have conſtituted a new genus, in which the
Mya pubeſcens and prætenuis together with the Solen
bullatus and other ſhells in that Cabinet, were to have
been included.
Had ſuch a new genus been formed, this ſpecies would
doubtleſs have been placed in it; but we did not think
ourſelves warranted to make ſuch an addition in a work
profeſſedly local, for the ſake of one or two fpecies.
12.
BIDENTATA.
M. with a ſub-oval, thin, compreſſed, dirty-white ſhell,
deſtitute of ſtriæ or markings of any kind, but not glofly:
moſt times covered with extraneous matter that gives it
a roughiſh appearance: umbo ſmall, placed near to one
end, a little reclined.
Inſide ſmooth without any tongue or cicatrix: hinge
with two broad erect laminated teeth in one valve, none
in the other; theſe are placed each ſtanding obliquely
outwards from the beak, and not very cloſe together; and
between them immediately under the beak is a ſlight ca-
vity for the connecting cartilage.
Length one eighth of an inch, rather more in breadth.
We

We have ſeen this ſhell not uncommon, burrowed in old
thick oyſter ſhells from Salcomb bay, and have reaſon to
believe it to be partly the cauſe of thoſe ſmall round per-
forations ſo frequently obſerved on that ſhell.
The hinge of this ſpecies does not ſtrictly belong to
any one of the preſent genera in conchology ; the
teeth though large, and fland very high in proportion,
have not the appearance of what are uſually termed pri-
mary; they are broad, flat, more than uſually diſtant for
central teeth, and equally diverge. The oppofite valve
is deftitute of either primary or lateral teeth and has only
a ſlight cavity under the beak,
Whether this ſhell grows to a larger ſize remains to be
diſcovered : thoſe we have found are commonly leſs than
above deſcribed. That it is perfectly diſtinct from any
thing we are acquainted with there is no doubt; and as
it ſeems more nearly allied to the Mya genus than to any
other, it is there placed for the preſent.
GEN.

46
GEN. VI.
SOLEN.
Animal an ASCIDIA.
SHELL oblong, open at both ends.
Hinge furniſhed with a reflex ſubulated tooth, often
double, not inſerted into any groove in the oppoſite
valve.
1.
SILIQUA.
Solen Siliqua. Lin. Syſt. p. 1114.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3223. 2.
Br. Zool. t. 45. f. 20.
Da. Coſta. p. 235. t. 17. f. 5.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 28.
Lifter. Conch. t. 409. f. 255.
Id. Angl. t. 5. f. 37.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 4. f. 29.
Gualt. teft. t. 95. C.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 46.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 180.
S. with a ſtrait ſub-cylindric ſhell, truncated at one
end, a little rounded at the other; colour olivaceous-
brown

47
brown; ftriated tranſverſely, each ftria turning longitu-
dinally acroſs the ſhell; towards the back a diagonal line
from the hinge to the oppoſite end, that marks the turn
of the longitudinal ftriæ; beneath the epidermis the ſhell
is cinereous and white, with ſtreaks of a purpliſh hue:
hinge ſituate at one end: teeth in one valve ſingle, with
a remote lateral lamina ; in the other valve two, with a la-
teral inclined tooth, correſponding with the oppoſite lami-
næ. Length from hinge to margin an inch; breadth eight
inches.
This ſhell is common on moſt of our fandy ſhores,
found buried to the depth of a foot or more near low
water-mark; it frequently elevates one end a little
above the ſurface, and protrudes its body in ſearch of
food; upon being diſturbed it ſuddenly recedes. This
place is known by a ſmall depreſſion on the ſurface. In
many places it is ſought after for food, by the common
people.
2.
S. with a ſtrait ſub-cylindric ſhell, in every reſpect like NOVACULA.
the Siliqua except in the hinge, in which it is eſſenti-
ally different, being furniſhed with one ſtrong blunt cur-
ved tooth in each valve at one end, deftitute of lateral
laminæ : theſe teeth turn contrary ways, and when cloſed
claſp or hook into each other. This ſpecies may poſſibly
have been confounded with the foregoing from its exter-
nal fimilitude, for we do not find it noticed by any con-
chologift.

48
chologiſt. It is found on the ſandy ſhores of Caermar-
thenſhire, near Laugharne, together with the Siliqua of
a large ſize. We have taken it full an inch long, and
eight inches broad, but is extremely rare.
3.
ENSIS.
Solen Enfis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1114.- Gmel. Syſt. p. 3224. 3.
Br. Zool. t. 45. f. 22.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 28.
Da. Coſta. p. 237.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 4. f. 30.
Favan. t. 55. A. 3.
Liſter Conch. t. 411. f. 257.
Don.Br. Shells. ii. t. 50.- Turt. Lin. iv. p. 180.
S. with a ſub-cylindric arcuated ſhell, ftriated and co-
loured like the Siliqua: hinge at one end; a ſingle tooth
and a lateral lamina in one valve; which lock into two
teeth and double laminæ in the oppoſite valve.
This ſpecies is not uncommon upon many of our
fhores; is readily diſtinguiſhed from the Siliqua which is
invariably ſtrait; whereas this is always more or leſs arcu-
ated, but moſt ſo in younger ſhells. It rarely exceeds three-
quarters of an inch in length, and five inches in breadth.
4.
VAGINA.
Solen Vagina. Gmel. Syft. p. 3223. 1.
Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 21.
Chem. Conch, vi. t. 4. f. 26. to 28.
Favan. t. 55. B. 1.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 180.
Solen marginatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 28.
S. with

49
S. with a ſtraight cylindric ſhell, rather truncated at both
ends; that end next the hinge a little reflected ; ſtriated
tranſverſely, each ftria turning longitudinally acroſs the
ſhell, but not marked with a diagonal line: hinge cloſe to
one end, furniſhed with a ſingle ſmall compreſſed tooth
in each valve, which lie by the ſide of each other when
cloſed: no lateral laminæ: colour orange-yellow. Length
about three-quarters of an inch, and rarely more than
four inches broad.
This ſeems to be rather a ſcarce ſpecies; at leaſt we
have never met with it but on the ſandy ſhores of Caer-
marthenſhire near Laugharne. Mr. PENNANT ſays it in-
habits Red Wharf, Angleſea. Doctor PULTENEY men-
tions it being dredged up at Weymouth, but rare.
5.
PELLUCIDUS.
Solen pellucidus. Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 23.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 181.
S. with an oblong ſub-arcuated, pellucid, fragile fhell;
compreſſed, and rounded at each end, covered with a
greeniſh epidermis : hinge near to one end, furniſhed with
a ſingle ſmall tooth in one valve, locking into two in the
oppoſite, with a lateral proceſs in each. Length a quar-
ter of an inch: breadth little more than an inch.
This ſhell which was firſt noticed by Mr. PENNANT,
was totally neglected by DA COSTA, who might perhaps
H
never

50
never have ſeen it, and conſidered it as a variety of the
Enfs in a young ſtate. The pellucidus is not much more
than one third as broad as that ſhell in proportion to its
length; it alſo differs in the hinge. We have found it in
Cornwall, and have received it from Sandwich. Mr. PEN-
NANT found it to inhabit Red Wharf, Angleſea. It is
however a rare ſpecies.
6.
LEGUMEN.
Solen-Legumen. Lin. Syt. p. 1114.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3224.4.
Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 24.
Liſter Conch. t. 420. f. 264.
Chem. Conch. vi, t. 5. f. 32. to 34.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 53.- Da Coſta, p. 238.
Gault. t. 91. f. A.-Turt. Lin. iv. p. 181.
S. with a ſtraight, oblong, ſub-oval ſhell, thin and ſub-
pellucid; colour white, but moſtly covered with a yel-
lowiſh epidermis, and wrought with fine concentric flriæ :
hinge near the middle, furniſhed with two ſmall teeth in
one valve, receiving a ſingle one from the oppoſite; with
a hook-like proceſs in each valve, pointing towards the
cartilage. This ſpecies is mentioned as rare, or at leaſt
very local by ſeveral authors, and not to exceed two
inches and a half in breadth. We have found it on the
coaſt of Caermarthenſhire, nearly an inch long, and four
inches broad; and very little inferior in fize in Biddeford
bay, on the coaſt of north Devon, where it is in great
abundance, and by far the moſt common fpecies.
Mr. PEN-

51
Mr. PENNANT mentions it from Red Wharf, Angleſea,
Da Costa from the ſhore near Chriſtchurch, Hampſhire.
7.
FRAGILIS.
Solen fragilis. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 28.
S. with a very thin, pellucid, fragile, glofly, white
ſhell, ſomewhat depreſſed in the middle from the hinge to
the oppoſite margin; oblong, rounded at both ends; hinge
near the middle, furniſhed with a ſmall fubulate tooth in
one valve; in the other two, one of which is ſubulate,
the other broad, both recurved,
This is a very rare ſpecies; we received it from the
Rev. Mr. RACKETT, and believe it was found on the
Dorſet coaſt. This fpecimen is nearly an inch and a half
broad, and half an inch long.
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as belonging to the
Portland cabinet, named by Doctor SOLANDER. We
confeſs this ſhell has hitherto eſcaped our notice on the
various parts of the coaſt we have examined, but can
have no doubt of its being Engliſh, as the Doctor found it
himſelf on Studland beach. This author mentions that
it is marked with one or two reddiſh ſtripes, in an oblique
direction from the hinge towards the margin ; our ſpeci-
men has no ſuch markings.
و
H 2
Solen

52
S.
ANTIQUATUS.
Solen antiquatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 28.
Solen Cultellus. Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 25.
Chama Solen. Da Coſta. p. 238.
Liſter Conch. t. 421. f. 265.
S. with a thin, ſub-pellucid, white ſhell, moderately
gloſſy, wrought with fine concentric ftriæ ; recent ihells
are covered with a yellowiſh-brown epidermis: the ends
are rounded and gaping: hinge placed near the centre :
teeth, a ſingle one in one valve, locking in between two
in the oppoſite; theſe are erect, and project beyond the
commiffure or margin, and ſtand rather oblique. Inſide
fmooth gloffy white. Length near an inch, breadth two
inches:
Mr. PENNANT, who firſt gave this ſpecies as a Britiſh
ſhell, has erred with reſpect to the number of teeth, giv-
ing only a ſingle tooth in each valve. DA COSTA, and
Doctor PULTENEY have fallen into the ſame error. It
ſhould ſeem from this circumſtance, that the teeth are
eaſily deſtroyed, and indeed we have found it to be the
caſe, but by the aſſiſtance of a glaſs readily diſcover the
fractured part. We have received it perfect from Looe
in Cornwall ; but more frequently with the loſs of one or
two teeth. Mr. PENNANT ſpeaks of its being found at
Weymouth. DA COSTA received it from Dorſetſhire and
Hampſhire. It may however be ranked among our
ſcarcer ſhells.
As this ſpecies is certainly not the Cultellus of LIN-
NÆUS, we have followed Doctor PULTENEY inthe name
here

53
here prefixed, and by which it was called by Doctor
SOLANDER in the Portland cabinet.
9.
Solen minutus Lin. Syft. p. 1115. 42.
MINUTUS.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3226. 11.
TAB. 1. f. 4.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 6. f. 51. 52.
Liſter Conch. t. 426. f. 267 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 182.
S. with an opaque whitiſh ſhell, rugoſe or wrinkled
tranſverſely ; ſub-oval, truncated at one end cloſe to the
hinge : valves generally diſſimilar, cach furniſhed with
two rows of concave fpines running from the umbo; one
along the upper or hinge fide; the other in a diagonal di-
rection the whole length of the ſhell. The under valve
projects a little over the other, except at the truncated
end cloſe to the hinge. Length a quarter of an inch ;
breadth half an inch.
This very rare ſpecies, never before noticed as Britiſh,
we found burrowed in hard lime-ſtone at Plymouth, and
can therefore with certainty add it to the liſt of Engliſh
Shells. It is a northern ſpecies, has been found to inhabit
Coral rocks in Norway and Greenland.
LINNÆUS makes it to be the fize of a cucumber feed;
ſome we found were not ſo large, but one in particular
far exceeded that fize, the figure of which is given.
Solen

10.
VESPERTINUS
Solen veſpertinus. Gmel. Syft. p. 3228. 20.
Cher. Conch. vi. t. 7. f. 59.60.
Tellina depreſſa. Br. Zool. t.47.f.27.--Turt. Lin.iv. p. 186.
Tellina variabilis. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 41. f. 2.
Turt. Lin.iv.p.188.-Favan.t.49.D. 1.2.
S. with an ovate-oblong, depreſſed ſhell, moderately
thick; white, or fleſh-colour, marked with concentric
ftriæ, and radiated with carnation from the umbo in all
directions to the margin; beak nearly central, ſmall;
teeth erect, two in one valve, one in the other; with
ſtrong projecting lamina in each, to which the connecting
cartilage is fixed. Infide ſmooth, gloffy; margin plain,
In young ſhells the colours are much ſtronger: ſome are
quite purple, others pale pink or orange, more or leſs
rayed, frequently with one or two ſtronger rays at the
umbo; and ſometimes the interior margin is prettily
ſtreaked. Full grown ſhells are an inch and a quarter
long; and near two inches and a half wide.
a
Doctor PULTENEY mentions this ſpecies to be found
on the Dorſet coaſt at Poole and Weymouth. It ſeems to
have been named Tellina variabilis in the Portland Cabi-
net by Doctor SOLANDER; and the above author ftates
he has ſome reaſon to believe, that Doctor SOLANDER
intended to remove it from the Tellens.
We have found this ſhell at Falmouth in Cornwall; and
not uncommon of a ſmall fize at Kingsbridge in Devon-
Shire, and other parts of that coait: but live ſpecimens
are only taken by dredging.
GEN.

55
99950
GEN. VII.
TELLINA.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL, generally floping, or ſomewhat curved on
one ſide.
Hinge moſt commonly with three teeth: the lateral
teeth in one valve flat or nearly obſolete.
1.
FERVENSIS,
Tellina fervenſis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3235. 31.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 191.
Tellina ferroenfis. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 10. f. 91.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
Tellina incarnata. Br. Zool. t. 47. f. 31.
Tellina radiata. Da. Coſta. p. 209. t. 14. f. 1.
Liſter. Conch. t. 394 f. 241.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 94. f. 9.
Tellina trifaſciata. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 60.
T. with a flat, oblong-ovate ſhell, three-quarters of an
inch long, and an inch and a half broad, finely ſtriated
tranſ

56
tranſverſely; and elegantly radiated with red and white:
umbo very ſmall, placed nearly central: teeth two in each
valve, no lateral ones: from the umbo an oblique elevated
ridge runs to one end, where it forms an angle, and ren-
ders all the ſtriæ at that part angulated and more rugofe.
Recent ſhells are frequently covered with a thin yellowiſh
epidermis. Inſide white, or more frequently of a roſy
hue, ſmooth and glofly: margin plain. This does not
appear to be a plentiful ſpecies. It is ſparingly found at
Poole and Weymouth in Dorfetfhire: DA COSTA fays at
Scarborough in Yorkſhire. We have found it in Cornwall,
particularly at Falmouth dredged from the harbour; and
on ſeveral parts of the coaſt of South Devon.
Certainly not the trifaſciata of GMELIN.
2.
SQUALIDA.
Tellina fqualida, Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
Telina depreffa, Gmel. Syſt: p 3238. 55 ?
Gualt. 88. L. M.
T. with a thin, flat, ſub-oval ſhell, faintly ſtriated con-
centrically; the cartilage end running into a beak: umbo
ſmall, central; teeth two in one valve, in the other three,
one of which is a little remote, laminated at the baſe,
ſharp at the point: the ſmall end of one valve reflects a
little outwards and forms a depreſſion on the ſurface ;
the other turns inwards to correſpond: colour pale
orange-yellow, ſometimes almoſt white. Recent ſhells
are frequently covered with a thin brown epidermis; be-
neath

57
neath which it is gloſſy. Inſide ſometimes yellow, in
others white; margin remarkably ſharp. Length an inch;
breadth an inch and three-quarters. Dr. PULTENEY ſays
it is found on the north ſhore at Poole, and at Weymouth
ſparingly.
We have found it in Cornwall and on ſeveral parts of
the ſouth coaſt of Devon,
3.
Tellina læta. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
LÆTA.
Tellina punicea. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3239.-Turt. Lin. iv. p. 194.
Born. Mus. t. 2. f. 8.
Chem. Conch. x. t. 170. f. 1654. 55.
T. with an ovate-oblong, flat, and moderately ſtrong
ſhell, marked with ſtrong, regular, concentric ftriæ:
equivalve, and nearly equilateral: umbo ſmall, pointed;
hinge furniſhed with three teeth; the outer one on the
anterior fide bifid, the other exterior one broad, more
diftant, ſtanding obliquely tranſverſe, and is a fort of me-
dium between a primary and a lateral tooth; in each
valve one lateral laminated tooth very remote: margin
ſharp.
Engliſh ſpecimens are uſually of a plain yellowiſh-
white, without any of the coloured markings obſerved in
exotics, which are roſe or carnation, and frequently with
lighter and darker ſhades in concentric bands. In fize
I
alſo

58
alſo ours are inferior to foreign enes, rarely exceeding
three quarters of an inch in length, and an inch and
three-eighths in breadth.
This ſpecies bears ſome reſemblance to the T.Squalida,
but is not ſo pointed at the ſmaller end; it differs alſo in
the teeth, and ſtrong defined ftriæ.
We were firſt indebted to our late worthy friend Doctor
PULTENEY for a knowledge of this ſpecies as an Engliſh
ſhell, who informed us it was found on the ſandy beaches
in various parts of the Dorſetſhire coaft; and we have ſince
been favoured with a ſpecimen from Mr. BRYER, who
aſſures us he has more than once picked it up on the
fands between Weymouth and Portland.
4.
DONACINA.
Tellina Donacina. Lin. Syſt. p.1118.-Gmel. Syft. p.3234. 26.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.- Turt. Lin. iv.
p. 190.
Gualt. t. 88. N?
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 119 ?
Tellina trifaſciata. Br. Zool. No. 33 ?
T. with a thin, fub-oval, compreſſed, femi-pellucid
ſhell, faintly marked with concentric ftriæ, of a yellowiſh
colour, prettily radiated with red: theſe rays in ſome are
broken, and make the ſhell appear ſpotted, or zoned in
belts parallel to the margin: umbo ſmall, placed neareſt
to

59
to one end; the cartilage end is ſhort and much ſloped
from the hinge, ſo as to have a ſub-truncated appearance,
like the genus Donax: the hinge is furniſhed with two
teeth in one valve; that behind the beak extends into a
lateral lamina ; a ſingle tooth in the other valve. Inſide
ſmooth, gloſſy, yellow, rayed like the external part but
more faint. Some ſpecimens are almoſt white, but rarely
without a red mark at the umbo, at which part, and on
the margin of the umbonal regions, the colour is ſtrong-
eſt in all. Length rarely more than half an inch, breadth
three-quarters of an inch.
We have found this elegant ſpecies in Falmouth har-
bour; and in Salcomb bay, in Devonſhire : have alſo re-
ceived it from our worthy friend and able conchologiſt
Mr. Boys of Sandwich, on the ſhores of which place it
is not uncommon. Doctor Pulteney ſpeaks of its being
found at Weymouth ſparingly. Mr. PENNANT, who pro-
bably intended this for his trifaſciata, has been miſtaken
in quoting that ſhell of LINNÆUS: we believe that ſpecies
has never been found in England.
Tellina tenuis. Da Coſta. p. 210.
TENUIS
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 19. 3 lower figures.
Tellina planata. Br. Zool. t. 48. f. 29. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 188.
Tellina polita. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
Liſter Conch. t. 405. f. 250.251.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 11. f. 101:
Gualt. 77. M.
T. with
I 2

60
T. with a thin, brittle, flat, fub-pellucid, fub-oval,
gloſſy ſhell, with a few fine concentric ftriæ; umbo ſmall,
placed nearly central; the cartilage end ſomewhat point-
ed: colour various; white, yellow, carnation, of all ſhades,
more or leſs zoned with a lighter colour. Length half
an inch, breadth three-quarters.
This ſpecies is plentiful on moſt of our fandy Ahores.
It has been conſidered by Doctor PULTENEY, as well as
Doctor SOLANDER to be diſtinct from the planata of LIN-
NÆUS, and which accords with our opinion. DA COSTA
had followed Mr. Pennant in quoting that ſhell.
The fynonyms of Gmelin's planata, certainly do not
accord with our ſhell, and yet it appears ſomewhat extra-
ordinary that ſo common a ſpecies as this on our ſhores,
ſhould not have been known to thoſe great naturaliſts.
6.
STRIATA.
Tellina ftriata. Gmel. Syft. p. 3238.-Turt. Lin. iv. p. 194.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 117.
Gualt. tejt. t. 89. C.
T. with a ſub-oval, flat, thin, fub-pellucid ſhell, of a
roſy-white colour, darkeſt towards the beak; ſomewhat
glofly, but marked with very fine concentric ftriæ : when
examined with a lens ſome minutely fine markings appear,
as if it was longitudinally ſtriated; but theſe are chiefly
veins in the body of the ſhell: umbo very ſmall, pointed,
not quite central; cartilage-llope indented,
Infide

61
Inſide roſy, white round the margin: teeth two, with
ſtrong laminated ones in each valve placed remote, one
on each ſide. Length one inch, breadth five-eighths of
an inch.
The ſhell above deſcribed, which appears to be the T.
Striata in a depauperated ſtate, we were favoured with by
Mr. Bryer, who found it on the beach between Wey-
mouth and Portland,
CHEMNITZ has given a good figure of nearly the fize
of ours, and has with doubt called it the Tellina balauf-
tina of LINNÆUS, but it is certainly not that ſhell.
We believe this ſpecies has never before been noticed
as Britiſh ; but poſſibly from fimilitude to the T. tenuis
it
may
have been confounded; it is however at once diſ-
criminated by the fine regular tranſverſe ſtriæ, and ſtrong
lateral teeth on each ſide. Whereas the tenuis has no la-
teral tooth in one valve, and only one in the other, and
that not very remote.
7.
FABULA.
Tellina Fabula, Gmel. Syft, p. 3239. 61.
Turt. Lin, iv.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 97.
Tellina diſcors. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 54.
p. 194.
T. with a thin, pellucid, compreſſed, oval, white ſhell,
with uſually a tinge of bluſh, or yellow at the umbo; and
ſometimes the whole ſhell is of a dull yellow, or yellowiſh-
white,

62
white, gloſſed with a pearly hue, as viewed in ſome par-
ticular lights; umbo placed nearly central, very ſmall,
pointed, and turned a little to one ſide: the anterior fide
ſlopes very conſiderably to an obtuſe point; the oppoſite end
is much larger and perfectly rounded. Inſide ſmooth,
gloſſy-white, with uſually more or leſs tinge of yellow
towards the beak: hinge furniſhed with three teeth in
one valve, one of which is lateral, not very remote: in
the other valve only two ſmall central teeth.
The remarkable character of this ſhell is, that the valve
poſſeſſed of three teeth, or (as Doctor PULTENEY ex-
preſſes it) the left valve, is finely, regularly, and elegantly
ftriated in a diagonal direction; but not very conſpicu-
ous without the aſſiſtance of a lens: the other valve is
quite plain, except the uſual concentric wrinkles, which
are faint; this valve turns a little inwards, at the point of
the produced end, to correſpond with the other which
reflects at that part. It is ſubject to ſome variety, with
reſpect to the diagonal ftriæ peculiar to the finiftral
valve; in fome theſe run all over, except down the car-
tilage flope; in others only half way from the ſmaller
end, the larger end being only marked with concentric
wrinkles.
This ſpecies might readily be confounded with the T.
tenuis, but is broader in proportion to its length, and
more produced and pointed at the ſmaller end: it is in-
deed more like the T. læta in ſhape, but greatly inferior
in fize.
We

63
We have received it from our worthy friend Mr. Boys
of Sandwich, where it is not uncommon, of a much ſu-
perior ſize to thoſe found on other parts of our coaſts;
meaſuring five-eighths in length, and one inch in breadth:
whereas thoſe on the Dorſetſhire coaſt are ſtill ſmaller by
Doctor PULTENEY's account, who ſays they have been
found on the beach at Studland.
It is alſo found on the ſouth coaſt of Wales, particularly
near Tenby; but we have never met with it more plen-
tiful than in the ſand heaps about Kingsbridge in Devon-
fhire, which is brought from Salcomb bay, for the purpoſe
of manure.
It ſeems this ſhell was known to Doctor SOLANDER, by
whom it was named femiftriata.
GMELIN ſays, it inhabits the Norwegian, Mediterra-
nean, and American ſeas.
8.
Tellina incarnata. Lin. Syfi. p. 1118. 58 ?
SOLIDULA.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3234.25 ?
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 110.
Liſter Conch. t. 405. f.250. 251.
Id. Angl. t. 4. f. 25.
Turt Lin. iv. p. 190.
Tellina carnaria. Br. Zool. t. 49. f. 32.
Tellina rubra. Da. Coſta. p. 211. t. 12. f. 4.
Tellina folidula. Pult Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
T. with

64
T. with a ſtrong, convex ſhell, of a ſub-orbicular ſhape;
the poſterior end in ſome projecting into a fhort beak
ſomewhat compreſſed: colour various; white, yellow,
red, with intermediate ſhades; ſome are plain, others are
banded or zoned: umbo placed near the middle; hinge
furniſhed with two ſmall teeth in each valve. Length
three-quarters of an inch: breadth rather more. The in-
fide of this ſheil is generally of a ſtronger and much finer
colour than the outſide : in ſome it is of a deep red.
This ſpecies is found common on moſt of the Britiſh
coaſts, particularly the ſandy bays and inlets, buried four
or five inches beneath the ſurface.
This is certainly not the carnaria of LINNÆUS, as
was ſuppoſed by Mr. PENNANT; but there ſeems little
doubt that it is the incarnata of that author; and what
rather confirms us in this opinion is, that the ſynonyms
of GMELIN in moſt inſtances correſponds with ours.
9.
FAUSTA.
Tellina Remies. Lin. Syft. p. 1119. 62?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3239. 66.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 195.
.
Chem. Conch vi. t. 12. f. 112. 113.
Lifter. Conch. t. 266. f. 102.
Tellina faufta. Pult. Cat. Dorſet, p. 29.
T. with a ſub-orbicular, ſomewhat compreſſed, ſub-
pellucid, white ſhell, with numerous fine concentric
ftriæ :

65
ftriæ: at the poſterior end a flexure from the umbo to the
margin: umbo ſmall, nearly central, and not turning to
either fide: hinge furniſhed with ſtrong lateral teeth,
that on the cartilage fide very remote: one of the primary
teeth in each valve bifid. Inſide ſmooth, white; margin
plain. This ſhell is nearly as long as it is broad; the ſides
flope conſiderably, and occaſion the umbo to be much
produced. In ſome points of view many fine opaque radii
are obſerved, as it were within the body of the ſhell.
Doctor PULTENEY, who firſt gave this ſpecies as
Britiſh, ftates it to have been found one inch and three-
quarters wide, dredged up at Weymouth; and adds that
ſmall ones are found on the ſhore.
10.
Venus craffa. Gmel. Syft. p. 3288.90.
CRASSA.
Tellina craſla. Br. Zool. t. 48. f. 28.
Turt Lin. iv. p. 186.
Peetunculus depreſfior. Da. Coſta. p. 194. t. 13. f. 4. right hand.
Tellina rigida Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30.
Liſter Conch. t. 299. f. 136.
Favan. t. 48. O.
T. with a ſtrong, thick, ſub-orbicular ſhell, with fine
cloſe-fet, concentric ftriæ, interrupted by a few coarſer
ridges: colour white, with broad and narrow rays of
pink, moſt conſpicuous towards the margin: fome are
plain white, others of a yellowiſh caft: the valves un-
equal; the left or lower valve is conſiderably convex, the
K
other

66
other much more compreſſed : umbo placed a little to one
ſide, point ſmall, turning forwards: hinge furniſhed with
two teeth in each valve, one of which is bifid: in the
deep valve two lateral teeth, one more remote than the
other. Inſide white, with a tinge of bluſh colour. Length
an inch and a half, breadth two inches ; ſometimes larger.
Da Costa, who gives this ſhell by the title of Pečtun-
culus depreffior, ſays he received it from Cornwall. He
does not chooſe to give Mr. PENNANT credit for his Tel-
lina craſſa, but makes that ſhell his Trigonella plana.
There is no doubt however that PENNANT knew this
ſhell by his deſcription, and ſpeaks of it as diſtinct from
his Venus borealis, the Trigonella plana of DA COSTA,
Doctor PULTENEY notes it as rare at Weymouth, and
on the north ſhore at Poole.
We have found it plentiful at Falmouth and at Helford
in Cornwall, dredged up with the ſand from thoſe har.
bours, but rarely double or live ſhells.
Alſo on ſome parts of the ſouth coaſt of Devon, parti-
cularly Salcomb bay; and on the coaſt of Caermarthen-
Shire in Wales.
11.
PROFICUA,
Tellina proficua. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 29.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 18.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 118,
Tellina

67
Tellina reticulata. Lin. Syſt. p. 1119. 63.
Gmel. Syfi. p. 3240. 67?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 195.
T. with a ſub-orbicular, fub-diaphanous fhell, beſet
with numerous fine, regular, elevated, concentric ridges ;
the interſtices or furrows croſſed with minute ſtriæ, ſcarce
diſcernable but by the help of a glaſs : umbo ſmall. pro-
minent, placed nearly central, and turns a little to one
fide: hinge with two ſmall central teeth, and broad lami-
nated lateral ones, projecting above the margin; from the
apex a furrow runs on the inner ſide of the poſterior late-
ral tooth, in which the connecting cartilage is fixed; co-
lour yellowiſh-white. Inſide ſmooth, glofly yellow: the
tongue or cicatrix to which the animal is affixed, is broad,
and runs into the middle of the ſhell; margin plain, be-
neath which is a depreſſed punctured line, parallel with
the outer edge, not very conſpicuous in younger ſhells.
Length an inch and a quarter, breadth ſomewhat more.
We were favoured with this ſpecies by the Rev. Mr.
RACKETT, who ſaid it was found rarely in Dorſetſhire.
Doctor PULTENEY ſays on the north ihore at Poole, and
at Weymouth.
CHEMNITZ has given a very good figure of this ſhell,
and quoted the Tellina reticulata of LINN ÆUS. GMELIN
has not quoted CHEMNITZ's figure, nor has he given any
fynonyms.
K 2
Tellina

68
12.
Favan. t. 48. f. 3.
RADULA.
TAB. 2. f. 1.2.
T. with a convex, ſub-orbicular, white ſhell; beſet
with numerous fine ſharp-edged itriæ concentrically: ex-
tremely rough to the touch like a raſp: umbo central,
ſmall; apex turned to one fide, very little projected;
umbonal region much depreſſed, and marked with an
oblong cordiform cavity; a flexure, at the poſterior end,
running from behind the umbo to the front angle, not
quite parallel with the cartilage ſlope : hinge with two
ſmall teeth in each valve ſtanding a little oblique, no la-
teral ones. Inſide white, not glofly; a border round the
margin more perfectly white than the reſt : cicatrix nar-
row, running downward, nearly parallel with the margin.
و
This ſpecies has much the habit of the proficua, but is
eaſily diſtinguiſhed from it externally by the beak being
leſs produced, by the cordiform depreſſion ; by the flex-
ure at the poſterior end, and by the ſuperior convexity
and want of the longitudinal ftrie. Internally by not
having any lateral teeth or groove; in the ſhape and fitu-
ation of the tongue or cicatrix; and in being invariably
white,
With theſe ftrong and eſſential characteriſtic diftinctions,
it is hardly poſſible to conceive theſe two ſhells can have
been confounded, and yet it is ſomewhat extraordinary,
that a fhell fo abundant as this is on ſome of our coaſts,
ſhould have remained ſo long unnoticed by thoſe who
have written profeſſedly on the ſubject; for we cannot
affix

69
affix any ſynonyms to it. The uſual fize is about an inch
and a half broad, and ſcarcely the eighth of an inch leſs in
length. We have found it not uncommon on ſome parts of
the coaſt of South Devon ; leſs frequent on the Caermar-
thenſhire coaſt about Laugharne, and in great abundance in
Cornwall, particularly at Falmouth, amongſt the ſand
dredged from the harbour for the purpoſe of manure ; by
which means it is common in the arable fields about that
place.
13.
Tellina bimaculata. Lin. Syſt. p. 1120. 67.
BIMACULATA.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3240. 71.
Chem Conch. vi.t.13.f.127. var. 132. a. b.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 90.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 19. f. 1. & two pur-
ple figures.
Liſter Conch. t.385.f.232.---t.389.f.228?
Da Coſta. p. 213.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 196.
Tellina variegata. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3237. 43 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 192.
T. with a roundiſh, fub-triangular ſhell, faintly ftriated
tranſverſely; whitiſh, with two deep-red or purple ſpots
or ſtreaks at the beak; in fome ſpecimens this mark runs
more than half way acroſs the ſhell, but never quite; is
much ſtronger marked within than on the outſide : umbo
nearly central ; apex turned a little to one fide ; primary
teeth large; lateral ones ſtrong, remote. Length half an
inch ; breadth five-eighths. It is ſometimes found quite
plain,

70
plain, others are marked with a few interrupted rays of
pale purple, which appear like ſpots in the ſhape of ar-
row-heads, beſides the broad purple or red ſtreaks; but
in ſome the broad marks are entirely wanting, and the
pale-purple ſpots or rays only viſible, which variety is
probably the Tellina variegata of GMELIN. DA COSTA
ſays he received this ſpecies from the ſhores of Lancaſhire
and Hampſhire. Doctor PULTENEY ſays ſparingly on the
coaſt at Poole and at Weymouth.
We believe it to be amongſt the rare ſhells of Great
Britain, though we are informed by Mr. BRYER that it
is not uncommon on the ſhore between Weymouth and
Portland ; ſpecimens of which he favoured us with, and
amongſt them a variety entirely white.
14.
LACTEA.
TAB. 2. f. 4.
Tellina lactea. Lin. Syft. p. 1119. 65.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3240. 69.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30.
Chem. Conch vi. t. 13. f. 125 ?
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. 18.
Gualt. t. 71. D.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 195.
T. with a thin, orbicular, convex, white ſhell, with
fine concentric irregular wrinkles: umbo ſmall, turning to
one ſide, central; hinge furniſhed with two teeth in one
valve, one in the other; theſe are very ſmall, but what
at once diſtinguiſhes this ſhell is a deep ſulcus or groove
by

71
by the ſide of the teeth in each valve, running from the
umbo, into which the connecting cartilage is fixed.
This ſpecies is not in general gloſſy in a recent ſtate,
and moſt commonly has the ſtriæ interſperſed with a few
antiquated ridges. Diameter three quarters of an inch.
It is found on many parts of the coaſt, chiefly in bays and
inlets. We have met with it ſparingly at Falmouth, about
Kingsſbridge in Devonſhire, at Poole in Dorſetſhire, and
have received it from Kent: but it does not appear to be
common any where, and live ſhells are very rare.
15.
Tellina undata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30 ?
ROTUNDATA.
TAB. 2. f. 3.
T. with a thin, fub-pellucid, orbicular, white ſhell, ra-
ther convex, wrought with fine (almoſt obſolete) ftriæ
concentrically; moderately gloſſy: umbo ſmall, rather
prominent, and turned to one fide, placed near the mid-
dle: teeth two in each valve, one of which is bifid, the
other a little diverging. Inſide ſmooth, gloſſy white,
This ſpecies varies a little in ſhape, in ſome the front
margin is a little ſtraitened, and makes one end rather
ſmaller than the other, in which caſe the breadth rather
exceeds the length. Its largeſt diameter is ſeldom more
than an inch, and few equal that fize.
This ſhell has much the habit of the Venus undata, and
may readily be confounded with it; the material diſtincti-
on

72
on is, that it is not ſo much produced at the umbo, the
hinge not ſo ſtrong, and in not having three teeth in either
valve, the eſſential character of that ſhell: nor has it any
cicatrix within.
We believe Doctor PULTENEY has given this for the
Venus undata of PENNANT under the title of Tellina un-
data ; for we have no doubt if the Doctor had been for-
tunate enough to have found the Venus undata, he would
not have placed it in the Tellen genus. This laſt author
mentions having found it at Poole not uncommon. We
haye picked it up on the ſhores of that harbour; alſo
on the coaſt of Devonſhire, and at Falmouth in Cornwall,
but rarely live or double valves.
16.
FLEXUOSA.
Venus ſinuoſa. Don. Br. Shells. t. 42. f. 2.
T. with a thin, pellucid, fragile, convex, ſub-orbicu-
lar, white ſhell: from behind the umbo to the lower angle
of the margin, a fulcus runs parallel with the cartilage
ſlope, and forms a finus or flexure at the edge. It is
finely, but irregularly ftriated concentrically, and is not
very gloſſy: umbo placed central, much produced, and
turns to one fide at the apex: hinge with an obſolete
tooth; along the margin, from behind the umbo, a groove
in which is fixed the connecting cartilage: Infide ſmooth,
gloſſy white. Mr. DONOVAN has given a figure of a
variety of this ſhell, as the Venus finuofa of PENNANT, in
which

73
which we conceive he has erred. We believe this fin-
gular ſpecies was firſt noticed by us in Cornwall, from
which place we fent ſeveral ſpecimens to Mr. RACKETT,
from whoſe collection DONOVAN ſtates to have taken his
figure.
Mr. PENNANT's fhell is certainly in obſcurity, but it
is impoſſible he could have intended this for it, for inde-
pendent of the figure given in the Br. Zoology, which is
not in the leaſt like this ſhell in fize or ſhape, the placing
it as a Venus precludes the poſſibility of their being the
ſame. The Tellina flexuoſa is indeed fometimes a little
indented on the front margin; but this muſt be conſidered
as an accidental diſtortion; and in no caſe is it found
without the ſulcus and finus at the poſterior end, the
ſtrong ſpecific character.
This ſhell ſeldom exceeds three-eighths of an inch in
diameter, and never arrives at half an inch; and in length
is rather more than in breadth.
It is plentiful in the ſand of Falmouth harbour, and
not uncommon on the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire.
17.
CARNARIA.
Tellina carnaria. Lin. Syft. p. 1119.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3240. 70.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 126.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30.
Liſter Conch. t. 339. f. 176.
L
Tellina

74
Tellina carnaria. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 47.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 195.
Cardium carneofum. Da Coſta. p. 181.
T. with a ſub-orbicular, fub-pellucid, flattiſh ſhell,
with one fide rather longer than the other, ftriated in
three directions; the middle area is rather oblique from
the umbo to the margin ; the poſterior end in an oblique
direction the contrary way; thoſe on the anterior margin
tranſverſe and undulated; theſe ſtriæ are extremely fine
as if cut with an engraving tool: colour moſt comm monly
white, with a rofy hue; others are pink or carnation,
and ſometimes banded with paler and darker ſhades: umbo
nearly central, ſmall, and turns a little to one ſide: hinge
furniſhed in one valve with two ſmall teeth, one of which
is bifid, in the other one tooth: lateral laminated teeth
remote. Infide ſmooth, gloſſy, moſt commonly of a fine
roſe colour. Length rarely more than three-quarters of
an inch; breadth about an eighth of an inch more.
Doctor PuLTENEY ſays, this elegant ſpecies is found
ſparingly at Poole and at Weymouth. Da Costa men-
tions having received it from Scarborough and other
places in that county, and likewiſe in plenty from De-
vonſhire and Cornwall. We muſt however remark a fuf-
picion that Da Costa was miſled with reſpect to this
ſhell being plentiful in the laſt mentioned counties, as we
have examined thoſe coaſts frequently, without ever find-
ing even a ſingle valve.
Tellina

75
18.
Tellina inæquivalvis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1118.
INEQUIVALVIS.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3233. 23.
Chem. Conch. vi. t.11. f. 106. a. b. c.d.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 41. f. 1.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 189.
T. with an oblong, fub-oval, ſub-pellucid, white ſhell ;
one valve is nearly flat, the other convex: arcuated along
the cartilage flope, and extending into a conſiderable ob-
tuſe beak at that end; the other end rounded : teeth two;
no lateral teeth. Length half an inch, breadth one inch.
This ſpecies, which is an inhabitant of the Mediterra-
nian and Norwegian ſeas, has been given by Mr. Dono-
VAN as an Engliſh ſpecies; whether it is ſtrictly fo is at
preſent to be doubted; though he aſſures us it is found on
the coaſt of Guernſey.
19.
T. tefta fubovata craffiufcula, decuffatim ftriata, maculis ir- MACULATA.
regularibus. Adams Min. Shells. Lin. Trans. ii. .
This fpecies, which appears not to have been deſcribed
before, Mr. Adams adds the following obſervation upon.
p. 252.
It is remarkable in this fpecies, that although the figure
of the ſpots in different ſpecimens is quite diſſimilar, yet
in both the upper and under ſhell they are perfectly
fimilar.
Found at Tenbigh.
GEN.

76
oses
GEN. VIII.
CARDIUM.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL bivalve, equivalve, convex, for the moſt part
longitudinally ribbed.
Hinge with two teeth near the beak, a larger placed
remote on each ſide, locking into the oppoſite valve.
1.
EDULE.
Cardium edule. Lin. Syft. p. 1124. 90.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3252. 20.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 19. f. 194.
Liſter Conch. t. 334. f. 171.-Id. Ang. t. 5.
f. 34.
Br. Zool. t. 50. f.41.- Turt. Lin.iv.p. 205.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30.-Gualt. t. 71. F.
Cardium vulgare. Da Coſta. p. 180. t. 11. f. 1. 1.
C. with about twenty-fix antiquated ribs, of a yellow-
iſh-white colour; the poſterior end a litttle elongated, and
generally of a darker colour. Greateſt diameter rarely
exceeds an inch and three-quarters.
This

77
This ſpecies is very common in moſt of our inlets and
bays, near the mouths of rivers, where the ſhore is ſandy,
buried three or four inches under the ſurface; where it is
taken for the table, and is vulgarly called Cockle.
A variety is frequently found quite equilateral, not ſo
large, and perfectly white ; ſuch has been conſidered as
a diſtinct ſpecies, but we believe without foundation.
2.
Cardium aculeatum. Lin. Syft.
ACULEATUM
1122. 78.
p:
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3247. 7.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 15. f. 155. 157.
Gualt. t. 72. A.-Br. Zool. t. 50. f. 37.
Turt. Lin. iv. p.201.-Da Coſta.p.175.
Don. Br. Shells.i.t.6.-Favan. t. 52.A.
Liſter Conch. t. 321. f. 158 ?
Cardium tuberculatum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30 ?
C. with a very convex ſhell; the anterior fide rounded,
the other nearly ſtraight, or as it were truncated, and
more elongated at the front marginal angle; ribs about
twenty one, with a depreſſed line down the middle; the
round end beſet with large compreſſed tubercles, the
other part towards the margin with ſpines, which increaſe
in length at the oppoſite fide: colour yellowiſh brown,
faſciated and blotched with rufous, and ſometimes blackiſh.
Inſide gloffy purpliſh, or fleſh colour, with flat ribs, the
furrows on the outſide becoming raiſed within; interfices
between the ribs white.
Mr. Pen

78
Mr. PENNANT has given a very good figure of this ſhell,
and ſays it is found off the Hebrides and Orknies.
We have found it on ſeveral parts of the coaſt of South
Devon, particularly on Dawliſh Warren, and at Tor-croſs.
Diameter from the beak to the projecting angle of the
longeſt fide four inches, circumference about eleven.
3.
ECHINATUM.
Cardium echinatum. Lin. Syft. p. 1122.79.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3247.8.
Br. Zool. No. 28.
Da Coſta p. 176. t. 14. f.2.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 30.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 15. f. 158.
Gualt. t. 72. B.-Favan. t. 52.C.1.2.
Liſter Conch. t. 324. f. 161.
Id. Ang. t.5.f.33.–Turt. Lin.iv.p.201.
C. with a very convex ſhell, having about eighteen
ribs furniſhed with numerous, cloſe-ſet, convex ſpines ;
colour ruſty-orange yellow.
This ſpecies differs from the aculeatum in being more
round, the ribs more raiſed, which with the furrows are
more wrinkled; the ſpines are more numerous and con-
tiguous, but not ſo long; the ſhell is ſtronger, the teeth
larger; and in fize rarely exceeds two inches and a half
in diameter. Inſide white, gloſſy; the ribs not ſo much
raiſed at the upper part towards the beak. Mr. Pen-
NANT ſays this ſhell has fixteen ribs: LINNÆUS gives it
twenty ;

79
twenty ; in this particular both may be right, for in ſome
the fide ribs are ſcarcely defined but by rudiments of
the ſpines.
This is common on moſt of our fhores, and very nu-
merous in ſome places, moſtly worn and bleached white :
live ſhells are rarely obtained but by dredging: in this man-
ner we have taken very fine ſpecimens from Salcomb bay.
At Falmouth in Cornwall a ſhell very fimilar to this in
ſhape is common on the ſhore, and in the fand dredged
from the harbour: theſe have neither ſpines nor tubercles,
vaſtly ſtronger and thicker, the ribs more convex, on
which ſometimes are a few rudiments of tubercles; colour
dark ruſty-brown: inſide furrowed only about half an inch
from the margin.
We dare not venture to give this as a diſtinct ſpecies,
never having been able to procure it in a recent ſtate, al-
though we have picked up ſome hundreds; and what is
remarkable, none of the thinner ſhells are to be met with
at that place. It is however ſometimes found on ſome
parts of the Devonſhire coaſt with the other, and we have
taken it on the coaſt of Caermarthen.
The young of the echinatum have the ridges, or ribs ſo
much more angulated or ſharp, as to have been confound-
ed with the ciliare
Cardium ciliare. Lin. Syſt. p.1122.80.---Gmel. Syſt. p.3243.9. CILIARE,
Br. Zool. t. 50. f. 39.
Cardium

80
p. 202.
Cardium ciliare. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 31.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 32. f. 2.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 17. f. 171. 172.
Liſter Conch. t. 325. f.162.-Gualt. t. 72. C.
Turt. Lin, iv.
Cardium parvum. Da Dofta. p. 177.
C. with an orbicular, thin, delicate ſhell; with about
eighteen ſharp ribs, furniſhed with very compreſſed
pointed ſpines; the grooves or furrows flat at the bottom,
and ſomewhat glofly: colour generally white, but ſome-
times partly yellowiſh.
This elegant ſpecies is rather ſcarce in England, though
it has been noticed on ſeveral of our ſhores. We have
found it fparingly in Cornwall and Devonſhire. Diameter
rarely above three-quarters of an inch.
5.
LEVIGATUM
Cardium lævigatum. Lin. Syft. p. 1123.83.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3251. 18.
Br. Zool. t.51. f.40.--Petiv. Gaz. t.93.
f. 12.
Da Coſta. p. 178. t. 13. f. 6. 6.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.31.-Gualt. t.82. A.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 54.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 18. f. 85. 86.
Liſter Conch. t. 332. f. 169.-Id. Angl.
t. 5. f. 32.
Cardium oblongum. Gmel. Syft. p. 3254. 34 ?
craffum. Id.
p. 3254. 35 ?
fluviatile. Id. p. 3255. 40.
C. with

81
C. with a ſub-oval ſtrong ſhell, ftriated longitudinally;
covered by a glofly yellowiſh-brown epidermis, which
renders the ftriæ nearly obſolete; a few irregular, con-
centric wrinkles are alſo obſervable: beneath the epidermis
the ſhell is of a fleſh colour. Inſide ſmooth, gloſſy, white;
margin denticulated. Length two inches and a half;
breadth two inches. Young ſhells beautifully poliſhed
and mottled with reddiſh brown, or pink; inſide pink,
except at the margin, where it is broken into ſpots in
ſome, in others plain white.
This ſpecies is found on many parts of our coaſt, but
is not commonly met with in a living or recent ſtate.
We have frequently taken it by dredging in Salcomb
bay.
6.
و
C. with a flat, fub orbicular ſhell; colour rufous-white, NODOSUM.
with twenty four ribs covered with cloſe-ſet, obtuſe tu-
bercles. Inſide white,glofiy; margin ſtrongly denticulated.
We found this new ſpecies ſparingly amongſt fand from
Falmouth harbour. Diameter three-quarters of an inch.
Although this ſhell bears ſome reſemblance to the
young echinatum, it muſt not be confounded; the
young
of that ſpecies is always more globoſe, or convex; the
ribs are more ſharp, and the tubercles mcre pointed and
diſtant.
M
C. with

82
ELONGATUM.
C. with a compreſſed, fub-oval, ſub-angulated ſhell, of
yellowiſh-white or light rufous colour; with twenty one
ribs, faintly wrinkled and rounded; umbo not central;
pofterior ſide ſomewhat elongated, and angulated. Di-
ameter a quarter of an inch.
We found this new ſpecies by dredging in Salcomb bax,
but ſparingly.
8.
EXIGUUM.
Cardium exiguum. Gmel. Syft. p. 3255. 37.
Liſter Conch. t. 317. f. 154.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 83.
Cardium pyginæum. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 32. f. 3.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 207.
C. with a very convex, fub-triangular, fub-cordated,
white ſhell, with about twenty tuberculated ribs, the in-
terſtices ſtrongly ftriated tranſverſely: anterior fide much
floped, running into an angle nearly oppoſite the umbo.
Old ſhells loſe the tubercles and become wrinkled all over.
Inſide ſmooth, white, frequently rufous at the angulated
fide; margin denticulated. Length from the beak to the
projecting angle of the front margin rather more than
half an inch; breadth nearly the ſame.
We have found this ſpecies in great abundance at Fal-
mouth in fand from the harbour; and not uncommon at
Salcomb, in Devonſhire. Have alſo received it from Mr.
Boys, fonnd on the coaſt of Sandwich ſparingly.
Cardium

83
9.
Cardium medium. Lin. Syft. p. 1122.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3246. Medium.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 200.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 16. f. 162-164.
Liſter Conch. t. 316. f. 153.
Gualt. t. 83. f. B.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 32. f. 1.
C. with a ſub-triangular, fub-cordated ſhell, with about
thirty fix ſmooth ribs, of a white colour, ſpotted and va-
riegated with cheſnut-brown: ſomewhat truncated on one
fide, and running into an angle at the front margin; the
other fide is ſhorter and rounded. Inſide white, uſually
coloured with ferruginous or cheſnut about the truncated
fide: primary teeth one in each valve, which with the la-
teral ones are ſtrong and elevated: margin crenated.
On the authority of Mr. Donovan we have given this
as a Britiſh ſhell, as he informs us it has been found near
Hartlepool, on the coaſt of Durham. The figure given
by that author is ſcarce an inch in length : foreign ſpeci-
mens are more than double that fize.
Said to be found in the Mediterranean and American
feas. It has much the ſhape of the Cardium exiguum.
10.
Cardium læve apice minuto. Walk. Min. Shells. 86 ? RUBRUM.
C. with a convex, ſmooth, glofly, pellucid, red ſhell :
hinge not quite central; rather broader than it is long,
rounded at both ends: umbo prominent; hinge with nearly
obſolete
M 2

84
obſolete primary teeth; lateral ones very conſpicuous.
Inſide glofly red; margin plain.
Not uncommon in ſand from Falmouth, and ſome parts
of the Devonſhire coait, particularly about Kingsbridge.
A minute ſpecies not exceeding the eighth of an inch in
breadth.
From the deſcription in WALKER's Minute Shells, we
have little doubt but this is the ſhell there deſcribed; and
that either the ſize was forgot to be placed with the figure,
or that it is found of a ſuperior fize on the coaſt of
Kent.
11.
DISCORS.
Tellina piſiformis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3241 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 196?
C. with a very convex, ſub-orbicular, gloſſy, white
fhell, finely ſtriated in an oblique direction, curved at the
anterior fide, the poſterior end in a contrary direction,
forming an acute angle with the others; theſe are ſo fine
as ſcarcely to be obſerved by the naked eye: umbo ſmall,
central, and turns a little to one ſide. Inſide gloſſy white;
margin plain; hinge fumiſhed with one tooth; in the op-
poſite valve two, one of which is very ſmall, with remote
lateral teeth-like laminæ. Size of a ſmall pea, or rather
more than a quarter of an inch long, and not quite ſo
broad.
We

85
We heſitate to determine this ſhell to be actually En.
gliſh, having only found one dead ſpecimen in ſand at
Falmouth, taken from the harbour.
12.
Cardium ſubcordatum antice muricatum. Walk. Min. Shells. MURICATULUM.
f. 84.— Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 44.
C. with a heart-ſhaped, opaque, white ſhell, margin
muricated.
A microſcopic ſpecies, minutely ſmall, found at Sheppy
iſland, not uncommon.
13.
C. with a thin, fragile, femi-pellucid, orbicular, white ARCUATUM.
ſhell, finely and regularly ſtriated tranſverſely in an arcu- Tab. 3. f. 2.
ated manner, as if cut with an engraving tool, with a few
irregular concentric furrows; not glofly: beak or umbo
central, pointed at the apex, and turning to one fide;
hinge furniſhed with one primary tooth in each valve;
laminated teeth remote: on the ſide of the middle tooth
a fulcus or groove in which the connecting cartilage is
fixed. Inſide white, a little gloſſy, very concave; mar-
gin ſlightly crenated. Diameter not quite half an inch,
This ſhell has ſomewhat the habit of the Tellina diva-
ricata of LINN ÆUS.
We found this elegant ſpecies in Falmouth harbour,
dredged up with fand for manure; but not common.
Tellina

86
14.
CORNEUM.
Tellina cornea.
Lin. Syſt. p. 1120. 72.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3241. 76.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 133. a. b.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 197.
Liſter Conch. t. 159. f. 14.-Id. Ang. t. 2.
f. 31.
Don. Br. Shells.iii.t.96.
Br. Zool. t. 49. f 36,
Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 39. 40.
Tellina rivalis. Muller verm. 387-Gualt. t. 7. B. C.
Cardium Nux. Da Coſta. p. 173. t. 13. f. 2.
Cardium corneum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 31.
Cardium amnicum. Id. p. 31 ?
C. with a thin, pellucid, fub-orbicular, convex fhell,
marked with fine concentric ftriæ; umbo central, obtuſe,
with the middle teeth very ſmall, lateral laminated ones
remote, prominent. Inſide ſmooth, gloffy blueiſh-white:
fize commonly about three-eighths of an inch in length,
and ſomewhat broader.
In the river Thames it is found of extraordinary mag-
nitude, frequently above half an inch long, and nearly
three-quarters wide. Is in a recent ſtate always covered
with a thin glofly epidermis of a lighter or darker horn-
colour.
Common in moſt flow rivers and ftagnant pools.
15.
AMNICUM.
Tellina amnica. Gmel. Syft. p. 3242.- Turt. Lin. iv. p. 197.
Muller. verm. p. 205. No. 389.
Tellina

87
Tellina amnica. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 134.
Gualt. t. 7. CC.-Shroet Fluſsconch. p. 193.
No. 12.-p.194. No.17. 18. t.4. f.7. a. b.
Tellina rivalis. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 44. t. 13. f. 37. 38
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 187.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 64. f. 2.
C. with a thin, ſub-pellucid, fub-oval, convex ſhell,
ſulcated tranſverſely; umbo placed neareſt to one fide;
hinge furniihed with one central tooth, and two lateral
teeth on each fide in one valve, ſtanding parallel one with-
in the other, the outer of which is very ſmall; in the
other valve two primary teeth approximating, and ſtand-
ing oblique, with one lateral tooth on each ſide: colour
like the preceding ſpecies; fize much inferior. Length
rarely three-eighths of an inch, breadth half an inch.
This ſhell had long been confounded in England, until
Doctor MATON defined the diſtinction in the Linnean
Tranſactions. The Doctor remarks, that he generally
found it on the chalky parts of the bed of the Avon, and
in rivulets communicating with it near Saliſbury.
We have found it not uncommon in the northern Avon,
in Wiltſhire, a different river from that before mentioned,
running through the north of that county, and diſcharging
itſelf into the Briſtol channel; whereas the other flows
through Hampſhire, and diſembogues near Chriſtchurch.
It

88
It has alſo occurred to us in other places, particularly
in the water-courſes in the meadows near Wareham in Dor-
ſetſhire; but by no means fo plentiful as the C. corneum.
There can be no doubt but this is the Tellina amnica of
MULLER, which he deſcribes very well in the following
words, tefta fubcordiformis tranſverfim fulcata, umbone
obtufo. It is rather unfortunate that the name of Tellina
rivalis has of late been adopted for this ſhell, as it is likely
again to produce confuſion, Muller having previouſly
given that name to the T. cornea of LINN ÆUS.
It is indeed at once diſtinguiſhed from that ſhell by its
more oval ſhape, ſtrongly ſulcated appearance, and by
the umbo not being in the centre: the hinge is alſo much
ſtronger, and the teeth though ſomewhat ſimilar, are much
larger and more conſpicuous.
Our late worthy friend Doctor PULTENEY, does not
ſeem to have fufficiently defined the diſtinction in his Car
dium amnicum, to make us confider it other than a variety
of the C. corneum.
A minute ſhell not above a line in length, fimilar to this
in ſhape, but ſomewhat more cordiform, and tumid, and
with teeth as ſtrong in proportion, is very common in al-
moſt all the waters inhabited by either of the two pre-
ceding ſpecies; and frequently plentiful in the mud or
ſediment of rivulets, ponds, and even ditches where none
of a ſuperior fize are found; but we cannot determine
whether

89
whether it is really diſtinct. It is however proper to re-
mark, that the young of the amnicum extracted from the
parent ſhell, though not much inferior in ſize, are always
more compreſſed.
16.
Tellina lacuſtris. Gmel. Syft. p. 3242.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.197. LACUSTRE.
Muller. verm. p. 205. No. 389.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 135.
Shroet Fluſsconch. p. 191. No 12.
C with a ſub-rhomboidal, thin, pellucid, ſmooth ſhell,
of a pale horn-colour, ſometimes covered with a dark
brown epidermis; rather compreſſed, particularly round
the margin: umbo central, ſmall, but extremely promi-
nent, projecting beyond the commiffure, and when the
valves are cloſed, and the ſhell viewed fideways, exhibits a
cordiform ſhape; hinge flight, teeth ſmall, in each valve
a primary tooth, one of which is plain, the other bifid;
with lateral teeth in both valves, one on each ſide the
hinge, and two additional very minute laminæ in one
valve, fituated as in the preceeding ſpecies. Length
three-tenths of an inch; breadth four-tenths.
We were firſt favoured with this by Mr. SWAINSON, in
whoſe cabinet of Britiſh ſhells were ſeveral under the
title of Tellina compreffa. This gentleman informed us
it was found in a river near Bulſtrode, and that he had
taken it in the river near Long ford, but that it was ſcarce.
N
Since

90
Since that period we have taken it in a ditch, or water.
courſe ſubject to be overflown by the river Aun, near
Hatch, in Devonſhire; and in the Avon, at Lackham, in
Wiltſhire, ſparingly; and lately in great abundance in a
ſmall pond under the downs, cloſe to the village of Wed-
hampton, in the laſt county; where neither the corneum.
nor amnicum were to be found. It is remarkable this
pond, which affords one or two other of the more rare
ſhells, eſpecially the Helix nautiloides, has no communi-
cation with any other water, but ſtands expoſed at a very
conſiderable diſtance from any, and much higher than
any in the neighbourhood.
It is ſcarcely poſſible this ſhell can be confounded with
the C. corneum, if the ſmalleſt attention is paid to the re-
markable produced umbo, and the compreſſed ſpreading
margin, independent of the ſub-rhomboidal ſhape, moſt
conſpicuous in full grown ſpecimens.
There is no doubt this is the Tellina lacuſtris of MUL-
LER, theugh he ſays it has fix lateral teeth, and no mid-
dle ones. CHEMNITZ obſerves that a good magnifying
glaſs is required to find all the teeth MULLER has given
it, but that it has middle teeth, though they are very ſmall.
In the larger, or full grown ſhells, there is no difficulty
in diſcovering by the aſſiſtance of a good pocket lens, or
hand megalaſcope, the fix teeth deſcribed by Muller, as
well as the central ones: but younger ſhells are ſo ex-
tremely

91
tremely thin that the central and ſmaller lateral teeth are
not ſo readily diſcovered.
The animal of this, as well as the two preceding, are
viviparous, producing from fix to twelve at a time, and
are probably either androgynous or hermaphrodite, as all
thoſe we have diffected in the early part of the month of
June contained perfect young. It is a Tethys, of a pellucid
white colour, with a very long tongue-ſhaped foot, or
Suſtentaculum, ſituated at the poſterior end, exceeding the
length of the ſhell when extended; by this it moves back-
wards by jerks, dilating and contracting it alternately :
at the anterior end are two tubes cloſe together, the longeſt
is neareſt the hinge, and is about one-fourth the length
of the ſhell.
N2
GEN

92
GEN. IX.
MACTRA.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL: bivalve: valves equal, inæquilateral.
Hinge: middle tooth complicated with an adjacent
groove, or pit; lateral teeth remote, inſerted into the op-
poſite valve.
1.
SOLIDA.
Mactra folida. Lin. Syſt. p. 1126.-Gmel. Syft.p.3259.13.
Br. Zool. t. 51. f. 43. A.-t. 52. f. 43.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 23. f. 229. 230.
Liſter Conch. t. 253. f. 87.-Id. Angl. t. 4.
f. 24
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 31.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 61.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 211.
Trigonella zonaria. Da Coſta p. 197. t. 15. f. 1. 1.
Trigonella Gallina. Id. p. 199. t. 14. f. 6. 6.
M. with a ſtrong ſub-triangular fhell, of a yellowish-
white colour ; with a few concentric ridges, fides equal;
Umbo

93
umbo central; lateral teeth large, prominent. Inſide
gloſſy white. Length an inch and a half; breadth an inch
and three-quarters. Worn ſhells frequently become deeply
furrowed or zoned, with grey, or flate-colour, and ſome-
times vellow. In this ſtate it is figured in the Britiſh Zo-
ology, as well as the perfect ſhell.
DA COSTA has given the figure of a worn ſhell for his
Trigonella zonaria ; and the perfect ſhell he makes diſtinct
by the name of Trigonella Gallina; and ſays that, it is by
the common people of Cornwall called Hens. He is
per-
haps right with reſpect to the vulgar name, as we find it
ſo called in ſome parts of Devonſhire. It is therefore per-
fearly clear that the Ma{tra Solida of PENNANT, and the
Trigonella zonaria, and Gallina of DA COSTA are no-
thing more than this ſpecies in various ſtates.
It is one of the moſt common thells on the ſouth coaſt
of Devon, and frequently taken by the common people
about Dartmouth for culinary uſe. .
2.
SUBTRUNCATA.
Trigonella ſubtruncata. Da Coſta. p. 198.
Mactra Stultorum. Br. Zool. t.52. f.42.
M. with a ſtrong, fub-triangular, yellowiſh-white ſhell,
tranfverfly ſtriated, with ſometimes a few ridges; round-
ed on one ſide, the other more pointed and longer ; umbo
large, prominent, the fides near the beak much turned
inwards, eſpecially the anterior, which is depreſſed into a
cordiform

94
cordiform ſhape, when the whole ſhell is viewed fideways.
Hinge not quite central; teeth fimilar to the preceding
ſpecies. Inſide ſmooth, yellowiſh-white.
This has frequently been ſuppoſed a mere variety of
the M. Solida, and has been generally placed as fuch in
cabinets. Da Costa's deſcription of it is very good. It
is found in Hampſhire, and we have picked it up on feve-
ral parts of the fouth Devon coaſt.
It ſeldom grows to
half the fize of the ſolida. Length rarely more than three-
quarters of an inch; breadth an inch, and commonly
much leſs.
When compared with the Mactra ſolida of the fame
fize, it will be found to be more convex and angulated :
the umbo larger : fides from the beak more ſtraight, and
turned inwards, and one end more produced.
Mr. Pennant has given a very good figure of this
fhell; but has erroneouſly made it the Mactra Stultoru 12
of LINN ÆUS.
3.
STULTORUM.
Matra Stultorum. Lin. Syft. p. 1226. 99.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3258. 11.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 23. f. 224. 226.
Liſter Conch. t. 251. f. 85.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 31.–Turt. Lin.iv.211.
Tellina radiata. Br. Zool. t. 49. f. 30.
Trigonella radiata. Da Coſta. p. 196. t. 12. f. 3. 3.
M. with

95
M. with a thin, ſub-triangular, ſemi-pellucid fhell,
faintly ftriated tranſverſely; covered with a thin epider,
mis, of a light rufous-brown colour, irregularly rayed
with broad and narrow whitiſh lines; ſometimes of a red-
diſh hue : umbo central, prominent, frequently of a pur-
pliſh caft: fides nearly equal. Inſide pale purple, which
commonly gives a tinge of the fame colour on the outſide,
when the epidermis is worn off. Length one inch and a
half; breadth one and three-quarters.
According to Doctor Pulteney, this ſpecies is found
at Poole and at Weymouth. Da Costa fays Dorſetſhire,
Cornwall, Cheſhire, and at the mouth of the Merſey; alſo
on the coaſt of Aberdeenſhire and other ſhores of Scotland.
We have found it on the coalt of Caermarthenſhire, Kent,
and Devonſhire, but not common.
This is not the Tellina radiata of LINN ÆUS. Mr. Pen
NANT was miſtaken with reſpect to his Synonyms.
4.
Mactra dealbata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.
31.
DEALBATA.
Mactra pellucida. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 24. f. 234.
Tab. 5, f 1.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3260. 21.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 213.
M. with a thin, fragile, pellucid, oval, white ſhell,
very finely ftriated, with a few coarſer concentric wrin-
kles; the ſmaller end gaping a little: umbo not quite
central, but rather neareſt the larger end: middle tooth
in

06
in one valve broad, bifurcated, angulated cloſe to the
beak ; lateral teeth not very remote. Inſide gloſſy white,
moderately concave; margin plain, edge ſharp.
Doctor PuLTENEY firſt noticed this ſpecies as a Britiſh
fhell : it was found by Mr. Bryer at Weymouth.
We have ſeen ſpecimens rather larger than that men-
tioned by the Doctor, ſaid to be found on the ſame coaft.
Length one inch ; breadth one and a half.
From the circumſtance of this ſhell not cloſing at one
end, there can be very little doubt but it is the Mastra
pellucida of CHEMNITZ, and not the fragilis as fome have
thought; indeed the deſcription and figure given by him
anſwers perfectly well.
5.
COMPRESSA.
Macra compreffa. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.31.
Trigonella plana. Da Coſta. p. 200. t. 13. f. 1.1.
Venus borealis. Br. Zool. No. 52.
Mactra Liſteri. Gmel. p.3261. 26.–Turt. Lin. iv. p. 213.
Lift. Con. t.253. f.88.- Id. Ang. t.4. f. 23.
Tellina borealis. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 64. f. 1.
M. with a flat, thin, femi-pellucid, fub-oval, fub-tri-
angulated thehl; of a yellowish-white colour; ſometimes
light ferruginous, and often blackiſh, or banded with theſe
colours, occafioned by the foil it is found in: is rather
wrinkled irregularly than ftriated, and not gloffy: umbo
finall

97
finall, central; hinge without lateral teeth; cartilage ca-
vity large, triangular; primary teeth ſmall; a ſingle one
locking into a bifid tooth in the oppofite valve. Inſide
ſmooth, glofly, white; margin plain. Length one inch
and a half; breadth two.
There is no doubt Mr. PENNANT was acquainted with
this very common Britiſh ſpecies, though he has miſtaken
it for the Venus borealis of LINNÆUS: his other ſynonyms
confirm this opinion. DA COSTA has erroneouſly con-
fidered the Tellina craſſa and Venus borealis of the Britiſh
Zoology to be the ſame ſhell; whereas the deſcriptions
given by PENNANT, though conciſe, are ſufficient to note
the diſtinction
It is remarkable, that it does not appear LINNÆUS was
acquainted with this ſhell: and GMELIN has evidently
taken it from Lister, as he ſays “Habitat ad oſtium fluviz
Angliae Tees;" and calls it Liſteri in compliment to that
author.
This is one of the moſt plentiful Britiſh ſpecies, and
may almoſt be termed a ſub-marine ſhell, being chiefly
found at the mouths of rivers, or inlets not remote from
freſh water; and though never beyond the flux of the
tide, yet it delights in ſituations where freſh water is oc-
caſionally flowing over. It principally inhabits ſludge on
muddy places, buried to the depth of five or fix inches.
Doctor

98
Doctor PuLTENEY conſiders this to be the Piperata
Chama of the Latins, Maclra piperata, Gmel. Syft. p. 3261.
a ſhell well known in the Mediterranean, and greatly re-
liſhed as food. It is not eaten in any part of England
that we know of: and indeed, thoſe we have taſted were
extremely bitter.
The animal has two ſlender tubes of a yellowiſh colour,
placed near together at the anterior end; one, about three
inches long, is thrown about in ſearch of food, ſuch as
inſects; which may be ſeen paſſing up this tranſparent
fyphon, with the current of water it is continually taking
in, and diſcharging at the ſhorter tube, placed nearer to
the hinge; retaining only the nutritious matter: but it
occaſionally ejects the ſuperabundant water with conſide-
rable velocity from both tubes, particularly the longeſt.
6.
BoysII.
TAB. 3. f. 7.
Mactra Alba. Lin. Trans. vi. t. 16. f. 9. to 12. (Wood.)
M. with an oval, flat, thin, pellucid, gloffy, white
ſhell, almoſt ſmooth, or with a few diftant, obſolete, con-
centric ftriæ: umbo placed neareſt to the lefſer end, very
ſmall, and a little turned at the apex: primary teeth one
in each valve, ſmall; cartilage cavity broad; lateral teeth
in one valve only, broad, elevated. Infide ſmooth, gloffy,
white; cicatrix nearly obſolete, large, running from the
ſmaller end two thirds acroſs the ſhell, parallel with the
margin. Length rather more than half an inch ; breadth
exceeds three-quarters
This

99
This new ſpecies was firſt diſcovered by Mr. Boys at
Sandwich, who favoured us with ſeveral ſpecimens: we
have ſince found it, rarely in ſand, from Salcomb bay, and
Biddeford bay in Devonſhire; and alſo on Studland beach, in
Dorſetſhire, but none ſo large as thoſe on the Kentiſh coat.
7.
M. with a ſtrong, fub-triangular, opaque, white ſhell ; TRIANGULARIS.
umbo prominent, obtuſe; fides a little unequal: hinge TAB. 3. f. 5.
ſtrong; primary tooth in one valve large, bifid; in the
other two ſmall teeth, with a triangular cavity between;
lateral ones depreſſed. Inſide white, not very glofly,
margin ſtrongly crenated. Length one eighth of an inch;
breadth rather lefs.
There are no perceptible ftriæ on this ſhell, yet it has
very little glofs. The hinge does not ftri&tly correſpond
with the characters of the genus, but we could not with
more propriety place it elſewhere. It is a fingular ſhell,
and cannot be confounded for the young of any other
ſpecies.
We have found it in ſand from Falmouth harbour alive,
but not common; and more plentiful, in fand, on various
parts of the coaſt of South Devon.
8.
Mactra lutraria. Lin. Syft. p.1126.-Gmel. Syft. p.3259. 14. LUTRARIA.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 24. f. 240. 241.
Lift. Con. t.415. f.259.-Id. Ang. t.4. f.19.
Br. Zool. t. 52. f 44.
Mactra
0 2

100
Matra lutraria. Lin. Trans. vi. t. 16. f. 3. 4. (Wood.)
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 32
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 58.
Turt. Lin.iv.p.211.-Schroet Flufſch.t.2.f.1.
M. with an oblong-oval, yellowiſh-white ſhell; with
irregular concentric ſtriæ ; ſometimes almoſt ſmooth, with
only a few ſmall ridges; others more ſtrongly ridged, eſpe-
cially at the ſhorter end: umbo ſmall, placed nearer to
one end, from which both ſides ſlope a little: tooth in
one valve triangular, no lateral teeth, Inſide gloſſy white;
gaping a little at both ends.
This fpecies has frequently been confounded with the
Mačtra hians. It is not uncommon on many parts of our
coaſt, eſpecially near the influx of rivers: is found re-
markably large near Laugharne on the coaſt of Caermar-
then, and in great abundance: alſo in ſome parts of Corn-
wall, but more rare on the ſouth coaſt of Devon, and in
Dorfetfhire. Not unfrequently taken above two inches
and a half long, and five broad. It is rarely obtained alive,
except by digging, and that only when the tide is unuſu-
ally low: their place of concealment is generally known
by a dimple on the ſurface, through which they eject wa-
ter to a conſiderable height; though the ſhell is frequent-
ly buried two feet beneath. The animal of this and the
following ſpecies, being an Aſcidia, makes a deviation
from the generic character in that reſpect; it is large, and
protrudes ſeverai inches at the ſmaller end in ſearch of
food; frequently not leſs than ſeven or eight.
Mactra

101
9.
Mactra hians. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 32.
HIANS.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 16. f. 5. 6. (Wood.)
Chama magna. Da Coſta. p. 230. t. 17. f. 4.
Mya oblonga. Gmel. Syft. p.3221.10.–Turt. Lin. iv. p.177.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 2. f. 12.-Gualt. t. 90. A.
M. with a ſtrong, oblong ſhell, with rugoſe, concentric
wrinkles, moſt fo at the end remote from the hinge ; 0-
paque, dark brown, with frequently a rufous tinge; fome-
times dark cinereous, and when recent, covered with
a thick, duſky epidermis: umbo ſmall, placed near to one
end; the upper margin next to the hinge ſomewhat arcu-
ated; hinge furniſhed with one flattiſh tooth, grooved on
the fore part, locking in between two in the oppoſite
valve, the ſmalleſt of which is bifid; the cavity to which
the connecting cartilage is fixed, is large and triangular;
no lateral teeth. Inſide white, with a ſtrong, elevated
ridge along the upper ſide of the cicatrix: the longer end
very conſiderably gaping. Length two inches and a quar-
ter; breadth five inches.
It is very remarkable, ſhells fo materially different as
the Mačtra lutraria and this, ſhould have been ſo con-
founded. DA COSTA has given a figure of the M. hians
with moſt of the ſynonyms of the lutraria, and has not de-
ſcribed that ſhell at all. GMELIN expreſſes a doubt, whe-
ther it is not a variety of the Mya arenaria. Moſt aſſured-
ly that author had never examined this ſhell, or he could
not have expreſſed ſuch a doubt, as no two can be more
diflinct; and had he not quoted a tolerably good figure in
CHEMNITZ,

102
CHEMNITZ, we could not have ſuppoſed he intended this
fhell.
This ſpecies was given the name prefixed to it by Doc-
tor SOLANDER, as we are informed by Doctor PULTENEY,
who has very well defined the diſtinction between this and
the lutraria, by obſerving, that the hinge is placed much
nearer to the poſterior fide; is always finuous, or much
hollowed on the margin below the hinge, towards the an-
terior or long ſide. It is a much more rude and rough
ſhell; and is diſtinguiſhed farther, by a ſtrong thick rib
on the inſide, running in a curved direction from the
edge, towards the hinge. And adds, that the markings
of the cicatrix of the animal, is of a different figure from
that of the M. lutraria: a circumſtance not fufficiently
adverted to, as yet, in the deſcription and diſtinction of
ſhells. We may add to this definition, that the tooth is
not triangular, as in that ſpecies.
This appears to be a local ſhell ; it is not uncommon in
the river between Truro and Falmouth in Cornwall; and
is frequently brought up with the ſea-fand to the former
place, which is there collected for manure. We have alſo
found it in Falmouth harbour not ſo common, and rarely
double valves: live ſhells are ſeldom taken; from which
we conclude it penetrates deep in the ſand. Doctor PuL-
TENE Y ſpeaks of it as not uncommon on the Dorſet coaſt;
and fingle valves are ſometimes found on the ſhores of
Devonſhire.
GEN.

103
GEN. X.
DONAX
Animal a TETHYS.
Shell: bivalve: anterior margin very obtuſe.
Hinge: with two teeth in the middle, and one lateral
tooth remote.
1.
Donax Trunculus. Lin. Syft. p.1127.-Gmel. Syſt. p.3263.4. TRUNCULUS,
Br. Zool. t. 55. f. 45.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 32.-Gualt. t. 88. O.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 16. f. 13.-16.(Wood)
Chem. Conch. vi, t. 26. f. 253.
Favan. t. 49. E 2.
Liſter Conch. t. 376. f. 217.-Id. Angl. t.5.
f. 35.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 29. f. 1.
Turt. Lin. iv.
p.
214.
Cuneus vittatus. Da Coſta p. 207. t. 14. f. 3.
D. with an oblong, ſmooth, glofly fhell, finely ftriated
longitudinally, covered with a thin epidermis, moſt times
of

101
of a light yellowiſh colour, faſciated with purple, with two
or three faint white rays from the beak: ſome are wholly
yellow, with darker fafciæ; umbo fmall, placed neareſt
to the lefſer end: teeth ſmall, lateral one not very re-
mote. Inſide partakes of the colour of the exterior ;
thoſe banded with purple are of that colour within, the
others quite yellow like the outſide; margin crenated;
valves not very concave.
This is not an uncommon ſpecies on many of our fandy
ſhores: plentiful between Laugharne and Tenby in Wales,
and on Dawliſh Warren in Devonſhire; more rare weſt-
ward, and in Cornwall. In Dorſetſhire not common.
Length moſt generally five-eighths of an inch; breadth one
inch and a quarter; fometimes, though rarely, an inch
and a half.
2.
DENTICULATA.
Donax denticulata. Lin. Syft. p.1127.-Gmel. Syft. p.3263.6.
Br. Zool. t.55.f.46.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.215.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 32.
Lifter Conch. t. 376 f. 218. 219.
Gualt. t. 89. D.-Favan. t. 49. E.3.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 26. f. 256.
Cuneus truncatus. Da Coſta. p. 205,
Donax crenulata. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 24.
D. with a very ſtrong, thick, fub-cuneiform ſhell, ftria-
ted longitudinally; the interſtices punctated, or tranſverſe-
ly ftriated; with uſually a few broad purple rays from
the

105
the beak; the larger end much ſloped and truncated; at
which part the ſtriæ run tranſverſely, and ſomewhat un-
dulated: a prominent ridge upon the angle of the ſlope,
running from the beak to the oppoſite margin: umbo
placed near to the larger fide: hinge furniſhed with ſtrong
teeth: a lateral tooth on each ſide the middle ones, In-
fide purple, very concave under the umbo; margin den-
ticulated. Length about fix-eighths of an inch; breadth
one inch.
Da Costa muſt certainly have been deceived in ſaying,
it is frequent on moſt of our ſhores, and that he had re-
ceived it from Eſſex, Suſſex, Cornwall, and other weſtern
coafts, the iſles of Scilly, Yorkſhire, and from Wales; alſo
from Aberdeenſhire, and the Orkney iſlands in Scotland;
and from the ſhores of the county of Cork in Ireland.
However this may be, few of our conchological friends
ever found it, and it is in general eſteemed ſo rare that
many have doubted its exiſtence as a Britiſh ſpecies. We
confeſs it has never fallen within our reſearches.
Doctor Pulteney ſays it was found at Weymouth; and
Mr. BRYER, a diligent obſerver of nature, favoured us
with ſeveral ſpecimens, which he aſſured us he picked up
on the coaſt of that place; one of which was intirely white,
another plain purple without rays.
This ſpecies is much ſtronger and thicker than the
Trunculus, the ſtriæ more conſpicuous, is much longer
Р
in

106
in proportion to its breadth, and is at once diſtinguiſhed
by its truncated, cuneiform ſhape.
3.
COMPLANATA.
TAB. 5, f. 4,
Tellina variegata, unico radio, five plagula albeſcente confpi-
cua. Liſter Conch. t. 384. f. 227.
D. with an oblong, ſmooth, and extremely gloily ſhell,
of a light yellow, or faint purpliſh colour, with ſmall ſpots
or ſtreaks of white, and one broad ray of the fame from
the beak to the oppoſite margin, edged with ferruginous :
in fome a few diſtant tranſverſe ftriæ, nearly obſolete, are
obſerveable; but no longitudinal ones : umbo placed near-
eſt to one end: teeth ſmall, eſpecially the lateral ones.
Inſide purple, margin quite ſmooth. Length five-eighths
of an inch; breadth an inch and a quarter.
This elegant ſpecies has much the habit of the Truncu-
lus, and no doubt has been ſometimes confounded with it;
from which, however, it is readily diftinguiſhed by being
rather more flat, by the ſhorter end being more produced,
in not having any longitudinal ftriæ, and the margin not
being crenulated; as well as by the invariable ſingle white
ray from the umbo. It is a rare ſhell, and not noticed by
any one, we believe, except Lister.
و
We have found it ſparingly on Milton fands, on the
South Devon coaſt, and at Falmouth; and believe it is
fometimes met with on the ſhores of Dorſet, as we ob-
ferved

107
ſerved it in the collection of a friend chiefly made on that
coaft; placed indiſcriminately with the Trunculus.
In a live, or recent ſtate, it is covered with a highly
poliſhed epidermis of a yellowiſh colour, which gives to
the white markings a tinge of the ſame. In the ſpecimens
we have collected, it is ſometimes obſerved to be banded
concentrically with lighter and darker ſhades.
It is in the cabinet of Mr. SWAINSON under the title of
Donax lævigata; but we were unwilling to retain that
name, left it might be confounded with the D. lævigata
of Gmelin, which is a very different ſhell. This gentle-
man informed us he received it from Looe in Cornwall.
4.
Donax plebeia. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 32.
PLEBEIA.
Liſter Conch. t. 389. f. 228 ?
Tab. 5. f. 2.
D. with a thick, ſtrong, oblong, fub-oval ſhell, of a dull
yellowiſh horn-colour, ſmooth, and gloſſy, except a few
diftant concentric furrows; moſt commonly marked with
two brown ſtripes longitudinally from the beak: umbo
placed neareſt to one fide; teeth very ſtrong. Inſide
glofly, paler than the outſide; margin ſmooth. Length
ſcarce half an inch, breadth three-quarters.
Doctor PULTENEY, (to whom we are obliged for the
firſt ſpecimen of this fhell) fays, it was found at Weymouth,
by the late Dutcheſs Dowager of Portland; and obſerves,
that
P2

108
that it is remarkably diftinguiſhed by the fize of the teeth,
which are very large for ſo ſmall a ſhell.
This fpecies has been more recently found on the coaſt
of Dorſet; as we are aſſured by Mr. Bryer, who has
himſelf taken it on the ſhore at Weymouth; and who fa-
voured us with a ſpecimen, which is white, and the two
rays very faint.
5.
TRUS.
Donax Irus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1128.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3265. 11.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.32.—Gualt. t.95.A.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 29. 2. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p.216.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 26. f. 268. 270.
Tellina Cornubienſis. Br. Zool. No.35.-Bor. Corn, t.38.f.23.
Cuneus foliatus. Da Coſta. p. 204. t. 15. f. 6. left hand.
D. with a ſub-oval, opaque, rugoſe, whitiſh ſhell, with
high concentric membranaceous ridges reflecting upwards,
broken or undulated; interſtices between finely ſtriated
longitudinally: umbo ſmall, placed near to one end; apex
much turned: teeth ſmall, bifid, one excepted. Inſide
white, or fleſh-colour, generally with dark purple about
the hinge, and towards the longer ſide; ſometimes wholly
of that colour: margin plain,
No ihell perhaps varies more in ſhape than this, ſome-
times it is nearly as long as it is broad; others in breadth
doubly

109
doubly exceed the length, are almoſt cylindric, and very
convex; many are flat and greatly diſtorted; yet, not-
withſtanding ſcarce two are found alike, the ſpecific cha-
racters are ſtrongly marked. Worn ſhells are ſometimes
purple on the outſide as well as within.
This ſpecies perforates the hardeſt lime-ftone, where it
is ſometimes lodged in great abundance: we have found
detached pieces of ſuch ſtone thrown upon the coaſt of
Devonſhire, eſpecially about Plymouth, perforated like a
honey-comb, with theſe ſhells in it. It is alſo found in
ſome parts of Cornwall,
Doctor Pulteney ſpeaks of it as plentiful on the Dor-
Set coaſt in clay, as well as in lime-ſtone. It rarely ex-
ceeds half an inch in length; and three-quarters in breadth.
DA COSTA has quoted the Tellina cornubienſis of Pen-
NANT, and BORLASE for his Pettunculus truncatus, in
which he has certainly erred; and indeed his ſhell ſeems
to be in perfect obfcurity. The general deſcription might
anſwer very well for a worn fpecimen of the Donax Irus,
but the margin being notched forbids it.
GEN,

110
OOOOGO0958
GEN. XI.
VENUS.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL; bivalve, the anterior margin of the tip of
one valve ſometimes incumbent on the other.
Hinge, with three approximating teeth; the lateral, di-
verging from the apex.
Umbonal, and ſub-umbonal regions diſtinct.
1.
PAPHIA. .
p. 218.
Venus Paphia.
Lin. Syſt. p.1129.--Gmel. Syſt. p.3268.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 27. f. 274. 278.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.33.-Gualt. t.85.A.
Turt. Lin. iv.
Pectunculus faſciatus. Da Coſta. p. 188. t. 13. f. 3.
Vetula, Id. p. 190. t. 13. f. 5. 5.
V. with a ſtrong, fomewhat fiat, fub-orbicular ſhell,
with ſeveral broad and much elevated ridges, variouſly
ftreaked, or rayed with brown, purple, red, or yellow,
intermixed with white: umbo central, apex much turned
ko one ſide, beneath which is a cordiform depreſſion: the
cartilage

111
cartilage flope in one valve frequently ſtreaked tranfverfe-
ly: hinge furniſhed with ſtrong teeth. Inſide ſmooth,
gloſſy white, or fleſh colour, with ſometimes a brown
mark at one end: margin crenulated.
This ſpecies appears ſubject to much variety; in fome
the ridges are broad, and nearly flat, others narrower,
and turn a little backwards, ſo much reſembling the Venus
Paphia of LINNÆUS, that we are inclined to believe, with
Doctor PULTENEY, that it muſt be conſidered as that ſhell
in a depauperated ſtate. It rarely exceeds feven-eighths
of an inch in length; and one inch in breadth. In com-
paring the foreign V. Paphia with this ſhell, we perceive
in the inſide the ſame ſhaped cicatrix, which is an eſſential
fpecific character, not ſufficiently attended to.
DA Costa's Peetunculus fafciatus is evidently this
ſhell, but his ſpecimens muſt have been worn, or he
would not have deſcribed the margin plain. The Petun-
culus Vetula of the fame author, is only a more perfect
variety, with ſtronger ridges and markings.
It is not uncommon in ſome parts of Cornwall; fre-
quent about Falmouth, but more plentiful on the ſouth
coaſt of Devon, particularly on Milton ſands.
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as a rare ſhell on the
Dorſet coaſt. An elegant variety, radiated all over with
double and treble lines, we have found on the weſtern
ſhores,
Venus

112
VERRUCOSA.
Venus verrucofa. Lin. Syft. p. 1130.-Gmel. Syft.
p. 3269.6.-Gualt. t. 75. H.
Lin. Trans. vi.t.17. f.5.6.(Wood)
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 33.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 44.
Chem. Conch. vi. t.29. f.299, 300.
Liſt. Conch. t. 284. f.122.
Favan. t. 47. E. 9.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 219.
Venus Erycina.
Br. Zool. t. 54. f 48. 43 A.
Borlaſe Corn. p. 278. t 28. f. 32.
Pectunculus ftrigatus. Da Coſta p. 185. t. 12. f. 1.1.
Pectunculus membranaceus. Id. p. 193. t.13. f.4. left hand.
V. with a ſtrong, thick, heavy, ſub-orbicular, convex,
rugoſe fhell, with numerous, ſtrong, elevated ridges,
ſomewhat recurved, and broken at the ends, (particularly
the anterior) into irregular warty knobs: umbo turned
much to one fide; beneath which is a ſtrong cordiform
depreſſion; the cartilage ſlope of the left valve turns in-
ward, ſlightly ftriated longitudinally, and marked tranſ-
verſely with brown ſtreaks. Inſide ſmooth, white; mar-
gin finely crenated.
Diameter from the umbo to the oppoſite margin two
inches and a quarter ; breadth rather more. The colour
is generally of a dirty white, but ſometimes of a dark ruſ-
ty brown, moſtly towards the poſterior end. Young ſhells
of an inch diameter have the ridges much more perfect
and diſtinct, and the interſtices are prettily crenulated.
This

113
This ſpecies is not uncommon on ſome parts of the
Corniſh coaſt, particularly at Falmouth, but rarely alive,
though frequently with the valves united. We have allo
found it on the ſouth coaſt of Devon, and in Dorſetſhire;
and have received ſmall worn ſpecimens from the coaſt of
Kent. In this mutilated ſtate it has ſometimes been con-
fidered a diſtinct ſpecies, as is the caſe with reſpect to the
Pettunculus membranaceus of DA COSTA.
It is a common ſhell in the Mediterranean.
3.
Pecun. ftriatulus. Da Coſta p. 191. t. 12. f.2.2.
STRIATULA.
Pectun. ſulcatus. Da Coſta p. 192.
Venus Gallina. Gmel. Syft. p. 3270.–Turt. Lin. iv. p. 120.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 30. f. 308. 310.
Liſter Conch. t. 282. f. 120. & t.295. f.131.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 7. 8. (Wood.)
Gualt. t. 75. O.
Venus rugoſa.
Br. Zool. t. 56. f. 50.
Venus Cafina. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 33.
Venus ſtriatulus. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 68.
V. with a ſtrong, fub-cordated ſhell, with numerous
fine, prominent, recurved, concentric ſtriæ : colour white,
or yellowiſh-brown, rayed with a few rufous-brown ſtripes
from the umbo, and frequently marked with fine, cloſe-
fet, zigzag freaks of the fame colour, that make it
appear
crenated: this is a pretty general character; however, it
is ſometimes quite plain, without being radiated or freak-
Q
ed :

ed: umbo turns much to one fide, beneath which is a cor-
diform depreſſion: the cartilage flope much depreſſed,
almoſt ſmooth, or faintly ſtriated longitudinally. Inſide
white; margin finely crenated. Lengta rather more than
an inch; breadth an inch and a quarter. A variety is
rayed with brown and white.
This ſpecies appears to be common on many parts of
our coafts. Da Costa ſpeaks of it, from Cheſhire, York-
Shire, Flintſhire, the iſles of Scilly, Caernarvonſhire,
Cornwall, and Dorſetſhire. In the two laſt places we have
found it not uncommon, as well as on the ſhores of Devon,
Caermarthenſhire, and other parts of the ſouth coaſt of
Wales.
4.
ISLANDICA.
Venus Illandica. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1131.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3271.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p 33.- Gualt. t. 85. B?
Don. Br. Shells iii.t.77.— Turt. Lin.iv.p.221.
Chem. Conch. vi. t.32. f.341. 342.
Lift. Conch. t.272.f.108.- Id. Angl. t.4.f.22.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 1. 2. (Wood.)
Venus mercenaria Br. Zool. t. 53. f47.
Pectunc. craffus. Da Coſta p. 183. t. 14. f. 5.
V. with a ſtrong, thick, fub-orbicular, convex, white
fhell, wrought with irregular concentric ftriæ; covered
with a rough, but glofly yellowiſh-brown, or duſky epi-
dermis: umbo pointed, turned inwards, and curved to
one fide: no cordiform depreſſion. Inſide ſmooth, white:
margin plain. Length three inches and three-quarters ;
breadth four inches and a quarter.
This

115
This ſpecies is not uncommon on many parts of our
coall, but is rarely taken alive, except by dredging in
deep water. Is plentiful on the ſandy, flat ſhores of
Caermarthenſhire; rarely in Devonſhire and Cornwall, but
on ſome parts of the Dorſet coaſt is thrown up in great
numbers, as we are informed by Doctor PULTENEY.
It is alſo found on ſome of the ſhores in the north of
England and Scotland.
This is not the Wampum ſhell of the Americans; that
is the V. mercenaria of LinNÆUS, and has never been
found on our coaſts.
5.
Venus Chione. Lin. Syſt. p. 1131.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3272. 16. CHIONE,
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 33.- Favan. t.47. B.
Chem. Conch. vi. t 32. f.343.-Gualt. t.86.A.
Lifter Conch. t. 269. f. 105.
Don. Br. Shells i.t.17.- Turt. Lin. iv.p.222.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 3. 4. (Wood.)
Pe&tunc. glaber. Da Coſta. p. 184. t. 14. f. 7.
V. with a ſtrong, ſub-cordated ſhell, fomewhat wrin-
kled concentrically, but covered with an extremely
ſmooth, gloſſy, cheſnut-coloured epidermis, more or leſs
radiated with a darker ſhade: umbo placed neareſt to one
end; apex turned ſideways, beneath which is a ſtrong cor-
diform depreſſion. Inſide white, glofly; margin plain ;
edge obtufe. Length three inches; breadth three-quarters
of an inch more.
Q2
This

116
This beautiful ſpecies has been eſteemed rare in Eng-
land; is mentioned as a Dorſetſhire ſhell by DA COSTA
and Doctor PULTENEY. It is however a very common
fpecies in Falmouth harbour, in Cornwall; and is taken in
abundance amongſt the heaps of fand brought in by the
barges for manure; frequently live ſpecimens: we have
ſeen more than fifty in one heap.
Amongſt theſe are found ſome of a lighter colour, with
the rays broken into ſpots, much like the Venus maculata;
and, as Doctor PULTENEY obſerves, might well paſs for
the northern depauperated variety of it.
In Cornwall is called Queens. Becomes ſcarce eaſtward,
haviug never found it on the coaſt of Devon, except a few
fingle valves, very much worn.
6.
EXOLETA.
Venus exoleta. Lin. Syſt. p. 1134. -Gmel. Syft. p.3284. 75.
Br. Zool. t. 54. f. 49. A. & t. 56. f.49.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.–Favan. t.48. F.1?
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 38. f. 402. 404. 405. 407.
Liter Conch. t. 290. f. 126.-t.291. f.127.--
t.292.f.128.-t 293.f.129.-Gualt.t.75.F
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 42. f.1.
Turt. Lin. iv, p. 233.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 9. 10. (Wood.)
Venus linata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.
Pectun. capillaceus. Da Coſta. p. 187. t. 12. f.5.5.
V. with a ſtrong, orbicular fhell, with fine, cloſe-fet,
thread-like concentric ftriæ, ſometimes with a few ridges,
or

117
or interſtices, rather broader and deeper than the reſt;
moſt commonly of a light colour, but rarely quite white;
ſome are quite plain, others faintly radiated, or ſtreaked all
over with rufous-brown; and not unuſual with two or three
broad rays only: it is moderately convex: umbo much
turned to one ſide, beneath which is a ſhort, much de-
preſſed, cordiform impreſſion. Inſide ſmooth, white;
margin plain. Diameter two inches. Younger ſhells
ſlope more from the umbo on the anterior fide, and in this
ſtate it was made a diſtinct ſpecies in the Muſeum Port-
landicum by the name of Venus lineta; which induced
our late worthy friend Doctor PULTENEY to do the ſame.
This ſlope however is rarely found after the ſhell ex-
ceeds an inch and a quarter in diameter, when it gradually
encreaſes to riſe at that part. The tongue, or cicatrix,
which is almoſt an invariable ſpecific character, is alike in
both; it is long, ſomewhat taper, and runs into the mid-
dle of the ſhell more than half way acroſs.
It is not an uncommon fpecies on many parts of our
coaſt; is plentiful in Cornwall, eſpecially about Fal-
mouth; and on the ſhores of Devonſhire, but fcarcer in
Dorſetſhire; we have alſo found it in abundance on ſome
parts of the coaſt of South Wales.
7.
Venus undata. Br. Zool. t. 55. f. 51.-- Turt. Lin. iv. p. 233. UNDATA,
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 17. 18. (Wood.)
V. with

118
V. with an orbicular, thin, white ſhell, with fine, con-
centric, irregular ſtriæ, which ſometimes run into uneven
wrinkles: young ſhells a little gloffy: umbo prominent ;
apex pointed, and turning a little to one ſide, without any
cordiform depreſſion: hinge ſtrong in proportion to the
ſubſtance of the ſhell: in one valve three teeth; in the
other two. Inſide ſmooth, gloſſy, moderately concave;
margin ſmooth; edge acute, and ſomewhat undated, by a
ſmall projection of the lip oppoſite the hinge, from which
runs a broad cicatrix into the middle of the ſhell.
This ſpecies, deſcribed hitherto only by Mr. PENNANT,
has been confounded with the Tellina rotundata, but may
readily be diſtinguiſhed by the hinge, and particularly the
cicatrix in the inſide, that ſhell being wholly deſtitute of
ſuch a mark: the umbo is alſo turned more to one ſide.
We have mentioned before, that Doctor PULTENEY has
deſcribed the Tellina rotundata for this ſhell, as is evi-
dent by his calling it Tellina undata, and quoting the
Venus undata of PENNANT: indeed he is not fingular in
this reſpect, for we have ſeen it in more cabinets than one
placed as ſuch. This ſhell does not appear to be a plen-
tiful ſpecies, but we have found it at Falmouth, and on
the coaſt of South Devon, as well as in Biddeford bay :
but no where fo fine as on the ſhores of Caermarthenſhire
near Laugharne.
Diameter from the hinge to the oppoſite margin, an inch
and a quarter; breadth near a quarter of an inch more.
Ycung

119
Young ſhells are frequently very white and pellucid;
the larger ones yellowih-white, ſometimes tinged with
light ferruginous, and rather opaque.
8.
Venus tigerina. Lin. Syft. p. 1133.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3283.69. TIGERINA.
Chem, Conch. vii, t. 37. f. 190. 191.
TAB. 4. f. 1.
Liſter Conch. t.337. f. 174–Gualt. t. 77. A.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.-Favan. t. 47. D.1.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 231.
V. with a ſub-orbicular, flat, lenticular, thin, white
ſhell, ſometimes with a tinge of purple on the edges; ftri-
ated longitudinally, croſſed with numerous fine ftriæ, moſt
confpicuous in the interſtices, which gives it a reticulated
appearance: umbo ſmall, pointed, and turns a little to
one fide: hinge ſtrong for the ſubſtance of the ſhell. In-
ſide ſmooth, gloſſy white; cicatrix ſmall, and nearly ob-
folete: margin plain. Length three-quarters of an inch;
and ſeven-eighths wide.
We were firſt favoured with this elegant ſpecies by
Doctor PuLTENEY, who ſaid it was found at Weymouth,
Studland, and on the north ſhore at Poole. Have fince
received ſpecimens from Mr. BRYER, who picked them
up on the ſands between Weymouth and Portland.
Weſt Indian ſpecimens are much larger, ſometimes three
inches broad.
Venus

120
9.
SINUOSA.
Venus finuofa. Br. Zool. t. 55. f. 51. A.
V. with thin, convex ſhells, with a very deep, obtufe
finus or bending, on the front.
Mr. PENNANT is the only author who has deſcribed,
or figured, this ſpecies, from whom we have taken the
above deſcription : the breadth of the figure is three-
quarters of an inch; the length not ſo much. We con-
fefs this ſhell is much in obſcurity, and perhaps is only an
accidental diſtortion of ſome other ſpecies. It is ſtated to
have been in the Portland cabinet. DONOVAN has given
the Tellina flexuoſa of this work for the Venus ſinuoſa of
the Britiſh Zoology.
10.
My ATA.
Venus ovata.
Br. Zool. t. 56. f. 56.
Cardium ftriatum radiatuin. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 82.
V. with a ſub-oval, opaque, brown ſhell, ſomewhat
compreſſed; with ſtrong, coſtated ftriæ longitudinally,
and more finely ftriated tranſverſely, cauſing tuberculated
elevations on the ribs: umbo nearly central, apex turning
a little to one ſide, beneath which is a ſub-cordiform de-
preſſion elevated in the middle; fides nearly ſimilar. In-
fide gloſſy white, or fleſh-colour; ſometimes fine purple
in the centre; margin flightly crenated. Length three
eighths of an inch; breadth, half an inch.
We have found this very pretty ſhell at Falmouth, and
on the ſouth coaſt of Devon. Mr Boys alſo favoured us
with

121
with it from Sandwich, for Walker's ſhell above quoted,
and remarked that it was not uncommon upon that coaſt.
The hinge of this ſpecies was certainly not duely attended
to by Mr. WALKER, or he was not provided with perfect
ſpecimens, for it has all the characters of a Venus and not
the leaſt of a Cardium.
V. with a fub-orbicular, fomewhat compreſſed, fleſh- MINIMA.
coloured ſhell; very gloſſy, with broad, concentric ſtrize: Tab. 3. f. 3.
from the beak two white lines run half way down the
ſhell, in ſhape like the letter V meeting at the apex; at
the extremity of each line is a red ſtreak, diverging out-
wards to the margin. In ſome the white lines are wanting,
but we have never ſeen it without the two ſpots near the
margin: umbo prominent, pointed, a little turned to one
fide. Inſide gloſſy white; margin plain. Length a quarter
of an inch; breadth rather more.
و
This ſhell is very thick and ſtrong in proportion to its
fize, and the teeth very conſpicuous. It is a rare fpecies,
which we have only found ſparingly at Falmouth, dredged
from the harbour, alive.
12.
V. with a ſtrong, ſub-cordated, white ſhell, with ſtrong, SUBCORDATA.
longitudinal, coſtated ftriæ, and remote tranſverſe ridges, Tab. 3. f. 1.
making the depreſſions between of a long ſquare, and gives
the ſhell a pretty, cancellated appearance: umbo placed
neareſt to one end, much incurvated, and turned a little
to one fide; the anterior fide almoſt ſtrait, and much
ſloping
R

122
floping from the beak: cartilage ſlope large, turned in-
wards, nearly ſmooth, and gloſſy. Inſide gloſſy white ;
teeth very ſtrong; margin fub-crenated; valves moderately
concave. Diameter a quarter of an inch.
We give this ſpecies with ſome doubt, with reſpect to
its being really Britiſh. It is however but right to men-
tion that we once found it in the ſand from Falmouth
harbour.
13.
GRANULATA.
Venus granulata. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3277. 33.
Don. Br. Shells iii. t. 83.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 226.
Venus Marica fpuria. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 30. f. 313,
Venus Marica. Born. Mus. t. 4. f. 5. 6.
V. with a thick, fub-orbicular fhell, ſtrongly reticu-
lated: colour white, variegated with ſpots and ſtreaks of
dark chocolate-brown: umbo much turned to one ſide,
beneath which is a cordiform depreſſion; the cartilage
ſlope moſt frequently marked with a few diftinct, tranſ-
verſe, dark lines. Inſide glofly, dark purple; margin cre-
nulated; cicatrix ſhort, conic. Length ſeven-eighths of
an inch; breadth one inch.
Mr. DONOVAN has given a figure of this ſhell, which
he ſays was found in Cornwall.
Two inſtances only have occurred to us, both dead
ſpecimens:

123
ſpecimens: theſe we took out of ſand from Falmouth
harbour.
1
It has generally been conſidered as an American fhell.
14.
Venus deflorata. Lin. Syſt. p. 1133. 132.
DEFLORATA.
Gmel. Syft. p 3274.24.--- Favan. t. 49. P. Tab. 3. f. 4.
Br. Zool. t. 57. f.54.--- Turt. Lin. iv. p. 224.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 9. f. 79.–82. & 83 ?
Liſter Conch. t 425. f.273.-Gualt.t.35.f.G?
V. with an oblong, ſub-oval, thin ſhell, of a yellowiſh-
white colour; tinged, or faintly radiated, with purple,
ſtrongeſt about the umbo; with undulated, longitudinal
ſtriæ, and a few tranſverſe wrinkles, which gives it a re-
ticulated appearance, particularly at the anterior end:
umbo placed a little to one fide, not very pointed, nor
reclined. Inſide purpliſh, moſt ſo at the ſmaller end, and
is frequently on that part highly coloured'; hinge with
two teeth in each valve, one of which is large, the other
extremely ſmall.
Mr. PENNANT is the only one who has mentioned this
as a Britiſh ſhell.
We found a perfect, recent, ſpecimen at Falmouth, it was
dredged from the harbour of that place, but is no doubt
a very rare ſpecies in England. Length one inch; breadth
an inch and three-quarters. Foreign ſhells are generally
higher coloured and more radiated.
Venus
R2

124
15.
DECUSSATA.
Venus decuſſata. Lin. Syſt. p.1135.--Gmel. Syft. p.3294.135.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.
Don. Br. Shells ii.t.67.–Turt. Lin.iv.p.241
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 43. f. 455. 456.
Liſt. Conch. t.423.f.271.-Id. Ang. t.4.f.20.
Gualt. t. 85. C. E. I. L.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 11. 12. (Wood.)
Venus litterata. Br. Zool. t 57. f53,
Cuneus reticulatus. Da Coſta p. 102. t. 14. f. 4. 4.
V. with a ſub-oval, fub-rhomboidal, ſtrong, reticulated
fhell, fomewhat angulated or cut off diagonally at the an-
terior end; at which part it is moſt ſtrongly decuſſated :
umbo placed neareſt to one end; apex turned to one fide;
beneath which is a flight, lanceolate, cordiform depreſſion.
Inſide fmooth, white, frequently with a little purple on
the margin under the cartilage, and at the truncated end :
the front margin is divided from the middle by a ſlender
ſmooth line, that forms a broad border, and ſurrounds the
cicatrix; this mark is broad, runs nearly into the middle
of the ſhell, and is divided from the border, to its origin:
hinge furniſhed with three teeth in each valve, one of
which is ſmall, and in one valve is almoſt obſolete in the
larger ſhells; the other teeth are ſtrong and moſt com-
monly bifid; middle one always fo.
This ſpecies is generally of a plain ruſty-brown colour,
but ſometimes marked with ſort of characters, or zigzag
lines: the longitudinal firiæ are coarſe, and are ſcarcely
decuſſated in the middle part of the ſhell; the ends are fre-
quently

125
quently ſo ſtrongly reticulated as to cauſe ſmall warts or
tubercles.
Is common on many parts of our coaſt, and uſually
confounded with the following ſpecies : the fineſt we ever
ſaw, were taken in the inlet between Kingsbridge and
Salcomb, and at the mouth of the Aun, in Devonſhire:
they lay in ſhallow water, or about mid-tide, ſometimes
buried an inch or two under the ſhingle; and not uncom-
monly expoſed on the ſurface: fize of the largeſt, two in-
ches in length; and three in breadth.
The animal is furniſhed with two tubes, an inch or more
in length, which it protrudes in ſearch of food; theſe are
divided to their origin.
16.
PULLASTRA.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 42. f. 439.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 13. 14. (Wood.)
V, with a ſub-oval, finely decuſſated ſhell; the anterior
end ſub-truncated, or ſomewhat angulated like the laſt;
indeed it is ſo nearly allied to the Venus decuffata, that it
has generally been confounded for the ſame.
The principal diftinctions are, that this does not grow
to the fize of that ſhell; the ftriæ in both directions
are much finer, regular, and equal on all parts except at
the anterior end, where it frequently runs into tranſverſe
ridges: the teeth are nearly fimilar, but in general are
more

126
more regular and more approximating: the cicatrix is
rather longer, as it exceeds half the breadth of the ſhell;
and is joined, or very nearly runs into the marginal bor-
der (mentioned in the deſcription of the other ſpecies) for
half its length from its baſe.
It is a much more elegant ſhell, eſpecially when young,
variegated with cinereous, brown, or purple zigzag lines ;
and ſometimes radiated with the ſame from the hinge to
the oppofite margin; the ground colour of the older ſhells
is uſually brown, the younger ones white, ſometimes with
only a few markings at the anterior end. The utmoſt
fize is an inch and three-eighths in length; and two inches
in breadth: it is moſt commonly broader in proportion
to its length than the V. decuſſata, but we do not perceive
the material diſtinction upon a general review, in the
teeth, that Mr. Wood ſeems to expreſs between theſe
two ſhells; and muſt confeſs the gradations in this reſpect
run ſo much into each other that no leading character can
be drawn from them.
This gentleman however is the firſt Engliſh author who
has properly divided theſe ſhells; to whofe definition may
be added, that the great leading character beſides the
Atructure, and fituation of the cicatrix, is the formation
of the animal inhabitant: that of the V. decuſata (as be-
fore ſtated) is pofſeffed of two ſeparate tubes, whereas the
tubes of this are not quite ſo long, and connected almoſt
their whole length, except at the tip.
This

127
This ſpecies is found with the laſt, is frequently eaten
by the common people, and in ſome parts of Devonſhire
indiſcriminately called Pullers or Pullets.
There is very little doubt ſome of the elegant varieties
of this ſhell, have been deſcribed under other denomina-
tions: the figure we have referred to in CHEMNITZ is ex-
actly the ſhape of ours of that fize; and we have ſeen it
very fimilar in markings. In our poſſeſſion are other va-
rieties, with all the markings of Venus Textrix of the ſame
author, vol. vii. tab. 42. fig. 443. the firſt is quoted by
GMELIN for the Venus litterata ; whether ours is a de-
pauperated ſhell of that ſpecies, is not eaſily determined.
17.
V. with a ſub-rhomboidal ſhell, concentrically ftriated, PERFORANS.
running into ſtrong wrinkles or ridges at the anterior ſide; Tab. 3. f. 6.
ſometimes, though rarely, with very fine longitudinal
ftriæ; colour light brown: umbo very near to one end,
ſmall, and turned a little fideways: the longer fide much
truncated: hinge furniſhed with three teeth in each valve,
one of which is ſmall, the cthers very long, ſlender, and
curve outwards, middle tooth a little bifid. Inſide ſmooth,
white, with generally ſome purple at the truncated end;
margin plain: cicatrix large, running from the anterior
fide half way acroſs to the oppoſite end; valves mode-
rately concave.
This ſpecies, at firſt ſight, might readily be confounded
with

128
with the young of the V. decuſſata; but the ſlender and re-
curved teeth is a diſcriminating character, if all others were
wanting. It rarely exceeds three-eighths of an inch in
length; and five-eighths in breadth. With reſpect to
ſhape, it is difficult to fix any as a permanent character;
it is however moſt frequently ſub-rhomboidal; ſometimes
nearly as long as it is broad, generally ſtrait on the front
margin, but in ſome inſtances deeply finuous or indented;
not very unlike Mr. Pennant's figure of the Venus finuofa.
We found this ſpecies in abundance on the ſhore near
Plymouth, burrowed in hard lime-ſtone, detached frag-
ments of which were perforated in all directions, and
Ituck full of them.
18.
VIRGINEA.
Venus Virginea. Lin. Syft. p.1136.--Gmel. Syft. p.3294. 136.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.
Turt. Lin. iv.
p.
241.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 42. f.443. & t.43. f.457.
a. b. c.--Br. Zool. t.55. without number?
Lifter Conch. t. 403. f. 247.
Cuneus faſciatus. Da Coſta p. 204,
V. with a ſtrong, fub-oval ſhell, tranſverſely ftriated;
the ſtrice in ſome ſpecimens, interrupted in a few places by
a deeper furrow: colour various, moſt commonly of a
pale rufous-brown, ſtreaked and ſpotted in a very pretty
manner, with ferruginous, or dull purpliſh-brown: fome-
times with a few interrupted rays or zigzag lines: and
rarely

129
rarely of a fine bluſh-colour, with two or three white,
longitudinal ſtreaks: umbo placed much to one ſide, be-
neath which is a lanceolate, cordiform depreffion; hinge
with three teeth in each valve, the outer ones a little di-
verging, middle one bifid. Inſide white, frequently tinged
with bluſh-colour; margin plain; edge obtuſe; cicatrix
nearly cylindric, running from the anterior fide, not quite
half way acroſs towards the oppoſite end.
This ſpecies is not ſo common as the decuſſata, but is
ſometimes taken in the ſame places. We have found it
in ſome parts of Cornwall, and rarely in Devonſhire and
Dorfetfire.
Thoſe from Guernſey are extremely beautiful.
19.
Venus aurea. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3288.98.---Turt. Lin. iv.p.236. AUREA-
Liſter Conch. t.404.f.249.- Petiv. Gaz. 94,3 ?
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 49. f. 458.
Venus nebuloſa. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.
Venus rhomboides. Br. Zool. No. 55 ?--Turt. Lin. iv. p.241?
V. with a fub-cordated, moderately ſtrong fhell, round-
ed at both ends like the laſt, but not ſo broad in propor-
tion to its length ; ftriated tranſverſely, and marked with
very faint longitudinal ftriæ, fcarcely difcernable without a
glaſs: umbo placed near to one end, ſmall, pointed, turned
to one ſide; beneath which is a lanceolate, cordiform de-
preſſion: colour various, ſometimes white, elegantly
S
marked

130
marked with brown, or blueiſh-black, zigzag lines; or
mottled with cinereous; others are plain brown, frequent-
ly of a yellowiſh tinge, and ſometimes deep ferruginous
about the umbo: in moſt there are a few ſtreaks at the an-
terior margin. It varies alſo in ſhape; ſome are nearly
as long as they are broad, others extend at the anterior
end, and become more pointed, but in all the front mar-
gin is conſiderably more rounded than in the Virginea.
Inſide yellowiſh-white; margin plain ; valves concave:
hinge furniſhed with three teeth in each valve, the middle
one a little bifid. Length commonly about one inch;
breadth an inch and three-eighths.
This ſpecies has ſometimes been confounded with the
Virginea, but may be readily known, not only by its in-
ferior ſize, different colour and markings, but by its being
more convex, the ftriæ much finer, and the front margin
more rounded; beſides which it is always longer in pro-
portion to the breadth.
Lister has given a very good figure of this ſhell, and
has marked it as an Engliſh ſpecies. It was known alſo
to Doctor SOLANDER, and was called in the Muſeum
Portlandicum by the name of nebuloſa, which name was
Tetained by Doctor PULTENEY in his catalogue of Dor-
fetfhire ſhells, who ſays it is found on that coaft; indeed
we obſerved it on Studland beach.
It is very common amongſt the ſand taken from Fal-
mouth

'131
mouth harbour, where we never obſerved the Venus Vir.
ginea : it is alſo not unfrequent on the ſouth coaſt of
Devon. A variety of this ſhell is probably the V. Rhom-
boides of the Britiſh Zoology.
20.
Pectunculus truncatus. Da Coſta p. 195 ?
SULCATAR
V. with a ſtrong, thick, ſub orbicular, ſub-angulated,
flattiſh ſhell, with concentric ridges; the furrows or ſulci
broader than the elevated parts, and both become nearly
obſolete at the ſides and towards the beak, where it is only
wrinkled: the colour is white, but when alive is covered
with a very thick, dulky-brown epidermis, ſo very opaque
that the colour of the ſhell is not to be ſeen: umbo very
prominent and large, turning a little to one ſide ; beneath
which is a lanceolate, cordiform depreſſion; the cartilage
flope is alſo depreſſed, and is much more ftrait than
on the oppoſite ſide; the exterior margin is rounded. The
inſide is white, ſmooth, and glofly at the margin; the mid-
dle dull, yellowiſh, and appears rough when examined
with a glaſs; the edge crenated: hinge remarkably ſtrong;
teeth large and prominent; in one valve three teeth, the
middle one much larger than the others, with a deep ca-
vity on each ſide, into which the two teeth of the other
valve lock: it has no cicatrix, but on each ſide is a lunated
depreſſion, marked with four or five ſemi-circular ridges,
to which the ligaments of the animal are fixed for the
pur-
poſe of cloſing the ſhell. Length ſeven-eighths of an
inch; breadth nearly the ſame.
S 2
We

132
We received this ſpecies from Mr. Sowerby, who in-
formed us it was Engliſh ; and we obſerved the ſame ſhell
in the cabinet of Britiſh teſtacea belonging to Mr. SwAIN-
SON, who ſaid he received it from the Dutcheſs of Porto
land as ſuch, and that it has been fince found in the north
of Scotland, where it is known by the trivial name of the
brown circular-furrowed northern cockle.
It was marked in Doctor PULTENEY's cabinet Venus
Sulcata, but he did not know it had ever been found in
this country, nor did he believe it had ever been deſcribed,
and therefore named it himſelf.
We have ſuſpected this may be the Pelunculus trun-
catus of DA COSTA, though certainly not the Tellina Cor-
nubienfis of PENNANT, which he erroneouſly quotes. We
fhall here ſubjoin the deſcription given by Da Costa in
order that our conchological readers may judge for
themſelves.
“A ſmall ſpecies, very thick and ſtrong, of a ſomewhat
triangular ſhape; the valves pretty concave; the fides
very diffimilar, one being rounded, the other near per-
pendicular, flattiſh, or truncated.”
“Outſide whitiſh, except towards the upper part, or
round the beak, which is of a light purple colour."
* It is wrought with concentric, tranſverſe, broad, and
very thick ridges, cloſe-ſet, with large intermediate fur-
rows

133
rows. On the turn or edge of the truncated fide the
ridges generally divide or fork, and on the truncated fide
they tend obliquely upwards from thoſe of the body: this
truncated part is rather in a ſlope than quite perpendicu-
lar. The beaks are ſtrong, pointed, and turn fideways,
The margins are plain."
“Inſide white, fmooth, and glofly. The margins deli.
cately notched."
(And adds) "I received this ſpecies from the coaſt of
Cornwall."
GEN,

134
GEN. XII.
CHAMA.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL; bivalve, ſtrong.
Hinge rugged, gibbous; teeth obliquely inſerted into
the oppoſite valve.
1
Cor.
Chama Cor: Lin. Syft. p. 1137.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3299. 1.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 48. f. 483.
Liſter Conch. t. 275. f. 111.-- Favan. t. 53. G.
Gualt. t. 71. f. E.-Turt. Lin. iv. p. 244.
C. with a ſub-globoſe, cordated, thick, ſtrong ſhell;
ſmooth, or ſlightly wrinkled tranſverſely, covered with
a yellowiſh-brown epidermis: umbo large, prominent,
much contorted or incurvated, and turned to one ſide,
not touching when the valves are cloſed: hinge ſtrong;
teeth flattiſh. Infide ſmooth, white; margin plain.
This ſhell received its name from its repreſenting a
heart when viewed fideways.
It

135
It is a curious fpecies, and not noticed by any concho-
logical writer as a Britiſh ſhell.
In the cabinet of Mr. SWAINSON are two, which were
taken in the Britiſh ſeas; one nearly three inches in di-
ameter from the coaſt of Scotland ; the other, not above
an inch and a half in diameter, was dredged up off the
North Foreland by himſelf; and though deſtitute of the
animal, was perfect, very recent, and in good preſervation,
It is found about the Hebrides,
GEN.

136
@
a
GEN. XIII.
ARCA.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL; bivalve, equivalve.
Hinge; with many teeth, alternately locking between
each other.
1.
PILOSA.
Arca pilofa. Lin. Syft. p. 1143. 182.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3314. 36.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 35.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 256.-Gualt. t. 73. A.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 57. f. 565.566.
Liſter Conch. t. 247. f. 82.
Arca Glycymeris. Br. Zool. t. 58. f. 58.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 37.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 1.2. (Wood.)
Glycymeris orbicularis. Da Costa p. 168. t. 11. f. 2. 2.
A. with a ſtrong, orbicular ſhell, covered with a dark
brown, pilous epidermis, particularly about the margin;
beneath this the older ſhells are ſometimes of a ruſty brown
colour,

137
colour, others almoſt white, with zigzag, angular ſtripes of
cheſnut, or orange-yellow; in younger ſhells the mark-
ings are frequently of a carnation colour. It is faintly
ftriated longitudinally, with tranſverſe, antiquated wrinkles
or ridges: umbo large, central, and not turned to either
fide. Inſide white, with ſometimes a little purpliſh-brown
at one end; margin ſtrongly crenated. Diameter two
inches and a half, or more.
This ſpecies and the Arca glycymeris have been greatly
confounded, and indeed it is not an eaſy matter to aſcer-
tain them by the ſynonyms of GMELIN.
Lister has given a very good figure of this ſhell, and
marks it as Engliſh, as well as from Guernſey; this how-
ever is quoted by Gmelin for his Glycymeris. We have
had ſome doubt whether theſe two ſhells are actually dif-
tinct, and whether the variation may not be occaſioned
by climate. Doctor PULTENEY expreſsly fays, they are
totally different; we have therefore followed that able
conchologiſt, in giving it as the pilofa of LINNÆUS.
This ſhell is in great abundance on the ſhore near Pen-
dennis Caſtle in Cornwall, of a large ſize, but all worn
and mutilated, as if driven from a conſiderable diſtance.
We have obtained it by dredging, on the ſouth coaſt of
Devon, but rarely alive, except ſmall ſpecimens: is alſo
taken on the Dorſet coaſt by dredging, at Weymouth and
at Swanage; and we have received it from Kent.
T
Arca

138
2.
LACTEA.
Arca lactea. Lin. Syſt. p. 1141. Gmel. Syft. p. 3309. 15.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 55. f. 547.
Lifter Conch. t 235.f.69.- Petiv. Gaz. t.73.1.
Da Coſta p. 171. t. 11. f.5.5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 252.
Arca barbata. Br. Zool. No. 60. t. 58, f. 59. reference mil-
placed to A. Nucleus.
Arca crinita. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 34.
A. with a rhomboidal, yellowiſh-white ſhell, covered with
a brown pilous epidermis, under which it is furniſhed with
numerous fine, cloſe-fet, regular ftriæ longitudinally, or
from the umbo to the margin, with a few concentric wrin-
kles or ridges: the interſtices between the ſtriæ are pret-
tily punctured, giving the ſhell a reticulated appearance
when examined by a lens: umbo not quite central; hinge
furniſhed with numerous teeth. Inſide white; margin
plain.
This ſpecies is ſubject to great variety in ſhape, fome
are rounded at both ends, others angulated, or cut off
at one end; and the ſtriæ, which are faint in fome, are
very ſtrong in others, both tranſverſe and longitudinal;
croſſing in a decuſſated manner; the tranſverſe ſtriæ, how-
ever, are always leaft diſtinct.
Doctor PULTENEY has conſidered this ſhell as diftinct
from the A. lactea of LINNÆUS, obſerving that, that is
much larger, and is ſtrongly ftriated in a reticulated
manner. Engliſh ſpecimens, however, are ſometimes re-
ticulated

139
ticulated very conſpicuouſly; and, if we make allowance
for the various effects of climate, it may be conjectured
this is only a variety in a depauperated ſtate.
This ſhell is found in great abundance on ſome parts of
the ſouth coaſt of Devon; and not unfrequent on that of
Cornwall, particularly about Falmouth; but live ſhells, or
double valves with the epidermis on, are rare. It ſeldom
exceeds half an inch in length; and three-quarters in
breadth.
3.
No.
TAB. 4. f. 3. 3.
Arca Noae. Lin. Syft. p. 1140. 169.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3306. 2.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 53. f. 531.a.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 250.-Gualt. t. 87. H.
Muſculus Matthioli. Liſter Conch. t. 368.. f. 208.
Arca tortuoſa. Br. Zool. No. 57. figure omitted.
Børlaſe Corn. t. 28. f. 15. 16.
A. with a rhomboidal ſhell, the ſmaller end of each
valve turning inwards to meet each other, forming a ſharp
angle, giving that end a ſub-cordated appearance: the
umbo is placed neareſt to one fide: the apex prominent,
and greatly ſeparated by a deep ſulcus, which is ſmooth
and gloffy: the frie that run from hinge to margin are
regular and trong; theſe are croſſed with fine, tranſverſe
ftriæ, that make the ſhell elegantly reticulated: fome are
marked with concentric, antiquated ridges: colour 1u-
fous-brown, lighteſt at the larger end. Inſide whitiſh or
tinged
T2

140
tinged with brown: hinge ftrait, furniſhed with numer.
ous teeth.
We have found this fingular ſpecies at Milton ſands, on
the ſouth coaſt of Devon, but it is extremely rare. BOR-
LASE firſt obſerved this to be an Engliſh ſhell, having
found it at the lands-end in Cornwall, but ſpeaks of it as
Thoſe we found do not much exceed half an inch
in breadth, which is about the ſize of the figure given
by BORLASE.
rare.
Foreign ſpecimens are much larger.
4.
MINUTA.
Arca minuta. Gmel. Syft. p.3309. 14.- Lin. Trans.iii.p. 64?
Chem. Conch. x. t. 170. f. 1657. 1658.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 252.
Arca Modiolus. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 81.
Adams Micros. t. 14. f. 43.
Arca caudata. Don. Br. Shells iii. t. 78.
A. with an oblong ſhell, the anterior fide running into
an angulated beak, cut off at the point; finely ftriated
tranſverſely, interrupted by three or four ſtrong concen-
tric ridges: colour white, or yellowih: umbo very ſmall,
turning a little towards the angulated fide; beneath which
is a ſmooth depreſſion reaching to the end ; this part is in-
dented, which gives the produced fide a reflexed appear-
ance. Inſide ſmooth, glofly; colour the ſame as the out-
fide; teeth numerous, angulated, the angular fides placed
towards

141
towards the umbo: immediately under the apex is a ca-
vity, and a ſpace deſtitute of teeth, dividing them into
two feries: margin plain. Length three-eighths of an
inch, breadth ſcarce half an inch.
This curious and rare ſpecies we received from Mr.
Boys of Sandwich, for the ſhell figured by Walker as
above quoted, at which place it is not uncommon. Mr.
WALKER conſidered this fhell as the A. Modiolus of
LINNÆUS. CHEMNITZ has given a tolerably good figure
of this ſpecies, which GMELIN quotes as his A. minuta.
Mr. Adams has given an Arca minuta in the Linnean
Tranſactions, but from his ſhort deſcription, we cannot
be confident it is the ſame. He ſays, "Tefta fubrotunda:
friis concentricis, margine integro. Color albus."
5.
Arca Nucleus Lin. Syſt. p. 1143.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3314.38. Nucleus.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 58. f. 574. a. b.
Br. Zool. No. 59. figure erroneous.
Don. Br. Shells ii. t.63.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.257.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 35.–Gualt. 88. R.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 13. f. 3. 6. (Wood.)
Petiv. Gaz. t. 17. f. 9.
Glycymeris argentea. Da Coſta p. 170. t. 15. f. 6. dextra.
A. with a ſub-triangular, white ſhell, concentrically
wrinkled, and croſſed with numerous, minute, obſolete
Ariæ from hinge to margin; covered with a gloiſy, oliva-
ceous

112
ceous epidermis: umbo placed a little to one ſide, beneath
which is a cordiform depreſſion. Inſide gloſſy, filvery
white; hinge angular, beſet with numerous, fine, regular
teeth in a pectinated form: margin finely crenulated.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth ſomewhat
more.
This ſpecies is common on moſt of our ſandy ſhores.
Mr. PENNANT has by miſtake referred to his Arca bar.
bata for the figure of this ſhell.
GEN.

143
GEN. XIV.
PECTEN.
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL, bivalve, inequevalve, moſt times ribbed or
ftriated longitudinally.
Hinge, toothleſs, with a ſmall ſub-triangular cavity;
aurated.
1.
Oſtrea maxima. Lin. Syft. p. 1144.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3315.1. MAXIMUS,
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 35.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 60. f.585.
Liſter Conch. t. 163. f. 1.- 1b. Ang. t.5.f.29.
Don. Br. Shells ii.t.49.-- Turt. Lin. iv.p.258.
Gualt. t. 98. A. B.-t. 99. A.
Pecten maximus. Br. Zool. No. 61.
Pecten vulgaris. Da Coſta. p. 140. t. 9. f. 3. 3.
P. with fourteen or fifteen rounded ribs, longitudinally
grooved, and wrought with very fine, tranſverſe ftriæ:
upper valve flat, with a depreſſion at the umbo; colour
rufous; lower valve very convex, white, tinged with
yellow;

144
yellow; auricles ftriated, equal, rectangular. Inſide white,
with rufous-brown round the margin. Length five inches;
breadth fix. It is ſometimes found variegated with pink
and brown.
This ſhell is not uncommon on ſome parts of our coaſt,
and is frequently ſold for the uſe of the table, being much
eſteemed. Is plentiful in Salcomb bay, in Devonſhire, and
in the ſea between Portland and Purbeck in Dorſetſhire.
We are informed by old and experienced dredgers, that
the greateſt quantity are taken after a fall of ſnow.
2.
JACOBÆUS.
Oftrea Jacobæa. Lin. Syſt. p. 1144.—Gmel. Syſt. p. 3316.2.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 258.
Gualt. t. 99. B.- Favan. t. 54. L. 1.
Pecten Jacobi. Chem. Conch. vii. t. 60. f.588.589.
Liſter Conch. t.165. f.2.-t. 166. f. 3.
Pecten Jacobæus. Br. Zool. t. 60. f. 62.
Da Coſta. p. 143. No. 2.
P. with ſeventeen or eighteen, very convex, ribs; up-
per valve flat, rufous; the ribs rounded, finely ftriated
tranſverſely; with a ſmooth, whitiſh depreſſion at the
umbo: lower valve pure white; ribs angulated, or brought
to a flat ſurface, ſtrongly furrowed longitudinally, and
marked with fine tranſverſe ftriæ: auricles equal, rectan-
gular, ſtriated. Infide white, a little tinged with rufous
at

145
at the margin. Length four inches; breadth five; rarely
found ſo large in the Britiſh ſeas.
This ſpecies very much reſembles the P. maximus, but
the ſides riſe higher towards the hinge; and it is at once
diſtinguiſhed by the under valve being pure white; and
by the flat, angulated ribs.
It is a rare fhell, but has ſometimes been dredged up on
our coaſt, particularly in Dorſetſhire, at Poole and at
Weymouth; as we are aſſured by Doctor PULTENEY.
Da Costa informs us he received it from the ſame
coaſt, as well as from Cornwall, and Scarborough in
Yorkſhire.
3.
Oltrea opercularis. Lin. Syft. p.1146.-Gmel. Syft. p.3325.51. OPERCULARIS.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 266.
Liſter Conch. t. 190. f. 27.28.-Id. Ang. t.5.
f. 30.
Pecten opercularis. Chem. Conch. vii. t. 67. f. 646.
Favan. t. 54. L.2. 4.
Offrea fubrufus. Don. Br. Shells i, t. 12.
Pecten fubrufus. Br. Zool. t. 60. f. 63.
Pecten pitus. Da Coſta p. 144. t. 9. f. 1. 2. 4. 5.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 7. 8. (Wood.)
P. with a ſub-orbicular ſhell, with about twenty rounded
ribs, finely ftriated tranſverfely: colour various, moſt fre-
V
quently

146
quently white, beautifully variegated with red or purple;
fometimes of one colour; white, yellow, brown, or pur-
pliſh: the under valve moſt highly coloured; the upper
valve is not ſo convex as the other : auricles nearly fimi-
lar, ftriated. Inſide white, in ſome parts a little tinged
with brown. Diameter about two inches and a half.
This fpecies is common on many parts of our coaſt :
in Devonſhire and Cornwall is frequently taken for culi-
nary purpoſes; known by the name of Frills or Queens.
4.
VARIUS.
Oftrea varia. Lin. Syft. p. 1146.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3324. 48.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 265.
Don. Br. Shellsi.t.1.f.1.-- Favan.t.54.B.3.4.5.
Liſter Conch. t. 178. f. 17. 18.
Gualt. t. 73. G.--t. 74. R.
Pecten varius. Chem. Conch. vii. t. 66. f. 633.634.
Br. Zool. t. 61. f. 64.
Pecten Monotis. Da Coſta. p. 151. t. 10. f. 1. 2. 4. 5. 7. 9.
P. with about twenty eight echinated ribs; colour va-
rious, ſometimes like tortoiſe-ſhell, clouded dark choco-
late-brown and yellow; others plain rufous-brown, or
yellowiſh : upper valve leſs convex than the other; auri-
cles very unequal, the longeſt ear on the ſuperior valve is
much wrinkled, the other ſtriated lengthways: the whole
ſhell is rough with concave ſpines, but leaſt fo towards the
2.mbo : ſometimes inſtead of ſpines it is imbricated on the
ribs,

147
rips, and only a little echinated about the fides. Immedi-
ately beneath the long ear of the ſuperior valve, (which is
not ſo broad as the correſponding one of the other valve)
are a few teeth-like laminæ ; at this part the ſhell is inca-
pable of cloſing. Inſide partakes of the colour of the
exterior, but lighter. Length two inches and a quarter;
breadth two inches.
This is a common fpecies, frequently dredged up with
oyſters on various parts of the coaſt.
5.
Pecten lineatus. Da Coſta. p. 147. t. 10. f. 8.
LINEATUS.
Oftrea lineata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 116.
P. with a ſub-orbicular ſhell, with eighteen narrow ribs ;
colour white, except the ridge of each rib, which is red
on the upper valve: the lower valve is quite white; the
interfices finely ftriated tranſverſely; auricles nearly
alike. Inſide white. In ſhape this elegant ſpecies very
much reſembles the P. opercularis, one valve being a lit-
tle more convex than the other; but the ſides of this do
not riſe quite ſo high towards the ears, and the ribs are
much finer; which, with the invariable red line upon the
ridge of each, without any other markings, at once dil-
tinguiſhes it.
و
Doctor PULTENEY firſt noticed this ſhell on the Dore
Setſhire coaſt, and ſent it to DA COSTA, who deſcribed it in
his work. In the Muſeum Portlandicum was called by
Doctor SOLANDER, Peeten carinatus.
V 2
We

148
We have found it in Cornwall and Devonſhire, but is
rather a ſcarce ſhell. Length rarely exceeds an inch and
a half; breadth not quite ſo much.
6.
DISTORTUS.
Pecten diftortus. Da Cofta p. 148. t. 10. f. 3. 6.
Pecten Pufio. Br. Zool. No. 65,
Liſter Conch. t. 172. f. 9.-t. 189. f.23.
Id. Angl. p. 186. t. 5.f. 31.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 67. f. 635. 636.
Oftrea Pufio. Lin. Syft. p. 1146 ?
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3324. 49.?
Don.Br. Shells.i.t.34.–Turt. Lin. iv.p.266.
Oftrea diſtorta. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
P. with a very diſtorted ſhell, with numerous, rib-like
ftriæ, ſome of which are larger than others: the upper
valve is, in general, much more flat than the inferior, but
it is of ſo diſtorted a growth, that no two are found alike.
The under valve, by which it adheres to rocks and old
fhells, partakes of all the inequalities of the part to which
it is affixed; and ſcarce any ribs or ſtriæ are to be found
on that valve, except towards the umbo. The ſuperior
valve partakes of theſe irregularities more or leſs, though
it is always ſtriated, but frequently interrupted by fwel-
lings and depreſſions; and the ftriæ become undulated
In the more perfect ſhells the auricles are large, ſometimes
nearly equal; in others ſcarce any ears are obſerved: co
lour moſt commonly rufous-brown, or red and white mot-
tled. It rarely exceeds two inches in length; and one
inch and a half in breadth.
CO-
This

149
This fingular ſpecies is not uncommon in the weſt of
England, from Dorſetſhire to Cornwall, but the lower
valves are ſeldom thrown upon the ſhores: theſe adhere fo
ſtrongly to rocks, as not to be eaſily ſeparated; and lie
generally in deep water: perfect ſhells, however, are ſome-
times obtained by dredging, affixed to the inſide of old
oyſter ſhells.
We have ſeen it perforated into thoſe maſly ſtones uſed
for fixing the mooring chains to, in Plymouth harbour; or
at leaſt fo encloſed, that it became neceſſary to break off
part of the ſtone to get them out.
7.
OBSOLETUS.
Pecten obfoletus. Br. Zool. t. 61. f. 66.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 1. f.2.
Pecten parvus. Da. Coſta. p. 153. No. 7.
Oſtrea obfoleta. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 266.
P. with numerous, fine, longitudinal ftriæ, eight or ten
more prominent than the others, at irregular diſtances;
the valves are equal, and rather flat: the auricles are un-
equal; one very large, ſtriated, the other extremely fmall:
colour dark purple. Inſide ſmooth, browniſh.
This ſpecies, which was firſt given by Mr. PENNANT,
appears to be very rare. Da Costa received his from
the coaſt of Cornwall.
Pecten

150
8.
GL ABER,
Pečen glaber. Br. Zool. No. 68.
P. with a very thin ſhell; fifteen faint rays; equal ears.
The inner fide of the ſhells marked with rays, divided
by a ſingle ſulcus.
Angleſea. A ſcarce ſpecies. Small.
We have been obliged to copy Mr. PENNANT's deſcrip-
tion of this ſhell, not having been fortunate enough ever
to meet with it. The deſcription does not ſufficiently cor-
reſpond with the Oſtrea glabra of LINNÆUS, to induce us
to think it is the ſame ſpecies.
9.
LVIS.
TAB. 4. f. 4.
Pečten lævis. Br. Zool. No. 67
Oſtrea lævis. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 266.
P. with a flat, ſub-orbicular, thin, pellucid ſhell, per-
fe&tly ſmooth, except a few faint concentric ridges: valves
nearly equal; auricles ſtrongly ftriated lengthways, croſſed
with very fine ftriæ; one ear much longer than the other :
colour yellowiſh-white. Inſide glofly white. Length five-
eighths of an inch; breadth not quite ſo much.
Mr. PENNANT ſeems to be the only author who has
given this ſpecies : found in Angleſea. We have found it
at Falmouth, rarely: our fineft fpecimen was dredged up
alive, from Salcomb bay in Devonſhire; this is of a pale,
dall, orange-yellow.
GEN.

151
GEN. XV.
OSTREA:
Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL, bivalve, inequivalve, rugged or plated; no
auricles.
Hinge toothleſs, with a tranſverſe, ſtriated cavity.
1.
Oitrea edulis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1148.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3334. 105. EDULIS
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 74. f. 682.
Gualt. t. 102. A. B.Br. Zool. No. 69.
Liſier Conch. t. 193. f. 30.-t. 194. f. 31.
Id. Angl. t. 4 f. 26.- Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 274.-- Favan. t. 80. C.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 9. 10. (Wood.)
Oftreum vulgare Da Coſta. p. 154. t. 11. f. 6.
0. with a fub-orbicular, rugged fhell, with plates or
folds lying over each other: generally of a brown colour.
This ſpecies, fo well known, requires little deſcription :
it varies greatly in ſhape and fize, according to the fitua-
tion

152
tion in which it is found: fome have very ſtrong, thick,
ponderous ſhells; others are thin, with membranaceous
plates or laminæ, obſcurely and irregularly ftriated.
A pretty variety is found in Salcomb bay in Devonſhire,
with a very thin ſhell, with large membranaceous plates,
wrinkled into irregular, interrupted ribs: the upper valve
flat, or rather concave on the top, with a corneous mar-
gin, half an inch broad, extremely thin and brittle: the
lower valve convex, clouded with pale purple, particu-
larly round the margin. Theſe are called Rock oyſters,
and vary ſo much from others, taken from a different part
of the ſame bay, that they appear like a diſtinct ſpecies ;
and are very unlike thoſe which are cultivated for the
London markets; they are generally of an orbicular ſhape;
with the umbo pointed, and central. Diameter about three
inches and a half.
It is the nature of oyſters in general to have the lower
valve fixed to rocks, or looſe ftones, and frequently to
each other, but this is not the caſe with the variety juſt
deſcribed, in conſequence their ſhape is more regular,
The appellation of Rock oyſter ſeems to be given it by
the fiſhermen, becauſe they are taken on rockey ground.
For an account of the taking, breeding, and manage-
ment of oyſters, in order to ſupply the tables of the luxu-
rious, we refer our readers to the Britiſh Zoology; Dale's
Hiſory of Harwich; and Da Costa's Britiſh Conchology;
which

153
which is extracted from Biſhop SPRAT's Hiſtory of the
Royal Society, p. 307.
2.
Oſtrea ftriata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 36.
STRIATA
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 45.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 275.
Oſtreum ftriatum. Da Coſta. p. 162. t. 11. f. 4. 4.
Liſter Conch. t. 202. 203. f. 36. 37.
Ib. Angl. t. 4 f. 27.
O. with a ſub-orbicular ſhell, marked with fine, irre-
gular, undulated, longitudinal, rib-like ftriæ; umbo very
ſmall, placed near the top, a little ſurrounded by the mar-
gin: fuperior valve leſs convex than the inferior: colour
white. Inſide ſmooth, gloffy white, with a pearlaceous
hue; the hinge is a ſmall cavity under the beak; a little
below which is an opaque, chalky white ſpot, of an oval
ſhape. Diameter rarely exceeds one inch and a half.
This ſpecies is fubject to great variety in ſhape like the
common oyſter, and is frequently diſtorted and finuous;
but is never plated or laminated like that ſhell. Small
fpecimens are often ſtrongly ribbed with ſmaller interme-
diate ftriæ, and the margin angulated by the ribs; colour
mottled, faint rufous-brown and white.
This ſhell, which was firſt noticed by Doctor LISTER, is
not unfrequently found on ſome parts of our coaſt; but
moſtly fingle valves, and by far the greateſt part that of the
under or concave: theſe having loſt the ſtriæ by being much
worn, are ſometimes confounded for the Anomia Ephippium.
GEN

154
&ଛଉତର
GEN. XVI.
ANOMIA.
Animal not reducible to any hitherto found in
a molluſcous ſtate.
It appears to be different in ſome ſpecies of Anomia, as
may be ſeen by comparing that of the Cepa figured by
MURRAY in his Fundamenta Teſtaceologiæ, t. 2. f. 23.
and the tridentata, ſo called by FORSKAL, in his Icones
Animalium, t. 6. 40.
The animal of the A. patelliformis ſeems to be different
from either of theſe, by the deſcription LINNÆUS has
given of it.
SHELL, bivalve, inequivalve; one valve uſually flat,
the other convex: in ſeveral ſpecies the flat valve is per-
forated near the hinge, through which the animal is im-
moveably fixed by a teſtaceous plug to ſome other body.
Hinge toothleſs: a tranſverſe, linear prominence on the
flat valve, connected under the beak of the oppoſite valve
by a ftrong cartilage.
Anomia

155
1.
Anomia Ephippium. Lin. Syſt. p. 1150.-Gmel. Syſt.p.3340.3. EPHIPPIUM,
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 76. f. 692.693.
Liſter Conch. t. 204. f. 38.
Br. Zool. t. 62.-Gualt. t. 97. B.
Don. Br. Shells i. t. 26.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 11. 12. (Wood)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 280.-Favan. t.41. B.
Anomia Tunica Cepæ Da Coſta p. 165. t. 11. f. 3.
Anomia Cepa.
. Lin. Syſt. p.1151?-Gmel. Syft. p. 3341?
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 76. f. 694. 695.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 37.-Id. roſea
A. with a ſub-orbicular, irregularly wrinkled, waved,
and finuous ſhell: one valve convex, the other flat, and
perforated at the hinge, by which it adheres to other
bodies, particularly oyſters; taking the impreſſion of
whatever it is affixed to. We have ſeen very elegant, pellu-
cid, compreſſed ſpecimens, taken from the Petten maximus,
of a large ſize, with all the impreſſions of the ribs; fome-
times longitudinal, in others tranſverſe; and which is
communicated to the upper valve. Infide pearlaceous,
gloffed with green, purple, violet, or yellow; with all the
intermediate ſhades.
The Anomia Cepa of LINNÆUS is probably only a
variety of this ſhell
, ſtrongly coloured in the inſide.
It is very common on moſt of our ſhores, but rarely
perfect, unleſs dredged up alive. Diameter ſometimes
three inches and a half; moſt frequently not above two
inches.
The
X 2

156
The teſtaceous plug by which the animal fixes itſelf to
other ſubſtances, is firmly attached by ſtrong ligaments
to the body; and ſo cloſely cemented, or united to what-
ever it is affixed, that they become inſeparable; and of
courſe when the ſhell is forced from its native place, the
plug is left behind upon the ſtone or ſhell to which it
adhered.
2.
SQUAMULA.
Anomia Squamula. Lin. Sy/t. p.1151.-Gmel. Syſt. p.3341.6.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 77. f. 696.
Br. Zool. No.71.-Walk. Min. Shells f.so.
Da Coſta. p. 167.
Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 42.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 37.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 281.
A. with a ſub-orbicular fhell, not unlike the laſt, but
conſiderably more thin and membraneous; in general
much compreſſed; the perforated valve quite flat, the
other ſometimes a little convex: colour dirty white when
alive. Inſide white, or tinged with green. This, like the
preceding ſpecies, takes the impreſſion of whatever it ad-
heres to; and very pretty ſpecimens are obtained from
ſome of the Pectens.
Frequent on oyſters, lobſters, crabs, and other marine
bodies. Is diſtinguiſhed from the young of the A. Ephip-
pium by being ſmooth, and by the ſmall pointed beak or
umbo; is alſo much more flat. Diameter rarely exceed-
ing half an inch.
Anomia

157
S.
Anoinia aculeata. Gmel. Syft. p. 3346. 30.
ACULEATA,
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 77. f. 702,
TAB. 4. f. 5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 285.
Gualt. t. 97. B. lower figure.
A. with a thin, compreſſed, muricated ſhell, with inter-
rupted, longitudinal ftriæ, furniſhed with ſmall, concave,
obtuſe ſpines: beak ſmall, turning a little downwards:
under valve flat, generally plain, but ſometimes a little
echinated towards the margin; perforated near the hinge.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch ; moſt frequently not fo
large on our coafts.
We have found this ſpecies in Devonſhire and Cornwall,
adhering to the roots of algæ: moſt commonly of a dirty
white or browniſh colour.
Anomia undulata. Gmel. Syft. p. 3346. 34.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 286.
Anomia undulatim ftriata. Chem. Conch. t. 77. f. 699.
4.
UNDULATA.
TAB. 4. f.6.
A. with an extremely delicate, thin, pellucid, flat fhell,
of a ſub-orbicular ſhape, with numerous undulated rib-
like ftriæ, radiating from the umbo: beak fmall, pointed,
placed a little within the margin; lower valve almoſt
membranaceous, plain; perforation near the hinge, large
oval. Inſide pearlaceous. Diameter about an inch.
This ſpecies, like others of the genus, is ſubjeet to vary
in ſhape, depending intirely on the body to which it is af-
fixed

158
fixed. It is ſometimes found on the ſouth coaſt of Devon;
the fineſt ſpecimens we have taken by dredging in Sale
comb bay, adhering to the inſide of old bivalve ſhells,
eſpecially the Cardium levigatum.
Theſe have the under valve convex, and the
upper
valve flat, or ſomewhat concave; but when the ſurface is
flat to which they adhere, the lower one conforms to it,
and the upper one becomes a little convex.
A variety is marked with rufous-brown between the
ribs, towards the margin.
This ſhell differs from the aculeata in being larger, more
pellucid, and in the ribs or ſtriæ being more diſtant, un-
dulated, and never furniſhed with ſpines.
GEN.

159
GEN. XVII.
MYTILUS.
Animal allied to an ASCIDIA.
SHELL, bivalve; in ſome ſpecies affixed by a thick
filky byſſus.
Hinge without teeth, marked by a longitudinal furrow:
in ſome ſpecies crenulated.
1.
Mytilus edulis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1157.
EDULIS.
Gmel. Syſt. p 3353. 11.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 750.751.
Liſt. Conch. t.362.f.200.-Id. Ang.t.4.f.28
Br. Zool. No. 73.-Turt. Lin. iv. p. 291.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 38.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 13. 14. (Wood.)
Gualt. t. 91. E.
Mytilus vulgaris. Da Coſta. p. 216. t. 15. f. 5.
M. with an oblong ſhell, ſomewhat pointed at the beak;
fides very much floped; anterior fide a little angulated ;
poſterior rather indented: colour blackiſh-blue, covered
with

160
with a brown epidermis; ſometimes radiated with fine
blue. Inſide blue about the margin, whitiſh in the mid-
dle: beneath the beak are ſeveral teeth-like crenulations.
Length three inches ; breadth one and a half.
This is the moſt common of all Britiſh ſhells, found in
vaſt beds fixed by the byſus.
2.
INCURVATUS.
Mytilus incurvatus. Br. Zool. t. 64. f. 74.
Liſter Conch. t. 357. f. 195. 196.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 292.
This ſhell is very like the laſt, but broader in propor-
tion to its length: the poſterior fide much incurvated :
crenulations under the beak the ſame.
Whether this is really a diſtinct ſpecies may be doubted.
It is uſually found fixed into fome crevice of a rock fingly,
and not in beds like the edulis. Many appear diſtorted
about the beak, as if the ſhell was prevented in its growth
by accident; and we think the intermediate gradations,
between this and the preceeding, bring them ſo near to-
gether, as ſcarce to allow a ſpecific diſtinction. It is how-
ever of a very inferior fize, ſeldom exceeding an inch and
a half in length; and one inch broad.
3.
PELLUCIDUS.
Mytilus pellucidus. Br. Zool. t. 63.f.75.-- Turt. Lin. iv.p.292.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 755.
M. with a thin, pellucid fhell, of a whitiſh colour, or
tinged

161
tinged with blue, more or leſs radiated with deep blue or
purple, covered with a yellow epidermis. In ſhape it re-
ſembles the edulis, but not ſo much indented at the poſte-
rior ſide, and is much more ſmooth and gloffy. Inſide gloſſy,
blueiſh-white, rayed with blue like the outſide; crenula-
tions beneath the beak ſmall. Length about two inches;
breadth one inch.
This ſpecies does not appear to be common.
Mr. PENNANT ſays, it is found in Angleſea, ſometimes
in Oyſter beds; ſometimes in trowling over flutchy bottoms.
We have found it ſufficiently plentiful on the ſhore near
Southampton; but rarely elſewhere.
4.
Mytilus barbatus. Lin. Syft. p.1156.-Gmel. Syſt. p.3353.10. BARBATUS.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 749.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 38.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 70.
Gualt. t. 91. H. middle figure.
Mytilus curtus. Br. Zool. t. 64. f. 76. A.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 292.
M. with a thin, ſub pellucid, ſub-ovạte, oblong ſhell,
covered with a ferruginous-yellow epidermis, beſet with
a thick beard about the front margin, and on the anterior
fide, mixed with fand, broken ſhells, and other extrane-
ous matter: the poſterior fide, towards the beak, extends
outwards a little, and riſes above the umbo, which gives it
Y
a

162
a ſub-arcuated appearance. Inſide white; margin under
the beak quite ſmooth. Length rarely exceeds two
inches; breadth one inch.
DA COSTA makes no mention of this ſpecies. Mr. Pen-
NANT ſpeaks of it from Weymouth, from whence we have
been favoured with it by Mr. BRYER. Doctor PuLTENEY
alſo ſtates it to be on the Dorſetſhire coaſt; and expreffes
fome doubt whether it is not the young of the M. Modiolus.
With reſpect to the ſhape of theſe two ſhells, they cer-
tainly are extremely ſimilar, but in colour they are eſſen-
tially different; beſides, the Modiolus is never found beard-
ed, is always of a duſky-black colour, and grows to a
very ſuperior fize. On the other hand, it muſt be admit-
ted that young ſhells ſometimes differ materially in colour;
and that, as we never have ſeen any other which could be
conſidered as the young of that ſhell, doubts muſt be
entertained.
We have found this ſpecies in Cornwall and in Devon-
Shire rarely, and have received it from Sandwich in Kent ;
but it does not appear common any
where,
A variety is faintly radiated.
The rough, or bearded, appearance of this ſhell is oc-
cafioned, in part, by the epidermis being broken and di-
vided into fibres, which in a ſoft, and glutinous ftate, ar-
reſts ſuch extraneous matter as comes in contact,
Mytilus

163
5.
Mytilus Modiolus. Lin. Syſt. p.1158.---Gmel. Syſt. p.3354.14. MODIOLUS,
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 85. f. 757.
Liſter Conch. t. 356. f. 195.--t. 359. f.198.
Br. Zool. t. 66. f. 77.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 293.
Da Coſta p. 219. t. 15. f. 5.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 38.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 23.
M. with an oblong, fub-oval, ſtrong ſhell, covered with
a thick, purpliſh-black epidermis; ſhape like the laft, but
more concentrically wrinkled.
It is a very convex ſhell; the umbo large and promi-
nent: Inſide ſmooth, pearlaceous.
This is a large ſpecies, ſometimes growing to the length
of fix inches, and near three inches in breadth; but more
uſually about four inches long, and two broad.
It is a pelagic ſhell, and rarely taken even by dredging,
except in very deep water; but is ſometimes caught by
the hook in fiſhing for whiting, or other fiſh, near the
ground.
Da Costa ſays it is found at Scarborough, and on the
coaſt of Wales, as well as in the Orknies, and other coaſts
of Scotland; and alſo in Kent and Cornwall.
We have found it rarely in Devonſhire; and according
to Doctor Pulteney's account, has been dredged up at
Y 2
Weymouth.

164
Weymouth. This ſpecies is furniſhed with a large filky
byſſus, not unlike that of the Pinna, but of a coarſer tex-
ture, by which it adheres firmly to the bottom; and when
taken by dredging is uſually torn from the animal. We
have taken the Pea-crab, Cancer Pifum, and two minute
crabs, Cancer minutus, from one of theſe muſcles; the
former of an unuſual fize.
6.
UMBILICATUS.
Mytilus umbilicatus Br. Zool. t. 65. f. 76.
Don. Br. Shells ii. t. 40.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 292.
Mytilus curviroſtratus. Da Coſta. p. 220.
M. with a thick, ſtrong, oblong, ſub-oval ſhell, in ſhape
much like the two preceding; but is at once diftinguished
by a deep depreſſion, or umbilicus, 'under the beak, op-
poſite the hinge, which is ſingularly intorted and wrinkled:
colour dark brown, or blackiſh. Length rarely above
four inches.
Mr. PENNANT, who firſt deſcribed this ſpecies; ſays it
is ſometimes dredged up off Prieſtholme Iſland, and that
it ſometimes grows to the length of five inches. And adds,
that the pea-crab is found in this ſhell of a larger ſize than
uſual. It is a very rare ſhell, and ſeldom found but in the
place before mentioned.
7.
RUGOSUS.
Mytilus rugofus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1156.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3352. 7.
Br. Zool. t. 63. f. 72.--Turt. Lin. iv.p.290.
Mytilus

165
Mytilus rugofus. Da Coſta. p. 223.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 37.
Liſter Conch. t. 426. f. 267.
Id. Angl. t. 4. f. 21.
M. with an oblong, fub-oval ſhell, with rugged, con-
centric wrinkles: colour dirty-white, covered with a yel-
lowiſh epidermis: fide next to the hinge always rounded;
the oppoſite ſometimes truncated: umbo ſmall, obtuſe,
placed near to one end. Inſide white. It rarely exceeds an
inch and a quarter in length; breadth about half its
length: is however very ſubject to vary in ihape; ſome
are very little longer than they are broad, others exceed
the breadth nearly three times, and ſo convex as to be
almoſt cylindric. It moſt uſually gapes at one end, and
ſometimes in the front, oppoſite the hinge.
This ſpecies is found on many of our coaſts, burrowed
in lime-ſtone, in great abundance: is not uncommon on
fome parts of the coaſt of Devon, in company with the
Donax Irus, particularly about Plymouth, and at Torbay.
8.
M. with an oblong, irregular, rugoſe ſhell, wrinkled PRECISUS.
and frequently much diſtorted: commonly fo much the Tae. 4. f. 2.
ſhape of the Solen minutus, as to be eaſily confounded for
a worn ſhell of that ſpecies, having loſt the ſpines; others
reſemble the Mytilus rugoſus. The particular characters
are, that the hinge is cloſe to one end, which fide is quite
ſquare as if cut off; the beak large, prominent, and pro
jccts

166
jects further in one valve than the other; which valve is
rather largeſt, and receives the other within its margin,
particularly at the oppoſite end from the hinge. In ſome
both ends are truncated: colour dirty white, frequently
covered with a brown epidermis. Inſide white, hinge
rough, ſtrong, inflected, forming a deep cavity underneath
the margin. Length, from hinge to the oppoſite margin,
a quarter of an inch, breadth half an inch, but uſually
much leſs; though we have one ſpecimen full three-quar-
ters of an inch wide.
This ſpecies is found on ſome parts of the Corniſh coaſt,
and we have ſeen it burrowed in lime-ftone at Plymouth ;
but is moſt commonly met with at the roots of Algæ,
not unfrequently on many parts of the coaſt of South De-
von, as well as at Ilfracomb in the north of that county :
and we have received it from Wales.
It is readily diſtinguiſhed from the young of the M. ru-
goſus by the larger end being truncated, and not rounded,
and by the valves being unequal.
9.
CRISTA GALLI.
Mytilus Criſta Galli. Lin. Syft. p. 1155.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3350. 1.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 75. f. 683. 684.
Id. t. 73. f. 675—Gualt. t. 104. f. E.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 289.
M. with a rude, rugged, compreſſed ſhell, varying ſo
much in ſhape as not to form any fixed character: colour
opaque

167
opaque, ferruginous, or dull purple. Margin ſcolloped,
or cut into deep, irregular notches, on both valves, cor-
reſponding with each other, ſo as to be inſerted, and
ſhut cloſe. Inſide white, or tinged with ferruginous: be-
neath the hinge, in the ſuperior valve, ſlightly crenulated.
Diameter two inches and a half.
This ſpecies, though as yet not aſcertained to breed in
this climate, has been found alive adhering to the bottom
of fhips; and poſſibly may become naturalized, as well
as the Teredo navalis, which was firſt introduced in the
ſame manner, and now become formidable in ſome of
our harbours.
Is common in India, and in the Red Sea.
10.
Mytilus diſcors. Lin. Syst. p. 1159.--Gmel. Syſt. p. 3356. 21. DISCORS..
Chem, Conch. viii. t. 86. f. 764. 767.
Da. Coſta. p. 221. t. 17. f. 1.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 79.
Adams. Micr. t. 14. f.41.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 38.
Don.Br. Shells.i.t.25.-Turt. Lin.iv.p.294.
M. with a very convex, ſub-cordated, pellucid ſhell ;
the poſterior and anterior fides longitudinally ribbed or
ftriated, broader and ſtronger on the former : the mid-
dle area is plain, or faintly wrinkled tranſverſely: umbo
large, prominent; apex turned much to one ſide, and
placed

108
placed cloſe to the larger end; the anterior ſide is ſome-
what pointed: colour white, mottled with pink, or pale
red; but theſe colours are, in a recent ſtate, obſcured by an
olive-green, gloſſy epidermis. Inſide white, or tinged
with pink; margin crenated on the part which is ribbed.
We have found this ſpecies fparingly on the coaſt of
Cornwall and Devonſhire: adhering very ſtrongly to the
lower part of the ſtalks of Algæ, and frequently ſo enve-
loped by the bark or film of the plant, as to appear
knot or ſwelling; the ſmaller end of the ſhell, however, is
generally uncovered, or it might paſs unnoticed.
like a
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of having found a cluſter of
theſe muſcles, adhering to the Aſcidia Mentula of GMELIN,
at Weymouth, from which DA COSTA took his deſcription.
The Doctor afterwards ſaw them on Oyſters, from Poole
and Swanage.
We have received ſpecimens from Mr Bryer of Wey-
mouth, completely enveloped by the epidermis, or ſkin of
the Aſcidia before mentioned, except a ſmall corrugated
opening: two or three were ſo 'fixed to the ſame animal,
adhering ſtrongly by their byſſus. This circumſtance is
not uncommon on the coaſt of Devonſhire, where we have
ſeen that animal ffudded with M. diſcors.
It differs only in fize, and being of a lighter colour, from
thoſe firſt introduced into England by Captain Cook,
from

169
from the South Seas, which were an inch and a half in
breadth; whereas the Britiſh ſpecimens rarely exceed
half an inch in breadth, and three-eighths of an inch in
length,
This ſhell has frequently been confounded with the fol-
lowing ſpecies, from which it is perfectly diſtinct, as may
be ſeen by the comparative deſcription there given.
11.
M. with a ſub-oval, compreſſed, pellucid, thin, brittle DISCREPANS.
ſhell, covered with an olive-green epidermis: and, like
the preceding ſpecies, is divided into three compartments,
the poſterior and anterior fides ribbed, or ſtriated longitu-
dinally; the middle area ſlightly wrinkled: umbo placed
as the laſt, but very little prominent: both ſides rounded,
the anterior one largeſt. Inſide white, with a faint pearly
glofs. Inferior in fize to the preceding.
The fingular ſtructure of this and the M. diſcors, fo
much reſemble each other, at firſt fight, that the eſſential
ſpecific characters have been overlooked : and we once re-
ceived a ſpecimen of each from a friend, an able concho-
logiſt, for the fame fhell.
The principal diftinétions are, that this is very little
convex, whereas the other is nearly as thick as it is broad;
this is rounded, and broadeſt at the anterior ſide; the other
is ſmalleſt on that fide, and runs out to an obtuſe point:
Z
it

170
it has only eight, or nine, clearly defined ribs, on the ſide
next to the beak; whereas the other has double that num-
ber; which character is invariable: and this is never
otherwiſe than of an uniform colour, without ſpots or
markings of any kind. No author ſeems to have diſtin-
guiſhed this ſpecies, although ſo eſſentially different from
the M. difcors.
We found this ſhell alive on the ſhore between South-
ampton and the mouth of the itchin, in vaft abundance;
and not uncommon at Ilfracomb in Devonſhire, in the
holes or crevices of the rocks, and among various marine
plants, near high-water mark; have alſo received it from
the ſouth coaſt of Wales.
This is always found detached, and never buried in ani-
mal or vegetable ſubſtances, like the diſcors; though it
frequently adheres ſlightly by its byſſus.
12.
CYGNEUS.
Mytilus Cygneus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1158.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3355.
Liſter Conch. t. 156. f. 11.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 86. f. 762.
Br. Zool. t. 67. f. 78.- Da Coſta
P.
214.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 38.--Gualt. t. 7. F.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 55.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 293. .
Muller
p.
208. No. 394.
Schroet Flufſconch. t. 3. f. 1.
M. with

171
M. with a thin, fragile, ſemi-pellucid, oval ſhell, wrin-
kled concentrically, and covered with an olivaceous-green
epidermis: umbo very ſmall, placed near to cne end. In-
fide gloſſy pearlaceous-white. Length rather more than
two inches and a half; breadth near fix inches.
This is the largeſt of the Britiſh freſh-water ſhells. In-
habits dull, deep rivers ; but rarely found ſo large as in
ponds and ftagnant waters.
It bears great affinity to the M. Anatinus, and has, by
fome, been conſidered as the fame: the material diſtinction
is, that this is vaſtly ſuperior in ſize, more convex, broader
in proportion to its length, and does not riſe fo high at
the hinge; though both ſhells are compreſſed at that part.
It muſt however be allowed, that the ſpecific characters
of diſtinction are not ſtrong: and much is to be depended
on the circumſtance, of their being frequently found in
ſeparate places: and that this is not near fo common.
13.
Mytilus Anatinus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1158.-Gmel. Syf. p.3355.16. ANATINUS.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 86. f. 763.
Liſter Conch. t.153.f 8.-Id. Angl. t.2.f.29.
Schroet. Flufſconch. t. 1. f 2.3.
Muller verm. p. 207. No. 393.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 8.9.
Br. Zool. t.68. f.79.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.293.
Da Coſta p. 215. t. 15. f. 2.
Z 2
Mytilus

172
Mytilus Anatinus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 113.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 38.
M. with a thin, ſemi-pellucid, oval ſhell, very like the
M. Cygneus, but uſually of a greener colour, leſs convex,
and the margin at the hinge more prominent, riſing into
a ſort of angulated wing. Length two inches ; breadth
three and a half.
This ſpecies inhabits rivers, and other freſh-waters; is
very plentiful, and frequently found where the M.Lygneus
is not.
13.
AVONENSIS.
Muſculus anguſtior, ſub-fuſcus, paulo craffior. Liſter Conch.
t. 154. f. 9?
M. with a ſub-oval ſhell, of an olivaceous-brown colour,
with concentric wrinkles : ſize of the M. Anatinus, but
broader in proportion to its length, and not ſo produced
at the hinge; the poſterior fide generally more obtuſe,
and rounded; the front margin nearly ftrait, or frequently
ſub-arcuated, particularly towards the ſmaller end.
In theſe particulars it ſeems to differ effentially from
either the M. Cygneus or Anatinus, and is much leſs like
either, than thoſe ſhells are to each other.
This ſhell we found in great abundance in the river
Avon, about Lackham, in Wiltſhire, where it is much more
plentiful than the Anatinus,
Poſſibly

173
Poſſibly it has been confounded with that ſhell, but we
never found it except at the place before mentioned. It
is not in general ſo thin as the preceding ſpecies; in ſhape
correſponds very well with Lister's figure of the ſhell
here quoted, but in general is more ſtrait on the front
margin, cloſe to the poſterior fide, and frequently makes
an angle at that part.
15.
Mytilus ſtriatus umbonibus productis. Walk. Min. Shells. f.75. STRIATUS.
The ſtriated muſcle with lengthened beaks.
The colour pellucid white. From Reculver and Sand-
wich not uncommon. Minute.
We are not quite certain, that this ſpecies deſcribed by
Mr. WALKER has ever come under our inſpection; but have
ſometimes met with a ſhell, not very unlike the figure
given, except that it had not any conſpicuous longitu-
dinal ftriæ, and which we have conſidered as the fry of the
M. Modiolus, or M. curtus.
We ſhall here take the liberty of remarking, that very
great attention is requiſite to diſcriminate ſome of the
minute bivalve ſhells, and ſeparate them from the bivalve
Monoculi.
The great affinity that the coverings, or ſhells, of fome
of this claſs of inſects, bear to the teſtacea tribe, has in all
probability

174
probability cauſed many to have been conſidered as ſmall
fpecies of Mytilus, or the fry of larger; for many ſuch
Monoculi are capable of fhutting their valves intirely, and
inclofing every part of the animal: in which ſtate they al-
ways are when dead, ſo that it is no eaſy matter to diſ-
criminate,
Mr. Walker is not the only one who has fallen into
this error, in his figures 76, 77, and 78, all of which we
have received from Sandwich, and have found them in
other parts.
The firſt is found in freſh-water, and is not much unlike
Monoculus conchaceus, GMELIN Syfl.p.3003, but is longer,
in proportion to its breadth, than the figure given of that
inſect by DONOVAN, Britiſh InfeEts, i. t. 5.
The other two, given by Mr. WALKER, are marine Mo-
noculi; both found on Oyſters, and other rugged ſhells; and
is not uncommon on the coaſt of Devon : eſpecially No.
77, about the byſſus of the Pinna ingens: both theſe ap-
pear to differ only in ſhape, and do not ſeem to have ob-
tained a place amongſt the apterous infects. When ex-
amined under a microſcope, the ſhells are punctured all
over.
To theſe ſuppoſed Mytili of Mr. WALKER, we may
add the Monoculus conchaceus, which has been ſent to us
for ſuch ; and we could enumerate many others, which
inhabit

175
inhabit both ſalt and freſh-water, that might readily be
miſtaken for minute ſhells: one of which is figured in
Tab. 14 No. 8. of this work by miſtake, not having an op-
portunity of examining the animal till after the plate was
engraved.
This, and another ſpecies of Monoculus in every reſpect
like it, but of a longer and more cylindric ſhape, is found
on Oyſters on the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire; and on the
byffus of the Pinna ingens; a general repoſitory for Mo-
noculi and very minute ſhells, eſpecially Nautili and
Vermiculi.
Theſe two ſpecies of Monoculus are extremely ſmooth,
and gloſſy, of a bluſh-colour when alive, or freſh, and
opaque yellowiſh-white when dead; and are diſtinguiſhed
from any other, by the remarkable finus in front, near
the end, through which is a groove or channel ; but this
perforation is only to be diftinguiſhed when the valves are
laid open. Had GMELIN made any mention of this fingular
ſtructure, we ſhould have been inclined to think theſe were
his M. luteus and M. flavidus : * but as we have not at
preſent an opportunity of conſulting the figures of thoſe
inſects given in MyLLER, muſt leave the matter to be de-
cided by entomologiſts; craving pardon for this digreffion.
We cannot however quit the ſubject without remarking,
that the fureft diftin&tion between the ſhells of the bivalve
Monoculi
* The antenna indeed of the one figured in this work was not ſimple, but
compoſed of ſeveral briſtles.

176
Monoculi and the minute bivalve teftacea is, that the lat-
ter always, more or leſs, poſſeſs ſome concentric wrinkles
or annulations of growth, as well as ſome appearance of
umbo or beak: ſuch therefore, which are deftitute of theſe
marks, may with confidence be referred to the former.
If
any
ſuch doubtful objects are put into water, even
after the animal has been long dead and dried; and when
ſoftened, the valves carefully opened with the point of a
fine needle, and afterwards put into a drop of water un-
der a microſcope; the antennæ and legs will ſoon appear,
if a Monoculus.
GEN.

177
GEN. XVIII.
PINNA.
Animal an ASCIDIA?
SHELL, bivalve, fragile, gaping at one end; and fur-
niſhed with a ſilky byſſus or beard.
Hinge, without a tooth ; valves connected on one ſide,
nearly the whole length.
LINNÆUS, on the authority of HASSELQUIST, calls
the animal of the Pinna a Limax, or Slug: in this he has
moſt certainly been miſtaken, as it has not the ſmalleſt af-
finity; but appears more allied to the animal of the
Mytilus.
It ſeems to be intirely deſtitute of locomotion, remain-
ing immovably fixed by its byſſus to other bodies; and ſo
firmly attached, that it cannot be diſengaged at the will
of the animal, as the fibres are agglutinated to the gravel,
ſand, roots of marine plants, broken ſhells, and other ex-
traneous matter, within its reach.
А а
The

178
The Pinna has been long celebrated for giving protec-
tion to a ſmall ſpecies of crab, and which was ſuppoſed to
be of great uſe to the animal, by giving it notice either
of approaching danger or of its prey.
Theſe ſtories, however, as handed down to us from ear-
lier times, are not wholly unfounded, but mixed with too
much fable to be fully credited in theſe more enlightened
days. The ſhell of the Pinna, as well as many others, be-
comes the habitation of ſome ſmall ſpecies of crab, which
ſeems to live in harmony with the animal inhabitant. It is
however remarkable, that in not leſs than fifty of the
Pinna ingens we opened, not a ſingle crab was found; and
yet in the only ſpecimen of Mytilus Modiolus, taken in the
ſame place, no leſs than three crabs were found alive with-
in the ſhell.
The ancients equally celebrated this ſhell for its filky
byſus, from which they made the moſt coſtly veſtments :
even modern travellers aſſure us, gloves and ſtockings are
manufactured from the beard of this animal at Palermo,
Naples, and Taranto.
1.
PECTINATA.
Pinna pectinata. Lin. Syft. p. 1160.-Gmel. Syft. p.3363.2.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 87. f. 770.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 39.-Gualt. 79. C?
Turt. Lin. iv.
P.
301.
Pinna fragilis. Br. Zool. t. 69. f. 80 ?
Pinna muricata. Da Coſta. p. 240. t. 16. f. 3.
Don. Br. Shells. i. tio.
P. with

179
P. with a pellucid, thin, brittle ſhell, of a light horn,
colour, darker towards the beak, where it is faintly varied
with purple and blueiſh-green; it is marked with about
eleven longitudinal ftriæ, or rather ribs, the whole length
from the apex to the oppoſite margin, furniſhed with con-
cave ſpines, encreaſing in ſize at the larger end; about
one third of the ſhell, on the ſide oppoſite the hinge, is
deftitute of ribs; and is finely ftriated obliquely to the ribs,
on which the ſpines are very ſmall, and the concave fides
turn outwards; the hinge ſide is nearly ſtrait, turning a
little towards the beak: the other ſide bends a little in-
ward under the beak, and is ſomewhat convex in the mid-
dle. Breadth three inches at the gaping end, which is
ſomewhat rounded ; length fix inches and a half, taper-
ing to the apex; the hinge fide rather the longeſt. In-
fide ſmooth, with a pearly hue: beneath the apex ſeveral
tranſverſe, cartilaginous laminæ.
A ſhell of the above ſize we received from a friend, who
took it in trawling off the Ediftone near Plymouth: It is
ſometimes taken by the fiſhermen about Torbay and on
the Dorſetſhire coaft; and we have ſeen it from the coaſt
of Suſſex; but moſt times of a ſmall ſize, not exceeding
three or four inches in length.
DA COSTA was certainly miſtaken, in making this the
P. muricata of LINN ÆUS; that has been found in En-
gland rarely, according to the Catalogue of Dorſet ihells
by Doctor PULTENEY, and is perfectly diſtinct.
Аа 2
Pinna

180
2.
INGENS.
Pinna ingens. Br. Zool. No.81.--Liſter Conch. t.372. f. 213?
P. with a very rugged ſhell, with irregular, concentric
wrinkles, running lengthways from the beak at the open
ſide, and turning to the hinge nearly at right angles; ſome.
times breaking into laminæ or plates: from the beak run
a few interrupted ftriæ, which croſſing the wrinkles, ſome-
times form on the broader part of the ſhell, a few diſtant
concave fpines: but theſe muſt be conſidered as varieties,
for in general it is deftitute of any inclination to be echi-
nated. In the ſpined variety it is obſervable, that the
ftriæ, or ribs from which the prickles ariſe, are never
above ſeven or eight, remote from each other; theſe ſpines
however, are only found on very young ſhells. With
age it is fubject to be much diſtorted, and is indented
in various parts, as well as on the margin: but the moſt
perfect, and regular grown ſhells, are nearly ſtrait from the
beak along the hinge, turning a little inwards at the apex :
on the oppoſite fide, under the beak, it is concave or in-
dented; beneath which it ſwells out, and increaſes gradu-
ally to the larger end, and is always longer on that fide
than on the other: the larger end is a little rounded, but,
is more angular next the hinge. Large and old ſhells are
of a dark, and rather opaque horn-colour: ſmaller ones
paler and more diaphanous; all more or leſs of a change-
able green, at the ſmaller end. Inſide ſmooth, gloſſy, and
of a pearly hue; laminated at the beak: valves connected
the whole length
This

181
This ſpecies is not uncommonly twelve inches long;
and ſeven inches broad at the gaping end.
The principal diſtinction between the young and the P.
pettinata conſiſts, in this being more wrinkled, broader in
proportion to its length, ſhorteſt on that fide where the
hinge is placed; and in ſuch poſſeſſed of ſpines, theſe as
well as the ribs, are leſs numerous, and more diftant.
Mr. PENNANT ſeems to be the only one who has made
mention of this ſhell, and that under the denomination of
Pinna ingens. He ſays, "I ſaw fpecimens of ſome vaſt
'Pinnæ, found amongſt the farther Hebrides, in the col-
lection of Doctor WALKER, at Moffat. They were very
“ rugged on the outſide, but I cannot recollect whether
they were of the kind found in the Mediterranean or
“Weſt Indies.
Lister's ſhell, here quoted, is much like this in ſhape;
but that ſeems to be furniſhed all over with ſmall ſpines,
or ſcales, which renders it doubtful.
We diſcovered a bed of theſe ſhells in Salcomb bay, in
Devonſhire; where they are called by the fiſhermen French
Muſcles or Scallops.
They lie on a gravelly bottom covered with mud, and
long ſea-weeds; and are only to be got, at particular times,
when the ſea recedes farther than uſual.
They

182
They ſtand upright, with the large end about an inch
above the ſurface; the lower end fixed by a very large,
ſtrong byſſus, ſo firmly attached to the gravel, that much
force is required to draw them up; and moſt commonly
the byſſus is left behind. This beard is compoſed of nu-
merous, fine, filk-like fibres, of a dark purpliſh-brown,
two or three inches in length. The larger end of the
ſhell is naturally a little open, and cannot be cloſed by art,
but the animal is capable of effecting it: the beaks of the
valves rarely cover each other exactly.
Some of theſe ſhells have been taken annually for many
years, the animal having been accounted very good food;
but they require at leaſt five or fix hours ſtewing, to ren-
der them eatable: if this is properly attended to, they are
nearly as good as Scallops, but never ſo tender.
The bank, on which theſe ſhells are found, probably
increaſes, ſo that the water leaves a greater part bare, at
every ſpring tide, than formerly; and in conſequence they
become an eaſy prey to Crows and Gulls: few are now to
be obtained, but at ſome unuſual low tide.
We have taken them of all fizes, from one inch to one
foot in length, and from their general habit cannot liken
them to any of the Linnæan ſpecies. One of the largeſt,
after the animal was taken out, weighed ſeventeen ounces.
The animal is very diſproportionate to the ſhell, not oc-
cupying one half of it.
That

183
That this ſhell has been found on other parts of the
Britiſh coaſt, of a ſmall fize, is undoubted; for we have
ſeen it in more cabinets than one, confounded with the
P. pectinata : and we are partly inclined to believe the
figure of the P. fragilis in the Britiſh Zoology, was taken
from a ſmall ſhell of this ſpecies; by its ſuperior breadth,
and being deſtitute of ſpines.
3.
Pinna muricata. Lin. Syft. p. 1160.–Gmel. Syft. p.3364. 4. MURICATA.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 87. f. 769.
TAB. 5. f. 3.
Gualt. 79. B?- Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 39.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 301.
P. with a thin, brittle, ſemi-pellucid, fleſh-coloured
fheil, darkeſt at the ſmaller end: with ten or twelve broad
ribs running longitudinally the whole length, and a few
intermediate ſmall ones at the narrow end; beſet ſparingly
with concave prickles towards the larger end, generally
at the extremity: the hinge fide is quite ſtrait; oppoſite
fide a little inflexed, and not ſo long: rounded at the
gaping end.
Doctor PULTENEY, who favoured us with a ſpeci-
men of this ſpecies, from the coaſt of Dorſetſhire, for the
P. muricata of LINNÆUS, fays, it has been dredged up
at Weymouth; and that it is five or fix inches long, by two
or three wide. Our ſpecimen was only four inches long.
Young Shells are nearly ſmooth, and deſtitute of ſpines.
This

184
This ſhell differs from the P. pettinata in colour, and in
the ribs being much larger, ſtraiter, more diſtant, and
covering the whole ſhell. Whether it is really the mu-
ricata may perhaps be doubted, but we have been induced
to follow fo experienced and able a conchologiſt, not-
withſtanding the ſynonyms of GMELIN and CHEMNITZ
do not accord with ours. In the latter author is a very
good figure of our ſhell, differing very little from that we
were favoured with by the Doctor, except in being rather
more fpinous.
DIV.

185
DIV. III.
UNIVALVE SHELLS.
GEN. XIX.
NAUTILUS.
Animal much in obſcurity.
Rumpf. Muf. t. 17. f. B.
SHELL, univalve, compoſed of concamerations, or
eells, communicating with each other by a ſmall aperture,
or tube.
We ſhall in this place remark, that all the fpecies of
this genus, hereafter deſcribed, are minutely ſmall, the
lacuſtris excepted; the extreme beauty, or fingularity of
which, is only to be ſeen under a microſcope.
The animal inhabitant, is at preſent fo little known,
that it has not obtained a place in the Syſtem of Nature,
and in all probability, is very various.
Bb
To

186
To our worthy friend Mr. Boys, of Sandwich, we are
greatly indebted for the knowledge of many of this curi-
ous genus: by whoſe aſſiſtance we have been able to iden-
tify moſt of thoſe given by WALKER, in his Tefacea mi-
nuta rariora.
1.
BECCARII.
Nautilus Beccarii. Lin. Syſt. p. 1162.-Gmel. Syft. p.3370.4.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.—Planch. t. 1. f. 1.
Walk. Min. Shells. f.63.- Favan. t. 69. D.1.
Martini Conch. i. t. 19. f. 178. 179.-t.20.
f. 175. to 177.--Gualt. t. 19. f. H.H.I.
Adams Microſc. p. 640. t. 14. f. 29.
N. with four, or five volutions; with deep fulcated
joints; ten in the firſt ſpire: upper part convex: beneath
flat, and the markings leſs diſtinct : mouth turned down.
wards, not claſping the body whirl: aperture a ſmall per-
foration in a convex front: in this part, however, it ap-
pears to be ſubject to variation; for in ſome we have ex-
amined, the front, or part in which the ſyphon is placed,
has been depreſſed or concave.
The colour is frequently pellucid white, but more com-
monly covered with a brown epidermis; this, however,
depends on the fituation in which they are found; when
the animal is alive, the pellucid fpecimens appear of a
crimſon colour.
Found frequent on the Fucus veſiculofus, and on the
roots of other Algæ, as well as on Oyſters and other ſhells :
and

187
and feems to be a pretty univerſal, littoral ſhell, being
found in numbers at Rimino, and in the ſand of the
South Seas.
2.
BECCARII PER-
Nautilus Beccarii perverſus. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 64.
Favan. t. 7. B. 2.
VERSUS
N. with the ſpires reverſed; in every other reſpect like
the preceding ſpecies, with which it is frequently found,
and is equally plentiful on our coaſts.
FAVANNE evidently means this ſhell, (though he quotes
the Beccarii of LINNEUS,) as he particularly remarks its
volutions turn from right to left.
9.
Nautilus criſpus, Lin. Syſt. p. 1162.-Gmel. Syft. p.3370. 3. CRISPUS.
Turt. Lin. iv. p.306.-Gualt. t.19. f. A. D.
Walk. Min. Shells. f.65.- Planch. t. 1. f. 2.
Martini Conch. t. 20. f. 172. f. 174.
Favan. t. 69. D.2.-Id, t. 7. B. 1.
Adams. Microſc. p. 640. t. 14. f. 30.
N. with lateral ſpires, with about twenty flexuous, cre-
nated joints in the exterior whirl, marked by elevated
ftriæ; outer edge carinated; interior volutions occult:
aperture claſping the body, ſemi-cordate, furniſhed with
a ſmall perforation, cr fyphon.
This
Bb 2

188
This is a moſt elegant ſpecies, when examined under a
microſcope; both ſides are uniform; the aperture equal,
and perfectly lateral.
It is not uncommon, with the two laft, at Sandwich, and
Sheppey iſland: we have found it alſo at Teignmouth and
Salcomb, in Devonſhire, particularly on Oyſters, and with
the two preceding ſpecies, lodged in the byffus of the
Pinna ingens. Are equally abundant on the ſhores of
Weymouth and Swanage, in Dorſetſhire, and on other
parts of that coaft: have received it alſo from the ſouth
coaſt of Wales,
4.
LEVIGATULUS,
Nautilus fpiralis geniculis lævibus. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 67.
Nautilus lævigatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.- Gualt. t. 19.B?
Adams Microſc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 32.
Martini Conch, i. t. 19. f. 168 ?
N. ſpiral, with ſmooth joints; colour ſemi-pellucid,
white, and gloſſy.
To this very conciſe deſcription Mr. Walker adds,
that it is found at Sandwich and Seaſalter, but not
common.
We muſt confeſs this ſhell appears to be in great obſcu-
rity, at leaſt nothing like the figure, or deſcription, has
come under our examination. In a drawing we received
from Mr. Boys, with a reference to this ſhell of WALKER,
and

189
and to a ſpecimen ſent at the ſame time, (which we con-
fider as the N. Calcar,) there was nothing in appearance
like the figure of the N. lævigatulus, which is neither de-
fcribed or figured as carinated.
5.
Nautilus Calcar Lin. Syſt. p. 1162.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3370. 2. Calcar.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.
Tab. 15. f. 4.
Martini Conch. t. 20. f. 180. 181?
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 66 ?
Adams Microſc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 31 ?
N. with a ſmooth, ſpiral ſhell; with fix joints on the
body whirl, marked by as many flexuous elevated ftriæ,
radiating from the centre, but not quite extending to the
margin: back ſtrongly carinated: both ſides equally con-
vex, ſmooth, and rather more elevated in the middle: in-
terior volutions loft after entering the aperture, which is
ſemi-cordate, clafping the body equally on both ſides,
and furniſhed with a ſmall perforation.
It is perhaps very difficult to determine which of the
various ſpecies, given by different authors for the N. Calcar
of LINNÆUS, is the real ſhell: GMELIn quotes two figures
in MARTINI, that appear perfectly diſtinct, vol. i. tab. 19.
fig. 168. 169. the firſt of which is ſmooth on the back; the
other is not only ſtrongly carinated, but furniſhed with
{pines on that part. The ſame figures alſo occur in
GUALTIERI, t. 19. B. C. and are equally referred to by
GMELIN: that we have quoted in Martini for our ſhell,
is indeed with doubt, for in all we have examined, the
Carina

190
Carina was regular, ſmooth, and even; not undulated as
there repreſented, nor is the centre furniſhed with ſuch
elevated knobs.
The figure given by Walker for the N. Calcar, ap-
pears to be our ſhell in a mutilated ſtate; that part of the
body whirl which enters the mouth, having been broken,
gives the aperture a very extended appearance. Such an
appearance accident has thrown in our way, and there-
fore we are inclined to think, that the figure above quoted
in WALKER, was taken from an imperfect ſpecimen of
our ſhell. Much allowance indeed muſt be made, for the
figures of ſuch minute objects, highly magnified under a
microſcope; the eye which examines, and the pencil
which delineates them, will occaſionally vary: indeed, we
perceive ſo conſiderable a difference between the original
drawings of this, and other ſhells of Mr. WALKER, and
the engravings taken from them, that we ſhould ſcarce
have known them to be the ſame; had they not been
marked with the ſame numbers,
6.
DEPRESSULUS.
Nautilus : ſpiralis, utrinque fubumbilicatus, geniculis depreſ-
fis plurimis. Walk. Min, Shells, f. 68.
Nautilus depreſſulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.
Adams Microſc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 33.
N. with a ſpiral, ſub-umbilicated ſhell, with many
de-
preſſed joints"; colour opaque white.
From Reculver: very rare.
Nautilus

191
7.
Nautilus: ſpiralis, umbilicatus, geniculis fulcatis. Walk. UMBILICATULUS
Min. Shells. f. 69.
Nautilus umbilicatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.
Adams Microſc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 34.
N. with a ſpiral, umbilicated ſhell, with furrowed
joints: colour opaque white.
From Sandwich: not common.
8.
Nautilus : craffus, utrinque umbilicatus, geniculis lineatis. CRASSULUS,
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 70.
Nautilus craſſulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.
Adams. Microſc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 55.
Martini. Conch, i. t. 19. f. 171?
N. with a thick, ſpiral, doubly umbilicated ſhell, with
fine joints; colour opaque white.
From Reculver: exceeding rare.
This, and the two preceding ſpecies, never having
come under our examination, we have been obliged to
borrow their deſcription from Mr. WALKER.
9.
Nautilus lacuſtris. Phil Trans. LXXVI. t. 1. (Lightfoot.)
LACUSTRIS.
Helix lineata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 28.
Tab. 6. f. 3.
Helix nitida.
Gmel. Syft. p.3624?- Turt. Lin. iv.p. 511.
Schroet Fluſconch. t. 5. f. 27?
N. with

192
N. with a compreſſed, fub-carinated, ſpiral, ſmooth,
glofſy, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell; fometimes rufous-
brown: the upper fide convex; apex depreſſed, concave,
with three viſible volutions, and a fourth loſt in the de-
preſſion; theſe are bordered on their outer edge with an
opaque, whitiſh line, or band, that runs ſpirally to the
centre at the junction of the whirls: under ſide flat, and
deeply umbilicated: concamerations diſtant; joints or di-
viſions, only three viſible in the exterior volution; theſe
are nearly equidiſtant, and appear like ſo many curved,
white lines, radiating from the Umbilicus, and are the
ſhades of the ſepta, or plates that divide the chambers.
The firſt of theſe diviſions is placed a conſiderable way
within the aperture, the third at about two-thirds the cir-
cumference: between the firſt two diviſions is ſometimes
a ſtrong wrinkle, of a deeper colour than the reſt of the
ſhell: aperture narrow, ſub-cordate, claſping the body
whirl on both ſides nearly equal; but the edge, or margin,
Nopes obliquely to the flat or under fide. Diameter two-
tenths, rarely a quarter, of an inch.
Mr. WALKER was the firſt who noticed this ſhell, but
had overlooked the very fingular ſtructure of its internal
parts; and indeed we might have ſuppoſed he had intend-
ed the Helix fontana, but that he expreſsly ſays, “The
lineated ſnail, with two central, white lines, croſſing the
Umbilicus. Theſe are the two moſt conſpicuous divifions ;
and, frequently has no other perceptible ones.
Mr. LIGHT

193
Mr. LICHTFOOT has well deſcribed, and given good
figures of both theſe ſhells, in the Philoſophical Tranſac-
tions of 1786, in which he ſays, this has three or four
white lines, which appear like rays from the central
Umbilicus, to different and nearly equidiſtant, parts of
the circumference.
We have not, however, yet met with a ſpecimen, that
had more than three diviſions in the body volution, and
ſometimes one in the ſecond whirl, not very diſtant from
the line of the mouth: poffibly theſe may encreaſe with age.
The ſepta or partitions of the cells do not exactly accord
with Mr. LIGHTFOOT's deſcription: the aperture, or open-
ing, in theſe partitions, is indeed triradiated, but the
ſepta are
not formed of one piece, but of three ſub-triangular plates,
each perfectly diflinct, and unattached to each other.
Two of theſe are placed laterally, even with each other,
on the ſides; the third is an elevated ridge on the interior
volution, ſtanding before the other plates, and not in a
line with them; but, projecting inwards, gives the open-
ing the appearance deſcribed in a front view.
This formation of the ſepta is indeed expreſſed, by the
fections of the ſhell that gentleman has given.
This very fingular and curious fhell, though different
from any known ſpecies of Nautilus in the formation of
the ſepta, (which are uſually of one, compact plate, with
Сс

194
a tubular perforation) cannot, however, be placed in any
other genus with ſo much propriety. Poflibiy many of
the minute ſpecies of Nautili, would be found to be va-
rious in the ſtructure of the ſepta, and ſome not poſſeſſed
of tubular apertures, could we diffed them with perſpi-
cuity: ſo that the formation of the aperture in the ſepta,
had better be conſidered (as Mr. LiGHTFOOT juftly ob-
ſerves) a ſpecific, rather than a generic, character.
This may, therefore, be accounted as the only ſpecies
of freſh water Nautilus hitherto noticed.
The animal is an aquatic Limax, or Slug; it has two
very long, ſlender, filiform tentacula: at the baſe of
which are two eyes, placed on the head, not on their
ſummits, and retractile, as in thoſe of the land kind.
When the animal extends itſelf, the head, tail, and
part of the body, are protruded through the triradiated
aperture, each at a ſeparate part; the head at that of the
middle ray: after it is dead, it contracts within the two
outer Septa, but never as we could obſerve, beyond the
third; which makes that diviſion always obſcure.
Mr. Walker ſpeaks of its being found on flags, in
Hernhill brooks, in Kent: it is alſo met with about
Sandwich, from which place we have received it from
Mr. Boys.
Mr. LIGHT-

195
Mr. Lightroor ſays, in deep ditches of clear water,
adhering to the roots of Carices; and that it was collected
near Upton church, not far from Eton, in Buckinghamſhire.
It is alſo found in the neighbourhood of London, as we
have been informed by Mr. SWAINSON, who favoured us
with many ſpecimens taken on water plants, in ditches
in the marſhes about Rotherhithe, where it is not unfre-
quent.
It appears Doctor SOLANDER was acquainted with this
ſhell, as he returned it to Mr. Boys by the name of Nau-
tilus Segmentinus, previous to the publication of the Mi-
nute Shells by WALKER; and of courſe before it was de-
ſcribed as a Nautilus by LIGHTFOOT.
10.
Nautilus oblongus carinatus apertura lineari ovali. Walk. CARINATULUS.
Min. Shells. f. 72.
Nautilus carinatulus. Turt. Lin. iy.
p.
307.
Adams Microſc. p. 642. t. 14. f. 37.
N. with an oblong, carinated ſhell, with a narrow,
oval aperture : colour whitiſh, tranſparent like glaſs.
From Seaſalter and Sandwich : very rare.
Such is Mr. WALKER's deſcription; but he does not
ſeem to have well expreſſed it by the figure, if we may
judge from a very good drawing we have been favoured
with from Mr. Boys. In this the joints are ſeven, the
extreme one, though globoſe, is not a quarter the breadth
of
CC 2

196
of thoſe near the aperture: the joints too, regularly de-
creaſe in fize, from the mouth to the end: the back is
arched, but does not appear carinated.
We ſhould certainly have conſidered this a diſtinêt ſpe-
cies, had there not been a reference on the drawing, to
WALKER's figure; and as we have never had an opportu-
nity of examining either of the ſhells, we dare not venture
to give it a diſtinct place.
11.
SEMILITUUS.
Nautilus femilituus. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3372. 12.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 308.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 73.
Martini Conch. i. t. 20. f. 186. 187.
Nautilus ſubarcuatulus. Adams. Microſc. p. 642. t. 14. f. 38.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 307.
N. with an elongated, fub-arcuated fhell, with elevated
joints; apex incurvated : aperture with a ſmall, produced
Syphon : colour opaque brown.
From Sandwich and Sheppey iſland; rare.
Mr. Walker's figure does not expreſs the produced
Syphon, and is much too large at that part; whereas, it
tapers conſiderably from the middle towards the aperture,
and the ſyphon is placed nearly in a line with the back, or
outer margin.
We were obliged to Mr. Boys for fine ſpecimens of
this ſhell, as well as a very correct drawing, referring to
WALKER's figure
Nautilus

197
12.
Nautilus rectus geniculis depreffis. Walk. Min. Shells. f.74. RECTUS,
Nautilus Legumen. Ginel. Syſt. p. 3373 ?-Gualt. t. 19. P?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 309 ?
Martini Conch. i. vig. 1. f. E. e?
N. with a ſtrait, or very little arcuated ſhell, with ſmooth
joints: ſmaller at the poſterior extremity than at the
mouth: aperture a ſmall ſyphon.
From Sandwich ; very rare.
A ſpecimen of this ſhell, favoured us by Mr. Boys, was
a ſmall matter arcuated, of an opaque-brown colour:
length about one tenth of an inch: the external part had
fcarce any appearance of its being concamerated, but one
fide being ground, eight or nine diſtinct chambers appear-
ed. The ſhell is very thick and ſtrong for its ſize: though
Mr. Walker ſays, pellucid white.
We have very little doubt this is the N. Legumen of
GMELIN, although neither the ſpecimen before us, nor
the figure given by WALKER, has any appearance of be-
ing marginated.
13.
Nautilus Radicula. Lin. Syft. p.1164. -Gmel. Syft. p. 3373. 18. RADICULA,
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 309.
Tab. 6. f. 4.
Martini Conch. i. vig. i. G. G. g.
Tab. 14. f. 6.
N. with a ſub-conic, elongated ſhell, with eight or nine
fub-globoſe articulations: ſmooth, opaque-brown; aper-
ture a ſmall fyphon. From Sandwich; and varieties with
from two to five joints.
This

198
This ſpecies appears to be ſubject to very conſiderable
variation, with reſpect to the ſhape of the extreme joint
at each end, as well as in the number: in ſome the aper-
ture is extended to a conic point; in others it is only a
ſmall, round opening on the extreme articulation, which
is globoſe: the ſmaller end in ſome, is rounded; in others,
conic, pointed.
14.
SUBARCUATUS. N. with a ſub-cylindric, ſub-arcuated ſhell, with three
Tab. 6.f.5. conſpicuous, globofe articulations at the larger end: the
remaining joints ſcarcely defined: aperture a ſmall, pro-
duced Syphon : colour pellucid, glofly white, ſometimes
covered with a brown epidermis. Length one tenth of
an inch.
Mr. Boys favoured us with ſpecimens of this ſhell from
Sandwich, and with them a drawing of what we conſider a
variety, differing only in having ten diſtinct articulations ;
the extreme cne at the ſmaller end longer than either of
the others, except the anterior one, in which the aper-
ture is placed.
15.
JUGOSUS.
Tab. 14. f. 4.
Nautilus obliquus. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3372. 14?
Turt. Lin.
p.
308 ?-Gualt. t. 19. N?
Martini Conch. i. vig. i. f. H. h?
N. with a ſub-arcuated, ſub-cylindric ſhell, a little ta-
pering: with nine, ridged, ſub-globoſe articulations : aper-
ture extended to a ſmall conic Syphon: the extreme joint,
at

199
at the ſmaller end, longer than the others near it: colour
opaque-brown. Length more than one eighth of an inch.
This ſhell, which we received from Mr. Boys, differs
from N. ſubarcuatus in being longitudinally ftriated, or
ridged: in other reſpects the ſhape is fimilar to the variety
deſcribed, of that ſpecies.
We are inclined to think this may be a variety of the
N. obliquus of thoſe authors quoted: the only difference
appears to conſiſt in that being truncated at the anterior
end, and crenated round the margin, inſtead of being pro-
duced to a conic Syphon. Such a variety would not be
more extraordinary, if we conſider the variation incident
to the N. Radicula : and indeed, the figure of the N. obli-
quus, given by MARTINI, is exactly what our ſhell would
be, if the conic part, of the anterior articulation, was cut
off. It is, therefore, very probable the N. obliquus, as
generally deſcribed, is nothing more than a variety, or
more probably a mutilated ſpecimen, of this ſhell.
16.
N. with a ſtrait, ſub-cylindric ſhell, a little tapering ; COSTATUS.
with twelve raiſed articulations, furniſhed with four equi- Tab. 14. f. 5.
diſtant, ſtrong, longitudinal ribs, running the whole length
of the ſhell: aperture extended in a conic Syphon. Length
a quarter of an inch.
Mr. Boys favoured us with an excellent drawing of
this new, and curious ſhell, found on the coaſt of Kent :
and with it, a variety with only ſix joints.
GEN.

200
GEN. XX.
CYPRÆA.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve; involuted, ſub-ovate, obtuſe,
fmooth.
Aperture, linear, extended the whole length of the
ſhell, dentated on both ſides.
1.
PEDICULUS
Cypræa Pediculus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1180 ?
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3418. 93?
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 43.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 345.
Cypræa Pediculus, ſeu Monacha. Da Coſta. p. 33. t. 2.f.6.6.
Borlafe Cornw. t.28. f.12.–Gualt. t.15 R.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 39 ?
C. with an oval, gloſſy ſhell, tumid or raiſed on the
back, ſurrounded tranſverſely with elevated ftriæ, which
terminate within the lips, giving them a crenated appear-
ance; the ſurrounding ftriæ in ſome places divided by
intermediate ſhorter ones, or elſe bifurcated; colour pale
purple, with generally, three dark ſpots on the ridge of
the

201
the back, the middle one frequently very faintly marked;
outer lip and under part white. Length five-eighths of
an inch.
This ſpecies, which is not uncommon on many of our
fhores, has generally been conſidered as a variety of the
Pediculus of LINNÆUS; a ſhell very common in the Weſt
Indian ſeas; but we cannot help expreſſing ſome doubts
reſpecting this matter.
We believe this is never found to poſſeſs that ſulcus
along the back, ſo invariable in the foreign ones: the
colour of that ſhell too is different, and the ſpots are gene-
rally fix, three on each ſide the dorſal depreſſion.
Thoſe, who have deſcribed this ſulcus as a character in
the Britiſh ſpecimens, have certainly confounded them
with foreign ſhells; for in the thouſands we have examined
from various parts of our coaſt; no ſuch circumſtance has
ever occurred. The fineſt coloured, and largeſt, of theſe
ſhells, we ever ſaw, were dredged up alive in Salcomb bay;
thoſe frequently found dead on the ſhores have generally
loſt their purple colour, or only faintly tinged.
2.
Cypræa arctica. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 39.
ARCTICA.
Martini. Conch i. t 29. f. 309.
Lift. Conch. t. 707.f.57.-Id. Angl.t.3.f.17.
Borlafe Cornw. i 28.f.13.-Gualt.t.14 0.P.
Cypræa Pediculus. Br. Zool. t. 70. f. 82.
Dd
C. with

202
C. with a very pale, purpliſh, fleſh-coloured ſhell, much
like the preceding, but ſmaller and deſtitute of ſpots.
Whether this is really a diſtinct ſpecies, or only the
young, or variety of the other, is very difficult to deter-
mine: all we can ſay is, that it is more common on our
fhores, and is frequently found where the other is not;
and in ſome places, where the other is dredged up alive,
we have not been able to procure a ſingle ſpecimen of
this. It muſt, however, be remarked, gradations are
ſometimes obſerved, that run ſo much into each other, as
to create ſtrong ſuſpicion of this being the ſame ſpecies.
It was ſeparated by Doctor SOLANDER, who gave it
the name we have here prefixed to it, in the Muſeum
Portlandicum.
3.
BULLATA.
Tab. 6. f. 1.
C. with a thin, pellucid, white ſhell, in ſhape much
like the C. Pediculus; ſome are quite deſtitute of tranſ-
verſe ftriæ; others are faintly ftriated half way from the
back to the inner lip, the other half to the outer lip mark-
ed with extremely fine longitudinal ftriæ : the margin of
the outer lip is not thickened, the edge finely crenated:
the inner lip, even of thoſe which are quite ſmooth, is a
little denticulated: the apex is ſomewhat produced and
formed into two or three ſmall convolutions : in ſome the
volutions are well defined by a ſeparating line, in others
they are nearly even.
Doctor

203
Doctor PULTENEY informed us he had long poſſeſſed
this ſhell in his Cabinet, and had called it Cypræa Bul-
lata; which name we have retained. Whether it may
be ſpecifically diſtinct from the Pediculus admits of ſome
doubt, as in ſome inſtances the tranſverſe ftriæ ſurround
the ſhell, though almoft obſolete: the external volutions
and the tranſparency of the ſhell, certainly beſpeak diſ-
tinction: to which we muſt add, that it is nearly equal in
ſize, and conſequently cannot be a young unformed ſhell:
beſides, we never found it but in Salcomb bay, except a
ſingle inſtance at Falmouth in Cornwall.
We have taken more than a dozen alive, by dredging,
of different ſizes, from a quarter to half an inch in length.
In that part of thoſe which are tranſverſely ftriated is a
little purple tinge.
4.
C. wih a conoid, convoluted ſhell, of a pale greeniſh VOLUTA.
colour, with the outer lip white: extreme volutions two, Tab. 6. f. 7.7.
very ſmall; aperture linear, terminated by a groove, or
gutter; both lips denticulated, the inner one but faintly;
Columella ſub-plicated. It is a very ſtrong thick ſhell,
with a beautiful poliſh, and quite ſmooth; the outer lip
much thickened, with ſometimes along the under edge,
and both angles of the aperture a ſlight tinge of pink,
Length not quite half an inch.
D d 2
This

204
This elegant ſpecies has never before been given as an
Engliſh ſhell; but we have ſeen it amongſt a parcel of
ſmall ſhells from the Weſt Indies: and Doctor PULTENEY
informed us, it was in the Portland Cabinet by the name
of Voluta edentula. It does not however appear to have
ſo much the character of that genus as of this, but may be
conſidered as a connecting link. How it came to obtain
the trivial name of edentula is not eaſily determined, as it
is denticulated on both ſides of the aperture.
This ſhell is certainly very rare; the only place we have
found it in, is Salcomb bay, where it is ſometimes taken
alive by the Oyſter dredgers; but is never found on the
contiguous ſhores.
The animal, when alive, extends a thin membrane from
each ſide the aperture, and almoſt covers the ſhell; this
is elegantly ſpeckled with bright yellow: the more fleſhy
parts of the body, before and behind, are fpeckled with
pink.
It is probable many of the Cypræa genus, have the pro-
perty of extending theſe lateral membranes over their
fhell, the C. Pediculus has it to a great degree, and when
in motion under water, has a very elegant appearance,
from its diverſity of colours: generally black, orange, and
pink, diſpoſed in minute ſpots.
GEN

205
S
GEN. XXI.
BULLA.
The Animal was conſidered by LINNÆUS as
a LIMAX,
But later obſervations have proved, that whatever the ani.
mal may be, it is not a Limax in ſeveral ſpecies of the
Linnæan Bullæ. For an account of the animal of Bulla,
lignaria, we refer the curious to the ſecond volume of
the Linnæan Tranſaktions, page 15.
SHELL, univalve, convoluted, ſmooth,
Aperture for the moſt part ſomewhat contracted, ob-
long, longitudinal, the baſe entire.
Columella, ſmooth, oblique.
1.
Bulla lignaria. Lin. Syſt. p. 1184. -Gmel. Syft. p. 3425. 11. LIGNARIA.
Liſter Conch. t.714. f.71.-Br. Zool. t. 70.f.83.
Martini Conch. i. t. 21. f. 194. 195.
Borlaſe Corn.t.28. f.14.- Lin. Tranſ. ii.t.2.f.18.
Da Coſta p.26. t. 1.f.9.–Turt. Lin. iv. p. 351.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 40.
B. with

200
B. with an oval, thin, brittle, ſub-pellucid, yellowiſh-
brown ſhell, with numerous tranſverſe ftriæ, of a lighter
colour; in ſome approaching nearly to white, giving it
the appearance of a piece of veined wood.
It has no external volution, but at the top is depreſſed
into a ſub-umbilicus: aperture large, extending the whole
length of the ſhell, but contracts fomewhat at the upper
part. Inſide glofly white; Columella viſible to the end.
This is the largeſt ſpecies of Bulla found in England:
it ſometimes grows to nearly two inches in length, but
more commonly not exceeding one inch and a half.
We have obtained this ſhell in Cornwall and Devonſhire
rarely: and we are informed it is ſometimes dredged up
at Weymouth ; but is by no means plentiful any where.
This is not the only ſpecies of Bulla whoſe inhabitant
poſſeſſes a gizzard of a teſtaceous nature.
2.
AMPULLA.
Tab. 7, f. 1.
Bulla Ampulla. Lin. Syſt. p. 1183.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3424. 10. .
Martini Conch. i. t. 22.f. 202, 204.-Id. t. 21.
f. 188. 189.
Br. Zool. No. 84.- Turt. Lin. iv. p. 350.
Gualt. t. 12. E.F.- Favan. t. 27. F. 6.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 50. f. 13. & t. 99. f. 14.
B. with an oblong oval, ſmooth, glofly fhell, of an
opaque whitiſh colour, mottled and veined with light
cheſnut:

207
cheſnut: no external volution, but in its place an Umbi.
licus: aperture moderately wide: on the lower end of
the pillar lip the ſhell is thickened, of an opaque white
colour ; but this duplicature does not ſpread up the body
of the ſhell, as in the B. lignaria: Columella not viſible
to the end. We found two or three of this ſpecies in ſand
from Falmouth harbour, the largeſt not above three-eighths
of an inch in length: foreign ſpecimens grow to a much
ſuperior fize. Poſſibly this is the ſame as deſcribed by
Mr. PENNANT for a young ſhell of the B. Ampulla ; who
ſays it was found near Weymouth. Da Costa has con-
ſidered Mr. PENNANT's ſhell as his B. Navicula, the Hy-
datis of LINN ÆUS.
و
3.
Bulla patula. Br. Zool. t. 70. f. 85. A.
PATULA.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 40.
B. with a ſmooth, gloſſy, white, pellucid, oblong, in-
voluted ſhell, upper end extending beyond the body;
baſe more extended; aperture large, terminating in a
ſhort canal or gutter at each end, moſt contracted at the
top: Columella twiſted, forming a ſub-umbilicus or fur-
row on the pillar lip: outer lip plain, and very thin. Mr.
PENNANT firſt deſcribed this ſpecies from the Portland
Cabinet, taken at Weymouth. Doctor Pulteney favour-
ed us with a ſpecimen from the ſame place, the length of
which is an inch, breadth half an inch.
The animal belonging to this ſhell is ſaid to poſſeſs a
gizzard, fimilar to that of the Lignaria.
Bulla

208
APERTA.
Bulla aperta. Lin. Syft. p. 1183.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3424. 8.
Martini Conch. i. p. 266. vig. 13. f. 3.
Chem. Conch. x. t. 146. f. 1354. 1355.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 40.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 350.-Gualt. t. 13. E. E.
Don Br. Shells. iv. t. 120. f. 1. 1.
Bulla, the Bubble, Da Coſta, p. 30. t. 2. f. 3.
B. with a ſub-orbicular, thin, pellucid, brittle, white
ſhell: no external convolution or Umbilicus: Columella,
or rather inner lip, very ſmall, ſlightly involuted, viſible
to the end: the aperture occupies nearly the whole of the
fhell: the outſide is a little wrinkled, but glofly.
This ſpecies has generally been conſidered as rare on
our ſhores: DA COSTA was the firſt who gave it as En-
gliſh, and ſays it is fiſhed up at Weymouth; and no where
elſe, to his knowledge, on the Britiſh coaſt.
That author, however, ſeems to have confounded the
B. aperta with the B. patula of PENNANT, (which as yet
we believe has only been found on the Dorſetſhire coaft,)
as he has quoted that ſhell for this; whereas this ſpecies
is not mentioned in the Britiſh Zoology; nor was that
ſhell known to Da Costa. GMELIN and CHEMNITZ
have followed Da Costa's error.
Its uſual fize does not much exceed half an inch in
length; but on the north coaſt of Devon, about Biddeford
bay (where it is extremely plentiful) it is no uncommon
thing

209
thing to find them of an inch in length; and three-quar-
ters of an inch broad.
We have alſo found it of an inferior ſize on the oppoſite
fhores in Wales, particularly about Laugharne : rarely in
Cornwall, South Devon, and Dorſetſhire, about Weymouth,
and on Studland beach, between Swanage and Poole. It
is not uncommon on ſome parts of the coaſt of Kent, at
Sandwich, and Whitft able bay, from whence we have
received it with the animal, but not large.
The inhabitants of many of the Bullæ are larger than
their ſhells, ſo that they cannot wholly recede within
them : in this and the two following ſpecies the animal has
all the appearance of being truly molluſcous, encloſing
the ſhell fo entirely, that no part of it is to be ſeen.
MARTINI has badly figured ſeveral views of the animal,
ſeparate and attached to the ſhell, in the table above
quoted; with figures of the teſtaceous plates found within
the body, which conſtitute the ſtomach or gizzard.
PLANCHUS has alſo deſcribed the animal, and has given
a figure of the ſhell. Appendix, Tab. xi. fig. F. G.
The animal is rather a ſhapelefs mafs, of a ſub-oval
form; pellucid white, with numerous minute, opaque
ſpecks: no viſible eyes, or tentacula; the anterior end
rounded, but capable of variation: a ſhield, with a mem-
Еe
branaceous

210
branaceous margin in front, covers the anterior half, di-
vided longitudinally by a pellucid ſtreak: another ſort of
shield covers the hind part, and extends into a membran-
ous margin, making four lobes; the body, on each ſide,
runs into an angle, pointing backward, cloſe to the poſte-
rior ſhield. Beneath, the animal is divided into two parts,
that before is the Suſtentaculum, behind which is the mem-
brane that forms the lobated end; and which is capable
of extending laterally, and becoming quite even; the
lobes being only formed by folds; on the poſterior ſhield
above, are a few ſtreaks of opaque white.
Length of the largeſt examined, an inch and a half;
breadth one inch; length of the ſhell rather more than
half an inch.
The gizzard, or ſtomach, is large in proportion, of a
priſmatic ſhape, compoſed of three teftaceous plates, two
of which are of an inequi-lateral, ſub-triangular form,
and exactly ſimilar; the other is ſmaller, of an ovate-
oblong, inclining to lozenge-ſhape, with the angles round-
ed; theſe are concave on the outſide, and united together
by ſtrong cartilages.
The circumſtance of ſome of the animal inhabitants of
this claſs of ſhells being furniſhed with teftaceous ſto-
machs, has been noticed by others, and indeed ſeems to
have inclined ſome perſons to an opinion, that no fhell
can be a Bulla, but where its inhabitant is poſſeſſed of
this teſtaceous organ of digeſtion.
We

211
We ſhall however take the liberty of remarking, that
this fyftem will not hold good with reſpect to conchology,
where the ſhells, and not the animals, have been claſſed:
could we examine the animal inhabitant of every ſpecies
of ſhell, we ſhould find that, on the preſent arrangement,
ſome in each genus would differ from the generic charac-
ter. But as we never can poſſibly have an opportunity of
examining more than a very ſmall portion of ſhells with
their living animals, fuch new fyftematiſls muſt again be
reduced to claſſification by the ſhell, and not by the ani.
mal. That an attention to the animal inhabitants of ſhells
is of effential ſervice in the diſcrimination of ſpecies, can-
not be denied, but muſt be wholly confined to ſpecific,
not generic diſtinctions.
B. with a ſub-oval, extremely thin, pellucid, white ſhell, HALIOTOIDEA,
with ſomewhat the habit of a Haliotis, but deſtitute of the Tab. 7. f. 6.
ſmall perforations that mark that genus: it is ſmooth and
gloffy, but not quite deſtitute of wrinkles; aperture oval,
not quite extending to the apex, which is ſmall, obtuſe,
and convoluted ſideways, ſcarce making two volutions :
the body of the ſhell is very ſmall, and only turns a little
inwards, ſpirally; interior part viſible to the end. Length
three-quarters of an inch; breadth half an inch.
This ſpecies differs from the B. aperta in the aperture
not extending to the upper end, and in having a con-
torted apex.
Еe 2
We

212
We have taken this new and rare ſhell by dredging in
Salcomb bay; and have found it of a very inferior fize on
other parts of the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire, particularly
at Torcroſs; and once on Studland beach in Dorſetſhire.
It has alſo been found at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer.
The animal, like that of the preceeding fpecies, fo com-
pletely envelopes the ſhell, that not the leaſt appearance of
it is to be diſcovered, either in a dead or living ſtate. It
is of an oval ſhape, and of a reddiſh, or brown colour;
ſometimes nearly white: has much the appearance of a
contracted, naked Limax, and indeed ſeems to be nearly
allied to that claſs of animals.
The upper part of the body is very convex, covered
with a thick, tough, ligamentous ſkin, that conceals the
ſhell, and extends downwards on each ſide, where the
edges are thin, and detached from the body: in the fore
part of this margin is a ſinus, through which the animal
protrudes an appendage, or arm, fomewhat flat, a quarter
of an inch in length, the extremity of which is bifid; the
lower divifion terminating in a thread-like proceſs. The
body of the animal beneath, or rather the Suſtentaculum,
is oblong and flat, with a deep depreſſion between it and
the marginal ſkin: the head is furniſhed with two ſmall,
white tentacula, at the baſe of which are two ſmall
black eyes.
The ſhell may be felt under the ſkin on the back, but
is difficult to be extracted without breaking, from the
extreme

213
extreme toughneſs of the part that covers it; the beſt me-
thod of effecting it, is to make a longitudinal inciſion on
the back, with a pair of ſharp pointed ſciſſars.
The animal is poſſeſſed of conſiderable loco-motive
power; and when in motion frequently contracts the mara
gin or looſe ſkin into wrinkles, or folds, expoſing the
fides of the body.
It is in fize three times as large as its ſhell, and is in-
capable of much contraction, or expanſion: at firſt fight
might be miſtaken for the animal of B. aperta, but on
compariſon, will be found eſſentially different externally,
and more particularly in being deftitute of the teſtaceous
gizzard, ſo remarkable in that animal.
At the time the plate was engraved, we had not been
fortunate enough to obtain a larger ſpecimen of the ſhell
than the figure repreſents; but have fince found it of the
fize deſcribed,
In the fingular circumſtance of the ſhell being encloſed
within the animal of ſome of this claſs, there is a confide-
rable analogy between them and the Laplya. The L. de-
pilans poſſeſſes a flexible, corneous ſubſtance, under the
ſkin on the back, termed a ſhield; which differs only from
theſe ſpecies of open Bullæ in not being of a teftaceous
ſubſtance: this is of an oval ſhape pointed at one end,
which turns inward, and a little to one ſide, in a ſub-con-
voluted manner: it is marked with concentric wrinkles :
colour purpliſh-brown.
This

214
This, therefore ſeems to be the link between the true
molluſca animals, and the teſtacea : and it is probable fu-
ture reſearches may diſcover, that many which have hither:
to been conſidered as belonging to the molluſca tribe, are
really teſtaceous upon diſſection.
6.
PLUMULA. B. with an ovate-oblong, depreſſed, pellucid, thin ſhell,
Tab. 15. f. 9. ofa yellowiſh-white colour, tinged with brownat one end;
the other end minutely convoluted on the back, or upper
part, like the Bulla Haliotoidea, but much ſmaller; the
convolution makes one turn: it is ſtrongly wrinkled con-
centrically for ſo delicate a ſhell, and is poiſeſſed of two
or three ray-like indentations, running from the margin
towards the apex. The inſide as well as the outſide is ſome-
what gloſſy and wrinkled; the aperture extends the whole
of the ſhell, like the B. aperta : the pillar lip is ſlightly
turned inward, to form the ſmall depreſſed volation; but
the aid of a glaſs is requiſite to diſcover the formation of
this part. Length half an inch; breadth near a quarter.
This is another of thoſe fingular molluſca animals, with
a concealed ſhell under the ſkin upon the back: its ſhape
is fub-oval, but variable; the Suſtentaculum is large, and
ovate, but uſually in folds at the edges: the front is gene-
rally roundiſh; the body is ſmall, covered with a broad,
thin, ſub-orbicular, reticulated membrane, variable in
ſhape, frequently turning back at the margin; the head,
which is moſt times concealed under the membrane or
Thield, is furniſhed with two broad tentacula, which are
ſometimes

215
ſometimes quite expanded, and conic; at other times
rolled up, and look like cylindric tubes : at the baſe of
theſe above are two ſmall black eyes : on the right fide
of the body is a protruded foramen; immediately behind
which is a large plumoſe appendage; the ſhape is comprefl-
ed, broad towards the baſe, and tapering to an obtuſe point;
pinnatified, the pinne ſtanding alternate ; theſe are ſome-
what retractile, and changeable in form : beneath the
tentacula is a broad, bifid membrane, uſually projecting
into an angle on each ſide, but very variable in ſhape,
Diameter nearly double that of the ſhell: colour pale-yel-
low above; beneath pellucid, yellowiſh-white. It does
not poſſeſs a teſtaceous gizzard.
We diſcovered this new and fingular ſpecies on the
rocks at low tide, at Milton fands, on the ſouth coaſt
of Devon.
7.
Bulla punctata. Lin Trans. v. p. 2. t. 1. f. 6. 7. 8. ? (Adams.) CATENA.
Tab. 7. f. 7.
with a pellucid, white, gloſſy ſhell, cloſely and
finely ſtriated tranſverſely all over; which, under a ſtrong
magnifier, are ſeen to be interwoven or formed into links
like a chain: apex obtuſe, with a viſible involution : aper-
ture extremely large, occupying almoſt the whole of the
ſhell except a ſmall part at the top; in figure very much
reſembling the B. aperta. A variety with a more tranſpa-
rent zone round it, taking in eight or ten of the catene,
which are more ſtrongly defined; the reſt of the ſhell ap-
pears

216
pears as it were froſted, and not ſo gloſſy, poſſeſſing a ſub-
umbilicus, and the outer margin of the aperture cloſe to
the body is winged, or reflected a little, forming a depref-
fion or fulcus on that part.
This beautiful ſpecies is an elegant object for the mi-
croſcope, rarely exceeding one-tenth of an inch in dia-
meter.
We found ſeveral of theſe ſhells amongſt the ſand at
Bigberry bay, on the ſouth coaſt of Devon.
If this is the ſame as the B. punčtata deſcribed by Mr.
ADAMS, which we ſuſpect, it is found alſo on the ſouth
fands at Tenbigh.
It is probable this, and all the open ſpecies of Bullæ,
are encloſed under the ſkin on the back of ſome molluſca
animal, like the Bulla aperta and Haliotoidea.
8.
EMARGINATA,
Bulla teftâ gibbâ aperturâ emarginatâ. Lin. Trans. v. t. 1.
f.9.10.11.( Adams)
Mr. ADAMS's obſervations on this ſhell run thus:
Shell pellucid, ſmooth: lip ſub-arcuated. B. emargi-
nata, punctata, and denticulata, agree in their general
habits; and truncata is moſt nearly allied to cylindrica.
Bulla

217
9.
Bulla, teſtà oblongâ fubæquali obtuſâ lævi, aperturâ ad api- DENTICULATA.
cem denticulâ acutiffimâ. Lin. Trans.v.t.1.f.3.4.5.(Adams)
Mr. Adams's obſervations are, “Shell pellucid white.
Sand at the Waſh not common.
10.
Bulla Hydatis. Lin. Syft. p. 1183.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3424.9. HYDATIS.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 118. f. 1019.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 40.-Gualt. t. 13. D.D.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 350.
Bulla Navicula. Da Coſta, p. 28. t. 1. f. 10.
B. with an oval, fub-pellucid, thin, fragile ſhell, of a
greeniſh or yellowiſh horn-colour, ſometimes covered
with a thin, ferruginous epidermis: the body is tumid,
no external volution, but in its place an umbilicus : aper-
ture large at the baſe, contracting more at the top, and
extending rather beyond it: outer lip very thin ; inner,
or pillar lip a little thickened, and whitiſh. Young ſhells
are ſometimes very gloſſy and pellucid; older ones gene-
rally fomewhat opaque, a little wrinkled longitudinally,
and very finely ftriated tranſverſely, only obſervable by
the aid of a glaſs; the Columella is not viſible to the end.
Length one inch ; breadth three-quarters of an inch.
Da Costa mentions this ſpecies as being found at Wey.
mouth, but rare, and has quoted the B. Ampulla of Pen-
NANT for his ſhell, probably for no other reaſon than
that the Ampulla was not known to him as Engliſh.
Ff

218
It does not appear to be uncommon on ſome parts of
the weſtern coaſt. We obſerved it in the cabinet of Mr.
Bryer at Weymouth, and was informed by that gentle-
man, that he had frequently picked it up between that
place and Portland.
Doctor Pulteney found it in the harbour at Poole,
where we alſo noticed it; but no where ſo plentiful as on
Studland beach, in Purbeck: an eafterly wind having pre-
vailed for ſome time, a large quantity of algæ was thrown
upon this extenſive ſandy ſhore, amongſt which were
thouſands of theſe ſhells, in all ſtages of growth, from the
largeſt to the moſt diminutive, not equal in fize to a hemp-
ſeed; moſt of which contained the animal.
We have likewiſe taken it in Salcomb bay in Devonſhire,
and at Southampton, but have never been able to aſcer-
tain it on any more eaſtern or northern part of our coaſt.
It is ſaid to be a Mediterranean ſpecies, and is deſcribed
by GMELIN as like the B. aberta; ſurely he could never
have compared theſe two ſhells: if he had likened it to
the Bulla Naucum we ſhould have coincided with him in
fimile.
The animal inhabitant is a ſhapeleſs maſs, deſtitute of
either eyes or tentacula; the head, or forepart, has a tranſ-
verſe opening, which runs along the fides, and forms fin-
like membranes, that expand on part of the under ſide of
thc

219
the ſhell: the ſkin is warty, tough, and of a duſky-brown
colour. The gizzard or ſtomach is a very fingular ftruc-
ture: it is ſmall in proportion, and conſiſts of three ſub-
oval, corneous plates, held together at their edges by liga-
ments, and ſurrounded by a ſtrong, cartilaginous, or muſ-
cular ſubſtance: it is of a ſub-triangular ſhape, with the
alimentary canal attached to its centre. The plates on
the inſide are well formed for comminuting its food :
they are of a dark purpliſh-brown, or chocolate colour,
with a longitudinal ridge, and ſeveral tranſverſe furrows
on each; the upper parts reflect outward, and are bare of
covering even when connected together, ſo that their
ſtructure is partly ſeen without opening the ſtomach: the
lower part of the gizzard is convex and muſcular.
To a conchologiſt, perhaps, it would be difficult to de-
ſcribe the appearance of the corneous organs of digeſtion
better, than by ſaying they reſemble fo many ſmall Chitons.
11.
Bulla Akera. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3434.
AKERA.
Turt. Lin. iv.
p.
358.
Bulla foluta parva. Chem. Conch. x. t. 146. f.1358. No.1.2.3.
Bulla foluta magna. Id. x. t. 146. f. 1359. 1361?
Bulla foluta. Gmel. Syft. p. 3434. 48 ?
Turt. Lin iv.
Bulla reſiliens. Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 79.
p. 358.
B. with an extremely thin, pellucid, horn-coloured
fhell, of an elaſtic nature: ſhape oval, ſomewhat wrinkl-
Ff 2
ed

220
ed longitudinally: apex obtufe, convoluted, canaliculated;
the volutions even with the body: aperture large at the
baſe, much contracted at the top; the outer lip extremely
thin, frequently only a film, the upper part of which lies
cloſe to the body whirl, but does not adhere until it has
taken almoſt one volution: pillar lip a little thickened, and
white. Inſide white; Columella viſible to the end. Some-
times this ſhell is ſo exceſſively thin, that it is ſcarce more
than membranaceous, except the body part, and is not ſo
pellucid; others are almoſt tranſparent horn-colour with-
in and without.
The remarkable character of this ſpecies is its elaſticity;
for though it ſeems ſo extremely delicate, as ſcarce to bear
handling, yet it is ſo tough and flexible, that it does not
eally break. Length about three-quarters of an inch;
breadth not quite half an inch.
This fingular, and elegant ſhell has been confounded
with the B. Hydatis, though ſo eſſentially different. We
have ſeen it placed with that ſpecies in more cabinets than
one.
It is true their general habit is ſomewhat fimilar;
but the elaſticity, and external volutions of this, are at
once ſufficient to diſtinguiſh it: beſides, the Columella is
viſible to the end in this, which is not the caſe in the other.
DONOVAN has given ſeveral very good figures of it,
but of an extraordinary fize; and ſays, it was diſcovered
ſome years ago on the ſhores of Bamff in Scotland; and
fince that, at Lymington, and in a moat near Portſmouth.
This

221
This author obſerves, that in a young ſtate it has the
appearance of a winged infect, and ſports in its watery
element with all the livelineſs of a butterfly, and formed
a pleaſing object when kept alive in a glaſs of fea-water.
We have found this ſpecies in the harbour at Poole;
and on the ſhore near Southampton, it is by no means un-
common between that town and the Itchin, where the
fiſhermen call them ſea-ſnails, and aſſured us they were
very lively in the water in warm weather, and ſometimes
quitted their ſhells; this circumſtance however is to be
doubted. CHEMNITZ has deſcribed and figured it very
well, and ſpeaks of it as a Dutch and Norwegian ſhell: he
has alſo given another from Ceylon, which ſeems to differ
only in being of ſuperior fize.
12.
Bulla cylindracea. Br. Zool. t. 70. f.85.
CYLINDRACEA,
Don. Br. Shelis. iv. t. 120. f.2.2.
Tab. 7. f. 2.
Liſter Conch. t. 714. f. 70.
Bulla cylindrica. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 40.
B. with a ſlender, cylindric, ſmooth, gloffy, white ſhell;
aperture the whole length, very narrow, a little dilated at
the baſe: no external volution, but in its place a deep
umbilicus: outer lip thin, acute, ſtraight : inner lip thick-
ened, opaque white: Columella a little indented. Length
five-eighths of an inch: breadth not two-eighths.
Doctor PULTENEY informs us, this rare ſhell has been
found

222
found at Weymouth. We have taken it at Falmouth in
Cornwall, and in Devonſhire, about Teignmouth and Daw-
liſh in the ſouth, and Biddeford bay in the north: alſo o
the coaſt of Caermarthenſhire, ſparingly.
on
Lister mentions it from Barnſtable.
This fpecies has frequently been confounded with the
Voluta pallida, but is at once diſtinguiſhed by not being
convoluted, and in the Columella being deftitute of folds.
Mr. ADAMS is miſtaken in the diſtinguiſhing characters
between this and the V. pallida, (Lin. Tranſ. vol. 111. p 253.)
by ſaying this has no poliſh: his fpecimen muſt have been
It has not, indeed, ſo fine a poliſh; but recent
ſhells poſſeſs conſiderable glofs.
worn.
Doctor TURTON has given the B. cylindracea of Pen-
NANT, for the B. cylindrica of GMELIN, which is a very
different ſhell.
13.
UMBILICATA, B. with an oblong-oval, ſmooth, white ſhell: apex
Tab. 7.f. 4. rounded, umbilicated : aperture extremely narrow, the
whole length of the ſhell, dilating a little at the baſe.
Length one-eighth of an inch; breadth one half its length.
This ſhell has much the habit of B. cylindracea, but
is not ſo cylindric, and is broader in proportion to its
length.
We

223
We found this ſpecies, ſparingly, amongſt fand from
Falmouth harbour.
Bulla truncata. Lin Trans. v. t.1.f 1.2. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 358.
14.
TRUNCATA.
Tab. 7. f. 5.
B. with a ſub-cylindric, opaque, white ſhell; the
upper part longitudinally ftriated, the lower plain : apex
truncated, and largely umbilicated, ſhewing the involuti-
ons : aperture the whole length, extremely narrow, but
dilated a little at the baſe, and contracted moſt in the
middle.
This ſhell has ſomewhat the habit of the laſt, and of the
ſame ſize; but differs in being truncated at the top, in
the involutions being conſpicuous within the umbilicus,
and in being partly ftriated. We found this not uncom-
mon in ſand at Falmouth; rare from Salcomb bay, Devon-
Shire, and Weymouth.
Worn ſhells are ſometimes deftitute of ftriæ.
Not B. truncata of GMELIN.
15.
Bulla craſſa, apertura medio coarctata. Walk. Min. Shells. f.62. OBTUSA.
Bulla Regulbienfis. Turt. Lin. iv p 351.
Tab. 7. f. 3.
Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 28.
B. with

224
B. with a moderately ſtrong, fub-cylindric, opaque
white ſhell, wrinkled longitudinally: apex convoluted,
obtuſe; volutions four or five, very little produced :
aperture nearly the whole length of the ſhell, narrow,
rather more compreſſed in the middle, dilated at the baſe:
inner lip thickened, ſmooth, white.
Length two-tenths, rarely a quarter of an inch; breadth
about half its length.
We were firſt favoured with this ſpecies from Mr. Boys,
for the ſhell figured by Mr. WALKER, as above quoted;
and have ſince found it in great abundance on the ſhore
near Southampton ; rarely at Salcomb in Devonſhire: and
not uncommon about Laugharne on the coaſt of Caermar-
thenſhire.
In a recent ſtate it is frequently covered with a cheſnut-
coloured epidermis. It was once ſent to us for the Voluta
pallida; but from that ſhell it is readily diftinguiſhed by
being much ſhorter, the volutions more deeply divided,
more obtuſe, and in wanting the eſſential character of a
Voluta, the plicated columella. It is, indeed, more nearly
allied to the laſt ſpecies of Bulla, but differs not only in
being much larger, but in the produced volutions, and
the aperture not reaching quite to the top, as well as be-
ing deſtitute of the regular longitudinal ftriä on the upper
part of the ſhell.
B. with

225
16.
B. with a ſmooth, gloſſy, pellucid, white, ſub-oval DIAPHANA.
ſhell; body large, ventricoſe, with three very ſmall volu- Tab. 7. f. 8.
tions : apex ſomewhat pointed, but not much produced :
aperture fub-oval, nearly the length of the hell; outer lip
attenuated; inner lip ſmooth; Columella plain, not viſible
to the end. Length rarely exceeding three-eighths of an
inch; breadth two-eighths.
This is a ſcarce ſpecies, found only in Salcomb bay, ex-
cept one mutilated ſpecimen at Falmouth; from the for-
mer place we have taken it alive by dredging, adhering
to the inſide of old oyſter ſhells.
Is ſo extremely thin and brittle, that it is difficult to
obtain perfect; and is fufficiently tranſparent for the
Columella to be ſeen through the ſhell.
It is not very unlike the figure of Voluta Fonenſs in the
Britiſh Zoology, but not quite ſo long, and the outer lip
ſpreads more upwards; it cannot, however, be that ſhell,
as it wants the plicated Columella, the eſſential character
of that genus:
Conchologiſts have thought that ſome of the Cypræc
affume a very different appearance in their young and
adult ftates; ſuch a prevailing opinion, from perhaps a
ſingle inſtance in a foreign ſpecies, poflibly not well au-
thenticated, may lead to a conjecture that this is no other
than the young of Cypræa Pediculus; a circumſtance
which
Gg

226
which has been hinted by one or two of our conchologi-
cal friends. To this we ſhall only obſerve; the animal is
efTentially different, not pofleffing any of that beautiful
membrane which the animal of Cypræa Pediculus throws
over the whole of its ſhell ; but is like a common aquatic
Lumax; of a pale colour.
17.
FONTINALIS.
Bulla fontinalis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1185. ---Gmel. Syſt. p. 3427. 18.
Liſter Conch. t. 134. f. 34.--Id Ang. t.2. f.25.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 103. f.877. 878.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 40 – Gualt. t. 5. C.C.
Schroet. Flufſconch. t. 6. f.11.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 352.
Planorbis Bulla. Muller Verm. p. 167. No. 353.
Turbo adverſus. Da Costa p. 96. t. v. f. 6.6.
Favan, t. 61. E. 9.
.
B. with four or five reverſed volutions, of a gloffy, pel-
Jucid, light horn-colour: the body whirl large, the others
very ſmall, and not much produced: aperture oblong-
three-fourths the length of the ſhell.
Old ſhells are ſomewhat ftriated, or rather wrinkled
longitudinally, with two or three faint tranſverſe ridges
on the body whirl. Length half an inch; breadth a
quarter.
This ſpecies is not uncommon in ftagnant pools, as well
as running waters, in many parts of the kingdom ; but is
in general, not above half the ſize deſcribed.
It

227
It is moſt frequently found on the under part of the
leaves of aquatic plants.
The animal is of a light colour, with a yellowiſh caft:
Tentacula two, ſetaceous, long: eyes two, black, placed
underneath, at the baſe of the Tentacula. When in motion,
it covers great part of the ſhell with a thin, pinnated mem-
brane, thrown out on the right fide, extending quite behind,
and partly on the left ſide, covering the ſmaller volutions :
this membrane is very deeply divided or digitated, the points
of which meet, and ſometimes interſect on the back of the
ſhell; and are fo tranſparent as ſcarce to be diſtinguiſhed,
but by the aſſiſtance of a glaſs. The Suſtentaculum, or
foot, is long and narrow: the foramen, or common aper-
ture, is on the left fide, as muſt be the caſe with all the
animals of this kind inhabiting heteroſtrophe ihells.
It has very conſiderable loco-motive power, and tranſ-
ports itſelf by adhering to the ſurface of the water, with
the ſhell downwards: againſt which it crawls with as much
apparent eaſe as on a ſolid body; and will ſometimes let
itſelf down gradually by a thread affixed to the ſurface of
the water, in the manner of the Limax filans* from the
branch of a tree.
The property of crawling under water, againſt its ſur-
face, is not wholly confined to this ſpecies; but we know
of no other teſtaceous animal capable of ſuſpending itſelf
under water in the ſame way.
* For an account of the Limax filans, fee Lin Trans, vol. iv. p. 85. tab. 8.
It
G g 2

228
It has the power of throwing its ſhell about in an extra-
ordinary manner, either in defence, or to remove ob-
ſtructions, continuing at the ſame time fixed by its foot.
Probably this fingular motion is ſometimes occaſioned by
a minute ſpecies of Hirudo, * which infeſts this and many
other freſh-water teſtaceous animals; twenty or more may
be ſeen adhering to its fides like ſlender white filaments.
This Leech is not uncommon on the Helix peregra, H.
foſfaria, and H. nautileus; as well as the Patella fluviati-
lis; and probably on all other animals belonging to uni-
valve teftacea at particular ſeaſons, which inhabit freſh-
water.
18.
HYPNORUM.
Bulla Hypnorum. Lin. Syft. p. 1185.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3428. 19.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 103. f.882.883.a.b.c.
Turt. Lin. iv.
P.
353.
Schroet Fluſconch. t. 6. f.9. & f. 15. a. b.
Bucc. heteroſtrophon. Liſter Conch. t. 1059. f. 5.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 10. f.8.
Favan. t. 61. F. 18.
Turbo
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 54.
Planorbis turritus. Muller Verm. p. 169. No. 354.
B. with five or fix, reverſed, taper, ſmooth, gloſſy,
pellucid, horn-coloured ſpires: the body-whirl half the
length of the ſhell, the others tapering to a fine point;
aperture narrow at the top, ſpreading a little at the baſe;
outer lip extremely thin; pillar lip a little thickened:
* Gordius inquilinus. Mull. Verm. i. p. 33. No. 164.
Columella

229
Columella within fomewhat indented. Length five-eighths
of an inch; breadth two-eighths.
This ſpecies has ſometimes been confounded with the
laſt deſcribed, but is readily diſtinguiſhed by its taper,
produced [pires; and by the aperture, which is much
ſhorter, and more contracted: is alſo much more gloſſy,
and of a darker colour. It is a more local ſhell; we have
found it tolerably plentiful in a watery ditch near Exeter;
and in Wiltſhire of an extraordinary fize, meaſuring nearly
three-quarters of an inch. In a pond, ſubject to be over-
flowed by the Avon in that county, we have ſeen great abun-
dance; and in the ſame field were plenty of the B. fontina-
lis, and yet they had never communicated with each other,
for in neither place were they to be found together. This
is PETIVER'S Buccinulum fluviatile heteroſtrophon, who
ſays, it is found in ſome ponds and ditches about London,
We have received it from Kent.
DA COSTA was unacquainted with this ſhell, but erro-
neouſly quoted it for his Turbo adverfus; the Bulla fon-
tinalis of LINNÆUS; as is evident by his deſcription and
figure.
This and the preceding are two of the few known ſpe.
cies which are heteroſtrophe ſhells, or turn from right to
left, from the apex to the aperture; that is, the ſpires re-
preſent a left-handed ſcrew, turning contrary to the ſun's
apparent motion.
Both

230
Both LINNÆUS and Gmelin appear to be perfe&tly
unacquainted with the natural hiſtory of this ſhell, having
deſcribed it to inhabit wet moſs, which beſpeaks it to be a
land ſhell; whereas, it is an aquatic; the animal of which
is incapable of reſiding out of water. The latter author
has alſo expreſſed his doubts, whether it was not a variety
of B. fontinalis. How ſuch doubts could ever have ex-
iſted, even from a compariſon of the two ſheils, inde.
pendent of their natural hiſtory, is very extraordinary:
the animals too are eſſentially different.
Animal duſky-black; Tentacula two, moderately long,
fetaceous, black; eyes placed on the head, at the baſe of
the feelers: Suſtentaculum not quite ſo long as the ſhell.
No fins, or membrane that covers the ſhell, like that
of the Bulla fontinalis.
GEN.

231
0903
GEN XXII.
VOLUTA.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral.
Aperture, longitudinally extending near the whole
length of the ſhell, ecaudated.
Columella, plicated: no umbilicus, nor interior lip.
1.
TORNATILIS.
Voluta tornatilis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1187.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3437.
Liſter Conch. t. 835. f. 58.
Martini Conch. ii. t. 43. f. 442, 443.
Br. Zool. t. 71. f. 86.
Pult. Cat Dorſet. p. 41.
Don. Br. Shells, ii. t. 57.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 360.
Turbo ovalise Da Coſta p 101. t. 8. f. 2. 2.
V. with an oval ſhell of eight ſpires, the firſt very large,
the others ſmall, and tapering to an extreme fine point:
of

232
of a pale purpliſh red, finely ftriated ſpirally; with two
white faſcice, or bands, on the body whirl: aperture long
and narrow; outer lip thin ; Columella with one fold.
Length three-quarters of an inch.
This elegant ſpecies appears to be local, and rather
ſcarce upon the Engliſh coaſt. Da Costa fays he re-
ceived it from Teignmouth and Exmouth in Devonſhire.
It muſt, however, be extremely rare at thoſe places, as a
long continuance there never furniſhed us with a ſingle
ſpecimen : but further to the weſt on the ſame coaſt, at
Torcroſs, we have ſometimes taken it by dredging.
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as rare in Dorſetſhire,
but that it has been found at Weymouth.
Mr. PENNANT notes it from Angleſea.
We found it not unplentiful on the flat, ſandy ſhore,
near Laugharne in Caermarthenſhire, among the drifted
fand about high-water mark: at this place a diligent
ſearcher might pick up a dozen in a morning. Is alſo
found ſparingly on other parts of the ſouth coaſt of Wales.
2.
Voluta pallida. Lin. Syſt. p. 1189.--Gmel Syſt. p.3444.30.
PALLIDA.
Liſter Conch. t. 714. upper left hand figure.
Lin Trans. iii. p 253. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 365.
Bulla cylindracea. Da Coſta. p
31. t. 2. f. 7.7.
Bulla pallida. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 66.
V. with

233
V. with a finooth, gloffy, white, cylindric ſhell: upper
volution extremely ſmall, and ſcarcely defined by a ſepa-
rating line: apex obtuſe : aperture narrrow, extending near
the length of the ſhell, ſpreading a little at the baſe;
outer lip thin: Columella plicated, with four ſtrong folds.
Length half an inch; breadth a quarter.
It is very extraordinary Da Costa ſhould have made
this the Bulla cylindracea of the Britiſh Zoology, a ſhell
neither convoluted nor plicated on the Columella. Mr.
PENNANT expreſsly ſays, his ſhell is umbilicated at the
end: a character fufficient to diſtinguiſh it from this.
The V. pallida is certainly a very rare ſpecies on the
Britiſh coaſt. Da Costa muft have been miſinformed
with reſpect to its being found plentiful on the weſtern
coaſts, for not a ſingle ſpecimen has ever come within our
frequent reſearches in thoſe parts; nor does Doctor Pul-
TENEY mention it in his Catalogue of Dorſetſhire Shells.
Mr. ADAMS, however, notes it from Tenby.
This ſhell is of a finer poliſh, and ſmoother than the
Bulla cylindracea; broader in proportion to its length,
the aperture not ſo much contracted, and is at once dil-
tinguiſhed by the true characters of a Voluta.
Voluta Jonenſis. Br. Zool t. 71. f 87.
Turt. Lin iv. p. 360.
3.
JONENSIS.
Hh
V. with

234
V. with a very thin, brittle ſhell, with two ſmall ſpires.
Inhabits the iſle of Fona, or Y Columb-kil.
This is all Mr. PENNANT fays of the ſhell. Was it
not placed in the Britiſh Zoology as a Voluta, we ſhould
have been inclined to think it a variety of our Bulla die
aphana. .
4.
DENTICULATA.
Turbo bidentata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 50, & f. 53. young.
و
V. with ſeven or eight volutions, tapering to a fine
point, the lower one large, the others gradually decreaſ-
ing: of a ſemi-pellucid horn-colour, inclining to purpliſh-
brown towards the top: aperture oblong-oval, half the
length of the ſhell; outer lip furniſhed with two or three
tubercles near the margin, and frequently with three or
four white denticulations further within the aperture:
Columella plicated, with three or four white folds, which
are much elevated, and appear like teeth, but ſpirally
turn with the Columella. Length near half an inch;
breadth not a quarter. It is ſubject to ſome variety with
reſpect to the denticulations on the outer lip; ſome have
more, others leſs, or even deſtitute of them in young
ſhells: the plications on the Columella vary alſo from two
to four, but moſt commonly three.
If we had not received this ſhell from Mr. Boys for
WALKER'S Turbo bidentata, as above quoted; we ſhould
hardly have conſidered it as the ſame; as he ſays it is found
on

235
on the roots of ruſhes in marſhes near Faverſham. Poſli-
bly the marſhes where they were found, were ſubject to
the flux of the tide; for it is evidently a marine ſhell
We have found it plentiful on the ſhore between Plymouth
and Dock, feeding on algæ at high-water mark; and alſo
ſparingly on another part of the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire,
as well as at Barnſtable and Ilfracomb in the north; near
Aberavon in Wales; and at Southampton.
Very young ſhells ſometimes poſſeſs only one fold on
the Columella; in which ſtate we conſider it to be WALK-
Er's ſhell, figure 53.
A remarkable character of this ſhell is, that the Columella
extends no further than the upper part of the body volu-
tion; the fuperior ſpires being deftitute of any pillar, or
internal ſpiral diviſion.
5.
ALBA.
Voluta alba opaca longitu- Walk. Min. Shells. f. 61.
dinaliter ftriata.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 361.
Adanis Microſo. t. 14. f. 27.
V. with an oval, white ſhell, with four volutions, finely
ftriated: aperture long, narrow. Length one tenth of an
inch.
Mr. Boys favoured us with this minute fpecies, for
Walker's ſhell above quoted. It is opaque, but gloſſy,
Said to be not uncommon at Sandwich and Shepey Iſland.
Hh 2
V. with

236
6.
CATENATA. V. with an oblong-oval, ſtrong, fub-pellucid, white,
Tab. 6. f. 2. and extremely glofly ſhell, with four bands of opaqué,
white, oblong ſpots, connected by ſmall rufous ſpots or
ſtreaks, in a very elegant manner, like ſo many ſmall chains:
upper volution ſcarcely defined; apex indented, involu-
ted: aperture the whole length of the ſhell, linear: outer
lip thick, but not marginated, and obſoletely denticula-
ted: Columella quadriplicated, with two ſtrong, and two
faint folds. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth at the
top one eighth. We obſerved ſeveral of this new and
elegant ſpecies in Mr. SWAINSON'S cabinet of Britiſh
ſhells, under the title of Cypræa catenata ; who obligingly
favoured us with a ſpecimen.
The trivial name we have therefore continued it by, but
have been induced to place it in this genus, from the
ſtructure of the Columella, and not being denticulated on
the inner lip. It is, however, a connecting link between
the two genera. We are wholly indebted to that Gen-
tleman for all we have been able to collect concerning
this ſhell: who, in a letter upon the ſubject, ſays,
"I never found this ſhell alive; I got three or four dead
ſpecimens, in the ſediment at the bottom of pools of water,
(if they may be ſo called) left in the holes of the rocks in
St. Auſile bay, near Fowey : have heard of its being taken
off the Lizard, and alſo at Penzance."
Is ſaid to be found in Guernſey of a ſuperior fize.
GEN.

237
GEN XXIII.
BUCCINUM.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral, gibboſe.
Aperture, ovate, ending in a ſhort canai or gutter, to
the right.
Buccinum undatum. Lin. Syſt. p. 1204.
UNDATUM.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3492. 93.
Liſter Conch. t. 962. f. 14. 15.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 2. 3.
Martini Conch iv. t. 126. f. 1206.1211.
Br. Zool. No.90.- Turt. Lin. iv.p.404.
Pult. Cat Dorſet. p. 42.
Buccinum vulgare. Da Cojta p. 122. t. 6. f.6.6.
Buccinum ftriatum. Br. Zool. t. 74. f. 91.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 404.
B. with ſeven or eight, ventricoſe ſpires, undulately
ribbed, tranſverſely itriated, and croſſed with finer longi-
tudinal ftriæ.
This

238
This common ſpecies is ſtrong, and grows to a large
lize, frequently five inches in length; is fubject to vary in
colour, from white to cheſnut-brown, but more frequent-
ly the former, in part tinged with rufous-brown. In ſome
ſhells the ribs are ſtrong; others are only a little ribbed
towards the top; this variety is the B. ſtriatum of Mr.
PENNANT
There are ſcarce any of our ſhores but what produce
this ſhell. Is commonly taken in dredging by fiſhermen,
who either uſe the animal for bait, or deſtroy it, from a
ſuppoſition that it is very deſtructive to the large ſcollop,
Petten maximus; by infinuating its tail (as it is termed)
into the ſhell, and deſtroying the inhabitant: this we have
been affured they will do even in a pail of ſea water.
Small ſhells are ſometimes very thin, and prettily
marked with brown: old ones are frequently covered with
a brown epidermis, or rough extranecus matter.
The ſpawn of this ſpecies is found in large cluſters upon
moft parts of our coaſt, in which the young are frequent-
ly ſeen. In this ſtate, and for ſome time after they are ex-
cluded, they have an obtuſe globular apex; and have
been deſcribed as a diſtinct ſpecies. The Murex decolla-
tus of PeNNANT and DONOVAN is no other than this, or
the fry of Murex deſpectuos.
Buccinum

239
2.
Buccinum Lapillus. Lin. Syſt. p.1202.-Gmel Syſt, p.3484.53. LAPILLUS.
Liſter Conch. t. 965. f. 18. 19.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 5. 6.
Martini Conch. iii. t. 121. f. 1111. 1112.
Id. iv. t. 122. f. 1124. 1125. & var.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 18. f. 5.
Br. Zool.t.72. f.89.–Turt. Lin. iv.p.397.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 41.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 11.
Purpuro-Buccinum. Da Coſta. p. 125. t. 7. f. 1. 2. 3. 4. 9.12.
B. with a thick ſhell, with five or fix ſpires, ſtrongly
ftriated ſpirally, and fine, elevated, irregular, undulated
ftriæ, longitudinally: apex ſmall, pointed: aperture oval;
outer lip waved, or ſub-denticulated; pillar lip ſmooth,
replicated. Length rarely exceeds two inches; breadth
an inch.
This ſpecies is ſubject to great variety ; in ſome the lon-
gitudinal ftriæ are membranaceous and ſharp; others are
almoſt ſmooth and deſtitute of any: the colour is uſually
dirty-white, or yellowiſh; but ſometimes prettily banded
with cheſnut-brown, or yellow. Young ſhells vary fo
much in ſhape as ſcarcely to be aſcertained; fome are ex-
tremely ventricoſe in the body whirl, with the upper vo-
lutions very ſmall; and the whole ſhell muricated with
concave, fpinous ridges: others are more taper, and only
ſpirally ridged.
This is one of the moſt common ſhells upon our coaſt,
adhering to rocks quite up to high-water mark.
The

240
The famous purple, or Tyrian dye, has been, amongſt
others, extracted from the animal of this ſhell, an account
of which is detailed in the Philofophical Tranſactions,
No. 1684 by Mr. Cole; and is inſerted in DA COSTA
and the Britiſh Zoology. M. REAUMUR has alſo written
upon it, in the Paris Memoirs for the years 1712 and 1717.
It is ſuppoſed that fingular and beautiful dye is yielded
only by the ovarium; if ſo, it is no wonder
many
have
been diſappointed in their reſearches for it, as probably
it is only to be found at a certain ſeaſon of the year, when
that part is dilated by impregnation.
3.
RETICULATUM
Buccinum reticulatum. Lin. Syft. p. 1264.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3495. 111.
Martini Conch.iv.t.124. f.1162.to1164
Liſter Conch. t. 966. f. 21.
Br Zool. t.72. f. 92.
Turt. Lin. iv. p 406.
Da Coſta p. 131. t. 7. f. 10.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 42.
Don. Br. Shelis. iii. t. 76.
Buccinum vulgatum. Gmel. Syft. p. 3496. 120.
Martini Conch. iv. t. 124. f.1165.1166.
Buccinum Pullus. Br. Zool t. 72. f. 88.
B. with a ſtrong, reticulated ſhell, with ſeven or eight
coſtated volutions tapering to a fine point, and wrinkled
with tranſverſe elevated ftriæ, which riſe into tubercles
upon the ribs, and gives it a decuſſated appearance: aper-
ture

241
ture ſub-oval; outer lip even, not thickened at the back,
denticulated within; inner lip replicated, glofly white,
ſometimes faintly crenated : colour uſually brown.
A variety has the outer lip attenuated, and no denticu-
lations: another variety is ſmaller, with the ribs more dif-
tant, and ſometimes with one rib larger and more raiſed
than the reſt; colour purpliſh brown: inſide purple. This
appears to be the B. vulgatum of GMELIN, and the B.
Pullus of PENNANT. It muſt, however, be remarked,
that all theſe varieties run ſo much into each other, both
in the ribs and colour, that no permanent diſtinction can
be made.
Worn ſhells fometimes become quite white, eſpecially
the young ones. The largelt ſhells are an inch and a
half long, and nearly three-quarters wide at the baſe.
Common on many of our ſhores.
4.
cinum minutum. Br. Zool. t. 79. inner angle beneath left MACULA,
hand.
Tab. 8. f. 4.
Buccinum minimum. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
B. with fix or ſeven ribbed ſpires, tranſverſely ftriated
like the B. reticulatum : apex pointed : aperture ſub-orbi-
cular; outer lip gibboſe at the back, denticulated within ;
inner lip replicated, and faintly denticulated: colour va-
rious, mottled rufous, brown, and white, or wholly pale
purple, and ſometimes red; but rarely wholly white. In
Ii
all

242
all theſe variations it preſerves the invariable characteriſtic
mark of a ſmall ſpot of a dark purpliſh colour at the outer
edge of the canal; and has generally a purpliſh tip. It is
at once diſtinguiſhed from the young of B. reticulatum,
by the gibboſe outer lip. The length of this ſpecies rarely
exceeds half an inch; breadth one quarter of an inch.
It is not uncommon in ſome of the ſmall bays about
Falmouth; we have alfo found it on the north and ſouth
coaſts of Devonſhire, in Dorfetſhire, and in Wales: and
once received it from a friend on the Kentiſh coaſt for the
B. Pullus of LINNÆUS, but is certainly not that ſhell.
5.
AMBIGUUM.
Tab. 9. f.7.
Buccinum ambiguum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 42.
B. with a thick, ſtrong, ſub-conic, white ſhell, with fix
ſtrongly ribbed ſpires, finely ftriated tranſverſely: the ribs
are diſtant, and ſwell at the junction of each ſpire into
knobs or tubercles: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip
thickened by the rib, ſlightly denticulated; inner lip re-
plicated, with generally two faint diſtant folds. Length
rather more than half an inch; breadth three-eighths.
We were firſt favoured with this ſpecies from Doctor
PULTENEY, who ſays, it is found between Weymouth and
Portland on the ſands, and on the north fhore at Poole.
The Doctor is certainly miſtaken, in quoting the B. Pul-
lus and B. minutum of PENNANT for this ſhell; the for-
mer being only a variety of the B. reticulatum, and the
latter

243
latter we believe our B. Macula. This is perfectly dil-
tinct from either of thoſe ſhells, not only in being much
broader in proportion to its length, but in the ribs being
much more diſtant, and gibbofe at the ſpiral junctures. It
is, we believe, a very rare ſpecies: many of thoſe we have
examined, were ſtained in part with a ferruginous colour,
not natural to the ſhell.
Mr. BRYER, who has taken ſeveral of theſe ſhells on
the ſhore between Weymouth and Portland, informed us,
they were all of that colour; though we obſerved ſeveral
in Doctor PULTENEY's cabinet perfectly white, that ap-
peared to be live, or recent ſhells.
Buccinum hepaticum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 41.
Liſter. Conch. t. 975. f. 30.
6.
HEPATICUM,
Tab. 8. f. 1.
B. with a ſtrong, browniſh ſhell, with ſeven or eight
ribbed volutions: a tranſverſe line, or depreſſion, near the
top of each ſpire; which, cutting the ribs, forms that
part into ſmall knobs; in other reſpects it is fmooth, ex-
cept a few ftriæ at the baſe of the body whirl, and is ſome-
what glofly: the volutions are rather tumid, and ſtrongly
divided; apex ſharp: outer lip thick, turning inwards to
an edge, beneath which are ſeveral denticulations or itriæ;
inner lip folded back, with one tooth-like ridge on the up-
per part: colour a little varying with a few ferruginous
ſpots, and ſometimes a white faſcia on the inſide of the
outer lip. Doctor PuLTENEY favoured us with this ſpecies,
Ii 2
which

244
which he ſays is found in Purbeck, and dredged up at
Weymouth; but rarely.
It feldom exceeds an inch in length; and five-eighths
of an inch in breadth.
7.
BILINEATUM.
Buccinum bilineatum. Gmel. Syft. p. 3476.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 391.
Buccinum porcatum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 41.
Buccinuin decuffatum. Br. Zool. App. t.79. two bottom figures.
Lifter Conch. t. 998. f. 63.
B. with an ovated, ſmooth, whitiſh ſhell, girdled with
two, three, or four bands of brown ſpots; the upper part
ſet round with two ſeries of tubercles, upper volutions
ſmooth: aperture large, ſub-oval; outer lip ſlightly den-
tated; inner lip rugoſe, and granulated.
Foreign ſpecimens exceed two inches in length: that
figured by Mr. PENNANT is a young ſhell, ſcarcely an inch
long, and was found at Weymouth.
8.
PERDIX.
Tab. 8. f. 5.
Buccinum Perdix. Lin. Syft. p. 1197.-Gmel Syſt, p. 3470. 3.
Liſter Conch. t. 984. f. 43.
Martini Conch. iii. t. 117. f. 1078. 1080.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.41.-Gualt. t. 51. f.F.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 385.
B. with

245
B. with a ſub-oval ſhell, with five or fix volutions; the
firſt very large and tumid, the others ſmall in proportion,
marked with flat, tranſverſe ridges, broader than the in-
terſtices: colour yellowiſh-brown, marbled and ſpotted
with white: aperture large, oval; outer lip thin, plain;
lower part of the inner lip a little replicated, forming a
fub-umbilicus.
Exotic ſhells grow to a large ſize; thoſe which have
been found in England are not larger than a hazel nut,
as we are informed by Doctor PuLTENEY; who ſays, it
has been dredged up at Weymouth, and thrown up after
ſtorms. We obſerved it in Mr. Bryer's cabinet, who
affured us he found it on the fame coaft.
9.
LINEATUM.
Buccinum lineatum. Da Coſta. p. 130. t. 8. f. 5.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 41.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 15.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
B. with a ſtrong, ſmooth, conic ſhell, with five or fix
volutions, regularly banded with alternate, ſpiral lines, of
chocolate-brown and white, that gives it the appearance
of being ſtriated: apex ſharp, pointed: aperture oval;
outer lip a little ſpreading, margin marked by the brown
lines, that look like crenulæ. Length a quarter of an
inch; breadth one eighth.
DA

246
DA COSTA ſays, this ſhell is found in great abundance
in Cornwall, but does not mention any particular part of
that coaſt. If we did not know that ſhells are extremely
local, we ſhould be induced to think he had been deceived;
as we never could find it on any of the ſhores in that
county, nor in Devonſhire. Doctor PULTENEY fays, it
is common on the coaſt of Dorſet; ſometimes in great
numbers adhering to fuci and graſs wrack.
On ſuch good authority the exiſtence of this ſhell as
Engliſh could not be doubted, though we always conſidered
it as extremely rare, or at leaſt very local; never having
been fortunate enough to find it till lately, and that fpar.
ingly, between Weymouth and Portland. From the ſame
place we have been favoured with ſeveral ſpecimens from
Mr. Bryer, amongſt which was one entirely white, and
another variety lineated with pale brown and white.
10.
CINCTUM. B. with a conic, white ſhell, marked with a fine thread-
Tab. 15. f. 1. like girdle, of a rufous-brown colour, round the middle of
each fpire: volutions fix or ſeven, nearly even, finely and
cloſely ribbed, and obſoletely ftriated tranſverſely in the
depreſſions between the ribs: apex ſharp: aperture nar-
row, oval; outer lip thickened with a broad rib at the
back, and denticulated within; inner lip ſub-crenulated
by the tranſverſe ftriæ at the baſe; on the edge of the
outer lip, near the end, is a fmall rufous ſpot, and
another at the upper angle of the aperture; from theſe,
two

247
two obſolete broken lines are to be traced round the baſe
of the ſhell.
Whether theſe markings are permanent characters, we
dare not determine, as only one ſpecimen of this new ſhell
has come under our examination: but in other reſpects
is ſo very different from any Britiſh ſpecies of Buccinum
hitherto deſcribed, that it cannot be confounded.
Found by Mr. BRYER on the ſhore near Weymouth, to-
gether with ſeveral other new and rare ſhells, which will
enrich this work. Length barely a quarter of an inch.
11.
B. with a ſtrong ſhell, with five reticulated, taper ſpires : MINIMUM.
the ribs that run longitudinally are conſiderably raiſed, Tab. 8. f. 2.-
which being cut by the tranſverſe ſtriæ, gives it a decuf-
fated appearance: aperture oval ; both lips ſmooth: co-
lour varying from light to dark cheſnut-brown, without
any ſpots or markings. Length ſcarce two-tenths of an
inch, and more than double its breadth.
We found this ſpecies in conſiderable abundance on the
ſouth coaſt of Devon, at the mouth of the Aun, amongſt
the drifted fand; and rarely alive by dredging at Salcomb
and Torcroſs.
It does not appear to be noticed before by any concho-
ogiſt and is probably a local ſhell.
Buccinum

248
12.
TERRESTRE.
Tab.8, f. 3.
Buccinum Acicula. Muller. Verm. p. 150. No. 340.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 60.
Gualt t. 6. B. B.
Buccinum longiuſculum. Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 26.
Buccinum obtululum. Turt. Lin. iv.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 416.
Schroet. Fluſconch. t. 8. f. 6.a. b.
Id. Erdconch. p. 142.
B. with fix flender, ſmooth, gloffy, pellucid, white
{pires, terminating in an obtufe point: the volutions not
much raiſed, but well defined by the ſeparating ſpiral
groove: aperture oblong, ſub-oval; outer lip thin, even ;
pillar lip thickened, forming a ſmall gutter : no teeth.
Length a quarter of an inch; breadth ſcarce one fourth its
length.
The remarkable characters of this ſhell are the uncom-
mon obliquity of the ſpiral turns of the volutions, and the
length of the firſt ſpire, which, more than double, exceeds
that of the ſecond, and is nearly equal to the three fuc-
ceeding.
Mr. Boys originally favoured us with this ſpecies for
the ſhell figured by WALKER as above quoted; who
ftates it to be found in Faverſham Creek only; which im-
plies it to be marine; but was doubtleſs carried there by
ſome neighbouring ſtream; for it is a land ſhell.
We have procured it from the top of Barham downs
in Kent, where it is common on the roots of the graſs, and
under

249
under moſs: and have found great abundance, amongſt a
varietyof ſhells brought down by the floods in the river Avon
at Lackham in Wiltſhire. Theſe are ſuperior in fize to thoſe
from Kent, but of courſe dead ihells though perfect.
SCHROETER was at a loſs whether to place this amongſt
his land or freſh-water ſhells, and has therefore given it a
place both in his Fluffconchylien and Erdconchylien, and
what is extraordinary, has affixed to it the ſynonyms of
Helix ottona, notwithſtanding he expreſsly fays, it does
not anſwer to the deſcription of the Linnean ſhell, as it
neither has a ſub-umbilicus, or roundiſh mouth.
Muller has committed the ſame error, and has equally
quoted GUALTERI's figure; which is a minute ſpecies,
and not the leaſt correſponding with the Linnæan deſcrip-
tion of H. otona.
GMELIN has continued the error of thoſe authors, not
having been acquainted with the ſhell in queſtion; and,
in order to correſpond with their deſcriptions, tells us it
has ſometimes fix ſpires, the firſt twice as large as the next;
and the umbilicus inconſpicuous. This, though it accords
partly with SCHROETEr's and MULLER's ſhell, certainly
does not correſpond with, “tefta fubperforata turrita :
anfraclibus octo, apertura fubrotunda," the ſpecific cha-
racters given by LINNÆUS to his H. oclona.
That GUALTERI ſhould make this an aquatic, is not
ſurpriſing, as all our land-ſhells are occaſionally carried
Kk
into

250
into ſtreams and rivers, and cannot be aſcertained but by
a knowledge of their ſeveral animals; ſo that when a ſhell
is found in water that has never before occurred, it has
at once been conſidered as belonging to that element;
and has led to innumerable errors.
13.
OBTUSULUM.
Buccinum obtuſulum. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 25.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 59.
“The bellied whilk of three ſpires with an oval aper-
ture: colour opaque white.” From Faverſham Creek;
very rare.
This is one of the few of Mr. WALKER's ſhells we have
not had an opportunity of examining; have therefore
copied the deſcription from his work. It is a microſcopic
fpecies.
14.
BREVE.
Buccinum breve: teſta quinque anfractibus: longitudinaliter
coftatis : tranſverſim ftriatis : color albus opacus,
cauda
breviſſimâ. Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 3. 4. (Adams.)
Shell white, with five whorls, which are longitudinally
ribbed and tranſverſely ftriate. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
15.
MINUTUM.
Buccinum minutum: tribus anfractibus : longitudinaliter cof-
tatis: color albus opacus. Lin. Trans. ill. t.13.f.5.6.(Adams)
Shell

251
Shell white, opaque, with three whorls, which are lon-
gitudinally ribbed. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
16.
Buccinum læve: teſta lævi tribus anfractibus, cauda elongata : LÆVE,
color albus opacus; anfractus primus ſecundo multo ven-
tricofior ; apertura ovalis.
Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 7.8. (Adanis.)
Shell ſmooth, with three whorls and a long beak. Turt.
Lin. iv. p. 387.
17.
Buccinum obtufiſfimum: teſta lævi, tribus anfractibus, aper-OBTUSISSIMUM.
tura coarctata, cauda elongata.
A præcedente differt et in aperturæ forma, et quod anfractus
ipfi funt quam proxime magnitudinis æqualis.
Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 9. 10. (Adams)
Shell ſmooth, with three whorls, and a long beak: aper-
ture contracted. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
The four preceding ſhells we have been obliged to copy
from Mr. ADAMS, who found them on the coaſt of Pem-
brokeſhire; they are all microſcopic ſpecies.
The two firſt ſeem to differ in nothing but the number
of volutions. The two laſt appear to be young unformed
ſhells not perfected at the apex; poſſibly the young of
Murex defpe&tus juft eſcaped from the egg,
Kk 2
It

252
It muſt be remarked, that moſt turbinated univalve ſhells,
when firſt produced, have few volutions, and their apex
abrupt, ſwelling into a round knob: even the common
garden ſnail, Helix aſperſa, is ſo different in its infant
ftate, as to have been conſidered a diſtinct ſhell: great
care is therefore requiſite in diſcriminating the minute
ſpecies.
We have always rejected thoſe whoſe apex was globoſe,
and deftitute of a finiſhed ſpire.
GEN.

253
GEN XXIV.
STROMBUS.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral.
Aperture ending in a canal to the left: outer lip for the
moſt part much expanded.
1.
Stromb. Pes Pelecani. Lin. Syft. p. 1207.
Pes PELECANI.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3507. 2.
Martini Conch. iii. t. 85. f. 848.850.
Liſter Conch. t.865. f.20. -1.866.f.21.b.
Br. Zool. No. 94.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.42.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 4.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 417.
Aporrhais quadrifidus. Da Coſta. p. 136. t. 7. f. 7.
S. with a pyramidal ſhell, tapering to a fine point, with
ten ribbed, or rather tuberculated, volutions; on the body
whirl are two rows of ſmaller tubercles beneath the larger
ones: outer lip much expanded, quadrifid, the upper
angle

254
angle running far up the ſpire; the lower one formed by
the tail or canal; theſe are more or leſs channelled be-
neath: fleſh-colour. Length near two inches.
This ſhell is fubject to great variety with reſpect to the
outer lip, which increaſes by age: young ſhells have all
the appearance of a Murex, without the leaſt expanſion
of the lip, and all gradations are to be met with from that
to the perfect ſhell.
Da Costa fpeaks of this ſpecies as pretty general on
many parts of the Engliſh, Welch, and Scottiſh coafts.
We have found it not uncommon at the mouth of the
Ex, on Dawliſh Warren in Devonſhire, but rarely perfect,
except after violent ſtorms.
Live ſhells are ſometimes obtained at Torcroſs by deep
dredging; but more frequently old and worn ſpecimens,
which are invariably inhabited by a new and fingular fpe-
cies of Sipunculus, who clofes up the aperture with agglu-
tinated fand, leaving only a ſmall round hole, within which
it recedes. This animal is capable of withdrawing its an-
terior part within the other, in the ſame manner that the
common Limax draws in the larger tentacula, to which
the eyes are affixed; it has no other mode of contracting
or expanding
The animal of the S. pes. Pelecani has a long ſnout,
and two filiform tentacula of a pink colour; the former
ſpotted

255
ſpotted with white: eyes black, at the baſe of the tenta-
cula beneath; ſuſtentaculum ſhort, white,
2.
COSTATUS.
Strombus coſtatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 42.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 94.
Strombiformis coſtatus. Da Coſta p. 118, t. 8. f. 14.
S. with ten or eleven volutions of a dark brown colour,
tapering to a fine point; furniſhed with numerous, fine,
clofe fet ribs, and an elevated, ſpiral line, turning round
the bottom of each volution, becoming double at the baſe
of the ſhell, and is loſt in the upper part : aperture ſub-
orbicular, outer lip a little expanded; inner lip ſmooth,
with a ſub-canal. Length rather leſs than half an inch.
It varies in colour from light brown to a deep cheſnut,
but uſually the latter. In ſome the outer lip is a little
thickened at the margin.
DA COSTA ſays this ſpecies is found on the coaſts of
Cornwall. We have taken it on Milton ſands on the
ſouth coaſt of Devon ; but is certainly a rare Engliſh ſhell.
GEN.

256
GEN. XXV.
MUREX
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral, moſt times rough with mem-
branaceous folds, or knobs.
Aperture ending in a ſtrait, entire canal: fometimes
flightly reflecting
1.
DESPECTUS.
Murex defpectus. Lin. Syſt. p.1222.-Gmel. Syft. p.3547.74.
Liſter Conch. t. 913. f. 4.- Id. Angl. p.155.
t. 3. f. 1.
Martini Conch. iv. t. 138. f. 1292. & 1294.
Br. Zool. No. 98.— Turt. Lin. iv. p. 445.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 43.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 31.
Buccinum magnum. Da Coſta p. 120. t. 6. f. 4.
M. with a thick, ſtrong, white ſhell, with ſeven or eight
ventricoſe volutions, tapering to a fine point, faintly ftri-
ated both tranſverſely and longitudinally: aperture ſub-
oval; outer lip plain; inner lip replicated, fmooth; Colu-
mello

257
mella at the baſe, in old ſhells a little twiſted ; tail, or ca
sal, a little reflected; infide yellowiſh. Length five in
ches. Young ſhells ſometimes of a ferruginous-brown.
This, the largeſt turbinated ſhell of the Britiſh ſeas,
is local, but not uncommon in ſome parts. Inhabits the
deep; fometimes dredged up with Oyſters, and eaten by
the poorer people; but more frequently uſed as a bait for
Cod and other fiſh.
DA Costa fays, it is found in Eſſex, Yorkſhire, Scot-
land, and Ireland. Doctor PULTENEY mentions it on the
Dorſet coaſt, but not plentiful. It muſt be extremely rare
on the more weſtern ſhores, as not a ſingle ſpecimen has
ever occurred in Devonſhire, or Cornwall: and we are
aſſured by Mr. Bryer, it is a perfect ſtranger to the coaſt
about Weymouth. Is ſometimes taken in Kent.
2.
Murex antiquus. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3546.73.
ANTIQUUS.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 119.
Martini Conch. iv. t. 138. f. 1293. & 1296.
Br. Zool. No.97.- Turt. Lin iv. p. 445.
Murex carinatus. Br. Zool. t.77.f.96.- Turt. Lin. iv. p 438.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 109.
M. with a ſtrong ſhell of a pale brown colour: voluti-
ons eight, ftriated tranſverſely, marked with faint longi-
tudinal ftriæ: the middle of each volution riſing into a
Krong, undulated, carinated ridge; ſometimes two, but
LI
the

255
the lower one is moſt uſually faint; the two ſmalleft volu-
tions are generally ſmooth: aperture oval, ending in a long
canal; outer lip even, except where the ridges terminate;
pillar lip a little replicated, ſmooth; inſide livid-white.
Length three inches and a half.
This ſhell ſeems to be ſubject to great variety: ſome are
irregularly ribbed, which riſe into angulated protuberan-
ces on the carinated ridge; others are ſtrongly bicarina-
ted, without the angular undulations. Mr. PENNANT'S
figure appears to have three plain ridges on each volution.
GMELIN quotes a ſhell of MARTINI, which is not unlike
our defpe&tus. MARTINI ſeems to conſider this as a vari-
ety of that ſhell, and has given ſeveral figures, that appear
to run ſo much into each other, as to favour the opinion;
one of which is not unlike the carinatus of the Britiſh Zo-
ology. If it is a variety of the defpeétus, it is rarely found
in our ſeas, except in Scotland; from whence we have re-
ceived it.
S.
CORNEUS.
Murex corneus. Lin. Syft. p. 1224.--Gmel. Syſt, p. 3552.97.
Lifter Conch. t.913. f.5.-Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 4.
Br. Zool. t. 76. f. 99.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.43.—Turt. Lin. iv.p.449.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 38.
Buccinum gracile. Da Coſta, p. 124. t. 6. f. 5.
M. with eight ſtrong, taper, white fpires, tranſverſely
ftriated, and faintly wrinkled longitudinally; volutions
rounded, divided by a ſtrong ſeparating line, or depreſſion:
aperture

259
aperture oblong-oval; canal long, and a little reflex-
ed. Length three inches; breadth an inch and a quarter.
Live ſhells are uſually covered with a brown epidermis.
DA Costa ſays it is found in Yorkſhire, Northumber-
land, and Eſſex; and in the Orknies, and other ſhores of
Scotland; as well as on the Iriſh coaſt.
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as not very uncommon
on the Dorfet coaſt, at Weymouth, Studland, and Poole;
moſt probably dead and mutilated ſpecimens.
It is a pelagic ſhell, and rarely taken in a recent ſtate,
but by dredging in deep water. We have found it on
fome of the ſhores of South Devon, particularly at Torbay,
and have taken it not uncommonly by dredging at Tor-
croſs; and ſometimes at Salcomb; but in no one inſtance
alive, though occaſionally perfect; yet always more or
leſs covered with extraneous matter. From this it muſt be
inferred, that they either inhabit the deeper parts beyond
the reach of the dredge, or the more rocky fituations
which cannot be ſearched by the uſual means.
4.
Murex erinaceus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1276.--Gmel. Syſt. p. 3530.19. ERINACEUS,
Liſter Conch. t.942 f. 38?-Gualt t.49 H.
Br. Zool t.76.f 95.-- Turt. Lin. iv. p.432.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 35.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 43.
Buccinum porcatum. Da Coſta. p. 133. t. 8. f. 7.7.
L 1 2
M. with

260
M. with a very rough, ſtrong, angulated ſhell, of a
dirty white, or browniſh colour; with ſeven or eight ru-
goſe fpires much produced, and terminating in a fine point:
on each volution are fix or ſeven rugged, prominent, lon-
gitudinal ribs, croſſed by tranſverſe, elevated ftriæ: the
whole ſhell imbricated with ſmall concave, or arched ſcales,
very conſpicuous on the body: aperture oval; canal tu-
bular; outer lip thickened by a rib, inner margin denta-
ted; pillar lip ſmooth glofly-white. Length an inch and
three-quarters, and nearly an inch wide.
In very young ſpecimens the gutter or canal is open, and
the whole ſhell is covered with elevated points, which be-
ing ſometimes worn, gives it a pretty cancellated appear-
ance, and in this ſtate may readily be miſtaken for a diſtinct
fpecies.
This is not uncommon on many of our ſhores; but the
fineſt and moſt perfect ſpecimens are taken by dredging:
ſometimes a pretty variety, mottled or zoned with ferrugi-
nous and white.
5.
PURPUREUS. M. with a very rugofe ſhell, of a dark purple colour,
Tab. 9. f. 3. with ſometimes a few ſpots or blotches of white: voluti-
ons nine or ten, rounded, and tapering to an extremely
fine, ſharp point, furniſhed with nineteen or twenty ribs,
running a little oblique to the right; croſſed by numerous
ſharp, elevated ridges, which riſe into angles upon the ribs,
making

261
making the ſhell very rough, and giving it a cancellated
appearance: aperture narrow, oval, terminating in a ſtrait
canal; outer lip thin; margin white, crenated by the ſtriæ :
Columella ftriated tranſverſely oblique to the end of the
canal, and ſomewhat tuberculated; inſide purple, mark-
ed by the ribs. Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth
a quarter of an inch.
This new, elegant, and rare ſpecies, we have taken a
few of alive, by dredging in Salcomb bay, in Devonſhire.
In all the ſpecimens we have ſeen, the outer lip has
been more or leſs white, with here and there a few ob-
ſcure ſpots of the ſame colour, without regularity, on
other parts of the ſhell.
6.
M. with a rugoſe ſhell, of a light brown colour : voluti- LINEARIS.
ons ſeven or eight, rounded, and ſtrongly ribbed, croſſed by Tab.9.f. 4,
elevated ftriæ or ridges, the ſummits of which are purpliſh-
brown, and form fine, ſpiral, thread-like lines, all up the
ſhell; theſe are, however, ſometimes interrupted, as in
ſome ſpecimens a few of the ridges are plain brown: the
ſhell tapers to a fine point, and is generally darkeſt at the
apex: in dead ſpecimens that are bleached white, and
have loſt the lineated appearance, the apex is generally of
a purple colour: the ribs are nine or ten in number:
aperture oval, terminating in a ſtrait canal; outer lip
thickened at the back by a rib; margin within crenated;
pillar

262
pillar lip ſmooth. Length exceeding a quarter of an inch;
breadth one eighth.
This new and elegant ſpecies, we firſt diſcovered in ſand
from Falmouth harbour, and afterwards took ſeveral alive
by dredging in Salcomb bay, in Devonſhire; but is a rare
fhell in both places.
7.
MURICATUS. M. with a ſtrong, rough fhell, with fix or ſeven ventri-
Tab. 9. f. 2. coſe, tuberculated volutions, tapering to a fine point: the
tubercles are formed by interrupted, longitudinal ribs,
croſſed by ſtrong, elevated ftriæ; and in ſome parts are
pointed, or angulated: apex ſmooth: aperture oval, ter-
minating in a long ſlender canal, which together, rather
exceed the length of the reſt of the ſhell; outer lip ſharp,
and dentated at the edge; margin within crenulated; pillar
lip fmooth. Length half an inch; breadth a quarter.
We procured a few of this new, and rare ſpecies, by
dredging in Salcomb bay. It is generally covered with a
thick orange-red epidermis, or extraneous matter, that ob-
fcures the markings; beneath which the ſhell is white,
tinged with fleih-colour, and ſometimes ſtained greeniſh.
8.
TURRICULA. M. with ſeven taper, ribbed fpires, of a white colour,
Tab.9.f. 1. and ſomewhat gloffy, terminating in a fine point, and ſtri-
ated tranſverſely: the volutions are ſtrongly defined, not
rounded,

263
rounded, but riſe perpendicular above each other, the top
of each being almoſt flat; the ribs at that part angulated,
or turrited, and ſuddenly decline to the ſeparating line:
aperture narrow-oblong, ending in a broad canal; outer
lip a little thickened by a rib; upper part angulated; pillar
lip fmooth. Length three-quarters of an inch; breadth
rather more than a quarter.
We are indebted to Mr. Boys for our firſt acquaintance
with this ſpecies, who informs us, it is not uncommon on
the ſhore of Sandwich in Kent.
Have fince found it at Biddeford bay, in Devonſhire,
and on the ſouth coaſt of Wales, particularly about Tenby
and Laugharne.
9.
M. with fix taper ribbed ſpires, of a pale rufous-brown Rufus.
colour, and ſometimes cheſnut: the volutions are gene-
rally furniſhed with fifteen or fixteen ſmall ribs, ſtriated
tranſverſely: aperture narrow, oblong, ending in a ſhort
canal; outer lip ſmooth, rarely thickened by a rib; pillar
lip ſmooth. Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one
eighth
This fpecies is found with the laſt at Sandwich, Bidde-
ford bay, and on the coaſt of Wales: we have alſo taken
it on the ſouth coaſt of Devon, and in Dorſetſhire, where
the other has never occurred. It has indeed, ſomewhat
the

264
the habit of that ſhell, but is readily diſtinguiſhed from it,
by being rather more ſlender, not ſo large in the body vo-
lution, the ſpires a little rounded, not flat at the top, and
the colour is never white; the ribs, too, are generally
more in number,
We have taken it alive by dredging on the coaſt of De-
vonſhire, of a dark purpliſh colour, probably its uſual ap-
pearance in that ſtate: as all thoſe of a different colourfrom
other places were dead ſhells, and deprived of much of
their beauty.
10.
SINUOSUS. M. with a ſtrong, thick, white ſhell, with 'fix coſtated
Tab. 9. f. 8. volutions, tapering to a fine point: the ſpires are very
little raiſed, and ſeparated only by a fine thread-like line :
the ribs are ſeven on each ſpire, ſtrong, much elevated,
and arched, but do not quite extend to the upper part
of
each: the whole ſhell is finely and regularly ftriated tranſ-
verſely, or acroſs the ribs, and is moſt conſpicuous in the
depreſſions between them: aperture narrow, oblong.oval;
canal ſhort, and not much contracted; at the upper angle
is a deep finus; the outer lip is ſlightly thickened by a rib;
inner lip replicated on the Columella. Length three-quar-
ters of an inch; breadth a quarter.
We were favoured with this new, and rare ſpecies, by
Mr. Bryer of Weymouth, who found it on the ſhore near
that place. It is at once diſtinguiſhed from all other Britiſh
fpecies,

265
ſpecies, by the fingular finus or gutter in the upper part
of the outer lip.
Buccinum coftatum. Da Coſta p. 128. t. 8. f. 4.
11.
Murex coſtatus. Br. Zool. No. 100. t. 79? inner qua- COSTATUS,
drangle upper left figure.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 43.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 91.
Murex truncatus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 446.
M. with fix taper volutions, furniſhed with eight or
nine elevated ribs, deſtitute of any ftriæ, and frequently
gloſſy: colour various; ſome are wholly of a deep pur-
pliſh-brown, or chocolate, or partly mixed with white;
others yellowiſh-white, with fine ſpiral ſtreaks of brown,
that look like ftriæ; and not unfrequently quite plain dull
white, but ſuch muſt be conſidered as dead, and injured
fhells: aperture narrow, terminating in a canal, very lit-
tle more contracted than the reſt of the mouth, and is
nearly ſtrait ; outer lip uſually thickened by a rib at the
back, the margin thin ; inner lip very little replicated.
Length three-tenths of an inch at moſt; breadth one-eighth.
DA COSTA ſpeaks of this ſpecies from Cornwall and
Devonſhire. We alſo found it in both thoſe counties, par-
ticularly at Falmouth in the former; and at Biddeford bay,
and Salcomb bay, in the latter; but only alive in the laſt
place. It is likewiſe met with on ſome of the ſandy ſhores
of South Wales, eſpecially about Laugharne.
Doctor
Mm

266
Doctor PuLTENEY informs us, it is rare on the coaſt of
Dorſet; and Mr. Pennant notes it from Angleſea.
Mr. Bryer favoured us with it from Weymouth.
It does not, however, appear to be plentiful any where;
and is rarely procured in a recent ſtate.
12.
ATTENUATUS. M. with an elegant, flender ſhell, with eight fpires, re-
Tab. 9. f. 6. gularly tapering to a very fine point, deſtitute of ftriæ,
and furniſhed with nine equidiſtant, ſtrong ribs : volutions
ſcarcely raiſed, and ſeparated only by a very fine line; the
ribs are arched, or undulated, as they riſe in the middle of
each volution: aperture narrow, contracting a little at the
canal, which is moderately long, and nearly ſtrait: outer
lip thickened at the back with a rib; inner lip plain.
Length halfan inch; breadth one-eighth, or rather more.
This ſhell, which we do not find deſcribed by any au-
thor, appears to be very rare, never having been able to
procure more than three or four ſpecimens; the firſt was
in fand from Falmouth harbour, others from Biddeford
bay, of an inferior fize; all of which were of the fame
plain, yellowiſh-white colour, without ftriæ, or markings
of any kind; one or two of which pofſeffed a little gloſs
between the ribs.
It bears fome reſemblance to the M. coſtatus, but is
much
0

267
much more elegant in ſhape, more contracted in the apere
ture, and formed with a greater number of volutions.
In fize it is nearly double that of the coſtatus, and is
readily diſtinguiſhed by its more flender form.
13.
M. with a ſlender ſhell, with nine or ten coſtated volu-GRACILIS.
tions, tapering to a fine point: the ribs are eleven or Tab. 15. f. 5.
twelve in number croſſed with numerous ftriæ : theſe ribs
do not continue throughout the ſhell, but are ſeparated at
the juncture of each ſpire by a flat ſpace, at which part
the tranſverſe ftriæ are uninterruptedly continued in a ſpi-
ral direction up the ſhell, like fine threads; at the baſe of
the body whirl, which is deſtitute of ribs, the tranſverſe
ftriæ are ſtronger and more diſtant: the ribs are very con-
vex or arched, giving the volutions a tumid appearance :
aperture narrow; canal moderately long, aſcending; outer
lip a little ſpread, margin arcuated; inner lip very ſlightly
thickened. Length ſeven-eighths of an inch; breadth
two-eighths.
This new, and elegant fpecies, was picked up on the
ſands of Biddeford bay in Devonſhire, and is the only one
we could procure: the colour is yellowiſh, inclining to
pale ferruginous in the futures, or diviſions of the ſpires.
14.
Murex acuminatus. Br. Zool. t. 79? inner quadrangle lower NEBULA.
right hand.
Tab, 15. f. 6.
Turt. Lin. iv.
M. with
p. 446,
M m 2

268
M. with eight taper, coftated ſpires, terminating in a
ſharp pointed apex, ſlightly, but elegantly reticulated, as
if covered with fine gauze: the volutions are ſcarcely ele-
vated between the ribs, and only ſeparated by a fine thread-
like line: aperture narrow, oblong-oval, ending in a ca-
nal turning a little to one fide; outer lip ſharp; inner lip
replicate, ſmooth, glofly: colour various, ſometimes yel-
lowith-white, others pale purpliſh-brown, or rufous; but
the moſt beautiful variety is of a bluſh-colour, with the
decuflated ftriæ white.
Worn ſhells, that have loſt the fine ftriæ, might be con-
founded for the M. coſtatus, without proper attention: it
is, however, in that ſtate aſcertained by the turn of the
canal, by the aperture being much ſhorter and not fo con-
tracted, and by the ſuperior number of ribs, which is
ten or eleven, and thoſe not ſo much elevated.
We have found this pretty ſhell at Falmouth; and on
the north and ſouth coafts of Devonſhire, particularly Bid-
deford bay: and have received it from the ſouth coaſt of
Wales, where it is not uncommon about Tenby and
Laugharne. Alſo from Weymouth. It is, however, by no
means plentiful, and good ſpecimens rare: the largeſt ra-
ther exceed half an inch in length; and two-tenths of an
inch in breadth.
15.
SEPTANGULARIS
M. with feven or eight, ſtrong, ſmooth, taper volutions,
Tab. 9. f. 5. terminating in a fine point, of a light purpliſh-brown co-
lour

269
lour, and ſomewhat gloffy; with ſeven longitudinal ridges,
that run the whole length, ſcarcely interrupted by the fe-
parating line: the ſides, or ſpace between the ribs, are but
little concave, which gives the ſhell a heptagonal appear-
ance : aperture oblong-oval, ending in a ſhort canal; outer
lip ſharp at the edge, thickened at the back by a ridge,
the upper part contracted to an angle, where the margin
is a little indented; pillar lip a little replicated. Length
five-eighths of an inch; breadth two-eighths; but rarely
fo large.
Sometimes this ſhell is white at the junction of each
volution; worn ſpecimens are dull, opaque white.
We found this rare ſpecies firſt at Falmouth, and fince
alive in Salcomb bay, taken by dredging.
Have alſo received it, amongſt ſome ſmall ſhells, from
Mr. BRYER, who found it at Weymouth.
16,
FUSCATUS.
Murex fufcatus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1225.
Gmel. Syft p. 3562. 145.
Gualt t. 56 H.
Liſter Conch. t. 121 17.
Pult. Cat. Do fet. p. 43.
Turt. Lin. iy. p. 458.
Turbo tuberculata. Br. Zool. t. 82. f 111* ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 494.
M. with

270
M. with ten or twelve tuberculated ſpires, of a yellow-
iſh-brown colour, tapering to a fine point; the volutions
are curiouſly wrought, with three or four ſeries of crenu-
lated ftriæ between the tuberculated ſpiral ridges: aper-
ture ſmall, oval, ending in a ſlight canal: the baſe ſpirally
Itriated.
The tubercles in large ſhells extend into ſtrong conic
{pires, on the lower volution; and ſometimes run together
into a ſharp ſpiral ridge, like a ſcrew.
This very rare Britiſh ſhell has been found at Weymouth
by Mr. BRYER; it was about an inch and a half in length,
and half an inch broad at the baſe.
Mr. PENNANT's ſhell is of this fize, and was found on
the coaſt of Northumberland.
Petiver has given the figure of a ſhell, very much like
that in the Britiſh Zoology, but does not ſtate it to be En-
gliſh. Vide Petiver's Gazophylacium Naturæ, Tab.5.
f. 5.
17.
TUBERCULARIS. M. with nine or ten, ſlender, taper, tuberculated volu-
tions, ſeparated only by a flight depreſſion: colour cheſ-
nut-brown: apex pointed; aperture ſmall, oval, ending
in a canal, fomewhat encloſed by the Columella turning
inward. Length a quarter of an inch.
We

271
We found this ſpecies, in drifted ſand, at the month of
the Aun in Devonſhire, ſparingly. It has alſo been picked
up on the coaſt of Sandwich, by Mr. Boys.
18.
Turbo turritus perverſus novem anfractibus punctatus aper-
ADVERSUS.
tura coarctata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 48.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 113. f. 966 ?
Turbo Pun&tatus. Turt. Lin. iv p. 501.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 21.
M. with ten or eleven, reverſed, tuberculated ſpires,
tapering to a fine point: the volutions ſcarcely defined by
the ſeparating line, with three ſeries of tubercles on each,
the middle row ſmaller than the others : aperture oval,
ending in a ſtrait canal; baſe with two or three ſmooth,
fpiral ridges. Length three-eighths of an inch; fome-
times, though rarely, half an inch; breadth not quite
one-eighth. Colour opaque light brown.
This ſpecies has much the habit of the preceding, but
is at once diſtinguiſhed by the volutions turning the con-
trary way.
It differs alſo a little in the ſhape of the aperture and
canal: and particularly, in the middle ſeries of the tuber-
cles being ſmaller.
We firſt received this ſhell from Mr. Boys, for that of
Walker's above quoted; and have lince found it ſparing-
ly on the Corniſh and Devonſhire coaits.
Strom-

272
19.
RETICULATUS.
Strombiformis reticulatus. Da Coſta p. 117.
Murex reticulatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 43.
Borlaſe Corn. p. 277.
M. with eleven or twelve, much reticulated volutions,
of a rufous-brown colour; ſtrong, flender, and tapering
to a very fine point: on each volution are four ſpiral
ridges, interfected by longitudinal furrows, running a lit-
tle oblique, forming the whole ſurface equally reticulate:
the ſeparating line fmall, and not much depreſſed: aper-
ture oval, angulated at the upper part, the lower end a
little contracted into a ſlight canal, or gutter; outer lip
thin, a little indented by the ſpiral ridge; pillar lip repli-
cated; baſe not reticulated. Length five-eighths of an
inch; rather more than one eighth broad.
This ſpecies is extremely common on ſome parts of the
Corniſh coaſt, particularly in the fand, dredged from Fal-
mouth harbour for the purpoſe of manure: and frequently
found adhering to ſhips cables in heaving the anchor.
It ſeems to grow more ſcarce eaſtward; though we have
found the largeſt ſpecimens in Devonſhire. Is noticed by
Doctor PULTENEY on the Dorſetſhire coaft: and has very
rarely been taken at Sandwhich in Kent. Have alſo met
with it in South Wales.
A variety has one or two ſtrong ribs croſſing ſome of
the volutions,
This

273
This ſhell may eaſily be diſcriminated from the M. tuia
bercularis by the aperture, which is only a little contracted
at the end, forming a ſub-canal; whereas the other is a
perfect ſlender tail, or gutter.
20.
Murex quinque anfraclibus ſpiraliter ftriatis, coftis remotis, MINUTISSIMUS,
canali clauſo. Lin. Trans, iii. p. 65. (Adams.)
Shell with five ſpiral ftriated whorls, and remote ribs :
beak cloſed. Turt. Lin. iy. p. 460.
A minute, elegant, and pellucid ſhell, from the coaſt
of Pembrokeſhire.
Nn
GEN

274
GEN XXVI.
TROCHUS.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral, fub-conic.
Aperture, ſub-tetragonal, in ſome angulated, in others
rounded; tranſverſely contracted.
Columella, oblique.
1.
ZIZIPHINUS.
Trochus ziziphinus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1231.-Gmel. Syft. p.3579.80.
Chem. Conch. v. t. 166. f. 1562. 1594.
Liſter Conch. t.616.f.1.-Id. Angl. t.3.f.14.
Br. Zool. t. 80. f. 103.
Da Coſta. p. 37. t. 3. f. 2.2.
Borlafe Corn. t. 28. f 7.
Turt. Lin. iv. 472.
Pult. Cat Dorſet. p.44.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 52.
Trochus Conulus. Br. Zool t. 80. f. 104.
P.
T. with a conic ſhell, terminating in a very fine point,
with ſeven or eight volutions, wrought with ſeveral ſpiral
ridges

ridges; the firſt of theſe in each volution is larger, and
more prominent than the reſt, and ſerves to mark their di-
viſions: colour livid, or reddiſh; in ſome darker, and of
2 purpliſh hue, ſtreaked with longitudinal, broad, waved
lines of a deeper ihade, which are moit diſtinct on the
larger ridge, at the bottom of each volution: aperture
ſomewhat compreſſed, angulated: infide nacred: baſe
flattiſh, with circular ridges, generally of a paler colour
than the reſt of the ſhell, and without ſpots; imperforated.
The upper volutions are frequently finely tuberculated,
but not eaſily perceived by the naked eye.
It is a common ſpecies on many of our ſhores; plenti-
ful about Marazion in Cornwall, and on the coaſt of
South Devon; frequently found with Turbo littoreus,
adhering to ſtones, between high and low-water mark.
Length one inch; breadth at the baſe nearly the ſame.
Animal yellowiſh, mottled with reddiſh-brown; tenta-
cula filiform, rufous-brown, paler beneath; eyes pedun-
culated; on each ſide the body above the ſuſtentaculum,
four very ſmall filiform appendages on each ſide.
Tab. 10. f.3.
2.
Trochus fragilis. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 44.
TENUIS.
Trochus papilloſus. Da Coſta, p. 38. t. 3. f. 3?
Gualt. t. 61. G. M.
Trochus Granatum. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3584?--Turt. Lin. iv.p.476?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1654-5?
Nn 2
T. with

276
T. with a thin, fragile, conic ſhell : in ſhape and ge-
neral appearance much like T. ziziphinus; but is readily
diſtinguiſhed by the fine granulated ridges that compoſe
each volution, without the larger one at the baſe of each,
fo conſpicuous in that ſhell. The aperture is not ſo much
angulated; the baſe more rounded, and marked with nu-
merous, ſmall, reddiſh ſpots, never obſerved in the other
fpecies; the volutions too are more rounded; and the
ſhell not ſo thick and ſtrong: baſe imperforated: the
Columella reflects a little, and forms a ſmall ridge and
depreſſion in the place of an umbilicus: colour brown,
with broad, longitudinal, deeper coloured ſtripes ; fome-
times fleſh-coloured, with a few faint pink markings.
Length an inch and a quarter; breadth rather leſs.
This ſpecies has probably been confounded with the T.
ziziphinus, and may poſlibly be the variety of that ſhell
deſcribed by LINN ÆUS, in the Muſeum Reginæ, as being
tota pallida anfractibus bafi gibbis, ſtriatis, fubtiliſſime
punelis papillofis.
Doctor PULTENEY, who favoured us with this ſhell,
ſays it is found on the north ſhore at Poole, and at Weymouth.
Da Costa's deſcription anſwers in moſt reſpects; but
his ſhell is ſtated to have a wide and deep cavity at the
baſe, at the bottom of which a tortuous umbilicus is ſeen.
This, however, his figure does not in the leaſt expreſs;
he adds alſo, that the inſide is white, but not pearly: this
might

277
might be in a dead and worn ſpecimen, but in recent
ſhells that part is of a fine pearlaceous hue. Poſſibly ſome
variety of this ſpecies may be umbilicated, as in ſome fpe-
cimens we have ſeen a ſtrong inclination towards it. DA
Costa received his from Cornwall, but ſays, he never
met with it from any other Britiſh coaſt.
Not T. fragilis of GMELIN; have therefore not adopted
Doctor Pulteney's name, which at the time of writing
he had probably overlooked the circumſtance of its being
preoccupied for a different ſhell.
S.
EXIGUUS,
Trochus exiguus. Puli. Cat. Dorſet. p. 44.
Lifter. Conch. t. 616. f. 2.
Trochus exafperatus. Br. Zool. No. 105.
Trochus Conulus. Da. Coſta. p. 40. t. 2. f. 4. 4.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 8. f. 2.
Trochus erythroleucos. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3581 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 473 ?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 162. f. 1529. a. b.
T. with a ſtrong conic ſhell, with fix volutions, termi-
nating in a fine point; each volution wrought with four
or five ſmall, ſpiral, crenated ridges: the wreaths defined
by a broad, and more elevated ridge, finely cut diagonally
with ftriæ, or notches, that give it the appearance of
twiſted cord; the interſtices between the ridges, are very
finely ſtriated in the ſame direction: colour various, cine-
reous-brown, or purpliſh: the larger ridge frequently red,
and

278
and ſometimes ſpotted with white: the apex almoſt uni-
formly of a fine deep crimſon: the baſe imperforated, mark-
ed with circular ridges: aperture angulated; inſide white,
not pearlaceous. Length rarely three-eighths of an inch;
breadth a quarter of an inch.
This is not the T. Conulus of LINN ÆUS. It has much
the habit of T.ziziphinus, but on compariſon will be found
perfectly diſtinct; that ſhell not poſſeſſing the fine crenu-
lated ridges, fo conſpicuous in this ſpecies; is alſo more
pyramidal than that ſhell; and moſt times readily diſtin-
guiſhed by the crimſon tip.
DA COSTA received it from the coaſt of Devonhire;
and ſays that it is not uncommon on the Suſſex coaſt.
Doctor Maton in his Weſtern Tour ſays, he found it at
Treryn cove, near the lands end, in Cornwall.
Doctor PULTENEY gives it as a Dorſet ſhell, but ſpeaks
of it as rare. We have not been fortunate enough to find
it either on the Devon or Corniſh coaſts, and conſider it as
a ſcarce ſhell in England, never having occurred to us, ex-
cept on the ſhore between Weymouth and Portland.
4.
STRIATUS.
Trochus ſtriatus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1230.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3579.78.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 44.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 471.--Gualt. t. 61. f. N.
Liſter Conch. t. 621. f. &.
Trochus

279
Trochus ſtriatus. Chem. Conch. v. t. 162. f. 1527. 28.
Trochus parvus. Da Coſta p. 41.
T. with a conic ſhell, tapering to a fine point: volu-
tions fix, flat, and ſcarcely defined by any ſeparating line;
each wrought with eight or nine fine ſpiral ridges, inter-
fected by very ſmall longitudinal ftriæ, moft confpicuous
in the larger volutions: colour cinereous, with inter-
rupted, longitudinal, dark, purpliſh-brown lines; ſome-
times of a dul crimfon or purpliſh hue, with darker lines
of the ſame colour; the ſtreaks in ſome are broad, in others
narrow: aperture angulated, infide pearlaceous, except
at the margin of the lip: baſe flat, with fine circular
ridges: imperforated. Size of the exiguus, and has much
the habit of that ſhell, but is readily diſtinguiſhed, not
only by the colour, but by being broader at the baſe, and
in wanting the large ſpiral ridge at the bottom of each vo-
lution; as well as the crimſon tip. The pearlaceous in-
fide appears alſo another diſtinguiſhing character, as well
as the ſuperior number, and fineneſs of the ridges on each
volution.
We have found this ſpecies plentiful amongſt fand from
Falmouth harbour; and not uncommon in Devonſhire,
particularly in one part of Salcomb bay, where we have
taken them alive from the rocks at extraordinary low tides;
but are ſeldom uncovered by the water. It is alſo found
on the Dorſet coaft fparingly. Is not the T. parvus of
Mr. Adams given in the Linnean Tranſactions, vol.iit.
t. 65. the young of this fpecies?
Trochus

280
5.
TUMIDUS.
Trochus Nafſavienfis. Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1676?
Tab. 10. f. 4. 4.
T. with a ſtrong, ſub-conic, tumid ſhell, with five voluti-
ons, wrought with extremely fine, cloſe-ſet, ſpiral ftriæ, in-
ter rupted only by a deep ſeparating line; the volutions pro-
ject conſiderably, but are not rounded: the point is ſmall,
but not taper; at the bottom of the body whirl is a ſub-
carinated edge: the baſe is a little rounded, and furniſhed
with a ſmall umbilicus, frequently decreaſing with age,
and ſometimes almoſt cloſed in the larger ſhells: aper-
ture ſub-quadrangular, pearlaceous within: colour prin-
cipally cinereous-brown, ſometimes with a yellowiſh
caſt, and rarely of a dark purpliſh-brown; all more or leſs
ſtreaked with fine, obſcure, undulated lines, longitudinal-
ly: the purpliſh coloured ſpecimens are ſometimes ſpotted
with white at the top of each volution. Length feldom
more than a quarter of an inch, and never quite three-
eighths; breadth uſually more than its length. The outer
coat of this ſhell is extremely thin, under which the mo-
ther of pearl, gives it a fingular bronze appearance, in
ſome particular points of view.
This may be conſidered by no means a plentiful ſpecies.
We have hitherto only taken it alive, by dredging, in Sal-
comb bay, where it is frequently found adhering to ſtones
and broken ſhells: dead ones are met with ſometimes on
other parts of the coaſt of Devon, particularly at Torcroſs,
amongſt algæ brought on ſhore by the feine, and other
fiſhing nets; theſe are moſt times occupied by the ſmaller
Cancer Bernardus.
Have

281
Have alſo received a ſingle ſpecimen from Wales, and
another from Kent; and obſerved one in Mr. BRYER'S
cabinet at Weymouth, found on that ſhore.
Animal pale, with a few duſky ſpots above at the poſte-
rior end, and a tranſverſe ſtreak of the fame behind the
lip: tentacula two, ſetaceous; eyes black, placed on pedi-
cles behind the tentacula, and capable of turning about
in various directions: on the ſides of the poſterior end are
four ſlender appendages, originating from under the cor-
neous operculum, which is fixed to that part.
6.
CRASSUS.
Trochus craſſus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 44.
Trochus lineatus. Il. p. 44.
Turbo lineatus. Da Coſta p. 100. t. 6. f. 7.-
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 71.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 480.
T. with a ſtrong, thick, ſub-conic ſhell, with five round-
ed volutions, ſeparated by a ſmall depreſſed line: apex
moderately pointed when perfect, but generally worn and
decorticated: colour cinereous, or light brown, covered
with fine, cloſe ſet, zigzag lines, of purpliſh brown; and
ſometimes dark purpliſh-black: aperture rounded on the
outer lip, angulated at bottom, furniſhed at that part with a
blunt, to oth-like protuberance; outer lip acute, inner mar-
gin purpliſh; pillar lip ſmooth, white, not pearly; the white
part extends almoſt acroſs the baſe, and is a little flattened
as if worn, but is an invariable character: in ſome a ſlight
оо
umbilicus,

282
3
umbilicus, others totally devoid of ſuch a mark: inſide
pearlaceous. Length an inch; breadth rather leſs.
This ſpecies varies a little in ſhape; ſome are more conic,
and the volutions more round and tumid than others; but
are always readily diftinguiſhed from any other of the ge-
nus by the tooth, and the flat white ſpace at the baſe.
The outer coat is rather thick, but when removed, the
whole ſhell except the apex, is of a beautiful mother of pearl.
DA COSTA, who firſt noticed this ſhell from Cornwall,
Devonſhire, Dorfetfhire, Caernarvonſhire, Hampſhire, and
Norfolk, has placed it in the Turbo genus, from the ſub-
orbicular ſhape of the mouth. It is, however, fufficiently
angulated to rank it amongſt the Trochi.
We have found it plentiful in many of the places men-
tioned by Da Costa, particularly on the rocks at Ma-
razion in Cornwall, not unfrequent near Falmouth, and
very common on many parts of the coaſt of South Devon.
It is always found adhering to rocks, or looſe ſtones,
and feldom below mid-tide.
Doctor Pulteney ſent us the young of this ſhell, ra-
ther more than half grown, for his Trochus lineatus.
Animal duſky-cinereous, frequently ſpeckled with white,
with two long, ſlender, pale tentacula, ftreaked tranſverſe-
ly,

283
ly, or annulated with black: eyes at the baſe of the tenta-
cula behind, placed on ſhort, broad pedicles: margin of
the body, above the ſuſtentaculum, furniſhed with a ſcal-
loped, fin-like membrane; beneath which, on each ſide, are
three long filiform appendages annulated with black, that
are continually in motion: behind the left
eye
is a ſort of
plume, compoſed of ſeveral fimple contiguous fibres.
7.
Trochus Magus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1228.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3567. 7. MAGUS.
Liſter Conch. t. 640. f. 32 ?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1656. to 1660.
Br. Zool. t.80. f.107.- Turt. Lin. iv. p.462.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 44.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 8. f. 1.
Trochus tuberculatus. Da Coſta. p. 44. t. 3. f. 1. 1.
T. with five or fix, tumid, but rather depreſſed voluti-
ons, marked by a deep ſeparating line, and terminating
in a very fine point: the volutions are wrought with fine
ſpiral ridges, or ſtriæ, and the upper part of each undated,
or tuberculated, moſt conſpicuous in the two largeſt: co-
lour various, but moſt times white, or bluſh, elegantly
marked with undulated ſtripes and blotches of crimſon,
purple, or cheſnut-brown; and ſometimes prettily ſpotted
all over with pink: aperture compreſſed, angulated: un-
bilicus large and deep. Size, uſually about an inch di-
ameter at the baſe, and three-quarters of an inch high;
ſometimes, though rarely, an inch and a half broad.
OO 2
The

284
The young of this ſpecies is frequently of a plain, light-
brown colour, ſtrongly marked with cloſe-fet, longitudinal
ftriæ between the ridges: the baſe projecting into a ſub-
carinated edge, above which the fulcus is crenated.
It is not uncommon on many of our ſhores, very plen-
tiful at Falmouth, amongſt the ſand from the harbour, of
an extraordinary fize; but moſtly worn, and mutilated.
We have taken it alive, by dredging, in Salcomb bay,
and other parts of Devonſhire; but is rarely found in that
ftate above the loweſt water-mark.
Animal with two moderately long, ſetaceous tentacula,
annulated with black; behind which, at the baſe, are placed
the eyes on peduncles: upper lip ciliated: the ſides of the
body furniſhed with ſeveral filiform appendages.
3
CINERARIUS.
Trochus cinerarius. Lin. Syft. p.1229.-Gmel Syft. p.3568.12.
Liſter Conch. t. 641. f. 31.--Id Angl. t. 3.
f. 15 ?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1681? f. 1686.
Br. Zool. No.106.*—Turt. Lin. iv. p.463.
Don. Br. Shelis. iii. t. 74. two upper and
two lower figures.
Trochus lineatus. Da Coſta. p. 43. t. 3. f. 6. 6.
T. with a conic, ſpirally ftriated ſhell, not quite regu-
larly taper, but terminating in a ſmall produced apex : the
volutions

285
volutions are not much raiſed, but ſeparated by a fine line:
colour cinereous, marked with fine, approximate, undu-
lated lines of brown; ſometimes of a purpliſh hue, that
cover the whole ſhell in a longitudinal direction: aperture
angulated; umbilicus fmall, but deep. Size at the baſe
five-eighths of an inch diameter ; height the fame. Young
ſhells are more flattened, or at leaſt are broader in pro-
portion to their height; but the apex is always produced
and pointed.
This is a very common ſpecies on moſt of our ſhores,
but has frequently been confounded with the next, though
ſo eſſentially different.
Doctor PuLTENEY has certainly fallen into this error,
in making the T. cinerarius of PENNANT, and the umbi-
licalis and cinereus of DA COSTA the ſame.
Animal very like that of the T. craſſus, but paler; ten-
tacula and cirri, or feelers on the ſides of the body, rather
lefs annulated, the former in ſome points of view appear
ſlightly ciliated: on the forehead a ſcalloped membrane
divided in the middle. In a very pretty drawing executed
by Mr. Henry Boys, we perceive four ſlender filaments
on one ſide of the body and three on the other; but in all
thoſe we have examined there were only three on each
fide; and were deſtitute of the plume, obſervable in the
animal of T.craſſus. It is probable theſe cirri on the ſides
may belong to the whole of this genus.
Trochus

286
9.
UMBILICATUS.
Trochus umbilicaris. Br. Zool. t. 80. f. 106.
Liſter. Conch. t. 640. f. 29 ?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1685.
Trochus umbilicalis. Da. Coſta. p. 46. t. 3. f. 4. 4.
Trochus cinerarius. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p 44.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 74. three middle
figures.
T. with a ſtrong, flattiſh ſhell, rounded at the top; the
apex depreſſed, and not pointed: the volutions are five,
nearly even, defined only by a fine, thread-like line, and
wrought with nearly obſolete ſpiral ftriæ : colour white,
or greeniſh, marked with longitudinal, waved, or zigzag
lines of a light or dark purple: aperture compreſſed, an-
gulated: umbilicus large, and perforated to the apex.
Diameter, at the baſe, three-quarters of an inch; height
not five-eighths of an inch. Young ihells are extremely
flat; thoſe of three-eighths of an inch at the baſe, ſcarce
rife in height one eighth.
No two ſhells ſeem to have puzzled conchologiſts more
than this and the preceding, and even the later authors
have heaped confuſion upon confuſion; ſome have made
them the ſame, others have reverſed their trivial names,
or multiplied them into three diſtinct ſpecies, from fome
accidental markings. Mr. PENNANT, though very con-
cife, feems to have defined the diſtinction pretty well; but
has erred in marking this ſhell the umbilicaris of LIN-
NÆUS; that ſpecies is very different, and not found in
England.
Upon

287
Upon a ſtrict examination of a great variety of both
theſe ſpecies, we are aſtoniſhed they could ever have
been confounded. This ſhell is invariably more rounded
at the top, more compreſſed or flattened, and the apex
more depreſſed; and, what is remarkable, the apex is ſo
thinly covered, that it is uſually worn, and the Columella
becomes pervious; ſo that if a ſmall pin is introduced at
the umbilicus the point may be felt at the apex.
In the colour they are eſſentially, and invariably diffe-
rent; the ſtreaks of this are always broader, and of a much
finer colour; whereas the cinerarius is conſtantly of a dull
cinereous, with the ſtreaks fo fine and regularly diſpoſed,
as to make the ſhell appear longitudinally ſtriated.
Animal much like that of T. cinerarius, but darker and
more ſtrongly marked with black annulations on the tenta-
cula, and lateral cirri: eyes pedunculated the ſame, and
ſituated behind or rather on the outſide of the tentacula.
10.
Trochus terreſtris. Br. Zool. t. 80. f. 108.
TERRESTRIS,
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 111.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 122, f. 1045. a. b. c.
Liſter Conch. t. 61. f. 58.
Favan. t.64.0.1.3.- Turt. Lin. iv. p.471,
Petiver Gaz. t. 22. f. 10.
Trochilus exiguus quatuor fpirarum elegantiſſime ſtriatus. Mor-
ton Northamp. p. 416.
Trochilus terreſtris Mortoni Da Coſta. p. 36.
Trochus terreſtris tertius. Id. p. 36.
T. with

288
T. with a thin, conic ſhell, of a livid-white colour, with
five or fix volutions nearly flat, finely ftriated longitudinally,
divided by a very ſmall depreſſed line, and a prominent
ridge at the baſe of each: apex produced, but not very
pointed: aperture much compreſſed, angulated : baſe flat,
ftriated from the centre: umbilicated: round the baſe a
ftrong carinated edge. Diameter rather more than a quar-
ter of an inch; height not quite ſo much.
There can be little doubt but this is the ſame as that
found by Morton in Northamptonſhire, and afterwards
by Mr. Hudson in the mountains of Cumberland, com-
municated to Mr. PENNANT. DA Costa does not ap-
pear to have been acquainted with this ſhell, but has taken
his deſcription from the authors above quoted. He alſo
gives another ſpecies, which he calls Trochus terreſtris
Liſteri, and quotes Lister's Anglica, Morton's North-
ampton, and the Philoſophical Tranſactions. This we are
inclined to think is our Helix trochiformis.
The Trochus terreſtris is the only true land fhell of
that genus found in England, and may be conſidered
as very rare. It may not however be improper to remark
in this place, that many of the long Turbines may readily
be miſtaken for Trochi in their infant ſtate, when only
three or four volutions are formed; the baſe of which is
generally flat, and the aperture tranſverſely compreſſed.
Such we have frequently received from our friends for
new fpecies of Trochi; in particular the Turbo Mufcurum.
Trochus

289
11.
Trochus fufcus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 471.
FUSCUS.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 24.
Trochus umbilicatus quinque anfra&tibus marginatus apertura
fubrotunda. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 58.
The five-ſpired, umbilicated, marginated top fhell, with
a roundilh aperture.
The colour opaque-brown. From Sandwich; common.
Not being acquainted with this ſpecies, we have been
obliged to copy Mr. WALKER's deſcription. The figure
given is about the ſize of our T. tumidus; poſſibly a va-
riety of that ſpecies, unleſs a ſmall figure was forgot to be
given.
12.
Trochus cinereus. Da Coſta. p. 42. t. iii. f. 5. 5.
CINEREUS,
This ſpecies, which Da Costa ſpeaks of as common
in Suſex, Eſex, Cornwall, Cheſhire, Northumberland, and
in the Orknies, we have never been fortunate enough to
identify; poſſibly it is only a variety either of the T. cine-
rarius, or T. umbilicatus.
Doctor PuLTENEY conſidered it as a variety of the for-
mer: but, notwithſtanding, we think it right to give it a
ſeparate place, on account of fome characters which muſt
create a doubt of its being either of thoſe ſhells.
It is thus deſcribed: “The ſhell is thick and ſtrong, of
the
Рp

290
the ſize of a cherry, ſhape obtuſely pyramidal, or not
quite tapering to a point.
The baſe is very concave, with ſome circular farrows;
the mouth roundiſh and capacious, within fine mother of
pearl; the outer lip ſmooth and even: the inner, or pil-
lar lip, has two jags or flight teeth, and two furrows croſs-
ing it tranſverſely: from hence it widens, runs oblique,
and forms a ſpacious cavity, at the bottom of which lies the
umbilicus, deep, cylindric, and ſo hollow as to admit the
head of a large pin. All this part is of a dark aſh, greatly
variegated with blackiſh lines or ſtreaks, which run length-
ways and acroſs : but the beginning of the umbilicus is
generally pearly, and of a fine light greeniſh colour. The
body and turban have five bellied, or ſwelled, wreaths or
whirls, ſeparated by a very depreſſed line; they are circu-
larly ſtriated, but faintly, and the colours are exactly the
fame as on the baſe.
The outer coat being taken off, the whole ſhell is fine
mother of pearl.
Da Costa has quoted WALLACE, Lister's Concho-
logy, DALE, and Wallis, but we can find nothing that
throws more light upon the ſubject.
The ſtructure of the aperture certainly indicates a diſ-
tinct ſpecies, as none of the Britiſh Trochi pofleſs any
thing like two teeth, as a permanent character; at the
ſame

291
ſame time, fo common a fhell as it is deſcribed to be,
can hardly be ſuppoſed to eſcape the notice of concholo-
giſts of the preſent day.
We muſt, therefore, either conclude DA COSTA was
deceived with reſpect to its being common ; that it is only
a variety of one of the more plentiful ſpecies; or fufpect
that the ſhell in queſtion is foreign, as is the figure quo-
ted in LISTER, tab. 633.
END OF PART I.
Holis, Prince, Roost.

эмийтишлари
- Ал, егі

TESTACEA BRITANNICA
Natural History
OF
O
BRITISH SHELLS,
G
O
MARINE, LAND, and FRESH-WATER,
including the most minute: systematically arranged and
EMBELLISHED with FIGURES,
BY
cach
GEORGE MONTAGU, ELS.
How dimly
These are thy glorious works, thou source of goods
seen, how faintly understood !
Cowper .
Part 2.
3
1
5
L
B
C С
H
Н.
K к
2
6
E
N
4
A.
D
M M
D
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Vignette 2.
E.D. deltet scolp?
1803.

TUS

TESTACEA BRITANNICA;
OR,
BRITISH SHELLS.
PART II.
PRINTED BY J. S. HOLLIS, ROMSEY :
AND SOLD BY J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET, LONDON,


293
GEN. XXVII.
TURBO.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral.
Aperture, contracted, orbicular, entire.
*MARINE.
1.
Turbo Terebra. Lin. Syſt. p. 1239.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3608.
TEREBRA,
Martini Conch. iv. t. 151. f. 1415. to 14:19.
Liſter Conch. t. 590. f. 55 ?--t.591. f. 57.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 8.
Br. Zool. t. 81. f. 113.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 22. f.2.
Turt. Lin. iv.
P
4.97.
Strombif. Terebra. Da Coſta. p. 112. t. 7. f. 5. 6.
Turbo ungulinus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 45.
T. with
+ It was not thought requiſite in a partial work, to follow the Linnvan ſub-
diviſions in cach genus; we have therefore divided this genus into Marine and
Land: to the laſt are added all the freſh-water ſhells, and the reverſed, or hetero-
ſtrophe ſpecies, are brought together at the end, for the facility of compariſon.

294
T. of a long, taper ſhape, with from twelve to fixteen
volutions, terminating in a very fine point; the larger
whirls are ſomewhat rounded, the ſmaller ones leſs diſtinct,
marked with many fine, ſpiral ftriæ, or ſharp elevated
ridges: colour light-brown, fometimes rufous-brown:
aperture orbicular; outer lip thin, fragile, and ſemi-pel-
lucid. Length generally about an inch and a half, fome-
times two inches; breadth at the baſe five-eighths of an
inch.
Worn ſhells, that have loſt the outer coat, are frequenly
marked with ſtreaks of cheſnut-brown, or with an inter-
rupted ſpiral belt. This ſpecies is not uncommon on ſome
of our ſhores, but moſtly mutilated. We once found it
alive, in great abundance, adhering to alge, thrown up
at Dawlifh in Devonſhire, after a fevere ftorm: and have
dredged it up from Salcomb bay, and other parts of the
ſame coaſt.
Doctor PULTENEY conſidered this as the T. ungulinus
of LINNÆUS, and not the Terebra. GMELIN, however,
quotes Martini's figures, which are certainly this ſhell;
and does not quote any author for the ungulinus but
MULLER.
Poſſibly both theſe ſhells are mere varieties, with the
ſpiral ridges more or leſs numerous and prominent.
Animal yellowiſh, ſtriped with duſky: tentacula two,
ſhort, with the eyes placed at their baſe.
Strombif.

2.
295
CINCTUS.
Strombif. cinctus. Da Coſta. p. 114. t. 7. f. 8.
Martini. Conch. iv. t. 152. f. 1429,
Liſter Conch. t. 592. f. 60.
Turbo cinctus. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 22. f. 1.
Turbo variegatus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1240?-Gmel. Syft. p.3608?
Turbo exoletus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 496.
T. of a long taper ſhape, with twelve or fourteen vo-
lutions, rather raiſed, and ſeparated by a deep depreffion;
wrought with obſolete ſpiral ftriæ, with two ſtrong, ele-
vated ridges in the middle of each volution: colour white,
or purpliſh, marbled and variegated with cheſnut, gene-
rally in longitudinal, undulated ſtreaks; apex ſharp point-
ed: aperture orbicular. Length two inches and a half;
breadth at the baſe, five-eighths of an inch.
This is a much ſtronger ſhell than the preceding fpe-
cies, and is at once diſtinguiſhed by the two remarkable,
elevated ridges. Da Costa received it from the coaſt
of Lincolnſhire, and Lancaſhire, and ſuſpected it to be the
T. exoletus of LINNÆUS. MARTINI's figure above quo-
ted, expreſſes the ſhell pretty well, and which GMELIN
has referred to for the T. variegatus. Doctor TURTON
has conſidered it the exoletus by his quotations.
This is certainly a very rare ſpecies on the Engliſh coaſt.
We have received it from Sandwich in Kent.
This and the preceding ſpecies are the two moſt per-
fe&tly turrited ſhells of the larger fpecies found in Eng-
land;

296
land; for we cannot conſider Turbo duplicatus of LIN-
NEUS, at preſent, as properly belonging to the ſhells of
Great Britain.
Lister had no better authority for placing it in his
Anim. Angliæ tab. 3. fig. 7. than that he bought it of a
fiſherman at Scarborough. On the ſame ground Pen-
NANT admitted it into the Br. Zoology, fig. 112. DA
Costa did the like, under the title of Strombiformis bi-
carinatus, tab. 6. f. 3. DONOVAN, following theſe ex-
amples, has figured it in his Br. Shells, tab. 102. Well
aware from experience, that the fimple authority of a
fiſherman is not fufficient to ſtamp its validity, we have
omitted it in our catalogue, thoroughly believing it never
has been found on the Britiſh coaft. Is generally fup-
poſed to be an oriental ſpecies.
3.
CLATHRUS.
Turbo Clathrus. Lin. Syft. p. 1237.-Gmel. Syft. p.3603.63.
Borlaſe Corn. t. 28. f. 9.
Liſter Conch. t. 588. f. 51.
Martini Conch. iv. t. 153. f. 1434. to 1438..
Br. Zool. t. 81. f. 111. 111. A.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 45.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 28.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 493.
.
Strombif. clathratus. Da Coſta. p. 115. t. 7. f. 11.
T. with from nine to twelve taper ſpires, terminating
in a fine point; the volutions extremely rounded, ſepara-
ted by a deep depreſſion, and regularly barred the whole
length
و

297
length of the ſhell, with from nine to twelve regular, and
diſtant, high, membranaceous ribs, running a little oblique:
aperture orbicular, margin thickened by a rib that ſur-
rounds it : colour white, ſometimes with a few brown
markings. Length an inch and an half; breadth at the
baſe half an inch. Exotic ſpecimens are frequently larger,
and have the ribs and markings ſtronger.
This elegant ſpecies, which much reſembles that once
coſtly and much coveted ſhell, the Wentle-trap, is found
on ſeveral parts of our coaſt, but no where plentiful. We
have taken it at Falmouth in Cornwall, and on the ſhores
of South Devon; but ſeldom perfect, except ſmall ones.
Young recent ſpecimens are beautifully white, and
poliſhed between the ribs.
DA Costa ſpeaks of it as plentiful on the eaſtern coaſts
of Wales, and in Scotland. Is alſo found in Dorſetſhire
and Kent.
Turbo clathratus fex anfractibus apertura ovali marginata. CLATHRATULUS
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 45.
Turbo Clathratulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 19.
This ſpecies originally deſcribed by Mr. WALKER, dif-
fers in nothing from the preceding, except in fize, and in
the number of volutions, and ribs. We were firſt fa-
voured
ga

298
voured with a ſpecimen of this ſhell from Mr. Boys, with
reference to the figure in Teſa minuta rariora: have
fince found it on the coaſt of South Devon ſparingly; and
have received it from Mr. BRYER of Weymouth, as a ſhell
of that ſhore.
It has generally five or fix volutions, and the ribs are
about fifteen in number, placed nearer together, and the
ſhell rather more ſlender than the T. Clathrus, of the fame
fize: there is, however, ſo much fimilitude, that doubts
muſt be entertained whether they are really diftinct, eſpe-
cially as the number of ribs in that ſhell is apt to vary;
nor does there appear any eſſential difference in the aper-
ture, although Mr. WALKER calls it oval.
5.
ELEGANTISSI-
Turbo turritus novem anfractibus ftriatis apertura rotunda.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 39.
单 ​A
MUS.
Tab. 10. f. 2.
T. with from nine to thirteen flat ſpires, well defined
by the ſeparating line; long, taper, and terminating in a
fine point; the volutions are cut longitudinally into regu-
lar, equidiſtant furrows, the whole length of the ſhell,
ſcarcely interrupted by the ſeparating line, and run a lit-
tle oblique to the right; the fulci are moderately deep,
but not fo broad as the elevated ridges: aperture fub-
orbicular, a little angulated at the upper and lower parts;
inner lip ſomewhat reflected: colour glofly, femi-pellucid,
white. Length commonly a quarter of an inch, rarely
three-cighths; breadth not a fourth part of its length. A
remark

299
Temarkable character of this ſhell is, that the extreme
ſpire turns perpendicularly upward, and then downward
on the volution beneath, making half a lateral turn.
Mr. WALKER, who ſpeaks of this ſpecies as very rare
at Sandwich, could only have taken his deſcription from
ſmall and worn ſpecimens, as he flates it to have but nine
fpires, and to be opaque. In that ſtate we received it
from Mr. Boys for the ſhell above quoted. We have
found it not uncommon in ſand from Falmouth harbour;
and more rarely on the coaſt of Devon, but have obtained
it alive from Salcomb bay in the ſouth, and from Ilfracomb
in the north: in this ſtate it is covered with a brown epi-
dermis, which obſcures the beauty of the ſhell.
6.
T. with nine extremely ſlender, ſmooth, pellucid-white NITIDISSIMUS,
fpires, terminating in a fine point: the volutions greatly Tab. 12. f. 1.
raiſed and much rounded, ſeparated by a deep depreſſion:
aperture ſub-orbicular; inner lip a little reflected. Length
one eighth of an inch.
We found this ſpecies in ſand from Falmouth harbour,
very rare.
Turbo turritus feptem anfractibus ftrigatis apertura ovali. UNICUS.
Walk. Min. Shells f. 40.
Tab. 12. f.2.
Turbo albidus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 17.
Q q2
T, with

300
T. with nine flender, glofly, pellucid-white fpires, ter-
minating in a fine point; the volutions rounded, ſeparated
by a deep depreſſion, and wrought with fine longitudinal
ridges, or ftria, fomewhat undulated; the intermediate
ſpaces with extremely fine tranfverfe ftriæ, fcarce per-
ceptible, except greatly magnified: aperture ſub orbicular,
inclining to oval. Length two-tenths of an inch.
This, and the preceding ſpecies, are the moſt ſlender
fhells hitherto known: found with it, and equally rare.
One we received from Mr. Boys for WALKER's ſhell as
above quoted, was not near ſo long, and was opaque as
deſcribed by that author.
8.
SUBTRUNCATUS
T. with fix or ſeven rounded ſmooth ſpires, ſeparated
Tab. 10. f. 1.
by a deep depreſſed line, gradually tapering to an obtuſe
point: aperture ſub-orbicular, inclining to oval; colour
pellucid yellowiſh-white. Length two-tenths of an inch;
breadth about one fourth its length. Some of this ſpecies
are a little glofly, and faintly ſtriated longitudinally.
We found this on the ſhore at Southampton, and in fand
from Salcomb.
9.
TRUNCATUS.
Tab. 10. f. 7.
Helix Truncatula. Gmel Syſt. p. 3659 ?
Turbo nitidus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 65. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 487.
T. with

301
T. with a cylindric, ſmooth, gloſſy, pellucid, horn-
coloured ſhell, with four ſpires: apex abrupt, as if muti-
lated: the volutions conſiderably raiſed, and divided by
a deep depreſſed line: aperture fub-orbicular, ſlightly mar-
ginated, reflecting a little on the pillar lip. Dead fpeci-
mens are opaque yellowiſh white; and a rare variety is
longitudinally ftriated, or marked with crenulæ in the fu-
tures, or ſpiral diviſions.
We found this fingular fpecies, not uncommon, on the
ſhore at Southampton, at Plymouth, and other parts of
the Devonſhire coaft fparingly: have alſo received it from
Mr. Bryer of Weymouth.
The number of volutions are almoſt invariably the ſame,
one inſtance only occurred which had five; the ſhape of
this ſhell was rather more ſlender. Length uſually two-
tenths of an inch; breadth one third its length.
10.
Turbo littoreus. Lin. Syft. p.1252.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3588. S. LITTOREUS.
Chem. Conch. v. t. 185. f. 1852. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8.--Br. Zool. t. 81. f. 109.
Liſt. Conch. t.535.f.43.-Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 9.
Da Coſta. p. 98. t. 6. f. 1. 1.
Pult. Cat Dorſet.p 45.-Turt. Lin.iv.p.480.
Don. Br. Shelis. i. t. 33. f. 1. 2.
Turbo obtuſatus. Lin. Syft. p. 1232 ?-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3588.1?
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 45.
Painted Turbo. Walk, Min, Shells. f. 31.
T. with

302
T. with a very ſtrong, fub-oval ſhell: the firſt volution
large, the others, which are four or five, are ſmall and
nearly flat, ſeparated only by a fine line: aperture ſub-
orbicular; outer lip thin; inner lip thick and ſtrong.
Length frequently an inch. Full grown ſhells are uſually
ſmooth, of a uniform brown colour: younger ones are
often faſciated with broad, white, or purpliſh-brown bands,
marked with fine ſpiral ftriæ, and have the apex more
acute than in adults.
This fpecies is ſo various in ſhape and markings in its
infant ſtate, that it has frequently been miſtaken for a diffe-
rent ſhell: and we ſuſpect a variety is the T. obtuſatus of
LINNÆUS, figured in CHEMNITZ vol. v. t. 185. a. b. c. d.
e. f. Such are not uncommon on our fhores: the ſtriæ
on ſome are numerous and ſmall; others deeply ſulcated,
and the ridges ſharp, and a little reflexed: fome marked
with narrow faſcice, others with one white band only on
the body. Frequently found of an orange-yellow, finely
ftriated all over; the upper volutions fcarce diſtinguiſhable
from the ſtriæ, and ſometimes of a different colour.
A variety elegantly chequered with brown and white;
(more rare) is alſo figured by CHEMNITZ.
The littoreus, uſually known by the name of Peri-
winkle, is frequently taken and fold by meaſure in many
of cur ſea-port towns.
Animal ſtriped with black: tentacula two, ſetaceous,
not

303
not quite round, annulated, or ſtreaked tranivunely with
black: eyes at the baſe of the tentacula, prominent.
11,
T. with a ſtrong, ſhort, conic ſhell, nearly as broad as TONEEROSUS.
it is long; of a dark chocolate-brown, with five, rather
ventricoſe, ſpires: the lower volution occupies half the
length of the ſhell: apex obtuſely pointed : aperture ſub-
orbicular; outer lip thin, except at the lower angle, where
it ſpreads a little, and from thence continues to thicken on
the pillar lip; infide very dark purpliſh-brown. Diame.
ter a quarter of an inch.
This littoreal ſpecies, is found on the mud, and on rocks
near high-water mark, and even in ditches ſubject to the
daily flux of the tide.
We had for a long time conſidered this ſhell a variety of
the young T. littoreus, or T. rudis; but late obſervations
have inclined us to think it diſtinct; it is therefore given
a ſeparate place, but not without ſome doubt.
It is by no means fo common, having at preſent only
found it in one or two places on the coaſt of Devonſhire,
and once obtained it from Kent: and have obſerved, where
it was moſt plentiful, no littoreus or rudis occurred. The
colour is invariably darker than either of thoſe ſhells, and
without markings of any kind: it is faintly wrinkled acroſs
the ſpires, but rarely ſpirally ftriated as in the young lit-
toreus,

304
toreus, and that in an obſolete manner; add to this, the
ſtrength of the ſhell ſeems to indicate its being formed and
full grown: beſides it is to be remarked, that no interme-
diate fizes are to be found of the ſame colour and ſhape,
except from the tenth of an inch to one quarter.
We muſt however remark, that ſome of theſe littoreal
fhells are by no means eaſily aſcertained in the pullus or
fry ſtate; and, indeed, ſome of them in the more adyan-
ced ſtages are not readily identified.
The aperture of this ſhell is guarded with a corneous
operculum, like that of the littoreus.
When we conſider the vaſt variety the T. littoreus is
ſubject to in different ſtages of growth, it is but right to
acknowledge, that there is no ſmall difficulty in determin-
ing what are really belonging to that ſpecies, amongſt the
littoreal ſhells of our coaſts; the ſhades and gradations are
fo intimately blended, that it is ſcarce poffible to deter-
mine what marks a characteriſtic line of diviſion.
12.
RUDIS
Turbo rudis. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 33. f. 3.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 480.
Chem. Conch. v. t. 185. f. 1853
T. with a thick, ſtrong ſhell, with five ventricoſe volu-
tions, well defined by a ſeparating line; and ſometimes
faintly marked with ſpiral ftriæ, moſt conſpicuous at the
baſe :

305
apex rather pointed: aperture fub-orbicular; inner lip
thick, a little reflected, and ſometimes in old ſhells forms
a ſmall depreſſion, or ſub-umbilicus: colour dirty yel-
low-white, or brown. Length three-quarters of an inch;
breadth rather leſs.
Very young ſhells are of a deep-brown colour, but in
every other reſpect the ſame; except being proportion-
ably more ſlender.
This ſpecies, which no doubt has been confounded
with T. littoreus, is at once diſcriminated by the round
tumid volutions, in all its various ſtages of growth. It
is not ſo common as that ſhell, but is found plentiful on
the ſhores about Falmouth, eſpecially under Pendennis
Caſtle, adhering to the rocks. We have alſo found it at
Plymouth, and other parts of the Devonſhire coaft; but
rarely above half an inch in length.
Animal yellowiſh, without ſpots or ſtripes, with two
fetaceous tentacula of the ſame colour, moſt commonly
marked with a longitudinal duſky ſtreak on the outſide.
The invariable difference in the colour of the animals
of this and the littoreus, is a ſtrong characteriſtic diftin&ti-
on. In the operculum they alſo differ; this is more round
and more ſtrongly ſpirally ſtriated; but both are equally
corneous, and permanent.
We have lately been favoured with ſome notes taken
Rr
by

306
by Mr. HENRY Boys of Sandwich, accompanied with
many elegant drawings of various ſubjects in natural hifa
tory; amongſt which is a very good figure of this ſhell,
with the following remarks:
Has much the habits of Turbo littoreus, and the va-
as rieties of both ſhells run much into one another; it dif-
es fers however in the diſtinctneſs of the whirls, in the co-
s lour being generally yellow, being a ſmaller ſhell, and
in being viviparous; beſides, the two ſhells are ſeldom
si found together; on the ſpot where this Turbo is found
s there are not any of the T. littoreus, though the latter
are abundant in the neighbourhood. On ftones be-
"tween high and low water-mark at Whitſtable, on the
“ Hearn ſide of the copperas works."
56
13.
STRIATULUS.
Tab. 10. f. 5.
Turbo ftriatulus. Lin. Syft. p.1238.--Gmel. Syft. p.3604.67.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 494. .
Turbo carinatus. Da Coſta, p. 102. t. 8. f. 10.
T. with four or five volutions, each terminating in a
flat top, which marks their diviſions; the baſe is wrought
with fine ſpiral ſtrie, which towards the upper part riſe
into three diftant, elevated, membranaceous ridges, con-
tinuing throughout the ſuperior volutions, but become
faint towards the apex: the furrows are deep and round-
ed at the bottom: it is ſtrongly ftriated longitudinally
from top to baſe; but moſt confpicuous in the fur-
rows, being a little interrupted by the ridges, yet giv-
ing

307
ing it a pretty cancellated appearance, particularly on
the lower part of the body whirl: apex not very pointed :
aperture ſub-orbicular, angulated at the upper part, and
marginated. Length two-tenths of an inch; breadth not
quite ſo much. It is rather a ſtrong ſhell for its fize;
when recent is fub-pellucid white: dead ſhells are opaque.
Is a very rare ſpecies, and when perfect, is a moſt elegant
and curious fhell.
Da Costa is the only author who has given it as an
Engliſh ſpecies: he received it from Cornwall. We have
alſo found it in ſand from Falmouth harbour, and on the
coaſt of South Devon; but very rare in both places.
LINNÆUS ſays it is a Mediterranean ſhell.
14.
T. with a ſmooth, conic ſhell, with fix rounded volu- VINCTUS.
tions, of a ſub-pellucid, rufous horn-colour: the lower
ſpire marked with four, and ſometimes five, purpliſh-
brown, or cheſnut coloured bands, with a broad ſpace
between the three lower and the upper ones; in the ſecond
and third ſpires are only two bands: the apex is ſmall,
but not very pointed : aperture ſub-orbicular; outer lip
very thin ; inner lip thick, white, furniſhed with a nar-
row channel, which terminates in a ſmall umbilicus.
Length rather more than three-eighths of an inch.
This ſpecies is ſubject to ſome variety: ſometimes it
Rr 2
is

308
is of a light horn-colour, and the bands faint; others are
quite plain, and might be miſtaken for Turbo canalis, was
it not for the mouth of that ſhell being ſub-angulated, and
the pillar lip with a much larger canal, and umbilicus.
It alſo bears ſome reſemblance to Turbo quadrifaſciatus,
but is vaftly larger, not near ſo thick and ſtrong, and is
deſtitute of the ſub-carinated edge at the baſe.
We diſcovered this ſhell alive in Salcomb bay, at low
water-mark, adhering to algæ; ſome are of a greeniſh
colour between the bands; and when examined under a
magnifying glaſs, appear in ſome lights to be finely reti-
culated.
15.
AURICULARIS.
T. with a conic, fmooth, ſub-pellucid, light horn-co-
loured ſhell: volutions five, much rounded, and deeply
divided by the feparating line : apex moderately pointed,
and uſually of a darker colour: aperture ſub-oval, or
rather ear-ſhaped; outer lip thin ; inner lip much re-
flexed upon the body, forming an angle about the mid-
dle, behind which is a narrow umbilicus. Length three-
eighths of an inch ; breadth not quite two-eighths.
This ſomewhat reſembles Helix foffaria, but beſides
being a marine ſhell, is eſſentially different in the mouth.
Is a rare ſpecies, never having found it any where but on
the ſhore near Southampton, and there not common.
T. with

309
T. with a conic, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell, with CANALIS.
five ſmooth, rounded volutions, the lower one large in Tab. 12. f. 11.
proportion to the reſt : apex pointed : aperture ſub-orbi-
cular, fub-angulated ; outer lip extremely thin; pillar
lip broad, white, furniſhed with a channel or groove,
terminating in an umbilicus.
This ſpecies has ſomewhat the habit of Helix tentacu-
lata, but is at once diſcriminated by the aperture, and
groove on the Columella ; is alſo a marine ſhell. It rarely
exceeds three eighths of an inch in length, and a quar.
ter in breadth. We found this only on the ſhore near
Southampton, where it is plentiful: and with it what muſt
be conſidered a variety, with two brown bands on the
body; in every other reſpect the ſame: ſuch however is
rare.
17.
Turbo lævis quinque anfractibus apertura ſub-rotunda mar - CRASSIOR.
ginata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 24.
T. with a ſtrong, thick, opaque, yellowiſh-white, co-
nic ſhell, with five rounded volutions, divided by a deep
depreſſion, and terminating in a fine point: aperture ſub-
orbicular; pillar lip wrinkled, that and the inſide white.
Length half an inch; breadth a quarter. Live ſhells are
covered with a thin, light yellowiſh-brown epidermis, be-
neath which a few obſolete ſtriæ are obſerved in a ſpiral
direction on the body whirl.
It

310
It has ſomewhat the habit of the preceding ſpecies, but
is readily diſtinguiſhed by being thick and opaque; in
being longer in proportion to its breadth, and in having the
volutions more raiſed; the body whirl too is not ſo large
in proportion to the ſuperior ones. In ſome inſtances
we have ſeen this ſhell, when young, with an inclination
to a groove, and umbilicus on the pillar lip, but never
fo large as in the other, and which always cloſes up with
age.
We are indebted to Mr. Boys for our firſt acquaint-
ance with this ſpecies, from whom we received a great
many ſpecimens of all fizes, with a reference to Mr.
WALKER's figure as above quoted: and who informed
us, it is not uncommon on the coaſt of Sandwich.
Have fince found it in tolerable abundance on the
fhore of Biddeford bay.
It ſeems Mr. WALKER had by ſome accident made a
miſtake, in placing a minute figure by the fide of the
large one.
18.
PARVUS.
Turbo parvus. Da Coſta. p. 104.-Walk. Min. Shelis f. 43.
Turbo æreus. Lin. Trans. iii. p.
Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t.13. f.29.30.( Adams)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488.
Turbo lacteus. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3604?
Don. Br. Shells. ill. t. 90.
Turbo fubluteus. Lin, Trans. iii. t. 13. f.15. 16. var. (Adams)
T. with

311
T. with a ſtrong, conic ſhell, with five or fix voluti.
ons, coarſely ribbed: colour various; fome gloffy white,
others dark cheſnut-brown, or pale rufous, ſometimes
variegated; but the moſt beautiful ſpecimens are dark
with white ribs : aperture ſub-orbicular; outer lip thick-
ened by a rib. A variety is only ribbed on the lower
volution; others are ſometimes found worn quite ſmooth
and gloſſy, and might readily be miſtaken for diſtinct
ſpecies; but this is not unuſual with many ſmall ſhells
taken amongſt fine ſand, by the conſtant friction of which
they are worn and poliſhed. The general ſize is about
one eighth of an inch in length. Perfect ſhells have the
ribs ſtrong and diftant, from nine to eleven on the body
whirl.
We have found this ſpecies in great abundance in
Cornwall, particularly at the land's end, and at Fal-
mouth; and not uncommon on the coaſt of Devonſhire,
Dorſetshire, and various other parts; indeed, it appears
to be one of the moſt common ſhells on all our fandy
ſhores.
DA COSTA mentions it from Guernſey.
19.
Turbo coſtatus. Lin. Trans. iii. p.65. t.13. f.13.14.( Adams) COSTATUS,
Turt. Lin. iv.
P:
487
Tab. 10. f. 6.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 47.
Turbo craſſus. Turt. Lin. iv.
p.
500.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 20.
T. with

312
T. with a ſtrong, fub-pellucid, gloſſy, white ſhell,
with four or five volutions, much raiſed, and well defined
by the ſeparating line; furniſhed with ſtrong ribs, and
finely ftriated tranſverſely, moſt conſpicuous between
the ribs: apex rather obtuſe: aperture ſub-orbicular;
lip a little expanded, bordered by a ſtrong, prominent,
ſulcated rim, ftriated in the depreſſion: a ridge riſes at
the upper angle of the aperture, and runs tranſverſely
backward, then turns downward, and joins to the mar-
gin of the lip behind; this ridge is bordered above by a
fine depreſſed line, where the longitudinal ribs terminate.
Length nearly one eighth of an inch ; breadth about one
third its length. Dead and worn ſhells become opaque ; in
which ſtate Mr. WALKER deſcribes it as rare at Sandwich,
Mr. Adams found it on the coaſt of Pembrokeſhire. It
is not uncommon on various parts of the coaſts of De-
vonſhire and Dorſetſhire, eſpecially in fand from Salcomb
bay; we have alſo taken it in fand from Falmouth, and
other parts of Cornwall. In a recent ftate, it is one of the
moſt beautiful microſcopic ſhells, hitherto diſcovered on
the ſhores of Great Britain.
20.
STRIATUS.
Turbo ftriatus. Lin. Trans. ill. p.66. t.13. f.25.26.(Adams)
Walk. Min. Shells, f. 49.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 489.
Turbo Shepeianus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 22.
T. with

313
T. with a pellucid, gloſſy, white ſhell, with fix volu-
tions, fomewhat rounded, and ſeparated by a well defi-
ned line: the upper part of each volution faintly ribbed;
the whole ſhell very finely and regularly ftriated tranſ-
verſely: apex moderately pointed: aperture ſub-oval,
marginated. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth ra-
ther more than one third of its length.
Live ſhells are covered with a brown eipdermis, that
obfcures their beauty; in this ſtate we found it plentiful
at Plymouth at the roots of algæ. It is alſo common on
other parts of the coaſt of Devon; and ſparingly at Fal-
mouth, and other parts of Cornwall. Mr. WALKER ſays
Shepey iſland, very rare: and Mr. ADAMS found it on
the coaſt of Pembrokeſhire.
21.
T. with a ſtrong, conic, gloſſy, white ſhell, with ſeven BRYEREUS.
fmooth ſpires finely coftated: the volutions are ſomewhat Tab. 15. f. 8.
rounded, and well defined by the line of ſeparation; but
ſcarcely interrupt the ribs, (which are ſeventeen or eigh-
teen in number,) from continuing throughout the ſhell:
aperture oval; outer lip ſtrong; pillar lip replicate,
ſmooth.
A variety with ſtronger, and fewer ribs, not exceeding
ten or twelve in number.
At firſt fight this has ſomewhat the appearance of T.
SI
coſtatus

314
coſtatus, but the ribs are finer, more numerous, and deſ-
titute of the tranſverſe ſtriæ : in the aperture alſo it is
effentially different, not poſſeſſing the marginated lip fo
conſpicuous in that ſhell.
The fize is double that of the coſtatus: length rather
leſs than a quarter of an inch.
We received feveral of this pretty ſpecies from Mr.
Bryer of Weymouth, who found them at different times
on that coaft. It is alſo an occidental ſhell.
22.
CONIFERUS. T. with a ſtrong, taper, white fhell, with fix volutions
Tab. 15. f. 2. terminating in rather an obtuſe point, and furniſhed with
about twelve undulated ribs, interrupted only by a fine
ſeparating line; the interſtices between them, at the top
of each volution, are formed into ſmall cavities, giving
that part a ſcalloped or denticulated appearance; theſe
fingular indentations continue throughout the ſpiral di-
viſional line: the ribs are croſſed by extremely fine, cloſe-
ſet ftriæ, not diſcernable without the affiſtance of a lens:
aperture oval, oblique, ſtrongly marginated; pillar lip
not reflected. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth one-
third its length.
This very elegant ſhell we were favoured with by Mr.
Bryer, who found it at Weymouth with the preceding
fpecies,
T. with

315
23.
T. with a conic, fub pellucid, white ſhell, with fix DenTICULATUS,
volutions, terminating in an obtuſe point, furniſhed with
nine or ten coarſe ribs, that project at the top of each
Spire, forming ſtrong indentations like the preceding
fpecies: aperture ſub-orbicular; outer lip thickened by
a rib; pillar lip ſmooth, indented, with one or two ſmall
tubercles at the baſe adjoining the ribs. Length not quite
a quarter of an inch; breadth one half its length.
This ſpecies we have received with the laſt from Wey-
mouth, and at firſt fight took it to be a mere variety of
that ſhell, but upon more attentive compariſon, it is
found to have the aperture more approaching to round,
and not properly marginated, but only thickened by a
rib; it is much more conic, the ribs ſtronger, leſs nume-
rous, and forming deeper denticulations at the junction
of each fpire; the interſtices between the ribs deſtitute of
ftriæ, and ſub-pellucid; and what ſeems the ſtrongeſt fpe-
cific diſtinction is, that the ribs do not undulate, but run
oblique to the left, from the aperture to the apex.
24.
Turbo Cimex. Lin. Syft. p.1233.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3589.5. Cimex-
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 481.-Gualt. t. 44. X.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 2. f. 1. 1.
Turbo cancellatus. Da Coſta. p. 104. t. 8. f. 6. 9.
T. with four ſtrong, conic, cancellated, white volu-
tions, well defined by a conſiderable depreſſed line: it is
remarkably thick for its fize, and the decuffated ftriæ are
SE 2
coarfc

316
coarſe, which gives it the appearance of being deeply
punctured all over : apex rather obtufe: aperture fub-
oval, margin thick; outer lip crenated on the inſide.
Length one eighth of an inch ; breadth nearly one half
its length.
We have found this ſpecies at Falmouth in Cornwall,
and on the ſouth coaſt of Devon, but rarely: have alſo
received it from Sandwich in Kent.
It is ſometimes taken in Guernſey, and is a ſhell of the
Mediterranean; but does not ſeem any where plentiful.
25.
SUBUMBILICA-
TUS.
T. with a ſmooth, ſub-gloffy, conic, yellowiſh-white
fhell: volutions four or five, very tumid, the firſt occu-
pying above half the ſhell: apex rather obtuſe: aperture
oval; outer lip even; inner lip a little reflexed, forming
a fulcus or ſub-umbilicus. Length one eighth of an inch;
breadth one half its length.
This ſpecies, noticed by Mr. BRYER on the ſhore at
Weymouth, differs from Turbo Ulvo in being more ven-
tricoſe, and more tumid in the volutions, and eſſentially
in the aperture; and in being more umbilicated.
From T. ventrofus it not only differs in the greater
proportional breadth at the baſe, but in the aperture be-
ing exactly ovate, and not contracted into an acute angle
at

317
at the upper end, as in that and the Ulvæ : it never grows
to the ſize of the latter, and exceeds that of the former.
Turbo eburneus. Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 15.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 56.
26.
VENTROSUS.
Tab. 12. f. 13.
T. with a ſmooth, gloſſy, thin ſhell, with fix ventri-
coſe, or much rounded volutions, of a light pellucid
horn-colour; but when the animal is in it, the appear-
ance is black: apex moderately pointed: aperture ſub-
orbicular, cloſed by a thin, wrinkled, corneous opercu-
lum: margin almoſt intire the whole way round. Length
one eighth of an inch ; breadth about one third its length.
This ſpecies is not uncommon on the Kentiſh coaſt, at
Folkſtone and Sandwich, confounded with T. Ulva, for
which we have received it.
It is however perfectly diftinct from that ſhell, and
may, e readily diſtinguiſhed by its ſtrongly elevated and
rounded volutions, gloſſy appearance, and colour; the
other being always dull-brown, opaque; and vaſtly
thicker.
This ſhell retains the greater part of its black colour
when preſerved with the animal in; but dead ſpecimens
are opaque white, as Mr. WALKER deſcribes it; and was
probably the only ftate in which Mr. JACOBS had ever
ſeen

318
ſeen it, by giving it the name of eburneus, (as Mr. ADAMS
informs us.
27.
ULVÆ.
Turbo Ulvæ. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 120.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.499.
Da Coſta. p. 105.
Helix Ulvæ. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.
T. with from five to ſeven ſmooth volutions, not
rounded, but nearly flat, ſeparated by a ſmall line; apeco
moderately pointed: colour opaque, dark, or rufous-
brown: aperture fub-oval; inner lip reflected on the Co-
lumella, forming a flight depreſſion behind, but no um-
bilicus. Length generally about a quarter of an inch;
but we have found it at Poole of an extraordinary ſize,
nearly three-eighths of an inch long, and one eighth
broad. Dead ſhells are frequently of a dull opaque white;
operculum corneous, radiated with arched ftriæ from the
inner margin.
This is a very common fpecies in moſt of our inlets
and harbours, but ſeldom on the open ſhores expoſed to
the fury of the waves.
Is frequent on ulve and other marine plants, and on
the mud about high water-mark; ſometimes in ſuch vaft
profufion as to almoſt cover the ſurface: and it is obferv-
able, where theſe are found in quantity, ſcarce any other
convoluted ſhell is feen, except perhaps T. littoreus, T.
rudis, and one or two other common ſpecies,
Turbo

319
28.
Turbo Pullus. Lin. Syft. p. 1233.Gmel. Syft. p.3589. 6. PULLUS.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.45.-- Turt. Lin.iv.p.481.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 2. f. 2. to 6.
Borlaſe Cornw, p. 276.
Turbo pictus. Da Coſta. p. 103. t. 8. f. 1. 3.
T. with four or five rounded, ſmooth, gloffy volu-
tions; the firſt large, making nearly half the length of
the ſhell; apex not very pointed: colour ſo various that
ſcarce two are found alike, but all more or leſs ſtreaked
and ſpotted in an elegant manner; generally pink, or
purple with dark undulated lines, or ſpotted with white;
ſometimes purpliſh-brown with white ſpots. One varie-
ty has the lines extremely fine, appearing like ftriæ;
others have them broad or marked with interrupted
bands. Aperture ſub orbicular, large; in old ſhells
ſpreading on the Columella. Length three-eighths of
an inch; breadth half as much.
The operculum belonging to this ſhell feeems to have
eſcaped notice, indeed it is only to be found in live fpe-
cimens, which we believe do not frequently occur; it is
remarkably ſtrong, thick, and teftaceous, very convex,
white, and ſmooth externally; the interior part, when
ſeparated from the animal, is a little concave, and has a
ſmall and ſingular ſpiral turn near to one end.
This beautiful ſpecies is not uncommon on many parts
of the Corniſh coaſt, eſpecially at Whitfand bay, and at
Falmouth; and is equally plentiful on ſome of the ſhores
of

320
of Devonſhire, particularly at Milton ſands in the fouth,
and Ilfracomb in the north ; but is rarely procured alive,
except at very low tides, or by dredging. Doctor PuL-
TENE Y ſpeaks of it as a rare ſhell on the ſhores of Dor-
ſetſhire; and we believe grows ſcarcer eaſtward.
The animal is painted like its ſhell, with two very long
filiform tentacula; beneath theſe, at the baſe, are two
ſmall black eyes; cloſe to which are two minute feelers,
or cirri, and on each ſide is another, little inferior in
length to the tentacula ; theſe appendages are in conti-
nual motion, and are capable of turning in all directions.
29.
PUNCTURA. T. with fix very glofly, rounded volutions, rather ta-
Tab. 12. f. 5, per in ſhape, and finely reticulated: colour tranſparent
yellowiſh-white: aperture fub-orbicular. Length the
tenth of an inch; breadth one third its length.
We found this elegant ſpecies at Whitſand bay in Corn-
wall, and in ſand from Salcomb bay in Devonſhire, but
extremely rare; its beauty is only to be ſeen under a
ſtrong magnifier, as the work is extremely fine; by the
aid of a microſcope it appears delicately punctured all
over, and wrought with extremely fine decuſſated ftriæ.
30.
RUBER,
Turbo Ruber. Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 21. 22. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488.
T. with

321
T. with five pellucid, ſmooth, gloſſy, reddiſh-brown
volutions, rounded, and divided by a fine ſeparating line:
apex pointed: aperture fub-orbicular, a little reflected
on the pillar. Length one eighth of an inch, or more;
breadth nearly one third its length.
We found this fpecies at Whitfand bay in Cornwall,
and with it a ſhell in every reſpect like, but in colour,
which is perfe&tly white, and ſo tranſparent that the
whole of the Columella may be ſeen through the ſhell.
31.
T. with a thin, pellucid, white, fmooth, fub-cylindric Vitreus.
ſhell, with four very rounded volutions, ſeparated by a Tab. 12. f. 3.
deep depreſſed line: apex rather obtufe: aperture ſub-
oval, contracted at the upper end; outer lip thin; inner
lip a little thickened. Length one eighth of an inch;
breadth one third its length.
This ſpecies muſt not be confounded for the white va-
riety of the laſt deſcribed ; it is more ſlender, the volu-
tions are ſtronger, and run ſingularly more oblique ;
and is at once diſtinguiſhed by its ſub-cylindric ſhape, in
which it reſembles more the T. ſtriatus; but differs from
that ſhell in being perfectly ſmooth, and in not having a
marginated aperture.
The Columella of this ſpecies is viſible through the
ſhell.
Tt
We

322
We found it very ſparingly at Whitfand bay in Cornwall.
32.
DECUSSATUS.
Tab. 12. f. 4.
Turbo pellucidus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t. 13. f. 33. 34 ?
(Adams.) - Turt. Lin. iv. p. 489,
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 52 ?
T. with a ſub-pellucid, ſomewhat gloffy, white ſhell,
with five rounded volutions, well defined by the ſepa-
rating line; ſtrongly ftriated longitudinally, and croſſed
with extremely fine ftriæ, in a decuſſated manner: apex
not very pointed: aperture ſub-oval, contracted at th
upper part; outer lip thin; inner lip not ſpreading on
the Columella. Length ſcarce one eighth of an inch;
breadth not half its length.
We found this ſpecies very rare in ſand from Salcomb
bay. It differs from T. Pun&tura in being more inclined
to a cylindric form, more ſtrongly ftriated longitudinally,
and in the aperture being more oval.
33.
RETICULATUS.
Turbo reticulatus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t. 13. f. 19. 20.
(Adams.)- Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 14.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 32.
T. with a ſtrong, conic, opaque, light-brown ſhell,
with fix rounded, and much raiſed volutions, ſtrongly
reticulated : apex pointed : aperture fub-orbicular, mar-
gin thick; inner lip ſpreading on the Columella, forming

323
a groove or fub-umbilicus. Length ſcarce one tenth of
an inch; breadth full one half its length.
We received this ſpecies from Mr. Boys for WAX-
KER's ſhell above quoted. That author deſcribes it to
be pellucid white: thoſe we have examined were all
opaque, and of a dirty-white, or light-brown; poſſibly
dead ſhells. This is perfectly diſtinct from the preced-
ing, being much broader in proportion to its length,
more conic, more ſtrongly ſtriated tranſverſely, and the
aperture ſtronger, and more rounded.
1
p. 489.
34.
Turbo canaliculatus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 253?(Adams.) SPIRALIS.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 46.
Tab. 12. f.9.
Turt. Lin. iv.
T. with a pellucid, gloffy, white, conic ſhell, with
four or five volutions; the largeſt marked with tranſ-
verſe, ſpiral ridges, half way from the baſe; the reſt
finely ribbed longitudinally: volutions nearly flat, but
well defined by the feparating line, which is marked with
a very fine ſpiral ridge: apex rather obtuſe; aperture
fub-orbicular, pillar lip turns inward and forms an appa-
rent ſmall denticle, which in fact is a plication or ridge,
that runs ſpirally ſome way up the Columella ; a charac-
ter in this and the three following ſpecies not ſubject to
vary like the denticulations in ſome other ſhells, but is
the conſtant formation of the Columella, occafioned by
the intortion of the pillar lip, as in the Voluta tornatilis;
T t 2

324
to which genus they become a ſort of link. Length
one line; breadth half its length.
We found this in fand from Salcomb bay in Devonſhire,
very rare.
35.
INTERSTINCTUS
Tab. 12. f.10.
Turbo interſtinctus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t.13. f. 23. 24.
(Adams.) - Turt. Lin. iv. p. 438.
T. with a gloffy, white, taper ſhell, with five, rather
flat, but finely ribbed volutions, divided by a ſmall fe-
parating line: apex obtuſe: aperture ſub-oval: pillar
lip a little reflexed, with a ſingle ſmall tooth. Length
one line; breadth one third of its length.
We found this ſpecies in fand from Bigberry bay in
Devonſhire: very rare.
86.
UNIDENTATUS.
T. with a ſtrong, conic, ſmooth, gloffy, ſub-pellucid,
white ſhell, with rather an obtuſe apex : volutions five
or fix, not much raiſed: aperture fub-oval ; outer lip
plain; Columella furniſhed near the middle with one
tooth. Length two tenths of an inch ; breadth nearly one
half its length.
We found this in fand from Salcomb bay, and alive on
the Pečten maximus, dredged out of deep water; but is
by no means common.
11

325
It might readily be confounded for T.ulvæ by its ſhape,
but its fingle tooth is an invariable diſcriminating mark,
independent of its colour, which is always gloſſy white,
with uſually a tinge of purple, or roſe-colour at the tip.
37.
T. with a ſmooth, glofly, fub-pellucid, white ſhell, PLICATUS.
with fix rather ſlender ſpires terminating in an obtuſe
apex; the volutions are nearly flat, defined only by a
fine, ſeparating line ; aperture ſub-oval, contracted a
little to an angle at the upper part ; outer lip even; in-
ner lip thickened, and furniſhed with a ſingle tooth-like
fold. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth one third
its length
Found in fand from Salcomb bay, but rare.
This ſpecies muſt not be confounded for Turbo uniden-
tatus, which is vaftly thicker and ſtronger, much broader
at the baſe in proportion to its length, more tumid in
the volutions, and larger in the aperture. It is more the
ſhape of Helix polita, but is neither ſo finely pointed, nor
is the aperture ſo long, and is at once diftinguiſhed from
that ſhell by its tooth-like plication.
38.
T. with a ſmooth, white ſhell, rather ſlender in ſhape, PALLIDUS,
with fix or ſeven ſpires tapering to a moderately fine
apex; the volutions not much raiſed, but ſeparated by a
well

326
well defined line : aperture ſub-orbicular; outer lip ar-
cuated; a faint duplicature on the pillar lip deftitute of
any tooth, but a ſmall umbilicus is formed by its reflecti-
on. Length more than one eighth of an inch; breadth
ſcarce one third of its length.
From Salcomb bay, fand, very rare.
39.
Nivosus.
T. with a ſmooth, glofly, white ſhell, rather flender,
and tapering to an obtuſe point : volutions five or fix,
much rounded, and deeply divided by the ſeparating
line : aperture ſub-oval; inner lip, and Columella quite
ſmooth and even: no umbilicus. Length nearly one
line; breadth ſcarce one third its length.
This ſpecies has ſomewhat the ſhape of Turbo inter-
Stinktus, but is deſtitute of the tooth, as well as the ribs.
Found in ſand on the ſouth coaſt of Devon, very rare.
40.
SEMICOSTATUS. T. with a ſhort, conic, white ſhell, obtuſely pointed :
volutions four or five, rounded, well defined by the fe-
parating line, and wrought with faint ribs, and fine ob-
ſolete transverſe ſtriæ on the body whirl, both of which
are inconſpicuous on the ſuperior ſpires; the ribs do not
extend to the lower part even of the body, where the
ſpiral tranverfe ftriæ become moſt conſpicuous : aperture
fub.

327
fuborbicular; pillar lip a little reflexed, Columella fmooth.
Length half a line; breadth one half its length.
Found in fand on the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire, but
very rare.
This at firſt fight might be confounded with Turbo
Spiralis, but differs in the volutions being more rounded,
in the ribs being coarſer, and in being deftitute of the
tooth-like plication of the columella.
37.
Turbo trifaſciatus. Lin. Trans. v. p.2.t.1.f.13.14 ?(Adams) UNIFASCIATUS.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
T. with a ſmooth, conic, white ſhell, with one, and
rarely two bands of purpliſh-brown on the body, one
on the ſecond ſpire, and ſometimes alſo on the third : the
number of volutions are five: and it is obſervable when
it has two faſciæ on the lower ſpire, they occupy no
more ſpace than when there is but one: the fpires are
very little raiſed, and divided only by a ſmall line: the
bands on the ſuperior ones are cloſe to the ſeparating
line: aperture ſub-oval; exterior lip thin, and turning
outwards ; inner lip ſpreading on the Columella ; imper-
forated.
The figure given by Mr. Adams is longer in propor-
tion than this fhell, in every other reſpect correſponds.
Length one eighth of an inch; breadth more than one
third its length
We

328
We found this ſpecies rare on the ſhore at Southamp-
ton, and in fand from Burrow iſland in Devonſhire.
42.
CINGILLUS. T. with a conic, fub-pellucid ſhell, with fix volutions,
Tab. 12. f. 7. marked with alternate bands of horn-colour and cheſnut-
brown, uſually three of each on the body, and two on
the other ſpires; frequently obſolete towards the tip,
which is of a uniform brown. Recent ſhells are obſcure-
ly ftriated with the whirls, but very conſpicuous at
the baſe: apex moderately pointed : aperture fub-oval,
contracted at the upper part; outer lip thin, not turn-
ing outwards as in the laſt deſcribed ; inner lip a little
thickened; imperforated. Length exceeding one eighth
of an inch; breadth one third its length.
This ſhell is readily diftinguiſhed from any varieties of
the preceding, by the outer lip being in a line with the
fhell, not turning outward; by the brown bands being
darker, and the intermediate ſpace not ſo white; and in
live ſhells by the fpiral ftriæ, which are ſtrong at the
baſe ; it is alſo a more ſlender ſhell.
We found this ſpecies in great abundance alive on the
fhore at Plymouth, in one particular ſpot only; and alſo
at Salcomb at very low water.
43.
QUADRIFASCIA-
Cochlea parva. Da Coſta. p. 85.
TUS.
T. with

329
T. with a ſtrong, ſmooth, fub-pellucid, fub-conic
thell, with four volutions; the firſt very large, occupy-
ing more than half the ſhell: colour white, uſually mark-
ed with four faint brown bands on the body, and fome-
times two on the ſecond ſpire; others have the bands
united, and form two very broad ones on the firſt ſpire:
apex rather obtufe: aperture fub-orbicular, thickened
within, but floped to a ſharp edge on the outer lip; pil-
lar lip broad, with a ſmall groove ending in an umbilicus.
Length rarely a quarter of an inch; breadth one eighth.
A variety is quite white; but thoſe are old and worn
ſhells; many appear plain white until carefully examin-
ed, when the faint bands may be traced. Live ſhells are
darkeſt, and ſometimes tinged with green. This ſpecies
has ſomewhat the habit of T. canalis, but is at once diſ-
tinguiſhed by the thick outer lip; it never grows to half
the fize, is much ſtronger, more opaque, and at the baſe
of the lower volution this has always an angulated ap-
pearance, or is ſub-carinated; whereas the other is
per-
fectly rounded at that part.
We found this ſhell plentiful at Falmouth, amongſt
ſand from the harbour: and alſo on the ſouth coaſt of
Devon, particularly on the ſhore of Salcomb bay at low-
water, inhabiting alge.
44.
Turbo interruptus. Lin. Trans. v. p. 3. t.1. f.16.17.(Adams) INTERRUPTUS.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.-
T. with
уу

330
T. with a pellucid, gloſſy white, conic ſhell, marked
with interrupted, longitudinal, ochreaceous ſtreaks, moſt
conſpicuous on the two larger ſpires; frequently form-
ing two rows of oblong ſpots on the lower one: volutions
five, not much raiſed: apex moderately pointed: aper-
ture ſub-orbicular; outer lip not very thin; inner lip
reflexed. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth one
third its length
We found this ſpecies at Falmouth in Cornwall; and
on the coaſt of Devonſhire ſparingly at Ilfracomb, and in
ſand from Salcomb bay and other parts.
45.
RETIFORMIS.
Turbo tumidus quatuor anfractibus reticulatis apertura fub-
ovali. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 37.
The Turbo with four tumid reticulated ſpires, with
an oval aperture: colour white and opaque.
From Sandwich, very rare.
46.
FUSCUS.
Turbo quinque anfractibus ftriatis apertura fub-ovali. Walk.
Min. Shells. f. 42.
The five-ſpired, ftriated Turbo, with a fub-oval aper-
ture: colour opaque-brown.
From Byfing Wood, near Faverſham, very rare.
Turbo

331
47.
Turbo ftrigatus. Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 16.
STRIGATUS.
Turt. Lin. 4.
P:
500.
Turbo tribus anfra&tibus primo ftrigis tribus tranfverfis
aper-
tura fubovata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 38.
The three-ſpired Turbo, the firſt ſpire with three
tranſverſe ridges, and a ſub-oval aperture; the colour
opaque white.
From Seafalter, very rare.
48.
Turbo carinatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
CARINATULUS.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 18.
Turbo turritus carinatus feptem anfractibus apertura coarcta-
ta marginata. Walk.Min. Shells. f. 44.
The taper, carinated Turbo, with ſeven fpires, and
contracted, marginated aperture: colour opaque white.
From Sandwich, very rare.
49.
Turbo ftriatus quatuor anfractibus apertura ovali marginata. RIVULUS,
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 57.
The ftriated, four-ſpired Turbo, with an oval margi-
nated aperture: colour opaque white.
From a ſtream near Faverſham, very rare.
V v 2
Turbo

332
50.
SANDVICENSIS.
Turbo Sandvicenſis. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 23.
Turbo tribus anfra&libus reticulatis apertura unidentata,
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 55.
The three-ſpired, elegantly reticulated Turbo, with
one toothed oval aperture: colour pellucid white.
From Sandwich, exceeding rare.
The fix preceding, minute ſpecies, we have been
obliged to copy from the Teftacea minuta rariora in Mr.
WALKER's own words.
51.
FULGIDUS.
Helix fulgidus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 254. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 531.
T. with a ſub-conic, pellucid, ſmooth, gloſſy ſhell,
variegated with white and bronze, uſually in bands: vo-
lutions three, the firſt very large: apex ſmall, obtufe:
aperture ſub-orbicular, margin attenuated. Length
half a line.
We found this ſpecies in fand from Whitfand bay
Cornwall.
52.
Turbo quinque anfractibus longitudinaliter coftatis, aper-
ALBULUS.
tura ſubrotunda. Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13.f. 17. 18. (Adams.)
Turbo

333
Turbo albulus. Shell opaque, with five longitudinal
ribbed whorls: aperture roundiſh, not margined. Turt.
Lin. iv. p.488.
53.
Turbo tefta lævi tribus anfractibus, lineis fuſcis characteri- SCRIPTUS.
formibus, apertura fubrotunda. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 65. t.
13. f. 11. 12. (Adams.) Obs. Iftæ lineæ lineis Lichenis
ſcripti omnino fimiles.
Shell ſmooth, opaque, with three whorls, and brown
lines, reſembling characters: aperture roundiſh. The
lines exactly reſemble thoſe on the Lichen fcriptus. Turt.
Lin. iv. p. 487
54.
Turbo decem anfractibus longitudinaliter coftatis, tefta ad api- SUBARCUATUS.
cem ſubarcuata. Color albus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66.
t. 13. f. 27. 28. (Adams.)
Shell pellucid, white, and a little curved towards the
tip, with ten longitudinal, ribbed whorls. Turt. Lin.
iv. p. 488.
55.
A. Turbo fex anfractibus ſpiraliter ftriatis, coſtis remotis, ELEGANS.
apertura ovali.
Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t. 13. f. 31. 32.
(Adams.)
Shell pellucid, with fix fpirally ftriate whorls, and
remote ribs: aperture oval. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 489.
Not

334
Not Turbo elegans of GMELIN.
56.
DIVISUS.
Turbo quatuor anfractibus, lævibus et ftriatis; apertura ſub-
ovali. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 254. (Adams.)
Shell pellucid, white, with four whorls, each divided
into two parts; the upper one ſmooth, the lower one
fpirally ſtriate: aperture fub-oval. Turt. Lin. iv. p.489.
57.
SUBRUFUS.
Turbo fubrufus teftâ lævi quinque anfractibus fuperne ſub-
angulatis. Lin. Trans. v. p. 3. t. 1. f. 18. 19. (Adams.)
Shell ſmooth, with five whorls ſomewhat angular
above: opaque, dull red, the upper part of each whorl
marked with a white tranſverſe band. Turt. Lin. iv.
p. 500.
The fix laſt ſhells never having come under our in-
fpection, we have been obliged to copy from the deſcrip-
tions of minute ſhells, given by Mr. Adams in the Lin-
næan Tranſaktions, as productions of the coaſt of Pen-
brokeſhire.
** LAND

335
**LAND AND FRESH-WATER.
58.
Turbo Muſcorum. Lin. Syſt. p.1240-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3611.94. MUSCORUM,
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 123. f. 1076.
Muller Vern. ii. p. 105. No. 304.
.
Schroet Erdconch. p. 140. t. 1. f. 7.
Br. Zool. t. 82. f 118?
Lift. Angl. t. 2.f.6.– Turt. Lin. iv.p.499.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 35. f. 6.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 46.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 80.
Turbo cylindraceus. Da Coſta. p. 89. t. v. f. 16.
T. with a ſmooth, glofly, fub-pellucid, fub-cylindric
hell, with fix ſpires, of a yellowiſh-brown horn-colour;
apex obtuſe: aperture ſub-orbicular, marginated; the
margin white, a little reflexed, forming a depreſſion, or
ſub-umbilicus; pillar lip frequently furniſhed with a ſingle
tooth. Length rather more than the eighth of an inch;
breadth about one third its length. Dead ſhells fre-
quently become yellow, and in a further advance to
wards decay are white and opaque,
The young, even after they are nearly arrived at full
growth, are deftitute of the white marginated aperture,
and the tooth; nor indeed is this laſt mark always to be
found in apparently adult ſpecimens. In the more infant
ftate it has a trochiform baſe and aperture.
This
† The Turbo fuſcus and rivulus appear to belong to this diviſion, but as
they are unknown to us, it was thought proper to leave them together with
the few other of Mr. WALKER's ſhells not identified.

336
This ſpecies ſeems to be pretty generally diffuſed, but
is rather ſcarce in ſome fituations: it is found under moſs
at the roots of trees, or in the crevices of the bark, and
on old walls.
Doctor SOLANDER had named it Turbo dolioliformis,
as Mr. Boys informs us.
We have followed moſt authors in quoting T. Muſco-
rum of the Britiſh Zoology for this ſhell, but cannot
help expreſſing fome doubt, as the figure does not in the
leaſt repreſent it, but is more like Helix lubrica.
Gmelin has erred in quoting tab. 1. fig. 6. of SCHRO-
ETER's Erdconchylien for a variety of this, which he ſays,
is furniſhed with eight teeth. That ſhell is perfe&tly
diftinct, and is certainly our Turbo Funiperi. The muf
corum never has more than one tooth; and, as we be-
fore remarked, is as frequently without any.
Fig. 8. tab. 2. LISTER Anim. Anglice which GMELIN
has referred to for this ſhell, though with doubt, is cer-
tainly the Helix obſcura.
In company with this is ſometimes found; what muſt
at preſent be conſidered as a variety; it is not above half
ſo large, with the fame number of volutions, and is ex-
actly fimilar in ſhape, but the aperture is not margina-
ted; and is always deftitute of the tooth.
Helix

337
59.
Helix minuta. Muller. Veri. ii. p. 101. No. 299 ?
SEXDENTATUS
Gmel. Syft. p. 3660?- Turt. Lin. iv. p.538 ? Tab. 12. f. 8.
T. with a ſmooth, brown, horn-coloured, oval ſhell,
with five ſpires ſomewhat rounded: apex obtuſe: aper-
ture fub-orbicular; outer lip uneven, fub-angulated ;
uſually furniſhed with fix teeth, four on the outer lip,
and two on the inner. Length one line; breadth one
half its length. Younger ſhells have only four teeth.
We firſt noticed this ſpecies on the Iris pſeudacorus
or yellow-flag, in a boggy place in Cornwall, and after-
wards in Devonſhire, but rare: and fince in great abun-
dance among the rejettamenta of the river Avon, after
floods, about Lackham in Wiltſhire; probably waſhed
from the neighbouring meadows.
It is alſo found about Sandwich in Kent.
This ſhell might readily be confounded, at firſt fight,
for the young of T. muſcorum; the diſtorted aperture,
and teeth, however, are at once ſpecific marks of
diſtinction. To T. Vertigo it alſo bears ſome reſem-
blance, but the ſhape of the aperture, number of teeth,
and contrary turn of the volutions of that ſhell, is fuffi-
cient to diſcriminate them.
If Muller had not expreſsly faid, "apertura ovali
edentula” we ſhould not have had a doubt of this being his
H. minuta: the teeth, however, are not always readily
diſco-
Xx

338
)
diſcovered, till the aperture has been well cleaned, and
it is poſſible even that penetrating naturaliſt may have
overlooked this circumſtance, in a bad ſpecimen of lo
minute a ſpecies.
60.
TRIDENS.
Tab. 11. f.2.
Turbo tridens. Gmel. Syft. p. 3611.--Turt. Lin. iv. p. 499,
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 46.--Gualt. t. 4. F.
Helix tridens. Muller. Verm. ii. p. 106. No. 305.
T. with a ſub-cylindric, ſmooth, gloſſy ſhell, of a
light-brown colour: volutions fix or ſeven, ſcarcely
raiſed, or diſtinguiſhed, but by the ſeparating line: apex
obtuſe: aperture ſmall and curved; outer lip furniſhed
with one tooth on the margin; pillar lip a little reflexed,
with two long and two ſhort teeth alternate. Length
a quarter of an inch.
The ſpecies here deſcribed we received from Doctor
PULTENEY, who has given it in his Catalogue of Dora
fetſhire ſhells; and who ſays it is found on water plants,
by the river Stour in Dorſetſhire. Dead ſhells are uſu-
ally white. It is poflible moft of this ſpecies may have
only three teeth, eſpecially ſuch as are not full grown;
thoſe we examined were rather larger than uſually de-
fcribed, and had all five teeth ; two however are very
ſmall, and might eaſily be overlooked.
On the authority above ftated, it is here given as
Britiſh

330
Britiſh, though it muſt be acknowledged we have never
been fortunate enough to find it.
61.
CARYCHIUM.
Carychium minimum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 125. No. 321.
Schroet. Flufconch. p. 324. No. 122.
Helix Carychium. Gmel. Syft. p. 3665.
Turt. Lin, iv.
Turbo
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 51.
p. 541.
T. with a glofly, pellucid, white ſhell, with five volu-
tions finely ftriated longitudinally, rounded, and well
defined by the ſeparating line: apex obtufe: aperture
fub-oval, contracted, marginated; outer lip thickened
inwards in the middle by a knob; pillar lip furniſhed
with two teeth, and ſometimes the rudiment of a third,
above the other two. Length ſcarce one line; breadth
one third its length.
This, the ſmalleſt of our land ſpecies, is not unfre-
quent in woods, and on mofly banks.
We have found it in ſeveral parts of Wiltſhire, parti-
cularly in Lackham wood, and in drifted ſand of the ri-
ver Avon: alſo in Devonſhire, and other parts. Is com-
mon in Kent. Mr. Boys ſent it to us from Sandwich, for
Mr. WALKER's ſhell above quoted; who ſays, it is found
on the moſly banks of a ſtream near Faverſham.
The minuteneſs of this ſpecies has probably been the
X x 2
cauſe

340
cauſe of its obfcurity, for it is by no means uncommon
under decayed wood, particularly the bark, in damp
places. The ftriæ with which it is furniſhed are regular,
but fo extremely fine, as to render a good lens neceſſary
to diſcover them.
MULLER, who has divided his ſhells into genera, from
the ſtructure of the animal inhabitant, has called this a
Carychium, genus xxv. where this ſpecies ſtands alone;
the characters are "tentoculis duobus truncatis, oculis ad
bafin poftice."
This author is perfectly correct; the animal is of a
yellowiſh-white, with only two ſhort, cylindric, obtuſe,
or truncated tentacula; at the baſe of which between, or
nearly behind them, are placed two very conſpicuous,
approximating, black eyes.
62.
JUNIPERI.
Tab. 12. f. 12.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 140. t. 1. f. 6.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1236. a, b.
T. with a ſub-cylindric, opaque, brown fhell, with
eight or nine fpires ftriated longitudinally-oblique: the
volutions are not rounded, or much raiſed, but well de-
fined by the ſeparating line; the four firſt are cylindric,
the reſt taper to an obtuſe apex : aperture ſub-orbicular,
marginated, reflexed, white, furniſhed with ſeven teeth,
three on the outer lip, and four on the Columella:*
the
* Theſe projections, uſually called teeth, are not properly denticles or
tooth-ſhape protuberances, but are fine white lamine, or ridges, running
at

341
the baſe behind the pillar lip is a fingular and large ca-
vity, formed by the contraction of the throat, or interior
part of the mouth, and the greatly expanded lips; the
margin of the aperture does not quite meet upon the
body whirl. Length rather more than a quarter of an
inch ; breadth not half its length.
This appears to be a rare ſhell, or at leaſt extremely
local in England. We firſt found it, very ſparingly on
an old mofly wall at Eaſton Grey in Wiltſhire, ten or
twelve years ago; and never ſince till lately, when we
diſcovered conſiderable abundance at the roots of juni-
per buſhes, on the ſides of the hills, near Devizes, in the
ſame county
CHEMNITZ has given a tolerably good figure of this
ſhell, but too large; and likens it to the T. muſcorum,
but that it is not pellucid, is ſharper pointed, with nine
fpires; and has the mouth beſet with teeth: and alſo ob-
ferves, that SCHROETEr remarks, it is not uncommon
in Thuringia. Indeed it appears to be from the latter
author, that the former obtained his knowledge of the
ſhell; but unfortunately has jumbled with it the Turbo
tridens, by quoting the Helix tridens of MULLER.
GMELIN has alſo fallen into this error, by quoting
CHEMNITZ's ſhell for his T. tridens.
SCHRO-
fpirally backwards, in a parallel direction to each other: thoſe on the exterior
lip may in moſt inſtances be traced through the outſide of the ſhell, and are
nearly a line in length.

342
SCHROETER makes a comparative deſcription between
this and the T. muſcorum, and expreſsly ſays this has
ſeven teeth: his figure is alſo more the natural dimen-
fions, than that given by CHEMNITZ, who has made it
nearly double its real fize.
63.
ELEGANS.
Turbo elegans. Gmel. Syft. p. 3606. 74.
Liſter Conch. t.27. f.25.-Id. Angl. t.2.f.5.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 123. f. 1060. a. to e.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 45.-Gualt. t. 4. A. B.
Shroet Fluffconch. p. 366. t. 9. f. 15. a. b.
Nerita elegans. Muller Verm. ii. p. 177. No. 363.
Turbo tumidus. Br. Zool. t.82. f.110.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.480
Turbo ftriatus. Da Coſta. p. 86. t. 5. f. 9.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 59.
Morton Northamp. p. 415.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 495.
Turbo lincina. Lin. Syft p. 1239?-Gmel. Syſt. p.3605.71?
Turbo reflexus. Lin. Syſt. p. 1238?- Gmel. Syft. p.3605.70?
T. with five ventricoſe volutions, tapering to rather
an obtuſe apex, marked with ſtrong ſpiral ftriæ, croſſed
by finer longitudinal ones, giving the ſhell a reticulated
appearance: colour generally cinereous, with a tinge of
purple, the tip frequently quite purple, and void of ftriæ;
fometimes prettily faſciated with ſpots, or broken bands
of purpliſh-brown, or longitudinally ſtreaked with the
fame. Dead fhells are often white. The aperture is or-
bicular, projecting on the pillar lip, a little reflexed;
mar-

343
margin faintly marked by the ſtriæ : behind the pillar lip
a cavity, or ſub umbilicus: operculum teftaceous, ſpiral-
ly ftriated. Length five-eighths of an inch; breadtla
three-eighths.
This elegant ſpecies is the only Britiſh land ſhell with
a teſtaceous operculum. It is rather local, but ſufficient-
ly plentiful in ſome parts; chiefly inhabiting dry gravel,
or fandy foil, under moſs. We have found it in great
abundance, cloſe to the ſea at the roots of fern, to the
weſt of Tenby in Wales; as well as in the woods at Lack-
ham in Wiltſhire. It has alſo been found in ſome parts of
Kent, Lincolnſhire, Yorkſhire, and Northamptonſhire.
DA COSTA ſays in Surry about Darking: and Pen-
NANT in the woods of Cambridgeſhire. Doctor PULTE-
NEY obſerves, it is common on the higher downs of
Dorſetſhire, eſpecially near the ſea, and that he had ſeen
it plentiful on Hod Hill near Blandford: we alſo no-
ticed it on Portland, and at Swanage in the ſame county.
On the continent it is found in France and Italy; and
according to CHEMNITZ on the Pyrenean mountains un-
der buſhes,
SCHROETER ſeems to have been puzzled where to
place this ſhell, whether amongſt his land, or freſh-water
pecies; as he obſerves, fome make the animal to pofleſs
four tentacula, while others give it only two: but ap-
pears

344
pears to have favoured the latter opinion, from whence
he concludes, it muſt belong to the water, as the animals
of all land fhells poffefs four tentacula: and he appears
the more confirmed in that opinion, on account of its
being furniſhed with a ſtrong teftaceous operculum.
It is indeed the only inſtance we can produce, of a land
ſhell being provided with a permanent teſtaceous oper-
culum ; but the animal of Turbo Carychium, as well as
this, has but two tentacula : and MULLER informs us his
Vertigo pufilla, our Turbo Vertigo, which is alſo a land
ſhell, is inhabited by a limax of a more fingular forma-
tion; for with only two tentacula, the eyes are placed at
their tips: fo that, although we have not hitherto dif-
covered any aquatic limax with four regular tentacula,
yet ſuch animal poffefling only two, is not a criterion of
its being an inhabitant of the water.
The animal of this ſhell has alſo another uncommon
property for a land limax, as we are informed by Lis.
TER, who ſays they are of different fexes. Whether
this is the caſe in the few other land ſpecies with two ten-
tacula remains to be proved; it is however probable,
and that thoſe with four tentacula are invariably her-
maphrodite, and have their ſuperior ones ocellated.
LISTER has further elucidated the ſubject, by giving
a
* The plumoſe appendage on the back of the head of Turbo fontinalis and
Helix criſtata, cannot be conſidered as proper tentacula.

345
a diffection of both ſexes of the animal in his Exerci-
tatio tab. 1. where it is repreſented with two tentacula
only, and the eyes placed at their baſe. The fame plate
is given in his Conchology. tab. 4. Anat, and unfortunately
in theſe plates a figure is given of a compreſſed Helix
without explanation; but which is evidently the ſhell of
the animal figured at No. 4. in order to make a compa-
rative view of the organs of generation. The want of
ſome explanation of the figure of that ſhell has led to
error and confuſion; though he has expreſsly referred to
Tit. 5. of his Anim. Angliæ for the proper ſhell of the
anatomical figure of the limax in queſtion.
GEOFFROY, as well as LISTER, was perfe&ly right
in giving the animal only two tentacula, and in making
it a land fpecies.
The animal is of a pale brown colour, with a long
ſnout, which is ſtrongly ftriated tranſverſely : tentacula
two, fomewhat compreſſed, wrinkled, and ſub-clavated,
with ſmooth, gloſſy, black tips:* eyes placed cloſe to
the baſe of the tentacula on the outſide, a little elevated.
Y y
The
* It is perhaps to be doubted whether the ſmooth glofly tips to the tenta-
cula are not really eyes, and as much deſerving the appellation, as thoſe on
other ſpecies of land limax; if ſo, the animal is more effentially different from
all others of its con genera, in poſſeſſing four ſuch organs. Why LISTER
ſhould not have conſidered theſe ſub-globular, highly poliſhed extremities, as
much the eyes as thoſe placed at the baſe, is not to be determined: but if he
was led to conclude they could not be ſuch, becauſe they were not internally
retractile, or capable of being drawn within the tentacula ; it is certainly not
a fufficient reaſon: for it ihould rather be conſidered, that as the tentacula are

346
The fnout is ſtrong and muſcular, and is uſed in
crawling to hold by, in order to bring forward the body;
it is alſo of confiderable ſervice in removing obſtacles,
eſpecially the earth when it retires to its hibernaculum.
The tentacula are ſomewhat contractile, but not tu-
bular; of courſe the animal is incapable of withdrawing
their tips into the interior part, like the more common
limaces.
64.
FASCIATUS.
Turbo fafciatus. Br. Zool. t. 82. f. 119.
Da Coſta. p. 90.-Favan. t. 65. A.1.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 18. f. 1. 1.
Liſter Conch. t. 19. f. 14.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 481.
Helix bifaſciata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p.49.
T. with a thin, ſub-pellucid, taper ſhell, with nine
fpires a little rounded, but not much raiſed: apex mo-
derately pointed : volutions not regularly ftriated, but
wrinkled acroſs the whirls: colour white, longitudinally
Atreaked
(for fome wiſe purpoſe, formed to be conſtantly exerted, ſo it became neceſſa-
ry to protect lo delicate a part by a corneous covering, as in the Cancer tribe.
With ſubmiſlion therefore to the anatomical abilities of Doctor Lis-
Ter, who certainly did not conſider that part to be ocellated, we think it right
to remark that, whoever, well qualified for the nice operation of the diſſection
of thoſe parts, may hereafter undertake the inveſtigation, we have little doubt
but our conjectures will be aſcertained to be juſt, and that the animal will
really be found to poſſeſs four eyes, two on the tips of the tentacula, and
two at their baſe.

347
ſtreaked with brown or cheſnut, which at the baſe fre-
quently become confluent, and form one or two regular
bands: aperture ſub-oval; outer lip thin; pillar lip a
little reflexed, forming a ſmall cavity behind. Length
near three-quarters of an inch; breadth a quarter.
This ſpecies was firſt noticed by Lister in Wales,
and afterwards by PENNANT as frequent in Anglefea, on
ſandy foil near the coaſt. It is certainly a local ſpecies,
though very abundant in ſome places near the ſea, and
rarely, we belive, but in arenaceous ſoil, within the in-
fluence of ſaline air. On the coaſt of Caerma thenſhire,
and on the hill above Whitſand bay in Cornwall, it is in
ſuch vaſt profuſion, that a perſon cannot ſtep without
cruſhing numbers. At the laſt place is a prevailing opi-
nion, that they contribute much to fatten ſheep,* it is in-
deed impoſſible that thoſe animals ſhould browze on ſuch
ſhort graſs without devouring a prodigious quantity,
eſpecially in the night, or after rain, when they aſcend
the ſtunted blades.
Yy2
Is
* In the Hiſtory of Cornwall, BORLASE fays, p. 286. “The ſweeteſt
6 mutton is reckoned to be that of the ſmalleſt ſheep, which feed on the com-
mons where the fands are ſcarce covered with the green fod, and the graſs
exceedingly ſhort; ſuch are the towens or fand-hillocks in Piran-Jand,
Gwythien, Philac, and Senan-green, near the land's end, and elſewhere in
« like fituations. From theſe fands come forth ſnails of the turbinated kind,
s but of different ſpecies, and all ſizes from the adult to the ſmalleſt juſt from
egg; theſe ſpread themſelves over the plains early in the morning, and
<< whilſt they are in queſt of their own food among the dews, yield a moſt fat-
sning nouriſhment to the ſheep."
66 the

348
Is alſo very plentiful in ſome parts of South Devon,
cloſe to the ſea, eſpecially at Bigberry bay: even the
drifted ſand at this place is full of dead ſhells, to the
depth of four feet.
In all theſe places it is obſervable, that not one is to be
found as ſoon as you quit the ſandy foil.
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as plentiful on the
downs in Dorſetſhire, near the ſea. We found it alſo at
Kingsbridge in Devonſhire, not uncommon in one or two
fields, probably brought from fome diſtance in fand,
(commonly uſed in that part for manure) as not a fingle
ſhell is to be met with in any other place within ſome
miles.
The Turbo faſciatus ſhould ſeem to be peculiar to
England, as we do not find it deſcribed as inhabiting
the continent, by any foreign writer. It does not ap-
pear to be in the twelfth edition of the Syſtema Nature;
nor is it, that we can find, in that of GMELIN, except
where Lister's figure of it is erroneouſly quoted for
Helix detrita. MULLER and SCHROETER appear to be
equally unacquainted with it.
65.
FONTINALIS
Turbo fontinalis. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 45.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 102.
Walk. Min Shells. f. 56.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 18. f. 2.
Helix

349
Helix pifcinalis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3627. 44.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 512.
Helix pufilla. Gmel. Syft. p. 3627. 45.
Turt. Lin. 4. p. 513.
Turbo thermalis. Gmel. Syft. p. 3603. 61 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 493 ?
Trochus criſtatus. Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 280. t. 6. f. 11.
Nerita piſcinalis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 172. No. 358
Schroeter Fluſſconch. p. 247. No. 61.
Nerita pufilla. Muller Verm. ii. p. 171. No. 357.
Schroeter Fluſconch. p. 246. No. 59.
T. with a thin, fub-pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell, with
four or five much rounded, very prominent, ſmooth, or
finely wrinkled volutions; the laſt ſmall, and rather com-
preſſed, giving the ſhell an obtufe apex : aperture per-
fectly orbicular; lips thin; inner lip flightly attached to
the body whirl: baſe perforated with a ſmall, but deep
umbilicus. Length and breadth nearly the ſame, rarely
exceeding a quarter of an inch.
و
This ſpecies is not uncommon in ſome of our rivers
and ſmall ftreams; ſometimes in ftagnant waters, and
particularly in drains or water-courſes, in low ſwampy
ground.
We have found it in various parts of Wiltſhire, eſpeci-
ally in the Avon, and in the moat round the old caſtle
at Marlborough: in Devonſhire not far from Exeter ;
and in Dorſetſhire in Perbeck very plentiful. In the
river Kennet about Newbury, it is not uncommon.

350
It is frequently covered with a concreted, ftony matter,
and ſometimes a brown epidermis: dead ſhells are white.
Although by no means a ſcarce ſpecies, it has been in
conſiderable obſcurity, notwithſtanding Petiver gave
a figure of it near a hundred years ago, and ſays, “ I
have obſerved this in freſh-water, and if I miſtake not,
in the New River."
Muller has doubtleſs given this ſhell in two places,
but in neither does he mention the fingular ſtructure of
the animal inhabitant; a circumſtance that would not
have eſcaped the diſcriminating eye of that great natu-
raliſt, if it had ever come alive under his examination.
SCHROETER has given it in no leſs than three places,
as ſo many diſtinct ſpecies; two of which are evidently
thoſe of MULLER: the other under the title of Trochus
criſtatus, deſcribes both the ſhell and the animal per-
feetly well: he ſays he received it from Profeffor HER-
MANN, by the name of Federbuſchtragers (plume-bear-
er), by which appellation it is alſo to be found in MAR-
TINI Berlin Magaz. iv. 247. No.59. GEOFFROY in his
German edit. calls it Cochlea depreſſa criſtata: in his
French edit. Le Port Plumet.
From theſe authors it appears to have been found in
water courſes, ſmall ſtreams, and fiſh-ponds, about Paris,
as well as in Sweden.
The

351
The operculum of the ſhell is corneous, permanent,
wrought with fine ſpiral ridges, with a ſmall knob in the
centre.
The animal is of a pale colour, with two ſetaceous
tentacula placed as uſual, and another fimilar one, fitu-
ated on the right ſide, cloſe to the head; and near this,
on the middle of the hind head, is an appendage of a
moft elegant plumoſe ſtructure, (like that of the animal
inhabiting Helix criſtata,) very pellucid, extremely fen-
fible, and capable of inſtantaneous retraction: the eyes
are ſituated on the head, at the baſe of the two anterior
tentacula.
***REVERSED.
Animal with the foramen on the left ſide.
We have thought it proper to make a ſeparate divi-
fion of the reverſed ſhells of this genus, in order that
they might be brought together the better for compa-
rifon; and perhaps it may not be improper in this place,
to define what is really intended by this term.
Nothing appears more confuſed and incomprehenſible,
than the various deſcriptions of different authors, con-
cerning

352
cerning the ſpiral turns of a heteroſtrophe ſhell; fome
call it from right to left, others vice verſa, from left to
right.
Every conchologiſt knows, that moſt convoluted ſhells
turn one way, and that there are a few ſpecies which are
heteroclitical, or invariably turn contrary to the uſual
manner: ſome indeed have doubted, whether this is a
permanent character; there requires, however, no ar-
gument to prove it is fo, to thoſe who have taken the
trouble to examine the common ſpecies of heteroſtrophe
ſhells, which daily preſent themſelves to our notice in
our rural walks. Indeed, it is rather ſtrange, that not
one of theſe ſhells, whoſe nature is to have their ſpires
turn in the more unuſual manner, has (to our know-
ledge) ever been met with to vary from that formation ;
as ſuch accidental deformities have been found in a few
inſtances, amongſt thoſe which are uſually termed dex-
trals, or have the more uſual ſpiral turns, and have be-
come luſus heteroſtrophon ſhells.
In order therefore to explain, which way the turn of
the fpiral convolutions of a reverſed ſhell takes, omitting
the vague fignification of turning to the right or left ;
we ſhall obſerve, that the more common turn of ſhells is
with the apparent motion of the fun, or as the index or
hand of a clock moves.
But in order to be more clearly underſtood; let us
compare the ſpiral volutions of a ſhell to a common
cork-

353
cork-ſcrew, and we ſhall find, that whether the mouth,
or apex, is placed upwards, the ſpires will turn from the
upper to the lower end like a common ſcrew, which is
in the ſame direction as the index of a time-piece, and
what is commonly underſtood by a dextral or right-
handed fcrew. As a further definition, ſuch ſhells have
their aperture on the right ſide, when examined with
that end downward; and is in the direction of the ſun's
apparent motion.
On the contrary, a reverſed ſhell, when placed in a
perpendicular poſition, has its ſpiral volutions in an op-
pofite direction to the motion of the index of a watch,
or a clock, or to a common ſcrew; and in fact reſem-
bles what is uſually termed a finiftral, or left-handed
ſcrew. Theſe have their aperture on the left ſide, or
oppoſite the left hand of the perſon holding the ſhell
with the mouth downward; and the opening is oppofite
the ſun's apparent motion,
In order to determine whether a flat ſhell, whoſe vo-
lutions are laterally placed, is a reverſed ſpecies, we
have only to examine which way the volutions turn from
the apex or centre, towards the mouth; and if we find
it contrary to the motion of the index of a watch, it is a
heteroſtrophe, or reverſed ſhell: and vice verſa,
In ſome of the more depreſſed ſpecies of Helix, or
Nautilus, attention is requiſite to be paid to the mouth,
Zz
in

354
in order to determine which is really the upper ſide of
the ſhell, for it is on that fide the ſpiral turns are to be
taken from the centre or apex: and in moſt inſtances this
is to be determined by the oblique direction of the aper-
ture to the under part, where the lip rarely extends fo
far as on the upper part. In fixed ſhells, ſuch as Serpula,
there is no difficulty, as the fide which is feffile muſt be
conſidered as the baſe, or under part. Thus in the Ser-
pula lucida the fixed part is ſometimes very ſmall, and
the mouth protends fpirally upwards in a contrary di-
rection to the fun; and therefore muſt be conſidered a
reverſed or heteroſtrophe ſhell, the ſame as if the volu-
tions neareſt the mouth had turned laterally upon the
the centre or fixed ones.
This ſhell, indeed, is moſt frequently found with re-
gular lateral volutions; and though ſubject to great va-
riety with reſpect to contortions, it invariably turns the
aperture one way.
In ſome ſpecies of Nautilus, however, there can be
no rule to aſcertain whether it is dextral or finiftral; -for
when the aperture is exactly lateral, the lip collapſes
the body equally, and the ſides of the ſhell fimilar, as in
N. Calcar, it cannot be defined.
In others of that genus, as in N. Beccarii and Becca-
riï perverfus, two ſhells, the principal diftin&tion of
which, is the contrary turn of their volutions, it is eaſily
deter-

355
determined, by the convexity of the upper fide; and of
courſe, the aperture being placed ſomewhat beneath.
Having thus, we hope, pretty clearly defined what is
a reverſed ſhell, or at leaſt explained what is conſidered
as ſuch by us, we ſhall proceed to deſcribe the few of
that family in the Turbo genus.
66.
Turbo perverſus. Lin. Syft. p. 1240.
PERVERSUS.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 959. a.
Tab. 11. f. 12.
Lift. Angl. t. 2. f.11 ?- Favan. t.65.1.4.
Berkenhout. p. 206. 3.
Hill Swammerd. p. 69. t. 8. f. 1.2.
Schroet Erdconch. p. 138. t. 1. f. 5.
T. with eight or nine reverſed, fub-pellucid, regular.
tapering ſpires, of a yellowiſh or greeniſh horn-colour,
obſoletely ftriated: volutions a little rounded, and di-
vided by a deep ſeparating line: aperture fub-orbicular;
outer lip a little reflexed; pillar lip not detached, or
projecting on the body whirl, the edges white and thin:
in old ſhells a round, obſolete, tooth-like knob, is ob-
ſervable at the edge of the upper angle, but is moſt com.
monly without any. Length rarely exceeding a quarter
of an inch; breadth one fourth of its length.
This ſpecies is extremely local, and by no means fo
plentiful or common as T. bidens, with which it is rarely
found. We have taken it in Wiltſhire, and in Cornwall
near Penryn, in both places adhering to the trunks of
trees:
Z z 2

356
trees; and in Devonſhire near Kingsbridge, under the
looſe bark of old apple trees, where no other ſhell was
to be met with, but T. Mufcorum.
No ſhell ſeems to have puzzled conchologiſts more
than this; being generally placed in cabinets as the
young of T. bidens.
The difficulty of obtaining a ſpecimen, with a perfect
full grown mouth, has probably led to this error. It
differs however in ſhape, fize, and colour, particular-
ly in the bottom volution, which is even and round;
whereas the bidens has a prominent ridge, and depreſſion
on that part; beſides, the pillar lip of this reflects upon,
and adheres to the body whirl, forming a ſmall de preſli-
on, or ſub-umbilicus: in the other the pillar lip is per-
fectly detached, thick, and prominent.
CHEMNITZ has given a bad figure of this ſhell, and
with it a variety, which is doubtleſs no other than a
young bidens,
DA COSTA probably had never ſeen this ſpecies, and
has given the bidens for the young, and the T. labiatus,
for the adult ſhell. LINNÆUS particularly ſpecifies his
fhell to be without teeth, by ſaying, “Turbo perverſus
teſta turrita pellucida, anfractibus contrariis apertura
edentula." Gmelin has certainly not given this ſpecies
for his perverſus, as he ſays, "teſta pellucida : anfraflibus
contrariis non crenatis, apertura tridentata. From this
ſpecific character, as well as from the ſize, which is ſtated
to

357
to be about three-quarters of an inch in length, there is
little doubt but his ſhell is the T. laminatus.
Animal duſky above, light beneath; tentacula four,
ſhort, cylindric, clavate, furniſhed with eyes at the tips
of the longeſt.
67.
Turbo bidens. Lin. Syft. p. 1249.-Gmel. Syft. p.3609.97. BIDENS.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 498.
Tab. 11. f. 7.
Chem. Conch. ix. t 112. f. 559. b. (young)
Liſter Conch. t. 41. f. 39. (right hand.)
Id Angl. t. 2. f. 10.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 46.
Turbo perverſus. Br. Zool. t. 82. f. 116.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 72.
Helix perverſus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 118. No. 316.
Strombif perverſus. Da Coſta. p. 108.
T. with twelve taper, reverſed [pires, ſwelling a little in
the middle, and marked with fine longitudinal ftriæ: the
volutions rather flat, but well defined by the ſeparating
line: colour opaque chocolate-brown; frequently cine-
reous, or ſtreaked with it, eſpecially dead ſhells, or ſuch
as have been expoſed to the fun: aperture ſub-orbicular,
the upper part compreſſed on the outer angle near to the
body; pillar lip furniſhed with two teeth-like folds, that
run a conſiderable way into the ſhell: the margin of the
lip is white, a little reflexed; the inner lip is not loſt on
the body whirl, as in T. peruerfus, but is raiſed, and per-
fectly

358
fe&tly detached from it; and at the back of the lower
volution, behind the mouth, is a prominent ridge, and
a depreſſion. Length rarely half an inch; breadth one
fourth its length.
This ſpecies is the moſt common of all the Britiſh land
ſhells: it is found in every part of the kingdom in woods,
and ſhady places, particularly on trunks of trees, moffy
and ivy-grown walls. In its young ſtate, before the
mouth is formed, it has been confounded for T. perver-
fus of LINNÆUS: but even in that ſtate it is readily diſ-
tinguiſhed by the baſe being flattih, and appears un-
formed; which is never obſerved in the other at any age,
the laſt volution being always rounded. In the colour
too, it is eſſentially different, as in no inſtance is it found
to be of that light, pellucid, greeniſh horn-colour.
ror.
DA COSTA, as well as others, has fallen into this er-
DONOVAN has evidently given a figure of this
ſhell, but is miſtaken in quoting the T. perverfus of Lin-
NÆUS, as well as making it the Strombiformis perverſus,
of Da Costa. The ſhell figured by that author is the
· T. labiatus of this work, though he erroneouſly deſcribes
the T. bidens as the young of that ſhell.
This ſpecies was called by Doctor SOLANDER Turbo
nigricans.
Animal duſky: teniacula four, ſhort, cylindric, cla-
vate;

359
vate; the two longeſt furniſhed with eyes at their tips,
The tentacula not ſo long in proportion, as thoſe of the
perverſus; colour of the animal darker.
68.
Turbo perverſus. Gmel. Syft. p. 3609.88.
LAMINATUS.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 498.
Tab. 11. f. 4.
Br. Zool. t. 81. f. 17.-Gualt. t. 4. C.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 46.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 960, No. 1.
Liſter Conch. t. 41. f. 39. (left hand.)
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 137. t. 1. f. 4. a.
Helix bidens. Muller Verm. ii. p. 116. No. 315.
T. with ten ſmooth, gloſſy, pellucid, reverſed ſpires,
of a rufous horn-colour: ſhape like the T. bidens, lar-
geſt in the middle, and tapering from thence to a ſmall
round point: the volutions rather raiſed, but not pro-
minent, yet well defined by the ſeparating line: aper-
ture fub-orbicular, compreſſed at the upper outer mar-
gin, where it joins the body; lip white, ſlightly margi-
nated, and reflexed; pillar lip a little thickened, not
elevated, or detached from the body whirl, furniſhed
with two white folds, or teeth-like laminæ, very confpi-
cuous; and deep within the mouth are three or four
prominent ridges, diſcernable through the ſhell when
held up to the light. Length nearly three-quarters of an
inch; breadth one fourth of its length.
In live ſhells, the animal gives it a dark appearance;
and

360
and when dried and contracted within, the upper volu.
tions only, are of a duſky-brown colour. Old ſhells are
ſometimes worn and decorticated, becoming of a cine-
reous colour in ſtreaks and blotches; but never regularly
ftriated, though poſſeſſed of faint, longitudinal wrinkles,
only obfervable by the affittance of a lens.
This ſpecies has been confounded with T. bidens and
perverſus. Doctor PULTENEY, in his Catalogue of Dor-
Sethire ſhells, makes it the laſt mentioned; ſays it it is
much more common than the bidens; and remarks, that
it is much larger than that ſhell, and not rarely furniſhed
with three teeth. Poſſibly the Doctor had never obſerved
all the lamine on the outer lip, but only the one on that
part moſt conſpicuous. It appears to be very local; for
we have never found it but in Lackham wood, in the
north of Wiltſhire, and at Bow Wood, the feat of the
Marquis of LANSDOWN, in the ſame county. It is, how-
ever, found fparingly in Kent, in the neighbourhood of
Sandwich.
This ſpecies is like T. perverſus on the back of the
lower whirl, behind the lip, being quite even and round-
ed; but its ſuperior fize, ſhape, and laminated mouth,
forbids its being confounded. From T. bidens it differs
eſſentially, in being ſuperior in fize; in tranſparency,
gloffineſs, and want of ſtriæ, as well as in the connexion
of the pillar lip to the body; and the back of the lip
being even
Animal

301
Animal light-brown, paler beneath; tentacula, and
eyes, ſomewhat like the laft.
69.
Turbo bidens. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3609. 87. var. ?
BIPLICATUS.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 960. No.2 ?
Tab. 11. f. 5.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 139. t. 1. f. 4. b.
Helix papillaris. Muller Verm. ii. p. 120. No. 317 ?
Gualt. t. 4. D. E?
T. with twelve or thirteen reverſed, taper ſpires, of
an opaque brown colour, marked with numerous, ſtrong,
and regular ftriæ the whole length of the ſhell, inter-
rupted only by the ſeparating line, which is moderately
deep and well defined: aperture ſub-orbicular, much
compreſſed at the upper part, and ſlightly at the extre-
mity: lips rather thick, white, and reflected; margin
connected all round: pillar lip prominent, and detached,
furniſhed with two white teeth-like laminc, approxima-
ting. Length three-quarters of aninch; breadth one fifth
of its length.
This ſpecies has much the habit of T.bidens, but is readi-
ly diſtinguiſhedby its colour, ſuperior ſize, and particular-
ly the ſhape of the mouth. It is alſo obſervable that this
ſhell, though much fuperior in fize, has the teeth inva-
riably much nearer together; the margin of the aperture
is alſo mcre reflexed and more produced.
We firſt diſcovered this ſpecies ſparingly at Eaſton
Grey in Wiltſhire; and many years after obſerved it in
Ааа
the

362
the cabinets of Mr. SWAINSON and Mr. SOWERBY, in
London ; by whom we are informed, it was not uncom-
mon in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, eſpecially
in Hyde Park.
70.
LABIATA.
Tab. 11. f, 6.
Strombif. perverſus. Da Coſta. p. 107. t. 5. f. 15.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 957 ?
T. with nine reverſed, taper ſpires, of an opaque,
light-brown colour, wrought with numerous, ſtrong,
and regular ftriæ, the whole length of the ſhell: the vo-
lutions are flat, ſeparated only by a fine obfolete line,
which does not interrupt the longitudinal ftriæ: aper-
ture fub-orbicular, with a ſinus at the upper end, and fur-
niſhed with two teeth-like laminæ on the inner lip; mar-
gin much reflected, very broad, thick, and white, ſur-
rounding the mouth; pillar lip a little detached from
the body whirl. Length five-eighths of an inch ; breadth
one eighth
This ſpecies cannot be confounded with any of the
preceding heteroſtrophe ſhells, for independent of the un-
fually flat volutions, the broad, thick, marginated aper-
ture, is an unerring mark of diſtinction.
DA Costa ſeems to have known this rare ſpecies,
having given a good deſcription of it, as an old fhell of
his Strombiformis perverſus, where he not only makes
anention of the volutions, not jutting out beyond each
other,

363
other, but that the border round the mouth is very
broad, flat, thick, milk white, and turned greatly out-
wards. Which characters neither belong to the T. bi-
dens, nor perverfus.
That it is found in the neighbourhood of London is
without doubt, as Mr. SWAINSON informed us it was no-
ticed in Hyde Park, about twenty years ago, adhering to
the trunks of trees, on the north fide of the ſerpentine
river, near its banks.
This gentleman further remarked, that he believed it
to be ſcarce, never having found more than three or
four, and thoſe in an ozier-ground in Batterſea fields,
near the wind-mills, as far back as the year 1790.
We believe this was named by Doctor SOLANDER,
Turbo labiatus, which name we have retained, eſpecially
as it ſeems to be known by it, and is ſo marked in Mr.
SWAINSON's cabinet,
Vertigo pufilla. Muller Verm. ii. p. 124. No. 320. . Vertigo
Schroeter Fluſſconch. p. 349. No. 142. Tab. 12. f. 6.
Helix Vertigo. Gmel. Syft. p. 3664. 155.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 541.
T. with an opaque, brown, oval ſhell, with five re-
verſed ſpires faintly ftriated: apex obtufe: aperture fub-
orbicular, ſub-trianguiar, ſub-marginated, indented, uſu-
Aaa 2
ally

364
ally furniſhed with three white teeth, two on the Colu-
mella, and one on the exterior lip oppoſite; and a large
plate, or protuberance, at the angle of the outer lip.
Length half a line, or ſcarce larger than a poppy feed.
It has much the habit of Turbo fexdentatus, but be-
fides its being reverſed, it is more cylindric, more ob-
tuſe at the apex, and differs eſſentially in the ſhape of
the aperture, and in the teeth.
We were firſt favoured with ſpecimens of this ſpecies
by Mr. Boys of Sandwich, who informed us, it was not
uncommon at that place, on old walls covered with ivy:
and have fince found it rarely amongft the rejectamenta
of the river Avon in Wiltſhire.
The infant ſtate of this ſhell has much the appear-
ance of a Trochus, the aperture is quadrangular, tranſ-
verſely compreſſed; and the baſe flat and umbilicated.
MULLER gives this ſhell fingly, in his twenty-fourth
genus, under the title of Vertigo: the characters being
taken from the animal, run thus, “ Tentaculis duobus
* linearibus, apice oculatis."
This is, we believe, the only inſtance of a limax pof-
ſeffing but two tentacula, furniſhed with eyes at their
tips, and none at their baſe.
With

365
With reſpect to the number of teeth, it is ſubject to
ſome variety, having in one or two inſtances lately,
found it to poſſeſs fix, and the rudiment of a ſeventh ;
in which ſtate MULLER has particularly deſcribed it, but
does not mention the more uſual appearance of that part,
which for ſome time occafioned us to doubt, whether
with propriety, the ſynonyms of Muller's fhell, could
be affixed to it, though his calling it finiftrorfa, which
implies a reverſed, or heteroſtrophe ſpecies, inclined us
to think it the ſame.
This naturaliſt ſays, it is found on rotten wood, but
ſpeaks of it as rare.
In the ſpecimen now before us, the teeth are ſet in
pairs, two on the Columella, two on the right fide, and
the ſame on the left, with the rudiment of a ſeventh be-
tween the two pair on the exterior lip: the plate de-
ſcribed above, at the angle of the outer lip is leſs
conſpicuous, being elongated into one of the largeſt
teeth.
Muller ſays, “ Apertura ſub-quadrata, margine fum-
smo albo, arcuato, ad anfraflum oppofitum tranfuerfo.
" Dentes in ore aperturæ fex minimi albi cum rudimento
es Septimi, tres nempe in externo aperture, tres in anfrac-
56 tu vicino."
Thoſe who have an opportunity of examining this
ſhell

366
ſhell, will find this deſcription to accord with ours, when
it is obſerved, MULLER has apparently divided the na-
tural order of the teeth; but it will be ſeen, the pair on
the inner angle of the outer lip, ſtand one on each ſide,
the upper of which, is conſidered by him as belonging to
the Columella, or in the vicinity of the volution.
The irregular ſhape of the aperture might alſo be con-
ſidered by ſome as a ſub-ſquare, but to us it appears
more properly ſub-trilateral, with rounded angles.
GEN.

367
000000
GEN. XXVIII.
HELIX.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, ſpiral, ſub-diaphanous, fragile,
Aperture contracted, either fub-rotund, or femi-
lunart.
*
OVATE, OR TURRITED.
1.
Helix ſtagnalis. Lin. Syft. p. 1249.-Gmel. Syft. p.3657.128. STAGNALIS.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1237.1238.
Tab. 16. f. 8.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 132. No. 327.
Lift. Conch. t.123.f.21.-Id. Angl. t.2.f.21.
Schroet. Fluſconch. p.304. t. 7. f.1. to 4.-t.
Min. C. f. 1.
Helix
+ The
very great connexion between the Turbo and Helix of the Linngan
genera, has frequently occaſioned a removal of ſpecies from one to the other.
Indeed, if none were to be placed in the former, but what had the aperture
ſtrialy orbicular, and entire ; nor in the latter, any but thoſe poſſeſſing a ſub-
lunar or roundith mouth, we ſhould be at a loſs where to place a great many
ſpecies of both theſe genera. We have, however, followed the Swediſh natu-
ralift pretty cloſely, except in a few inſtances; particularly that of placing
all the depreſſed ſpecies without any regard to the ſhape of the mouth, in the
Helix genus.

308
Helix ftagnalis. Br. Zool. t. 86.f. 136--Gualt. t. 5.1. L.
Da. Coſta. p. 93. t. 5. f. 11,
Favan. t. 61. F. 16. & 23.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 48.
Don Br. Shells. ii. t. 51. f. 2.
Turt. Lin. 4. p. 536.
H. with a thin, brittle, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell,
with fix or ſeven ſpires, the firſt very large. the others
ſmall and tapering to a very fine point; body a little
wrinkled longitudinally, with a few faint, irregular,
tranſverſe ridges ; aperture oval, large, more than half
the length of the ſhell ; outer lip thin; pillar lip thick-
ened, ſmooth. Length one inch and three quarters ;
breadth one inch.
This ſpecies which is the largeſt of all our freſh-water
univalve ſhells is not uncommon in many of our flow
rivers, and ſtagnant waters. It is frequently covered
with a green epidermis, and ſometimes a concreted
ftony matter, that almoſt obliterates the upper voluti-
Some authors have made this ſhell into two or
three ſpecies, apparently from fize only.
ons.
Mr. (PENNANT has figured the H. paluſtris as a vari-
ety, tab. 86. letter B.
It is ſubject to a gibboſity on the body whirl, which
in ſome old ſhells is large and very prominent.
The

369
The figure of this common ſpecies is given, for the
purpoſe of comparing with it, what is confidered as the
H. fragilis of LINNÆUS; for which reaſon a medium
ſpecimen was choſen for the engraving, in order to
adapt the fize to that of the other.
2.
Helix fragilis. Lin. Syft. p. 1249.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3658. FRAGILIS.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 309. t. 7. f.8?
Tab. 16. f. 7.
H. with a thin, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell, much
reſembling H. ſtagnalis, but is more ſlender, particularly
in the ſmaller ſpires, and the volutions are uſually more
diaphanous, and always turn more oblique.
There is very little doubt that this is the H. fragilis of
LINNÆUS, but whether it is really diſtinct is difficult to
determine; all we can ſay is, that till very lately no ſhell
of ſuch flender growth had ever occurred to us, amongſt
the fagnalis, in the various parts of the kingdom we
have taken that ſhell: and upon a compariſon of all the
varieties of the ſtagnalis received from our friends, a con-
fiderable difference appears, more particularly in the
ſmaller ſhells, which are much more ſlender in the ſupe-
rior volutions.
The only place in which this has ever occurred to us,
is the canal intended to make a junction of the Kennet.
and Avon, between Chippenham and Laycock, in Wilt-
Mire; many, that were collected from that water, were
B bb

370
all of the fame ſlender ſhape; and in the younger ſhells,
there were, in all we examined, a few opaque white lines,
croſſing the ſmaller volutions. The largeſt meaſured an
inch and a half in length, and not quite three-quarters
of an inch wide, in the largeſt part.
There does not appear to be any material difference
between the animals of theſe two ſhells; both are of a
yellowiſh colour, with two ſhort, Flat, conic tentacula,
at the baſe of which the eyes are ſituated: the ſexes too
are diſtinct, as is uſual in aquatic limaces.
Having ſaid thus much, we muſt leave to future ob-
fervations the actual determination, whether it is really
diſtinct or not: in giving it a ſeparate place, we have
only followed the example of abler naturaliſts, but we
muſt confeſs it admits of ſome doubt.
The figure given by SCHROETER for the Linnæan
fragilis, we have quoted, but not without a note of in-
terrogation, as it is not ſufficiently taper, or ſlender in
the ſmaller volutions.
3.
PALUSTRIS.
Tab. 16. f. 10.
Helix paluftris. Gmel. Syft. p.3658.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.537.
Liſter Conch. t. 124. f. 24.
Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 22.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 131. No. 326.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 308. t. 7. f. 7. 9.10.
& 11 ?-Hill Swammerd. p. 73. t. 9. f. 4.
Helix

371
Helix paluftris. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 48.
Helix fragilis. Muller Verm. p. 48.
Helix ftagnalis. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 136. B. (var.)
H. with a fub-pellucid, brown, horn-coloured ſhell,
with fix fpires, tapering to a ſharp point; the volutions
are a little rounded, but not much elevated, ſlightly
wrinkled longitudinally, and ſometimes marked with ir-
regular tranſverſe ridges, particularly on the body whirl:
aperture oval, nearly half the length of the ſhell; outer
lip thin; pillar lip replicated, in old ſhells forming a
flight cavity behind; inſide glofly purpliſh-brown, fome-
times dark-purple. Length commonly about three-quar-
ters of an inch ; breadth three-eighths; but ſometimes,
though rarely, exceeds an inch in length.
This ſpecies is much more ſlender at the baſe than the
ſtagnalis, and more gradually taper. It is not uncom-
mon in watery ditches, in low ſwampy ſituations, in va-
rious parts of the kingdom ; it does not, however, appear
to be ſo generally known as H. ſtagnalis, and poſſibly
has ſometimes been confounded for the young of that
ſpecies; as was the caſe with Mr. PENNANT. Doctor
PULTENEY's H. fragilis is only a variety of this ſhell,
with the volutions rather more rounded, and the apex
more obtuſe. Such are not uncommon, and we are per-
fectly clear the Doctor's ſhell is no other, as he favoured
us with a ſpecimen.
The paluftris is generally covered with a dark epider-
Bbb 2
mis,
2.

372
mis, ſometimes almoſt black, and not uncommonly worn,
or decorticated about the apex.
We have found it in Kent, Hampſhire, Willhire, Dor-
Setſhire, Devonſhire, Cornwall, and other parts.
Animal dark cinereous, ſpeckled with a lighter colour:
tentacula ſhort, flat, conic: eyes fituated at their baſe.
4.
FOSSARIA.
Tab. 16. f. 9.
Helix glabra. Gmel Syft p 3658 ?
Schroeter Fluſconch. p. 320. t. 7. f. 15?
Buccinum glabrum. Müller Verm. ii. p. 135. No. 328 ?
H. with a thin, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell, with
five or fix ſpires: has much the habit of Helis paluftris,
but not half the fize, and the volutions rounder, more
deeply divided, and the aperture not ſo oblong: is alſo
more generally flender, and rarely has any tranſverſe
wrinkles. Length three-eighths of an inch ; breadth not
one half its length.
This ſpecies is not uncommon in moſt parts of the
kingdom, in moiſt places, particularly in muddy ditches,
drains, and water-courſes, which are frequently dry, in
which caſe the animal periſhes; for though it is more
amphibious than any other ſpecies we are acquainted
with, yet it cannot exiſt without moiſture; it is, how-
ever, more frequently found at the edge of water, than in
it,

373
it, preferring moiſture to actual fluid, and is rarely found
immerſed but in ſhallow pools, expoſed to the ſun.
It never creeps up the plants, but always keeps on
the mud
This ſhell has probably been confounded for the young
of the paluftris, but is generally of a lighter colour, and
is rarely, if eyer, found with that ſhell. It is extremely
common in ſome parts of Devonſhire, and in many other
places, where the paluſtris is not to be found: in the
fouthern parts of that county, every little ſplaſh, or mud-
dy place by the road fide is full of them; but have ne-
ver found the other in thoſe parts. We have even met
with it upon the top of one of the higheſt hills in Corn-
wall, at the verge of a ſpring near the Lizard, where
mo other ſpecies of ſhell was to be found.
Animal duſky : tentacula two, fomewhat compreſſed,
fort: eyes on the head, at the baſe of the tentacula.
5.
Helix peregra. Gmel. Syft. p. 3659.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.537. PEREGRA.
Muller. Verm. ii. p. 130. 324.
Tab. 16. f. 3.
Favan, t. 61. E. 4.
Helix putris. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 137.
Helix atrata. Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1244. 1. 2.
Gualt. t. 5. f. C. C.
Schroet. t 6. f. 3. 6.-t.7.f. 12?-& t. Min.
C. f. 2.
H. with

374
H. with a thin, ſub-pellucid, yellowiſh, horn-coloured
Thell, with four fpires; the firſt very large and tumid,
the others very ſmall : apex fine, and pointed: volutions
sprinkled longitudinally: aperture extremely large, oval,
three-fourths the length of the ſhell; outer lip thin; pil-
lar lip thickened; inſide white, or yellowiſh: outſide
uſually covered with a thick, blackiſh, or duſky-brown
epidermis. Length one inch; breadth five-eighths, uſu-
ally much leſs.
This ſpecies, the moſt common of all our freſh-water
fhells, is frequently confounded with Helix auricularia,
which is a much more local ſhell; whereas this is found
in moſt of our flow rivers, and ſtagnant waters.
Mr. PENNANT has given a good figure of it, and has
quoted the H. putris of LINNÆUS. We do not however
think it is that ſhell. Da Costa has quoted PENNANT'S
figure, for his trianfra&tus, which is probably the H.
putris of LINN ÆUS.
The animal is perfectly an aquatic ſpecies, and is ne-
ver found to expoſe itſelf on the plants out of water. It
is of a yellowiſh colour, with two broad, flat tentacula, a
little tapering: eyes at the baſe of the tentacula, beneath.
SCHROETER has evidently confounded this ſhell with
H. auricularia, and has made other ſpecies out of
varieties.
Helix

375
6.
Helix auricularia. Lin. Syſt. p. 1240.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3662. AURICULARIA.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 124.1. 1242. Tab. 16. f. 2.
Gualt. t.5.F.G.-Favan. t.61.E.3.E.11.
Liſter Conch. t. 123. f. 22.
Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 23.
Schroeier Fluſconch. t. 6. f. 4.5.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 126. No. 322.
Br. Zool. t. 66. f 138.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 540. .
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 49.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 51. f. 1.
Turbo patulus. Da Coſta. p. 95. t. 5. f. 17.
H. with a thin, brittle, fub-pellucid ſhell, of a light
yellow colour, with four ſpires, the firſt extremely large,
occupying almoſt the whole of the ſhell: apere very ſharp
pointed: the largeſt volution is longitudinally wrinkled,
and frequently marked with one deep depreſſion: aper-
ture fub-oval, extremely large; outer lip much extended,
thin, and ſomewhat reflexed, eſpecially at the baſe; the
upper part riſes high, is much rounded at the junction,
and frequently projects in a right angle; pillar lip repli-
cated; within ſmooth, yellowiſh. The outſide of the
ſhell is ſomewhat gloſſy, but frequently covered with a
ferruginous-brown epidermis. Length an inch, or more;
breadth three-quarters of an inch.
This, and the preceding ſpecies, have been in general,
confounded for the ſame; there is, indeed, great fimili-
tude between ſome of the varieties, but the great cha-
racteriſtic

370
racieriſtic diſtinction is, that the ſecond volution ofithis,
is much ſmaller, and as it were more funk in the body
whirl; the aperture much larger, more expanded, and
riſing to a ſhoulder as high as the oppoſite ſide of the
volution; the body too, is vaſtly more tumid in general.
This is not near fo common a ſhell, though it is not
unplentiful in ſome parts, in large ftagnant pools, and
flow rivers. We have found it of a fuperior fize in the
the river Avon, in the north of Wiltſhire: and is not un-
common in the Kennet in Berkſhire.
Doctor PULTENEY ſpeaks of it as a Dorſetſhire ſhell;
but we never could find it either in that county, De-
vonſhire, or Cornwall; where the H. peregra is very
common.
Animal dull greeniſh-yellow: head broad: tentacula
broad, flat, conic, fpeckled with brighter yellow: eyes
placed on the head, at the baſe of the tentacula. Is ca-
pable of receding within its ſhell as much as the pere-
gra, and does not cover any part of it when in motion,
like the glutinosa.
PUTRIS.
Tab. 16. f. 4.
Helix putris. Lin. Syft. p. 1249.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3659.
Chem. Conch. ix t 135. f. 1248.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 128. t. 1. f. 2.
Id. Flufſconch. p. 265. No. 98.
Hill Swammerd. p. 69. t. 8. f. 4.
Helix

377
Helix putris. Lift. Conch. t. 123. f.23.-Id. Angl. t.2.f.24?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 538.-Gualt. t. 5. H.
Helix limoſa. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 43.
Helix fuccinea. Muller Veri. ii. p. 97. No. 296.
Turbo trianfractus. Da Coſta p. 92. t. 5. f. 13.
H. with an extremely thin, pellucid ſhell, of a red-
diſh-yellow colour, inclining to orange, with three
{pires; the firſt very large, making at leaſt four-fifths
of the ſhell; the others of courſe very ſmall, but the
middle one is vaftly fuperior in ſize to that which forms
the apex : it is a little wrinkled longitudinally, but glof-
fy: aperturė oval, extending two-thirds the length of
the ſhell; outer lip extremely thin, frequently quite
membranaceous, and elaſtic; pillar lip very ſlightly
thickened. Length three-quarters of an inch ; breadth
not half an inch; but uſually not near ſo large.
It is a very common ſpecies in wet places, amongst
willows, and ſub-aquatic plants: in its firſt ſtate is
greeniſh-yellow, almoſt membranaceous, and afterwards
becomes more orange. Dead ſhells are frequently bleach-
ed white.
The animal is not an aquatic, though it reſides always
near water, or in moiſt places, upon the ſtalks and leaves
of plants ; it is, indeed, ſometimes found in water, but we
conſider it more by accident than choice, and ſoon re-
gains its former ſtation on ſome neighbouring plant.
Сс с
This

378
This ſpecies has been greatly confounded with its con-
geners, H. peregra, and the young of H. auricularia,
but is at once diſtinguiſhed by its tranſparency, and by
the form of the body volution, which is very little fwel-
led, and tapers to the ſecond ſpire without any promi-
nency at the junction; and the diviſion, or ſeparating
line, runs much more oblique: it is never covered with
an epidermis, and is more ſlender in proportion to its
length
CHEMNITZ has given a tolerable good figure of
this ſhell, and quotes the H. putris of LINNEUS; and
Gmelin quotes CHEMNITZ's figure for his putris.
DA Costa's deſcription ſeems to anſwer tolerably well
for this ſhell, but his figure is more like H. peregra, and
he has quoted Mr. PENNANT'S H. putris, which is cer-
tainly that ſhell, not only in figure, but is deſcribed to
inhabit ponds.
The animal of this has four tentacula, ſituated like
the generality of land limaces, two long and two ſhort ;
and the eyes are placed on the top of the longeſt ;* theſe
tentacula
* It is more fully ſtated in another place that the aquatic ſpecies of limax,
or ſuch as can exiſt under water, are invariably poſſeſſed of two tentacula only,
and thoſe deſfitute of eyes at their tips. LINNÆUS, as well as GMELIN, par-
ticularly remarks, that the animal of H.putris has four tentacula; a character
fufficient to determine all controverſy, for none of the animal inhabitants of
the other ſhells hitherto confounded with this, have more than two tentacula,
and thoſe difering in ſhape.

379
tentacula however, are rather ſhort in proportion, and a
little clavated at the point; about half way down is a fort
ofannulation, from which part it ſuddenly increaſes in ſize,
and then continues cylindric to the baſe; theſe are duſky
behind, continuing in a line on each ſide the head,
backwards. The colour of the animal in general, is pale
yellowiſh, ſpotted with cinereous: it is larger in propor-
tion to its ſhell, than any other ſpecies we are acquainted
with, the H. glutinoſa excepted, not being capable of
withdrawing its body within the margin of the aperture.
8.
Helix glutinoſa.
GLUTINOSA.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3659.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 537.
Tab. 16. f. 5.
Buccinum glutinofum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 129. 323.
Schroeter Fluſconch. p. 271. No.79.
H. with an extremely thin, diaphanous, ſub-orbicular
ſhell, of a gloffy yellowiſh horn-colour, nearly ſmooth,
or obſoletely wrinkled: volutions three, the firſt, or body,
occupying almoſt the whole of the ſhell; the others ex-
tremely ſmall, and ſo little produced, as ſcarce to be ſeen
when the ſhell is lying with its mouth upwards : aperture
oval, vaſtly large, extending nearly to the apex; no ac-
tual duplicature on the inner lip, nor the leaſt inclination
to a cavity, or umbilicus; but the under part of the body
is more opaque and wrinkled, and leſs gloffy for a con-
fiderable ſpace from the aperture, than any other part
of the ſhell. Length rather more than half an inch;
breadth three-eighths.
Ссс 2
This

380
This ſpecies was firſt noticed as an Engliſh ſhell by
Mr. Boys, who with his uſual liberality, favoured us
with ſeveral ſpecimens, together with remarks upon its
natural hiſtory. It is an aquatic fpecies, and not uncom-
mon in the marſhes at Deal.
The animal is poſſeſſed of only two flat, triangular,
tentaculd, with the eyes at the baſe: and when undiſ-
turbed, covers its ſhell with a fine tranſparent membrane.
Is found on the leaves of the yellow water lilly,
Nymphæa lutea.
We are inclined to believe this is a very local ſhell in
England, though poſſibly may have been overlooked as
the young of the auricularia; from which, however, it is
eaſily diſcriminated by its almoſt membranaceous tex-
ture, obtuſe, and depreſſed apex; as well as being deſti-
tute of the ſub-umbilicus formed by the repand lip of
that ſhell: the animal too, is eſſentially different.
LUTEA.
H. with a fub-oval, fub-pellucid, moderately ſtrong,
Tab. 16. f. 6. ſmooth ſhell, of a dull orange-yellow colour: volutions
ſcarcely three, the firſt extremely large, the others very
ſmall: apex obtuſe, not prominent: aperture patulous,
oval; outer lip not attenuated; inner lip pretty ſtrong,
and a little ſpreading on the Columella. Length nearly
half an inch; breadth rather more than a quarter.
This

381
This ſhell has ſomewhat the habit of H. limoſa, but
not quite fo tumid, and though of inferior fize, is always
much thicker and ſtronger. If, indeed, it had ever oc-
curred in freſh-water, we might have been inclined to
conſider it a variety of that ſpecies, but hitherto it has
only been found on the ſea ſhore, and that rarely.
We have taken it upon the open part of the coaſt of
South Devon, and believe it has been dredged up in Sal-
comb bay, but generally mutilated at the apex, and never
alive; from which circumftance doubts may be enter-
tained, of its really belonging to that claſs of ſhells. All
we can ſay further on the ſubject at preſent is, that the
fubftance of the ſhell is fuperior to any of its affinities,
and the number of volutions inferior to thoſe, to which
it bears the greateſt reſemblance. If the delicate texture
of our freſh-water ſhells was capable of bearing the vio-
lent agitation of the ſea, and the conſequent friction,
many would undoubtedly be found on our ſhores: but
this very rarely happens, even in our bays and inlets,
and no one inſtance has ever occurred to us, on the open
or more expoſed ſhores, except with the Helix vivipara,
Helix limoſa. Lin. Syft. p. 1249.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3661.
Chern. Conch. ix. t. 135.f.1246. 1247.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 131. t. 1. f. 3.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 539.
10.
LIMOSA.
Tab. 16. f. 1.
H. with

382
H. with a thin, gloſſy, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell,
with four ſpires, the firſt extremely large and tumid, the
others very ſmall, and the apex very
fine.
This ſpecies has ſo much the habit of Helix auricula-
ria, that it is not an eaſy matter to ſeparate it from the
young of that ſhell. We have, however, followed the
very reſpectable authors above quoted, in giving it a dif-
tinct place, though not without ſome doubts. It rarely
exceeds five-eighths of an inch in length, and three-
eighths broad.
The only diſtinction ſeems to conſiſt in the body, or
firſt volution of this ſhell, being leſs ventricoſe at the
junction of the ſecond ſpire than in the auricularia; in
being thinner and more tranſparent, and the mouth not
ſo patulous.
We firſt received this ſhell from Mr. Boys of Sand-
wich, where it is not uncommon; and have fince found
fparingly in the river Avon, in Wiltſhire.
The ſhell here deſcribed, anſwers very well to the de-
ſcription and figure given by CHEMNITZ, which GMELIN
quotes for the Linnean limofa.
11.
LEVIGATA.
Helix lævigata. Lin. Syft. p. 1250.--Gmel. Syst. p. 3663.
Pult. Cat. Dorset. p.49.-Turt. Lin.iv.p.540.
D01. Br. Shells. ill. t. 105.
Helix

383
Helix lævigata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 17.
Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 139.
Helis neritoidea. Chem. Conch. x. t. 165. f. 1598. 1599?
H. with a thin, fragile, fub-pellucid, fleſh-coloured
ſhell, with three volutions; the firſt extremely large, the
others very ſmall, very little produced, and placed late-
rally: apex compreſſed. It is wrinkled tranſverſely, and
ſlightly ftriated longitudinally or ſpirally, but always,
when alive, covered with a thick, rough, brown epider-
mis, which generally riſes into regular, equi-diftant, mem-
branaceous, ſpiral ridges : aperture ſub-orbicular, vaftly
Targe, margin thin; inſide ſmooth, light purpliſh-brown;
ſometimes nearly white: no umbilicus.
This appears to be rather a ſcarce ſhell, but is found
ſparingly upon ſome of our ſhores. We have taken it
by dredging at Southampton; and at Torcroſs and Sal-
comb in Devonſhire: have alſo found very ſmall ſpeci-
mens on the ſhore at Teignmouth; and at Falmouth in
Cornwall. The largeſt in our cabinet is three-quarters
of an inch in length, or rather more, and five-eighths in
breadth; but it is rarely found half an inch long. Mr.
PENNANT was miſtaken in fuppofing it to inhabit
freſh-water: it is rather a pelagic ſhell, and ſeldom ta-
ken alive but in deep dredging. Doctor PULTENEY
gives it as a Dorſetſhire ſhell, and ſays it was found on
the beach at Studland. We have alſo taken it at that
place, and have received it, very ſmall, from Mr. Boys
at Sandwich, for the ſpecies figured by WALKER.
The

384
The figure given by CHEMNITZ, we have referred to,
with doubt, as it appears to be more regularly, and
ſtrongly ftriated longitudinally, and ſeems to poſſeſs a
fulcus or groove in the pillar lip, as well as expoſing
more of the Columella: that author, however, quotes
WALKER's fhell.
If it ſhould be H. neritoidea in a depauperated ſtate,
may
alſo be the Bulla velutina of MULLER Zool. Dan.
it
Animal whitiſh, with two ſhort, ſetaceous tentacula;
and two eyes placed at their baſe behind: fuftentaculum
broad, oval.
12.
DETRITA.
Tab. 11. f. 1.
Helix detrita. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 49.
Chem. Conch. ix, t. 134. f. 1225. a. d.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3660.-Gualt. t. 5. N.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 101. No. 300.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 538.
Schroet Erdconch. p. 27. t. 1. f. 1.
Id. Flufſconch. p. 324.---t. Min. A. f. 4.
Helix acuta. Gmel. Syft. p. 3660. 136.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 538.--Gualt. t. 4. f. N.
Muller Verm. ii. p.100. No. 297.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 134. f. 1224. No. 1, 2.
Favan. t. 65. A. 5.
H. with a ſub-pellucid, conic ſhell, tapering to a
moderately fine point: volutions fix, not much elevated,
but a little rounded, and well defined by the ſeparating
line :

385
line: colour white, ſomewhat gloffy, a little wrinkled
longitudinally, and commonly marked with one ferru-
ginous band, or faſcia, round the middle of the body,
continuing ſpirally up the ſhell, at the baſe of the other
volutions, but fainter, and loſt in the fourth ſpire: aper-
ture oval; outer lip thin; inner lip a little reflected on
the Columella, forming a ſmall cavity, or ſub-umbilicus.
Length three quarters of an inch; breadth three-eighths.
This ſpecies appears to be ſubject to conſiderable va-
riety with reſpect to the bands; ſome have three fafcice
on the body, the middle one of which is very narrow,
the others broad: the ſecond volution has one, and ſome-
times two; the other ſpires are covered by the band, ex-
cept at their junction. Others have the faſcice broken
into longitudinal ſtreaks; which, as well as the banded
ſpecimens, are frequently faint and obſolete on the under
part, in the line of the mouth,
Doctor PULTENEY ſtates this ſhell to have been found
near Weymouth, by Mr. BRYER. We have been favour-
ed with ſpecimens from that gentleman, who at the ſame
time informed us, he found them in a pool near Weymouth,
and in a ſtream near Dorcheſter; but rare in both places;
and that all the Engliſh ſpecimens, he had ſeen, were
deftitute of bands.
Theſe are not ſo white and opaque as foreign ſhells,
but rather inclining to light horn-colour; are thinner;
D dd
and

386
and more diaphanous: and when the animal is ſuffered
to remain within the ſhell, it contracts, and gives a dark-
er colour to the ſuperior volutions.
It is certainly a very rare ſpecies, or ſo large a ſhell
could not have ſo long eſcaped notice.
The H. acuta figured by CHEMNITZ, which he ſtates
to be found in Italy, appears to be only a variety of the
detrita.
GMELIN has conſidered them as diftinét; but has fal-
len into an error in quoting Liſter Conch. t. 19. f. 14. the
Turbo faſciatus of this work, which is perfectly diſtinct,
and does not ſeem to have been known to LINN ÆUS.
MULLER has made the ſame miſtake. Doctor PULTE-
NEY had certainly conſidered the H. detrita and acuta
as only varieties, as he quotes both thoſe ſhells figured
by CHEMNITZ.
13.
VIVIPARA,
Helix vivipara. Lin. Syft. p.1247.-Gmel. Syſt. p.3646.105
Chem. Conch. ix t. 132. f. 1182. to 1185.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 99. f. 16.-Gualt. t. 5. A.
Lifter Conch. t. 126. f. 26.—Id. tab. Anat.
f. 6.-Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 18.
Schroeter Flulconch. t.8 f.1.2.-& t. Min.
C. f. 6.-Favan. t. 61. D. 9.
Br. Zool. t. 84. f. 132. & t.85 upper fig.
(young.) -Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 87.
Helix

387
Helix vivipara. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 528.
Hill Swammerd. p. 75. t. 9. f. 13.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 48.
Helix compa&tilis. Id. p. 48. (young.)
Cochlea vivipara. Da Coſta. p. 81. t. 6. f. 2. 2.
Nerita vivipara. Muller Verm. ii. p. 182. No. 370.
H. with fix ventricoſe ſpires, ſeparated by a deep, de-
preſſed line: ſhape fub-conic, ſuddenly terminating in
a ſmall point: colour olive-green, with three brown
fafciæ on the body, and two on the ſuperior volutions,
growing fainter, and becoming obliterated before they
reach the fourth ſpire: it is ſlightly wrinkled tranſverſely,
with two or three ſtronger, and coarſer than the reſt,
that ſeem to mark the annual growth of the ſhell: aper-
ture ſub-orbicular, contracted a little at the upper part;
pillar lip reflected, behind which, in fome, is a ſub-um-
bilicus; infide fmooth, white, banded like the outſide.
Length rarely an inch and a half; breadth one inch.
DA COSTA is certainly miſtaken, in faying this ſhell
is found in great abundance in all our rivers and ſtagnant
waters; for except in the Thames, and other waters
communicating with that river, we have never found it.
In the neighbourhood of Reading, near the junction of
the Kennet with the Thames, and in ſtreams, and water-
courſes about that place, it is in vaſt abundance; but
becomes ſcarce farther up the former river, and is wholly
loft before it reaches Newbury.
Dad 2
The

388
The ſame author has alſo erred in calling the operculum
of this ſhell teſtaceous, for it is of a flexible, corneous
ſubſtance, wrinkled concentrically, and of a pellucid,
reddiſh-brown colour.
The animal is viviparous, and very prolific; we have
taken a great number of young ones from the larger
fhells, each with their teftaceous covering and operculum.
Shells, not half grown, have the ſpires leſs produced,
and their volutions not fo tumid; in which ſtate it has
been taken for a diſtinct ſpecies; and we conſider the
H. compaElilis of Doctor PULTENEY, and the ſhell figur-
ed by Mr. PENNANT, without number, in plate 85, to
be no other,
The vivipara is the ſtrongeſt freſh-water ſhell in En-
gland, capable of bearing, for a time, the rude actions
of the ſea; ſo that it is ſometimes found on our more ex-
poſed ſhores; we have dredged it up from the deep at
Torcroſs, inhabited by Cancer Bernardus. The moſt
contiguous river is the Dart, at the diſtance of fix miles,
apparently too rapid for ſuch ſhells: poflibly they inha-
bited a lake of freſh-water contiguous, which a few years
fince broke its bounds, and made a temporary junction
with the fea: it has not, however, occurred in any of the
rivers in Devonſhire.
Helix

389
14.
Helix tentaculata. Lin. Syft. p. 1249.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3662. TENTACULATA,
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1245.
Liſter Conch. t. 132. f. 32.-Id. Angl. t.
2. f. 19.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 18. f. 8.-Gualt. t. 5. B.
Schroeter Fluſconch. t. 7. f. 19. to 22.
Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 140.
Turt Lin. iv. p. 539.
Hill Swammerd. p. 82. t. 10. f. 1 ?
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 49.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 93.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 33. (pullus)
Helix fphærica. Gmel. Syft. p. 3627.
Turbo Nucleus. Da Coſta. p. 91. t. 5. f. 12.
Nerita Jaculator. Muller Verm. ii. p. 185. No. 372
Nerita fphærica. Muller Verm. ii. p. 170. No. 356. (pullus)
Schroeter Fluſconch. p. 341. No. 82.
H. with a ſmooth, conic, pellucid, horn-coloured
ſhell, with five, and ſometimes fix, rounded ſpires, di-
vided by a deep ſeparating line: apex pointed: aperture
fub-orbicular, contracted at the upper part; outer lip
moderately ſtrong; pillar lip reflexed. Operculum teſta-
ceous, concentrically wrinkled. Length half an inch;
breadth a quarter.
This is a very common ſpecies, found in moſt flow
rivers, and flagnant waters. Is frequently covered with
a dark-brown, or duſky epidermis: fometimes with a
calcareous concretion. Dead ſhells become white. It
is, we believe, the only ſpecies of Britiſh freſh-water
ſhells

390
fhells that poſſeſſes a teſtaceous operculum, except the
Nerita fluviatilis.
The Sphærica of MULLER is certainly no other than a
young, and more ventricoſe variety of this ſhell; ſuch
are not uncommon, perfectly white. WALKER has fal-
len into the ſame miſtake, his figure 33, being no other
than the young of the H. tentaculata; of which we are
confident, having received his ſhell from Mr. Boys.
Animal pale, with two very long, ſlender, ſetaceous
tentacula, which are continually in motion; at the baſe
of theſe, are ſituated the eyes, which are protuberant.
15.
LUBRICAS
Helix lubrica. Gmel Syſt p. 3661. 142.
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 539.
Lift. Angl. t. 2. f.7.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 30. f. 7.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1235.
Morton Northamp. p. 415 ?
Muller Verm. ii. p. 104. No. 303,
.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 141. t. 1. f. 9.
Helix Stagnorum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 49.
Turbo glaber. Da Coſta. p. 87. t. 5. f. 18.
H. with a ſmooth, gloſſy, pellucid, horn-coloured
fhell, with fix fpires very little rounded, and not much
raiſed, but well defined by the ſeparating line: apex ra-
ther obtuſe: aperture oval; outer lip rather thick, but
not

391
not marginated or reflexed, and generally of a reddiſh-
brown colour; inner lip replicated; no teeth, nor umbi-
licus. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth one third
its length
This ſpecies is not uncommon in moiſt woods, ditch
banks, and ſhady places; eſpecially under decayed wood,
or timber that has lain ſome time on the ground; it ſel-
dom aſcends the trunks of ſtanding trees, or even the
ſtalks of graſs or other vegetables, but reſides chiefly on
the ground. Is at once diſtinguiſhed, when alive, by its
extreme gloffineſs; but dead ſhells frequently become
white and opaque.
It was known to Doctor SOLANDER, and was proba-
bly firſt named by him H. lubrica, as he ſent it to Mr.
Boys under that denomination.
Animal duſky: tentacula four, clavate; eyes placed
at the ends of the two longeft.
16.
Helix obfcura. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3661. 141.
OBSCURA.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 539.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 103. No. 302.
Favan. t. 65. F.-Walk. Min. Shells. f. 41.
Turbo Rupium. Da Coſta p. 90.--Lift. Angl. t. 2. f. 8.
H. with a fub-cylindric, ſub-conic, opaque, brown,
chorn-coloured ſhell, with from five to ſeven ſpires, fome-
whao

392
what rounded, and well defined by a deep ſeparating line:
volutions ſub-ftriated, or rather wrinkled longitudinally:
apex rather obtufe: aperture oval, marginated, white,
reflexed; behind the pillar lip a groove or ſub-umbilicus.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth more than one
third its length.
This ſpecies inhabits the ſame places as the preceding,
eſpecially moiſt woods; and frequently aſcends the trunks
of trees. It differs from that ſhell in being larger, not ſo
taper, by its dull, opaque, brown colour, and wrinkles; and
particularly by its white, marginated, and reflexed aperture.
We originally received this from Mr. Boys, for
WALKER's ſhell referred to, who ſays it is found at Fa-
verſham ; the figure, however, given in the Minute Shells,
is vaftly too large, unleſs it is intended for a magnified
engraving.
We have found it in a moiſt wood at Lackham in Wilt-
Shire, on the trunks of ſmooth-barked trees, ſuch as afh
and hornbeam, not uncommon; and rarely in Devonſhire
in dry banks. It alſo affects high ſituations, for we ob-
ſerved them in conſiderable abundance, and of ſuperior
fize, upon the top of the higheſt part of Portland iſland,
under ſtones.
That it is not a common fhell is certain, but muſt be
conſidered as more local than rare, though it is by no
means generally known.

393
If this ſhould be Lister's ſhell, of which there is very
little doubt, we are informed it is found in the rocky
parts, over the torrents about Cravan in Yorkſhire. DA
Costa quotes the Philoſophical Tranſactions, No. 105.
fig. 8.-WALLACE Ork. p. 39.---and MORTON North-
amp. p.415. for his Turbo Rupium; and it is probable
they belong either to this, or to the Helix lubrica, but
we are in doubt to which the ſynonyms ſhould be placed.
The obſcura in its young ſtate, or before the mouth is
formed, has much the appearance of a pyramidal Tro-
chus. In this ſtate we ſuſpect SCHROETER in his Erd-
conchylien, has deſcribed it, p. 141. tab. 1. fig. 8. and
which MULLER afterwards deſcribed under the title of
Helix ventricoſa, p. 102. No. 301. and GMELIN P.3661.
Animal pale-brown; beneath lighter: tentacula four:
eyes placed at the tips of the two longeſt.
17.
Helix ſubcylindrica. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 49.
SUBCYLINDRICA
Lin. Syſt. p. 1248?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3652. 118 ?
H. with a cylindric, imperforated, ſub-pellucid, light
cheſnut-coloured ſhell, with four ſpires, terminating in
an obtufe, ſmooth, button-like whirl, as if truncated;
the volutions a little rounded, and well defined by the
ſeparating line, furniſhed with cloſe-ſet, rib-like, lon-
gitudinal ftriæ, in ſome the whole length; others princi-
Еее
pally

394
pally apparent in the futures: aperture oval; outer lip
thick, but not marginated; pillar lip replicated. Length
a quarter of an inch ; breadth one third its length.
On the authority of Doctor PULTENEY we have given
this ſhell as Engliſh, who ſays it is found on water plants
in rivers and ponds.
We cannot, however, help expreſſing fome doubts
that the Doctor has been deceived ; as the ſpecimens he
favoured us with, appear to be a foreign variety of our
Turbo truncatus, which is a marine ſhell; and from which
it differs in nothing but being rather larger, of a deeper
colour, and uſually more ſtrongly ſtriated.
It is not uncommon amongſt the ſmaller ſhells from
the Weſt Indies; but whether it is the ſub-cylindrica of
LINNÆUS, which is quoted by the Doctor, we are not
quite clear.
18.
LACKHAMENSIS. H. with a fub-pellucid ſhell, of a dull, ruſty-brown
Tab. 11. f. 3. colour, wrinkled longitudinally : volutions ſeven, almoſt
flat, but well defined by the ſeparating line; the firſt
three or four larger ſpires are ſub-cylindrical, the reſt
more ſuddenly taper to an obtuſe point: aperture ſub-
oval, marginated, reflexed, whitiſh, with frequently a
purple tinge; inner lip ſcarcely thickened on the body,
the

395
the lower part reflecting much, forming a conſiderable
linear cavity, or ſub-umbilicus: no teeth. Length five-
eighths of an inch, or rather more; breadth a quarter,
This ſhell ſometimes varies to horn-colour, and cine-
reous, but moſt commonly of a ruſty, or rufous-brown.
It
appears to be rare, or at leaſt a very local, nonde-
fcript fpecies.
We firſt found it in a moiſt wood at Lackham in Wilt-
Shire, in one ſmall ſpot only, adhering to the trunks of
afh and hornbeam trees; and afterwards tolerably plen-
tiful in the woods belonging to the Marquis of LANS-
DOWN, at Bow Wood, in the ſame county, not very dir
tant from the former place; and in no other part.
It ſeems to be a long time arriving at maturity, for
ſcarce one out of ten has the mouth perfectly formed.
In its infant ſtate, when it has only four or five ſpires,
it has much the appearance of a conic Trochus; and the
aperture is ſomewhat quadrangular.
It has much the habit of H. obſcura, but is more than
double the ſize of that ſhell, and the exterior lip turns
rather more outwards.
Animal pale, lighteſt beneath : tentacula four, cla
vate: eyes placed at the tips of the longeſt.
Eee 2
Helix

396
19.
OCTANFRACTA,
Tab. 11. f. 8.
Helix oclona. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 135?
H. with a pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell, with ſeven
or eight ſmooth, or very finely wrinkled, ſlender ſpires,
gradually tapering to a fine point: the volutions are
rather flat, but well defined by a confiderable depreſſed
line: aperture oval; outer lip very thin; pillar lip re-
flexed. Length above five-eighths of an inch ; breadth
two-tenths of an inch.
This is uſually covered with a duſky-black epi-
dermis, which wholly obſcures the ſhell, and is very dif-
ficult to remove. It is a rare, or at leaſt a very local
fpecies; and is probably the ſhell mentioned by Mr.
PENNANT: but is not the H. octona of LINNÆUS.
It is properly an aquatic ſpecies, but is probably fome-
what amphibious, like Helix foffaria, preferring moiſture
at particular ſeaſons, to actual fluid.
We have hitherto found it only in one part of England,
a ſplaſhy place by the road fide, half way between
Fowey and Looe in Cornwall, where they were plentiful
in all ſtages of growth: the young are leſs ſlender, and
have only five or fix volutions. Some of theſe we put
into a glaſs of water, where they lived for ſome weeks,
but generally crawled up the fide, and feemed reſtleſs
till they got out of that element, though continued to
live when confined at the bottom: ſome put into wet
moss

397
moſs lived a great while, others put in a dry place very
foon died.
This is not the ſhell deſcribed by Doctor PULTENEY
for the H. otona of PENNANT; his is the true Linnæan
očtona.
The Doctor favoured us with a ſpecimen of his ſhell;
and we think he muſt have been deceived with regard to
its being Engliſh. It is a much more ſlender ſhell than
this, terminates in an obtuſe point, and the volutions
are more rounded, and gloſſy white, or very light horn-
colour. In the aperture too it is eſſentially different,
being fub-orbicular; the pillar lip turns inwards at the
baſe, and forms a contraction, nearly allied to the Buc-
cinum genus ; the length is five-eighths of an inch ; and
not more than one eighth broad at the baſe. CHEM-
NITZ ſeems to have figured this ſhell, vol. ix. tab 136.
fig. 1264. and his deſcription anſwers very well, but he
does not quote the H. octona of LINNÆUS, but calls it,
Helix octona Indiæ occidentalis.
We have alſo received it from the Weſt Indies.
GMELIN quotes CHEMNITZ'S figure for the Linncan
očtona, which is not the leaſt like our ſhell: and alſo
a minute ſhell given by SCHROETER in his Fluffconchy-
lien tab. 8. fig. 6. which is undoubtedly the Buccinum
terreſtre of this work, and not at all like either.
Animal

398
Animal duſky, with two ſhort flat tentacula, at the
baſe of which the eyes are placed.
20.
POLITA
Helix polita.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 49.
Turbo politus. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3612.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Turbo lævis. Br. Zool. No. 115. t. 79. (upper fig.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 497.
Strombiformis glaber. Da Coſta p. 117.
Smooth white whelk. Borlaſe Cornwall p. 277.?
H. with a ſtrong, white, and extremely gloſſy ſhell,
perfectly ſmooth, without wrinkles or ftriæ: volutions
from nine to thirteen, depending on age and fize; quite
flat, and ſcarcely defined by any ſeparating line; flen-
der, and gradually tapering to a ſharp point: aperture
oval, forming an acute angle, or contraction, at the
upper end; outer lip rather thick, but not marginated,
or reflexed ; inner lip replicated. Length five-eighths
of an inch, uſually leſs; breadth two-tenths of an inch.
3
This ſpecies is found rarely on the weſtern ſhores
DA COSTA ſays Exmouth in Devonſhire; and Doctor
PULTENEY ſpeaks of it in Dorſetſhire, but not common.
We have found it fparingly in Cornwall and Devon-
Shire, the largeſt of which was taken from the ſtomach
of an AEinea pedunculata : minute ſpecimens are fome-
times found on Oyſters and Scallops. In this infant ſtate
they

399
they are of exquiſite poliſh, and when the animal is
alive, frequently appear mottled with pink and pale-
green: are alſo ſomewhat arcuated, and very feldom
found perfectly ſtraight.
21.
H. with a ſlender, white ſhell, with eight or nine DECÚSSATA.
ſpires tapering to a fine point; volutions very little Tab. 15. f. 7,
raiſed, and the ſeparating line extremely fine; theſe are
ſtrongly, and regularly ftriated in a longitudinal directi-
on, croſſed by very minute ſtriæ, that gives it a flight
decuſſated appearance, when examined by a lens : aper-
ture narrow, ſuboval, contracted at both ends ; outer
lip ſomewhat expanded, and a little thickened at the
back; inner lip a trifle replicated. Length three-tenths
of an inch; breadth one tenth.
In ſhape this ſhell is ſimilar to Helix polita, except in
the aperture, which ſtands rather more oblique, the
outer lip more expanded in the middle, and contracted
at the lower angle.
We have been favoured with this new and elegant
ſpecies more than once, by Mr. BRYER of Weymouth,
accompanied with an afſurance, that he found them at
different times, on the ſhore, between that place and
Portland iſland.
Turbo

400
22.
LABIOSA.
Tab. 13. f. 7.
Turbo coitatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 45.
Turbo albus.
Br. Zool. No. 114. t. 79 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 497 ?
Turbo membranaceus. Lin. Trans. v. p. 2. t. 1. f. 14. 15.
(Adams) - Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
Strombiformis albus. Da Coſta, p. 116 ?
H. with a ſub-conic, ſub-pellucid, light horn-coloured
ſhell, with feven, and rarely eight, flattih fpires, ter-
minating in a fine point, and furniſhed with from fifteen
to eighteen faint ribs, on the three largeſt whirls; the
ſuperior volutions ſmooth: apex frequently purpliſh:
aperture oval, lips thickened within, white; the margin
of the outer lip thin, a little reflexed, and uſually
of a purpliſh-brown; the back of the outer lip a little
gibboſe, and generally whiter than the reſt of the ſhell ;
pillar lip ſpreads conſiderably on the body whirl; Colu-
mella within undulated, forming a ſmall elevation, like
an obſolete tooth.
The aperture is a ſtrong character; it is nearly half
the ſhell, and conſequently makes the body volution pro-
portionally large; it ſtands a little oblique, conſiderably
expanded at the margin, which is reflexed, and is con-
tracted in the throat by the thickening of the ſhell.
A variety is much more thin and pellucid, ſome quite
deſtitute of ribs; others only partially ribbed on the up-
per part of one or two of the largeſt volutions; theſe are
frequently ſtreaked longitudinally with brown, fome-
times

401
times in an undulated manner: ſuch are uſually larger,
and not ſo thick in the lips, but the margin of the aper-
ture is equally repand.
It is obſervable in all theſe ſhells, the back of the body
volution is invariably deſtitute of ribs, and the inſide of
the mouth in freſh ſhells, extremely glofly: the ſpires
too, are very little raiſed, and the line of ſeparation very
fine, which in worn-fhells, ſcarce mark them: ſuch are
frequently found quite white. Live ſpecimens are co-
vered with a yellowiſh-brown epidermis.
Length rather more than a quarter of an inch; breadth
nearly one half its length.
This ſpecies is not uncommon in Cornwall, particu-
larly about Falmouth; and is equally plentiful on the
ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire, and Dorfetfhire; and the
ſmooth variety at Southampton. Have alſo found it
more ſparingly, about Biddeford in the north of Devon,
and on the ſouth coaſt of Wales.
In our communications with our late worthy friend
Doctor PULTENEY, we ſent him this ſhell, which he
acknowledged to be his Turbo coſiatus, and conſequent-
ly clearly proved that he had fallen into an error, in
quoting the Turbo parvus of Da Costa: poſſibly, how-
ever, he has been right in quoting Strombiformis albus
of the ſame author, for we find he was not fingular in
Fff
that

402
that opinion, as this ſhell is not uncommonly confidered
as ſuch, by collectors.
It was figured in Triton Britannicus,* where we ob-
ſerved that name affixed to it, and which the Doctor al-
ſo refers to.
In quoting DA COSTA we confeſs, it is more from
popular opinion than from our own, if his deſcription is
to be attended to: the ſmooth variety of this ſhell is,
indeed, when worn and bleached, milk white, gloſſy, and
the ſpires are nearly level, or not prominent beyond one
another, only ſeparated by a flight furrow. To this
part, therefore, of Da Costa's deſcription it would in
that ſtate ſomewhat accord; but we cannot conceive,
how it could be placed in the genus Strombiformis, or
Needle Snails, of that author, the characters of which
are “very long, ſlender, and taper in ſhape.” In his
ſpecific deſcription, however, he ſays, “ of a taper ſhape,
“not ſlender, but very ſwelled, or bodied."
The Turbo membranaceus of Mr. ADAMS, we have
very little doubt, is the lineated variety of this ſhell,
which is not unfrequently met with, exactly correſpond-
ing with the deſcription given by that gentleman, except
in the number of ſpires, which is known to vary with
age:
* An intended work on Conchology with this title, never appeared before
the public: Doctor PULTENEY quotes it as a M. S. and informs us, it is a
new impreſſion of Da Costa's plates, with ſeven additional tables,

403
age: his figure is much too ſlender, an error his drafts-
man has not unuſually fallen into, in thoſe repreſenting
the natural fize.
23.
H. with a ſtrong, conic, opaque, dark, purpliſh-brown PETRALA.
fhell, with five ſpires; the firſt large, occupying nearly
two-thirds of the length; the ſuperior ones ſmall: apex
ſharp, pointed: the volutions are very little raiſed, but
fufficiently defined by the ſeparating line, which, in the
future of the body whirl, riſes upon the baſe of the fu-
perior volution, with a ſlight, abrupt, ragged edge, and
does not turn inwards and become loft, as is uſual with
moft ſhells, at the junction of the ſpires: it has no regu-
lar ſtriæ, but is wrought with faint, irregular wrinkles,
acroſs the volutions, which, in the under part of the
body, above the mouth, is worn quite plain: aperture
lunated; outer lip conſiderably projecting, margin at-
tenuated; pillar lip ſmooth, flat, and partly ſpread upon
the body whirl, in a diagonal line, the whole length of
the aperture; this, as well as the inſide, and the opercu-
lum, (which is of a corneous ſubſtance,) is of a deep,
gloſſy purple: the inner lip is ſtraight, and brought to
an edge, as in many of the Nerites, but the mouth does
not ſtand ſufficiently tranſverſe to claim a place in that
genus; and, indeed, the apex is more produced than is
uſual in that tribe. Length rather more than a quarter
of an inch, but never ſo much as three-eighths, of which
Fff 2
the

404
the aperture extends full one half; breadth two-tenths
of an inch,
A variety is irregularly ſtreaked, or blotched with ru-
fous, or white, on the upper part of the larger volution,
but the ſmooth part of the pillar lip, and inſide, are in-
variably of the ſame dark-purple colour.
This ſpecies, which at preſent appears to be a nonde-
ſcript, may poſſibly have been confounded for the fry of
fome of the larger littoral ſhells; though, on cloſe exami-
nation, will be found to be eſſentially different from any
Britiſh ſpecies, hitherto noticed; the mouth, alone, be
ing a ſtrong ſpecific mark of diſtinction; and if atten-
tively examined, will always prove an unerring guide.
We have, as yet, only met with it on the ſouth coaſt
of Devon, near the mouth of the river Aun, not far from
the village of Bantum, adhering to the rocks, a little
beneath high water-mark; and there in no inconſiderable
abundance: and leſs plentiful in a fimilar fituation at
Swanage in Dorſetſhire.
Upon a curſory view, it may be miſtaken for Turbo
tenebroſus, being nearly the ſame fize, and colour; the
ſhape, however, is not only very different, but the ſmal-
left attention to the aperture, and a compariſon of the
deſcription of each, will prevent their being confounded.
**SUB-

A05
***SUB-GLOBOSE, OR DEPRESSED; APEX PRO-
DUCED.
24.
Helix Pomatia. Lin. Syft. p. 1244.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3627, POMATIA,
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 128. f. 1138.
Id. ix. t. 108. f. 908. to 912. var. reverſed.
Liſter Conch. t. 48. f.46.-Id. Angl. t.2.f.1.
Br. Zool. t.84. f.128.--Gualt. t.1. A.B.C.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 145. t. 1. f. 10.
Da Coſta. p. 67. t. 4. f. 14.
Favan. t. 63. D. 1?_E. var. reverſed.
Hill Swammerd. p. 65. t. 4. f. 2. 3.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 513.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 84.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 43. No. 243.
Helix Pomaria. Muller Verm. ii.p. 45. No.244. var, reverſed
H. with a fub-globoſe, moderately ſtrong, fub-pellu-
cid ſhell, with five rounded volutions, ſtrongly wrinkled
Jongitudinally: colour yellowiſh-brown, commonly with
three faint fafciæ on the body, one of which continues
round the ſecond ſpire: aperture ſemi-lunated, margin
rather thickened, and turns a little outwards; pillar lip
much reflected over the umbilicus. Diameter about two
inches.
و
This is the largeſt ſpecies of land ſhells, found in
England; is ſubject, like the common garden ſnail, to
much variety in colour; fome are nearly white, with
ſcarce

406
fcarce any appearance of bands. It is not an aboriginal
fpecies of this kingdom, but was firſt introduced about
the middle of the ſixteenth century, either as an article
of food, or for medicinal purpoſes. Is ſuppoſed they were
firſt imported from Italy, and turned out in Surry, by a
Mr. HOWARD at Albury; where they encreaſed prodigi-
ouſly, and are by far the moſt common ſpecies about
Afhted, Boxhill, Leatherhead, Darking, and the neigh-
bouring parts.
It is alſo ſaid that Sir KENELM DIGBY diſperſed
them about Gothurſt, near Newport Pagnal, in Buck-
inghamſhire, where they did not thrive much, Mr.
Morton informs us, ſome were turned out by Lord
HATTON at Kerby in Northamptonſhire, but that they
did not encreale.
They are commonly uſed as food in many parts of
Europe, eſpecially during Lent; and are preſerved and
fattened for that purpoſe; but we do not find they grow
to that fize ſpoken of by VARRO, who ſays the ſhells
would hold ten quarts. They were a favourite diſh with
the Romans, who had their Cochlearia, or nurſery, and
fattened them (as we are told) with bran and fodden
wine.
It has been found according to DA COSTA, in Ox-
fordſhire, about Woodſtock and Blanden: in Glouceſter-
Shure about the parilh of Chedworth ; and in Dorfetſhire.
Doctor

407
Doctor PULTENEY, however, obſerves he never found
it in this laſt county. Doctor LISTER ſays in Hertford-
shire, about Ware and Puckeridge.
We have received it from Kent; and once found a
ſingle ſpecimen near Devizes, in Wiltſhire; which, with
thoſe mentioned in Glouceſterſhire, ſeems to be their fur-
theft northern limits at preſent.
By fome, it is faid to poffefs a teſtaceous operculum;
if ſo, it is only prepared for ſecurity in the torpid ſeaſon,
and is caſt off as ſoon as the animal is reſtored to loco-
motion: for no ſuch appendage is to be diſcovered du-
ring the ſummer months.
ceous,
Moſt authors, however, ſpeak of the operculum as like
chalk or plaſter; and that it is compoſed of two or three
lamince of different degrees of hardneſs; but not teſta-
That it is not of a ſhelly nature, there can be
no doubt, for in all ſuch ſhells, furniſhed with a teſtace.
ous operculum, it is as much fixed to the animal as any
other part, and is never deciduous; whereas, the ani-
mal of the Helix Pomatia, throws off the covering of the
aperture of its ſhell, as ſoon as it iſſues from its hyber-
naculum.
25.
ASPERSA.
Helix afperſa. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3631. 58.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 59. No. 253.
Helix

408
Helix afperfa. Chem. Conch. ix. t. 130. f. 1156. 1158.
Liſter Conch. t.49. f.47.-Id. Angl. t.2.f2.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 65.f.4.- Turt. Lin.iv. p.515.
Favan. t. 63. D. 2. 3. 4.
D01. Br. Shells. iv. t. 131.
Helix hortenſis. Br. Zool. t. 84. f. 129.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 529.
Nat. Miſcel. t. 30.
Helix Lucorum. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 48.
Cochlea vulgaris. Da Coſta. p. 72. t. 4. f. 1.
H. with a ſub-globoſe ſhell, with four volutions, the
ſuperior ones placed ſomewhat laterally: aperture ſemi-
lunar, rather 'elongated, margin reflected, white: no
umbilicus. Diameter ſcarce an inch and a half.
It varies much in colour and markings, but is uſually
white, with fafciæ of dark brown, which are frequently
broken, and appear mottled all over, with purpliſh-
brown and white; ſome are entirely of a dull yellow-
brown, without fafcice or ſtreaks.
An accidental variety, with the volutions turning the
contrary way, was found by Doctor LATHAM at Dart-
ford: and we obſerved in the cabinet of Mr. SWAINSON,
another variety, with the volutions vaſtly extended and
detached, in a ſingular ſpiral form, like a ſcrew.
At the approach of winter, the animal forms a cover-
ing to the aperture, or an operculum of a coriaceous
ſubſtance, compoſed of many coats or folds; which it
retains

409
retains during its torpid fate; but is thrown off on the
return of ſummer, as ſoon as its locomotive faculty is
reſtored.
It may be expected in the hiſtory of this animal, fo
long celebrated for acting the part of Cupid in its amours,
that ſomething ſhould be ſaid upon a ſubject fo fingular
and extraordinary.
So much, however, has been already written by diffe-
rent authors on the loves of Snails, which requires more
than common faith to credit; that we muſt beg to refer
our curious readers to the more recent accounts of the
actions of Snails in love, given in the firſt volume of the
Naturaliſt's Miſcellany; where the author very properly
prepares the reader for the belief of ſuch wonders, by
ſaying, “I muſt requeſt my readers to fummon all their
philoſophical faith to receive the ſurpriſing particulars."
That the hermaphroditical animal of the Helix afperfa,
as well as H. nemoralis, (or at leaſt ſome of them,) pof-
ſeſs ſmall teſtáceous Spiculi at certain feaſons, muſt be
admitted; but that they are miſfile darts, we have much
reaſon to doubt, though it is natural to fuppoſe the ani-
mals are furniſhed with them, for the purpoſe of ſtimu-
lating each other to love, becauſe it is only at that ſeaſon
they are found to poſſeſs them. If ſuch are ever dif-
charged at each other, we have been extremely unfortu-
nate in our obſervations, for in no one inſtance, could
Ggg
We

410
we ever find the dart penetrated; though at the time the
animals are cloſe, the point may irritate: but it is neither
fufficiently ſtrong, nor ſharp-pointed, to penetrate the
tough ſkin with which theſe animals are furniſhed; and,
indeed, the extremely viſcid fecretion, with which they
are ſo copiouſly provided, adheres ſo ſtrongly to theſe
Spiculi, when wholly projected from the body, that they
are for a time held by it. Perhaps we may be told here-
after, that this tough excretory fluid is uſed as a cord to
regain theſe darts after they have been diſcharged: but
ſuch we ſhould hold equally fabulous, with much of the
accounts related by various authors.
Theſe celebrated love-darts are ſub-pellucid-white,
and
very brittle, about a quarter of an inch, or three-
eighths in length, and ſomewhat triangular, like the
blade of a ſmall ſword.
Some authors ſeem to have confidered this as the
Helix Lucorum of LINNÆUS, but it certainly admits of
much doubt. G GMELIN did not think ſo, 'for he has
given all the ſynonyms of this ſhell to his H. afperfa;
and has made his H. Lucorum a very different ſhell; a
figure of which is given in Lister's Conchology, tab.
1058. fig. 1.
Doctor Turton has confounded the ſynonyms of the
afperſa with thoſe of the hortenſis, not conſidering the
former as an Engliſh fhell, and therefore has quoted this
ſhell

411
fhell of LISTER, PENNANT, and DA COSTA, for the
hortenfis.
26.
Helix nemoralis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1247.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3647. NEMORALIS.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1196. 1198.
Id. t. 109. f. 924. var. reverſed.
Liſter Conch. t. 57. f. 54.
Id. Angl. p. 117. var. 2. to 9. t. 2. f. 3.
Br. Zool. No. 131.-Favan. t. 63. H.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 13. >
Born. p. 384. 385. t. 16. f. 3. 8.
Muller Verm. ii. No. 246. p. 46.
Hill Swammerd. p. 70. t. 8. f. 5.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 48.
Turt. Lin. iv.
p.
529.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 91. f. 9. to 12.---Id. t. 92.
f. 9.10.-Gualt. t. 1. P.&Q. left hand.
Schroeter Erdconch. t. 1. f.13. to 17.--t.2.
f. 28. 29. 30.
Cochlea faſciata. Da Coſta. p. 76. t. 5.f.1.2.3.4.8.14.19.
H. with a ſub-globoſe, fub-pellucid fhell, with five
volutions of various colours; moſt frequently yellow,
or reddiſh, faſciated with dark chocolate-brown, from
one to five in number on the body, but rarely two;
thoſe with five bands have the two uppermoſt much
ſmaller than the reſt. In ſome the fafciæ are very broad;
others have a ſingle narrow zone throughout the volu-
tions, on a bright yellow ground; fometimes plain yel-
low, red, or dull purpliſh-brown; but in all varieties the
Ggg 2
inner

412
inner margin of the lip, the edge, and pillar lip are in-
variably of a dark colour.
The aperture is lunated; baſe imperforated. Greateſt
diameter not quite an inch.
This is one of the moſt common ſpecies in our woods,
hedges, and ſhady places.
We have obſerved fimilar ſpiculi, or amorous darts, to
thoſe of Helix afperfa, iſſuing from this ſpecies, in the
month of May.
27.
HORTENSIS.
Helix hortenis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3649. 109.
Cham. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1199. 1201.
Mul Verm. p. 52. No. 247.
Liſter Angl. p. 117. No.).
Born. p. 385. t. 16. f. 18. 19.
Gualt. t. 1. Q. right hand.
Schroeter Erdconch. t. 2. f. 27.
H. with the ſhell in every reſpect like the preceding
ſpecies, but confiderably leſs, and invariably with a
white margin to the aperture. It is ſubject to nearly all
the varieties of the H. nemoralis, except that of red,
or fleſh-colour. Greateſt diameter three-quarters of a
inch.
an
Various have been the opinions concerning this fhell;
MULLER and Born have conſidered it as quite diftinct
from

from the H. nemoralis, and have given the white lip as
an invariable character.
GMELIN and CHEMNITZ have expreſſed a doubt.
To this ſubject we have paid conſiderable attention,
by collecting theſe ſhells from different parts of the king-
dom; and have invariably found the ſmaller ſhells with
the white lip, and the larger with a brown margin to
that part; and have never yet found the red or fleſh-
coloured variety with the former. It has been conjec-
tured, that this ſhell is only the young of the other, but
the perfect formed mouth precludes all ſuch idea: it is
alſo much leſs common, which would not be the caſe if it
was the young of the nemoralis, and the red variety
would equally occur. From theſe circumſtances we are
inclined to believe, they are perfe&tly diſtinct.
That they are full grown ſhells is evident from the
ſtructure of the lip; for the nemoralis is larger before the
lip is formed: and we cannot think it an accidental va-
riety in a depauperated ftate, becauſe neither of their
mouths ever vary.
28.
Helix Arbuſtorum. Lin. Syſt. p.1245-Gmel. Syft. p.3630.53. ARBUSTORUM.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1202.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 55. No. 248.
Liſter Conch. t.56. f. 53.
Id. Angl. t. 2, f. 4.
Helix

414
Helix Arbuſtorum. Br. Zool. t. 85. f. 130.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 136.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 514.
Cochlea unifaſciata. Da Coſta, p. 75. t. 17. f. 6.
H. with a ſub-globoſe, ſub-pellucid ſhell, with five
volutions a little rounded, well defined by the ſeparating
line, and wrinkled longitudinally: colour uſually mot-
tled cinereous, and brown in ſtreaks, and lines; fome
pale, inclining to yellow; others dark, approaching to
cheſnut, with moſt commonly a ſingle band of brown
about the middle of the body, continuing ſpirally at the
baſe of the ſuperior volutions, and is gradually loft be-
fore it reaches the apex. This ſingle belt or faſcia has
been conſidered as the ſtrong character of the ſhell; how-
ever, it is frequently deſtitute of that mark, and is often-
times ſo faint as ſcarcely to be traced; the mottled ap-
pearance, therefore, is the moſt conſtant and unerring
character: aperture lunated, margin reflexed, the inſide
bordered with white; in young ſhells a ſub-umbilicus is
obſervable, which is concealed by the reflected lip in old
ones, when the aperture is completely formed. Greateſt
diameter about three-quarters of an inch.
This ſpecies may be conſidered as very local, but fuf-
ficiently plentiful in ſome parts. It delights in wet, and
ſhady places, particularly amongſt willows and alders,
where the foil is black and boggy. In ſuch places in the
neighbourhood of Lackham in Wiltſhire, contiguous to
the

415
the river Avon, it is the moſt common ſhell, but we have
rarely found it elſewhere.
DA Costa obſerves it is not a common ſpecies, but
ſays he has ſeen them from Surry, Hampſhire, and Wilt
Thire.
Doctor PULTENEY remarks it is not common in Dore
Fethire.
We once received a ſingle ſpecimen from the north
of Devonſhire.
Animal duſky, tentacula four, fuperior ones mode-
rately long, with the eyes at their tips.
29.
Helix virgata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
VIRGATA,
Petiv. Gaz. t. 17. f. 6.
Guait. t.2. L. M. P.
Liſter Conch. t. 59. f. 56.
Cochlea virgata. Da Coſta p. 79. t. 4. f. 7.
Helix Zonaria. Don Br. Shells ii. t. 65.
Br. Zool. t. 85. f. 133. A. (var.)
Helix Piſana. Muller Verm. ii. p. 60. No. 255.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3631.
Schroet. Erdconch. p.188. t. 2. f.22. & 22.a.
H. with a ſub-globoſe, ſub-pellucid ſhell, with fix
confiderably produced, and rounded volutions: colour
white, tinged with bluſh, with one dark purpliſh-brown
band

416
band on the middle of the body, continuing ſpirally at
the baſe of the ſuperior volutions quite to the apex, which
is prominent; at the baſe there are uſually three or four
fine circular lines of the ſame colour; theſe are ſome-
times confluent, and the white part appears between in
ſpots; others have two or three broader, circular bands
at the baſe; none of theſe, however, run cloſe to the
umbilicus, which is deep but not large: aperture luna-
ted, lip thin, and not reflexed, except at the part cloſe
to the umbilicus; within pale purpliſh-brown, with a
white, thread-like elevation round the margin.
A variety is not uncommon, of a plain rufous-brown
colour, with ſometimes a daſh of cinereous, obfoletely
banded at the baſe, or with a ſingle white faſcia on the
body; others wholly of a fleſh-coloured white, with a
white belt on the lower volution. Length generally half
an inch; breadth the ſame; but we have received it
from Kent, full five-eighths of an inch diameter.
This and the following ſpecies have been confounded
together; DA COSTA and others have confidered it as
the Helix zonaria of LINN ÆUS, to which we cannot
aſſent, though GMELIN has quoted Da Costa's ſhell for
his zonaria.
Nor is it the zonaria of PENNANT; that author was
not acquainted with this ſhell, except the plain variety
quoted.
Mr. DON-

417
Mr. DONOVAN informs us, that DA COSTA was not
poſſeſſed of PENNANT's ſhell till after his work was pub-
liſhed, and that this miſtake ſtands corrected in ſome of
his M.S. notes.
This author, however, conſiders the H. virgata to be
the H. zonaria of LINN ÆUS, as he ſays, GMELIN admits
Da Costa's ſhell to be the Linnæan zonaria. How-
ever this may be, that author has quoted other ſhells
perfectly diſtinct, and not the leaſt allied to this.
Doctor PULTENEY, who gives this as a Dorſetſhire
ihell, expreſsly ſays, “not zonaria of LINN ÆUS;
we are much inclined to coincide with the Doctor.
and
The virgata may be conſidered as a local ſpecies, but
is found in prodigious abundance in ſome ſandy, or bar-
ren ſtony ſituations. Moſt plentiful near the coaſt,
eſpecially about Whitſand bay in Cornwall, and in the
ſouth of Devonſhire; where it is a prevailing opinion,
they contribute not a little to fatten ſheep; the ground
in ſome places being covered with them. It is alſo found
in the more interior counties; is not uncommon in Wilt-
Shire; but no where in ſuch abundance as within the in-
fluence of ſaline air. Is the moſt common ſpecies about
Kingsbridge in Devonſhire, and on the coaſt to the eaſt
and weſt of that place, in company with Turbo faſciatus.
PETIVER noticed it on Newmarket heath, near Cam-
bridge.
Hhh
Animal

418
Animal of a pale colour, not much unlike that of the
following ſpecies.
30.
CINGENDA.
Helix zonaria. Br. Zool. t. 85. f.133.
Gualt. t. 2. H.--t. 3. C?
H. with a ſub-pellucid ſhell, with ſomewhat the habit
of the preceding: it has five volutions, the larger ones
rounded, but are a little angulated, or flattened at the
top; the three fuperior ſpires are very little elevated
above the reſt: apex obtuſe and depreſſed: colour yel-
lowiſh-white, with ſeveral ſmall bands of cheſnut, or
purpliſh-brown, running fpirally up the ſhell, which are
frequently broken, and form fhort longitudinal ſtreaks,
eſpecially on the flat, or angulated part, on the top of each
ſpire; the baſe is ſlightly umbilicated, and has generally
one broad circular band, at ſome diſtance from the um-
bilicus, and a broad white belt between that and the
finer girdles, which are ſometimes as many as ſeven or
eight, perfectly diſtinct, but frequently run into each
other: fome have two circular bands at the baſe, cloſe
together. The ſpiral belt uſually becomes faint, and
frequently quite loſt in the upper volutions; but the apex
is commonly defined by a black ſpiral line.
A variety is ſometimes found quite plain, or with only
a few faint girdles on the body. Aperture lunated, mar-
gin attenuated, not reflexed, except cloſe to the umbili-
cus, where it turns conſiderably outward, and partly
overlaps

419
overlaps the perforation. Breadth at the baſe three-
quarters of an inch; height half an inch.
This ſpecies differs eſſentially from Helix virgata both
in ſhape and markings; it is larger, broader in propor-
tion to its height, and depreſſed on the top; whereas that
ſhell has always a produced apex, and never more than
one belt on the ſuperior volutions.
Mr. PENNANT has given a very good figure of this
ſhell, which he deſcribes to be faſciated ſpirally with nar-
row ſtripes of white, dulky, and yellow. Such are not
uncommon, and is by far, the moſt elegant variety.
This muſt be conſidered as one of our moſt rare
ſpecies, or at leaſt extremely local: the only place we
ever found it in, was on the rocks that verge the town
of Tenby on the ſouth, cloſe to the ſea; and on the ſands
to the weſt of that place, contiguous to the ſhore: in
theſe places we obſerved it twelve years ago, and lately
procured fpecimens from the fame ſpots: it ſeems con-
fined to a ſmall diſtrict, as we could not find it elſewhere
in the neighbouring country.
Mr. RACKETT informed us, he found it near St. Ives
in Cornwall, on the ſlope of the hill deſcending to the
Mr. PENNANT has quoted the H. zonaria of
LINNÆUS for his ſhell, but we do not think the deſcrip-
tion fufficiciently correſponds, to conſider it as fuch
Hhh 2
GMELIN
town.

420
GMELIN makes the virgata of DA COSTA, his zonaria;
but we think he has miſtaken the ſpecies, for neither of
the ſhells here deſcribed, have a reflexed margin to the
aperture, which ſeems to be the character of the Linnæan
fpecies.
It has alſo been thought by fome, that this is the H.
maculofa of LINNÆUS, but the ſame obječtion holds
againſt its being that ſhell.
Animal pale-yellow: tentacula four, the longeſt darker
than the body, with a duſky ſtreak at the baſe of each,
running backward, and furniſhed with eyes at their tips:
Suſtentaculum longer than the ſhell.
31.
RUFESCENS.
Helix rufeſcens. Br. Zool. t. 85. f. 127.
Liſter Conch. t. 71.-Id. Angl. t. 2. f.12.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Cochlea rufeſcens. Da Coſta. p. 80. t. 4. f.6.
Helix fericea. Muller Verm. ii. p. 62. No. 258 ?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3617 ?
Helix Turturum. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 521 ?
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3639 ?
Helix hifpida. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 512.
Helix obvoluta b Muller Verm. ii. p. 27. No. 229 ?
Schroeter. Erdconch. p. 194. t. 2. f. 24 ?
H. with a ſub-pellucid, rufous-brown ſhell, with fix
volutions not much raiſed, but well defined by the ſepa-
.
rating

421
rating line, and ftriated, or rather wrinkled longitudi-
nally: ſhape in general, conſiderably compreſſed, and
the apex very little elevated, ſo that its height is not
above half the breadth. Sometimes it is two-thirds as
high as it is broad, and the apex more produced: on
the middle of the lower volution is a ſlight, ſub-carinated
edge, which is more ſtrongly marked by being of a lighter
colour like a band : aperture ſemi-lunated, outer lip
thin, a little reflected at the lower angle: umbilicus large
and deep. Diameter at the baſe, half an inch.
This ſhell ſometimes appears a little mottled when the
animal is alive, eſpecially in the lighter coloured varie-
ties: fome are quite pale, others of a deep orange-brown.
The young of this ſpecies are frequently hirſute, or
covered with ſhort hairs; in which ftate it has been con-
founded and deſcribed for Helix hiſpida; and we ſuſpect
:
is the H. tomentoſus of Mr. ADAMS, Linnæan Tranſa&ti-
ons, vol. 111. p. 254. and of TURTONS LINNÆUS, iv.
p. 525
It is, however, readily diſtinguiſhed in that ſtate from
the hiſpida, by its more compreſſed ſhape, in being more
opaque, and by the umbilicus, which is much larger:
the hairs too, are ſhorter, and ſeldom ſpread all over the
ſhell. This hiſpid appearance wears off before they are
half grown. The animal of this is duſky, that of the
other light coloured; both have four tentacula, and
eyes placed at the tips of the longeſt.
It

422
It is a common ſpecies in moſt parts of England, in
moiſt woods, and ſhady places.
32.
CANTIANA.
H. with a ſub-pellucid ſhell, with much the habit of
the preceding; it has the ſame number of volutions, is
equally compreſſed, but of a much fuperior fize, and
has not the fub-carinated edge, though a faint white
band is frequently to be traced on that part: the colour
too is lighter, with a blueiſh, or lead-coloured tinge, on
the ſuperior volutions, produced by the dark colour of
the animal; the baſe and round the mouth rufous. The
aperture is like that ſhell, but the umbilicus is leſs in
proportion. Diameter at the baſe above three-quarters
of an inch; height half an inch.
This is probably the ſhell Doctor LISTER mentions as
a variety of the H. rufeſcens, which he ſpeaks of as being
found in Kent, and ſays it is larger, lighter coloured,
and with a ſmaller umbilicus. There is no doubt, how-
ever, of its being a diſtinct ſpecies, and very local, hav-
ing never obtained it from any part but Kent, where it
is found chiefly upon the chalky foil.
We have received it from our much eſteemed friend
Mr. Boys of Sandwich, by the name rufeſcens cantiana,
by which, we have been informed, it was known in the
Portland cabinet.
Helix

423
33.
Helix hiſpida. Lin. Syft. p. 1244.---Gmel. Syſt. p.3625. 42. HISPIDA.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 122. f. 1057. 1058.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 73. No. 268.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 13. 14.
Morton Northamp. p. 416?
Da Coſta. p. 58. t. 5. f. 10.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 186. t. 2. f. 21.
H. with a ſub-globoſe, thin, fragile, diaphanous fhell,
with five rounded volutions of a very light horn-colour,
covered with fine, thick-ſet, ſhort, downy, whitiſh hairs;
aperture lunated; lip thin, not reflected, except at the
angle cloſe to the umbilicus, where it turns back, and
partly ſurrounds the perforation : baſe rounded : umbi-
licus very ſmall, and round.
This ſpecies ſeldom much exceeds a quarter of an inch
in breadth, and ſomething leſs in height; is ſo remark-
ably light, and fo covered with hairs, that when let fall
upon a hard body is ſcarce heard.
It appears to be a very local ſhell, having found it
only about Tremough houſe, near Penryn in Cornwall,
where it is tolerably plentiful: and ſparingly in Devon-
Mire and Wiltſhire. Da Costa ſpeaks of it from the
laſt mentioned county, as well as from Hampſhire and
Lincolnſhire.
Doctor Pulteney fays, it is common in Dorſetſhire
in woods, among moſs, and in wet and ſhady places.
We

424
We are inclined to believe the Doctor, as well as others,
have confounded this with the young of the H. rufeſcens,
which is frequently hirfute, and not uncommonly placed
in cabinets for this ſpecies; but we before remarked in
the deſcription of that ſhell, that the ſhape and um-
bilicus are very different. This, too, is never of that
rufous colour, which DA COSTA has unfortunately given
to his ſhell; his deſcription, however, in every other re-
ſpect is very good.
34.
Fusca.
H. with a thin, pellucid, rufous horn-coloured ſhell,
Tab. 13. f. 1. with five or fix volutions, almoſt ſmooth, or very faintly
wrinkled longitudinally: aperture lunated, lip thin, not
reflected, except a little at the lower angle; at which
part is a ſmall depreſſion, but no umbilicus.
This has much the habit of H. rufeſcens, but is more
pellucid, not ſo much wrinkled, and is at once diſtin-
guiſhed by not having any umbilicus.
We were favoured with this ſpecies from Mr. Boys
of Sandwich, who informed us, it was known about Lon-
don by the name prefixed. It ſeems, however, to be a
rare ſpecies, very little known, and not deſcribed by
any one.
It rarely exceeds three-eighths of an inch in diameter
at the baſe, and is not a quarter of an inch in height.
Wc

425
We once found it in a wood in Devonſhire; this was
fo uncommonly thin (though not of an inferior fize) that
as the animal dried, the ſhell contracted with it into de-
preſſions.
35.
Helix lucida. Pult. Cat. Dorſet, p. 47.-Gualt. t. 2. G. LUCIDA,
Helix nitens. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3633. 66.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 516.
Chem. Conch. t. 127. f. 1130, 1131.
Helix pellucida. Br. Zool. No. 134 ?
Helix nitida. Muller Verm. p. 32. No. 234.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 14.
Schroeter Fluſconch. t. 5. f. 32. 33.
H. with a ſmooth, gloſly, thin, pellucid, horn-co-
loured ſhell, with five, and ſometimes fix volutions, the
lower one rounded, the reſt almoft flat and depreſſed,
or very little raiſed above the body whirl: the baſe is of
a lighter colour, more opaque, and has frequently a faint
tinge of green: umbilicus large and deep: aperture lu-
nated, margin thin, and not the leaſt reflected. Diame-
ter at the baſe uſually three-eighths of an inch, fome-
times half an inch; height not above two-tenths.
found in many
This is not an uncommon fpecies, is found in
parts of England, in moiſt woods, as well as in dry
banks.
We have found a ſhell inhabiting wet places, and onee
alive under water, ſo much like this, that we dare not
Iii
give

426
give it a diſtinct place, though we are much inclined to
believe it a different ſpecies. It is more pellucid, the
apex more produced, and never has that opaque green-
iſh colour at the baſe: that found under water (which
we take to be SCHROETER's fig. 32) was of a light,
tranſparent horn-colour. Others, taken in wet drains
and ditches about Newbury in Berkſhire, are of a rufous
horn-colour, (which is probably SCHROETER's fig. 33):
the animal is black, and when alive, gives the ſhell a
deep chocolate-brown colour. This laſt we have alſo
found on a ſwamp, in a wood belonging to Lord Clif-
FORD in Devonſhire, rather lighter in colour.
We are aware that the colour of ſhells is fome-
what affected by the ſoil, at leaſt ſuch as live in moiſt or
watery places: thoſe found at Newbury are doubtleſs of
a darker colour, from partaking of the ſoil, which is
peat.
This laſt never exceeds a quarter of an inch in
breadth. That found under water, was crawling upon
brooklime, and was conſiderably larger: it was in a
water-courſe, or drain to a ſwamp, near Penzance in
Cornwall. Theſe, however, appear from their ſhape
to be the ſame, but whether they are really diſtinct from
the lucida, or only varieties, the obſervations of future
conchologiſts muſt determine. We do not recollect,
whether the animal of that we found under water, was
of the true aquatic kind, or whether it poſſeſſed four re-
tractile

427
tractile tentacula, and had by accident fallen into that
element; but we never before or fince, found one fo large,
ſo extremely thin and pellucid, or of ſo light a colour.
The animal of this is duſky above; tentacula four, of
the ſame colour, cylindric, a little clavate at the end,
the longeſt furniſhed with eyes at their tips.
.
36,
Trochus terreftris, Lifteri. Da Coſta p. 35.
TROCHIFORMIS.
Liſter Angl. p. 123.
Tab. 11. f. 9.
Phil. Trans. No. 105. f. 9?
Helix Trochulus. Muller Verm. p. 79. No. 276.
H. with a thin, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, fome-
times inclining to rufous; with fix rounded volutions,
nearly ſmooth, and gloffy, ſtrongly divided by the ſepa-
rating line: apex conſiderably produced: baſe a little
rounded: aperture fub-lunated, tranſverſely compreſſed ;
lip attenuated, in old ſhells a little reflected at the lower
angle, forming a ſub-umbilicus, ſcarce diſtinguiſhable in
young ſpecimens, though moſt times a little concave in
the centre of the baſe. Length about one-eighth of an
inch; breadth nearly the fame.
This ſpecies has much the habit of a Trochus, but the
lunated mouth forbids its being placed in that genus.
It is a rare ſhell; we firſt obſerved dead ſpecimens a-
amongſt the drifted ſand in the river Avon in Wiltſhire;
and afterwards found it fparingly, alive, in Lackhan
wood, in the ſame county; and alſo in a wood cloſe to
Lord CLIFFORD's houſe in Devonſhire.
Iii 2
It

428
It ſeems partial to moiſt ſituations, and is generally
found on decayed wood, or timber that has lain ſome
time on the ground.
Mr. SWAINSON has this ſhell in his cabinet; and, we
believe, ſaid he found it in Kent.
Animal light coloured, paler beneath; tentacula four,
the ſuperior ones not very long, furniſhed with eyes at
their tips.
37.
LACUNA. H. with a thin, pellucid, fub-globofe ſhell, of a light
Tab. 13. f. 6. horn-colour, with four tumid, ſmooth ſpires, the firſt
large, the two uppermoſt very ſmall, and placed ſome-
what lateral: aperture large, ſub-oval; outer lip ex-
tremely thin, membranaceous; pillar lip thick, white,
grooved with a long canal or gutter, which terminates
in a ſmall, but deep umbilicus. Length a quarter of an
inch; breadth nearly the ſame.
The form of the pillar lip, and the lateral ſituation
of the ſmaller volutions, give this ſhell much the ha-
bit of a Nerita ; but the ſhape of the mouth makes it a
Helix. It muſt not therefore be confounded with the
Nerita pallidula, whoſe pillar lip is fome what of the fame
form, but much broader; the ſmaller volutions more la-
teral, and more compreſſed: the body, and mouth too,
are vaſtly larger.
We

429
We never found this ſpecies any where but on the
coaſt of Devonſhire ſparingly, and on the ſhore near
Southampton, where it is plentiful about high water-
mark, but moſt frequently dead fhells; fome of which
have the epidermis worn off, and in that ſtate are white.
Have received ſmall ſpecimens from Folkfone in Kent.
A variety is rarely found with two rufous-brown
bands.
38.
Helix fpinuloſa. Phil. Trans. LXXVI. t. 2. f. 1. to 5. SPINULOSA.
(Lightfoot.)
Tab. 11. f. 10.
Helix aculeata. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3638.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 81. No. 279,
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1209.
Morton Northamp. p. 415?
Helix nucleata. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 520,
H. with a ſub-pellucid, thin, brown, horn-coloured
ſhell, with five rounded volutions, well defined by the
ſeparating line, furniſhed with regular, membranaceous
ftriæ, that riſe into fine hair-like fpines, particularly
round the middle of each volution: apex confidera-
bly produced ; aperture femi-lunated: baſe perforated.
Length one tenth of an inch; breadth nearly the fame.
The ftriæ of this ſpecies ſeem to be formed by the epi-
dermis, which riſes in ſome parts into thin, flat, briſtly
proceſſes,

430
proceſſes, that give it a ſpinous appearance: neither
theſe, nor the ſtriæ, are teſtaceous, but flexible, and
eaſily rubbed off. It does not appear to be a plentiful
fpecies: we have found it in the woods at Lackham in
Wiltſhire, and about Kingsbridge in Devonſhire; and
have received it from Sandwich in Kent. This is proba-
bly the ſhell deſcribed by Mr. MORTON, to be found in
Morſley wood, in Northamptonſhire, but is extremely
rare ; he ſays, it had five wreaths, and that the live ſhell
is a little briſtly.
LIGHTFOOT, who has given a good figure of this
ſhell, in the Philofophical Tranſactions for 1786, ſays,
it was found near Bullſtrode, at the foot of pales, upon
old bricks and ſtones, after rainy weather, in June and
July
It was called by Doctor SOLANDER Helix dele&tabilis.
Animal light coloured, paler beneath : tentacula four,
the ſuperior ones long in proportion to the animal, ſub-
clavate, furniſhed with eyes at their tips.
39.
CAPERATA
Tab. 11. f.11.
Helix nævia. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3623. 245 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 510 ?-Gualt. t. 2. N?
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1207 ?
Schroeter Fluſconch. t. 5. f. 35.
H. with a ſub-pellucid, and ſomewhat compreſſed
fhell, faſciated with purpliſh-brown and white: volutions
fix

431
fix, furniſhed with ſtrong, regular, cloſe-ſet, longitu-
dinal ftriæ: on the upper part of the body whirl is uſu-
ally a brown belt, which continues up the lower part of
the ſuperior volutions: at the baſe of the ſhell are gene-
rally ſeveral ſmall circular bands; theſe are frequently
interrupted or broken, and appear ſpotted. Sometimes
the brown faſciæ run into each other, and are elegantly
ſpotted with white : aperture lunated; lip thin, not re-
flected: umbilicus moderately large and deep. Diame-
ter at the baſe commonly three-eighths of an inch, rarely
half an inch; height about a quarter.
This ſpecies is ſubject to great variety in markings ;
ſome are dark-brown with a ſingle white belt on the body,
and minutely fpotted with white: others are cinereous-
brown, or grey; but in moſt, ſome faint appearance of
faſcice are to be traced, and moſt commonly the white
band round the middle of the body volution: the apex
is of a dark colour. In ſhape it is a medium between
the Helix virgata and radiata; is not ſo produced as
the former, nor fo flat as the latter; in the bands, or
faſciæ at the baſe, it ſomewhat reſembles the firſt, and
in being ſtrongly ftriated, is like the laſt.
The umbilicus is much leſs than in the radiata, al
though the ſhell is much ſuperior in ſize.
It is a local ſpecies, and ſeems to affect dry ſituations.
We

432
We have found it ſparingly in Wiltſhire, and not un-
commonly upon ſome of the hills in the ſouth of Devon-
Shire, eſpecially about Stanborough and Woolcomb, a.
mongſt the ſhort ſtunted herbage of the barren paſture
land. It is alſo rarely met with in Cornwall; but the
fineſt and largeſt are found in the barrack-yard of
George's-Square, at Plymouth Dock, againſt the wall
facing the ſouth; fo hot a ſituation in ſummer, that
ſcarce any other ſpecies is ever found.
We have alſo received it from Kent, of a light cine-
reous colour, with ſo little appearance of bands or fafciæ,
that it might readily have been miſtaken for a diſtinct
fpecies, was it not for the ſtrong, regular ftriæ, which,
amongſt the Britiſh Helices, ſeems to be confined to this
and the radiata, Mr. Boy's favoured us with this ſhell,
by the name of Apex-niger, by which it was known to
Doctor SOLANDER, and placed as ſuch in the Portland.
cabinet.
40.
RADIATA.
Helix radiata. Da Coſta. p. 57. t. 4. f. 15. 16.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Liſter Conch. t. 1058. f. 11.
Gualt. t. 3. Q.--Petiv. Guz. t. 31. f. 5.
Morton Northamp. p. 416.
Helix rotundata. Mull. Verm. ii. p. 29. No. 231.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 199. t. 2. f. 25.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3633.
H. with

433
H. with a compreſſed, fub-carinated fhell, of a light-
brown colour, prettily rayed with cheſnut: volutions fix,
not much raiſed, but well defined by the ſeparating line,
and ſtrongly marked with cloſe-fet, regular, longitudi-
nal ftriæ, from the apex acroſs the volutions: aperture
lunated : umbilicus extremely large for the fize of the
fhell, the turn of the ſpires viſible to the end. Diame-
ter a quarter of an inch.
This ſpecies is not uncommon in many parts of Eng-
land, on old walls, and dry banks; and not unfrequent
in woods, or under ſtones, or timber that has lain for
fome time.
We have found it in many parts of moſt the ſouthern
counties. It is ſubject to ſome variety; fome are of a
pale horn colour, with ſcarce any
any viſible rays; dead
ſhells become whitiſh and opaque, with faint brown rays;
but in all ſtates, it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its compreſſed
ſhape, deep and large umbilicus, and regular, deep-
cut ftriæ.
Not radiata of GMELIN, nor ſtriatula, which Doctor
PULTENEY has quoted with doubt; but we ſuſpect the
rotundata.
Animal light-cinereous; tentacula four, fuperior ones
filiform, ſub-clavate, furniſhed with eyes at their tips.
Kkk
H. with

4.1.
UMBILICATA H. with a fub-pellucid, dark, horn.coloured fhell,
Tab. 13. f. 2. inclining to chocolate : volutions five, much rounded,
divided by a deep ſeparating line, and finely ftriated
acroſs the whirls: apex moderately produced: aperture
lunated; lip attenuated, not reflected; umbilicus ex-
tremely large and deep for the ſize of the ſhell, the ſpires
viſible to the end. Diameter at the baſe one tenth of
an inch; height not quite ſo much.
This ſpecies has much the habit of the preceding, and
might readily be confounded for the young of it, was it
not always of a uniform dark colour: upon nice inſpec-
tion too, it will be found to be not fo flat, the volutions
much more raiſed, and ſtrongly divided, and the ſtriæ
leſs conſpicuous.
We firſt diſcovered this ſhell on looſe built walls, that
encloſe the fields about Tenby in Caermarthenſhire, in vaft
profufion, lurking under the upper ftones; and at firſt
fight took them to be the young of the H. radiata, but
by the aſſiſtance of a lens was foon convinced to the con-
trary; beſides, not a ſingle radiata was to be found in
that neighbourhood. They ſeem to be confined to the
north fide of that town, and were not to be met with
elſe-where: nor were we able to diſcover it in any other
part of England, till about ten years after; when we
found it in conſiderable abundance under looſe ſtones,
on the ſummit of the hill, in Portland iſland, and on the
top

435
top of Corf Caſtle, in Dorſetſhire: and under the tiles
of Laycock Abby, and Lackham Houſe, in Wiltſhire.
It is proper to remark, that the young radiata is quite
flat when of the fize of this ſhell, has only three or four
volutions, but is ſtrongly ftriated, and ſub-carinated.
In this the ftriæ are at all times ſcarcely diſcerned by
the help of a glaſs, and the apex is conſiderably produ-
ced, even in their moſt minute ſtate, when not ſo large
as a ſmall pin's head; and the lower volution rounded,
without the leaſt appearance of a carinated edge.
It is remarkable, that this ſhell always affects ſuch lofty
places as on the tops of houſes, without one being found
near the baſe; and in that ſituation its inhabitant braves
equally the ſcorching beams of the fun in ſummer, and
the frigid winds of winter, without attempting to defcend.
Animal duſky-black, with four tentacula of the fame
colour ; ſuperior ones not very long, furniſhed with eyes
at their tips : fuftentaculum ſhorter than the ſhell.
42.
Helix lapicida. Lin. Syft. p. 1241.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3613. 2. LAPICIDA.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 126. f. 1107.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 40. No. 240.
.
Liſter Conch. t.69.f.68-Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 14.
Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 121.-Gualt. t. 3. N?
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 46
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 39. f. 2.
Kkk 2
Helix

436
Helix lapicida. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 502.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 191. t. 2. f. 23.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 92. f. 11.
Helix acuta. Da Coſta. p. 55. t. 4. f. 9.
H. with a ſub-pellucid, compreffed, brown ſhell, va-
riegated with darker ſhades: volutions five, almoſt flat,
or very little raiſed; and the ſhell is nearly equally con-
vex above, and below; the lower volution ſtrongly cari-
nated, or brought to a ſharp edge, which continues fpi-
rally throughout the ſuperior volutions, and marks their
ſeparation by a fine thread-like ridge: it is ftriated, or
rather wrinkled, acroſs the whirls, and the whole ſhell
is minutely and elegantly ſhagreened: baſe furniſhed
with a wide, and deep umbilicus: aperture ſub oval,
ſub-lunated, margin ſharp, white; outer lip reflexed;
inner lip ſpreading on the body. Breadth three-quar-
ters of an inch ; height about three-eighths.
This ſpecies is found in many parts of the kingdom in
ſhady woods, as well as in rocky expoſed fituations,
ſuch as the top of the hill in Portland iſland; where it
is not uncommon. Sometimes in hedges, and ditch-
banks, or on old walls, but is not a very plentiful ſhell
any where; though it has been found in moft of the
ſouthern counties,
We believe does not extend into Cornwall, or Devon-
Shire; at leaſt we never could find it in thoſe parts.
Animal

437
Animal rufous-brown along the back, the ſides dulky;
a ſtreak of the ſame at the baſe of each of the longeſt
tentacula; theſe are furniſhed with eyes at their tips.
43.
Helix Ericetorum. Gmel. Syft. p. 3632.--Gualt. t. 3. P. ERICETORUM.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 132. f. 1193. a. b.
Liſter Conch. t. 78. f. 78.
Id Angl. t. 2. f. 13.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 516.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 33. No. 236.
Helix Erica. Da Coſta. p. 53. t. 4. f. 8.
Helix albella. Br. Zool. t. 35. f. 122.
Turt. Lin. iv.
P.
503.
Helix Itala. Lin. Syft. p. 1245.?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3636 ?
H. with a fub-pellucid, compreſſed ſhell; volutions
fix; the firſt remarkably rounded, the ſuperior ones
ſcarce elevated above the body whirl, wrinkled acroſs
the ſpires: colour white, ſometimes with a yellowiſh
tinge; on the upper part of the larger whirl is a brown
band, which continues ſpirally at the bottom of each of
the ſmaller volutions, and marks their diviſion; at the
baſe of the ſhell are frequently other ſmall circular bands,
from one to five in number: umbilicus remarkably large
and deep, expoſing nearly half the breadth of the ſmal-
ler volutions : aperture ſub-orbicular, fub-lunated; mar-
gin thin, a trifle reflected. Breadth three quarters of an
inch;

438
inch; height little more than a quarter. Some va-
riety is obſerved in this ſpecies, with reſpect to the
ground colour, as well as that of the fafciæ; the former
is from a pure white to a pale yellowiſh-brown, eſpeci-
ally on the under part; and the bands vary from a pale
to a deep purpliſh-brown: but it is not unuſually found
without any bands, and when dead and bleached is
pure white.
This is not an uncommon ſhell upon dry, fandy heaths,
and barren land, in many parts of England; but we
never met with it ſo plentiful as upon the ſandy decli-
vity of the hill above Whitſand bay, at the extremity of
the peninſula of Cornwall; where, together with Helix
virgata, and Turbo faſciatus, the ground is perfectly
covered.
It has ſomewhat the habit of the former of theſe laſt-
mentioned fhells; but is at once diſtingniſhed, -by its
compreſſed ſhape, and capacious umbilicus, in which it
exceeds every other of the larger Britiſh fpecies.
44.
SUBCARINATA.
Tab. 7. f. 9.
Helix, Walk. Min. Shells. f. 22 ?
H. with a ſub-pellucid, white ſhell: volutions three;
the lower one large, the others ſmall, a little produced,
and placed ſomewhat lateral: round the baſe of the body
wreath are two fine ridges; and on the upper part
another, which continues round the middle of the ſecond
volution,

439
volution, and is loſt in the future, or diviſion, towards
the apex; between the ridges, the ſhell is finely ftriated
acroſs the ſpires; from the lower ridge, at the baſe, com-
mences a depreſſion, or ſemi-circular channel, which
finks into a deep and large umbilicus: aperture oval;
outer lip projecting conſiderably; inner lip reflected,
and ſpreading into a ſharp angle, elevated on the body
whirl. The mouth, as well as the whole ſhell, is thick
and ſtrong for its fize. Diameter at the baſe one tenth
of an inch; height rather more than half as much,
This fingular, and curious fpecies, has much the ha-
bit of a Nerita, but the form of the aperture gives it a
a place amongſt the Helices.
We have found it ſparingly amongſt fine ſand from
Salcomb bay, Bigberry bay, and Milton ſands, on the
ſouth coaſt of Devon: and have received it from Dover
in Kent, of a very inferior fize, found on that coaſt by
Mr. LYONS.
45.
H. with a depreffed, ſub-pellucid ſhell, of a light-DEPRESSA.
brown colour: volutions three or four; the ſuperior Tab. 13. f. 5.
ones ſcarce elevated above the body, but well defined
by the ſeparating line, and ſlightly wrinkled: apex very
conſpicuous, but very little raiſed, or produced; lower
volution perfetly round or cylindric, ſo as to form a
large umbilicus, in which the others are diftinâly ſeen:
aperture

440
aperture round, nearly even, lateral, and not claſping
the body, but ſpreading a little on that part.
We found this ſpecies ſparingly in fand from Whitſand
bay, and Falmouth in Cornwall; and at Burrow iſland
in Devonſhire. Diameter ſcarce one line.
This is by far the moſt compreſſed of any Britiſh ma-
rine ſhells, and bears ſome reſemblance to Helix criſtata,
but is much ſmaller, ſtronger, more opaque, and the
apex rather more prominent.
46.
PALUDOSA,
Helix paludoſa. Da Coſta p. 59.
Walk. Min, Shells. f. 23.
Morton Northamp. p. 417.
H. with a fmooth, ſub-pellucid, white ſhell, with four
rounded volutions, well defined by the ſeparating line ;
the fuperior ones very little produced from the body
whirl, ſo that when viewed fideways the apex appears
but little elevated: baſe largely umbilicated, ſhewing
the turns of the ſmaller volutions : aperture round, mar-
gin thick, opaque white, reflected, not quite meeting on
the body. Diameter one tenth of an inch.
Da Costa has given this fpecies from Mr. MORTON,
who found it plentiful in boggy places in Northampton-
shire.

441
It is not an uncommon ſhell in many parts of Eng-
land, but from its ſmallneſs has eſcaped general notice.
Mr. WALKER ſpeaks of its inhabiting marſhy ground,
and not unfrequent about Faverſham. We have received
it from Mr. Boys of Sandwich. It is moſt commonly
found in rivers and ſtreams of water, after floods, a-
mongſt the ſand, and other refuſe, brought down by the
current; having been ſwept from the neighbouring wet
and ſwampy fituations. Is very plentifully found after
a flood, on the banks of the river Avon, in North Wilt-
Shire, about Lackham; and not uncommon amongſt
the drifted ſand of the Kennet, at Newbury in Berkſhire.
Sometimes met with in dry fituations, on ditch-banks
and old walls.
47.
Turbo helicinus. Phil. Trans. LXXVI. t. 3. f. 1. to 4. CRENELLA.
(Lightfoot.)
Tab. 13. f.3,
H. in every reſpect like the laſt, except that it is ſtri-
ated acroſs the volutions in a ſtrong and regular manner,
and is frequently covered with a light-brown epidermis.
We received this ſhell from our eftimable friend Mr.
Boys, by the name prefixed; he conſidered it as diſtinct
from the H. paludoſa, and ſaid it inhabited moſſy walls,
and banks, where that ſhell was not to be found. We
cannot, however, help expreſſing fome doubts with re-
fpect to its being really diftinet, with every ſubmiſſion
L11
to

442
to ſuch authority: but as we have frequently found it
with the paludofa, and often times ſo little ftriated as
fcarce to be ſeparated, think it but right to prepare
others for ſo nice a diſcrimination.
Mr. LIGHTFOOT has given a very good figure of this
ſhell in the Philoſophical Tranſactions for 1786, confi-
dering it a nondefcript fpecies. Whether he was ac-
quainted with the H. paludoſa of DA COSTA, which
is figured in WALKER'S minuta rariora is uncertain;
but probably not, or he would have mentioned the great
fimilitude between theſe. He particularly ſays, the vo-
lutions are tranſverſely ſurrounded with numerous ſharp-
edged membranaceous rings, which are very fragile
and deciduous.
If it is really diſtinct from the H. paludoſa, we fear no
permanent, fpecific character of diſtinction, will ever be
fixed; for every gradation is to be ſeen, from the ſtrong-
eft ftriated, to thoſe deftitute of any ſuch mark: both
are equally pellucid white, when divefted of their brown
epidermis, in a living or recent ſtate ; and opaque in
old dead ſhells.
In ſome the ridges or ftriæ are much elevated, and
moſtly membranaceous, but in ſuch ſtrong marked fpe-
cimens the baſe of theſe ftriæ are permanent or teſtace-
ous, not to be deſtroyed by rubbing off the epidermis;
whereas, in others that appear ftriated when freſh, are
wholly

443
wholly diveſted of ſuch appearance, by depriving them
of the epidermis.
According to Mr. Lightroot, it has been found near
Bullfrode, upon bare ſtones in moiſt weather.
This ſhell was named Turbo Crenellus by Doctor SOLAN-
DER, as we have been informed by Mr. Boys, who fa-
voured us with a liſt of names given by that gentleman to
many
of the minute, and other ſhells, which he had ſent
to the Ducheſs Dowager of Portland at Bullfrode, for
inſpection, previous to the publication of the Teſtacea
minuta rariora. From this circumſtance it is evident,
Mr. WALKER was acquainted with this ſhell, before it
was given to the public by Mr. LIGHTFOOT, but for
what reaſon it was omitted in the Minute Shells does not
appear, unleſs it was then conſidered as an accidental
variety of the paludoſa.
48.
Helix utrinque umbilicata apertura rotunda unici anfractus. UNISPIRALIS.
Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 27.
The fingle ſpired, umbilicated, round mouth'd ſnail.
The colour white, opaque, and gloffy.
From Sandwich; not common,
L11 2
Helix

444
49.
RESUPINATA,
Helix apertura ampla ovali anfractibus apicis refupinatis.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 24.
The ſnail with a large, oval mouth, and the ſpires of
the tip turned backwards.
The colour of horn, ſemi-pellucid and gloſſy.
From Sandwich : very rare.
50.
GLOBOSA.
Helix globoſa duobus anfractibus lævis apertura fubrotunda.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 25.
The ſmooth, round ſnail, with two ſpires and a round-
iſh mouth.
The colour white, opaque, and glofly.
From Sandwich: not common.
51.
RETICULATA.
Helix reticulata. Turt. Lin. iv. p.525.-Ad. Micr. t.14. f.12.
Helix unici anfractus fub-umbilicata apertura rotunda mar-
ginata eleganter reticulata. Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 26.
The round mouth'd, reticulated, ſingle ſpired, ilightly
fub-umbilicated ſnail.
The colour white and pellucid.
From Reculver : extremely rare.
Helix

445
52.
Helix ſtriata. Turt. Lin. iv. p.532.--Adams Micr. t. 14 f.13. STRIATA.
Helix ftriata apertura fub-ovali anfractibus fupradorſalibus,
Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 29.
The oval mouth'd, ſtriated ſnail, with three ſpires re-
flected on the back.
The colour greeniſh-white, pellucid.
From Sandwich : very rare.
53.
Helix anfra&tibus duobus apertura fub-rotunda ad umbilicum COARCTATA.
coarctata. Walk. Min, Shells. f. 30.
The ſnail with two ſpires, and a roundiſh aperture
contracted near the umbilicus.
The colour white and pellucid.
From Sandwich: not common.
Mr. Boys favoured us with this ſhell, with a reference
to WALKER's figure: from the appearance we have little
doubt, but it is the fry of ſome ſpecies of land Helix.
The preceding fix ſhells, which we have been obliged
to copy from the Teſtacea minuta rariora, (never hav-
ing come under our examination, the laſt excepted) are
repreſented to be very minute.
Helix

446
54.
TUBULATA.
Helix tribus anfractibus longitudinaliter ftriatis. Lin. Trans.
iii. p. 67. (Adams.)
Obs. Singularis hac in ſpecie eſt conſtrutio, nam teſta,
umbilici loco, tubo marginato qui extra teft æe ſuperficiem
extenditur, inftru&ta eft. Fig. 35. 36.
Shell with three longitudinally ftriate whorls, and a
margined tube at the baſe, in the place of an umbilicus,
extending beyond the ſurface of the ſhell. Turt. Lin.
iv. p. 525
55.
VARIEGATA.
Helix tefta lævi quatuor anfractibus, primo ventricofiore,
lineis rubris notatis. Lin Trans. iii. p. 67. (Adams.)
Obs. Baſ imperforata. Tefta fub-pellucida, aperturæ
margine patentiffima.
Shell imperforate, ſub-pellucid, ſmooth, with red
lines: whorls four, the firſt more ventricoſe: margin of
the aperture very much ſpread. Turt. Lin. iv. p.531.
56.
FASCIATA.
Helix teſta lævi tribus anfractibus, primo ventricofiore, ſub-
umbilicatâ, aperturâ ampliatâ. Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 20.
21. (Adams.)
Obs. This delicate fpecies is pellucid white; firſt ſpire
marked with three tranſverſe belts of a rich marone co-
lour, the middle one broad, the lateral ones narrow.
Shell

447
Shell ſub-umbilicated, ſmooth, with three whorls; the
firft more ventricoſe: aperture dilated. Turt. Lin. iv.
p. 525.
57.
Helix teftâ duobus anfractibus, fubtiliffimè tranfversè ftriatâ. NITIDISSIMA
Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 22. 23. 24. (Adams.)
Obs. Corneous, pellucid, umbilicated; eaſily diſtin
guiſhed by the uncommon brilliancy of its gloffineſs.
Shell umbilicate, with two whorls very finely ſtriate
tranſverſely. Turt. Lin. iv. p.525
58.
Helix teftâ lævi duobus anfractibus, vix umbilicatâ. Lin. BICOLOR.
Trans. v. t. 1. f. 25. 26. 27.
Obs. This ſpecies differs from the preceding, to which
it is nearly allied in other reſpects, in being perfectly
ſmooth, devoid entirely of any gloſſineſs, and in having
the inſide of the ſhell white.
Shell ſlightly umbilicate, ſmooth, with two whorls.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 525.
The preceding five fpecies we have been obliged to
copy from the deſcriptions of minute ſhells given in the
Linnæan Tranſaktions by Mr. Adams; found on the
coaſt of Pembrokeſhire.
We

448
We ſhall however take this opportunity to remark,
that great attention is requiſite in the inveſtigation of
theſe microſcopic ſpecies, which we fear have already
been unneceſſarily multiplied, ariſing from the difficulty
of deſcribing and delineating fuch ſmall objects under a
microſcope. Thoſe who have been in the habits of
ftudying the diminutive works of nature in this way, are
aware of the difficulty. Much caution is alfo requiſite in
admitting thoſe minute ſpecies of ſhells, with only two
or three volutions as diſtinct, unleſs they poſſeſs ſome
character which ſtrongly marks them as ſuch, as many
are probably the fry or young of others. Upon this
principle we have rejected many which have come under
our inſpection, rather than puzzle ſcience with uncer-
tainty.
***DEPRESSED, APEX COMPRESSED.
59.
CORNEA.
Helix cornea. Lin. Syſt. p. 1243.--Gmel. Syft. p. 3623. 35.
Liſter Conch. t. 137.f.41.-Id. Angl. t.2.f.26.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 127. f. 1113. 1115.
Schroet Flufſconch. t.5.f.19.20:21.-&t.Min.
C. f. 7.-Gualt. t. 4. D. D.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 254. No. 343.
Petiv. Gaz. t.92. f.5.-Br. Zool. t. 83. f.126.
Favan. Zoomorph. t. 75. D. 1. 2. 3.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
Hill. Swammerd. p. 83. t. 10. f. 3.
Helix

449
Helix cornea.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 39. f.).
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 510.
Helix nana.
Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 125. (young.)
Helix Cornu Arietis. Da Coſta. p. 60. t. 4. f. 13.
Helix fimilis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3625 ?
Planorbis fimilis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 166. No. 352?
Schroeter Fluſſconch. p. 245. No. 58.
H. with a depreſſed, fub-pellucid ſhell, of a brown,
or cinereous, ſometimes rufous horn-colour, lighteſt on
the under part: volutions four, rounded, and ſeparated
by a deep ſpiral line: apex much depreſſed, forming a
confiderable cavity: the under part nearly flat, or a little
concave: it is conſiderably wrinkled acroſs the voluti-
ons, and has ſometimes one or two larger, antiquated
ridges: aperture almoſt equi-lateral, ſub-lunated; margin
thin, a little oblique downwards; inner lip a little ſpread
on the body whirl, whitiſh at the angles, and round the
inner margin. Diameter uſually about an inch, rarely
an inch and a quarter.
This, the largeſt fpecies of our depreſſed Helices, is
not uncommon in ſome of our ſlow rivers, and ſtagnant
waters, eſpecially in old water courſes and drains in low
ſwampy ſituations, but is certainly more local than DA
Costa deſcribes it to be; who ſays, it is common in all
ponds, rivers, and lakes throughout England. This cer-
tainly is far from being the caſe; however, it is ſufficient-
ly plentiful in ſome parts, though we have never found
M m m

450
it further weſtward than in Dorfetfhire; where, about
Wareham, it is abundant.
This is one of the ſhells that yield a beautiful ſcarlet
dye, but all attempts hitherto to fix it either by acids or
aftringents have proved ineffectual.
60.
COMPLANATA.
Helix complanata. Lin. Syſt. p.1242.-Gmel. Syft. p.3617.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 506.
Helix Planorbis, Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 123.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 10. f. 11.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 46.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 127. f.1121. 1122.
Lifter Conch. t. 138. f. 42.
Id Angl. t. 2. f. 27.
Favan. t. 61. B. 5.- Gualt. t. 4. E.E.
Hill. Swammerd. p. 84. t.10. f. 5.
Planorbis umbilicatus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 160. No. 346.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 239. t. 5. f. 22.
to 25.-& t. Min. C. f. 4.
Helix linbata. Da Coſta. p. 63. t. 8. f. 8.--t. 4. f. 10.
H. with a depreſſed, ſub-pellucid ſhell, of a light
horn-colour; fometimes rufous, or light cheſnut-brown,
and not unfrequently covered with a dark brown epider-
mis: volutions five, laterally placed upon each other,
gradually decreaſing to the centre, making the ſhell con-
cave at top; theſe are rounded and well defined by
a ſtrong ſeparating line: the under part is alſo a little
concave,

451
concave, and the whole ſhell finely ftriated or wrinkled
acroſs the whirls: round the margin of the baſe is a fine
carinated ridge: aperture oval, ſomewhat angulated,
not even, but ſlanting towards the baſe. Diameter about
five-eighths of an inch.
This ſpecies, which has been generally miſtaken for
the H. Planorbis of LINNÆUS, is common in moſt flat
countries abounding with wet ditches and water-courſes:
is frequent alſo in rivers, and ponds.
Animal duſky, with two long, flender, fetaceous tentacu-
la, of the ſame colour, opaque, and very dark in the mid-
dle, but ſomewhat tranſparent along the ſides : eyes placed
on the head, at the baſe of the tentacula beneath.
61.
Helix Planorbis. Lin. Syſt. p.1242.-Gmel
. Syft. p.3617. CARINATA.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 505.
Planorbis carinatus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 157. No. 344. .
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 126. f. 1102. a. b.
Schroeter Flufconch. p.226. t. 5. f. 13.
14. 15.
H. with a depreſſed, flat, fub-pellucid fhell, of a light
horn-colour, fomewhat gloſſy; volutions four, laterally
placed upon each other; the outer one broad, not much
rounded, but floping gradually to a ſharp carinated
ridge, that ſurrounds the ſhell: the interior volutions
are ſmall, and ſuddenly decreaſe to the centre, where it
finks into a ſmall umbilicus: the baſe is nearly flat, the
inner volution not being funk, but is on a level with the
M m m 2
others :
و

452
Others: the whole ſhell is ſlightly wrinkled acroſs the
whirls : aperture narrow, oval, angulated. Diameter
rather more than half an inch.
This and the preceding ſpecies have been generally
confounded together in cabinets under the title of Pla-
norbis: but they are perfectly diſtinct, though it is dif-
ficult to affix to them their proper ſynonyms. There is
little doubt, however, that this is the H. Planorbis of
GMELIN, and of MULLER, as in the characteriſtic de-
fcription of the laſt author, he ſays "carina marginali
media," and calls the ſhell Planorbis carinatus: and in
his Planorbis umbilicata (which we conſider as the coma
planata of LINNÆUS) he ſays, “carina marginali in-
fera;” which well defines the complanata, or what has
been termed by Britiſh conchologiſts Helix Planorbis,
from a ſuppoſition it was that ſhell of LINNÆUS.
In order, therefore, to prevent confuſion, we have not
given the Linnæan title to this ſpecies, as the name of
Planorbis is ſo well known to Engliſh collectors for a
very different fhell; but have adopted the name given
by MULLER.
The great diſtinction of theſe two ſhells is, that this is
not ſo thick as the complanata, the body whirl is not fo
rounded, but flopes gradually to the carinated ridge,
which is not placed fo low, and is equally conſpicuous
above and beneath; a circumſtance not obſervable in the
other. The baſe, or under fide, in this is more flat, and
fome-

453
ſometimes even inclined to convexity: but a moſt efſen-
tial character is, that the volutions taper mure ſuddenly
to the centre, terminating in a ſmaller, but deeper um-
bilicus. The aperture is alſo more compreſſed, and the
continuation of the carina within the mouth more con-
ſpicuous. This ſhell is not near fo common as the com-
planata, but is ſometimes found in the ſame waters.
We firſt diſcovered it in the river Avon about Lack-
ham in Wiltſhire, but all dead and bleached white; which
ſeems to be the character of this ſhell in that ſtate. We
do not, however, believe they inhabit that river, but
are brought into it in the time of floods; though we
could never find it elſewhere, amongſt the other ſpecies,
which is common in that neighbourhood. We after-
wards found it near Wareham in Dorſetſhire, where it is
not uncommon in the meadows cloſe to that town, in the
iſle of Purbeck, in ditches and water-courſes; in company
with the complanata. Theſe were covered with a duſky-
green epidermis when alive. It is, doubtleſs, found in
other places, as we have ſeen it in ſeveral cabinets of
Engliſh lells, mixed, and confounded with the compla-
nata, under the title of Helix Planorbis.
Animal pale, of a yellowiſh tinge, with two long,
flender, fetaceous tentacula; with the eyes placed at
their baſe, beneath. Differs from the animal of H. con-
planata in the tentacula being ſomewhat longer, and
particularly in their being pellucid yellow, and not
darker in the middle.
Helix

454
62.
VORTEX.
Helix Vortex. Lin. Syft. p. 1243.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3620.
Chem. Conch. ix, t. 127. f. 1127.
Schroeter Flufconch. p. 218. t.5. f.16.17.
Liſter Conch. t. 138. f. 43.
Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 28.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 92. f. 6.
Gualt. t. 4. G. G.
Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 124.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47
Turt. Lin iv.
p.
508.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 75.
Helix Planorbis. Da Coſta. p. 65. t. 4. f. 12.
Planorbis Vortex. Muller Verm. ii. p. 158. No. 345.
H. with a ſub-pellucid, very depreſſed, horn-coloured
fhell: volutions fix or ſeven, placed lateral; the upper
fide concave; baſe or under fide flat, and even, the
whirls being only marked by a very fine line; the exte-
rior volution is ſub-carinated, or brought to an edge at
the lower part: aperture compreſſed, fub-oval, angulated.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch, rarely half an inch.
This is a very common fpecies in rivers, ponds, and
watery ditches, adhering to aquatic plants under water.
It is readily diſtinguiſhed from any other Britiſh ſhell
by the number of volutions, which exceeds any of the
depreffed Helices, and is much more flat in proportion,
to its ſize, the H. Spirorbis excepted, with which it has
been confounded. Its uſual colour is light-horn, but is
ſometimes rufous-brown; and often covered with a
dulky

455
duſky, or greeniſh epidermis when alive: dead ſhells
become white.
Animal duſky, with two long, flender, filiform, ten-
tacula; and two black eyes placed at their baſe.
63.
SPIRORBIS,
Helix Spirorbis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3624. 36.
Planorbis Spirorbis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 161. No. 347.
Schroeter Fluſconch. p. 236. No. 47.
Id. p. 229. t. 5. f. 18.
H. with a depreſſed, fub-pellucid, horn-coloured
ſhell, with fix volutions, placed exactly lateral upon
each other, ſo that both the upper and under fides are
equally flat; the volutions, however, are as much convex
beneath as they are above, and the exterior whirl is nearly
round, and deftitute of any carina : aperture oval, in
fome nearly orbicular. Diameter of the largeſt three-
tenths of an inch.
This ſpecies is not uncommon in the ſame place as the
H. Vortex, with which it has generally been confounded
in Engliſh cabinets.
Muller has very well defined the diſtinction by ſay-
ing, “ Planorbis teſta flaveſcente, utrinque concava, æqua-
li; anfractibus teretibus." This, when compared with
his leading characters of the Vortex, will be found to be
ſtrong

456
ſtrong ſpecific diftinctions. "Planorbis tefla flavofuſca,
Sub-carinata, fupra concava, ſubtus plana."
It is ſomewhat extraordinary that SCHROETER ſhould
have given a figure of this ſhell, and a very exact de-
fcription, with the title of, “Cornu ammonis 6 gyris ro-
tundis circumfcriptum," making a comparative diſtincti-
on between it and the Vortex, and yet had not diſcovered
it to be the Spirorbis, as is evident by his deſcribing
that ſhell in another place.
This ſpecies never grows ſo large as the Vortex, but
both are alike finely ſtriated, or wrinkled, acroſs the vo-
lutions in an oblique direction; and the number of
whirls are equal in ſhells of the ſame fize.
The Spirorbis is never carinated like the Vortex, con-
ſequently the aperture is not angulated at the exterior
margin, as in that ſhell: this too has the volutions raiſed,
and rounded equally on both fides, and a deep ſeparating
line; the other has the volutions on the under fide quite
flat, and the line of ſeparation not ſo deep; beſides
which, this is not quite ſo thin or depreſſed as the Vor-
tex, when compared with that ſhell of the ſame fize.
Theſe diſtinguiſhing characters are invariable, and by
which both ſpecies may be readily known from each other.
This has generally been deſcribed as the more rare,
but we believe it is equally plentiful in England, at leaſt
it

457
it has as frequently occurred to us; ſometimes in the
fame pools with the Vortex, and at other times in
ſeparate places.
64.
Helix contorta. Lin. Syft. p. 1244.
CONTORTA.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3624. 37.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 127. f. 1126.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 92. f. 8.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 511.
Schroeter Fluſſconch. p. 243. t. 5. f. 29.
Don Br. Shells. ill. t. 99.
Planorbis contortus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 162. No. 348,
Helix craffa. Da Coſta p. 66. t. 4. f. 11.
Helix umbilicatus. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 47.
H. with a depreſſed, fub-pellucid, brown, horn-co-
loured ſhell; ſometimes rufous, or cheſnut, and not un-
frequently covered with a dulky epidermis when alive:
dead ſhells become white. It has five or fix volutions
placed lateral; the outer one rounded, not carinated;
theſe all riſe on the upper part almoſt to an edge, being
very cloſe together, with only a very ſmall, but deep
depreſſed line between; in the centre a ſub-umbilicus:
the bafe, or under part, is largely and deeply umbilicated,
fhewing every volution, fpirally deſcending to the bot-
tom in a very elegant manner: aperture arcuated, by
claſping the body whirl. Diameter two-tenths of an
inch, and not quite one tenth thick,
Nnn
DA COSTA

458
DA COSTA, as well as Doctor PULTENEY, has fallen
into an error in quoting the H. complanata of LINNÆUS
for this ſhell: and the laſt author is equally miſtaken, in
conſidering the cheſnut-coloured variety of this ſpecies
to be the H. paludoſa of Da Costa. It is at once dif-
tinguiſhed from any of the Helices with a depreſſed apex,
by its thickneſs in proportion to its fize; and particu-
larly by the fingularly large, and ſpirally formed
umbilicus.
There can be no doubt this is the H. contorta of LIN-
NÆUS; CHEMNITZ has given a very good figure of it for
that ſhell, which GMELIN quotes: MULLER and SCHRO-
ETER have alſo conſidered it as ſuch.
It is rather a local ſpecies; but we have found it not
uncommon in the river Avon, about Lackham in Wilt-
Shire after floods; having been ſwept from the ditches in
the neighbouring meadows, where it is found alive in
abundance.
Is common alſo in the ditches in the iſle of Purbeck
near Wareham, and at Charmouth in Dorſetſhire.
We have alſo received it from Kent.
Animal duſky, with two long and very flender, fili-
form tentacula, with the eyes placed at their baſe.
Helix

459
65.
2 Helix umbilicata quatuor anfractibus apertura fubrotunda. ALBA.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 19.
Helix alba. Gmel. Syft. p.3625.-Turt. Lin. iv. p.511.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 92. f. 7.
Planorbis albus. Muller Verm. iii. p. 164. No.350.
Schroeter Fluſconch. p. 225. t. 5. f. 12.
H. with a ſub-pellucid, light horn-coloured ſhell, co-
vered when alive, with a brown epidermis, that renders
it opaque: volutions four, placed lateral, compreſſed :
the outer one rather inclining to an edge, but is not ca-
rinated: on the upper part, the apex is depreſſed into a
ſub-umbilicus: the baſe more ſtrongly umbilicated: the
whole ſhell, when examined by a common magnifying
glaſs, is obſerved to poſſeſs very fine ftriæ, both tranf-
verſe and longitudinal, in a ſlightly decuſſated manner:
aperture ſub-orbicular, ſub-lunated, claſping the body
whirl; margin thin, oblique.
This ſpecies, which is deſcribed and figured by WAL-
KER, we originally received from Mr. Boys of Sand-
wich for ſuch: and have fince found it of a much ſupe.
rior fize, rather exceeding a quarter of an inch in dia-
meter; which is more than double that which Mr.
WALKER took his figure from.
It is one of the moft common of the compreſſed ſpecies
of Helix; is plentiful in the river Avon about Lackhan
in Wiltſhire, as well as in the fiſh-ponds; and in many
other places in the ſame county, eſpecially at Wedhamb-
ton, in ditches and ponds, of a ſuperior fize.
Nnn 2
We

400
We have alſo found it both in the north and fouth of
Devonſhire; in Dorſetſhire about Wareham; and have
received it from South Wales.
Young ſhells have only three volutions, but are readi-
ly diſtinguiſhed in all ſtates, by their extremely fine ftriæ,
which give them a fort of roughneſs.
Animal of a light colour, with two long, flender, fili-
form tentacula; and two black eyes, placed at their
baſe, on the top of the head.
66.
CRISTATA.
VIG I.
Fig. 7. 8.
Helix cornea quatuor anfractibus apertura rotunda. Walka
Min. Shells. f. 18.
Valvata criſtata. Muller Verm. ii. p. 198.No. 384.
Schroeter Fluſconch.p. 240. t. 5. f. 26. a.b
H. with a ſub-pellucid, light horn-coloured ſhell, with
three, and ſometimes four, depreſſed volutions; the
apex very little funk; baſe, or under part umbilicated,
expofing nearly the whole of the interior whirls: the
volutions are remarkably rounded, or cylindric, and are
îtriated, or ſlightly wrinkled tranſverſely: aperture per-
ſe@ly orbicular, attached to, but not interrupted by,
the body whirl; margin not thinner than the reſt of the
ſhell, and very little oblique. Diameter one tenth of
an inch.
This ſpecies we alſo received originally from Mr.
Boys, for the ſhell given by WALKER, as referred to,
but

461
but have fince found it not uncommon in drifted ſand,
in the river Avon with the laſt, and ſometimes on aquatic
plants; but more plentiful in a ditch near Wedhampton
in Wiltſhire: it may, however, be conſidered as rather
a ſcarce, or at leaſt, a very local ſpecies.
When alive, it is covered with a very thin epidermis,
which removed, the ſhell is a little gloffy: dead ones
become white and ſomewhat opaque. It is at once dif-
tinguiſhed from all others by the cylindric volutions,
and perfectly round mouth; and in a living ſtate, by
poffefſing a corneous operculum, ftriated ſpirally to the
centre, but ſo cloſe as to appear, at firſt fight, like
concentric circles.
The animal too, is different from any we are acquainted
with, except that of Turbo fontinalis, to which it bears
great reſemblance. It is duſky above, light beneath,
with four tentacula, or feelers, two of which are placed
as uſual in other aquatic limaces; theſe are light-colour-
ed, ſetaceous; on the right ſide of the head behind, is
a third ſlender feeler, not quite ſo long as the others,
and cloſe to it, more in the middle of the hind head, is
a creft, or plumoſe appendage, very pellucid, and ex-
quiſitely ſenſible, retracting inſtantaneouſly at the leaſt
motion: eyes two, placed at the baſe of the two antes
rior tentacula: fore part of the body bilobated, making
the head to appear as if iſſuing from a ſheath, when
viewed underneath.
MULLER

462
MULLER, as well as SCHROETER, has deſcribed the
fingular ſtructure of this animal; the former has made
a diſtinct genus of it, under the title of Valvata.
Theſe ſhells are frequently taken up by the larvce of
Phryganeæ to cover their caſes: ſuch is mentioned by
MULLER; we have ſeen thoſe caſes wholly covered with
this, as well as moſt other of the ſmall Helices, laid in
regular order with their apertures all placed one way:
and not unfrequently three or four ſpecies on one caſe.
67.
FONTANA.
Tab. 6. f.6
Helix fontana. Phil.!Trans. LXXVI.t.2.f.1. to 4.( Lightfoot)
H. with a pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell, extremely
flat, but nearly equally convex on both ſides, yet de-
preſſed in the centre; the baſe furniſhed with a ſmall,
perfect umbilicus: volutions four; the outer one is
brought to an edge, but not properly carinated, as it is
formed only by the gradual ſlope of the ſhell on each
fide: it is ſmooth, gloſſy, and almoſt deſtitute of wrin-
kles: aperture contracted, and nearly brought to an
angle externally; the internal angles claſp the body
whirl nearly equal on both fides, taking in half the dia-
meter of the firſt volution: margin very thin, and
much oblique. Breadth not quite two tenths of an inch.
This ſpecies has been confounded with the Nautilus
lacuſtris, to which it bears much reſemblance external-
ly,

463
ly, but is flatter, and not ſo convex on the upper part,
and is at once diſtinguiſhed from that ſhell in not pof-
ſeſſing thoſe lines which mark the concamerations.
It was firſt noticed by Mr. AGNEW, gardiner to the
Dutcheſs Dowager of Portland, and was given in the
Philoſophical Tranſactions of 1786 by Mr. LIGHTFOOT,
who ſtates it to be met with in clear waters in the něigh-
bourhood of Bullfrode in Buckinghamſhire.
We have found it ſparingly in the ditches about Ware-
ham in Dorſethire: and near the village of Wedhampton
in Wiltſhire; but have obſerved it in greater abundance
in a fiſh-pond at Lackham in the fame county, and in
the river contiguous, adhering to aquatic plants ; fre-
quently deep in the water.
It appears to be a local ſpecies, and not very plenti-
ful any where; though we are informed it is not uncom-
mon about Sandwich in Kent; from whence we were
favoured with it by Mr. Boys.
Animal light cheſnut: tentacula two, long, flender,
filiform, lighter coloured than the body; eyes placed on
the upper part of the head at their baſe: head long;
ſuſtentaculum ſhorter than the tentacula.
From the extreme pellucidity of the ſhell, a ſtrong
and regular pulſation is obſervable (by the aſſiſtance of
a com-

464
a common pocket lens) in that part of the animal with
in the ſecond volution; and which is of a reddiſh cheſnut,
When the animal is in motion (which is very ſlow) the
exterior whirl appears almoſt empty.
68.
NAUTILEUS,
Turbo nautileus. Lin. Syft. p. 1241.
Gmel Syft. p. 3612.98.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 123. f. 1077. A. a.
Planorbis imbricatus. Mull. Verm. ii. p. 165. No. 351.
Schroet. Flufconch. p. 238. No. 50.
Helix
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 20. & 21.
Helix carinata. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 510.
Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 10
Helix ſpinoſa. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 525.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 11.--Id. t.
22. f. 39.
H. with a pellucid, light horn-coloured ſhell, much
depreſſed, with three or four volutions ; upper fide flat,
but the whirls well defined by the ſeparating line ; apex
not ſunk below the reſt of the ſhell: under fide largely
umbilicated.
It is furniſhed with diftant, elevated annulations, or
ribs, which ſeem to be partly teſtaceous, and partly
membranaceous, for they are ſtronger, and more perfect,
when the ſhell is covered with a dark brown epidermis;
in which ſtate a dorſal ridge or ſub-carinated edge, of
a mem-

465
a membranaceous nature, is obſerved, which frequent-
ly ſhoots into ſpines of the ſame texture.
This circumſtance is not ſo common, and ſeems to
depend either on age, or on the water it inhabits: in
ſome places it is found only of a light, pellucid horn-
colour; in others always dark-brown. It is ſubject alſo
to ſome variation in the aperture; this, however, is
generally round, not interrupted by the volution;
ſometimes, indeed, it projects, and does not adhere;
others claſp the body whirl a little, and are ſomewhat
compreſſed into a fub-oval. Theſe laft muſt be confi-
dered as mere varieties. It is diſtinguiſhed at once by
the diſtant annulations, though not always conſpicuous
without being conſiderably magnified. Theſe varieties
had induced Mr. WALKER to make them into two dif-
tinct ſpecies.
LINNÆUS, in the tenth edition of his Syſtema Natu-
Tæ, had made it a Nautilus under the title of Criſta, and
afterwards removed it into the Turbo genus. In this re-
ſpect we have deviated from that great naturaliſt, by
making all the depreſſed ſhells Helices, without regard
to the mouth; a character in itſelf extremely vague,
though perhaps it will be very difficult to find a better,
for the diviſion of the two genera ſo nearly connected.
We originally received ſeveral of theſe ſhells from our
friend Mr. Boys, for thoſe of the minuta rariora, who
Ooo
obferved,

466
obſerved, they were not uncommon in the ditches about
Sandwich. We have alſo found it, of a larger ſize than
uſual, in a pond at Wedhampton in Wiltſhire, with the
Helix alba. Diameter one eighth of an inch.
In a pond at Knowle, near Kingsbridge in Devonſhire,
it is in profufion; theſe are of a light colour, with a
greeniſh tinge, and rarely ſpined; but the ribs are fre-
quently very conſpicuous, eſpecially on the under part:
and in a ditch of running water, which occaſionally flows
from the pond, they are equally abundant, of a dark
colour, and ſtrongly ſpined along the dorſal carina; an
evident proof that this variety is occaſioned by adventi-
tious circumſtances, ſuch as the nature of their food,
and quality of the water they inhabit. It is found on the
under ſide of the leaves of many ſub-aquatic plants, but
feems partial to the creeping Witer-par/nep, Sium nodi-
florum, and Water-creffes, Sifymbrium Naſturtium.
Animal of a pale colour; tentacula two, ſetaceous ;
eyes on the head, fituated at the baſe of the tentacula.
GEN

467
అ0000000ees .
GEN. XXIX.
NERITA
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL univalve, ſpiral, gibbous, flattiſh beneath,
Aperture ſemi-orbicular; lip of the Columella tranſ-,
verſe, flattiſh and truncated.
Nerita littoralis. Lin. Syft. p. 1253.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3677. LITTORALIS,
Br. Zool. t.87.f.143.--Turt. Lin. iv.p.550.
Liſter Conch. t. 607. f. 39. to 42. & f. 44.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 11 12. 13.
Da Coſta. p. 50. t. 3. f. 7.--t. 4. f. 2. 3.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 20. f.2.
Turbo neritoides. Lin. Syſt. p.1232.-Gmel. Syft. p.3588.2.
Chem. Conch. v. t.185. f.1854. No. 1. to 11.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 479.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 44.
N. with a thick, ſtrong ſhell: colour various, com-
monly plain light, or orange-yellow, red, or brown;
ſometimes prettily mottled, or chequered brown, or yel-
low and white, and rarely faſciated: volutions four or,
five, the firſt very large, the others ſmall and placed la-
Ооо 2
teral,

468
teral, ſometimes quite flat; others are ſomewhat produc-
ed, but the ſeparating line is very ſmall, and ſcarce dir-
cernable at the apex : aperture fub-orbicular, fub-lunated,
ſometimes inclining to oval; margin thickened within,
the edge ſharp. It is not fo flat at the pillar lip as uſual
in ſhells of this genus, but ſpreads a little at that part.
Length three-quarters of an inch; breadth not quite
ſo much.
This ſpecies is extremely common on all our ſhores :
is ſubject to great variety, both as to colour and ſhape,
which feems to have occafioned ſome confuſion, as
there is little doubt but the Nerita littoralis and Turbo
neritoides of LINN ÆUS are only varieties of the ſame ſhell.
2.
PALLIDULA.
Nerita pallidulus. Da Coſta. p. 51. t. 4. f. 4. 5.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 16. f. 1.1.
Nerita pallidula. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 548.
N. with a ſub-pellucid, light-brown ſhell, with three
volutions, the firſt extremely large, the others very
ſmall, and placed lateral, ſcarcely produced, but well
defined; is when alive covered with a rough brown epi-
dermis, beneath which the ſhell is nearly ſmooth, or
faintly wrinkled: aperture ſemi-lunated; outer lip thin,
fringed by the epidermis; pillar lip thick, white, con-
cave, and umbilicated; inſide gloffy. Length near half
an inch; breadth three-eighths.
DA COSTA was the firſt writer who deſcribed this
ſpecies,

469
fpecies, and ſays, he received it from Kent, and Dorfita
Dhire, but conſidered it as a rare ſhell. We have found
it at Falmouth in Cornwall, and at Teignmouth, and
Milton fands on the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire.
It is certainly a rare ſpecies, at leaſt thoſe of any fize;
though not unfrequent at the laſt mentioned place,
about the bigneſs of a hempſeed. Dead ſhells become
yellowiſh-white, and ſomewhat opaque; and in old ſpe-
cimens it is obſervable, the pillar lip is leſs concave,
and the umbilicus ſmaller.
This ſhell was firſt ſent to the Dutcheſs of Portland by
Mr. Boys, and was numbered 125 in her grace's cabi-
net of minute ſhells. We have alſo been favoured with
it from the fame quarter, and are aſſured, it is found
alive on the rocks of Dover and Margate.
3.
Nerita glaucina. Lin. Syſt. p 1251.-Gmel. Syſt. p. 3671. 3. GLAUCINA.
Chem. Conch. v. t. 186. f. 1856. 1859.
Liſier Conch. t.568.f.19-Id. Angl. t.3.f.10.
Br. Zool. t.87.. f.141.- Turt. Lin. iv.p.545.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 50
Don. Br. Shells, i. t. 20. f. 1.
Cochlea Catena. Da Coſta. p. 83. t. 5. f. 7.
N. with a ſtrong, ſmooth, glofly ſhell, faintly wrin-
kled, of a livid or purpliſh fleſh-colour, ſometimes fer-
ruginous, or cheſnut, about the apex: ſome are plain,
but moſt times marked with ſpots or ſtreaks in girdles;
theſe

470
theſe are rarely ſeen in full grown ſhells on the body
whirl, but in young ſpecimens, which are uſually white,
theſe markings are extremely elegant, but vary in ſhape
and colour: volutions fix, the firſt very large and ventri-
coſe, the others ſmall in proportion, rounded, produced,
and placed ſomewhat lateral: apex very ſharp pointed:
aperture ſub-oval, ſub-lunated; outer lip rather thin,
even; pillar lip thick, reflexed, forming a large and
deep umbilicus; mouth cloſed by a corneous operculum.
Length an inch and a half; breadth ſomewhat lefs.
This ſpecies ſeems principally to inhabit the deep, as
it is thrown up in vaſt abundance on many parts of our
open ſhores; is common on moſt of our fandy coaſts,
but no where more plentiful than on thoſe of South
Wales, and Devonſhire.
FLUVIATILIS.
Nerita fluviatilis. Lin. Syft. p. 1253.---Gmel. Syft. p. 3676.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 124. f. 1088.
Br. Zool. t. 87. f.142.-Gualt. t. 4. L.L.
Liſter Conch. t. 607. f. 43. & t. 141. f. 38.
Id. Angl. t. 2. f 20.-- Turt. Lin. iv.p.549.
Schroet. Flufſconch. t.5.f.5. to10.-& t. Min.
C. f. 8.-Mull Verm. ii. p.194. No. 381.
Da Coſta. p. 48. t. 3. f. 8.
Favan. t. 61, D. 3. 4. 17. 20.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 50.
Hill. Swammerd. p. 83. t. 10. f.2.
Don. Br. Shell. i. t. 16. f. 2.
Nerita

Nerita lacuſtris. Gmel. Syst. p. 3677?--Gualt. t. 4. M. M.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 550.
N. with a ſub-pellucid, ſub-oval ſhell, elegantly ſpot-
ted, ſtreaked, or mottled with white and purpliſh-brown,
pink, or pale-brown; with all the intermediate ſhades,
for ſcarce two are found alike, either in colour or mark.
ings; ſome have one or two ſpiral bands: volutions
three, the firſt extremely large, the others very ſmall,
but well defined, and placed lateral; apex minutely
ſmall, a little produced: is frequently covered with a
brown or greeniſh epidermis when alive, which remo-
ved, the ſhell is gloſſy and ſmooth, except examined by
a lens, when it is found to be finely wrinkled: aperture
lunated; outer lip thin; pillar lip broad, flat, and white;
mouth cloſed by a teftaceous operculum, of an orange-yel-
low. Length three eighths of an inch; breadth two-eighths.
This ſpecies is found plentiful in many of our flow
rivers, adhering to ſtones, but rarely in rapid waters;
and of courſe, ſeldom or ever ſeen in the mountainous
parts, where the rivers are
are torrents. In ſuch are only
to be found the Mya margaritifera, for rarely any other
ſhell is to be met with where that inhabits, except Patella
fluviatilis.
There ſeems very little doubt that the Nerita lacuſtris
is a mere variety of this ſhell; the only figure referred to
by Gmelin is that given by GUALTERI, neither which,
nor its deſcription, give any reaſon to ſuppoſe it diſtinct.
When

472
When alive it is frequently corneous, or blackiſh, ſpot-
ted with white, as deſcribed by GMELIN: ſuch are
now before us, but can only be conſidered as one of the
numerous varieties the fluviatilis is ſubject to.
5.
PELLUCIDA.
N. tefta lævi pellucida, anfractibus tribus. Lin. Trans. ini.
p. 67 (Adams.)
Shell ſmooth pellucid, with three whorls, Pembroke-
thire coaſt. Turt. Lin. iv. p.550.
6.
ALBA.
N. tefta lævi fub-pellucida, duobus anfra&tibus. Lin. Trans.
in. p. 67. (Adams.)
Shell ſmooth fub pellucid, with two whorls. Pem-
brokeſhire coaſt. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 550.
Theſe two minute ſpecies we have given on the autho-
rity of Mr. ADAMS; at the ſame time think it proper to
remark, that there does not appear any diſtinguiſhing
character; for if ſhells are to be ſeparated by being a
little more or leſs pellucid, or by one ſpire more or leſs,
ſpecies would be multiplied without end. At the ſame
time we are inclined to give Mr. ADAMS credit, yet in
many inſtances we conſider he has miſtaken the fry of
fome, for diftina ſpecies; and fufpect in theſe two in-
ſtances the young of Nerita glaucina may be referred
to: ſuch are not uncommon amongſt fand on many of
our ſhores.
GEN

473
GEN. XXX.
HALIOTIS.
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL univalve, auriform, dilated,
Spire flat upon the ſhell, lateral.
Dilk longitudinally perforated with ſeveral holes.
2.
Haliotis tuberculata. Lin. Syft. p. 1256.
TUBERCULATAS
Gmel. Syft. p. 3687. 2.
Martini Conch. i. t. 16. f. 148. 149
Liſter Conch. t. 611. f. 2.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 16.
Br. Zool. t. 88. f. 144.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 50.
Don Br. Shells. i. t. 5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 558.
Haliotis vulgaris. Da Coſta p. 15. t. 2. f. 1.2.
H.with a ſtrong, thick, opaque, rough, ſhell, ofa reddith-
brown colour, and ſometimes mottled, when cleared of
extrane-
Рpp

474
extraneous matter with which it is covered, particularly
Balani, and Serpulæ; eſpecially S. granulata, and Si-
niſtrorſa: the ſhape is oval, flat, ftriated longitudinally,
and wrinkled tranſverſely: near the inner margin is a
ridge the whole length of the ſhell, which terminates in
one fpiral turn at the end, a little produced; this ridge
is beſet with tubercles, which increaſe in fize as they re-
cede from the apex, and become flat or concave; the
lah fix, and ſometimes as many as nine, are pervious :
below the ridge is a depreſſion or furrow; behind which
the margin is rounded, and turns inward; the front mar-
gin is thin. The inſide is entirely open, concave, and
of a beautiful mother of pearl: the inflected edge forms
a flat rim on the interior fide, quite up to the ſpire, and
is nacred like the inſide. Length from three to four
inches; breadth from two and a quarter to three inches.
This ſpecies probably inhabits the deep, as we have
not been able to learn that it has ever been taken alive
on our coaſts; though it is fometimes thrown upon our
Ahores after violent forms, in Suffex, Dorſetſhire, and
Devonſhire. In Guernſey it is found in great plenty,
adhering to the rocks at the loweſt ebb; the animal uſed
for culinary purpoſes, and the ſhells adorn the houſes
of ſome of the common people, being ſludded in the
plafler on the outſide.
GEN.

475
GEN. XXXI.
PATELLA.
Animal a LIMAX.+-
SHELL univalve, ſub-conic, uſually deſtitute of
any ſpire.
1.
Patella vulgata. Lin. Syft. p. 1258.-Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3697. VULGATA.
Martini Conch. i. t. 5. f. 38.
Br. Zool. t. 89. f. 145.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
Lifter Conch. t. 535. f. 14.
Id. Angl. t. 5. f. 40.
Don. Br. Shells. t. 14.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 565.
Borlaſe Cornw. t. 28. f. 3.
Patella depreſſa. Br. Zool. t.89.f.146.- Turt. Lin. iv,p.566.
Patella vulgaris. Da Coſta. p. 3. t. 1. f. 1.2. 8.
PPP 2
P. with
+ The animals of this claſs do not appear materially different; thoſe ex-
amined were like the Limaces inhabiting convoluted aquatic ſhells, pofíefled
of only two tentacula, and the eyes ſituated at their baſe.

476
P. with a ſub-conic ſhell, ſubject to much variety in
its degree of elevation, in the prominence and number
of ridges, and in the indentations at the margin; ſo much
ſo as to have occaſioned it to be multiplied into two or
three different ſpecies. The full grown ſhells are uſually
of a conic ſhape, and fomewhat oval; the vertex approxi-
mating rather to the ſmaller end, but frequently nearly
central, marked with numerous fine ftriæ from the apex
to the margin; which laſt is ſometimes indented a little,
ſometimes quite plain: colour brown, or corneous. In-
fide fmooth, glofly, and of a yellowiſh horn-colour,
whitiſh at the bottom.
Others are more depreſſed; vertex placed more to
one end, and the whole ſhell furnished with ſtrong ele-
vated ribs, with intermediate ftriæ; the margin ſtrongly
indented, and angulated by the ribs: outſide, when
cleaned, frequently ſtreaked or rayed with brown: in-
fide of old ſhells white, but in young ones of a deep cho-
colate brown, with white ſtreaks at the margin. Theſe
are the moſt eſſential varieties, and would certainly ap-
pear very diftinét, were it not for the intermediate gra-
dations, that ſeem to run into each other, and which
has obliged later writers to conſider them the ſame. It
is proper, however, to remark, that theſe varieties (if
they are really fuch) have nothing to do with fize or age,
for we have found the depreſſed ones nearly as large as
thoſe of a conic ſhape; and which are always more or
leſs ribbed; whereas the latter are more properly ſtriat-
ed;

477
ed; and are rarely indented, or angulated at the edges,
or only faintly fo. Theſe too are always, when alive,
of a horn-colour within, and not white or brown like
the others: but whether they are really diſtinct is not
eaſy to determine. Both inhabit all our rocky ſhores
in vaſt abundance; the largeſt we ever ſaw were on the
rocks at Marazion in Cornwall of the conic kind : fome
of which were near two inches and a half long, two
broad; and an inch and a half in height,
We have alſo found the depreſſed ones two inches in
length, by one and three-quarters broad; and not above
three-quarters of an inch in height; with the ribs ex-
ceedingly ſtrong, and angulated at the margin.
2.
Patella pellucida. Lin. Syft. p. 1260,
PELLUCIDA.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3717. 133.
Chem. Conch. x. t. 168. f. 1620. 21.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 3. f. 1.
Liſter Conch. t. 542. 543. f. 26. 27.
Id. Angl. App. p. 38. t. 2. f. 10.
Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 150.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
Borlaſe Cornwall t. 28. f. 1.2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 582.- Petiv. t. 75. f.3.
Patella coeruleata. Da Coſta. p. 7. t. 1. f. 5. 6.
Patella lavis. Br. Zool t.90. bottom fig. without number
Patella intorta. Id. t. 90. f. 148.
Patella caerulea. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3697. 24.
P, with

478
P. with a pellucid, thin, yellowiſh, horn-coloured
fhell, of an oval ſhape, rounded at the top, with an ob-
fcure apex at one end; and beautifully rayed with dot-
ted lines of azure: theſe lines vary in number, uſually
from three to ſeven, that are moſt conſpicuous, running
from behind the beak to the margin; but the ſides in
fome are radiated in an obſcure manner.
This is the deſcription of the young ſhells, and ſuch
as have generally been conſidered as the P. pellucida.
Old ſhells are ſub-pellucid, and moſt frequently duſky-
brown; ſome are conic, others quite flat with the vertex
nearly central, or a little to one end, radiated with blue
in the ſame manner as the young, but the colour is leſs
brilliant, and frequently very obſcure: theſe blue rays,
in ſome, riſe into fine elevated ſtriæ all round the ſhell,
terminating at the apex; beſides which it has ſome cir-
cular wrinkles: aperture oval, margin plain, rather
inclining upwards at each end. Inſide gloffy, of a
changeable opalacious colour, frequently of a blueiſh caft.
Length near an inch; breadth not quite three-quarters.
Nothing can be more different in appearance, as to
ſhape, than this ſpecies is in its infant and adult ſtates;
and were it not for the regular gradations, would pro-
bably have continued to be formed into two or three
ſpecies; as Mr. PENNANT has done with reſpect to his
P. lævis and intorta. He is however not fingular in this,
for
و

479
for other authors have conſidered fome varieties of this
ſhell as diſtinct ſpecies: the P. caerulea of GMELIN is
certainly nothing elſe than a full grown ſhell.
It is remarkable, however, that the very thin tranſ-
parent ſhells have the bottom, or margin, always even,
and not turned upwards at the end; and yet ſome, not
half the ſize, are more opaque, and have all the ſhape of
full grown ones.
It has alſo been remarked, that the pellucid variety is
always found on the leaves, and the others on the ſtalks
of algæ; however this may be, there appears no poffi-
bility of fixing a permanent diſtinction."
It is a common ſpecies on many parts of the Corniſh
and Devonſhire coaſts: is never found adhering to rocks,
but we have frequently taken it alive after ſtorms, ad-
hering to the Fucus digitatus, that has been thrown
up by the violent agitation of the ſea. It is not uncom-
mon on the coaſt of Dorſetſhire; and we have received
it from Sandwich in Kent, where it is always found on
the ſame plant; the ſtalk of which the animal excavates,
probably as food, and forms a cell, ſometimes two or
three are found in the ſame: and Mr. Boys aſſures us,
it
* Variety of ſituation will occaſion variety in ſhape ; while young it feeds
only on the leaves, and their ſhape at the margin correſponds with the flat
ſurface they adhere to: fo when they attack the ſtalk, they acquire that
ihape which a convex ſurface requires for cloſe contact ; and which occaſions
the difference of growth in the old and young ſhells.

480
it is occaſionally ſeen on the broad bottom part of the
leaf, while the plant is growing on the rocks. We have
found the young in cluſters on the leaves, but rarely
on the ſtalks, though ſometimes on the roots.
3.
PARVA.
p. 592.
Patella parva. Da Coſta p. 7. t. 8. f. 11.
Don Br. Shells i. t. 21. f. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv.
P. with a thin, fub-pellucid, ſub-conic, oval ſhell, of
a blueiſh-grey, and ſometimes horn-colour, tinged with
purple; but uſually covered with a dark epidermis, or
extraneous matter, that obſcures the ſhell; it is obſoletely
ftriated longitudinally, wrinkled circularly, and elegant-
ly marked with purpliſh-red lines, radiating from the
apex to the margin; in fome theſe lines are broad, in
others narrow and undulated, running into each other
like the links of a chain ; ſometimes only viſible at the
margin, and always moſt conſpicuous in the inſide: ver-
tex placed neareſt to one end, pointed, reflected, but
not curved. Inſide ſmooth, gloſſy, of a purpliſh hue.
Dead ſhells become white, and loſe all their markings,
except two lines immediately above the beak, which join
and form the ſhape of a V. Length three-eighths of an
inch; breadth two-eighths; height not quite ſo much:
rarely half an inch long.
DA COSTA ſeems to be the firſt author that deſcribed
this ſhell, and ſince by Mr. DONOVAN: the former,
however

481
however, appears to have only met with dead fpecie
mens, by his ſaying it is whitiſh in its ground colour, as
well as having no glofs within; neither did he ſeem ac-
quainted with its natural hiſtory. The latter author is
alſo filent on this head, and has followed DA COSTA, in
ftating it to be a production of the Dorſethire coaft,
the only place he ever received it from. We firſt found
it in fand from Falmouth harbour, and Whitfand bay, in
Cornwall, not common, and all dead ſpecimens; and
afterwards in great abundance alive, in Salcomb bay in
Devonſhire: they always lie near the loweſt water-mark,
adhering to looſe ſtones, old oyſters, and other ſhells,
and are moſtly obtained by dredging.
It is alſo found fparingly on other parts of the ſame
coaſt, thrown upon the ſhores. We have received dead,
and much worn ſhells, from Sandwich in Kent.
It ſeems to be a local ſpecies, and has not often been
obtained by collectors in a recent ſtate.
Doctor PuLTENEY does not give it in his Catalogue
of Dorſet Shells, notwithſtanding DA COSTA received
it from that coaſt, and has been found by Mr. BRYER
at Weymouth.
Mr. Boys informs us, that although only dead ſhells
are to be met with at Sandwich, it is found alive on the
rocks at Dover.
Q q q
P. with

482
4.
BIMACULATA. P. with an opaque, oval ſhell, of a gloſſy yellow co-
Tab. 13. f. 8. lour, and perfectly ſmooth, with only the rudiment of a
vertex at the ſmaller end, marked by a tranſverſe, ob-
long, black ſpot; another oblong ſpot of the ſame co-
lour near the other end, placed longitudinally: the ſhell
is convex, but not much elevated. Inſide concave,
ſmooth, gloſſy, yellow ; margin thin. Length a quar-
ter of an inch; breadth rather more than one eighth;
height about one fixteenth of an inch.
We found one of this rare and fingular ſpecies at Fala
mouth in Cornwall; and another, in every reſpect the
fame, at Milton ſands, on the ſouth coaſt of Devon;
they were both recent and perfect ſhells, but not alive.
5.
FLUVIATILIS.
Patella fluviatilis. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3711. 98.
Gualt. t. 4. f. A. A.
Liſter Conch. t. 141. f. 39.
Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 32.
Da Coſta. p. 1. t. 2, f. 8. 8.
Favan. t. 61. A. 3. 4.
Schroeter Fluſconch. t. 5. f. 1. 2. 3.
Ancylus fluviatilis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 201. No. 386.
Patella lacuſtris. Br. Zool. No. 149.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 577.
P. with a ſub-conic, pellucid, horn-coloured ſhell,
uſually covered with a dark-brown, green, or duſky
-epidermis,

483
epidermis, and marked with a few circular wrinkles :
vertex ſharp, placed near to one end, reflexed, or ſome-
what hooked: aperture or opening oval, margin thin,
infide gloffy. Length three-eighths of an inch ; breadth
two-eighths; height not quite ſo much.
A variety is ſometimes met with, finely ſtriated longi-
tudinally from the beak; and we received ſome fpecie
mens from a freſh-water ſtream, near Folkſtone in Kent,
more ſtrongly ſtriated than uſual, which were conſider-
ed as a diſtinct ſpecies.
Theſe were of an inferior fize, and covered with
a duſky epidermis: they appear to us to be only a
variety, differing in nothing but the ftriæ being more
conſpicuous.
This ſpecies has generally been conſidered as the P.la-
cuftris of LINNAUS, the ſynonyms, however, of GMELIN,
are certainly thoſe of the P. fluviatilis. It is a very com-
mon ſhell in moſt of our rivers, and in many ſmall
ſtreams and ftagnant waters, adhering to ſtones, and
rarely to the leaves or ſtalks of aquatic plants. Is al-
moſt the only ſhell, we believe, found to inhabit the rapid
torrents, with the Mya margaritifera. In Devonſhire,
eſpecially in the ſouth, every little ſtream produces abun-
dance; even the cold rills that originate from ſprings,
and flow down the wooded declivities, except where gra-
nite prevails: on the contrary, about the eaſtern parts
Q992
of

484
of Kent, it has been conſidered a rare ſpecies, and the
P.lacuſtris altogether as plentiful; a ſhell we believe
not known ſo far weſt as the former county. Such is
the locality of nature's ſtores.
6.
LACUSTRIS,
Patella lacuſtris. Lin. Syft. p. 1260 ?
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3710.97.
Favan. t. 61. A. 1?-Turt. Lin. p.577.
Schroeter Fluſconch. t. 5. f. 4. a. b.
Patella oblonga. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
Phil. Trans. LXXVI. p. 163. t. 3. f. 1.
2. 3. 5. (Lightfoot.)
Ancylus lacuſtris. Muller Verm. ii. p. 199. No. 335.
P. with a thin, pellucid, compreſſed, and almoſt mem-
branaceous ſhell, of a pale horn-colour, moſt commonly
covered with a greeniſh epidermis : fhape oblong: ver-
tex very ſmall, pointed, a little reflected, ſtanding ra-
ther oblique, or turning to one fide; not quite central,
but rather neareſt to one end: outſide nearly ſmooth,
or very faintly wrinkled, but not glofly: aperture ob-
long-oval, nearly equal at each end: margin membra-
naceous. Infide ſmooth and glofly. Length a quarter
of an inch, or rather more; breadth one eighth; height
about half its breadth.
Doctor PULTENEY fays, this ſhell is found on plants
in the river Stour in Dorſetſhire, and has quoted the
P. fluviatilis of Gmelin and MULLER, in which we
think

485
think the Doctor has erred: the latter author has well
defined this ſhell No. 385, where he ſays "Ancylus tefta
membranacea mucrone verticis fubcentrali, apertura ob-
longa. It differs from the fluviatilis in being much
longer in proportion to its breadth, in being much more
compreſſed, and in the vertex being much ſmaller,
placed more central, and always turning a little to one
fide. It is not near ſo plentiful a ſpecies as the other,
never attaches itſelf to ſtones, but is always found on
plants under water, eſpecially the Scirpus lacuſtris and
other ruſhes, as well as the common reed, Typha latifo-
lia, ftalks of the common flag, and Irus pſeudacorus. Is
not uncommon upon theſe plants in the ditches of Deal
marſhes, in Kent, particularly on the laſt, as we are in-
formed by Mr. Boys; and LIGHTFOOT ſpeaks of its
being found on the ſame plant, in waters near Beacons-
field, in Buckinghamſhire. Muller ſays - Foliis Nym-
phææ, Potamogetonis, & Stratiotis adhæret.”
We have them tolerably plentiful in a fiſh-pond at
Lackham in Wiltſhire; and in the river Avon, on the
Italks of the Yellow water-lily; but is rarely, if ever,
found in rapid waters, in which the fluviatilis ſeems
moft to delight:
7.
Patella antiquata. Lin. Syft. p. 1259.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3709? ANTIQUATA.
Martini Conch. i. t. 12. f. 111. 112. Tab, 13. f. 9.
Liſter Conch. t. 544. f.31.
Patella

486
Patella antiquata. Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51,
Patella Mitrula. Gmel. Syft. p. 3708.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 575.
P. with a ſtrong, thick, opaque, white ſhell, ſomewhat
of a conic ſhape, furniſhed with concentric, imbricated
wrinkles : vertex varying ; ſometimes obliquely pointing
upwards, often extended and recurved; and frequently
obtufe, and placed near to one end: aperture oval,
ſometimes nearly round. Diameter about half an inch.
Doctor PULTENEY informed us, this ſhell had been
found at Weymouth after a ſevere ſtorm, by Mr. BRYER
of that place; and in a lift of the ſhells found by this
gentleman on that coaſt, which he obligingly favoured
us with, this is mentioned.
8.
UNGARICA.
Patella Ungarica. Lin. Syſt. p. 1259.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3709. 89.
Martini Conch. i. t. 12. f. 107. 108.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 21. f. 1.
Borlaſe Cornw. t. 28. f. 4.
Gualt. t. 9. W.
Patella Hungarica. Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 147.
Turt. Lin. p. 576.
Patella Pileus Morionis major. Da Cofia. t. 1. f. 7. 7.
P. with a ſub-conic, fub-pellucid, thin ſhell; vertex much
reflected, terminating in a ſpiral turn underneath, of two
Or

487
or three ſmall wreaths, rarely inclined to either ſide, ex-
cept at the apex, where the whirls are only viſible on
that fide which makes it a dextral ſhell; but frequently
projects as far as the margin, ſometimes quite low, and
almoft touching that part; others are more confiderably
elevated.
In a live, or recent, ftate, it is covered with a rough,
pilous epidermis, of a brown colour; beneath which the
Thell is of a deep fleſh-colour, inclining to carnation:
finely ftriated longitudinally, and frequently wrinkled
tranſverſely. Infide extremely ſmooth, and glofly, ge-
nerally of the ſame colour, but brighter, ſometimes
white; margin of the aperture nearly round, more or
leſs undulated or indented, and crenated: the epidermis,
which projects beyond the margin, forms a ciliated bor-
der. Diameter rarely more than an inch; and half an
inch, or five-eighths in height.
This is a rare ſpecies, and, as far as we have been able
to aſcertain, is only found on the coaſts of the weſtern
counties. It has been dredged up at Weymouth in Dor-
Setſhire; and is ſometimes found on the ſouth coaſt of
Cornwall and Devonſhire, eſpecially about Love, and at
Plymouth; at the latter place, we have taken it by
dredging, attached to PeEen opercularis, which is com-
monly called Frill. Have alſo found it on the ſhore at
Milton fands, and have obtained it alive from the bay
of Salcomb in the ſame county, on the Pinna ingens,
One

488
One ſpecimen, from the laſt place, is of an extraordi-
nary fize, meaſuring two inches in diameter, and one
inch and a quarter in height: it is thick, ſtrong, opaque,
and much wrinkled tranſverſely.
Dead ſhells uſually become white, or very little tinged
with fleſh-colour, are deftitute of epidermis, and loſe the
crenated margin.
9.
MILITARIS.
Tab. 13. f. 11.
Patella militaris. Lin. Mant. p. 553.
Liſter Conch. t. 544. f. 32.
Favan. i. p. 538. t. 4. B. B.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
P. with a ſub-pellucid, ſub-conic, white ſhell, finely
ftriated both ways, ſo as to give it a pretty cancellated
appearance: vertex much reflected, recurved, and turn-
ed to one ſide, deſcending almoſt to the edge of the ſhell,
but projecting beyond it: aperture round, and even.
Inſide gloſſy white. Diameter at the baſe about half an
inch.
This ſpecies has ſomewhat the habit of the laft, but is
not fo broad at the baſe in proportion; and is at once
diftinguiſhed by the beak turning to one fide, by being
reticulated, and a much ſtronger ſhell. In a recent ſtate
it is covered with a brown, pilous epidermis.
This is certainly a very rare ſhell on the Engliſh coaſt,
but

489
but has been found at Weymouth by Mr. BRYER ;
a ſpecimen of which we received from Doctor PuL-
TENEY.
10.
Patella Chinenſis. Lin. Syft. p. 1257.
CHINENSIS,
Martini i. t. 13. f. 121. 122.
Tab. 13. f. 4.4.
Liſter Conch. t. 546. f. 39.
Patella Sinenſis. Gmel. Syft. p. 3692.
Turt. Lin.
p.
562.
Patella albida. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 129.
P. with a very thin, fub-pellucid, fub-conic ſhell, of
a pale-brown, or whitiſh colour, fometimes tinged with
bluſh, much compreſſed, and rounded at the margin:
vertex central, terminating in a very ſmall, ſub-ſpiral
volution : flightly wrinkled concentrically, and rough
with ſhort, concave ſcales, not unuſually all over the
ſhell, but commonly moſt on one ſide, and rarely to-
wards the top. Infide extremely gloſſy, ſmooth, and
white, furniſhed with a ſub-ſpiral Columella, or pillar lip,
which extends from very near the margin to the end,
and forms the external ſub-volution; it is broad, flat,
thin, and ſtands oblique to the ſide of the ſhell.
There ſeems
very
little doubt but this is the P. Chinen-
fis of LINN ÆUS. MARTINI gives a figure of it, and
quotes that ſhell; and GMELIN quotes MARTINI for his
P. Sinenſis.
Rrr
This

490
This ſpecies we believe had never been noticed as
Britiſh, when we were firſt favoured with it by Colonel
GEORGE, of Penryn in Cornwall, in 1795, who took it
from an oyſter ſhell, and we afterwards found a few
others on oyſters from Helford harbour, the ſame place
from which the original came. As far as we have been
able to aſcertain, it is always attached to thoſe ſhells, as
we have fince taken it ſparingly in Salcomb bay in De-
vonſhire: theſe were alive, adhering very cloſely to the
upper valve. Some are rather more conic than others,
but are rarely above a quarter of an inch in height:
diameter five eighths of an inch, uſually leſs, having tak-
en it of all intermediate fizes, between that and one
tenth of an inch.
DONOVAN gives his as a production of Cornwall.
It has been received from India, and is a ſhell of the
Mediterranean Sea.
11.
FISSURA.
Patella Fiffura. Lin Syft. p. 1261--Gmel. Syft. p. 3728.
Martini Conch. i. t. 12. f. 109. 110.
Liſter Conch. t. 543. f. 28.- Petiv. t. 75.2.
Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 152. (number miſplaced)
Da Coſta. p. 11. t. 1. f. 4.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 51.
Don. Br. Shell. i. t. 3. f. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 592.
P. with

491
P. with a ſub-pellucid, conic ſhell, of a brown colour
when alive, ſtrongly, and elegantly cancellated: vertex
a little reflected : diſtinguiſhed by a longitudinal fiſſure,
or flit at the anterior end, from the margin upwards,
about one fourth the length of the ſhell: Inſide ſmooth,
glofly, fleſh-coloured ; margin oval, crenated. Length
half an inch; breadth three eighths; height the fame.
و
In
young ſhells the vertex is much more reflexed, and
ſometimes ſlightly hooked, turning backwards almoſt per-
pendicular to the poſterior margin. Worn fhells become
white, or pale fleſh-colour, and loſe their crenated edge.
This appears to be a local ſpecies, and ſeems to be
chiefly confined to the weſtern coaſts. Doctor PULTE-
NEY mentions it on the ſhores of Dorſetſhire; and DA
Costa on thoſe of Cornwall and Devonſhire, particularly
at Barnſtable; but had probably never ſeen a live, or
recent ſpecimen, as he deſcribes it to be white.
We have found it ſparingly on ſome parts of the Corn-
iſh coaft; and more plentiful on that of South Devon,
obtaining the moſt perfect fpecimens by dredging in Sal-
comb bay, adhering to ſtones, and old oyſer and other
ſhells; but not common, or of a large fize. Have alſo
received ſmall ones from Sandwich in Kent..
1
Patella. Fiſſurella. Gmel. Syft. p. 3728. 193?
Turt. Lin iv. p. 592 ?
Rrr 2
12.
APERTURA.
Tab. 13. f. 10.
P. with

492
P. with a ſub-conic, ſub-pellucid white ſhell, marked
with ſtrong, longitudinal, tuberculated ribs, and a few
circular ridges, that give it a cancellated appearance:
vertex reflected, the point very ſmall, and turning down-
wards: not detached, but adhering to the top of the ſhell,
ſometimes making one convolution; immediately above
which is a rhomboid perforation. Inſide ſmooth, gloffy,
white; margin oval, edge crenated by the ribs.
This rare ſpecies we firſt found in ſand, from Falmouth
harbour in Cornwall, and afterwards dredged it up alive
in Salcomb bay, in Devonſhire, adhering to ſtones.
Length not quite a quarter of an inch, and ſcarcc one
eighth of an inch in heighth,
In one inſtance this ſhell had a few brown ſtreaks run-
ning half way up from the margin.
At the time the figure was engraved, we were not in
poſſeſſion of ſo large a ſpecimen as above deſcribed.
13.
GRECA.
Patella Græca. Lin. Syst. p. 1262.- Gmel. Syft. p. 3728.
Martini Conch.i. t. 11. f. 98.
Lifter Conch. t. 527. f. 2.
Br. Zool t. 89. f. 153.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 52.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 593.
Patella reticulata. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 21. f. 3.
Patella Larvæ reticulata. Da Coſta t. 1. f. 3.
P. with

493
P. with an oblong, oval, thick ſhell, of a dull brown
colour, ſtrongly reticulated; fome of the longitudinal
ridges are much coarſer than the reſt, and are frequently
tuberculated by the croſſing of the tranſverſe ſtriæ: ver-
tex not much elevated, truncated, and furniſhed with an
oblong perforation. Infide ſmooth, white, ſometimes
rayed with dull purple or brown; margin not even, but
ſomewhat indented or arcuated at the ſides, and finely
crenated. Length about three-quarters of an inch;
breadth ſearce half an inch; height a quarter.
This ſhell is rarely found of a ſuperior fize on the En-
cliſh coaſt, but foreign ſpecimens are ſometimes an inch
and a half in length. It has generally been conſidered as a
rare ſpecies in this country: DA COSTA ſpeaks of it from
Weymouth, and obſerves, that he never could learn that
they inhabit any other Britiſh coaft.
Doctor PULTENEY alſo mentions it from the ſame
place, and from Poole. We have found it on Stud-
land beach in Dorſetſhire, larger than uſual. Is rare in
Cornwall; but on ſome parts of the ſouth coaſt of Devon
not uncommon, eſpecially on Milton ſands: and fre-
quently dredged up alive in Salcomb bay, but feldom
exceeding half an inch in length. It is not unuſual on
Sandwich flats in Kent, as we have been afſured by Mr.
Boys. Dead ſhells are moſt commonly of a pale-brown,
or yellowiſh-white, and ſometimes ſtreaked, or ſpotted
with dark brown.
GEN,

494
OOOOOOSSOS
GEN. XXXII.
DENTALIUM.
Animal a TEREBELLA.
SHELL univalve, tubular, nearly ſtrait; not divided
into chambers; and (for the moſt part) pervious, or
open at both ends.
1.
ENTALIS.
Dentalium Entalis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1263.-Gmel. Syft. p. 3736.
Martini i. t. 1. f. 1.2.
Liſter Conch. t.547. f. 2. & t. 1056. f. 4.
Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 154.- Petiv. t. 65.9.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 52.
Borlaſe Cornw. t. 28. f. 5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 601.
Dentalium vulgare. Da Coſta. p. 24. t. 2. f. 10.
D. with a ſlender, fmooth, gloffy, ſub-arcuated ſhell,
tapering to a ſmall point, pervious: fometimes marked
with a few circular wrinkles or annulations: colour
white or yellowish. Length an inch and a half; diame-
ter at the larger end two-tenths of an inch; and one
i fourth as much at the ſmaller end.
This

495
This ſpecies is found on many of our ſhores, particu -
larly thoſe of the weſt of England; is not uncommon on
the coaſt of Sandwich in Kent, and on the ſandy flats of
Caermarthenſhire. It is, however, rarely taken alive,
even by dredging, from which we may conclude it is a
pelagic ſhell.
A variety is marked with dulky bands: and ſometimes
a little ftriated towards the point,
2.
STRIATUM
Dentalium Dentalis. Gmel. Syft. p. 3736. 3?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 600.
Born Muf. t. 18. f. 13.
D. with a fiender, fub-arcuated, taper ſhell, very ſmall
at the point, and pervious, regularly and cloſely ftriated
the whole length of the ſhell; the ſtriæ in freſh fpeci-
mens are very conſpicuous, and are about twenty in num-
ber: ſometimes a few faint annulations are obſervable at
the larger end: colour white, but not gloffy. Length
half an inch; diameter of the largeſt part, one line.
We have found this rare ſpecies at Falmouth in Corn-
wall, and on the ſouth coaſt of Devonſhire.
It is readily diſtinguiſhed from the young of the pre-
eeding fpecies, by its being elegantly ftriated.
D. with

496
S.
GADUS.
D. with a ſub-pellucid, ſub-arcuated ſhell, tapering
Tab. 14. f. 7. to a ſmall point, pervious, contracting a little towards
the larger end; is white, gloſſy, and perfectly ſmooth,
without the ſmalleſt appearance of wrinkles or ſtriæ.
Length ſcarce three-eighths of an inch; diameter of the
largeſt part, about one fixteenth.
This is a pelagic ſpecies, found in many parts of
the Britiſh channel; and is known to mariners by the
name of Hake’s-tooth, who frequently find it within
foundings, adhering to the log line (as we are informed)
but moſt likely to the plumb line.
IMPERFORATUM. Dentale apice imperforata tranſverſaliter fub-ftriata. Walk.
Min. Shells. f. 15.
Dentalium imperforatum. Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 8.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 602.
D. with a cylindric, ſub-arcuated ſhell, ftriated tranſ-
verſely: aperture round, a little contracted at the mar-
gin: the oppoſite end cloſed, truncated, and furniſhed
with a ſmall round protuberance: colour white or cine-
reous. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth one
third of its length.
We firſt received this ſhell from Mr. Boys, for that
of WALKER referred to; and have fince found it inſand
from Falmouth harbour, but rare. Mr. WALKER ſays
from Sandwich, not very common.
D. with

497
5.
D. with a ſub-cylindric, arcuated ſhell, marked with TRACHEA.
regular, ſtrong, tranſverſe ftriæ, or annulations: aper- Tab. 14. f. 10.
ture round, from whence it tapers a little to the other
extremity, which is cloſed, truncated, and furniſhed
with a ſmall, round protuberance: colour ferruginous-
brown, lighteſt towards the ſmaller end. Length rather
more than one eighth of an inch; diameter one fifth of
its length
.
This fpecies is at once diſtinguiſhed from the laſt, by
being more arcuated, and a little tapering; is longer in
proportion to its breadth, the margin of the aperture
even, and not contracted, and the annulations ſtronger,
giving it the appearance of the windpipe or trachea of
an animal.
We found it in fand from Milton in Devonſhire, but
is extremely rare.
6.
D. with a cylindric, arcuated, ſmooth, gloffy, white GLABRUM.
ſhell, devoid of either ſtriæ or wrinkles, and equal in
fize throughout: aperture orbicular; the other end
cloſed, rounded, and fub-marginated. Length ſcarce
one line; diameter one fifth of its length.
This nondeſcript ſpecies is found amongſt the ſand at
Biddeford bay, but more plentiful near Barnfiable, on
the north coaſt of Devonſhire, amongſt the rejetamenta
of the river, occafioned by the influx of the tide.
Sss
GEN

498
GEN. XXXIII.
SERPULA.
Animal for the moſt part a TEREBELLA,
SHELL univalve, tubular, adhering, or affixed to
other bodies; (in fome ſpecies divided into cells.)
SPIRAL.
SPIRORBIS.
Serpula Spirorbis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1265.---Gmel. Syſt. p. 3740.
Martini Conch. i. t. 3. f. 21. A. B. C.
Liſter Conch. t. 553.--Gualt. t. 10. f. O.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 116. f. 999?
Br. Zool. t. 91. f. 155.
Da Coſta. p. 22. t. 2. f. 11.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 9.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 603.
S. with an opaque, white ſhell, with three or four re-
gular, lateral whirls, rounded on the upper part, and a
little wrinkled: umbilicated in the centre: baſe flat,
Spreading. Diameter one eighth of an inch.
This

499
This ſpecies is common on ſtones, fhells, and alge,
on moſt parts of our coaſt.
A variety is not unfrequent with the mouth erect,
and ſometimes one or two volutions turning a little ſpi-
rally upwards. Theſe, however, muſt be conſidered as
accidental diſtortions, by being obſtructed in their gene-
ral growth
Animal a Terebella, with branched, ciliated tentacula,
and a clavate, or ſub-funnel ſhaped proboſcis, uſually of
a pale colour.
2.
SPIRILLUM
Serpula Spirillum. Lin. Syſt. p. 1264.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3740.
Martini Conch. i, t. 3. f. 20. C. D.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 602.
S. with a fub-pellucid, gloſſy, white ſhell, with two
or three ſub-cylindric whirls a little wrinkled: theſe are
moſt commonly placed laterally; umbilicated in the
centre, and fometimes pervious; but frequently the
mouth turns upwards, and not uncommonly the volu-
tions riſe ſpirally upon each other, attached by the
ſmaller end. Diameter one line.
This ſpecies has much the habit of the preceding, but
is diſtinguiſhed from it, by its gloſſy appearance, being
more cylindric, and not ſpreading at the baſe. It is
found
Sss 2

500
found on ſome ſpecies of alge, ſeldom on ftones, ſhells,
or cruſtaceous animals, like the laſt, and rarely, if ever,
in company with that ſhell.
On the Corallina officinalis, from Milton rocks, is
found in great abundance, a minute ſpecies of Serpula,
differing fo little from S. Spirillum, except in fize, that
we dare not give it a diſtinct place, though we are in-
clined to think it is really different, as it never grows
above one third the fize of that ſhell. Although this is
found to inhabit the ſame ſpecies of Zoophyta as S. minu-
ta, yet they are rarely found together.
This very intricate claſs of ſhells requires a thorough
knowledge of their animal inhabitants; and which, in
the ſmaller ſpecies, is attended with a confiderable dif-
ficulty, for even when collected, put into ſea water im-
mediately, and examined upon the ſpot, few appear to
protrude themſelves ſufficiently for critical notice: in-
deed it muſt be admitted, many of the ſpiral kind are in-
habited by animals of very ſimilar appearance.
3.
GRANULATA.
Serpula granulata. Gmel. Syft. p. 3741.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 604.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 100.
Serpula fulcata,
Lin. Trans. iii. p. 254. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 608.
S. with

501
S. with an opaque, white ſhell, with two volutions,
deeply grooved longitudinally, or in a ſpiral direction,
and tranſverſely wrinkled, eſpecially in the furrows :
aperture round. Size of the Spirorbis.
This ſpecies bears ſome reſemblance to S. heteroſtro-
pha, but is at once diſtinguiſhed by the whirls not being
reverſed: the two fulci are much deeper, making the
upper part of the ſhell more ſtrongly tricarinated: the
inner volution is nearly obſolete, only being marked by
the third, or interior ridge.
This is alſo much more rounded at the top, with only
an umbilicus in the middle; whereas the other is con-
cave at the top, and the interior volutions conſpicuouſly
tapering to a fine point, within the depreſſion. In co-
lour and ſize too they alſo differ; this is of a white, like
glaſs enamel, but not ſo gloffy; whereas, the heteroſtro-
pha is of a dull browniſh, or dirty-white, and never
grows to half the fize.
We have found this ſpecies in great abundance on the
rocks, as well as on the under ſide of looſe ftones at
Milton; and ſometimes on old ſhells from other parts
of
the coaſt of Devonſhire, eſpecially Arca pilofa; and have
received it from Guernſey on Haliotis tuberculata, fpe-
cimens of which we have ſeen perfectly covered with it,
but ſometimes in company with a ſpecies of Serpula very
different from any of the genus hitherto deſcribed. It
has

502
has one very thick, rounded, gloffy, white volution; very
convex, and wrinkled tranſverſely, with a minute um-
bilicus at the top, and ſometimes only a future.
Not having aſcertained this to be truly Britiſh, we
cannot give it a diſtinct place in this work.
Animal a Terebella, of a buff-colour, with ten ciliated
rays, and a ſub-funnel ſhaped proboſcis at one ſide, of
the ſame colour, with a brown margin, ciliated, hyaline.
CARINATA.
S. with a dull, opaque, white, ſpiral ſhell; the outer
whirl riſing into a carinated ridge on the top; the mid-
dle concave, ſometimes pervious; the interior volutions
inconſpicuous; baſe a little ſpreading: aperture round.
Size about half that of the S. Spirorbis, from which it is
readily diſtinguiſhed, by the angulated ſhape of the ex-
terior whirl, which is formed like S. triquetra, but al-
ways regularly ſpiral.
This we found on old valves of Arca pilofa, with the
laſt, in conſiderable abundance; and plentiful in Salomob
bay, on Pinna ingens, and many other ſhells, eſpecially
Trochus cinerarius and parvus, unmixed with any other
fpecies.
5.
CORRUGATA.
S. with a ſtrong, ſpiral, white ſhell, roughened by
tranſverſe wrinkles; a ſmall portion of the ſecond volu-
tion

503
tion only viſible; centre umbilicated: baſe very little
ſpreading: aperture orbicular. Diameter about one
eighth of an inch.
This ſpecies is not uncommon on the flate rocks at
Milton, and ſometimes on the under ſide of looſe frag-
ments, in company with S. heteroſtropha. It is a much
ſtronger ſhell than S. Spirillum, and never expoſes ſo
much of the interior volution; and, though more wrin-
kled, poſſeſſes a ſuperior glofs, when cleared from ex-
traneous matter.
Animal orange-red, with eight, greeniſh, ciliated rays ;
and a ſub-funnel ſhaped proboſcis, of the fame colour.
6.
S. teſta regulari rotundâ pellucida, tribus anfra&tibus. Lin. CORNEA,
Trans. v. t. 1. f. 33. 34. 35. ( Adams.)
Obs. Browniſh horn-colour.
Shell regular, rounded, pellucid, with three whorls.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 608
7.
PHA,
S. with a ſtrong, ſpiral ſhell, of a dull dirty-white HETEROSTRO-
colour, with two or three reverſe volutions placed late-
rally, furniſhed with three longitudinal ridges, one
along the back, and another on each ſide, roughly wrin-
kled tranſverſely: the baſe is flat, and ſomewhat ſpread-
ing:

504
ing: aperture orbicular, and invariably placed oppoſite
the ſun's apparent motion. Diameter not a line.
Is not uncommon upon oyſter and other ſhells, and
upon algæ; fometimes in company with S. Spirorbis,
but from which it is readily diſtinguiſhed by the longitu-
dinal ridges, and by the contrary turn of the volutions.
Is found in ſome parts of Kingsbridge bay, on the
under ſide of ſlate ftones, between high and low water-
mark, in ſuch valt abundance, that the ſurface of the
ſtones is covered with them; and in this ſituation are un-
mixed with any other ſpecies: pollibly the ſub-faline
quality of the water ſo far up this inlet, at ebb tides, is
not congenial to its congenera, for we never found any
of the other Serpulæ fo far up.
8.
SINISTRORSA.
Serpula. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 13. 14.
S. with a ſemi-pellucid, gloſſy, white ſhell, with two
or three reverſed volutions uſually placed lateral, but
ſometimes coiled upon each other: it is ſomewhat wrin-
kled tranſverſely, but has no longitudinal irregularities :
aperture orbicular.
Diameter one line.
The form of this ſpecies is much like S. Spirillum, but
is at once diſtinguiſhed from it, by the aperture turning
the contrary way: it has the ſame fub-pellucid appear-
ance

505
ance as that ſhell, and when recent, has a tinge of red,
from the colour of the animal, which is ſcarlet.
From being a heteroſtrophe ſhell, it might be more
readily confounded for S. lucida, but is double the ſize,
not ſo pellucid, and is broader at the baſe; this, too, is
principally found on cruſtaceous animals; the other is
peculiar to Sertularia, eſpecially S. abietina; and nei-
ther is found in any one inſtance, to inhabit the place of
the other.
Mr. WALKER has figured two, which we conſider as
only this ſhell in different ſtages of growth; he deſcribes
them as differing only in the number of ſpires, one hav-
ing four, the other two; the laſt of which he expreſs-
ly ſays, is found on lobſters. Both are figured as reverſed
fpecies, a circumſtance omitted in the deſcription, but
ſufficient to confirm our opinion, eſpecially, as we have
never obſerved this ſhell attached to any thing on our
coaſts but the common lobſter, Cancer Gammarus, and
Spiny lobſter, C. Homarus, taken on the ſouth coaſt of
Devon. It does not conſtantly occur on thoſe animals,
but is ſometimes thickly cluſtered together on various
parts of the ſame ſubject.
9.
S. with a very ſmall, ſpiral ſhell, of a dirty-white co-Minuta.
lour, with two or three lateral volutions, wrinkled tranſ-
Ttt
verſely:
* On the Guernſey coaſt is ſometimes found to inhabit Haliotis tuberculata,

506
verſely: ſometimes it has a ſlight, longitudinal furrow,
on each ſide, forming a ridge, or carina, along the back.
Diameter a quarter of a line.
This, very minute ſpecies, is alſo an heteroclitical
fhell, and not eafily diftinguiſhed from S. heterotropha,
except by its inferior fize, rounded baſe, and habits :
this affects only the Corallina officinalis, (Ellis Coral.
tab. 24. f. 2. and Zoophytes, tab. 23. fig. 14. 15.) fre-
quently in abundance, both on ſtalks and branches.
This Coralline is plentiful on the rocks about Milton,
which are partly of the ſame flaty nature, on which Sera
pula heteroſtropha is found; but none of that ſpecies oc-
cur on the rocks contiguous to this Coralline; indeed the
S. heteroſtropha is rarely expoſed, but lies concealed, af-
fixed to the under part of the looſe, flat, ſlate ſtones: this,
on the contrary, is always expoſed to the rude action of
the waves.
The young of this, as well as moſt of the longitudi-
nally fulcated, or ribbed ſpecies, are quite ſmooth, and
may be eaſily miſtaken.
Animal a Terebella, with ciliated feelers, and clavated
proboſcis, varying in colour from brown to green.
10.
LUCIDA.
Serpula reflexa. Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 31, 32 ? (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 608.
Serpula

507
Serpula vitrea. Gmel. Syft. p. 3746 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 607.
Ellis Zooph. p. 37.
S. with an irregular, pellucid, glofly, white ſhell,
always more or leſs ſpiral; ſometimes lateral, with two
or three whirls; in others the volutions turn upon each
other, with the aperture projecting upward, and not un-
frequently the ſpires are unconnected. Diameter half
a line.
This is at once diftinguiſhed from all other ſpecies, by
its extremely ſmooth, glofly, and vitreous appearance.
It is by no means an uncommon ſhell, but we believe
is peculiar to ſome ſpecies of Sertularia, eſpecially S.
abietina, on which it is almoſt a conſtant attendant ;* and
fometimes on S. argentea : is gregarious and very nu-
merous on the branches of thoſe Zoophytes, which are
thrown up on moſt of our coafts, eſpecially in the weſt
of England : and we have been aſſured by Mr. Boys,
(who ſent it to us by the name prefixed,) that it is not
leſs common on the coaſt of Kent, on S. abietina.
This, though ſubject to much variety in ſhape, will
be always found to turn its aperture towards the appa-
rent motion of the fun, and conſequently is a hetero-
ſtrophe ſhell.
T tt 2
Animal
* Ellis ſays this Sertularia “is frequently infeſted with little minute
fhells, called Serpulas."

508
Animal red, with plumofe tentacula of a pale colour,
and two brown ſpots on the head.
11.
REVERSA,
S. with a ſub-cylindric, rugoſe, white ſhell, much
wrinkled tranſverſely, more or leſs fpiral, and tapering
to a ſmall point, but fubject to great variety in its turns
and windings; fometimes, three or four whirls, pretty
regularly placed laterally, making a diameter of half an
inch: others have the ſmaller end projecting, and the
larger end coiled, either lateral or upon each other, and
open in the middle. Sometimes, the ſmall end turns
contrary to the reſt of the ſhell; but it is remarkable, in
a ſpecies ſo irregular in growth, that the aperture ſhould
almoſt invariably turn in the reverſed direction. Dia-
meter at the larger end, one tenth of an inch.
This is ſometimes taken on the coaſt of Devonſhire,
upon the Petlen opercularis, and rarely on crabs.
The animal is a Terebella, with branched, ciliated ten-
tacula, ſpotted with crimſon, which, when ſpread, al-
moſt furrounds a double funnel-ſhaped proboſcis, placed
one within the other, the ſtalk of which is long and flen-
der, and originates on the left ſide below the tentacula:
this in ſome is green, others reddiſh, the interior funnel is
cut in deep longitudinal ftriæ; external one ciliated round
the margin: on the right ſide, correſponding with the
proboſcis, is a ſhort, cylindric appendage.
** CON

509
**
CONTORTED, IRREGULAR.
12.
Serpula vermicularis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1266.
VerMICULARIS.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3743.
Br. Zool. No. 159.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 605.
Da Coſta. p. 18. t. 2. f. 5.
Serpula intricata, Lin. Syſt. p. 1265.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3741.
Br. Zool. t.91.f.158.(fig.miſplaced)
Turt. Liri. iv.
Martini Conch. t. ii. f. 24. A?
p. 603.
S. with a cylindric, white ſhell, gradually tapering,
generally terminating in a fine point, and wrinkled
tranſverſely.
Nothing has puzzled the conchologiſt more than the
four ſpecies of Linnean Serpulæ under the denomination
of Vermicularis, intricata, triquetra, and contortuplicata.
We have collected a vaſt quantity of theſe Serpulve
ſingle and grooped, angulated and cylindric, with all
the intermediate gradations, which connect them fo
nearly, that were it not for the animals, we ſhould have
been induced to have confidered them as one and the
ſame ſpecies: we have, however, by the animals more
than by the ſhells, formed them into two ſpecies: name-
ly, vermicularis and triquetra.
This

510
This is to be met with from the fize of a ſewingthread
to that of a ſwan's quill, as frequently in groops, twiſted
and contorted in all directions, as fingle; and is never
obſerved to ſpread at the baſe, or to poſſeſs the ſmalleſt
degree of carina along the back; and is generally at-
tached its whole length to ſome other body: this cir-
cumſtance, independent of the difference in the animals,
is the only leading character, by which it may be known
from S. tubularia, which is attached only in part to-
wards the ſmaller end, and uſually aſcends in a conſide-
rable angle.
We have ſeen both theſe ſhells moſt complicatedly
entwined with each other, and mixed with S. triquetra ;
and ſome of the laſt poſſeſſing ſo little appearance of a
ridge along the back, that had not the animals been
conſulted, it would not have been poſſible to have di-
vided them. As the animals therefore are the only cer-
tain criteria, theſe ſhells, as well as many others of this
intricate genus, will ever be confounded in cabinets.
It may be thought, that although we have brought
four of the Linncan ſpecies into two, in ſome inſtances
we have multiplied others of the Britiſh Serpulæ: to this
it can only be ſaid, that as far as human fallibility will
admit, care has been taken to fix characters of diſtincti.
on, from ſhape, habits, or animal: except, therefore,
in S. reverſa, we have not a doubt but thoſe deſcribed,
are really diſtinct. The inhabitant of that ſhell, we muſt
conleſs

511
confeſs, is ſo very fimilar to the animal of this, that a
reference will ſave the trouble of a repetition: the cir-
cumſtance of that ſhell being always coiled in a circular
form, and generally in a reverſed manner, added to its
folitary habit, are ſtrong preſumptive evidence of dif-
tinction.
13.
Serpula triquetra. Lin. Syſt. p. 1264.
TRIQUETRA.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3740.
Martini Conch. i. t. 3. f. 25.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 603.
Baſter Opufc. i. t. 9. f. 2. A. B.
Br. Zool. No. 156.
Serpula vermicularis. Ellis Corall. t. 38. f. 2.
Don. Br. Shell. ill. t. 95.
Serpula angulata. Da Coſta. p. 20. t. 2. f.9.
Serpula contortuplicata. Lin. Syft. p. 1266.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3741.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 604.
Br. Zool. No. 158. t. 91. f. 157.
(figure miſplaced.)
S. with a ſtrong, opaque fhell, irregularly twiſted and
contorted; ſometimes nearly ſtrait, or only a little flex-
uous, roughened with tranſverſe wrinkles, and uſually
more or leſs carinated: in fome the dorſal ridge is much
elevated, and the baſe ſpreads fo much as to give it a
triangular appearance; and, not unfrequently, there are
two other ſmaller ridges along the ſides, one on each fide
the dorſal carina.
In

512
In many inſtances, however, the ridge along the back
is fo nearly obſolete, eſpecially in old ſhells, and ſuch as
are grouped, that they would with difficulty be ſepa-
rated from S. vermicularis, were it not for the animal;
ſuch have been generally confounded for that ſpecies,
and is figured by ELLIS; but the ſingle, trumpet-ſhaped
proboſcis, of the animal, forbids it to be the S. ver-
micularis.
That figured by DONOVAN, appears alſo to be a tri-
quetra for the ſame reaſon, but the tentacula of the ani-
mal are wanting in this figure; though that part is very
well repreſented by Ellis.
It is with no ſmall difficulty, and in ſome degree un-
certainty, that we have placed the ſynonyms to this and
the preceding ſpecies, as heretofore the animals have not
been attended to ſufficiently, to form the beſt and fureſt
character of diſtinction.
If the triquetra, and the Linnæan contortuplicata be
carefully examined, the animals will be found to be the
fame, pofleffing only a ſingle, trumpet-ſhaped proboſcis,
as repreſented by Ellis for the Vermicularis: and it
will be obſerved, that all the ſhells inhabited by ſuch
animal, are, whether grouped or ſingle, more or leſs
furniſhed with a dorſal ridge, though in ſome of the lar-
ger ſpecimensit is ſcarcely to be diſcerned, or at leaſt might
be paſſed unnoticed. On the contrary, the vermicularis
and

513
and the Linndan intricata never poſſeſs the ſmalleſt de-
gree of carina, and the animal, as before remarked, has
a double-trumpet, or funnel-ſhaped proboſcis.
The Serpula triquetra is moſt times of a dirty-white,
but ſometimes red, or tinged with that colour; ſuch we
have in large groups as well as fingle, a circumſtance
never having occurred to us in the vermicularis.
It is, like the laſt, equally plentiful on all our coaſts, ad-
hering to ſtones, old ſhells, cruſtaceous animals, timber,
and various other ſubſtances : a ſpecimen in our cabi-
net, on a piece of glaſs bottle, is more than commonly
ſpread at the baſe, as if it was requiſite to take a firm
hold of ſo ſmooth a ſurface.
The tentacula of the animal are two, plumoſe, or
furniſhed with numerous, ciliated fibres, varying in co-
lour, being barred with blue, yellow, brown, or red,
and all the intermediate ſhades: the trumpet-ſhaped
proboſcis is finely ftriated, and the margin crenated.
S. with a round, taper, opaque, white ſhell, ſlightly TUBULARIA.
wrinkled tranfverfly; the ſmaller end is uſually ſub-
convoluted irregularly, ſometimes only flexuous; this
part is fixed; the larger part is detached frequently for
half its length, and aſcends in a conſiderable angle from
the baſe, though rarely perpendicular: the erect part is
nearly
V vv

nearly ſtrait, or ſlightly flexuous; but always turning
with the ſun: aperture orbicular. Diameter at the lar-
ger end two-tenths of an inch, gradually tapering to a
fine point; length four or five inches.
This ſpecies has probably been confounded with the
S. vermicularis, from which, indeed, it might be difficult
to ſeparate it, was it not for the great difference in the
animals. We have, however, obſerved that S. vermi-
cularis is uſually attached to ſome other body its whole
length, and never reflects in the manner of this.
It is by no means common; thoſe we procured alive
were at Torcroſs in Devonſhire, where an opportunity of-
fered of examining the animal, by putting the ſhells in-
to a glaſs of ſea water as ſoon as they were dredged up:
theſe were affixed to old bivalves, the fineſt ſpecimens
were on that of the Mačtra lutraria: two had their baſe
entwined, and the larger ends attached longitudinally,
afcending in an angle of thirty degrees.
The animal is an Amphitrite, with between fifty and
fixty annulations; the head long, white, barred with
pink and green; on each ſide a looſe, ſcallowed, tranf-
parent membrane, capable of contraction and expan-
fion, and frequently ſurrounding the under part: ten-
tacula two, beautifully feathered, each originating from
a fingle ſtalk, placed near to each other on the fore part
of the head: on one ſide of each of theſe ſtalks are long
fibres,

515
fibres, placed in regular order; theſe again are furniſhed
on each ſide with finer fibres. When the animal with-
drew its tentacula it became ſomewhat convoluted, as
the fibres cloſed, and turned a little ſpiral up the ſtalk:
their colour pale yellow, or yellowiſh-white, the fibres,
or pinnæ, annulated with pink, ſo as to form regular,
femi-circular lines, when the plumes were ſpread.
*** CONCAMERATED.
15.
LOBATA.
Serpula Nautiloides. Gmel. Syft. p. 3739?
Turt. Lin. iv.
p.
602 ?
Nautilus lobatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 307.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f 36.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 71.
S. with a compreſſed, ſpiral, lobated ſhell; ſhape va-
ricus, ſometimes roundiſh, others oblong; above con-
vex; with fix, ſeven, or eight lobes: beneath flat; the
interior volution only marked by one or two ſmall ele-
vations, and frequently not viſible: colour white, or
yellowiſh: aperture minutely ſmall, ſcarce definable.
Diameter barely one line.
This ſpecies has much the habit of a Nautilus, the in-
terior part being divided into unequal, parallel conca-
merations.
Vov 2
Wo

We originally received it from Mr. Boys, for Wal-
KER,S ſhell above quoted; have ſince found it ad-
hering to the roots of fuci, common on the byſus of
Pinna ingens on the coaſt of Devonſhire, and ſometimes
on ſhells. Is found alſo at Sandwich and Whitfiable in
Kent, where, as well as on many of our arenaceous
fhores, it may be found dead amongſt the finer fand.
The circumſtance of its being ſeſſile, or fixed to other
bodies in a living ſtate, forbids it claiming a place
amongſt the Nautili.
GEN,

517
JOO999999
හා
GEN. XXXIV.
VERMICULUM.
Animal a TEREBELLA?
SHELL, univalve, ſhape various: not attached, or
adhering to other bodies.
We have been induced to ſeparate the Linnæan claſs
of Serpulæ, not only from their diſfimilitude in ſtructure,
but becauſe many of them do not come under the generic
character, (of being fixed to other bodies.) Thoſe,
therefore, which are independant, or not attached to
other bodies, we have formed into a new genus, under
the title of Vermiculum. Theſe, again, might with pro-
priety be divided into two diſtinct genera ; thoſe which
are convoluted, or ſub-convoluted, and thoſe which
are ftraight, and of a bottle ſhape: the latter of which
Mr. WALKER has very ſignificantly diſtinguiſhed by the
name of Lagena. The number of theſe, however, as
yet diſcovered are inconſiderable, we ſhall therefore only
make them into two diviſions of the ſame genus.
The

The animals of two or three ſpecies we have examined,
are not the leaſt like any thing obſerved in the genus
Serpula; when alive they rarely protrude any thing be-
yond the ſhell; but when recently dead, a fleſhy bulb,
without any
viſible tentacula, or feelers, makes its ap-
pearance; but hitherto we have not been able to fix
any thing as definable characters.
15
SUB-CONVOLUTED.
INCURVATUM
Serpula incurvata. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 7.
Serpula recta anfractibus tribus contiguis regulariter involutis.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 11.
The ſtrait horn Wormſhell, with three cloſe intorted
ſpires at the tip; the colour white, femi-tranſparent.
From Sandwich, rare.
This ſhell is ſomewhat in ſhape like Nautilus femilitu-
us of LINNÆUS; but is perfectly ſmooth, cylindric, and
has neither Syphon in the aperture, nor internal conca-
merations. Length ſcarce one line.
2.
PERVIUM.
Serpula recta umbilico pervio anfra&tu apicis unico involuto.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 12.
The ſingle-ſpired ſtrait horn Wormſhell, with a per-
vious

519
vious umbilicus: the colour whitiſh, tranſparent and
gloſſy. From Reculver, very rare.
This is rather ſmaller than the laſt, and differs from it
in the turn of the leſſer end, where it only makes one
volution, which is open or pervious.
3.
Serpula bicornis.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
BICORNE,
Adams, Microſc. t. 14. f. 2.
Serpula bicornis ventricoſa. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 2.
The bellied ſemi-lunar Wormſhell; colour white,
opaque and gloſſy. From Sandwich and Reculver,
though not common. Length one line,
We received this ſpecies from Mr. Boys for that de-
fcribed by WALKER, the figure of which does not exact-
ly expreſs the formation of the ſhell, which repreſents
only two compartments, whereas it has three; the mid-
dle one is extremely ſmall, ſometimes raiſed, at other
times depreſſed: is fub-oval, compreſſed, and ſtriated
longitudinally on the longer ſide from the aperture; the
other ſide is ſmooth: it contracts towards the mouth,
which is very ſmall and orbicular.
4.
Serpula perforata. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
PERFORATUM
Adams. Microſc. t. 14. f. 3.
Serpula bicornis umbilico perforato, Walk. Min, Shells. f. 3.
The

520
The ſemi-lunar perforated Wormſhell: the colour
white, opaque and gloffy. From Sandwich, very rare.
The ſhell, which Mr. Boys favoured us with for that
given by WALKER, was not perforated, and differed ſo
little from the preceding, that we are inclined to believe,
it is no other than a mutilated ſpecimen of that ſhell.
We have found it in Cornwall, and ſometimes with the
ſmall interior compartment worn off, which gives it the
appearance of being naturally perforated.
5.
INTORTUM.
Serpula fubovalis intorta umbilico pervio. Walk. Min.
Shells. f. 1.
Serpula Seminulum. Lin Syft. p. 1264 ?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3739?
Turt. Lin iv. p. 602 ?
Martini Conch, i. t. 3. f. 22. a. b?
Gualt. t. X. f. S.
Serpula ovalis. Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 28. 29. 30.
(Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 608.
V. with a fub-oval, compreſſed, opaque, gloffy-white
ſhell, compoſed of three, and ſometimes four, compart-
ments; the interior ones varying in ſhape and fize;
fome are longer in proportion to their breadth than
others: theſe have uſually only three well defined com-
partments: but the larger and more fub-orbicular ſhaped
variety

521
variety has ſometimes five, one of which is extremely
ſmall and linear: theſe ſub-volutions are defined by a
depreſſion, and are wrinkled tranſverſely: aperture com-
preſſed, ſemi-lunar. Diameter one tenth of an inch.
This is ſo variable in its formation, that without great
attention, it might be formed into ſeveral ſpecies.
We have found it plentiful on all the ſandy ſhores we
have examined; the fineſt and largeſt on the coaſts of
Devonſhire and Cornwall. It frequently happens, that
the interior part is worn, and becomes pervious ; in
which ſtate Mr. WALKER has figured it; for we cannot
conſider it any other than his ſhell, and we are the more
confirmed in this opinion, by the ſpecimens favoured us
by Mr. Boys from the coaſt of Sandwich for it, none of
which were perforated.
If this is the S. Seminulum of GMELIN, of which thera
little doubt, it is found in the Adriatic and Reda
Seas; and ſometimes in a foffile ſtate.
is very
6.
Serpula fubrotunda dorſo elevato. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 4. SUBROTUNDUM,
V. with a ſub-orbicular, fub-compreſſed, ſmooth,
gloſſy, opaque, white ſhell; compoſed of three com-
partments, the middle one elevated above the others on
the upper fide; not viſible beneath: aperture ſmall,
Xxx Χ
angulated

522
angulated; margin in live ſhells yellow. Diameter a-
bout half a line.
This ſpecies is not half fo common as the laſt; but is
found in fand on ſeveral of our fhores.
7.
OBLONGUM. V. with an oblong, oval, opaque, gloſſy, white ſhell,
Tab. 14. f. 9. ſomewhat compreſſed; on one fide a ſingle longitudinal
future, that ſeems to divide the ſhell into two parts: on
the other ſide, the middle compartment is ſurrounded by
a faint depreſſion, that ſeparates it from the exterior one,
and is more elevated; aperture a little produced, oval;
margin yellow. Length not half a line.
In fand from Salcomb bay Devonſhire: rare.
The five laſt deſcribed ſpecies have ſomewhat the ha-
bit of Nautili, though not regularly concamerated, or
divided into chambers: they are contracted at the angu-
lated turns, which form the ſub-volutions.
**
BOTTLE-SHAPED, NOT CONVOLUTED.
8.
LACTEUM.
Serpula lactea.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 4.
Serpula tenuis ovalis lævis. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 5.
The

523
The thin, ſmooth, egg-ſhaped Worm-lhell: the colour
pellucid, with milky veins. From Sandwich, not common.
We have found this ſpecies on the coaſt of Devonſhire.
It is not compleatly egg-ſhaped, as Mr. WALKER de-
fcribes it, but is ſomewhat compreſſed; the white lines
mark the compartments, which appear to be four: the
border round the ſhell is alſo opaque white: aperture
extremely ſmall. Length half a line.
9.
p. 609.
Serpula (Lagena) ftriata ſulcata rotunda. Walk. Min. STRIATUM,
Shells. f. 6.
Serpula Lagena. Turt. Lin. iv.
Adams Microſc. t. 14. f. 5.
V .with a pellucid, gloffy, white, ſub-oval ſhell, with
a ſlender, produced mouth; finely ſtriated longitudinal-
ly, very conſpicuous by being more opaque than the
reſt of the ſhell: ſhape like a Florence flaſk: aperture
fmall, orbicular. Length not half a line.
This elegant ſpecies is mentioned by Mr. WALKER to
be rare at Sandwich, Reculver, and Shepey. We have
received it from Mr. Boys, and have found it in fine
ſand on the fouth coaſt of Devonſhire.
10.
Serpula (Lagena) lævis globoſa. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 8. GLOBOSUM.
The ſmooth round Flaſk Wormſhell: the colour white
and tranſparent. From Sandwich, very rare.
Xxx 2
This

524
This ſeems to differ from the laſt in being deſtitute of
ftriæ, and in the mouth not being lengthened, but ter-
minating in a ſmall round aperture; and is rather leſs.
11.
LEVE,
Serpula (Lagena) lævis ovalis. Walk. Min. Shell. f. 9.
The ſmooth oval Flaſk Wormſhell: the colour bluiſh-
white, very tranſparent like glaſs. From Sandwich,
very rare.
This differs from the laſt in being more oblong, and in
having a produced, cylindric mouth, like the ſtriata.
12.
MARGINATUM.
Serpula (Lagena) marginata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 7.
The bordered Flaſk Wormſhell: the colour white,
tranſparent and glofly. From Reculver, very rare.
This is in ſhape like the globoſum, rather leſs, a little
compreſſed, and diſtinguiſhed by an elevated ridge, or
margin, that ſurrounds the ſhell longitudinally.
We have found it in ſand on the coaſt of Devon: but
never with the mouth ſo much protruded as Mr. Wal-
KER's figure repreſents.
13.
RETORTUM.
Serpula (Retorta.) Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Microſo. t. 14. f. 6.
Serpula

525
Serpula (Retorta) rotunda marginata cervice curvatim exerto.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 10.
The marginated Retort Wormſhell; the colour white
and
opaque. From Sandwich not common.
This ſpecies differs from the laſt in having a produced,
ſub-cylindric, recurved mouth; the body is more orbi-
cular, and the margin that ſurrounds the ſhell more
ſtrongly defined. The ſpecimen we received from Mr.
Boys is a little compreſſed, and has a ſmall depreſſion,
or ſub-umbilicus, on each ſide near the centre. Diame-
ter not half a line.
14.
V. with a bottle-ſhaped, ſmooth ſhell, furniſhed with PerlucIDUM.
fix, equidiſtant, longitudinal ribs, and a ſmall knob at Tab. 14. f. 3.
the baſe; neck very long, fub-cylindric: aperture ex-
tremely ſmall: colour white, tranſparent, and gloffy.
Length not one tenth of an inch. Found at Seafalter.
15.
V. with an Urn-ſhaped, ſmooth, gloffy, ſemi-tranſpa- Urne.
rent white ſhell; at the baſe a ſlender appendage, or Tab, 14. f. 1.
knob: aperture produced by a conic neck.
Length ſcarce one line. Found in ſand from Shepey
iſland.
V. with

526
16.
SQUAMOSUM. V. with a fub-globoſe ſhell, marked with undulated
Tab. 14. f. 2. ftriæ, like the ſcales on a filh: aperture a little produced.
A minute ſpecies from Seaſalter.
For the three preceding ſpecies, we are indebted to
Mr. Boys, who, with his uſual liberality, favoured us
with excellent drawings, with an aſſurance, that he had
ſeen the ſhells from which they were taken.
bace
Pro
Solo
Bononi
ole olbacetto
der
Noooo
Bor
orilor
GEN

527
esOUSCO
GEN. XXXV.
TEREDO.
Animal uſually deſcribed as a TEREBELLA.*
SHELL cylindric, taper, flexuous, lodged in woody
ſubſtances; with two teftaceous, hemiſpherical valves,
anteriorly truncated, covering the head of the animal:
and two others, of a lanceolate ſhape, near the extremity
of the tail.
1.
Teredo navalis. Lin. Syſt. p. 1267.-Gmel. Syſt. p.3747.1. NAVALIS.
Martini Conch. t. 1. f, 11.
Planc. Conch. 17. No. 2.
Sellius Hift. Natur. Teredinis. 1733.
Pult. Cat Dorſet. p. 53.
Phil. Trans. 1741. No. 455. t. 2. (Baſter.
Br. Zool. No. 160.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Serpula Teredo. Da Costa. p. 21.
T. with
* The animal certainly has none of the characters of a Terebella. It has
neither tentacula, branchiæ, tubercles, nor faſciculi; and is diſtinct from any
teftaceous animal we are acquainted with.

528
T. with a thin, brittle, flexuous ſhell, of a whitiſh
colour, tapering to the extremity: aperture orbicular;
inſide ſmooth, pervious; at the ſmaller end the ſhell be-
comes thick and ſtrong, and is furniſhed within with
plates or laminæ, which contract that part very con-
fiderably, and leave a very ſmall opening: the anterior
valves, attached to the head of the animal, are of a hemi-
ſpheric form, one half the front projecting in a ſharp
angle, and fomewhat pointed; thin and brittle, finely,
and regularly ftriated longitudinally on the front angle,
which terminates in a regular line backward, where the
ftriæ conform to the angular ſhape of the valve, and run
tranſverſely acroſs the middle, or truncated part; this
part is covered with a light-brown epidermis, the hinder
part, or that which is attached to the animal, is white
and ſmooth.
The inſide of each valve is white, furniſhed with a
long, flat, curved tooth, projecting inwards under the
hinge, as in moſt the Pholades, and a ſhort, lateral tooth
at the extremity of the hinge, correſponding in each
valve: the margin, oppoſite the hinge, runs to an acute
angle, at the point of which, in each valve, is a ſmall
knob, which comes in contact when the valves are
brought together; and as this is the only bearing point
beſides the hinge, it may readily be conceived the fides
are extremely open.
Near the extremity of the tail of the animal, are fixed
two

529
two lanceolate plates, or valves, one on each ſide; a
little concave on the inſide, and rounded at the end :
the office of which is to cloſe the extremity of the tube
at the thickened part. Theſe ſeem to be properly the
ſhells of the animal, being attached to it. The tubular,
teftaceous caſe, or ſheath, which lines the hole made
by this animal in wood, though neceffary to its exiſtence,
appears only to be formed as an apartment, in which
it may move with eaſe and ſecurity; for it is obſervable,
that no two tubes ever touch each other, although the
lamina of wood between them is frequently not thicker
than paper. The tube is ſeldom ſo long as the animal,
as the interior part of the perforation is uſually not lined
with it for two inches or more: the ſmaller end is always
even with the ſurface of the timber perforated, but fo
ſmall as not eaſily to be diſcovered; but ſufficient to ad-
mit the ſurrounding element, and which the animal can
regulate by the poſterior valves.
It has been erroneouſly imagined, that the animal
perforates wood by means of its anterior valves; but
there is no reaſon for aſcribing ſuch a property, becauſe
their ſhape has been likened to an auger, when we find
all the Pholas, the Mytilus rugofus, the Donax Irus, and
many others perforate not only wood, but even the
hardeſt lime ſtone, without the aſſiſtance of their ſhells,
a part impoſſible to effect it.
It is obſervable the Teredo bores acroſs the grain of the
Yуу
wood

530
wood as ſeldom as poſſible; for after it has penetrated
a little way, it turns, and continues with the grain, tole-
rably ſtrait, until it meets with another ſhell, or per-
haps a knot, which produces a flexure: its courſe then
depends on the nature of the obſtruction, if conſiderable,
it makes a ſhort turn back in form of a ſyphon, rather
than continue any diſtance acroſs the grain.
We had an opportunity of examining a great number
of theſe ſhells in the Dock-Yard of Plymouth; where
every means have been tried to prevent the deſtructive
quality of theſe pernicious animals, which are now be.
come naturalized to the climate, and have increaſed con
fiderably, though ſuppoſed to be of oriental origin.
to
The piles we examined had been recently taken up
be replaced with new; theſe we were informed, had not
been under water above four or five years, and though
perfectly found and ſolid oak, were greatly perforated. *
It muſt be preſumed, that the tube is lengthened as
the animal's growth requires; and that it can extend the
whole length of the perforation without quitting the tail;
but that it cannot recede far, by reaſon of the increaſe
of the anterior valves affixed to the head, and the taper
ſhape
The method now adopted to preſerve the timbers neceſſarily uſed about
the docks, is to cover that part which is continually under water, with ſhort,
broad-headed nails, which in ſalt water, foon cover every part with a ſtrong
coating of ruft, impenetrable to theſe animals: and we are aſſured this has
been found to ſucceed better than ſheathing with copper.

531
ſhape of the tube. This part is rarely above three-quar-
ters of an inch in diameter at the larger end, and a foot
in length, in our climate; but exceeds that in the more
ſouthern parts, from whence it was brought into our
harbours to the deſtruction of our ſhips, as LINNÆUS
juſtly obſerves, calamitas navium.
This ſhell has been uſually placed amongſt the uni-
valves, but certainly without reaſon, for undoubtedly,
it is as compleat a multivalve, as any other of that
claſs, and ought to be either placed with the Pholas, or
between that and the Balanus, for it has no affinity either
to the Serpula or Dentalium,
GMELIN in a marginal note expreſſes himſelf thus,
Teredines intra vegetabilia habitantes, que deſtruunto
* vitæ genere, vittu, et habitatione, navalis certe, ipſa
svalvarum vermi adhaerentium fabrica, propius ad
"pholades accedunt, quam ad ferpulas."
We have, however, thought proper to leave it where
LINNÆUS laſt placed it, for the conſideration of thoſe
who may write more largely upon this branch of natu--
ral hiſtory.
It might be aſked by thoſe of leſs philofophic minds,
why an animal ſhould be formed wholly for deſtruction.
The anſwer is, that the greater apparent deſtruction,
afligned to certain beings, is but the neceſſary link in
Yyy 2

532
the great chain of nature: all, more or leſs, are endowed
with the ſame inclinations, even man, intellectual man,
is the moſt deſtructive of all animals.
The powers with which ſome of the ſeemingly moſt
contemptible beings are endowed, to promote the ſpeedy
deitruction of uſeleſs matter, cannot perhaps be better
exemplified, than by Mr. SMEATHMAN'S curious acount
of the Termes, or what has been commonly called White-
ant, given in the Philoſophical Tranſaktions for 1781,
to which we refer our readers.
That the Teredines, as well as the Pholades, and many
other aquatic animals were created, by the Father of the
Univerſe, for equally beneficent purpoſes in that element
cannot be diſputed; for though they may ſeem to impede,
and even deſtroy the operations of man in ſome degree,
yet, they are of ſuch importance in the great ſcale of
nature, that, as it has been obſerved, it would not be
difficult to prove, we ſhould feel the want of one or two
ſpecies of larger quadrupeds much leſs, than one or two
ſpecies of theſe deſpicable-looking animals.
Were it not for theſe, whoſe office it is to perfect what
nature has already begun on land, either by the means
of infects, or tornadoes, which by the aid of rapid tor-
rents would fill the tropical rivers with timber, and not
only choke them up, but even endanger the navigation
of the neighbouring feas, and perhaps the diſtant ocean;
for

533
for without ſuch powerful agents of diſſolution, wiſely
created, ſuch trees might under water endure for ages.*
Whereas, nothing can more plainly demonſtrate the
power of an all wiſe Ruler of the Univerſe, than the
works alligned to theſe little, and ſeemingly deſpicable,
beings, whoſe buſineſs is to haſten the total deſtruction of
all uſeleſs matter, and proves them a neceſſary, connect-
ing link in great nature's chain, ſo beautifully deſcribed
by STILLINGFLEET.
* In the Leverian Muſeum is an oak ſtake, which is ſaid to be one of thoſe
driven into the river Thames on the invaſion of JULIUS CÆSAR, eighteen
hundred years fince. Timber is frequently taken out of bogs, which have
probably-lain fince the deluge, and perfectly found.

534
2000@@@@@@
GEN. XXXVI.
SABELLA.
Animal various, AMPHITRITE, TEREBEL-
LA, SPIO, and NEREIS?
THE animal inhabiting fome of the Linnean Sabellæ
has, by later authors, been conſidered as an Amphitrite;
and to this new genus the Sabella Penicillus and granu-
lata have been removed.
Before we enter upon the deſcriptions of the ſeveral
fpecies of Sabella indigenous to the Britiſh coaſts, it may
not be improper to remark, that in placing them amongſt
ſhells, we have deviated from our own opinion, and have
followed the ſyſtem of LINN ÆUS, and other later wri-
ters, in continuing this genus amongſt the Vermes
Teftacea.
The tubes in which the animals of this claſs are en-
cloſed, are all, more or leſs, compoſed of extraneous
matter agglutinated together, ſuch as fand, gravel, and
broken

535
broken ſhells, of a finer or coarſer texture, according to
the nature of the animal inhabitant; and not prepared
by a teſtaceous fecretion from the body of the animal,
forming a compact, folid ſubſtance, the true character
of a ſhell.
Amongſt the Sabellæ of LINNEUS many larve of
ſub-aquatic flies are placed, ſeveral of which are to be
found in our rivers and ſtagnant waters : but theſe, de-
riving their origin from winged inſects, have no claim
of affinity to a Sabella, much leſs to a place in Con-
chology
We are not aware that any true Sabella is found in
freſh-water; and certainly no winged inſect has yet
been diſcovered, to perform its change from the larva
to the perfeet fly, in falt-water,
GMELIN has enumerated a great many Sabellæ, which
inhabit freſh-water, principally on the authority of
SCHROETER; many of which are varieties only of the
ſame imperfect infect, the larva of Ephemera vulgata,
fome that of Phryganea, and perhaps other Neuropte-
rous inſects.
The tubes, or caſes, in which theſe larvce are con-
cealed, are formed of whatever extraneous matter is
near, and which is encreaſed as its growth requires: this
accounts for the many elegant varieties of ſuch tubes.
Some

536
Some are compoſed wholly of ſmall ſhells of various
kinds; others of fragments of ſhells mixed with fand,
bits of ſtick, ftalks or fibres of plants; and it is remark-
able, that ſome ſpecies attach pieces of ſtick longitudi-
nally, while others bite off ſhort pieces and place them
tranſverſe, like baſket-work, ſome placing them trian-
gular, others quadrangular, or lozenge-ſhaped. But
the moſt beautiful variety, is that found in waters a-
bounding with Helix nautileus, with which we have
feen theſe caſes compleatly coated in a regular and moſt
elegant manner, with their apertures outwards, and ſome
of the animals yet alive. Another variety, coated with
fine fand, and minute bits of ſhining mica, found in Corn-
wall, and other ſtreams running over micaceous granite,
is deſerving notice: but we muſt not enter further on a
ſubject which more properly belongs to Entomology.
Why a part of the Linnean Sabellæ ſhould be removed
into the Molluſca claſs of Vermes, and others left amongſt
the Teſtacea is difficult to determine; for thoſe whoſe in-
habitants are Nereis, have no more claim to a place a-
mongſt ſhells, than ſuch as are inhabited by an Amphi-
trite, or Terebella; and might certainly, with as much
propriety, be transferred to their proper animal claſs.
That the Sabella genus ſhould be wholly expunged,
and the ſeveral animals placed in their reſpective gene-
ra amongſt the Molluſca, there can be no doubt; for
thoſe, whoſe caſes are made up of agglutinated frag-
ments

537
ments of ſhells the exuviæ of other animals, are as little
deſerving a place amongſt Teſtacea, as thoſe formed
wholly of ſand, or compoſed of both: ſuch are equally
extraneous ſubſtances, foreign to the animals, and are
only attached by a mucus, or glutinous ſecretion, which
forms the internal coating, and is the only part of ſuch
tubes really belonging to the animals; and which, in any
fpecies cannot be termed more than coriaceous, but
more commonly membranaceous, of a thin, flimſy,
flexible ſubſtance when moiſt, but extremely fragile
when dry.
It may be aſked why, as we do not conſider the San
bella in the leaſt connected with ſhells, nor even deſerv-
ing a ſeparate place in the Syſtem of Nature, we have
deviated from our hypotheſis. To this we ſhould reply,
that we have only followed the example of greater natu-
raliſts, at the ſame time ſubmitting our obſervations to
thoſe, who may hereafter take up the ſubject on a more
enlarged ſcale.
We are aware it will be faid, that ſhells are only the
coverings of animals; granted; but they are really teſ-
taceous, wholly ſecreted, and prepared by the animals,
and as much a part of them, as the covering of a tor-
toiſe, which is inſeparably fixed. We admit, however,
that it is an imperfect claſs in the Syſtema N-turce, and
was originally rejected by LINNÆUS as ſuch: but as it
was impoffible to bring thei ſeveral animals into any
Z z z
regular

538
regular ſyſtem, from the very little knowledge hitherto
obtained of them; and as the more durable parts of ſuch
animals were ſo eafily preſerved, and fo extremely covet-
ed from their attractive beauty, it became neceſſary to
throw them into ſome ſyſtematic arrangement, in order
that the ſpecies might be aſcertained, and names given
them, for the more ready communication of naturaliſts
on the ſubject. Indeed, could we aſcertain the ſeveral -
fpecies of animals inhabiting ſhells, we are inclined to
believe, they would ſtill continue to be divided and ſub-
divided by the form and ſtructure of their coverings, as
much as the Tortoiſe, Echinus, or the more cruſtaceous
animal the Cancer, whoſe bones are external. It muſt,
however, be admitted, that the animal inhabitants of
ſhells may, as far as they can be aſcertained, be an ef-
fential aid in diſcriminating ſpecies.
The animals inhabiting ſhells, as far as we yet know,
are confined to a very few genera, as may be ſeen in our
generic deſcription of ſuch ; ſome of which are found in
a molluſcous ſtate, and are properly ſeparated. On the
contrary, as the tubes, or cafes, uſually called fabellæ,
are of that fragile, imperfect, and periſhable nature
without being readily definable; a covering from agglu-
tinated pebbles, to a thin tranſparent film not preſerv-
able; we muſt ſyſtematize the animals and not their oc-
caſional coverings, (from which many of them retire at
pleaſure, and all independent of them) and endeavour
to make fuch fubfervient to ſpecific purpoſes only.
Let

539
Let us aſk, in return, if it is not inconſiſtent with a
ſyſtematic arrangement, to deſcribe the animal in one
place as a Vermes Molluſca inhabiting a tube, and in ano-
ther place as a Vermes Teſtacea, or Sabella, inhabited by
an Amphitrite, or a Terebella ? Such, however, is the
caſe in ſome modern ſyſtems,* and muſt be where the
animal is capable of living independent of its cafe or co-
vering, and may ſometimes be found deſtitute of it in
perfect vigour.
Surely, it would have been a much more natural ar-
rangment, to have placed the Echinus in the order Tef-
tacea, than the Sabella : indeed, fome authors have con-
fidered theſe as fhells; but in the Linnæan ſyſtem are
placed amongſt the molluſcous animals, though covered
with a ſhell.
We ſhall not, however, enter more largely on this ſub-
ject in a monographical work; it is for thoſe to confi-
der who write a general ſyſtem, whether the Sabella
ſhould not be expunged from the book of nature as a
ſubſtantive, and only deſcribed with their ſeveral ani-
mals, with a view to ſpecific diſtinctions: and by ſo do-
ing, all the caſes of larvce belonging to winged inſects,
which have been moſt unaccountably intruded upon the
Teſtacea claſs, would naturally find their way to thoſe
perfect
Z z z 2
* GMELIN has deſcribed Amphitrite Auricoma in its proper place as a
molluſcous animal, and its caſe amongſt the Teſtacea, under the title of Sa-
bella Belgica.

perfect flies to which they properly belong, and conſoli-
date their ſeveral hiſtories, which are now broken and
divided.
Having ſaid thus much, we ſhall, without further apo-
logy, proceed to the deſcription of the ſeveral Sabello
which have occurred on our ſhores, together with ſuch
of their animals as have come within our reſearches.
1.
ALVEOLATA
Sabella alveolata,
Lin. Syſt. p. 1268.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3749. 3.
Br. Zool. t. 92. f. 162.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 610.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 53.
Tubularia arenoſa Anglica. Ellis Coral, p. 90. t. 36.
S. with numerous tubes placed parallel to each other,
cloſely joined, but not interfering; compoſed of fine
ſand and comminuted ſhells, cemented together in an
aggregate maſs: the aperture of each tube is conſidera-
bly expanded, and has ſomewhat the appearance of a
honeycomb: the length of ſome of theſe tubes near-
ly three inches.
This gregarious ſpecies is not uncommon on many of
our fine fandy ſhores, covering the funken rocks for a
conſiderable ſpace between high and low water-mark.
Mr.

Mr. PENNANT mentions it on the coaſt of Angleſea,
Caernarvonſhire, and Yarmouth: at this laſt place ELLIS
alſo noticed it about low water-mark.
We have obſerved it in prodigious maſſes on the coaſt
of Caermarthenſhire, between Laugharne and Tenby;
and alſo a little to the weſt of Teignmouth in Devonſhire.
The animal is a Terebella, furniſhed with three ſeries
of pale, gloſſy briſtles, fet in an oval form on the head;
the outer feries reflect; the interior, which immediately
ſurround the mouth, incline inwards: the body, like the
reſt of its congeners is provided with many tufts of
briſtles on each ſide, but the three uppermoſt are much
more confpicuous than the reſt.
Mr. Ellis has given a very good figure of the animal
magnified, and a very copious deſcription; to which we
refer the curious reader.
2.
Sabella Penicillus. Lin. Syft. p. 1269.
PENICILLUS.
Martini Conch. i. t. 4. f. 32.
Pallas Miſc. Zool. t. 10. f. 1.
Corallina Tubularia Melitenfis. Ellis Coral. p. 92. t. 34.
Amphitrite Ventilabrum. Gmel. Syſt
. p. 3111.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 82.
Scolopendra.
Bafter Op. Sub. i. t. 9. f. 1. A.B.
S. with

542
S. with a long, flender tube, gradually tapering to
the lower extremity, which is ſmall, and flexuous; the
upper part is nearly ſtrait; the interior part is formed of
a tough, coriaceous, fub-pellucid ſubſtance, ſmooth
within; the external covering is wholly extraneous
compoſed of the fineſt particles of ſand, or earthy mat-
ter, agglutinated together, forming an even, and fome-
what ſmooth ſurface, of a dull brown colour, ſometimes
marked with a few faint wrinkles. Diameter at the lar-
ger, or open end, a quarter of an inch; length fix or
ſeven inches-
This ſpecies, not hitherto noticed as Britiſh, is found
on ſeveral parts of our coaſts, but does not grow to the
fize met with in the Mediterranean. We firſt noticed it
on the ſhore at Teignmouth, and afterwards dredged up
ſeveral, with their animals, at Torcroſs in Devonſhire,
adhering to Aſcidia Mentula, and interwoven with abie-
tina and other Sertularia: have alſo found it on the
north fhore, near Poole, cluſtered, and ſingle.
The beauty of the animal inhabitant (which is an Am-
phitrite) is not to be ſeen in ſuch as are brought to Eng-
land in ſpirits : we muſt examine ſuch in their natural
element, to form a perfect idea of their extreme ele-
gance. Thoſe we took alive were immediately put in
a glaſs of ſea water, and by ſuch means were kept alive
two or three days, giving a full opportunity of examin-
ing them in various ſtates. In this ſituation the plumoſe
tentacula

543
tentacula did not appear divided, and irregular, or one
ſmaller than the other, as deſcribed, and figured by El-
Lis, and afterwards by MARTINI, who has evidently
copied from the former; but are thrown out and ex-
panded ſo as to form a regular circle; the feathers, or
ciliated fibres that compoſe the tentacula, are longer on
the upper part than beneath. It is probable, an unna-
tural diviſion of theſe fibres, in a preſerved ſpecimen from
Malta, had miſled the accurate eye of ſo great a natu-
raliſt, for if Mr. Ellis had ever had an opportunity of
examining the living animal, he would have given a
much more correct and elegant figure of the beautiful
plumoſe tentacula.
To Mr. HENRY Boys of Sandwich, we are not only
indebted for the knowledge of this Sabella being found
at Whitſtable in Kent, and not uncommon about South-
fea Caſtle near Portſmouth, on ſtones at low water-mark,
but for ſeveral well executed drawings, accompanied by
a very correct deſcription.
The body is flattened, long, with numerous joints and
fafciculi; a' reflected, ſcalloped membrane round the
neck: tentacula two, furniſhed with about twenty-four
long fibres, or feathers, ciliated on both ſides ;* theſe are
of
* Mr. Boys obſerved twenty-four in one, and twenty-one in the other.
The tentacula are capable of great contraction; in which ſtate, as well alive
as in thoſe preſerved in ſpirits, the fibres appear feathered only on one ſide,
by reaſon of their cloſing; in this ſtate they are preſented by Ellis.

544
of a pale colour, ſpotted with red, which, when ſpread,
appear diſpoſed in circles.
A Sabella much reſembling the Penicillus, and the
animal an Amphitrite, of very ſimilar make and colour,
but differing ſomewhat in the formation of the tentacula,
occurred to us on the coaſt of Devonſhire'; whether it is
a mere variety, or diſtinct, we are not ſufficiently au-
thoriſed to determine, having only ſeen one ſpecimen,
and that in a languid ſtate when examined.
In this the fibres of the tentacula are jointed, or knot-
ted, and beſides the ciliated fides as in the other; they
were verticillated at the joints, like thoſe plants of the
Cryptogamia claſs called Equiſetum or Horſe-tail: theſe
joints are at regular diſtances.
The tube was not near ſo long as uſual in the Penicilm
Zus and was partly compoſed of coarſer materials, par-
ticularly broken ſhells: it had been attached to fome
other body near the fmaller extremity.
3.
GRANULATA.
Sabella granulata. Lin. Syft. p. 1268.
Martini Conch. i. t. iv. f. 27. & 262
Pallas Miſc Zool. t. 9. f. 3. & 2 ?
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 53.
Sabella tubiformis. Br. Zool. t. 92, f. 163.
Nereis conchilega. Id. No. 34.
Sabella

545
Sabella Belgica. Gmel. Syft. p. 3749.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 611.
Amphitrite auricoma. Gmel. Syft. p. 3111.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 82.
Muller Zool. Dan. i. p.87. t.26. f.1.6.
Terebella conchilega. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 84. .
S. compoſed of fine fand, agglutinated together into
a thin, brittle tube, without any membranaceous internal
coating. Length two inches or more: diameter at the
larger end three-eighths of an inch, gradually tapering
to half that fize at the ſmaller end.
This is not uncommon upon many of our fine ſandy
fhores.
Great confuſion has ariſen with reſpect to the ſyno-
nyms of this Sabella: GMELIN has given it firſt under
the article Amphitrite, quoting MARTINI, tab. 4. f. 26.
27. and afterwards as a Sabella, with reference only to
the 27 fig. of that author.
Doctor TURTON has given it an additional place in
the genus Terebella, with reference to the Sabella tubi-
formis of the Britiſh Zoology; and Mr. PENNANT has
given the animal as Nereis conchilega.
The animal is certainly the Amphitrite auricoma as
deſcribed by GMELIN, and is generally known by its two
rigid, glofly, gold-coloured, briſly tentacula.
Аааа
Sabella

546
4.
CHRYSODON
Sabella Chryfodon. Lin. Syſt. p. 1269 ?
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3749 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 610?
Martini Conch. i. t. 4. f. 29. SO.
Pallas Miſc. Zool. t. 9. f. 14. 15. 16.
Bajter Opuſc. Sub.i. t. 9. f. 4.
S. with a cylindric tube, of nearly the ſame fize
throughout, and about as large as a gooſe quill, com-
poſed of ſand, fragments of ſhells, or ſmall, flat pieces
of ſtone, cloſely cemented together on a tubular mem-
brane, which is ſmooth on the inſide: the upper part is
furniſhed with numerous, long fibres, of the ſame tex-
ture, projecting in a fub-funnel ſhape, but generally
fomewhat compreſſed fideways.
Is ſometimes conſtructed wholly of fand: others are
formed of large fragments of flate, and not unfrequently
mixed with whole ſhells, ſuch as Nerita littoralis.
Theſe are not uncommon in moſt of our inlets and
bays, but rarely on the more expoſed ſhores: the largeſt
we remember having feen, was in the inlet that runs up
to Kingsbridge in Devonſhire, where it is very common
a foot in length, and compoſed of very coarſe materials:
but this is a circumſtance, entirely depending on the na-
ture of the ſhore the animal inhabits, and which does
not appear to be very choice of ſituation, like the ani-
mals of the two preceding, who can only inhabit ſuch
places as will afford them fine fand,
The

547
The Chryſodon is uſually buried in a perpendicular di-
rection; the funnel, or mouth of the caſe, is always
about an inch above the ſurface, and is readily diſtin-
guiſhed by its branched fibres: it is generally ftrait, ex-
cept where larger ftones intervene, in which caſe it is
flexuous. Found moſt times congregated between high
and low water-mark.
This, and the Sabella conchilega, have moſt probably
been confounded; and, indeed, it is difficult to deter-
mine which of theſe is the Chryſodon of Gmelin.
It is ſometimes wholly compoſed of broken ſhells, in
which ſtate, it may be miſtaken for that ſpecies; but is
never found creeping, or laterally attached.
The animal is a Terebella of a ſlender form, but con-
ſiderably largeſt at the anterior end: joints about forty,
with as many faſciculi and branchiæ on each ſide, the
firſt nine or ten much larger, and nearer together than
thoſe on the middle of the body; round the mouth are
numerous, long, filiform tentacula, like the body, of a
a pale fleſh-colour; behind the head are ſhort, branched
feelers, Length ſometimes four or five inches.
5.
Sabella conchilega. Pult. Cat, Dorſet. p. 54.
CONCHILEGA.
Terebella conchilega. Gmel. Syſt. p. 3113.
Turt. Lin. iv.
Sabella rudis. Br. Zool. No. 161. t. 26. lower figure.
Аааа 2
S. with
. p. 84.

548
S. with a thin, fragile tube, compoſed of largefrag.
ments of ſhells, and little or no fand, cemented ſparing-
ly on a thin membrane, uſually attached its whole length
in a flexuous or ſerpentine form on old bivalves. Mr.
PENNANT, and Doctor PULTENEY both mention this
circumitance on the Dorſetſhire coaft: it is not, how-
ever, confined to that part, but is common throughout
the weſtern ſhores, and elſewhere,
Is rarely found on ftones; and what is poffibly a varie-
ty is ſometimes ſeen creeping amongſt the branches of
Sertularia abietina: if this laſt is diſtinct, we dare not
venture to give it as ſuch, never having as yet had an
opportunity of examining the animal.
The animal of S. conchilega is a Terebella, of a dull
orange colour, with numerous, pellucid tubercles, and
branchiæ on each ſide: tentacula round the mouth nu-
merous, ſlender, filiform, and extremely long; retrac-
tile, but uſually extended two or three inches, or more,
and exceeds the length of the body; their colour is
orange-yellow, prettily ſpotted with red; and when the
animal is in vigour, they are in continual motion, thrown
about in all directions: behind the head are ſhort, branch-
ed feelers, of a deeper orange colour.
Doctor Turton has erroneouſly made this animal
che inhabitant of Sabella tubiformis,
We

549
We have ſeen this Sabella as large as a goofe quill,com-
plicated, entwined, and interwoven together; and not leſs
than four or five inches in length. Is readily diſtinguiſh
ed from S. Chryſodon by its habits, and by the want of the
funnel-Shaped, fibrous mouth; as well as by its compon
nent parts being more unconnectedly put together.
The animal, too, differs eſſentially from that of the
other, eſpecially in the more numerous joints of the
body, which are not only fwoln, or knotted, but the tu-
bercles are remarkably prominent; and a much greater
diſproportion between the fize of the anterior part,
taking in ten or eleven joints, and the reſt of the body;
beſides, the anterior part of this appears, through a lens,
to be punctured or cancellated.
6.
Sabella lumbricalis. Gmel. Syft. p. 3752 ?
LUMERICALIS,
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 613?
Fab. Faun. Groen. p. 374. No. 369 ?
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. p. 53.
S. with a ftrong tube, compoſed of coarſe fand, and
ſometimes mixed with fragments of ſhells, firmly cement-
ed together in a rough manner, upon ſtones, ſhells, and
other bodies, in a ſerpentine form, and frequently en-
twined with Serpula triquetra and vermicularis; to
which it is very little inferior in ſtrength, being by far the
ſtrongeſt of all the Sabella tribe. Length two or three
inches; diameter one quarter of an inch. Common on
all our ſhores.
The

550
The animal is a Terebella, with the proboſcis a little
{preading, and fringed round the margin with briſtles:
the mouth beſet with four long aculei, and intermediate
ſhort ones: behind the ciliated margin of the proboſcis
is a ſcalloped ruff; and, on the back of the head, are nu-
merous capillary tentacula, of a red colour, like the
body, theſe are curled up when the animal is dead.
Diſcharges a beautiful purple dye.
We have followed Doctor PULTENEY in the prefixed
references, though with doubt, as the tube is far from
being fragile, and the animal appears to be deſtitute of
the ſpines on the back; ſuch at leaſt never occurred to us,
although the faſciculi and branchiæ are always con-
ſpicuous.
7.
CIRRATA.
Terebella cirrata. Gmel. Syft. p.3112.- Turt. Lin. iv. p.83.
S. with a thick, fragile tube, a little tapering, com-
poſed of ſand, mixed with clay, ſlightly agglutinated to
gether; ſoft when moiſt, and crumbly when dry. Length
fix or feven inches; diameter half an inch, or more; of
the aperture a quarter.
This is gregarious, but not attached, ſtanding upright
in a muddy bottom, between high and low water-mark,
with about an inch above the ſurface: is ſo extremely
ſoft, that it is difficult to obtain more than two or three
inches of the tube perfect.
We

We have never as yet obſerved this, but in one branch
of the inlet that runs up to Kingsbridge. It is the tube
of Terebella cirrata, and as it has not, we believe, been
deſcribed as Engliſh, and poſſeffing as much claim to a
place in the Sabella genus as many others, could not be
omitted.
The animal is furniſhed with two ſeries of tentacula or
feelers, thoſe on the upper lip, or round the mouth, are
extremely numerous, long, filiform, and of a pale co-
lour; theſe uſually contract into curls: the others, fitu-
ated behind the head, are alſo numerous, ſhort, ftrait,
branched, and of a reddiſh fleſh-colour: the body, when
extended, is nearly a foot in length; the annulations,
about ninety, furniſhed, as uſual, with fafciculi and
Franchiæ; the tubercles very prominent, but the joints
not tumid as in the animal of S.conchilega: colour pale,
inclining to purpliſh-brown on the upper part near the
head: when bruiſed diſcharges a red liquor.
When drawn from its caſe, it becomes conſiderably
larger in the anterior part of the body, than the bore of
the tube, but tapers greatly towards the tail.
This claſs of amorphous animals will, in all proba-
bility, ever remain in great obſcurity; the great fimi-
litude of many, their variable forms, and different ap-
pearances in the living, and the dead ſtates, eſpecially
when preſerved in fpirits, will always occafion great
difficulty in diſcrimination.
The

552
The animals of S. Chryfodon, conchilega, and cirra-
ta, approach each other ſo nearly, about the hind, or
anterior part, that actual compariſon is abſolutely re-
quiſite to diſtinguiſh them; the bodies, however, fome-
what differ; but the number of joints is not wholly to
be depended on in ſome ſpecies: the caſes or tubes, as
well as the habits of the animals, are eſſential auxiliaries
in this claſs of animated nature.
8.
ARENARIA.
S. with an extremely fragile, cylindric tube, com-
poſed of pure ſand, ſlightly cemented together without
any internal membrane, like S. granulata, but is never
fo large, and is equal in fize at both ends.
This is very common on the Dorſetſhire coaſt, eſpeci-
ally at Weymouth and Portland; and are driven up in
ſuch abundance at Studland, that the beach is covered
with them. Theſe are uſually from one to two inches in
length, and about the ſize of a raven's quill; but are
probably only fragments, or that part of the tube the
animal forms above the fand, which is continually de-
ſtroyed by every little increaſed agitation of the fea,
and as frequently replaced.
The animal unknown.
9.
SUBCYLINDRICA S. with a long, fub-cylindric, flender, fragile tube,
compoſed of fine ſand, and minute bits of broken ſhells,
cement-

553
cemented together on a fine membrane, adhering by
their flat fides.
This ſpecies is not uncommon in fand from Salcomb
bar, above three inches in length, but more commonly
broken into pieces of one or two inches; never more
than one tenth of an inch in diameter, and nearly the
fame fize throughout.
Animal unknown.
10.
S. with a long, flender tube, gradually tapering to SETIFORMIS.
the lower end to half the fize of the upper part; com-
poſed of very fine fragments of ſhells, and minute flat
bits of ſtones, agglutinated together at their edges, and
ſtanding oblique towards the larger end, lying on each
other in an imbricated manner. Length three or four
inches; fize double that of a hog's briſtle.
Taken up with fand from the bar off Salcomb, and
ſome parts of the bay.
A variety is compoſed of fine fand, in which caſe the
imbricated ſtructure is not obſervable: fome have a late-
ral branch near the ſmaller end; poſſibly another in a
younger ſtate attached.
Animal unknown.
Bbbb
S. with

554
CURTA.
S. with a ſmall, ſhort tube, compoſed of ſand and mi-
nute bits of flat ftones, agglutinated to a tough mem-
brane; ſometimes formed wholly of the fineſt fand, de-
pending entirely on the ſoil it inhabits: the caſe is a lit-
tle tapering to the lower end, by which it is fixed, and
which is generally, for a quarter of an inch, deſtitute of
any covering, but a flexible membrane, by which it ad-
heres to the ſhingle under the ſurface, between high and
low water-mark, and ſtands about a quarter of an inch
above. Length ſcarce an inch; fize of a crow quill.
This Sabella is gregarious, covering the whole furface
of the ſhore in the inlet near Kingsbridge; appearing
like bits of ſtraw covered with mud, and as cloſe and
numerous as ſtubble in a field.
Animal a Terebella, ſmall, of a pale yellowiſh-green
colour; proboſcis pointed, with a few upright, filiform,
green tentacula, and numerous, ſlender, ciliated feelers,
of a pale colour; theſe are much longer, and more llen-
der than the others, and are in conſtant motion, but
both are quickly protruded and contracted.
When the animal was immerſed in fpirits the tentacula
inftantly contracted, and were totally obſcured. Being
diveſted of its caſe, a radiated tuft was perceived on each
ſide the head: the annulations of the body about fix-
teen, with as many fafciculi, and ſhort peduncles on each
fide.
S, with

555
12.
S. with a ſhort, broad, and extremely flat tube, com- COMPRESSA,
poſed of large pieces, or fragments, of flat bivalve ſhells,
chiefly of the Pečten genus; theſe are laid without order,
but ſometimes cover each other at the edges, and inva-
riably placed with the concave fide inwards, which leaves
a narrow perforation.
The length of thoſe we procured was about an inch
and a half, formed of five or fix fragments of ſhells on
each fide, finely agglutinated together; theſe pieces are
in general three-eighths of an inch broad, and form a
moſt fingular ſtructure. Inhabits the deep at Torcroſs
in Devonſhire.
The animal inhabitant has hitherto eluded our re-
ſearches.
ADDENDA

556
ADDENDA,
TO render this work as compleat as pollible, it be
came neceſſary to give a few fupplementary pages, in
order that thoſe ſpecies, which had been diſcovered fince
the printing of the genera to which they belong, might
be deſcribed: this will alſo give an opportunity of not-
ing any recent occurrence, or of adding any additional
reference to ſuch as are already deſcribed, eſpecially
thoſe of the Britiſh Shells, which, being a periodical
work, could only be referred to as the numbers came out.
The additions here given are ſyſtematically arrang-
ed, and where ſuch ſhells have been before deſcribed,
a reference to the page is added.
MULTIVALVE.
BALANUS.
STRIATUS.
2.-14.
This ſhell, though generally conſidered as a Multi-
-valve, and as ſuch placed with the Linnæan Lepas, has
certainly

557
certainly no claim to either ; but is more allied to the
paraſtical Mytili. It is always ſeſſile, irregular in growth,
bivalve, inequivalve; lower, or fixed valve concave:
upper valve, or operculum, ſmaller, flat: hinge indif-
tinct, no apparent teeth.
With theſe characters, it ſhould be removed from its
preſent ſituation, and might, with propriety, be placed
as a Mytilus, unleſs any thing in the hinge, hereafter
obſervable in larger ſpecimens, ſhould be found to bring
it nearer the genus Spondylus.
The animal is a Triton, with fourteen ciliated feelers,
fix on each ſide, and two erect.
LEPAS.
Lepas fafcicularis. Ellis. Zooph. p. 197. t. 15. f.6.
FASCICULARIS
This ſpecies of Lepas, deſcribed and figured by Ellis,
is certainly very diſtinct from any before given ; and as
it was from St George's Channel, (meaning, we preſume,
the Channel between England and Ireland,) it muſt be
confidered as belonging to Britiſh Teſtaceology.
Ellis deſcribes it thus, “ Lepas faſcicularis, tefta
quinquevalvi lævi corpus tegente, valvula dorſali baſi
** dilatata, angulo acuto prominente, Nipite nudo."
In

558
In fize it is equal to L. anatifera, but differs confide-
rably in the formation of its component parts or plates :
the upper valves are pointed at the apex, and turn back-
wards, giving the front of the ſhell a convexity; where-
as the other is rather concave: the dorſal valve ſpreads
greatly at the baſe, and forms a confiderably ſharp, pro-
minent angle, whereas in anatifera, this valve is regu-
larly ſemi-circular,
PHOLAS.
DACTYLUS.
p. 20.
Pholas Dactylus. Don. Br. Zool. iv. t. 118.
This ſhell has four acceſſory valves; the one, not be-
fore deſcribed, is very ſmall, and ſtands erect at the in-
ner end of the two large plates to ſupport them. The
difficulty of obtaining them quite perfect, occafioned us
to believe it had only three.
Solen criſpus. Gmel. Syft. p. 3228.
GMELIN has miſtaken LISTER's ſhell, which is Pholas
criſpatus, and therefore has deſcribed this in both genera.
CRISPATUS.
p. 23.
CANDIDUS.
Pholas candida. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 132.
P. 24.
Pholas

559
Pholas ftriata. Don Br. Shells. iv. t. 117.
STRIATUS.
Favan. t. 60. F. 2.3.6.9.-Gualt. t. 105. F. p. 26.
This is by ſome called Pholas lignorum, or Dutch
wood-muſcle.
®
BIVALVE.
MYA.
p. 28.
Mya dubia. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 108.
PHOLADIA.
Plentiful at Torbay, in fragments of lime ſtone, driven
on ſhore by winter ſtorms, but is not to be found in the
rocks, which are ever uncovered by the loweſt ebb tides ;
and of courſe is rarely obtained alive: in this ſtate, how-
ever, we have procured it, and proved beyond doubt,
that it cannot belong to the Pholades, as it is void of
acceſſory valves.
The perforations in which theſe ſhells are concealed,
are ſometimes lined with a concreted, calcareous ſub-
ſtance, cloſely connected with the reſt of the ſtone, and
equally hard, compoſed of ſeveral coats, or laminæ, of
a different texture, not unfrequently half a line, or more,
in thickneſs: the openings to theſe chambers are ſmall,
and

560
and have fomewhat the appearance of two holes broken
into one, which is adapted to the ſhape of the tubes of
the animal.
The inhabitant is an Aſcidia, with two very long, flen-
der, white tubes, exceeding the length of the ſhell;
theſe are connected together their whole length, but ter-
minated by two orifices, ciliated with fleſhy fibres, of a
dark purpliſh-brown: the body is alſo white; near the
poſterior end is a foramen, through which, a ſmall foot,
or fuentaculum, is ſometimes protruded, and doubtleſs
the apparatus, which aſlifts in perforating rocks, being
always placed in its cell with that end downwards, and
incapable of turning,
It is probable this, as well as all other ſimilar animals,
whoſe habits are to perforate ftone, are provided with
an acid, or ſome folvent menftruum capable of perform-
ing that office: it muſt alſo be recollected, that this,
ſeemingly laborious talk, is not affected in any given
time, but is the work of years; as the chamber for the
lodgment of the animal, only requires enlarging as
the ſhell grows.
Stone of a vitrifiable nature, is impenetrable to theſe
animals, but all ſuch as are wholly, or even partly cal-
careous, are more or leſs attacked;* and while this, the
Mytilus
* This remark might be attended with confiderable national advantage, if
purſued with experimental application, under the direction and encouragement

561
Mytilus rugofus, Donax Irus, Venus perforans, and ſome
others, are deſtroying the hardeſt lime ſtone; the Pho-
lades are performing ſimilar works, aſſigned by nature,
on fofter fubftances, ſuch as chalk, indurated clay, and
wood, which in like manner are perforated by ſome fol-
vent power; not by the thin, fragile ſhells, that cover
ſuch animals, as ſome have erroneouſly aſſerted, and is
too generally credited. All theſe become fixed in their
cells for life, for as they enter in the moſt minute ſtate,
the excavations are conic, with the ſmall end outwards,
ſo that the ſhells are as it were become encloſed.
It is moſt probable, the young of theſe, and other per-
forating Aſcidiæ, that drill the ſmall round holes fo fre-
quently obſerved on ſhells; and not the Trochi, which
are incapable of ſuch works.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 73.
MARGARITIFE
RA
Under the article Pearl, in the Encyclopædia Britan-
nica, we find the following note:
p. 23.
66
“ There has been in theſe parts, (i. e. at Perth, in
Scotland,) a very great fiſhery of Pearl, got out of the
frelh-water Muſcles. From the year 1761 to 1764,
* 10,000l. worth, were ſent to London, and ſold from
Cccc
of Government. A coating of pounded flint, or glaſs, laid on timber with a
firm cement, would effectually preſerve it from the calamitous ravages of the
Teredo navalis, and other animals of ſimilar habits.
10S. to

562
105. to il. 16s. per ounce. We are told that a pearl
had been taken there, that weighed 33 grains. But
this fiſhery is at preſent exhauſted, from the avarice of
6 the undertakers : it once extended as far as Loch-Tay."
Theſe Muſcles were doubtleſs the Mya Margaritifera,
and it is probable many other rivers in Great Britain
might afford at this time a ſufficient quantity to repay
the experiment. In many of the rivers of Wales, as well
as in Devonſhire, we have obſerved theſe ſhells in abun-
dance; but whether they equally produce pearls we can-
not determine; thoſe, however, found in the former
rivers are uſually more rugged than what are obſerved
in the latter; a circumſtance more favourable to the
production of pearls; and it is a known fact, that the old,
rugged, decorticated ſhells, are only worth examining:
the ſmooth ones rarely produce any, or ſo inferior in
fize, as to be of no value.
و
In Doctor PULTENEY's view of the writings of LIN-
NÆUS, page 42, it is ſaid, that the Swediſh naturaliſt
made a remarkable diſcovery relating to the generation
of pearls, in the river pearl muſcle, Mya Margaritifera.
It appears, that five or ſix years are requiſite, after the
operation, to compel them to produce pearls the fize of
a vetch.
This extraordinary operation the Doctor regrets we
are unacquainted with, and which was conſidered of ſo
much

563
much importance, that the author was rewarded with a
munificent premium from the ſtates of the kingdom on
that account.
It is, however, ſuppoſed, that perforations, or par:
tial fractures in the ſhell, will occaſion the production of
pearls; for as theſe produce diſtortions, and ruggedneſs
in the ſhells, it appears to have the ſame effect as on
ſuch as acquire it by age, and common accidents: but
how theſe ſhells are opened without deſtroying the ani-
mal, and the pearl taken out, (which is ſaid will be re-
newed again after a certain period) we do not pretend
to determine.
Mya depreffa. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 101.
OVALIS.
Mya ovata, Don. Br. Shells. iv, t. 122.
Although Mr. DONOVAN has given theſe two ſhells as
diſtinct, he very juftly expreſſes a doubt. That they are
only varieties we cannot heſitate to determine; and we
have already gone further, by giving them as ponderous
varieties of our Mya Ovalis. Donovan obſerves, both
theſe ſhells inhabit the New River, near London, and
the Froome in Somerſetſhire. We have found them
in the Avon, many miles above and below its conflux
with the Froome: at Bath they are thrown up in great
abundance after floods, and commonly uſed for putting
colours in.
p. 94.
Сccc 2
That

That it is difficult to diſcover ſpecific characters of
diſtinction in ſome of the productions of nature, all na-
turaliſts will allow; and when no permanent diſtinguiſh-
ing marks appear, we can only refer to habits: in fol-
lowing this courſe there ſeems nothing to divide theſe
two ſhells from each other, nor from that which we
have deſcribed as the ovalis: all the gradations that join
them are commonly found in the ſame waters. That the
foil and nature of the water have conſiderable effect
upon fhells, there can be no doubt, particularly in
ſtrength, and colour; for inſtance, theſe ſubjects, which
are figured in the Britiſh Shells, with elegant yellow ra-
dii, are rarely found in the Avon with ſuch markings;
and inſtead of the ground colour being green, are uſual-
ly of a dark olive-brown, and frequently duſky.
The animals of theſe freſh-water Myc, are certainly
not Aſcidice, but are ſimilar to thoſe inhabiting the river
Mytili.
SUBORBICULARIS
This ſhell, which is ſo ſimilar in ſhape to the Cardium
corneum, is eſſentially different in the animal inhabitant,
which appears to be a Tethys, of a very pale colour, with
one long tube, not internally divided, but furniſhed with
only one opening: and about the middle of the ſhell in
front, is a retractile, flender foot, half as long as the
Syphon, capable of adhering to the ſmootheft ſurface, and
will aſcend the ſides of a glaſs filled with ſea-water. The
animal of C. corneum is ſimilar to that of C. lacuſtre.
p. 39.
SOLEN

565
SOLEN.
Solen marginatus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 110.
VAGINA
p. 48.
This, which has generally been conſidered as a rare PELLUCIDUS.
ſpecies, we have found plentifulat Torcroſs, by dredging.
p. 49.
Solen antiquatus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 114.
ANTIQUATUS,
p. 52,
Have ſince ſeen ſpecimens in the cabinet of Mr. BRY-FRAGILIS.
IR, taken on the ſhore near Weymouth.
p. 51,
S. with an extremely flat, pellucid, thin, white ſhell, SQUAMOSUS.
of a fub orbicular ſhape; moſt minutely, and elegantly
punctured all over, appearing under a common pocket
lens, like fine fhagreen; beſides which, there are a few
obſcure, concentric wrinkles, moſt conſpicuous round
the margin: umbo very ſmall, pointed, central, and not
turning to either fide. Inſide ſmooth, glofly white,
with obſcure ftriæ radiating from the hinge; margin
plain, and rather more opaque than the reſt of the ſhell:
teeth two, double, diverging on each ſide the umbo; theſe
are thin, but ſtand erect, conſiderably above the com-
miffure; a depreffion, or furrow, on the margin, divides
each tooth into two laminæ almoſt to the beak, where
they are united and form an acute angle.
One

506
One valve of this curious fhell has as yet only come
under inſpection; we found it in fand from Salcomb bay :
it was recent, and as clear and pellucid as the Bulla
aperta; being very flat, has the appearance of a ſcale of
a fiſh. Length three eighths of an inch; breadth half
an inch.
The hinge does not appear to ſtrialy belong to any
of the Linnæan genera, but ſeems to be moſt nearly al-
lied to the Solen, which has induced us to give it a place
as fuch, for the preſent.
PINNA.
.
S. with a thin, pellucid, fragile, depreſſed, white ſhell,
Tab. 15. f. 3. of a ſub-oval ſhape, ſtrongly wrinkled concentrically:
umbo ſmall, placed very near the ſmaller end, from
whence the connecting cartilage runs in a ſtraight line
on the longeſt fide, and joins the valves nearly the whole
width of the ſhell, like a Pinna; the ſhort end declines
a little from the beak; the margin oppoſite the hinge is
ſemi-circular, and extremely thin and brittle; the valves
are diſſimilar, the upper is a little convex, the lower
flightly concave.
Inſide white, fomewhat pearlaceous: a blunt tooth in
each valve running ſtraight from the beak; that in the
concave valve is largeſt, and uneven on its furface; theſe
are not inſerted, but ſtand by the ſide of each other when
the valves are cloſed.
Length

567
Length from hinge to the oppoſite margin above
three-eighths of an inch; breadththree-quarters.
This curious, nondeſcript ſpecies, we took alive, by
dredging at Torcroſs.
TELLINA
Tellina inæquiſtriata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 123.
LÆTA.
p. 57.
Tellina rigida. Don. Br. Shells. 11. t. 103.
CRASSA.
p. 65.
Venus borealis. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 103.
RADULA
p. 68.
We cannot agree with Mr. Donovan in conſidering
this ſhell the Venus borealis of GMELIN: it is perhaps
difficult to determine the true Linnean ſhell, under that
denomination.
Gmelin is by no means correct in his ſynonyms,
having referred to no leſs than three very different ſpe-
cies for it; that of GUALTIERi, quoted tab. 75. fig. 5. is
probably intended for fig S. as there is no fig 5. in the
plate: thoſe in LISTER'S Conchology, and Anim. Angliæ,
are our Maxtra compreffa, the Venus borealis of Pen-
NANT:

508
NANT: that referred to in CHEMNITZ, may poſſibly
be the true borealis, but that author alſo unfortunately
quotes Lister, and GUALTIERI the fame; none of
which are the leaſt like this ſhell.
CARDIUM.
ECHINATUM.
Cardium echinatum. Don. Br. Shells. ill. t. 107. f. 1.
P. 78.
TUBERCULA-
TUM.
Cardium tuberculatum. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 107. f. 2.
The ſhell figured by this author, is a very good repre-
ſentation of that ponderous Cardium, we made mention
of under the article of Cardium echinatum. It probably
is the Gmelinian tuberculatum, and pollibly a diſtinct
fpecies.
We have noticed this ſtrong and thick ſhell, deſtitute
of fpines, on the ſhore of Dawliſh warren at the mouth
of the Ex in Devonſhire, where at times it is plen-
tiful; and have remarked, that on other parts of the
ſame coaſt where we have taken the echinatum, and acu-
leatum, not one of theſe ſtrong ſhells were to be found;
a circumſtance that favours an opinion of its being diſtinct.
It probably inhabits the deep, as we have never yet
obtained it alive.
Cardium

569
Cardium edule. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 124. f. 1.1,
EDULE,
p. 76.
Cardium rufticum. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 124. f. 2.
RUSTICUM
This is another of this very intricate claſs that ſeems
to have puzzled the conchologiſt. It is ſaid to grow
to a larger ſize, and to poſſeſs fewer ribs than the edule,
and thoſe more elevated; but whether it is really diſtinct
from that ſhell, certainly admits of doubt.
We lately received from a teſtaceological friend, Mr.
SWAINSON, what he conſiders as the rufticum, obſerving,
that ſuch were known by the name of Roſcockle, and
were ſold for three pence per dozen, on the Ele coaft,
when half a peck of the common fort fold only for one
penny: ſuch are taken only on one particular fand off
Leigh, after ſtrong gales of wind.
This ſhell very well accords with that figured by Don-
OVAN, and is not unlike that given by CHEMNITZ,
which GMELIN quotes. If it is really diſtinct from edule,
we fear no permanent character will be found, by which
it may be diſtinguithed from the latter, as the number
of ribs vary. That the ſmaller cockles are uſually deſti-
tute of the rufous colour, and are more ſub-orbicular,
muſt be admitted; the ribs are alſo finer; but are not
thele marks the effect of immaturity ?
Dddd
If

5.70
If the larger fort is diſtinct, it appears equally plenti-
ful with the other, for we have obſerved in many places,
this is the fort principally eaten, the ſmaller ones being
rejected as young, and left to grow larger; and we muſt
confeſs, that the great variety now before us, run ſo much
into each other, as to render it impoſſible to divide them,
although the two extremes appear different.
LACUSTRE.
p. 89.
The animal of this ſhell, as well as its congenera cor-
neum and amnicum, is certainly an Aſcidia, not a Te-
thys as was ſtated by miſtake.
MACTRA,
SUBTRUNCATA.
Mactra ſubtruncata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 126.
p. 93.
STULTORUM.
Maara ftultorum. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 106.
P. 94.
Tellina plana. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 64.
By miſtake we have referred to this ſhell of DONO-
VAN, under the title of Tellina borealis, inſtead of plana,
COMPRESSA.
p. 96.
Mactra

571
GLAUCA.
Mactra glauca. Gmel. Syft. p. 3260. 20.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 23. f. 232. 233.
Born. Muf. t. 3. f. 11. 12.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 125.
M. with an oval ſhell, of a dirty-white colour, very
finely ſtriated tranſverſely, and marked with broad and
narrow glaucous rays: the anterior end wrinkled: the
the beaks reflect backwards, with a narrow gape between
them. Length uſually two inches and a half; breadth
three and a half.
On the authority of Mr. DONOVAN this is added to
the Fauna of Britiſh Shells; who informs us, it was dife
covered by Miſs Pocock in 1801, on Hale fands, under
Lelant in Cornwall. It is probable theſe extenſive ſands
may be very productive at times, but we muſt confider
this lady as extremely fortunate; for in our viſits to
that part of the Corniſh coaſt, eſpecially lately at the
place mentioned, and about St. Ives, no ſuch ſhell was
to be found, although Venus Chione was plentiful, and
which was brought to us by the fiſhermen for M.glauca,
not knowing the difference: this may account for their
ſaying this ſhell is at times found on that coaſt in plenty.
The very good figure given in the Britiſh Shells, is
confiderably larger than is uſually deſcribed, meaſuring
three inches and a half, by four and a half.
Dddd 2
M. with

572
TONUIS
M. with a compreſſed, fub-triangular, equilateral,
ſemi-pellucid, thin, white ſhell, concentrically wrinkled:
umbo ſmall, central, much produced, and not turning
to either fide,
Inſide moderately ſmooth and gloſſy, with a broad,
but nearly obſolete, conic cicatrix, running to a point
acroſs the middle of the ſhell, towards the beak: hinge
furniſhed with a bifurcated tooth, and a narrow foviola ;
and remote, lateral, laminated teeth, one on each ſide in
one valve; in the other a plain fingle tooth, with a
correſponding cartilage cavity, but no lateral lamine.
Length a quarter of an inch; breadth rather more.
We firſt diſcovered this ſpecies at Southampton, where
it is not uncommon on the ſhore to the weſt of the town:
and have fince received it from Mr. BRYER of Weymouth.
The hinge is ſomewhat fimilar to that of M.compreſa.
but the foviola is not ſo broad, and is at once diſtinguiſh
ed by the lateral teeth, which that ſhell is deftitute of:
it differs alſo in ſhape, being much more angulated, and
produced at the beak, as well as the cicatricula.
In comparing it with the young of MaElra folida and
Stultorum, it differs from them, not only in ſhape, but
eſſentially in the central, or primary teeth, and in pof-
feffing lateral ones only in one valve, which both valves
of thoſe ſhells are furniſhed with.
The

573
DONAX
The animal inhabitant of this ſhell is an Aſcidia, and Irus,
not a Tethys; which is probably the caſe with moſt ſuch p. 108.
whoſe nature it is to perforate other bodies: it has two
flender, pellucid, white tubes, ſpotted with opaqué
white; theſe are not half ſo long as the ſhell, and joined
together, except near the end, where they diverge, and
become of a pink colour, the openings ciliated with
feathered fibres of the fame: in fome the points and
fringe are of the ſame colour as the reſt of the tubes,
D. with a ſtrong, gloſſy, cheſnut-coloured ſhell, fur-CASTANEA,
niſhed with a few irregular, tranſverſe, antiquated ridges,
or wrinkles; one ſingle ray of the ſame colour, but
darker, runs from the beak to the oppoſite margin, in a
curved direction, and divides each valve nearly in equal
parts; from this to the poſterior end the colour becomes
pale: umbo obtufe, rather inclining to the anterior, or
longeſt fide. Inſide of the ſame colour, ſmooth and glor-
fy, with a ſmall trace of the ray at the margin: hinge
very ſtrong; teeth, one very large, and one ſmall, in
each valve; no lateral teeth: cicatrix broad, running
from the anterior fide one third acroſs the ſhell, in a
tranſverſe direction, from which continues a marginal
line almoſt to the oppoſite ſide: margin plain. Length
a quarter of an inch; breadth three-eighths.
This

574
This appears to be a nondeſcript fpecies, at leaſt we
have not been able to find any thing like it deſcribed : it
comes neareſt to Donax plebeia in ſhape, being ſub-
cuneiform, and the teeth are equally ſtrong in propor-
tion; in theſe, however, it differs, eſpecially in their ob-
liquity, being the reverſe of each other; that ſhell, too,
has a lateral tooth, and the beak turns towards the poſ-
terior or fhort fide; whereas, in this, if any thing, it is
inclined to the longer or anterior ſide.
It appears to be a rare ſpecies, as only one mutilated
fpecimen of a ſingle valve, had come under examination
till very lately, which was taken at Falmouth in Corn-
wall, five or fix years ago; from which we did not
chooſe to hazard a deſcription: a few other ſpecimens,
recently found at St. Aufile's bay in that county, and on
the coaſt of Devon, has enabled us to add it to the cata-
logue of Britiſh Shells. They are all exactly alike in
colour and markings.
VENUS.
UNDATA.
Venus undata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 121.
p. 117.
CANCELLATA
Venus cancellata Don Br. Shells. iv. t. 115.
This may poſſibly be V. cancellata of GMELIN P.3270.
but

575
but be that as it may, it is without doubt the young
of
Venus verrucofa: in that ſtate it is not only much leſs
convex, but the tranſverſe ridges are much thinner,
deftitute of the warty appearance, or very imperfealy
fo at the anterior end, and faintly ftriated longitudinally
in the furrows, which gives it a cancellated appearance
towards the beak, where the tranſverſe ridges are not
much elevated.
When theſe ſhells attain the length of an inch and a
quarter, or thereabouts, they loſe the longitudinal Ariæ,
and the ridges become ſtrongly verrucoſe; they are,
however, in moſt of the full grown fpecimens, to be
traced about the umbo.
CHEMNITZ has figured the young V. verrucofa vol. vi.
tab. 29. fig. 304. 305. and refers to the V. cancellata of
LINNÆUS: and in the fame tab. fig. 306. 307. is another
which he gives as a variety; this is much broader in pro-
portion to its length, than what the verrucofa is uſually
found to be. Theſe figures. GMELIN quotes for his V.
cancellata; ſo that by collating theſe references with
the figures in queſtion, and comparing the various and
numerous fpecimens, now before us, of the verrucofa, from
the fize of a pea upwards, we have very little doubt but
in its younger flate it has been deſcribed as a diſtinct
fpecies, under the title cancellata; and that theſe are
actually one and the ſame ſhell, in different periods of
growth. It muſt alſo be remarked, that the verrucoſa

576
is ſubject to other varieties, from having its ridges partly
worn down; in this ſtate the warty appearance is loft
even in the largeſt ſhells, the ridges become ſmooth,
not reflected, and deſtitute of longitudinal ftriæ : in
young ſhells, when the ridges are partly worn, the longi-
tudinal ftriæ become more conſpicuous. Theſe varie-
ties have been the cauſe of much perplexity, but an
opportunity of examining on the weſtern coaſts fome
hundreds of theſe ſhells in all ſtages, may be allowed to
warrant fuch an opinion.
VIRGINEA.
P. 128.
The figure in the Br. Zool. tab. 55, without number,
is probably intended for the deſcription of Venus rhom-
boides of that work, as the number of that ſhell is
55
and there is no other figure with that number. The re-
ference to Mr. PENNANT ſhould therefore ſtand thus
for our virginea. Ven. rhomboides, Br. Zool. No. 55.
tab. 55. figure without number.
AUREA.
P. 129.
Having quoted Venus rhomboides of Br. Zool. for this
ſhell by miſtake, we beg it may be removed to Venus
virginea, and coupled with the figure there referred to:
and in its ſtead the Tellina rugoſa of PENNANT to be
placed as the V. aurea, the reference to which, will
and thus: Tellina rugoſa, No. 34. tab. 57. fig. 34.
V. with

577
و
V. with a ſtrong, fub-triangular, yellowiſh-white ſhell, TRIANGULARIS.
with a few antiquated, concentric ridges, in other re-
ſpects ſmooth: umbo central, remarkably prominent,
and turned a little to one fide; each fide floping nearly
equal, and forming the umbonal regions into an acute
angle; under the beak a lanceolate, cordiform depreſ
fion. Inſide ſmooth; hinge very ſtrong in proportion,
furniſhed in one valve with two ſtrong teeth, one
running backwards parallel with the cartilage ſlope, bi-
fid, or divided longitudinally; the other is triangular;
and near it, running parallel with the cordiform depref-
fion, is a ſtrong, lateral lamina, of a ſemi-lunar ſhape;
the convexity inwards; and a deep groove between that
and the margin: the other valve is poſſeſſed of three
teeth, two of which greatly diverge, in order to admit
the triangular tooth of the oppoſite valve between them;
and a lateral tooth, which locks in between that and the
marginal edge; the margins are plain. Length half an
inch; breadth nearly the ſame.
This extremely rare ſhell, was found on the coaſt of
Devonſhire.
V. with a fub-oval, fub-triangular, yellowiſh-white Spinifera
fhell, wrought with numerous, fine, concentric, paral-
lel, equidiſtant, elevated, and ſomewhat reflected ridges,
about thirty fix in number: theſe ridges at the anterior
Ееее
fide,

578
ſide,* on the margin of the cartilage flope, on both
valves, become confluent in pairs, and form ſhort, ob-
tufe fpines, reflecting backwards; this double row of
ſpines forms a deep cavity for the cartilage: umbo ſmall,
nearly central, and turned a little to one ſide, beneath
which, is a ſtrong, lanceolate, cordiform depreſſion.
Infide fmooth, white; hinge furniſhed with a ſingle pri-
mary tooth, and a ſmall cavity on each ſide in one valve,
which locks in between, and reciprocally receives two
in the other valve; the former has alſo a remote, late-
ral lamina on each ſide, which the latter is deftitute of,
or very obſolete: the margins are plain. Length half
an inch; breadth rather more.
This new, and intereſting ſpecies, has ſomewhat the
habit of that rare, and valuable ſhell Venus Dione; and,
indeed, is not unlike the figure of it given by LISTER,
but the ſpines are neither fo conſpicuous, nor placed ſo
remote from the end; this ſhell, too, wants the inner row
of ſpines on each ſide, obſervable in the other, and alſo
differs ſomewhat in the hinge.
In ſhape, it much reſembles Venus fitriatula, but rather
longer in proportion to its breadth; the concentric
ridges are, however, finer; and more refemble thoſe on
the young Tellina Radula.
We
* This is uſually termed the anterior end, but certainly is more properly
the poſterior, for the tube, or part from which the animal receives fuftenance,
is protruded at the other end; and in all bivalve ſhells, is uppermoſt in their
native ſand,

579
We found a perfect ſhell of this curious ſpecies, in a
heap of ſand, that was brought from Salcomb bay; and
a ſingle valve, larger than the above deſcribed.
CHAMA.
Chama cor. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 134.
COR.
P. 134.
PECTEN.
Oſtrea lineata. Don. Br. Shells, iv. t. 116.
LINEATUS.
p. 147.
There are ſeveral beautiful, and ſingular varieties of LEVIS.
this ſpecies; ſome are dull yellow, others purpliſh-brown p. 150.
or cheſnut, with one or both valves mottled, and ſome-
times ſtreaked with white, or yellowiſh ; and though ap-
parently ſmooth, when examined by a lens, are found
to be very finely ſhagreened. One ſpecimen in our cabi-
net, has the margin, for the breadth of one tenth of an
inch, very conſpicuouſly ribbed or rayed, the reſt of the
ihell more ſtrongly ſhagreened than uſual; the rayed
part divided from the other, by a very regular concen-
tric line; the rays about fifty in number: the inſide
edge finely crenated.
Eeee 2
This

580
This was taken at Plymouth by the trawl net, and is
rather larger than that before deſcribed.
OSTREA.
STRIATA.
p. 153.
In making this ſhell of Lister an oyſter, we had fol-
lowed our precurſors, but not without doubt; for though
we had never ſeen the flat, or what had been termed the
upper valve, there always appeared fufficient character
in the hinge of the convex valve, to have placed it with
the Anomiæ, had not LISTER, Da Costa, and others,
ſpoken of it as an Oyſter, with ſo much confidence. It
is, however, beyond diſpute, an Anomia, and we think,
there is ſo little doubt with reſpect to the A. undulata
being only the young of it, that the synonyma of theſe
two ſhells, ſhould be brought together under the title of
the latter.
It is now eaſily accountable, why ſo many concave,
or, as was termed, the under valves, were found in pro-
portion to thc upper or flat valve; for, as Da COSTA
fays, there are hundreds of the former found to one of
the latter. The fact is, that the ſtriated, or concave
valve, is the upper, and the flat, or perforated valve
adheres ſo firmly to the rocks, as not often to be ſepa-
rated with the other; and therefore the perfect ſhell is
never met with but alive, adhering to other ſubſtances :
indeed

581
indeed, this valve would not be diſcriminated from that
of A. Ephippium, if found detached from the other, be-
ing always deſtitute of ftriæ. It is evident, therefore,
thoſe who have deſcribed the flat valve, muſt have miſ-
taken for it, the flatteſt of the concaye valves that have
been ſomewhat worn, as Da Costa expreſſes it, “the
s outſide work is generally more obſolete.” We have
recently taken alive, a few larger and ſtronger ſpeci-
mens, on the ſouth coaſt of Devon, adhering to old bi-
valves, (about an inch and a quarter in diameter,) which
eonfirms our opinion.
All the Anomiæ are ſubjeet to ſuch variation in growth,
that it is impoſſible to fix permanent ſpecific characters
to many of them, and we ſuſpect the exotic fpecies are
multiplied beyond their natural limits.
When we gave the A. Squamula as diſtinct, it was
more from popular opinion, all of which ſeems to have
flowed from LINN ÆUS; we muſt, however, acknow-
ledge, that if the Squamula is continued as diſtinct, we
fhall in all probability never find the young of the Ephip-
pium; if, therefore, the ſynonyms of Squamula as well as
Cepa, were conjoined to thoſe of Ephippium, no vi-
olence would be offered to nature, for there really are
no diſtinguiſhable characters.
MYTILUS.
Mytilus edulis. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 128. f. 1. 1. EDULIS.
Mytilus p. 159.

582
UNGULINUS.
Mytilus ungulinus, Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 128. f. 2.2.
Gmel. Syſt. p. 3354. 12.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 747.
Id. t. 85. f. 756.
On the authority of Mr. DONOVAN, this is given as a
Britiſh fpecies; who ſays, “ ſeveral ſhells of this kind
“ were picked up by Miſs Pocock, on the coaſt of
Cornwall."
It
very
much reſembles M. edulis, but is generally al-
lowed to be more pointed, and curved at the beak; be-
neath which it ſwells, or projects more at the poſterior
margin: according to different authors, the hinge ſeems
to be furniſhed with from two to fix teeth at the tip, and
the groove with numerous crenulæ : valves very convex,
of a greeniſh, or blueiſh-black colour. Length four or
five inches; breath from two, to two and a half.
Inhabits New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, and Medi-
terranean.
Much caution is requifite, in determining the ſpecies
of this genus, fo fimilar to each other, and ſubject to fo
much individual variation by climate, and other circum-
ſtances : which have already, we fear, been the occaſion
of multiplying the ſpecies beyond their natural bounds.
ANATINUS.
Mytilus anatinus. Don. Br. Shells, iv. t. 113,
p.171.
PINNA, .

583
PINNA.
This ſpecies, is doubtleſs the ſame as Mr. PEN- INGENS.
NANT noticed in the cabinet of Doctor WALKER of p. 180.
Moffat; we are informed by the author of the Elements
of Natural Hiſtory, vol. 2. p. 381. that a very large
fpecies was found by Doctor WALKER, off the iſland of
Barra, in 1764; called by him Pinna borealis.
UNIVALVE.
BULLA.
Bulla aperta. Vignette. 2. f. 1.--animal, f. 2.-its gizzard, APERTA.
f. 3. 4.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 120. f. 1.
p. 208.
Bulla Haliotoidea. Vignette 2. f. 6. encloſed by the animal. HALIOTOIDEA,
p. 211.
Bulla plumula. Vignette 2. f. 5. encloſed by the animal.
PLUMULA
p. 214.
Bulla

584
HYDATIS.
Bulla Hydatis. Vignette 1. f. 1. 2.--animal's gizzard, 3.4.5.
p. 217.
CYLINDRACEA.
p. 221.
Bulla cylindrica. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 120. f. 2.
It is unfortunate, that this ſhell, which was properly
firſt named by Mr. PENNANT, and we believe has hither-
to only been noticed as Britiſh, ſhould have been fo
confounded; eſpecially, as the figure given in the Britiſh
Zoology is very expreſſive.
Da Costa firſt led to theſe errors, by making it the
Voluta pallida of LINNÆUS, not knowing the ſhell.
DONOVAN, following DA COSTA, fell into the fame
error; but afterwards corrected his miſtake, by figuring
the true cylindracea of PENNANT, and by acknowledge
ing, that it more clearly correſponds with that ſhell than
the V. pallida: unfortunately, however, this author has
referred to Bulla cylindrica of Gmelin, a ſpecies total
ly different, and not the leaſt allied to it, if we may
judge from the figure referred to by that author, in FA-
VANNE, CHEMNITZ, and GUALTIERI: nor does he
quote the Britiſh Zoology.
Doctor PULTENEY was not aware, or rather, did not
recollect, that the name of cylindrica was preoccupied
for a very different ſpecies of Bulla, or certainly he
would not have recorded it by that name, and thereby
have continued perplexity; but he ſeems to have been
induced to do ſo, from its being ſo called in the Muſeum
Port-

585
Portlandicum As, however, Mr. PENNANT was the
original author of the name given to the ſhell in queſtion,
and whom Doctor Pulteney quotes, and not the cylin-
drica of Gmelin, it could be wiſhed he had adopted the
name of the former, and not of the latter.
Lister probably was the firſt who figured B. cylin-
dracea, Tab. 714. fig. 70. and has marked it with an A.
denoting it as Engliſh; at the ſame time adding (Barn-
ftable,) the place from whence he obtained it. With
two figures of this ſhell is alſo placed Voluta pallida,
without any number, or mark to denote diſtinction; and
over them are theſe words, "exigua, alba, vere cylindra-
“cea:" this circumſtance has, amongſt other things,
ſerved to confound theſe ſhells.
BUCCINUM.
Buccinum undatum. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 104.
UNDATUM.
p. 237.
We have been lately favoured with a variety of this AMBIGUUM.
ſhell from Mr. RACKET, much thinner, and with a p. 242.
greater number of ribs, (fifteen inſtead of eleven) and
thoſe regularly and finely ftriated tranſverſely, without
riſing into tubercles,
Ffff
MUREX

586
MUREX.
GRACILIS.
p. 267.
At the time we deſcribed this ſhell, one ſpecimen only
had occurred, and that ſomewhat worn. We have now
the ſatisfaction to ſay that, Mr. BRYER has ſince favor-
ed us with a live ſpecimen, taken with two or three
others, by dredging in the weſt bay of Portland. This is
larger, exceeding an inch in length, with thirteen ribs :
the whole ſhell of a yellowiſh brown, except between
the junction of the ſpires, which is purpliſh-brown, and
a white band round the middle of the body whirl, be-
ginning at the upper angle of the aperture, and termi-
nating about the middle of the outer lip ; the ſame mark
appears in the other, but almoft obſolete: the exterior
lip is ſharp at the edge, thickened at the back by a rib,
and ſub-crenated within. This extremely rare Murex,
is one of the moſt beautiful of the Britiſh ſpecies.
TROCHUS.
TENUIS
Trochus papillofus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 127
p. 275.
TURBO.
T. with a ſub-oval, ventricoſe ſhell, with four ſpirally
ridged volutions; the firſt very large, occupying three-
JUGOSUS.
fourth

587
fourths of the ſhell: apex not much elevated, but mode-
rately pointed: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip thin,
ſub-crenated by the ridges; pillar lip broad and ſmooth,
imperforated
Diameter about three-eighths of an inch, uſually as
broad as it is high.
Wereceived a ſhell of this deſcription from a concho-
logical friend, for the T. obtufatus of LINNÆUS; it was
of a dull orange-yellow colour, and was taken on the
coaſt of Dorſet.
Mr. GIBBS, who has recently taken at our deſire, a
tour of reſearch on the coaſt of Cornwall, brought feve-
ral of theſe ſhells from the rocks at low water-mark,
near St. Ives.
Theſe agree in every reſpect with that from Dorſetſhire,
except in colour; fome are dark-purple, with the ridges
white; others greeniſh on the outſide, the inſide dark
purpliſh-brown, or chocolate-colour: on the body are
ten or eleven, much elevated, ſharp ridges, reflecting a
little upwards; on the ſecond volution are three or four,
and ſometimes the ſame on the third, but more common-
ly worn ſmooth.
Amongſt the variety of littoral ſhells that have puz-
zled the moſt able teſtaceologiſts, and which in the com-
Ffff 2
mon

588
mon perriwinkle, T. littoreus, and T. rudis, differ fo
much at various periods of growth, that it is no eaſy
matter to identify them; this ſeems to be the moſt dif.
tant, without the gradations which might bring it to any
of its congeners; but is certainly not T. obtuſatus, which
is deſcribed to be ſmooth, roundiſh, and very obtufe; a
ſhell we have before, under the article Turbo littoreus,
doubted if not a variety. We muſt, however, confeſs
that, although we have in part fallen into the opinion of
ſcientific friends, in giving this a diftinét place, yet we
are not without fufpicion, that the intermediate links may
be found on ſome parts of our coaſts, that would con-
nect this with T. littoreus, as the varieties of that ſhell
in its infant ftate are infinite.
HELIX.
OCTANFRACTA
p. 396.
In the former part of this work, we referred this ſhell
to H. oclona of the Britiſh Zoology, but with doubt: we
are indeed almoſt inclined to think, the figure of a mu-
tilated ſpecimen given in that work, muſt be referred to
the Linnean otona, which the author has quoted, and
in which he had probably been deceived, as to its being
Engliſh, as others have.
Mr. PENNANT's deſcription unfortunately conveys lit-
tle or nothing, and a mutilated figure not much more;
fo

589
fothat we muſt ever remain in the dark with reſpect to his
intentions; indeed, he ſeems to have been quite unac-
quainted with any thing relative to the hiſtory of the
fhell, as a native of this county, and therefore our
doubts will the more readily be pardoned.
This author has referred to a minute ſhell in GUALTI.
IRI, tab. 6. fig. B. for his ſhell; the Buccinum terreſtre
of this work, a ſpecies not in the leaſt like what is con-
fidered in general by collectors as the H. octona of LIN-
NÆUS; and yet GMELIN has fallen into the ſame error,
by quoting the fame figure in GUALTIERI, though he:
does not notice PENNANT's ſhell.
Doctor TURTON, of courſe, has followed GMELIN'S
errors, and has added a reference to PENNANT's ſhell;
though he has omitted the Buccinum Acicula of Mul-
LER, which the other has as erroneoufly quoted.
The H. oktanfra&ta is, as we have before afferted, per-
fe&tly diſtinct from theſe ſhells, except that of the Er.
Zoology, and poſſibly may be entirely new, as hitherto
we believe it has only been found in one place, and that
in Cornwall, as remarked in the former hiſtory of it.
If it really is a new ſpecies, the merit of its diſcovery
reſts with Mr. GIBBS, whoſe induſtrious exertions for
collecting, and excellent diſcrimination, eſpecially of the
more minute ſpecies, have tended to enrich theſe ſheets.
In

590
In a recent viſit to the neighbourhood where this ſhell
was diſcovered in the year 1798, ſtrict ſearch was made,
with a view to aſcertain if it had ſpread; but although a
great many were obſerved of all ages, in the ſame muddy
pool, on the fide of the high road, upon the top of a
hill; not one could be found in fimilar ſituations, either
contiguous, or in any other parts of the country. From
theſe we renewed our cochlearium, the firſt colony hava
ing failed, probably from the different nature of the
.
waters.
ASPERSA.
Helix hortenfis. Don, Br. Shells. iv. t. 131.
p. 407.
ALPHA.

591
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Aperta
ACICULA
Aculeata
Aculeata
Aculeatum
Acuminatus
Acuta
Adverſus
Adverſus
Æreus
Akera
Alba
Alba
Alba
Alba
Albella
Albida
Albidus
Albulus
Albus
Albus
Albus
Albus
Alveolata
Ambiguum
Ainnica
Amnicum
Ampulla
Anatifera
A
Page.
Buccinum 248
Anomia
157
Helix
429
Cardium
77
Murex
267
Helix 384 436
Murex
271
Turbo
226
Turbo
310
Bulla
219
Mactra
98
Voluta
235
Helix
459
Nerita
472
Helix
457
Patella
489
Turbo
299
Turbo
332
Chiton
4
Strombiformis 400
Turbo
ib.
Planorbis 459
Sabella
540
Buccinum 242 585
Tellina
86
Cardiuin
ib.
Bulla
206
Lepas
15
Page.
Anatiferus Balanus
15
Anatinus Mytilus 171 582
Angulata Serpula 511
Anſerifera Lepas
16
Antiquata
Patella
485
Antiquatus
Solen 52 565
Antiquus Murex
257
Bulla 208 583
Apertura
Patella
491
Arbuſtorum Helix
413
Arctica
Cypræa 202
Arcuatum Cardium
85
Arenaria
Mya
30
Arenaria
Sabella
552
Arenaria
Chama
30
Arenoſa Anglica Tubularia 540
Argentea Glycymeris 141
Afperſa
Helix 407 590
Atrata
Helix
373
Attenuatus Murex
266
Avonenfis Mytilus
172
Aurea
Venus 129 576
Auricoma Amphitrite 545
Auricularia Helix
975
Auricularis Turbo
308
B B.
Lepas
Balanus
Balanoides
Balanoides
7
ib.
Balanus

592
257
Page.
Turbo
315
Pholas
25
Pholas 24 558
Helix
422
Helix
430
Pectunculus 116
Helix 451 464
Serpula 502
Nautilus 195
Turbo
331
Pecten
147
Murex
Turbo
:
Page.
Balanus
Lepas
6
Balana
Balanus
14
Balanaris Balanus
ib.
Balauſtina Tellina
61
Barbata
Arca
138
Barbatus Mytilus 161
Beccarii
Nautilus 186
Beccarii perverſus Nautilus 187
Belgica
Sabella
545
Bicarinatus Strombiformis 296
Bicolor
Helix
447
Bicorne
Vermicului 519
Bicornis
Serpula
519
Bidens
Turbo 357 361
Bidens
Helix
359
Bidentata Mya
44.
Bidentata Turbo
234
Bifasciata Helix
346
Bifrons
Pholas
23
Bilineatum Buccinum 244
Bimaculata Tellina
69
Bimaculata Patella
482
Biplicatus Turbo
361
Borealis
Tellina
96
Borealis
Venus 96 567
Borealis
Pinna
583
Boyiii
Mactra
98
Breve
Buccinum 250
Bryereus Turbo
313
Bubble
Bulla
208
Bulla
Planorbis 226
Bullata
Cypræa 202
Cancellatus
Candida
Candidus
Cantiana
Caperata
Capillaccus
Carinata
Carinata
Carinatulus
Carinatulus
Carinatus
Carinatus
Carinatus
Carinatus
Carnaria
Carneofun
Carychium
Carychium
Caffina
Caſtanea
Catena
Catena
Catenata
Caudata
Cepa
Chinenſis
Chione
Chryfodon
Ciliare
Cinctum
Cinctus
Cinctus
Cinerarius
Cinereus
Cinereus
Cingenda
Cingillus
Cimex
Cirrate
906
Planorbis 451
Tellina 63 74
Cardium
74
Turbo
S39
Helix
ib.
Venus
113
Donax
573
Cochlea
469
Bulla
215
Voluta
236
Arca
140
Anomia
255
Patella
489
Venus
115
Sabella
546
Cardium
79
Buccinum 246
Turbo
295
Strombiforinis 295
Trochus 284 286
Trochus
289
Chiton
S
Helix
418
Turbo
328
Turbo
315
Sabella
550
Cirrata
Caerulea
Calcar
Canaliculatus
Canalis
Cancellata
C с
Patella
Nautilus
Turbo
Turbo
Venus
477
189
923
309
574

593
Page
ib.
Гаgе. .
Cirrata
Terebella 550
Clathratulus Turbo
297
Clathratus Strombiformis 296
Clathrus
Turbo
Clavatus
Balanus
10
Coarctata Helix
445
Coeruleata Patella
477
Communis Balanus
6
Compactilis Helix
387
Complanata Donax
106
Complanata Helix
450
Compreſſa Maetra 96 570
Compreſſa Sabella
555
Conchilega Sabella
547
Conchilega Terebella 545 547
Conchilega Nereis
544
Coniferus Turbo
314
Conoides
Balanus
12
Conoides Lepas
ib.
Conoides Pholas
26
Contorta Helix
457
Contortuplicata Serpula 509 511
Contortus
Planorbis 457
Conulus
Trochus 274 277
Cor
Chama 134 579
Cornea
Tellina
86
Cornea
Helix
443
Cornea
Serpula
503
Corneum
Cardium
86
Corneus
Murex
258
Cornu arietis Helix
149
Cornubienfis Tellina
108
Cornubienfis Lepas
6
Corrugata Serpula
502
Coftata
Lepas
11
Coftatum
Buccinum 265
Coftatus
Balanus
11
Coftatus
Murex
265
Coftatus
Coftatus
Coftatus
Coftatus
Craffa
Craila
Craffa
Craffior
Craffulus
Craſſum
Craffus
Craffus
Craffus
Crenella
Crenulata
Crinita
Crinitus
Criſpata
Criſpatus
Criſpus
Criſta galli
Criſtata
Criſtata
Criſtatus
Cuitellus
Curtus
Curta
Curviroſtratus
Cygneus
Cylindracea
Cylindraceus
Cylindrica
Strombus 255
Strombiformis ib.
Turbo 311 400
Nautilus
199
Tellina 65 567
Venus
65
Helix
457
Turbo
309
Nautilus
191
Cardium
80
Pectunculus 114
Trochus
281
Turbo
311
Helix
441
Donax
104
Arca
138
Chiton
4.
Pholas
23
Pholas 23 558
Nautilus 187
Mytilus
166
Helix
460
Valvata
ib.
Trochus
349
Solen
52
Mytilus 161
Sabella
554
Mytilus 164
Mytilus 170
Bulla 221 232 584
Turbo
335
Bulla
221
Dactylus
Dealbata
Declivis
Decollatus
D
Pholas
Macira
Mya
20 558
95
40
2.38
Decuſſata
Murex

594
Decuſſata
Decuffata
Decuffatum
Decuſſatus
Deflorata
Delectabilis
Dentalis
Denticulata
Denticulata
Denticulata
Denticulatus
Depreffa
Depreffa
Depreſſa
Depre a
Depreffior
Depreífulus
Deípectus
Detrita
Diadema
Diadema
Diaphana
Diſcors
Diſcors
Diſcors
Diſcrepans
Diftorta
Diftorta
Diftortus
Divifus
Dolioliforinis
Donacina
Dubia
Duplicatus
Page.
Venus
124
Helix
399
Buccinuin 244
Turbo
322
Venus
123
Helix
430
Dentalium 495
Donax
104
Bulla
217
Voluta
234
Turbo
315
Mya
563
Tellina 54 56
Helix
439
Patella
475
Pectunculus 65
Nautilus
190
Murex
256
Helix
384
Balanus
13
Lepas
ib.
Bulla
225
Tellina
61
Cardiuin
84
Mytilus
167
Mytilus
169
Mya
42
Oltrea
148.
Pecten
ib.
Turbo
334
Turbo
336
Tellina
58.
Mya
28
Turbo
296
Page.
Edale
Cardium 76 569
Edulis
Oltrea
151
Edulis
Mytilus 159 581
Elegans
Nerita
342
Elegans
Turbo 333 342
Elegantiſfimus Turbo
298
Elongata Lepas
10
Elongatum
Cardium
82
Emarginata
Bulla
216
Enfis
Solen
48
Entalis
Dentalium 494
Ephippium Anomia
155
Erica
Helix
437
Ericetorum Helix
ib
Erinaceus Murex
259
Erycina
Venus
112
Erythroleucos Trochus 277
Exaſperatus Trochus
ib.
Exiguum
Cardium
82
Exiguus
Trochus
277
Exoleta
Venus
116
Exoletus
Turbo
295
Faba
Fabula
Faſciata
Faſciata
Faſciatus
Faſciatus
Faſciatus
Faſcicularis
Faſcicularis
Fauſta
Ferroenſis
Fervenſis
Fiffura
Fiffurella
Flexuoſa
Pholas
28
Tellina
61
Cochlea
411
Helix
446
Pectunculus 110
Cuneus
128
Turbo
346
Chiton
Lepas
557
Tellina
64
Tellina
55
Tellina
ib.
Patella
490
Patella
491
Cellina
72
Fluviatile
Eburneus
Echinatum
Edentula
E
Turbo
Cardium
Voluta
S17
78 568
904

595
Fluviatile
Fluviatilis
Fluviatilis
Fluviatilis
Foliatus
Fontana
Fontinalis
Fontinalis
Foffaria
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fulgidus
Fufca
Fuſcatus
Fufcus
Fufcus
Page.
Pages
Cardium
80 Glycymeris Arca
136
Nerita
470 Gracile
Buccinum 258
Patella
482 Gracilis
Murex
267
Ancylus
ib. Granatuin Trochus
275
Cuneus
103
Granulata Venus
122
Helix
462 Granulata Serpula 500
Bulla
226 Granulata Sabella
544
Turbo
348
Græca
Patella
492
Helix
372
Solen 51 565
H
Mactra
96 Haliotoidea Bulla 211 589
Pinna
178 Helicinus
Turbo
441
Tellina
41 Hepaticum Buccinum 243
Trochus
275 Heteroftropha Serpula
503
Helix 369 371 Heteroſtrophon Buccinum 228
Turbo
332 Hians
Pholas
20
Helix
424 Hians
Mactra
101
Murex
269 Hilpida
Helix 420 423
Trochus
289 Hortenfis Helix 408 412
Turbo
330 Hungarica Patella
486
Hydatis
Bulla 217 584
G
Hypnorum Bulla
229
Dentaliumn 496
Trigonella 92
T
Venus
113 Imbricatus Planorbis 464
Peduncnlus
115
Imperforatum Dentalium 496
Pecten
150 Inæquivalvis Mya
38
Turbo
390 Inæquivalvis Tellina
75
Strombiformis 398 Incarnata Tellina 55 63
Helix
372 Iucurvata Serpula
518
Buccinum ib. Incurvatum Vermiculum 518
Dentalium 597 Incurvatus Mytilus 160
Mactre
571 Ingens
Pinna 180 583
Nerita
469 Interruptus Turbo
329
Helix
444
Interflinctus Turbo
324
Vermiculum 523 Intertexta Lepas
12
Helix
379 Intertextus Balanus
ib.
Buccinum ib. Intorta
Patella
477
Gggg 2
Intortum
Gadus
Gallina
Gallina
Glabel
Glaber
Glaber
Glaber
Glabra
Glabrum
Glabrum
Glauca
Glaucina
Globoſa
Globofum
Glutinoſa
Glutinofum

596
Intortuin
Intricata
Irus
Iſlandica
Itala
Page.
Vermiculum 520
Serpula
509
Donax 108 573
Venus
114
Helix
437
Jacobæa
Jacobæus
Jacobi
Jaculator
Jonenſis
Jugoſus
Jugoíus
Juniperi
J
Oltrea
Pecten
Pecten
Nerita
Voluta
Nautilus
Turbo
Turbo
144
ib.
ib.
389
233
198
586
340
L
Labiata
Turbo
962
Labioſa
Helix
400
Lackhamenſis Helix
394
Lactea
Tellina
70
Lastea
Arca
138
Lactea
Serpula
522
Lacteum
Vermiculum ib.
Lacteus
Turbo
310
Lacuna
Helix
428
Lacuſtre
Cardium
89
Lacuſtris
Tellina
ib.
Lacuſtris
Nautilus
191
Lacuſtris
Ne ita
471
Lacuftris
Patella 482 484
Lacuftris Ancylus
484
Læta
Tellina 57 567
Læve
Buccinum 251
Læve
Vermiculuin 524
Lævigata
Donax
107
Lævigata Helix
382
Lævigatulus Nautilus
188
Lævigatum Cardium
80
Page.
Lavis
Chitol
2
Lævis
Pecten
150
Lævis
Oltrea
ib.
Lævis
Turbo
398
Lævis
Patella
477
Lagena Serpula 423
Laminatus
Turbo
359
Lapicida
Helix
435
Lapillus Buccinum 239
Larvæ reticulata Patella
492
Legumen
Solen
50
Legumen
Nautilus
197
Lignaria
Bulla
205
Lignorum
Pholas
559
Limbata
Helix
450
Limofa
Helix 377 381
Lincina
Turbo
342
Lineta
Venus
116
Linearis
Murex
261
Lineata
Oltrea
147
Lineata
Helix
191
Lineatum
Buccinum 245
Lineatus
Trochus 281 284
Lineatus
Turbo
281
Lineatus
Pecten 147 579
Lifteri
Mactra
96
Lifteri
Trochus 427
Litterata
Venus 124 127
Littoralis
Nerita
467
Littoreus
Turbo
301
Lobata
Serpula 515
Lobatulus Nautilus
ib.
Longiufculum Buccinum 248
Lubrica
Helix
390
Lucida
Helix
425
Lucida
Serpula
506
Lucorum
Helix
408
Lumbricalis Sabella
549
Lutea
Helix
38Q
Lutraria

597
Lutraria
Maatra
Page.
99
Muricatus
Muricatus
Muſcorum
M
Macula
Buccinum 241
Maculata Tellina
75
Magna
Chama
101
Magnum
Buccinum 256
Magus
Trochus
283
Margaritifera Mya 33 561
Marginatum Vermiculum 524
Marginatus Chiton
1
Marginatus Solen
48
Marica
Venus
122
Marica ſpuria
Venus
ib.
Matthioli Muſculus 139
Maxima
Oltrea
143
Maximus
Pecten
ib.
Medium
Cardiuin
83
Membranaceus Pectunculus 112
Membranaceus Helix
400
Mercenaria Venus
114
Militaris
Patella
488
Minima
Venus
121
Minimum Buccinum 241 247
Minimum Carychium 339
Minuta
Arca
140
Minuta
Helix
337
Minuta
Serpula
505
Minutiffimus Murex
273
Minutum Buccinum 241 242
250
Minutus
Solen
53
Mitrula
Patella
486
Modiolus
Arca
140
Modiolus Mytilus
163
Monotis
Pecten
146
Muricata
Pinna 178 183
Muricatulum Cardiuin
85
Navia
Nana
Nanus
Nafavienfis
Navalis
Navicula
Nautileus
Nautileus
Nautiloides
Nebula
Nebuloſa
Nemoralis
Neritoidea
Neritoides
Nitens
Nitida
Nitidiflima
Nitidiflimus
Nitidus
Nivoſus
Now
Nodofum
Novacula
Nucleata
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nux
430
449
26
280
527
217
464
ib.
515
267
129
411
383
467
425
191 ib.
447
299
300
326
139
81
47
429
141
389
86
Obliquus
Oblonga
Oblonga
Oblongum
Pholas
Murex
Turbo
Pages
20
262
335
N
Helix
Helix
Pholas
Trochus
Teredo
Bulla
Helix
Turbo
Serpula
Murex
Venus
Helix
Helix
Turbo
Helix
Helix
Helix
Turbo
Turbo
Turbo
Arca
Cardium
Solen
Helix
Arca
Turbo
Cardium
Nautilus 198
Mya
101
Patella
484
Vermiculum 522
Oblongum

598
Page.
Oblongum
Obicura
Obfoleta
Obioletus
Obtufa
Obtufatus
Obtufiflimum
Obtufulum
Obvoluta
Olanfracta
Ostona
Opercularis
Opercularis
Orbicularis
Ovalis
Ovalis
Ovata
Ovata
Page
Cardium
80
Helix
391
Oltrea
149
Pecten
ib.
Bulia
223
Turbo
301
Buccinum 251
Buccinum 249 250
Helix
420
Helix 396 588
Helix 249 396
Pecten
145
Oltrea
ib.
Glycymeris 136
Mya
34 563
Turbo
231
Mya
563
Venus
120
Parvus
Peeten
149
Parvus
Turbo
310
Parvus
Trochus 279
Pectinata
Pinna
178
Pediculus Cypræa 200 201
PeHucida Mactra
95
Pellucida Helix
425
Pellucida
Nerita
472
Pellucida
Patella
477
Pellucidus Solen 49 565
Pellucidus Mytilus 160
Pellucidus Turbo
322
Penicillus Sabella
541
Perdix
Buccinum 244
Peregra
Helix
373
Perforans Venus
127
Perforata
Serpula
519
Perforatum Vermiculum 519
Perlucidum Veriniculum 525
Perverſus Turbo 355 357 359
Perverſus Helix
357
Perverſus Strombif. 357 362
Pervium
Vermiculuin 518
Pes Pelecani Strombus 25S
Petræa
Helix
403
Pholadia
Mya 28 559
Pictorum
Mya
Painted
Pallida
Pallida
Pallidula
Pallidulus
Pallidus
Paludoſa
Paluſtris
Paphia
Papillaris
Papillofus
Patula
Patulus
Parva
Parva
Parva
Parvum
Parvus
34 35 36
Pietus
Pecten
145
Pictus
Turbo
319
Pileus morionis ?
Patella
486
major
Piloſa
Arca
136
Pinna
Solen
566
Piperata Maetra
98
Piſana
Helix
Pifcinalis
Helix
349
Piſcinalis Nerita
ib.
Pififormis Tellina
84
Plana
P
Turbo
Bulla
Voluta
Nerita
Nerita
Turbo
Helix
Helix
Venus
Helix
Trochus
Bulla
Turbo
Chama
Cochlea
Patella
Cardium
Pholas
301
232
ib.
463
ib.
325
440
370
110
361
275
207
375
28
328
180
80
22 23
}

599
Page.
Quadrifidus
Aporrhais
Page.
259
Plana
Planata
Planorbis
Plebeia
Plicatus
Plumula
Polita
Polita
Politus
Pomaria
Poinatia
Porcatum
Porcatus
Præcifus
Prætenuis
Prætenuis
Proficua
Pubeſcens
Pullaſtra
Pullus
Pullus
Punctata
Punctatus
Puneatus
Punctura
Punicea
Purpureus
Purpuro
Pufilla
Pufilla
Pufilla
Pufio
Pufio
Putris
Pygmæum
Trigonella 96
Tellina
59
Helix 450 451 454
Donax
107
Turbo
325
Bulla 214 583
Helix
398
Tellina
59
Turbo
398
Helix
405
Helix
ib.
Buccinuin 245 259
Balanus
6
Mytilus
165
Mya
41
Chama
ib.
Tellina
66
Mya
40
Venus
125
Buccinum 240 242
Turbo
319
Bulla
215
Turbo
271
Balanus
8
Turbo
320
Tellina
57
Murex
260
Buccinum 239
Helix
349
Vertigo
363
Nerita
349
Oftrea
148
Peeten
ib.
Helix 373 376
Cardium
82
Radiata
Radiata
Radiata
Radicula
Radula
Rectus
Reflexa
Reflexus
Regulbienſis
Remies
Refiliens
Refupinata
Reticulata
Reticulata
Reticulata
Reticulatum
Reticulatus
Reticulatus
Reticulatus
Reticulatus
Retiformis
Retorta
Retortum
Reverſa
Rhomboides
Rigida
Rivalis
Rivulus
Rotundata
Rotundata
Ruber
Rubra
Rubrum
Rudis
Rudis
R
Tellina 55 94
Trigonella 94
Helix
432
Nautilus
197
Tellina 68 567
Nautilus
197
Serpula
506
Turbo
342
Bulla
223
Tellina
64
Bulla
219
Helix
444
Tellina
67
Helix
444
Patella
492
Buccinum 240
Cuneus
124
Murex
272
Strombiformis ib.
Turbo
322
Turbo
330
Serpula
524
Vermiculum ib.
Serpula 508
Venus
129
Tellina
65
Tellina 86 87
Turbo
331
Tellina
71
Helix
432
Turbo
320
Tellina
63
Cardium
83
Turbo
304
Sabella
547
Rufeſcens
Quadrifaſciatus Turbo
323

600
Rufeſcens Cochlea
Rufeſcens Helix
Rufefcens cantiana Helix
Rufus
Murex
Rugoſa
Venus
Rugolus
Balanus
Rugofus
Mytilus
Rupiuin
Turbo
Rufticum
Cardium
Page.
420
420
422
263
113
8
164
391
569
Sandvicenfis
Scalpellum
Scriptus
Seginentinus
Semicoftatus
Semilituus
Seminulum
Semiftriata
Septangularis
Septemvalvis
Sericea
Setiformis
Sexdentatus
Shepeianus
Siliqua
Similis
Similis
Sinenſis
Siniftrorfa
Sinuoſa
Sinuoſus
Solen
Solida
Solidula
Soluta
332
Sphærica
Sphærica
Spinifera
Spinofa
Spinuloſa
Spiralis
Spirillum
Spirorbis
Spirorbis
Spirorbis
Squalida
Squamoſus
Squamolum
Squamula
Stagnalis
Stagnoruin
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striatula
Striatulus
Striatulus
Striatum
Striatum
Striatum
Striatum
Striatus
Striatus
Striatus
Striatus
Striatus
Strigatus
Strigatus
Stultorum
Subarcuatulus
Page
'S
Turbo
Lepas
Turbo
Nautilus
Turbo
Nautilus
Serpula
Tellina
Murex
Chito12
Helix
Sabella
Turbo
Turbo
Solen
Helix
Planorbis
Patella
Serpula
Venus
Murex
Chamna
Mactra
Tellina
Bulla
Bulla
Bulla
18.
333
195
326
196
520
63
268
S
420
553
337
312
46
449
ib.
489
504
72 120
264
52
92
63
219
ib.
ib.
Helix
389
Nerita
ib.
Venus
577
Helix
464
Helix
429
Turbo
323
Serpula
499
Helix
455
Planorbis
ib.
Serpula 498
Telina
56
Solen
565
Vermiculum 526
Anomnia
156
Helix 367 371
Helix
390
Lepas
12
Pholas
26
Tellina
60
Anomia
157
Oftrea
155
Helix
Venus
118
Pectunculus ib.
Turbo
306
Oltrea
153
Buccinum 237
Dentalium 495
Vermiculum 523
Balanus
12
Pholas 26 559
Mytilus
173
Trochus
278
Turbo 312 342
Pectunculus 112
Turbo
391
Mactra 93 94 570
Nautilus
196
Subarcuatus
Soluta inagna
Soluta parva

601
Page.
Page.
Subarcuatus Nautilus
198 Tornatilis Voluta
231
Subarcuatus Turbo
333 Tortuoſa Arca
139.
Subcarinata Helix
433 Trachea
Dentalium 497
Subcordata Venus
121 Trianfractus Turbo
377
Subcylindrica Helix
393 Triangularis Mactra
99
Subcylindrica Sabella
552 Triangularis Venus
577
Subluteus Turbo
310 Tridens
Turbo
338
Suborbicularis Mya
39 Tridens
Helix
338
Subrotundum Vermiculum 521 Trifaſciata Tellina 55
55 58
Subrufus
Oltrea
145 Trifaſciatus Turbo
327
Subrufus
Pecten
ib. Triquetra Serpula 509 511
Subrufus
Turbo
334 Trochiformis Helix
427
Subtruncata Mactra 92 570 Trochulus Helix
ib.
Subtruncata Trigonella 93 Truncata Chaina
32
Subtruncatus Turbo
300 'Truncata Mya
32
Subumbilicatus Turbo
316 Truncata
Bulla
223
Succinea Helix
377 Truncatula Helix
300
Sulcata
Lepas
17 Truncatus Cuneus
104
Sulcata
Venus
131 Truncatus Pectunculus 131
Sulcata
Serpula
500 Truncatus Murex
265
Sulcatus
Pectunculus 113 Truncatus Turbo
300
Trunculus Donax
103
T
Tubercularis Murex
270
Tenebrofus Turbo
303 Tuberculata Haliotis
473
Tentaculata Helix
389 Tuberculatus Turbo
269
Tenuis
Tellina
59 Tuberculatum Cardium
77 568
Tenuis
Macra
572 Tuberculatus Trochus
283
Tenuis
Trochus 275 586 Tubiformis Sabella
544
Terebra
Turbo
293 Tubularia Serpula
513
Terebra
Strombiformis 293 Tubularia inelit. Corallina 541
Teredo
Serpula
527 Tubulata Helix
446
Terreſtre
Buccinum 248 Tumidus
Trochus
280
Terreſtris Trochus
287 Tumidus
Turbo
342
Textrix
Venus
127 Tunica Cepa
Anomia
155
Therinalis Turbo
349 Turricula Murex
262
Tigerina Venus
119 Turritus
Planorbis 228
Tintinnabulum Balanus 10 11 Turturum Helix
420
Tintinnabulum Lepas
10
Hhhh
Vagina

602
Vulgaris
Vulgaris
Vulgaris
Vulgaris
Vulgata
Vulgatum
Mytilus
Cochlea
Haliotis
Patella
Patella
Buccinum
Page
159
408
473
475
ib.
240
286
Vagina
Varia
Variabilis
Variegata
Variegata
Variegatus
Varius
Ventilabruin
Ventrofus
Vermicularis
Verruca
Verrucofa
Veſpertinus
Vertigo
Vertigo
Vetula
Vineus
Virgata
Virgata
Virginea
Vittatus
Vitrea
Vitreus
Vivipara
Vivipara
Vivipara
Voluta
Vortex
Vortex
Vulgare
Vulgare
Vulgare
Vulgare
Vulgaris
Vulgaris
V
Tage.
Solen 49 565
Ofirea
146
Tellina
54
Tellina
69
Helix
446
Turbo
295
Pecten
146
Amphitrite 541
Turbo
317
Serpula 509 511
Lepas
12
Venus
112
Solen
54
Turbo
363
Helix
ib.
Pectunculus
110
Turbo
307
Helix
415
Cochlea
ib.
Venus 128 576
Cuneus
103
Serpula
507
Turbo
321
Helix
386
Cochlea
387
Nerita
ib.
Cypræa 203
Helix
454
Planorbis
ib.
Cardium
76
Buccinum 237
Dentalium 494
Oitrea
151
Balanus
7
Pecten
143
Ulvæ
Ulvæ
Umbilicalis
Umbilicaris
Umbilicata
Umbilicata
Umbilicatulus
Uinbilicatus
Umbilicatus
Umbilicatus
Umbilicatus
Undata
Undata
Undatum
Undulata
Ungarica
Ungulinus
Ungulinus
Unicus
Unidentatus
Unifaſciata
Unifaiciatus
Uniſpiralis
Urnæ
U
Turbo
318
Helix
ib.
Trochus
286
Trochus
ib.
Bulla
222
Helix
434
Nautilus
191
Mytilus 164
Trochus
Helix
Ziziphinus
Zonaria
Zonaria
457
Planorbis 450
Tellina
71
Venus
117 574
Buccinum 237 585
Anomia
157
Patella
436
Mytilus 582
Turbo
293
Turbo
299
Turbo
324
Cochlea
414
Turbo
327
Helix
443
Vermiculum 525
Z
Trochus
274
Trigonella 92
Helix 415 418
EXPLA-

603
EXPLANATIONS
OF THE
Abbreviated Names of the principle Authors referred to.
Adams Microsc. Effay on the Microſcope, &c. by George Adams, with con-
fiderable additions and improvement, by Frederick Kanmak-
er, F. L. S. Second edition, 4to. London, 1798.
Baſter.
Job. Bafteri. Opuſcula Subſeciva. Harlem, 1754, Ato.
Borlaſe Cornw. William Borlaſe. The Natural Hiſtory of Cornwall. Ox-
ford, 1758. Fol.
Born. Mus.
Born, Ignatius à. Teſtacea Muſei Cæfarei Vindobonenſis.
Vindobonæ, 1780.
Br. Zool.
Chem. Conch.
&
Martini Conch.
Britiſh Zoology, 4th vol. by Thomas Pennant, 4to. & 8vo.
Edition 4. London, 1777.
New Syſtem of Conchology, in German, by F. H. W. Mar-
tini, and J. H. Chemnitz, xi. 4to. Nurenburgh, 1769,
and Copenhagen, 1788.
Samuel Dale. Natural Hiſtory of the Sea-Coaſt and Country
about Harwich, fubjoined to Taylor's Hiſtory and Antiqui-
ties of Harwich. London, 1732. Ato.
Don.
Dale.

004
Don. Br. Shells. The Natural Hiſtory of Britiſh Shells, with coloured figures,
by E. Donovan, F. L. S. London, 1799, 1803. 8vo.
Da Costa
Britiſh Conchology, by E. Mendez Da Coſta.
1779. 4to.
London,
Ellis Coral
Natural Hiſtory of the Corallines, and other Marine Producti-
ons of the like kind, commonly found on the coaſt of Great
Britain and Ireland, by John Ellis, F. R. S. London,
1755. 4to.
Ellis Zooph.
Natural Hiſtory of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes,
collected from various parts of the Globe, by the late John
Ellis, F. R. S. &c. Syſtematically arranged, and deſcribed
by the late Daniel Solander, M. D. F. R. S. &c. with 62
plates. London, 1786. 4to.
Faun. Swec.
Caroli Linnæi Fauna Suecica. Holm. 1761. 8vo.
Favan.
La Conchyliologie, ou Hiſtoire Naturelle des Coquilles de mer,
d'eau douce, terreſtres et foſſiles, de M. Deffallier D'Argen-
ville, troiſieme edition, par M. M. de Favanne, de Mont-
cervelle, Pere & Fils. iii. 4to. lxxx. tab. Paris, 1780.
Gmel. Syft.
Linnæi Syſtema Naturæ. Edit. 13. à J. F. Gmelin. Lip
fiæ, 1788. 8vo.
Gualt.
Nic. Gualtieri Index Teftarum Conchyliorum quæ adfervan-
tur in Mufeo. Tab. cx.
Tab. cx. Florentiæ, 1742. Fol.
Caroli Linnæi Syſtema Naturæ. Edit. 12. Holm. 1767.
Lin. Syft.
8vo.
Lin. Trans.
*Tranſactions of the Linnæan Society. London.
Lifter

605
Liſter Angl.
Martini Lifteri Hiftoriæ Animalium Angliæ, Tres Tractatus.
London, 1678. 4to.
Liſter Conch.
Martini Lifteri Hiftoriæ five Synopſis Methodica Conchyliorum
et Tabularum Anatomicarum, Editio altera. Recenſuit et
indicibus auxit, Gulielmus Huddesford. Oxonii, 1770.
Fol.
Muller.
O. F. Mulleri, Vermium terreftrium & fluviatilium, Animaliun
Infuſoriorum, Helminthicorum & Teftaceoruin, non inari-
norum, ſuccincta Hiſoria. Hann. & Lips. 1773. 4to.
Petiv.
Phil. Trans.
Jac. Petiveri, Gazophylacium Naturæ & Artis, Decades De-
cem. London, 1702. Fol.
Philoſophical Tranſactions of the Royal Society of London.
Planci, Jani. Liber de Conchis minus Notis, in Littore Ari-
minenfi. Editio altera, Romæ, 1760. 4to.
Planc. Conch.
Pult. Cat. Dorſet. Catalogues of the Birds, Shells, and foine of the more rare
Plants of Dorſetſhire, from the new and enlarged edition
of Mr. Hutchins's Hiſtory of that County, by Richard
Pulteney, M. D. F. R. S. & F. L. S.
Schroet. Erdconch. Deſcription of the Land Shells found about Thangelftedt in
Germany, by Johann Samuel Schroeter. Berlin. 1771.
4to. German,
Schroet. Flufconch. Deſcription of the Frefiz-water Shells of Thuringia in Germa-
ny, by Johann Samuel Schroeter, 4to. 1779. German.
Swammerd.
Swammerdam's Book of Nature, or the Hiftory of Inſects, by
John Hill, M.D. London, 1758. Fol.
Turi.

606
Turt. Lin.
Syſtem of Nature, tranſlated from Gmelin's laſt edition of the
celebrated Syſtema Naturæ of Sir Charles Linné, by Wil-
liam Turton, M. D. Swanſea, 1800. 1803.
8vo.
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FINIS.
Hollis, Priater, Romſey,

INDEX to the PLATES,
1.
Page
Page.
42
41
18
53
8
17
139
150
157
157
1 Mya Diftorta
2 Mya
Prætenuis
3 Lepas Scalpellum
4 Solen
Minutus
5 Balanus Punctatus
6 Lepas
Sulcata
7
Pholas Parvus
8
22
95
107
183
106
IT.
1
Tellina Radula
2
3 Tellina Rotundata
4 Tellina Lactea
}
68
71
70
202
236
191
197
198
462
203
III.
1 Venus
Subcordata
2 Cardiuin arcuatum
3 Venus Minima
4 Venus Deflorata
5 Mactra Triangularis
6 Venus Perforans
7 Mactra Boyſii
121
3 Arca Noæ
4 Pecten Lævis
5 Anomia Aculeata
6 Anomia Undulata
V.
Dealbata
Plebeia
Muricata
Complanata
1 Mactra
2 Donax
3 Pinna
4 Donax
VI.
1 Cypræa Bullata
2 Voluta Catenata
3 Nautilus Lacuſtris
4 Nautilus Radicula
5 Nautilus Subarcuatus
6 Helix Fontana
7 Cypræa Voluta
85
121
123
99
127
98.
1 Bulla
2 Bulla
3 Bulla
4 Bulla
5 Bulla
6 Bulla
7 Bulla
VII.
Ampulla
Cylindracea
Obtuſa
Umbilicata
Truncata
Haliotoidea
Catena
306
221
223
222
223
211
215
IV.
1 Venus
Tigerina
2 Mytilus Præciſus
119
165

8 Bulla
9 Helix
Diaphana
Subcarinata
Page.
225
438
Page.
429
430
355
VIII.
1 Buccinum Hepaticum
2 Buc. Minimum
3 Buc. Terreſtre
4 Buc. Macula
5 Buc. Perdix
243
247
248
241
244
IX.
1 Murex Turricula
2 Murex Muricatus
3 Murex Purpureus
4 Murex
262
299
321
ib.
322
320
363
328
337
323
324
309
340
317
10 Helix
11 Helix
12 Turbo
Spinulofa
Caperata
Perverſus
Linearis
5 Murex Septangularis
6 Murex Attenuatus
7 Buccinum Ambiguum
8 Murex Sinuoſus
XII.
Nitidiffimus
Unicus
Vitreus
Decuffatus
Pun&tura
Vertigo
Cingillus
Sexdentatus
Spiralis
Interftinctus
Canalis
Juniperi
Ventrofus
1 Turbo
2 Turbo
3 Turbo
4 Turbo
5 Turbo
6 Turbo
7 Turbo
8 Turbo
9. Turbo
10 Turbo
11 Turbo
12 Turbo
13 Turbo
ib.
260
261
268
266
242
264
1 Turbo
2 Turbo
3 Trochus
4 Trochus
5 Turbo
6 Turbo
7 Turbo
Subtruncatus
Elegantiffimus
Tenuis
Tumidus
Striatulus
Coſtatus
Truncatus
800
298
275
2SO
306
311
300
XIII.
1 Helix Fuſca
2 Helix Umbilicata
3 Helix Crenella
4 Patella Chinenfis
5 Helix
Depreſſa
6 Helix Lucana
7 Helix Labioſa
8 Patella Bimaculata
9. Patella Antiquata
10 Patella Apertura
11 Patella Militaris
424
434
441
489
439
428
400
482
495
491
488
1 Helix
2 Turbo
3 Helix
4 Turbo
5 Turbo
6 Turbo
7 Turbo
8 Helix
9 Helix
XI.
Detrita
Tridens
Lackhamenfis
Laininatus
Biplicatus
Labiata
Bidens
O&anfracta
Trochiforinis
384
338
394
359
361
362
357
996
427
XIV.
1 Vermiculum Urnæ
2 Vermiculum Squamoſum
3 Vermiculum Perlucidum
4 Nautilus Jugofus
5 Nautilus Coltatus
6 Nautilus Radicula
525
526
525
198
199
177

4 Ditto, as it appears when firſt ex-
tracted from the animal, magni-
fied; fhewing the tips of the plates
A. A. A. covered by a thin mem-
brane, and ſurrounding muſcular
integument, thickened at the
upper part B.
C The part attached to the mouth,
with the Oeſophagus, or gullet,
communicating with the gizzard.
D. The inteſtinal, or alimentary ca-
nal.
5 The gizzard laid open at its anteri-
or end, fhewing the three corru--
gated, corneous plates, E. E. E.
with their connecting ligaments
F. magnified.
6 A plate of ditto of its natural fize.
7 Helix criſtata, natural fize, p. 460.
8 Ditto, with the anterior part of its
animal protruded, as in the act
of crawling, magnified
VIGNETTE II.
1 Bulla aperta, natural fize, p. 208.
2 Animal of ditto, with the ſhell con-
cealed under the poſterior ſhield A
3 The gizzard, of its natural fize,
compoſed of three tellaceous
plates, fhewing the ſmaller plate
B. with the connecting ligament
C.
4 Another view of the gizzard, ſhew-
7 Dentaliuin Gadus
S Monoculus
9 Vermiculum Oblongum
10 Dentalium Trachea
Page.
496
175
522
497
XV.
1 Buccinum Cinctum
2 Turbo
Coniferus
3 Solen Pinna
4 Nautilus Calcar
5 Murex Gracilis
6 Murex Nebula
7 Helix Decuſſata
8 Turbo Bryereus
9 Bulla Plumula
246
314
566
189
267
ib.
399
313
214
1 Helix
2 Helix
3 Helix
4 Helix
5 Helix
6 Helix
7 Helix
8 Helix
9 Helix
10 Helix
XVI.
Limoſa
Auricularia
Peregra
Putris
Glutinoſa
Lutea
Fragilis
Stagnalis
Foflaria
Paluſtris
381
375
373
376
379
380
369
367
372
370
VIGNETTE I.
1 Bulla hydatis, natural ſize, p. 217.
2 Ditto, with the anterior part of the
animal, and lateral fin-like mein
branes protruded.
3 The gizzard or ftomach of the ani-
mal. Natural fize.
ing the two larger plates D. D.
with their connecting ligament.
E. The gullet. F. The alimentary
canal.

5 Animal of Balla plumula, p. 214.
G. Its protruded foramen. H. H. the
lower lamina, or border of the
fuftentaculuin.
I. The upper lamina, under the mid-
dle of which the ſhell is conceal-
ed. K. A plumoſe feeler. L.
the tentacula, at the baſe of which
the eyes are placed
6 Animal of Bulla haliotoidea, p. 211.
M. The membranaceous fhield,
under which the ſhell is conceal-
ed. N. a finus, through which
an appendage, or arm, is fome-
times protruded. 0. The tenta-
cula, at the baſe of which the eyes
are placed

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